text stringlengths 4 7.07k | text_hash stringlengths 32 32 | __index_level_0__ int64 1 1.81M |
|---|---|---|
Graciliceratops - ( Mongolia )
| 2b613b1ca8522abc6e9def5f8528f24e | 11,873 |
Magnirostris - ( Inner Mongolia , China )
| ea7ed39053496ec136971341684a0cd6 | 11,874 |
Protoceratops - ( Mongolia )
| fb48ec4859c133b6c6027742441fcaf8 | 11,875 |
Superfamily Ceratopsoidea
| 336b72bec20ed19dc25dd8e146a1daf8 | 11,876 |
Turanoceratops - ( Uzbekistan )
| 477c3b60c68e70fddfb5a7507890ef47 | 11,877 |
Zuniceratops - ( New Mexico , US )
| 187b43b38b0c04153dd3d8fdd0226982 | 11,878 |
Family Ceratopsidae
| 9ac383a657f3b3fa7d5f3f6eed7a5698 | 11,879 |
Subfamily Centrosaurinae
| 80ffcdf19495ed8f4a42127977abc049 | 11,880 |
Albertaceratops - ( Alberta , Canada & ? Montana , USA )
| b77b838d566fca992baff7764115ae3d | 11,881 |
Avaceratops - ( Montana , USA )
| b3edf5a8cbe13656de9dd5ebb421a219 | 11,882 |
Brachyceratops - ( Montana , USA & Alberta , Canada )
| 28b55211b5c9b3a2253e9e2c2ee6b0db | 11,883 |
Centrosaurus - ( Alberta , Canada )
| b509c91028f7ac56719f71a4e073c3e3 | 11,884 |
Coronosaurus - ( Alberta , Canada )
| a9d5dce1173f5c867311939d6a4f97ee | 11,885 |
Diabloceratops - ( Utah , USA )
| 00bcc55a0df1ee222c2458e11b2d974f | 11,886 |
Monoclonius - ( Montana , USA & Alberta , Canada )
| 502632fec7e94e2f163ead85bc494ea6 | 11,887 |
Nasutoceratops - ( Utah , USA )
| b40c422af8f375c8aa373efdbd0f3df7 | 11,888 |
Rubeosaurus - ( Montana , USA )
| 5785f56b5b4fdb0a82b7a38fa10a76ac | 11,889 |
Spinops - ( Alberta , Canada )
| a62d76bab0cba5166c06f7b821e01509 | 11,890 |
Styracosaurus - ( Alberta , Canada & Montana , USA )
| 319aa177ccd7041969581467b89d4739 | 11,891 |
Xenoceratops - ( Alberta , Canada )
| a0c8d6ae5e009248c9832306f6e9c99c | 11,892 |
Tribe Pachyrhinosaurini
| 1486b054a1b46e38ae3765efd6b289f7 | 11,893 |
Achelousaurus - ( Montana , USA )
| 3f86beee3d0249012b136085f308dae9 | 11,894 |
Einiosaurus - ( Montana , USA )
| cfbb213f3936a7cc464e53d32015ea24 | 11,895 |
Pachyrhinosaurus- ( Alberta , Canada & Alaska , USA )
| 74ed0bddc8cec6dd950ba296c02db354 | 11,896 |
Sinoceratops - ( Shandong , China )
| cda9629141185858097594a6fb51c1c7 | 11,897 |
Subfamily Ceratopsinae
| 44ae03243a9047b7a2a0c9a9c41a2771 | 11,898 |
Ceratops - ( Montana , USA & Alberta , Canada )
| 89810d6d759003b19bc46c57ee3a2f5e | 11,899 |
Subfamily Chasmosaurinae
| 2a91bf192c3aba058d3ecdda8a7b5051 | 11,900 |
Agathaumas - ( Wyoming , USA )
| 4c51f38d67d56240663bbb562468d138 | 11,901 |
Agujaceratops - ( Texas , USA )
| 82a994914611e4a04537432489e90bae | 11,902 |
Anchiceratops - ( Alberta , Canada )
| ed3c255f9913003f001bcf77eda927f1 | 11,903 |
Arrhinoceratops - ( Alberta , Canada )
| 84fa321e3caefeed3ecd651a9742d5d7 | 11,904 |
Chasmosaurus - ( Alberta , Canada )
| 6f25e9a2a13b01280402751db588ab70 | 11,905 |
Coahuilaceratops - ( Coahuila , Mexico )
| 4d0d5dc7654d7472c0199813de7a277f | 11,906 |
? Dysganus - ( Montana , USA )
| 6304967a0f9ba9663bec32cf85ac0eb3 | 11,907 |
Judiceratops - ( Montana , USA )
