text stringlengths 4 7.07k | text_hash stringlengths 32 32 | __index_level_0__ int64 1 1.81M |
|---|---|---|
= = = Buildings = = =
| 3af71b9aaa5dbaac4ce470671f6f6095 | 11,574 |
The barracks consists of two levels , with rifle firing holes on all sides . Iron shutters closed on the inside and were locked with wooden beams . In 1885 the verandah facing the manning parade was enclosed with wooden shutters to keep the weather out . These shutters were removed during 20th @-@ century restoration ... | e91c56beb26912996474da1b1d9c260f | 11,576 |
The basement contains the gunner 's mess , canteen , No. 1 ancillary store , pantry and officer 's kitchen . The canteen sold everyday necessities as well as a few items like biscuits , sweets and tobacco to the stationed troops . Profits from the canteen were used to fund sporting equipment for the garrison . The No.... | 0879987bcd4ccba902b0dbe791fe42bf | 11,577 |
A laboratory is built into the rear wall , on the forts southern side . This room is set into the end of the rampart and was used to prepare gunpowder charges . A guardhouse was built at the manning parade 's southern end in 1885 . It is now used as a duty room for the drill squad during recreation demonstrations but ... | befbe0cc7d45a0955e11ba0cff45dcdc | 11,578 |
= = Armament = =
| 23842759e3115563f6e6b61a01f531e8 | 11,580 |
Early plans for the fort 's armament were drawn up by Harding Stewart of the British War Office . They called for four 9 in ( 230 mm ) 12 long tons ( 12 t ) rifled muzzle @-@ loading ( RML ) guns , two mounted in turrets and two behind vertical iron shields . This configuration of siege artillery had not been tried be... | b9a6eadb0c113d72a1844ef2525f0797 | 11,582 |
= = = 10 inch RML guns = = =
| 6e2b4dbe008bd65d9aea6bf64f2edb5b | 11,584 |
The fort 's main armament were the two RML 10 inch 20 ton guns β Numbers 3470 and 3472 . They were manufactured in 1879 by WG Armstrong and Company and originally used the Armstrong protected barbette loading system . They were made to the 1878 pattern and supplied on traversing slides . The guns have a 10 @-@ inch ( ... | a2429dd2d163b715301e62109224d6fb | 11,586 |
They fire 400 @-@ pound ( 181 kg ) projectiles using a 130 @-@ pound ( 59 kg ) gunpowder cartridge . Though they were insufficient against contemporary battleships , they were seen as adequate for the light cruisers that the fort was expected to face . The carriages weighed 13 long tons ( 13 t ) and moved on semi @-@ ... | 26dc2e615a31af901758a3630b6b6eb3 | 11,587 |
By 1902 the guns had together fired 219 rounds , though not all at full charge with the records showing only 125 effective full charges . The platforms and traverses were scrapped in 1937 but the gun barrels were uneconomic to cut up and were left in place . One gun platform and its equipment was rebuilt in 1997 using... | f950f1323dec4100ad7d7957fe309577 | 11,588 |
= = = 64 pounder RML guns = = =
| fe998088aff102be72a0a2dbb53c5afd | 11,590 |
In the flank barbettes are mounted two mark III RML 64 pounder 64 cwt guns , numbers 462 and 463 . They are rifled muzzle @-@ loading heavy guns weighing 64 long hundredweight ( 3 @,@ 300 kg ) with a 6 @.@ 3 @-@ inch ( 160 mm ) calibre steel barrel . They were made to the model 's 1867 pattern by the Royal Arsenal , W... | b47fef091ea46d1a534a40071065834a | 11,592 |
By the end of their active use in 1902 together they had fired 1540 rounds in practice , though not all at full power as they are recorded as firing under 300 effective full charges . By then the wheels were significantly rotted and the ammunition limbers had become unserviceable . Less wheels , the guns were removed ... | 865100a4c7bc4b8bc516ebc227816dee | 11,593 |
Both types of heavy guns used where the only ones of their specific series and type to come to Australia . Though they were never fired in anger , the battery is only 40 feet ( 12 m ) above mean sea level which would have limited the accuracy of the mark III depression rangefinders used .
