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RandyFay.com
Planet Drupal
Eclipse for PHP Editing and Debugging
Submitted by rfay on Sat, 2009-02-21 19:05
I used to use the Zend platform for PHP/Drupal debugging, but they ended my support and it seemed like it never worked quite right, so while we were in Argentina I took on the significant task of making Eclipse work as a debugging environment. I eventually succeeded, but now that I'm wedded to Eclipse I'm having to learn lots about it as a working environment. It's amazingly complex and frustrating, but also very powerful.
Today I've been watching a fine series on the basics of the workbench done by Mark Dexter. It is amazing how much they can stuff into a developer's IDE. Even though I'm well along the learning curve with Eclipse I still learned lots from this.
rfay's blog
My New Development Computer: An Amazon EC2 Instance
Submitted by rfay on Fri, 2009-02-27 05:34
Here in Florida, where we're spending a couple of months, the only computer I have access to is my little netbook, an MSI Wind U-100 . It's a fine little computer, but it doesn't really have enough CPU to run Firefox, the Apache web server, the Eclipse development environment, and do debugging all at the same time. I could read the newspaper while stepping through code with the debugger, because I had to wait at each step.
Enter Amazon's Electronic Cloud (EC2) product . They provide powerful virtual computers to rent "in the cloud". So I just start up a new computer when I get to work in the morning, and then use remote access tools to view and control it. I spend US$0.10/hour to rent the computer. That' all. When I was so frustrated with the debugging I considered buying a new computer just for this purpose, but we don't have much room where we are here, and we would have to move the computer, and of course would have to buy it in the first place. To buy a physical computer of the power I'm getting from Amazon would cost perhaps $600-$1000, and it takes quite a few hours at $0.10/hour to add up to that.
Normally, people use Amazon's EC2 for servers, machines that need little interaction with people. But since they have fantastic network access and can do anything a regular computer can, they can be used as a "desktop" machine as well, and that's what I've done here.
Here's how I set up the machine. I won't go into all the details of how you work with EC2 instances, because there is a learning curve there, but I'll give the broad outline.
II used Elasticfox , a Firefox add-on, to create an instance based on Eric Hammond's pre-built Ubuntu EC2 machines. I used the Ubuntu 8.10 Desktop version, which works just fine.
One of the real problems you have to work around with EC2 is that when you shut down an instance, it goes away, POOF. No more nothing. All your data and configuration is gone. But they have an important feature called Elastic Block Store, or EBS , which is basically a disk that you can attach anytime you want to any instance you create. So I created an EBS volume for use with my development machine and used Elasticfox to attach it.
I need Apache and Mysql services on the machine, and need their config, databases, etc. to not just go away every time I shut down the instance. So I installed and configured them based on this article (which is redhat-specific; slightly different for Ubuntu).
I put my home directory and the /opt directory on the EBS volume. I installed Eclipse in the /opt directory.
I rebundled the instance so that it would always boot up the same.
Now I have a new development machine any time I want. And if I want to, I can launch it with the more powerful CPU or memory configurations that Amazon offers, for higher rent, of course.
Eric Hammond's Ubuntu builds come with the excellent Nomachine.com Desktop Virtualization server built in, and I use their free NX client to access my machine in the cloud. It's just like being there.
I can now start up Eclipse in about 1/5 of the time it takes to start up on my machine, and as I said, I don't have to read the newspaper while stepping through code in the debugger.
Internationalization and Localization of Warmshowers.org
Submitted by rfay on Thu, 2009-04-30 06:38
Warmshowers.org is my biggest site, with more than 7500 members, and almost certainly the most useful. It's a reciprocal hospitality site for touring cyclists - people offer touring cyclists a place to stay and a shower. It's been in English for years, but that cuts out a significant part of the world's population, and it means that options for cyclists in Latin America and several other places in the world have been more limited than they ought to be.
But we just launched es.warmshowers.org, a Drupal 6 version with all the key parts internationalized and then localized into Spanish. We're very proud of this accomplishment!
It took a lot of work by a lot of people to do this. First, Chris Russo nearly singlehandedly upgraded the site to Drupal 6, a significant accomplishment because of the custom modules we have developed for the site. Then we began learning how to do all of the localization into Spanish, and learning how to get a group together to do the translation.