| bd136cfbacaa1b83772cdfa8872f9084 | 11,908 |
Kosmoceratops - ( Utah , USA )
| fdaff666681fb2adbbefcc6d0bc90b37 | 11,909 |
Medusaceratops - ( Montana , USA )
| 535781c2f0fed846fc2a2de3bf8e5209 | 11,910 |
Mojoceratops - ( Alberta & Saskatchewan , Canada )
| 09a87715f7a08c6dacb3100c58951fd7 | 11,911 |
Pentaceratops - ( New Mexico , USA )
| b3f835d9e50e65199de7068ae6330f35 | 11,912 |
? Polyonax - ( Colorado , USA )
| 023cd12a7317c3d2fa1f1c0bb91f1781 | 11,913 |
Utahceratops - ( Utah , USA )
| 552ac033972e2a421cd7cd5d2c30a5fe | 11,914 |
Vagaceratops - ( Alberta , Canada )
| 50ded73ca4828ccb9c8bdff05faa0bd6 | 11,915 |
Tribe Triceratopsini
| ad7aa22ecd2fca15e9024991dd4aefe8 | 11,916 |
Eotriceratops - ( Alberta , Canada )
| 8fa73a410cfcd5eea1532237866d666b | 11,917 |
Nedoceratops - ( Wyoming , USA )
| efb4ad83c1cf6162f7d19979cc540b1b | 11,918 |
Ojoceratops - ( New Mexico , USA )
| 13231422afa7358355d58138776b4e2a | 11,919 |
Regaliceratops - ( Alberta , Canada )
| 6e026c173ac1c6cfc8c01325c115c925 | 11,920 |
Tatankaceratops - ( South Dakota , USA )
| c43df793dc1f4a34cdf13130c75cf81f | 11,921 |
Titanoceratops - ( New Mexico , USA )
| cda0279bb2d9ed9ca1b24392248cd3f6 | 11,922 |
Torosaurus - ( Wyoming , Montana , South Dakota , North Dakota , & Utah , USA & Saskatchewan , Canada )
| adabf1d4c8c64439e10c01cf1be86cf3 | 11,923 |
Triceratops - ( Montana & Wyoming , USA & Saskatchewan & Alberta , Canada )
| 1769605b5df3bb10435299d1257032f8 | 11,924 |
Possible ceratopsians from the Southern Hemisphere include the Australian Serendipaceratops , known from an ulna , and Notoceratops from Argentina is known from a single toothless jaw ( which has been lost ) . Craspedodon from the Late Cretaceous ( Santonian ) of Belgium may also be a ceratopsian , specifically a neoceratopsian closer to ceratopsoidea than protoceratopsidae . Possible leptoceratopsid remains have also been described from the early Campanian of Sweden .
| 9410a0996a43505fa8cf51c0caa52b4e | 11,925 |
= = = Phylogeny = = =
| 9ba1f3cee67353a3d81e9dde56c5e844 | 11,927 |
Paleontologists today agree on the overall structure of the ceratopsian family tree , although there are differences on individual taxa . There have been several cladistic studies performed on basal ceratopsians since 2000 . None have used every taxon listed above and many of the differences between the studies are still unresolved .
| 14c6cc1d52a498a6078be80df44c56ef | 11,929 |
In clade @-@ based phylogenetic taxonomy , Ceratopsia is often defined to include all marginocephalians more closely related to Triceratops than to Pachycephalosaurus . Under this definition , the most basal known ceratopsians are Yinlong , from the Late Jurassic Period , along with Chaoyangsaurus and the family Psittacosauridae , from the Early Cretaceous Period , all of which were discovered in northern China or Mongolia . The rostral bone and flared jugals are already present in all of these forms , indicating that even earlier ceratopsians remain to be discovered .
