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I opened one of those rooms , and there was a man lying on the floor . I leaned over to try to see what I could do to minister to him in some way , do something for him . He may have been on a mattress or he may have been on the bare floor . No he was on the bare floor , because when I tried to move him , his skin cam... | 6c4e05eaf8e04fe6e60ba719804d4368 | 7,264 |
The CPS men objected to the mistreatment and abuse of patients and determined to improve conditions in the psychiatric wards . They wanted to show other attendants alternatives to violence when dealing with patients .
| 53b312594fe10ecb0e7d9c21018adec5 | 7,265 |
Frank Olmstead , chairman of the War Resisters League observed :
| d2a3cb1ba3f5ce47ad902e2ffc9a658b | 7,266 |
One objector assigned to a violent ward refused to take the broomstick offered by the Charge . When he entered the ward the patients crowded around asking , " Where is your broomstick ? " He said he thought he would not need it . " But suppose some of us gang up on you ? " The CO guessed they wouldn 't do that and sta... | 081acc5171ac7736f3b5de5bb6230375 | 7,267 |
Outraged workers surveyed CPS men in other hospitals and learned of the degree of abuse throughout the psychiatric care system . Contacting church managers and government officials , the COs begin advocating for reforms to end the abuses . Conditions were exposed in institutions such as Cleveland State Hospital , East... | 69104ec01ac9e717c1b50fcceac3b9f0 | 7,268 |
And the governor came in and they cleaned out the hospital . I mean , they had hearings . We all had to appear in court and all that kind of stuff . And within a month or so , the hospital was completely changed . The superintendent was fired and the new superintendent was put in , and not only did they do our hospita... | 7f70d573ab6eb727d92be6e82ac10255 | 7,269 |
The reformers were especially active at the Byberry Hospital in Philadelphia where four Friends initiated the The Attendant magazine as a way to communicate ideas and promote reform . This periodical later became The Psychiatric Aide , a professional journal for mental health workers . On May 6 , 1946 Life Magazine pr... | 0bddd592a04d53727f0acab9dbd3a0b9 | 7,270 |
= = = Medical experiments = = =
| 740e3464d535e41d8cd67b7af319c631 | 7,272 |
Draftees in Civilian Public Service became medical and scientific research test subjects in human medical experiments under the direction of the Office of Scientific Research and Development and the Surgeon General at medical institutions such as Harvard Medical School , Yale and Stanford Universities , and Massachuse... | 98294e6a2407a4fcad795d6b6f9eb5f9 | 7,274 |
Hepatitis : During the 1940s the cause , method of communication and treatment of infectious hepatitis was not well understood . Experimentation began with COs working at psychiatric hospitals and was expanded to a major research project with 30 to 60 test subjects at the University of Pennsylvania and Yale University... | d061e29288900016586461de1f626a70 | 7,275 |
As a young surgeon , C. Everett Koop was part of the research team at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine . He related his experience with CPS test subjects :
| ed3c40910f037173de3f40dc9c03e7e4 | 7,276 |
And the first time I was introduced to this whole program when I as a young surgeon , was asked to do serial biopsies on their livers to see what the effect of the virus was in the production of the changes in the liver . And in that way , I got to know that a lot of these young men had no idea that the risk they were... | cc162ba33ce24588391a9bc0c16758b6 | 7,277 |
It couldn 't happen today . Internal Review Boards would not permit the use of a live virus in human subjects unless they really understood what was going to happen to them . And I doubt that even if they knew what the risk was , that an Internal Review Board in any academic institution would consent to that kind of e... | 7d909c182b0ec2e1c10994a4f755cd18 | 7,278 |
The hepatitis research was instrumental in determining a virus is responsible for the disease and that it is transmitted through human filth , serum and drinking water .