There are probably four parts to the translation of the site:
Translation of the important, static content (articles, FAQ, nodes)
Translation of the interface (menus, status and warning messages, dialog boxes, prompts, forms)
Translation of the rest of the interface that's left over (outgoing emails, non-code instructions to users, etc.)
Translation of transient user-generated content (forums, other postings)
The last of these we're going to try to do with a custom module that uses the <a href="http://code.google.com/apis/ajaxlanguage/"Google AJAX Language API", specifically using the Jquery Translate jquery plugin. We did everything that seems reasonable by hand translation with native speakers, but it does not seem possible to keep up with all of the user-generated content. We'd never get enough translators to do that.
Why didn't we use machine translation for the entire site? Because it still stinks, despite what anybody says. If you know two languages, and you use Google Translate or Babelfish or any of the other services to translate them, you'll understand what I mean. Often the result is useful, meaning that you can understand the intent. Sometimes it's hilarious. Many times it's stupid. And sometimes it's just plain misleading or incomprehensible. Not a very good thing to build a website on.
But our biggest issue in translation is not the technology, it's the people. It takes a strong team to translate and then maintain a website in another language. So we're trying to learn how to do that. It's baby steps we're taking, but we're taking them.
We sent out an email to our worldwide membership some time ago and 31 native Spanish speakers responded by saying they were interested in joining the project. I created a Google Group for discussion and maintenance of the translation, and invited them all. 21 signed up for the group. And 5-10 have been active in helping with the translation.
We started the training with an online conference using the yuuguu screensharing technology and Skype. But technical problems (internet connectivity mostly) made this not work so well. So I made three 5-minute screencasts showing how to do the translation. That seemed to work better than the group conference technique.
We then set the group loose on translation. One of the biggest issues at this point was knowing who might be working on what. At first we used an editable document within the Google Groups framework, but then I was able to create two Drupal views ( 1 and 2 which show the status of translation activity using native Drupal information. The cool thing here is that due to the sophistication of views, these will work unchanged in other languages. So we're building up the infrastructure needed to do French, and then Portuguese, etc.
Another challenge any volunteer organization faces is deciding who's in charge. We needed an editor to make final decisions about usage, and to try to give the translated material some semblance of consistency. One of our translators, David Peluso, has graciously agreed to do this for now. And we now need somebody to answer emails sent to the site administrator in Spanish, so another translator, Manu, has signed up for this task. We'll use a special "Spanish" category on the contact page so that emails sent in Spanish will go straight to him.
Now the questions are: Can we maintain the site in multiple languages? How many languages should we take on?
Compared to my past attempts at internationalization of websites, this one is much farther along. In the past I always underestimated the scope of the task. It's big. This time, with a great team, I think we have a working site. Also, I think that Drupal 6 is far better at this than previous incarnations. Every attempt I made in the past ended up with very confusing language switches for no reason, and lots and lots of broken links. I think this one is going to work.
Updated Simpletest Tutorial, with sample modules
Submitted by rfay on Wed, 2009-07-29 23:19
I spent much of today updating the Simpletest Tutorial on Drupal.org. The tutorial has been revamped, with much more info, and there are downloadable sample modules for both Drupal 6 and Drupal 7.
Simpletest is making a big difference in the stability of Drupal, but we're going to have lots of work to do to get improved test coverage for the release of D7. Hopefully this will help in some small way.
Drupal Debugging
Debugging Drupal is not that much different from any kind of debugging or problem-solving, and the topics we'll cover are the same regardless of your level of Drupal or PHP expertise.
Here we'll cover three topics:
Strategy: How do we think about the problem? How do we gather basic information about the problem? How do we not get stuck debugging the wrong problem?
Tools: What tools can be bring to bear on our problem? What should we have prepared in advance?
Techniques: What specific techniques can we use?
Although you may be here for #3, the first two will probably have more of an impact on your success, so we're going to spend some good time on them first.
Debugging Strategies
Debugging Tools: Preparation and Investment Ahead of Time
Debugging Techniques
Debugging Links and Resources
Debugging Strategies ›
Drupalcon sessions accepted for Drupalcon SF 2010
drupalcon
I have 3 sessions accepted for Drupalcon San Francisco 2010, all with other collaborators:
AJAX and Javascript in Drupal7 (for developers)
Best practices in contrib development and support
Advanced Forms with Drupal 7 FAPI
Debugging with Git Bisect
As most of you know, the marvelous git version control system is the future of the Drupal repository. You've probably heard people rave about lots of very important features: It's distributed, FAST, branching and merging are easy.