| 17b2e98a52ff6ca1a6c9800e41b7f46b | 11,930 |
The clade Neoceratopsia includes all ceratopsians more derived than psittacosaurids . Another subset of neoceratopsians is called Coronosauria , which currently includes all ceratopsians more derived than Auroraceratops . Coronosaurs show the first development of the neck frill and the fusion of the first several neck vertebrae to support the increasingly heavy head . Within Coronosauria , three groups are generally recognized , although the membership of these groups varies somewhat from study to study and some animals may not fit in any of them . One group can be called Protoceratopsidae and includes Protoceratops and its closest relatives , all Asian . Another group , Leptoceratopsidae , includes mostly North American animals that are more closely related to Leptoceratops . The Ceratopsoidea includes animals like Zuniceratops , which are more closely related to the family Ceratopsidae . This last family includes Triceratops and all the large North American ceratopsians and is further divided into the subfamilies Centrosaurinae and Ceratopsinae ( also known as Chasmosaurinae ) .
| 7b676ff24c59499f6851b48320eae1e4 | 11,931 |
= = = = Farke phylogeny = = = =
| 49a1135aceca4edcbbfef6e793ea6dec | 11,933 |
Andrew Farke and his colleagues in 2014 published a description of a new neoceratopsian , Aquilops americanus , through the peer @-@ reviewed science journal PLOS ONE . They analysed their taxa as well as most other primitive ceratopsians to get a consensus cladogram . They created their own data matrix and through it found that many groups of ceratopsians could be supported , and that Aquilops was a basal neoceratopsian that could potentially be a protoceratopsid , leptoceratopsid , or ceratopsid , although any one of these groups would have a large ghost lineage with Aquilops .
| 98f11f9a7cb7e3bbf8f6051c817473d8 | 11,935 |
Their study also found an equal consensus cladogram finding Ajkaceratops not as a neoceratopsian but a protoceratopsid . Nothing else about the cladograms changed .
| 3d7c4ee3f566a6d4c82fcc04583c2a17 | 11,936 |
= = = = Xu / Makovicky / Chinnery Phylogeny = = = =
| 2af379342dbeabbdb28bccd47086940f | 11,938 |
Xu Xing of the Chinese Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology ( IVPP ) in Beijing , along with Peter Makovicky , formerly of the American Museum of Natural History ( AMNH ) in New York City and others , published a cladistic analysis in the 2002 description of Liaoceratops . This analysis is very similar to one published by Makovicky in 2001 . Makovicky , who currently works at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago , also included this analysis in his 2002 doctoral thesis . Xu and other colleagues added Yinlong to this analysis in 2006 .
| d6618fd52054be8bfabab685e8c6c761 | 11,940 |
Brenda Chinnery , formerly of the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman , Montana , independently described Prenoceratops in 2005 and published a new phylogeny . In 2006 , Makovicky and Mark Norell of the AMNH incorporated Chinnery 's analysis into their own and also added Yamaceratops , although they were not able to include Yinlong . The cladogram presented below is a combination of Xu , Makovicky , and their colleagues ' most recent work .
| d3b6889189ea503b51c3ea66e7994031 | 11,941 |
Chaoyangsaurus is recovered in a more basal position than Psittacosauridae , although Chinnery 's original analysis finds it within Neoceratopsia . Protoceratopsidae is considered to be the sister group of Ceratopsoidea . The fragmentary Asiaceratops was included in these studies and is found to have a variable position , either as a basal neoceratopsian or as a leptoceratopsid , most likely due to the amount of missing information . Removal of Asiaceratops stabilizes the entire cladogram .
| 8f8b428c006957406f4e43bff4aa62bd | 11,942 |
Makovicky 's latest analysis includes IVPP V12722 ( " Xuanhuasaurus " ) , a Late Jurassic ceratopsian from China that , at the time , was awaiting publication , but has since been published as Xuanhuaceratops . Kulceratops and Turanoceratops are considered nomina dubia in this study . Makovicky believes Lamaceratops , Magnirostris , and Platyceratops to be junior synonyms of Bagaceratops , and Bainoceratops to be synonymous with Protoceratops .