| a3ece8226bbfaf5ea5db4e2a32a247cc | 7,279 |
Malaria : During the early 1940s , quinine was the chief anti @-@ malarial drug . Made from the bark of the South American cinchona tree , quinine was in short supply during the war , so scientists began searching for an alternative treatment . The test subjects allowed themselves to be bitten by malarial mosquitoes a... | f156fceb6a48cba3c01e08d5dedefcdd | 7,280 |
Common cold and atypical pneumonia : A hundred CPS men participated with tests such that they inhaled or drank throat washings from soldiers with colds and pneumonia . This research proved that colds and some types of pneumonia are cause by a virus , not bacteria .
| 4dbdd59cbc17a5972f758165b1af1472 | 7,281 |
Minnesota Starvation Experiment : To study the effects of diet and nutrition , Dr. Ancel Keys of the University of Minnesota Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene placed 32 conscientious objectors on a controlled diet . For three months they were given a normal 3 @,@ 200 calories ( 13 @,@ 000 kJ ) diet . This was follow... | 4c3c2f3938797392db598444ab8a362c | 7,282 |
The study provided valuable insights into hunger and starvation and the results were made available to all major relief agencies concerned with postwar food and nutrition problems , helping to inspire the Marshall Plan .
| f032a4efe6c13582a6617049ee992457 | 7,283 |
= = Closure and impact = =
| 3724147dd58ae4bc5e56900c572749f9 | 7,285 |
Civilian Public Service men were released from their assignments and the camps closed during March 1947 , nineteen months after the end of the war in the Pacific . Reforms in the mental health system continued after the war . The experience of Mennonite COs was instrumental in creating regional mental health facilitie... | e86c34036daaecd586817ac582d877ae | 7,287 |
Lewis Hill , who was in CPS camp number 37 near Coleville , California , together with several other COs founded Pacifica Network and KPFA Radio in Berkeley , California , the world 's first listener @-@ sponsored radio station . Poets William Everson and William Stafford were both in CPS camps . Actor Francis ( Fritz... | bfbb00780dae3c8a1243ea8c601f8b15 | 7,288 |
Men from the historic peace churches volunteered for relief and reconstruction after their release from CPS . The 1947 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to American and British Friends Service Committees for their relief work in Europe after the war . Mennonite Central Committee redirected its effort from camp administrat... | 8d429646e6ceac603534450a58f1aa37 | 7,289 |
Civilian Public Service created a precedent for the Alternative Service Program for conscientious objectors in the United States during the Korean and Vietnam Wars . Although the CPS program was not duplicated , the idea of offering men an opportunity to do " work of national importance " instead of military service w... | bfc81f6bc49f9a6280d0c501d479e4e1 | 7,290 |
= Ireland =
| 86002316031a2ace97bfa2c6a02cd567 | 7,293 |
Ireland ( / ˈaɪərlənd / ; Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ; Ulster @-@ Scots : Airlann [ ˈɑːrlən ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second @-@ largest island of the British Isles , the third @-... | a964956170720c35ae6c708c39fc10ae | 7,295 |
Politically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five @-@ sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom , in the northeast of the island . In 2011 the population of Ireland was about 6 @.@ 4 million , ranking it the second ... | 4b7179756c0bfb451fd25c39a2cd617f | 7,296 |
The island 's geography comprises relatively low @-@ lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . The island has lush vegetation , a product of its mild but changeable climate which avoids extremes in temperature . Thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ag... | 3da728cb0c601066e028f0324832efa8 | 7,297 |
The earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10 @,@ 500 BC . Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century AD and lasted until the First World War . The island was Christianised from the 5th century onward . Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century , England claimed sovereignty over Ireland ... | 4d54c54a3895edfe048778583ab50660 | 7,298 |
Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures , especially in the fields of literature . Alongside mainstream Western culture , a strong indigenous culture exists , as expressed through Gaelic games , Irish music , and the Irish language . The culture of the island also shares many features with that... | d98ee9a40297c38a2bd0516357cb18d2 | 7,299 |
= = Name = =
| 75641bb48f28b3c2d13aa64c22f265f6 | 7,301 |
Ireland consists of Old Irish Eriu + English land . Eriu derives from Proto @-@ Celtic * Iveriu ( compare Welsh Iwerddon ) , which is also the source of Latin Hibernia . Iveriu derives from a root meaning " fat , prosperous " .
