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= = = Tropical depressions = = =
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In addition to the storms which attained at least tropical storm strength in 1940 , five additional tropical depressions were analyzed by the HURDAT reanalysis project to have developed during the season . Due to their weak intensity , however , they were not added to HURDAT . On September 2 , a closed low @-@ pressure area was detected in the open Atlantic Ocean southeast of Bermuda and was analyzed as a tropical depression . At the time , the disturbance had a minimum pressure of at least 1015 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 98 inHg ) . The depression initially moved to the southeast , but later recurved towards the northwest over the next two days . On September 4 , the S.S. West Kebar en route for Boston , Massachusetts reported winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) , which would be considered as tropical storm @-@ force winds . The depression later moved to the northeast before it was absorbed by a stationary front on September 7 . Since there was only one report that the disturbance may have reached tropical storm intensity , it was not included in HURDAT . Later on September 10 , a trough was detected in a similar region in the Atlantic where the first depression formed . The trough later became sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical depression . The cyclone moved slowly to the east and did not further intensify before dissipating on September 13 .
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On October 7 , a large elongated extratropical cyclone extended across the Atlantic Ocean with a pressure of at most 1015 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 98 inHg ) . The following day , the low @-@ pressure area became more narrow and well @-@ defined , with its central pressure deepening to 1000 mph ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 53 inHg ) . On October 9 , the extratropical system was analyzed to have become a tropical depression . The low moved slowly to the northeast and gradually weakened before dissipating on October 10 . On October 14 , offshore observations indicated that a tropical depression had developed north of The Bahamas . The following day , however , the depression became less defined and degenerated into a trough of low pressure . On October 16 , two ships listed in the International Comprehensive Ocean @-@ Atmosphere Data Set reported winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) off the coast of North Carolina . However , since these reports occurred in a higher pressure gradient , the system was not included in HURDAT .
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On November 2 , a trough of low @-@ pressure was analyzed near the Lesser Antilles . The system moved westward into the Caribbean Sea without much organization . On November 7 , the low @-@ pressure area moved south of Cuba and became sufficiently organized to be considered a tropical depression with a pressure of at least 1010 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 83 inHg ) . The depression moved over Cuba and into the Atlantic , where it dissipated the following day . On November 9 , a second system was detected northeast of Bermuda with a pressure of 1005 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 68 inHg ) , though it remained unclear whether the two systems were related .
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= = Season effects = =
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= Ode to a Nightingale =
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" Ode to a Nightingale " is a poem by John Keats written either in the garden of the Spaniards Inn , Hampstead , London or , according to Keats ' friend Charles Armitage Brown , under a plum tree in the garden of Keats ' house at Wentworth Place , also in Hampstead . According to Brown , a nightingale had built its nest near the house Keats and Brown shared in the spring of 1819 . Inspired by the bird 's song , Keats composed the poem in one day . It soon became one of his 1819 odes and was first published in Annals of the Fine Arts the following July .
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" Ode to a Nightingale " is a personal poem that describes Keats 's journey into the state of negative capability . The tone of the poem rejects the optimistic pursuit of pleasure found within Keats 's earlier poems and , rather , explores the themes of nature , transience and mortality , the latter being particularly personal to Keats .
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The nightingale described within the poem experiences a type of death but does not actually die . Instead , the songbird is capable of living through its song , which is a fate that humans cannot expect . The poem ends with an acceptance that pleasure cannot last and that death is an inevitable part of life . In the poem , Keats imagines the loss of the physical world and sees himself dead — as a " sod " over which the nightingale sings . The contrast between the immortal nightingale and mortal man sitting in his garden , is made all the more acute by an effort of the imagination . The presence of weather is noticeable in the poem , as spring came early in 1819 , bringing nightingales all over the heath .