| 8d0dfd2930a5dd70a6752f0894f68fc7 | 11,943 |
= = = = You / Dodson Phylogeny = = = =
| 465f477d9971368c85dfe23e0b68d51f | 11,945 |
You Hailu of Beijing 's Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences , was a co @-@ author with Xu and Makovicky in 2002 but , in 2003 , he and Peter Dodson from the University of Pennsylvania published a separate analysis . The two presented this analysis again in 2004 . In 2005 , You and three others , including Dodson , published on Auroraceratops and inserted this new dinosaur into their phylogeny .
| 07f538c2956e6e40fe8eba561e965ede | 11,947 |
In contrast to the previous analysis , You and Dodson find Chaoyangsaurus to be the most basal neoceratopsian , more derived than Psittacosaurus , while Leptoceratopsidae , not Protoceratopsidae , is recovered as the sister group of Ceratopsidae . This study includes Auroraceratops , but lacks seven taxa found in Xu and Makovicky 's work , so it is unclear how comparable the two studies are . Asiaceratops and Turanoceratops are each considered nomina dubia and not included . Along with Dong Zhiming , You described Magnirostris in 2003 , but to date has not included it in any of his cladograms .
| c693e2b3f0875baf4850e66e121267c1 | 11,948 |
= = Paleobiology = =
| a9737e1ac371bb3356357a218f8b4863 | 11,950 |
= = = Biogeography = = =
| ca3db31b32d1f2639b84ce701fd7f094 | 11,953 |
Ceratopsia appears to have originated in Asia , as all of the earliest members are found there . Fragmentary remains , including teeth , which appear to be neoceratopsian , are found in North America from the Albian stage ( 112 to 100 million years ago ) , indicating that the group had dispersed across what is now the Bering Strait by the middle of the Cretaceous Period . Almost all leptoceratopsids are North American , aside from Udanoceratops , which may represent a separate dispersal event , back into Asia . Ceratopsids and their immediate ancestors , such as Zuniceratops , were unknown outside of western North America , and were presumed endemic to that continent . The traditional view that ceratopsoids originated in North America was called into question by the 2009 discovery of better specimens of the dubious Asian form Turanoceratops , which confirmed it as a ceratopsid . It is unknown whether this indicates ceratopsids actually originated in Asia , or if the Turanoceratops immigrated from North America .
| 577ced0f5fea0b405dcb0ba9c13d910e | 11,955 |
= = = Individual variation = = =
| 33d1e426b68fb92be734e86b49196a9e | 11,957 |
Unlike almost all other dinosaur groups , skulls are the most commonly preserved elements of ceratopsian skeletons and many species are known only from skulls . There is a great deal of variation between and even within ceratopsian species . Complete growth series from embryo to adult are known for Psittacosaurus and Protoceratops , allowing the study of ontogenetic variation in these species . Significant sexual dimorphism has been noted in Protoceratops and several ceratopsids .
| d4f4efa50dc66dc090241e818e5ed97a | 11,959 |
= = = Ecological role = = =
| 66ecd80f70c79b4280f394a91b116594 | 11,961 |
Psittacosaurus and Protoceratops are the most common dinosaurs in the different Mongolian sediments where they are found . Triceratops fossils are far and away the most common dinosaur remains found in the latest Cretaceous rocks in the western United States , making up as much as 5 / 6ths of the large dinosaur fauna in some areas . These facts indicate that some ceratopsians were the dominant herbivores in their environments .
| b6df5f12c78e8e002c4b72f265c49d32 | 11,963 |
Some species of ceratopsians , especially Centrosaurus and its relatives , appear to have been gregarious , living in herds . This is suggested by bonebed finds with the remains of many individuals of different ages . Like modern migratory herds , they would have had a significant effect on their environment , as well as serving as a major food source for predators .
| 430b557d0e48ba4db0479294fe85542b | 11,964 |
Although ceratopsians are generally considered herbivorous , a few paleontologists , such as Darren Naish and Mark Witton , have speculated online that at least some ceratopsians may have been opportunistically omnivorous .