| 5a52e40f6054bb64cf8d4864f9e11e8e | 7,303 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 7,305 |
= = = Prehistoric Ireland = = =
| 1260ca9182e2eb4194f8f2a2470f8577 | 7,308 |
During the last glacial period , and up until about 9000 years ago , most of Ireland was covered with ice , most of the time . Sea levels were lower and Ireland , like Great Britain , formed part of continental Europe . By 12 @,@ 000 BC , rising sea levels due to ice melting caused Ireland to become separated from Gre... | 9a7a7ddc1ba6ddc353de16b84a257ab3 | 7,310 |
From about 4500 BC , Neolithic settlers arrived introducing cereal cultivars , a housing culture ( similar to those of the same period in Scotland ) and stone monuments . A more advanced agriculture was to develop . At the Céide Fields , preserved beneath a blanket of peat in present @-@ day County Mayo , is an extens... | 489958dc245b27fb1eb331b75935df41 | 7,311 |
The Bronze Age – defined by the use of metal – began around 2500 BC , with technology changing people 's everyday lives during this period through innovations such as the wheel , harnessing oxen , weaving textiles , brewing alcohol , and skilful metalworking , which produced new weapons and tools , along with fine gol... | 993ef475250dbd97a21313fda54516c9 | 7,312 |
= = = = Emergence of Celtic Ireland = = = =
| e43525be7206f665c77ee8d4a0770717 | 7,314 |
During the Iron Age , a Celtic language and culture emerged in Ireland . How and when the island of Ireland became Celtic has been debated for close to a century , with the migrations of the Celts being one of the more enduring themes of archaeological and linguistic studies . Today , there is more than one school of ... | 4e364ab03bf46c421406f14c2b9adfcb | 7,316 |
The long @-@ standing traditional view , once widely accepted , is that Celtic language , Ogham script and culture were brought to Ireland by waves of invading or migrating Celts from mainland Europe . This theory draws on the Lebor Gabála Érenn , a medieval Christian pseudo @-@ history of Ireland along with the prese... | 58b839ee239efab803e2c364ed27439b | 7,317 |
A more recent theory , with broad support among archaeologists , is that Celtic culture and language arrived in Ireland as a result of cultural diffusion . This theory proposes that the Celticisation of Ireland may have been the culmination of a long process of social and economic interaction between Ireland , Britain... | 721848a9f6b8803f667db563ee31b1c6 | 7,318 |
The theory was advanced in part because of lack of archeological evidence for large @-@ scale Celtic immigration , though it is accepted that such movements are notoriously difficult to identify . Some proponents of this theory hold that it is likely that there was migration of smaller groups of Celts to Ireland , wit... | ffd2b99332ea09f35a7b9d244d5a04df | 7,319 |
= = = Late antiquity and early medieval times = = =
| 80d4ddfc3636149b7b42e4f1cf3040e0 | 7,321 |
The earliest written records of Ireland come from classical Greco @-@ Roman geographers . Ptolemy in his Almagest refers to Ireland as Mikra Brettania ( Little Britain ) , in contrast to the larger island , which he called Megale Brettania ( Great Britain ) . In his later work , Geography , Ptolemy refers to Ireland a... | e7dd580114fd2283a85f56ef941b5bb3 | 7,323 |
The Romans would later refer to Ireland by this name too in its Latinised form , Hibernia , or Scotia . Ptolemy records sixteen nations inhabiting every part of Ireland in 100 AD . The relationship between the Roman Empire and the kingdoms of ancient Ireland is unclear . However , a number of finds of Roman coins have... | 3d60c3271e8a05c38e773c7e51a5d495 | 7,324 |
Ireland continued as a patchwork of rival kingdoms but , beginning in the 7th century AD , a concept of national kingship gradually became articulated through the concept of a High King of Ireland . Medieval Irish literature portrays an almost unbroken sequence of High Kings stretching back thousands of years but mode... | a6e7f6b7fc640c5ef069e533117d54ff | 7,325 |