| cf9b57dbf4210ebca56c5e07b65b0521 | 11,594 |
= = = Other weaponry = = =
| 5afae659122370afedda73d2e6c47f60 | 11,596 |
Prior to 1895 two 6 @-@ inch ( 200 mm ) breech @-@ loading guns had been imported for use in small boats . This use was rejected by military authorities and the guns sat unused . In 1895 the South Australian Defence Committee proposed that the guns be mounted at Fort Glanville , replacing the 64 @-@ pounders whose sie... | b95d63870ca7bbdcf2b9343f2ca26c3d | 11,598 |
Gun emplacements were made , about a mile apart south of the fort , for six 16 @-@ pounder field guns to provide close defence in case of an attempted beach landing . From 1890 the fort was equipped with moveable armament . It received an 1867 Whitworth 12 @-@ pounder RML field gun and a 5 @-@ barrel 0 @.@ 45 " Martin... | 8e350fb8cff27196956920013a8d205a | 11,599 |
In the late 20th century the fort acquired three 16 @-@ pounder RML mark I field guns . They were formerly used by A battery , South Australian Volunteer Artillery from 1880 until 1901 . Gun number 288 is complete and used for blank firings by the Historical Association . Also acquired is a 2 @-@ pounder RML Whitworth... | b06044bd0c530a0ad282f2b4a2d11b4c | 11,600 |
= = Defence significance = =
| 5f831ca068b55204d2cfc04c4e49b9d2 | 11,602 |
Work began in 1882 on Fort Glanville 's northern sister Fort Largs β then known as the Port Adelaide battery β to the same specification as Fort Glanville ; its barracks and rear defence wall were finished in 1885 . Though guns had already been purchased specially , plans for the third fort at Glenelg were not proceed... | 5cbf571425fc0578f358622fbd5a1ed0 | 11,604 |
From this point Fort Glanville 's significance declined rapidly . Fort Largs was equipped in 1889 with two 6 inch breech @-@ loading disappearing guns which outranged Glanville 's armament . The decline was also linked to changes in Port Adelaide 's maritime facilities and the consequent northward movement of anchored... | 59affab927080d612d45b006e9e4fb58 | 11,605 |
The fort remained as headquarters of South Australia 's permanent military force until the 1890s and as late as 1895 there were still plans to upgrade the 64 @-@ pounder armament , though without result . By 1901 the fort was manned on a caretaker basis only and no permanent forces were stationed . The Federal Governm... | 92e9470fc078118480096d5a1f715a84 | 11,606 |
= = 20th century = =
| 15b419ac8051a01af35bcf81ce58ddda | 11,608 |
At Federation in 1901 South Australia 's defences became a federal responsibility . Though both infantry and artillery units were housed at the site on occasion , by 1903 there was no longer a permanent military presence at the fort . For most of the 20th century the site was neglected and largely vacated . It did att... | 00d40337887f7c69a0d8d87bf2541fef | 11,610 |
After the war , the State Government negotiated with its federal counterpart to gain control of Fort Glanville . This eventuated in the 1951 sale of the 13 @-@ acre ( 5 ha ) site , which was subsequently administered by the State Tourist Department as a caravan and camping park . The park occupied the muster ground ou... | c92a3acc7a7c679cd5e4317cc218274a | 11,611 |
A significant change in the fort 's conservation and preservation outlook was its declaration as a Historic Relic under the Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act in 1972 . Up to then there had been growing awareness of the significance of the site in terms of the state 's colonial heritage . Control of the p... | 4b6908450c3f436715ebfcc4f4ec5502 | 11,612 |
As part of South Australia 's sesquicentenary , the South Australia Jubilee 150 board granted $ 250 @,@ 000 for work on the fort , allowing construction of a visitor centre . Queen Elizabeth II visited and inspected the site , and newly constructed visitor centre , for almost an hour on 13 March 1986 . For the visit t... | ecaaefda684a68a950abeee287a9030e | 11,613 |