But today I'm here to rave about a more obscure wonderful feature of git: the git bisect command. With this command you can find out where in the history a particular bug was introduced. I made a short screencast to explain it:
The basic idea: The fastest way to understand a problem is to divide it in half, then divide that in half, etc. In search technology this is called binary search. In military terms it's called "divide and conquer". It's great. It's git bisect. You choose a version of your code that's broken. Then you choose a historical revision that's not broken. Then git just checks out for you the halfway points for you to test until you get to the actual answer to your question: in what commit was the change introduced?
One key feature of git that this showcases is its incredible speed. You could do all this (manually) with any revision control system. But how long would it take to do each checkout? Way too long to make it practical in most cases.
Git is cool. This is just one more reason.
Drupalcon: Best Practices in Contrib Development
Mark your calendar for Wednesday the 21st at 3pm: Greg Knaddison, Dave Reid, Derek Wright, Jennifer Hodgdon and I are doing a panel presentation on how to maintain and support a contrib module or theme. It will cover:
Community management: Enlisting help, finding maintainers and co-maintainers, handling abandoned projects, dealing with duplication, handling the issue queue.
Drupal project management: What's expected of a maintainer, code and release management.
Coding issues: Coding standards, documentation, namespacing, simpletest, internationalization.
Resources for maintainers.
If you're a maintainer or might become one, or want to start helping overburdened module maintainers by helping out with these responsibilities, come and hear about how to contribute to the community more effectively and efficiently.
Here's the link to the DCSF page. The session is Wednesday at 3pm in 304, which is "Phase2 Technology".
Materials and resources will be posted on the Contrib Development Best Practices Groups.drupal.org page.
Examples module now on api.drupal.org
Submitted by rfay on Sun, 2010-04-11 09:15
Thanks to excellent work by api module maintainer drumm, all of the examples in Examples module are now available on api.drupal.org.
If you're not familiar with Examples module, it's an attempt to provide easy-to-understand examples of key Drupal APIs, so that developers have a known source of a working example they can understand. Back in the day, there were a few examples in the Documentation branch of contrib in CVS, but they were poorly maintained and nobody knew how to improve them. All of those have been moved to Examples (for D6 and D7) and updated.
So with Examples now on api.drupal.org, you have more than one way to access the various examples:
Download the module and look at the code.
Install the module and experiment with the code.
Just look for the example code in api.drupal.org with a simple search. For example, go to api.drupal.org/api/7 and search for "AJAX Examples". Or just search for example.
Try out the D7 examples live on http://d7.drupalexamples.info
Currently on Drupal 7 we have these examples: AJAX, Batch, Block, DBTNG, E-mail, Field, , Form, Image, Javascript, Node, Page, Simpletest, Token, Trigger, Vertical Tabs, and XML-RPC.
Community contribution is encouraged. If you find errors, can suggest improvements, provide patches, provide new examples, please do it in the Examples issue queue. This is a big and important project and it will take the whole community to get it right. Thanks!
Drupal 7 FAPI's #states: A Great New UI Improvement For Forms
Submitted by rfay on Mon, 2010-04-12 14:16
The little-known #states feature has gone into Drupal 7, and it rocks.
Before you read on, try this dynamic form live at d7.drupalexamples.info. It's developed without using a line of javascript, just plain Form API.
Essentially, you can provide dynamic behavior in a form based on changes to other elements in the form. An easy example: Often you only need to collect information if a particular element is selected. If they select type=student, you don't have to require them to fill in a further "Employer" field.
The new #states example in the Examples module's Form Example shows how a dynamic form can work. You can try it out live as well at d7.drupalexamples.info.
The idea of #states is that you add a #states property to a form element that is supposed to change when some other form element changes. So if a form element is supposed to be shown or hidden, the #states property will be added on that element, not on the element that caused the change.
The #states property is a structured array of action => condition arrays. The action is 'visible' or 'checked' or 'required' or several other options. The condition is an associative array of 'jquery_selector' => array(value_statement). But mostly you can do it by copying and pasting examples. Much of the time the jquery selector can be ":input[name=field_name]" and the rest of the array can be cookbook from example code.