The High King was said to preside over the provincial kingdoms that together formed Ireland . All of these kingdoms had their own kings but were at least nominally subject to the High King . The High King was drawn from the ranks of the provincial kings and ruled also the royal kingdom of Meath , with a ceremonial cap... | d07b3a3e8a09374b2cd5854b1182ea02 | 7,326 |
The Chronicle of Ireland records that in 431 AD Bishop Palladius arrived in Ireland on a mission from Pope Celestine I to minister to the Irish " already believing in Christ " . The same chronicle records that Saint Patrick , Ireland 's best known patron saint , arrived the following year . There is continued debate o... | 515df40ddb9a32335d6564f70de7bf7b | 7,327 |
The arts of manuscript illumination , metalworking and sculpture flourished and produced treasures such as the Book of Kells , ornate jewellery and the many carved stone crosses that still dot the island today . A mission founded in 563 on Iona by the Irish monk Saint Columba began a tradition of Irish missionary work... | f0319226541d62c40bca030754c52a90 | 7,328 |
From the 9th century , waves of Viking raiders plundered Irish monasteries and towns . These raids added to a pattern of raiding and endemic warfare that was already deep @-@ seated in Ireland . The Vikings also were involved in establishing most of the major coastal settlements in Ireland : Dublin , Limerick , Cork ,... | 89432e4257bab89c4459cff3dfceae14 | 7,329 |
= = = Norman and English invasions = = =
| 7793dcb7359d60f9276878adf6670421 | 7,331 |
On 1 May 1169 , an expedition of Cambro @-@ Norman knights with an army of about six hundred landed at Bannow Strand in present @-@ day County Wexford . It was led by Richard de Clare , called Strongbow due to his prowess as an archer . The invasion , which coincided with a period of renewed Norman expansion , was at ... | d0c74c798d0dce29e265e796e8b4a8ec | 7,333 |
In 1166 , Mac Murrough had fled to Anjou , France , following a war involving Tighearnán Ua Ruairc , of Breifne , and sought the assistance of the Angevin king , Henry II , in recapturing his kingdom . In 1171 , Henry arrived in Ireland in order to review the general progress of the expedition . He wanted to re @-@ ex... | 823504df538648c07dd42d9f0975bdef | 7,334 |
The invasion was legitimised by the provisions of the Papal Bull Laudabiliter , issued by Adrian IV in 1155 . The bull encouraged Henry to take control in Ireland in order to oversee the financial and administrative reorganisation of the Irish Church and its integration into the Roman Church system . Some restructurin... | dd9b398f4ecfff447b5461ea3940d0ed | 7,335 |
In 1172 , the new pope , Alexander III , further encouraged Henry to advance the integration of the Irish Church with Rome . Henry was authorised to impose a tithe of one penny per hearth as an annual contribution . This church levy , called Peter 's Pence , is extant in Ireland as a voluntary donation . In turn , Hen... | 8025294011cb9f3286021b4f9f0b160e | 7,336 |
Over the century that followed , Norman feudal law gradually replaced the Gaelic Brehon Law so that by the late 13th century the Norman @-@ Irish had established a feudal system throughout much of Ireland . Norman settlements were characterised by the establishment of baronies , manors , towns and the seeds of the mod... | 27c17d9a67c178a9bd80c400d4d853d5 | 7,337 |
From the mid @-@ 14th century , after the Black Death , Norman settlements in Ireland went into a period of decline . The Norman rulers and the Gaelic Irish elites intermarried and the areas under Norman rule became Gaelicised . In some parts , a hybrid Hiberno @-@ Norman culture emerged . In response , the Irish parl... | 912b9db78d82ee9965677c1958a96647 | 7,338 |
By the end of the 15th century central English authority in Ireland had all but disappeared and a renewed Irish culture and language , albeit with Norman influences , was dominant again . English Crown control remained relatively unshaken in an amorphous foothold around Dublin known as The Pale , and under the provisi... | 6e914abd495cbbf42f2b567e92759628 | 7,339 |
= = = The Kingdom of Ireland = = =
| 1eb39a0b7471eeab22589ee77cc6fb0d | 7,341 |