= = Park and fort today = =
| 92c945e8fcaf219a0dd2963c2b334175 | 11,615 |
Fort Glanville Conservation Park is one of South Australia 's most important heritage sites . It is the premier site in the state , and possibly Australia , for showcasing colonial era defences and fortifications . The fort is listed on both the South Australian Heritage Register and the National Trust 's classified l... | 17ed9421131230fc5b7ced4057b5a076 | 11,617 |
The conservation park is in the suburb of Semaphore Park at the southern end of the Lefevre Peninsula . It covers approximately 5 hectares ( 12 acres ) and is bounded by Bower and Military roads , the Point Malcolm Reserve and Semaphore beach . The land is entirely crown land and is administered by the DEWNR . It is d... | fb5e2c272e0d90b3987e5c1894f79dc3 | 11,618 |
The historical association is an incorporated body of volunteers who use the fort under licence from the Minister . The association operate the fort and visitor centre , holding monthly public open days at which the history of the fort is recreated ; this includes drill demonstrations and firing of the fort 's weapons... | 1549f3b1b01355056fd78df06322b88b | 11,619 |
Connecting the fort to Semaphore jetty is the Semaphore and Fort Glanville Tourist Railway , a 457 mm ( 18 @.@ 0 in ) gauge steam train operated by volunteers from the National Railway Museum . The railway opened in December 1992 and , as of 2002 , carried over 16 @,@ 000 passengers annually .
| e1ff4126b33c33d8d32c63b82868fcaf | 11,620 |
= Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom =
| 481c0befbc8bfaad0313126dd46ec9c9 | 11,623 |
The royal prerogative is a body of customary authority , privilege , and immunity , recognised in the United Kingdom as the sole prerogative of the Sovereign and the source of many of the executive powers of the British government .
| 478acfc05a0eb516f9178efc9a3804a7 | 11,625 |
Prerogative powers were formerly exercised by the monarch acting on his or her own initiative . Since the 19th century , by convention , the advice of the prime minister or the cabinet β who are then accountable to Parliament for the decision β has been required in order for the prerogative to be exercised . The monar... | 7ab736b3c34b68012b58e2c9948729e3 | 11,626 |
Today the royal prerogative is available in the conduct of the government of the United Kingdom , including foreign affairs , defence , and national security . The monarchy has a significant constitutional presence in these and other matters , but limited power , because the exercise of the prerogative is in the hands... | 67d453b3fb11408caac2b9da07eb01b1 | 11,627 |
= = Definition = =
| 072ebb44a589eec98e0746894f2ce987 | 11,629 |
The royal prerogative has been called " a notoriously difficult concept to define adequately " , but whether a particular type of prerogative power exists is a matter of common law to be decided by the courts as the final arbiter . A prominent constitutional theorist , A. V. Dicey , proposed in the nineteenth century ... | 68a868f4944934f25fb5cdd57548b38c | 11,631 |
The prerogative appears to be historically and as a matter of fact nothing else than the residue of discretionary or arbitrary authority which at any given time is legally left in the hands of the crown . The prerogative is the name of the remaining portion of the Crown 's original authority ... Every act which the ex... | 01c44b3d29218f12bbdcb445c197f5d5 | 11,632 |
While many commentators follow the Diceyan view , there are constitutional lawyers who prefer the definition given by William Blackstone in the 1760s :
| 5e83c035bc1ab37c485e4da6f29694a7 | 11,633 |