| 946494b9609887abe6551ecf25a2ca8c | 11,965 |
= = = Posture and locomotion = = =
| 69605ac5c2edc588596d97bcabe28eac | 11,967 |
Most restorations of ceratopsians show them with erect hindlimbs but semi @-@ sprawling forelimbs , which suggest that they were not fast movers . But Paul and Christiansen ( 2000 ) argued that at least the later ceratopsians had upright forelimbs and the larger species may have been as fast as rhinos , which can run at up to 56 km or 35 miles per hour .
| cac09d868215188e9b2becfeee5a4bb0 | 11,969 |
= = = Daily activity patterns = = =
| d02d9551b30f8928799672da3ed1271b | 11,971 |
A nocturnal lifestyle has been suggested for the primitive ceratopsian Protoceratops . However , comparisons between the scleral rings of Protoceratops and Psittacosaurus and modern birds and reptiles indicate that they may have been cathemeral , active throughout the day at short intervals .
| d631ee32d00f11809af9fc26083371e2 | 11,973 |
= = = Paleopathology = = =
| f277c5a941eab11a49f508148c7726ce | 11,975 |
Activity @-@ related bone fractures have been documented in ceratopsians . Periostitis has also been documented in the shoulder blade of a ceratopsian .
| bd1653b07062b457abeba28bf0185fb9 | 11,977 |
= = Timeline of genera = =
| 8460ad7ea3389590c5ffcfc81eb19af5 | 11,979 |
= Truth in Numbers ? =
| 1a653f438abd4590258b097e4a76b0b7 | 11,983 |
Truth in Numbers ? Everything , According to Wikipedia is a 2010 American documentary film that explores the history and cultural implications of the online , user @-@ editable encyclopedia Wikipedia . The film considers the question of whether all individuals or just experts should be tasked with editing an encyclopedia .
| 863fb742feb5120b2932b7c5552f670c | 11,985 |
The site 's history and background is given , along with commentary from Wikipedia founders Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger . Commentators that appear in the film include author Howard Zinn , Len Downie of The Washington Post , Bob Schieffer of CBS News , former Encyclopædia Britannica chief Robert McHenry and former Central Intelligence Agency director James Woolsey . The documentary discusses incidents that shed a negative light on Wikipedia , including the Essjay controversy and the Wikipedia biography controversy .
| f1573a39af41d7d3b19ea94443f5110e | 11,986 |
The long @-@ delayed film premiered at Wikimania 2010 in Gdańsk in July 2010 , and was screened at the Paley Center for Media in New York City in October 2010 . It was shown as part of the Savannah Film Festival on November 3 , 2010 , at Savannah College of Art and Design 's Trustees Theater . Truth in Numbers ? received a mixed reception , with favorable commentary from author Ted Leonsis , in the AOL publication Urlesque , and coverage at the Savannah Film Festival by Carlos Serrano of District .
| 6b4040c605a68fd9d106728700e0a2fa | 11,987 |
= = Contents = =
| 26da66b71139ee734c45e4b4aa028bfd | 11,989 |
Truth in Numbers ? Everything , According to Wikipedia , an American documentary film , explores the history and cultural implications of Wikipedia . The film presents Wikipedia as a new form of communication and cultural dialog . The directors attempt to answer the question of whether ordinary individuals should be tasked with collecting knowledge for presentation online , or this should be relegated solely to academic scholars in specific fields . The film gives an overview of the history of the enterprise , as well as biographical information on founder Jimmy Wales . Wales is shown discussing Wikipedia with an Indian reader , who points out an inaccuracy in an article . Wales proceeds to show the reader how to click the " edit " tab on the website . Wikipedia founder Larry Sanger is featured in the documentary and speaks critically about the website 's embracing of editors from the general public as opposed to soliciting expert contributors .