The title of King of Ireland was re @-@ created in 1542 by Henry VIII , then King of England , of the Tudor dynasty . English rule of law was reinforced and expanded in Ireland during the latter part of the 16th century , leading to the Tudor conquest of Ireland . A near complete conquest was achieved by the turn of t... | 00cf10e84bbba071fe5016eb81d49d89 | 7,343 |
This control was further consolidated during the wars and conflicts of the 17th century , which witnessed English and Scottish colonisation in the Plantations of Ireland , the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Williamite War . Irish losses during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms ( which , in Ireland , included the Iris... | 59755ca12eed55ce34f5bd4b09570550 | 7,344 |
The religious struggles of the 17th century left a deep sectarian division in Ireland . Religious allegiance now determined the perception in law of loyalty to the Irish King and Parliament . After the passing of the Test Act 1672 , and with the victory of the forces of the dual monarchy of William and Mary over the J... | 9b60e1d6f64a375871a0dac28ea9ae5d | 7,345 |
An extraordinary climatic shock known as the " Great Frost " struck Ireland and the rest of Europe between December 1739 and September 1741 , after a decade of relatively mild winters . The winters destroyed stored crops of potatoes and other staples and the poor summers severely damaged harvests . This resulted in th... | 97467be056a75831ef8b2230fcda7abd | 7,346 |
In the aftermath of the famine , an increase in industrial production and a surge in trade brought a succession of construction booms . The population soared in the latter part of this century and the architectural legacy of Georgian Ireland was built . In 1782 , Poynings ' Law was repealed , giving Ireland legislativ... | 6da0b32b3ad3f1f70dfc2cdee422337a | 7,347 |
= = = Union with Great Britain = = =
| e1bf40731d2cdbef1b26ecaf6aaa44c0 | 7,349 |
In 1798 , members of the Protestant Dissenter tradition ( mainly Presbyterian ) made common cause with Roman Catholics in a republican rebellion inspired and led by the Society of United Irishmen , with the aim of creating an independent Ireland . Despite assistance from France the rebellion was put down by British an... | 13042e15a7138504abd411753f6c6f0d | 7,351 |
The passage of the Act in the Irish Parliament was ultimately achieved with substantial majorities , having failed on the first attempt in 1799 . According to contemporary documents and historical analysis , this was achieved through a considerable degree of bribery , with funding provided by the British Secret Servic... | bf959aca1e1f14711809caaa92acbf13 | 7,352 |
Aside from the development of the linen industry , Ireland was largely passed over by the industrial revolution , partly because it lacked coal and iron resources and partly because of the impact of the sudden union with the structurally superior economy of England , which saw Ireland as a source of agricultural produ... | 8882568bd7a14b5ac2ec378f19db91be | 7,353 |
The Great Famine of the 1840s caused the deaths of one million Irish people and over a million more emigrated to escape it . By the end of the decade , half of all immigration to the United States was from Ireland . The period of civil unrest that followed until the end of the 19th century is referred to as the Land W... | 64d04f867b6d7de3a80b55bd2228ad58 | 7,354 |
The 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of modern Irish nationalism , primarily among the Roman Catholic population . The pre @-@ eminent Irish political figure after the Union was Daniel O 'Connell . He was elected as Member of Parliament for Ennis in a surprise result and despite being unable to take his seat... | c659c20ac944673576da86eb04c9380f | 7,355 |
Daniel O 'Connell led a subsequent campaign , for the repeal of the Act of Union , which failed . Later in the century , Charles Stewart Parnell and others campaigned for autonomy within the Union , or " Home Rule " . Unionists , especially those located in Ulster , were strongly opposed to Home Rule , which they thou... | b3a9a290cbb954e7d8988a57d27adc77 | 7,356 |
Their formation was followed in 1914 by the establishment of the Irish Volunteers , whose aim was to ensure that the Home Rule Bill was passed . The Act was passed but with the " temporary " exclusion of the six counties of Ulster that would become Northern Ireland . Before it could be implemented , however , the Act ... | 957177d503fe23122b4286a62f692148 | 7,357 |