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= = Background = =
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Of Keats 's six major odes of 1819 , " Ode to Psyche " , was probably written first and " To Autumn " written last . Sometime between these two , he wrote " Ode to a Nightingale " . It is possible that " Ode to a Nightingale " was written between 26 April and 18 May 1819 , based on weather conditions and similarities between images in the poem and those in a letter sent to Fanny Keats on May Day . The poem was composed at the Hampstead house Keats shared with Brown , possibly while sitting beneath a plum tree in the garden . According to Keats ' friend Brown , Keats finished the ode in just one morning : " In the spring of 1819 a nightingale had built her nest near my house . Keats felt a tranquil and continual joy in her song ; and one morning he took his chair from the breakfast @-@ table to the grass @-@ plot under a plum @-@ tree , where he sat for two or three hours . When he came into the house , I perceived he had some scraps of paper in his hand , and these he was quietly thrusting behind the books . On inquiry , I found those scraps , four or five in number , contained his poetic feelings on the song of the nightingale . " Brown 's account is personal , as he claimed the poem was directly influenced by his house and preserved by his own doing . However , Keats relied on both his own imagination and other literature as sources for his depiction of the nightingale .
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The exact date of " Ode to a Nightingale " , as well as " Ode on Indolence " , " Ode on Melancholy " , and " Ode on a Grecian Urn " , is unknown , as Keats dated all as ' May 1819 ' . However , he worked on the four poems together , and there is a unity in both their stanza forms and their themes . The exact order the poems were written in is also unknown , but they form a sequence within their structures . While Keats was writing " Ode on a Grecian Urn " and the other poems , Brown transcribed copies of the poems and submitted them to Richard Woodhouse . During this time , Benjamin Haydon , Keats ' friend , was given a copy of " Ode to a Nightingale " , and he shared the poem with the editor of the Annals of the Fine Arts , James Elmes . Elmes paid Keats a small sum of money , and the poem was published in the July issue . The poem was later included in Keats ' 1820 collection of poems , Lamia , Isabella , The Eve of St Agnes , and Other written by pratyush Kumar
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Poems .
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= = Structure = =
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" Ode to a Nightingale " was probably the first of the middle set of four odes that Keats wrote following " Ode to Psyche " , according to Brown . There is further evidence of this in the structure of the poems because Keats combines two different types of lyrical poetry in an experimental way : the odal hymn and the lyric of questioning voice that responds to the odal hymn . This combination of structures is similar to that in " Ode on a Grecian Urn " . In both poems the dual form creates a sort of dramatic element within the poem . The stanza forms of the poem is a combination of elements from Petrarchan sonnets and Shakespearean sonnets .
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When it came to vowel forms , Keats incorporated a pattern of alternating historically " short " and " long " vowel sounds in his ode . In particular , line 18 ( " And purple @-@ stained mouth " ) has the historical pattern of " short " followed by " long " followed by " short " and followed by " long " . This alteration is continued in longer lines , including line 31 ( " Away ! away ! for I will fly to thee " ) which contains five pairs of alternations . However , other lines , such as line 3 ( " Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains " ) rely on a pattern of five " short " vowels followed by " long " and " short " vowel pairings until they end with a " long " vowel . These are not the only combination patterns present , and there are patterns of two " short " vowels followed by a " long " vowel in other lines , including 12 , 22 , and 59 , which are repeated twice and then followed up with two sets of " short " and then " long " vowel pairs . This reliance on vowel sounds is not unique to this ode , but is common to Keats 's other 1819 odes and his Eve of St. Agnes .
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The poem incorporates a complex reliance on assonance — the repetition of vowel sounds — in a conscious pattern , as found in many of his poems . Such a reliance on assonance is found in very few English poems . Within " Ode to a Nightingale " , an example of this pattern can be found in line 35 ( " Already with thee ! tender is the night " ) , where the " ea " of " Already " connects with the " e " of " tender " and the " i " of " with " connects with the " i " of " is " . This same pattern is found again in line 41 ( " I cannot see what flowers are at my feet " ) with the " a " of " cannot " linking with the " a " of " at " and the " ee " of " see " linking with the " ee " of " feet " . This system of assonance can be found in approximately a tenth of the lines of Keats 's later poetry .
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When it came to other sound patterns , Keats relied on double or triple caesuras in approximately 6 % of lines throughout the 1819 odes . An example from " Ode to a Nightingale " can be found within line 45 ( " The grass , the thicket , and the fruit @-@ tree wild " ) as the pauses after the commas are a " masculine " pause . Furthermore , Keats began to reduce the amount of Latin @-@ based words and syntax that he relied on in his poetry , which in turn shortened the length of the words that dominate the poem . There is also an emphasis on words beginning with consonants , especially those that begin with " b " , " p " or " v " . These three consonants are relied on heavily in the first stanza , and they are used syzygically to add a musical tone within the poem .