By the word prerogative we usually understand that special pre @-@ eminence which the King hath , over and above all other persons , and out of the ordinary course of common law , in right of his regal dignity ... it can only be applied to those rights and capacities which the King enjoys alone , in contradiction to o... | fd8e43057c0754a434f33985e68ccdbd | 11,634 |
Dicey 's opinion that any action of governance by the monarch beyond statute is under the prerogative diverges from Blackstone 's that the prerogative simply covers those actions that no other person or body in the United Kingdom can undertake , such as the dissolution of Parliament . Case law exists to support both v... | 6fb48ea1394d6c02be8b3bee894d6428 | 11,635 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 11,637 |
The royal prerogative originated as the personal power of the monarch . From the 13th century in England , as in France , the monarch was all @-@ powerful , but this absolute power was checked by " the recrudescence of feudal turbulence in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries " . An early attempt to define the royal... | 91f79cb1911c4f5be733c1165bbd0c7a | 11,639 |
During the 16th century , this " turbulence " began to recede , and the monarch became truly independent . Under Henry VIII and his successors , the king was the head of the Protestant English church , and therefore not answerable to the clergy . The rise of Parliament in this period , however , was problematic . Whil... | 0319f04a3e3c0027cb1389461a51cc5c | 11,640 |
At the same time , Henry and his descendants normally followed the will of the courts , despite the fact they were theoretically not bound by judges . William Holdsworth infers that by regularly asking the legal officers of the crown and judiciary for legal advice and consent , Henry recognised the need for a stable g... | bdf34957a89554465faefca2f9fa1494 | 11,641 |
The first dent in this stability came about in 1607 , with the Case of Prohibitions . James VI and I claimed that as monarch , he had a divine right to sit as a judge and interpret the common law as he saw fit . Led by Sir Edward Coke , the judiciary rejected this idea , stating that while the monarch was not subject ... | 39cf7fb1266adab053540a45761a2590 | 11,642 |
With the Glorious Revolution , King James VII and II was replaced by Queen Mary II and her husband King William III . At the same time the Bill of Rights 1689 was drafted , which cemented the monarch 's subservience to Parliament . It specifically limited the royal prerogative , with Article 1 holding that the " power... | 87b2faea83d7c129792dcdd03804e558 | 11,643 |
= = Prerogative powers = =
| 1b226be8e1d42dcee3615d1afb78ccca | 11,645 |
= = = Legislature = = =
| f8e2c3161ac1fb0d9caa24568e89a6c6 | 11,648 |
One of the monarch 's historic prerogatives was the dissolution of Parliament , which was " perhaps the most important residual prerogative exercised personally by the sovereign , and represents the greatest potential for controversy . " This prerogative was normally exercised at the request of Parliament and the prim... | 50daa7c0d2be49c4d8abe9f7c2049e42 | 11,650 |
The monarch could force the dissolution of Parliament through a refusal of royal assent ; this would inevitably lead to a government resigning . By convention , the monarch always assents to bills ; the last time the royal assent was not given was in 1704 during the reign of Queen Anne . This does not mean that the ri... | 9aa262c061f4242ad3d6cd8bcc8884aa | 11,651 |
The appointment of the prime minister is also , theoretically , governed by the royal prerogative . Technically the monarch may appoint as prime minister anyone she wants to appoint , but in practice the appointee is always the person who commands a majority in the House of Commons . Usually , this is the leader of th... | 7208b85f9503137d22df878688169a85 | 11,652 |
= = = Judicial system = = =
| a9fa0d9ee9b308b442914272048491d3 | 11,654 |