The Easter Rising of 1916 was carried out by the latter group together with a smaller socialist militia , the Irish Citizen Army . The British response , executing fifteen leaders of the Rising over a period of ten days and imprisoning or interning more than a thousand people , turned the mood of the country in favour... | d987e520068332a04a006f49a635e474 | 7,358 |
The pro @-@ independence republican party , Sinn Féin , received overwhelming endorsement in the general election of 1918 , and in 1919 proclaimed an Irish Republic , setting up its own parliament ( Dáil Éireann ) and government . Simultaneously the Volunteers , which became known as the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) ... | 6a44e16ef7ab8b8b8cc010d252df306f | 7,359 |
= = = Partition = = =
| f87ebd3278273658b5da7265f7bbe8a5 | 7,361 |
In December 1921 , the Anglo @-@ Irish Treaty was concluded between the British Government and representatives of the Second Dáil . It gave Ireland complete independence in its home affairs and practical independence for foreign policy , but an opt @-@ out clause allowed Northern Ireland to remain within the United Ki... | c178ab338d02296a0fd7326a39853fbb | 7,363 |
= = = = Independence = = = =
| 5cda20e9fe17d7fd1364ff0b59991b51 | 7,365 |
During its first decade , the newly formed Irish Free State was governed by the victors of the civil war . When de Valera achieved power , he took advantage of the Statute of Westminster and political circumstances to build upon inroads to greater sovereignty made by the previous government . The oath was abolished an... | 93904b2e56e4fc8677a80d73be46856a | 7,367 |
The state was neutral during World War II , but offered clandestine assistance to the Allies , particularly in the potential defence of Northern Ireland . Despite their country 's neutrality , approximately 50 @,@ 000 volunteers from independent Ireland joined the British forces during the war , four being awarded Vic... | 9abcbe6e21115dd9389b595ca45f52f7 | 7,368 |
The Abwehr was also active in Ireland . German intelligence operations effectively ended in September 1941 when police made arrests on the basis of surveillance carried out on the key diplomatic legations in Dublin , including that of the United States . To the authorities , counterintelligence was a fundamental line ... | 1efdf5e34420f6543261d27cef19c72c | 7,369 |
Large @-@ scale emigration marked most of the post @-@ WWII period ( particularly during the 1950s and 1980s ) , but beginning in 1987 the economy improved , and the 1990s saw the beginning of substantial economic growth . This period of growth became known as the Celtic Tiger . The Republic 's real GDP grew by an ave... | 40328e79173ee7b9a45b4b909d6507d1 | 7,370 |
Social changes also occurred in this time , most markedly with the decline in authority of the Catholic Church . The financial crisis that began in 2008 dramatically ended this period of boom . GDP fell by 3 % in 2008 and by 7 @.@ 1 % in 2009 , the worst year since records began ( although earnings by foreign @-@ owne... | 81b23fb5aa3c4fc5783493116a957a12 | 7,371 |
= = = = Northern Ireland = = = =
| b3e4e58d5555f49ebea5ba47cf588e41 | 7,373 |
Northern Ireland was created as a division of the United Kingdom by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and until 1972 it was a self @-@ governing jurisdiction within the United Kingdom with its own parliament and prime minister . Northern Ireland , as part of the United Kingdom , was not neutral during the Second Worl... | b8b4907c6c7f9e801890f894459b62a2 | 7,375 |
Although Northern Ireland was largely spared the strife of the civil war , in decades that followed partition there were sporadic episodes of inter @-@ communal violence . Nationalists , mainly Roman Catholic , wanted to unite Ireland as an independent republic , whereas unionists , mainly Protestant , wanted Northern... | 81742e129c712a29f672b53038b32486 | 7,376 |