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In terms of poetic meter , Keats relies on spondee throughout his 1819 odes and in just over 8 % of his lines within " Ode to a Nightingale " , including line 12 :
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and line 25 :
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To Walter Jackson Bate , the use of spondees in lines 31 – 34 creates a feeling of slow flight , and " in the final stanza . . . the distinctive use of scattered spondees , together with initial inversion , lend [ s ] an approximate phonetic suggestion of the peculiar spring and bounce of the bird in its flight . "
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= = Poem = =
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My heart aches , and a drowsy numbness pains
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My sense , as though of hemlock I had drunk ,
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Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains
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One minute past , and Lethe @-@ wards had sunk :
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'Tis not through envy of thy happy lot , 5
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But being too happy in thine happiness ,
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That thou , light @-@ wingèd Dryad of the trees ,
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In some melodious plot
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Of beechen green , and shadows numberless ,
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Singest of summer in full @-@ throated ease . 10
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O for a draught of vintage ! that hath been
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Cool 'd a long age in the deep @-@ delvèd earth ,
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Tasting of Flora and the country @-@ green ,
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Dance , and Provençal song , and sunburnt mirth !
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O for a beaker full of the warm South ! 15
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Full of the true , the blushful Hippocrene ,
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With beaded bubbles winking at the brim ,
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And purple @-@ stainèd mouth ;
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That I might drink , and leave the world unseen ,
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And with thee fade away into the forest dim : 20
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Fade far away , dissolve , and quite forget
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What thou among the leaves hast never known ,
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The weariness , the fever , and the fret
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Here , where men sit and hear each other groan ;
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Where palsy shakes a few , sad , last grey hairs , 25
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Where youth grows pale , and spectre @-@ thin , and dies ;
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Where but to think is to be full of sorrow
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And leaden @-@ eyed despairs ;
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Where beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes ,
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Or new Love pine at them beyond to @-@ morrow . 30
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Away ! away ! for I will fly to thee ,
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Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards ,
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But on the viewless wings of Poesy ,
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Though the dull brain perplexes and retards :
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Already with thee ! tender is the night , 35
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And haply the Queen @-@ Moon is on her throne ,
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Cluster 'd around by all her starry Fays
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But here there is no light ,
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Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown
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Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways . 40
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I cannot see what flowers are at my feet ,
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Nor what soft incense hangs upon the boughs ,
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But , in embalmèd darkness , guess each sweet
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Wherewith the seasonable month endows
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The grass , the thicket , and the fruit @-@ tree wild ; 45
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White hawthorn , and the pastoral eglantine ;
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Fast @-@ fading violets cover 'd up in leaves ;
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And mid @-@ May 's eldest child ,
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The coming musk @-@ rose , full of dewy wine ,
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The murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves . 50
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Darkling I listen ; and , for many a time
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I have been half in love with easeful Death ,
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Call 'd him soft names in many a musèd rhyme ,
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To take into the air my quiet breath ;
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Now more than ever seems it rich to die , 55
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To cease upon the midnight with no pain ,
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While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroad
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In such an ecstasy !
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Still wouldst thou sing , and I have ears in vain —
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To thy high requiem become a sod . 60
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Thou wast not born for death , immortal Bird !
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No hungry generations tread thee down ;
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The voice I hear this passing night was heard
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In ancient days by emperor and clown :
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Perhaps the self @-@ same song that found a path 65
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Through the sad heart of Ruth , when , sick for home ,
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She stood in tears amid the alien corn ;
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The same that ofttimes hath
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Charm 'd magic casements , opening on the foam
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Of perilous seas , in faery lands forlorn . 70
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Forlorn ! the very word is like a bell
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To toll me back from thee to my sole self !
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Adieu ! the fancy cannot cheat so well
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As she is famed to do , deceiving elf .
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Adieu ! adieu ! thy plaintive anthem fades 75
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Past the near meadows , over the still stream ,
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Up the hill @-@ side ; and now ' tis buried deep
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In the next valley @-@ glades :
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