The most noted prerogative power that affects the judicial system is the prerogative of mercy , which has two elements : the granting of pardons and the granting of nolle prosequi . Pardons may eliminate the " pains , penalties and punishments " from a criminal conviction , though they do not remove convictions themse... | f71398c289d939ef5bfd5490b060e30c | 11,656 |
= = = Foreign affairs = = =
| d9035e826dcf31f66f8bb3fb5e625ee1 | 11,658 |
The royal prerogative is in much use in the realm of foreign affairs . It is the monarch who recognises foreign states ( although several statutes regulate the immunities enjoyed by their heads and diplomatic representatives ) , issues declarations of war and peace , and forms international treaties . The monarch also... | 320f2818bccff97189a15b6bdcb418d9 | 11,660 |
British passports are also issued under the prerogative , though these are also covered by statute law . Under the common law , citizens have the right freely to leave and enter the United Kingdom . In R v Foreign Secretary ex parte Everett , the courts held that it was their right to review the granting of passports ... | ce2e5eb9d967660111e201f3dc6762ca | 11,661 |
= = = Other prerogative powers = = =
| c417d67accc087fe34edf2bc395ee219 | 11,663 |
The monarch also has power to exercise her prerogative over the granting of honours , the regulation of the armed forces and ecclesiastical appointments . Although the granting of most honours is normally decided by the executive , the monarch is still the person who technically awards them . Exceptions to this rule a... | 2d2ecf52bb9ccd488a718a0d4ee333c6 | 11,665 |
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department , ex parte Northumbria Police Authority , recognised that the prerogative also includes the power to " take all reasonable steps to preserve the Queen 's peace " , and in Burmah Oil Co. v Lord Advocate , the House of Lords took the view that it extended to " doing all tho... | f6e28eb17c00cf8625b01b78752bd677 | 11,666 |
= = Use = =
| 5acbfc2738aaa442b416d286e596ff04 | 11,668 |
Today , the monarch exercises the prerogative almost exclusively in line with the advice of her government . Leyland notes that :
| a7c2ac5f5c49bfcc83f5e261f616c1b5 | 11,670 |
The present Queen ... is kept very closely in touch with the exercise of governmental power by means of a weekly audience with the prime minister during which she is fully briefed about the affairs of government ... [ But it ] should be emphasised that the prime minister is not under any obligation to take account of ... | 7cad993c0ddb76cd6f22aff61336929e | 11,671 |
In simple terms , the prerogative is used to govern the realm in the name of the Crown ; although the monarch has the " right to be consulted , the right to encourage , and the right to warn " , her role involves no exercise of discretion .
| 50986b8de84c2f11798d7950d70600f9 | 11,672 |
Today , some prerogative powers are directly exercised by ministers without the approval of Parliament , including the powers of declaring war and of making peace , the issue of passports , and the granting of honours . Prerogative powers are exercised nominally by the monarch , but on the advice of the prime minister... | 67cad12d76b10736b49b43311c4b5e20 | 11,673 |
= = = Limitations = = =
| 5cdf0a300e3d08afdd8596aadb285bc4 | 11,675 |
Several influential decisions of the House of Lords have determined the limited scope for the use of prerogative powers . In 1915 , an appeal was made to the House of Lords , Re Petition of Right ( ' Shoreham Aerodrome Case ' ) , but during the appeal the case was settled and the appeal withdrawn when the Crown agreed... | 06940a25be5b19fa4ffa6e66aa2da4aa | 11,677 |
This principle of statutory superiority was extended in Laker Airway Ltd v Department of Trade , concerning the revocation of a commercial airline operator 's licence ( December 1976 ) , where it was confirmed that prerogative powers could not be used to contradict a statutory provision , and that in situations to whi... | e8035f1ad3b35574f936111c60685945 | 11,678 |