In the late 1960s , nationalist grievances were aired publicly in mass civil rights protests , which were often confronted by loyalist counter @-@ protests . The government 's reaction to confrontations was seen to be one @-@ sided and heavy @-@ handed in favour of unionists . Law and order broke down as unrest and in... | 7afb427a1b4c450e203464901e3dc816 | 7,377 |
Other groups , on both the unionist side and the nationalist side , participated in violence and a period known as the Troubles began . Over 3 @,@ 600 deaths resulted over the subsequent three decades of conflict . Owing to the civil unrest during the Troubles , the British government suspended home rule in 1972 and i... | b51295bccdb062a253cec3903c1afdea | 7,378 |
The substance of the Agreement ( formally referred to as the Belfast Agreement ) was later endorsed by referendums in both parts of Ireland . The Agreement restored self @-@ government to Northern Ireland on the basis of power @-@ sharing in a regional Executive drawn from the major parties in a new Northern Ireland A... | ba88fe64e1d4d716fc8db20114534141 | 7,379 |
The Assembly and power @-@ sharing Executive were suspended several times but were restored again in 2007 . In that year the British government officially ended its military support of the police in Northern Ireland ( Operation Banner ) and began withdrawing troops . On 27 June 2012 , Northern Ireland 's deputy first ... | d74655ed2a27ff08a2e3fc073c23cebd | 7,380 |
= = Politics = =
| 2117a0fba1ee991ac3c49016a6874366 | 7,382 |
Politically , the island is divided between the Republic of Ireland , an independent state , and Northern Ireland ( a constituent country of the United Kingdom ) . They share an open border and both are part of the Common Travel Area .
| c8694ea2626e368be353e18e76ab004a | 7,384 |
Both the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom are members of the European Union , and as a consequence there is free movement of people , goods , services and capital across the border .
| 9ce0c3dfae1a33336e57e339e55be4f8 | 7,385 |
= = = Republic of Ireland = = =
| 4a68f888aa3915471261eb59b7535de6 | 7,387 |
The Republic of Ireland is a parliamentary democracy based on the British model , with a written constitution and a popularly elected president who has mostly ceremonial powers . The government is headed by a prime minister , the Taoiseach , who is appointed by the President on the nomination of the lower house of par... | 6ffd501f67b0f8b585da1cad5f9ae015 | 7,389 |
The Republic today ranks amongst the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita and in 2012 was ranked the seventh most developed nation in the world by the United Nations ' Human Development Index . A period of rapid economic expansion from 1995 onwards became known as the Celtic Tiger period , was ... | f28f4cade335110f849de850254a48b2 | 7,390 |
= = = Northern Ireland = = =
| 7223e8676101f6b9b0224543ee493b66 | 7,392 |
Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom with a local executive and assembly which exercise devolved powers . The executive is jointly headed by the first and deputy @-@ first minister , with the ministries being allocated in proportion with each party 's representation in the assembly . Its capital is Belfast... | 8f3fc83c4369285d130e94fe3ea8bba3 | 7,394 |
Ultimately political power is held by the UK government , from which Northern Ireland has gone through intermittent periods of direct rule during which devolved powers have been suspended . Northern Ireland elects 18 of the UK House of Commons ' 650 MPs . The Northern Ireland Secretary is a cabinet @-@ level post in t... | 7ca94ae0e46ef4bebfcc6abf7620a149 | 7,395 |
Along with England , Wales and Scotland , Northern Ireland forms one of the three separate legal jurisdictions of the UK , all of which share the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom as their court of final appeal .
| 669dcf49a8b2fade71de91ff861f1d1a | 7,396 |
= = = All @-@ island institutions = = =
| 37d6489d654a9917f6db34e3d94bd122 | 7,398 |
As part of the Good Friday Agreement , the British and Irish governments agreed on the creation of all @-@ island institutions and areas of cooperation .
| 066333eb2bab053d1091f5ea04ec71c6 | 7,400 |
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