| 60dc0d72b2485a43ff3e9c099fb14a97 | 11,991 |
Journalism and media commentators who appear and are interviewed in the film include author Howard Zinn ; Len Downie , ( executive editor of The Washington Post ) ; Bob Schieffer ( CBS News ) ; Robert McHenry ( former chief of Encyclopædia Britannica ) ; James Woolsey ( former director of the Central Intelligence Agency ) ; Chris Wilson ( reporter for Slate Magazine ) ; Cade Metz ( reporter for The Register who has written critically about Wikipedia ) ; Richard Branson and Noam Chomsky . The film documents an initiative in India and Africa called " Wikipedia Academies " . Controversies discussed in the film include the Essjay controversy , where a member of Wikipedia made false assertions about his academic background ; and the Wikipedia biography controversy , where false statements were inserted into the Wikipedia entry for journalist John Seigenthaler . Musician KRS @-@ One comments about the site after reading his biography on Wikipedia : " I can say to you , these are the facts but they are not true . "
| 488ad7763dc0a7744714308e79fd52ab | 11,992 |
= = Production = =
| faaebcbbaf42e685bce2a1bbbaaad33b | 11,994 |
= = = Conception = = =
| 29d6a31fa03cd8b59afd0b26ff6c61c6 | 11,997 |
The idea for the film originated from a suggestion by Michael Ferris Gibson , who had made the 2005 documentary 24 Hours on Craigslist . Gibson , a producer on the film , met with co @-@ director Nic Hill . Gibson financed Hill 's travels while making the film . The working title for the film was Truth in Numbers : The Wikipedia Story . Gibson chose to finance the film through a request for funding from Internet visitors ; the initial request drew in US $ 20 @,@ 000 in initial investment . The production team made their initial work on the project known to Internet viewers via the website www.wikidocumentary.org. Another collaborative website focused on the documentary was formed at Wikia , located at wikidocumentary.wikia.com. Regarding his financing strategy , Gibson commented to the San Francisco Chronicle , that smaller incremental donations from multiple individuals showed genuine interest in his initiative .
| cb08142785e55ab9532acdee1e5031ba | 11,999 |
= = = Filming = = =
| a0fdc25ccc0f9bf92dfd28b27739e5c5 | 12,001 |
Filming started in August 2006 at the Wikimania 2006 conference , and by April 2007 the team had aggregated 100 hours of footage . Co @-@ director Hill accompanied Wales during 2007 , filming him as he journeyed around the globe . Hill took a two @-@ person film crew and traveled to China , Indonesia , India , South Africa , Australia and Europe , interviewing editors and contributors . Hill is himself an editor of Wikipedia , starting an article about a graffiti artist . Gibson and Hill required expertise in the creative and funding aspects of film @-@ making and invited Scott Glosserman to join the venture . Glosserman 's involvement with the film began during the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . After Glosserman signed on , the breadth of the endeavor became larger . The film ended up taking an additional three years to finish after Glosserman joined the production .
| 9aafcdc5883269833d34c712c9f93142 | 12,003 |
Eric Koretz served as director of photography ; he joined the team during a shift in focus in January 2008 . Koretz used a Panasonic AG @-@ HPX500 P2 HD camcorder . He commented to industry publication Videography about the choice of technique , that due to the intensity of the production team 's travel schedule tape format would not have been an option . He stated he preferred using P2 cards over the HDD @-@ based format due to its superior reliability . During the editing process , Glen Echo Entertainment utilized eight Apple Macintosh computers with Intel processors , equipped with Apple 's Final Cut Pro editing software .
| f74086a1c427eb422e56482bd6890750 | 12,004 |
= = = Re @-@ focus = = =
| 0451bfe3bbd33fa219c46c0fa6f2824b | 12,006 |
Glosserman and the rest of the production team met together to put together a focus for the film ; they centered their efforts on answering the question : " How does Wikipedia get at the truth ? " They also wanted to provide information for everyday individuals wanting to know about Wikipedia 's background and functioning . Experts were sought out , including the author of The Age of American Unreason Susan Jacoby , to discuss Wikipedia 's approach to scholars knowledgeable about specific subject matter . Glosserman commented in an interview with IndieWire , " We tried to get people offering compelling arguments for either side of any particular topic because our intention was to be objective and to let the viewer make up his or her own mind . " The narrative structure of the film What the Bleep Do We Know ! ? served as an inspiration for Glosserman during the production process . As a non @-@ profit project , the film had received more than $ 55 @,@ 000 in donations by March 2009 .
| 3a9be10d408a7275123ca85814f92bdf | 12,008 |
= = Release = =
| 82d31ca11203ea3496cf6bc637a6c220 | 12,010 |
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