= = = Judicial review = = =
| 54dfefa8f6c4439064dfadc1022356e3 | 11,680 |
Before the modern judicial review procedure superseded the petition of right as the remedy for challenging the validity of a prerogative power , the courts were traditionally only willing to state whether or not powers existed , not whether they had been used appropriately . They therefore applied only the first of th... | 58658002530ee1fa8289fff901cfafd3 | 11,682 |
In the exertion therefore of those prerogatives , which the law has given him , the King is irresistible and absolute , according to the forms of the constitution . And yet if the consequence of that exertion be manifestly to the grievance or dishonour of the kingdom , the Parliament will call his advisers to a just a... | 94650970d14381391791f9477cbe3306 | 11,683 |
During the 1960s and 70s this attitude was changing , with Lord Denning saying in the Laker Airway case that " seeing that the prerogative is a discretionary power to be exercised for the public good , it follows that its exercise can be examined by the courts just as any other discretionary power which is vested in t... | d50a42418c5ecf984cdb0f15cfc6ab16 | 11,684 |
= = Reform = =
| b2f624283711db2b63079f984db1282a | 11,686 |
Abolition of the royal prerogative is not on the immediate horizon , and recent movements to abolish the role of the monarchy and its royal prerogative in government have been unsuccessful . The Ministry of Justice undertook a " review of executive Royal Prerogative powers " in October 2009 . Former Labour MP and cabi... | 23d3ec87ad5e6a1f007ab0b9c7416362 | 11,688 |
= Mount Jackson ( Antarctica ) =
| 695ca3fd3b13349e2e733ece7f8bcec7 | 11,691 |
Mount Jackson ( Mount Andrew Jackson and Mount Ernest Gruening ) is a mountain that dominates the upland of the southern part of the Antarctic Peninsula . It is located in Palmer Land , within the Antarctic claims of Argentina , Chile and the United Kingdom . With an elevation of 3 @,@ 184 metres ( 10 @,@ 446 ft ) , M... | d9e5dc24e9d8212467e8460a01236fca | 11,693 |
Mount Jackson and the Welch Mountains demarcate the central Black Coast , which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by Dyer Plateau of central Palmer Land . The two mountains rise above the ice shelf with reliefs of about 1 @,@ 200 β 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 3 @,@ 900 β 4 @,@ 900 ft ) towards the east . T... | 0c4a567aadbc50bb5012826a141cc6be | 11,694 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 11,696 |
The first topographic mapping of Mount Jackson was carried out in November 1940 by a sledge party of the United States Antarctic Service ( USAS ) . The ground survey was facilitated by aerial photographs and aerial observations . The height was estimated at 4 @,@ 200 metres ( 13 @,@ 800 ft ) , and the mountain was nam... | 86bbdd84be1538f093626b774167310a | 11,698 |
In November 1947 , a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ( FIDS ) ground party based at Stonington Island observed Mount Jackson and estimated its height at 3 @,@ 050 metres ( 10 @,@ 010 ft ) , considerably lower and more accurate than the first estimate in 1940 .
| 97fd79251b3a18673be3247f72f6663a | 11,699 |
After the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey was renamed British Antarctic Survey in 1962 , a series of depots were developed , including one at Mount Jackson . BAS members were successful in making many first ascents of the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula , and John Cunningham , who served at the BAS base at A... | b99347c73f175900475ce57ec2e5ca1f | 11,700 |
A precise height of the summit was determined by a BAS survey party who ascended the peak during the austral summer of 1996 β 97 .
| a8bea674dd5060cc6181e600f5fb3bfb | 11,701 |
= = Geography = =
| 6d0e383f9b97b9a3074b3db80f26a479 | 11,703 |
The mountain is 3 @,@ 184 metres ( 10 @,@ 446 ft ) in height , with a prominence of 2 @,@ 187 metres ( 7 @,@ 175 ft ) and a saddle DEM of 997 metres ( 3 @,@ 271 ft ) . Mount Jackson and the Welch Mountains demarcate the central Black Coast , which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by Dyer Plateau ... | 383b4c769bb68170e1ac3c596f150b6f | 11,705 |
Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks , displaying a steeple summit , while the north flank is occupied by a vast cirque . Supraglacial moraines on the mountain 's east side measure between 1 β 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 62 β 3 @.@ 11 mi ) in length and display boulders at their distal ends . Mount Jackson and the R... | 113903ae7b6ad018a8ae78f9dd2105f7 | 11,706 |
Mount Jackson 's geology was studied in 1972 as part of the Palmer Island investigations by a team of geologists . They identified various rock types and underlying volcanic activity . The relief of the west facing slopes is gentler when compared to the eastern side , characterized by a steep rocky face . Rock weather... | 2de71ea4a49f9eb2769e23d890c732fb | 11,707 |
= Italian cruiser Aretusa =
| 7b143fa67b8a9ced4ab22d3c22526800 | 11,710 |
Aretusa was a torpedo cruiser of the Partenope class built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s . Laid down in June 1889 at the Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando shipyard , she was launched in March 1891 and was commissioned in September 1892 . Her main armament were her six torpedo tubes , which we... | dc9ecba98581539c6a4bb8f12ab5404d | 11,712 |
= = Design = =
| 27a68d88afcf8b73909bed8e24598173 | 11,714 |
Aretusa was 73 @.@ 1 meters ( 239 ft 10 in ) long overall and had a beam of 8 @.@ 22 m ( 27 ft 0 in ) and an average draft of 3 @.@ 48 m ( 11 ft 5 in ) . She displaced 833 metric tons ( 820 long tons ; 918 short tons ) normally . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple @-@ expansion steam engine... | 5dab8b1aa0f95e4ea219bf8b03dee21c | 11,716 |
Aretusa was armed with a main battery of one 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) / 40 gun and six 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) / 43 guns mounted singly.Ξ± She was also equipped with three 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) / 20 guns in single mounts . Her primary offensive weapon was her five 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was protected ... | df0128cbd26519d0f86e525fd431e85f | 11,717 |
= = Service history = =
| 23e5a754ef5bf8e29b4df264b6ec61aa | 11,719 |
Aretusa was laid down at the Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando ( Orlando Brothers ' Shipyard ) in Livorno on 1 June 1889 , and was launched on 14 March 1891 . After fitting @-@ out work was completed , the ship was commissioned into the fleet on 1 September 1892 . During the 1893 fleet maneuvers , Aretusa served with t... | 6822b178929eab1b2350a01d7d29f74d | 11,721 |
At the start of the Italo @-@ Turkish War in September 1911 , Aretusa was stationed in Italian Eritrea in the Red Sea Squadron . Italian naval forces in the region also included five protected cruisers and several smaller vessels . Shortly after the start of the war on 2 October , Aretusa and the gunboat Volturno enco... | b18c2678af858456adf5515cfbfcf2f1 | 11,722 |
Following the neutralization of Ottoman naval forces in the region , Aretusa and the rest of the Italian ships then commenced a bombardment campaign against the Turkish ports in the Red Sea before declaring a blockade of the city of Al Hudaydah on 26 January . On 27 July and 12 August , Aretusa , her sister ship Capre... | e32679f42a2659868d12ee9a7d5fe1e5 | 11,723 |
= M @-@ 6 ( Michigan highway ) =
| 8e07dc24b31294fb0411826a78ed5c33 | 11,726 |
M @-@ 6 , or the Paul B. Henry Freeway , is a 19 @.@ 696 @-@ mile ( 31 @.@ 698 km ) freeway and state trunkline highway in the United States that serves portions of southern Kent and eastern Ottawa counties south of Grand Rapids , Michigan . Although the freeway is named for Paul B. Henry , local residents and the pre... | 7d6ae6a157248e77bcc732ba8b1c057f | 11,728 |
The freeway was originally conceived in the 1960s . It took 32 years to approve , plan , finance , and build the freeway from the time that the state first authorized funding in 1972 to the time of the ribbon @-@ cutting ceremony in 2004 that opened the South Beltline to traffic . The project cost around $ 700 million... | 96cc0061620f5f7e83f76690bfa387c9 | 11,729 |
= = Route description = =
| 492dd728c7998b12b26ca6c56c46440f | 11,731 |
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