In the example, the 'tests_taken' field is only to be visible if the form-filler is a high school student:
$form['tests_taken'] = array(
'#type' => 'checkboxes',
'#options' => drupal_map_assoc(array(t('SAT'), t('ACT'))),
'#title' => t('What standardized tests did you take?'),
'#states' => array(
'visible' => array( // action to take.
':input[name=student_type]' => array('value' => t('High School')),
So we set the action to 'visible' when the condition (our select called student_type is set to 'High School') is true.
That's basically all there is to it.
So when would you use #states as opposed to AJAX forms or a sprinkling of jquery?
If your form actually changes under the hood based on user input, then you need to use AJAX forms. #states doesn't fundamentally change any of the elements, it just changes their presentation.
If you don't change the form, but need a transformation that simple conditional logic can't do, you'll have to roll some jQuery.
For more detailed comments and possibilities, read the #states example.
Drupal theme by Kiwi Themes.
Randy Fay Resume, Find me on twitter: randyfay, Drupal.org and IRC: rfay, Facebook: randyfay, Hobobiker.com: The story of our 2 1/2 year bike trip. Or email me: http://randyfay.com/contact. Grab my ssh public key.
Remote Command-Line debugging with PHPStorm for PHP/Drupal (including drush)
Remote Drupal/PHP Debugging with Xdebug and PHPStorm
Tunneling HTTP to Debug or Develop an External Webservice Call
Why I Donated To BackdropCMS
The Future of Drupal Governance: Resources and Next Steps
Drupal's Governance
How Do Open Source Communities Govern Themselves?
git clone --reference Considered Harmful
What is Governance?
Refreshing a Stale Patch with Git
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Theresa May should call a General Election to break the Brexit deadlock
BY Mark Fox / 30 March 2019
Dan Kitwood/Getty Images
There’s a very interesting received wisdom around Westminster that a General Election is unlikely. What would it solve? Mrs May has said she is leaving. What would the manifestos be? Ah, finger tapping the nose, you can’t because of the Fixed Term Parliament Act, and MPs would never vote for it. No, not likely, let’s get back to the stalemate – it’s much more fun.
Well there are one or two basic iron laws of politics. One such is if a government can’t govern you have an election. In other words you shake up the Commons, refresh it, give it new energy by giving it a new mandate. Other consequences are secondary.
Mrs May’s early departure is predicated on the Withdrawal Agreement passing. It hasn’t. Conservative Party rules prohibit a challenge to her position as party leader until the autumn. There is, currently, no reason to think she is departing from No 10 anytime soon. Her political obituaries were premature.
This week the Commons is likely to agree to a proposal including a Customs Union and maybe Single Market membership.
Is the Prime Minister then expected to acquiesce to the instruction of the Commons to go and negotiate that with the European Union, against her own oft stated preferences knowing it would cause huge ructions in the Conservative Party and the probable disintegration of the government?
She could ask a senior colleague to do this on her behalf and lead it through the Commons. This person would to all intents and purposes be Prime Minister in all but name. Better in that event for the Cabinet to agree a neutral person to be Prime Minister to do what is necessary, lead the concessions and compromises and oversee the inevitable leadership contest. A ten week Prime Ministership. That would get an agreement done, Brexit underway, and set a date for new leadership. Mrs May would stay as party leader for those ten weeks. She and the Prime Minister would resign on the same day to allow the new Conservative leader to become Prime Minister. Why should she though?
Polling shows now huge support for the passing of Mrs May’s agreement among Conservative voters. Party polling also shows stronger support for her as leader than any would be successor.
Mrs May could also be forgiven for wondering why she should just stand aside and allow, without further resistance, the possibility that one of the people who had caused her the most political trouble to succeed her as Prime Minister. She knows that many of those who want to take her job will rip up and discard much of the work she had painstakingly done these last few years.
The thought must be then in No 10 that the calling of a General Election is the best as well as inevitable course of action. It would be messy, for both the Conservatives and Labour. There is the the unpleasant memory for Mrs May of the last campaign but she is vastly more experienced and battle hardened now, and she has a better team around her than last time. There is the tantalising prospect of winning, certainly of strengthening her position. This could help her pass her agreement and extend her premiereship. She would have put her agreement to the people and harnessed public support. If she won it would have a mandate to be passed.
The EU would no doubt agree an extension in such circumstances. How could Labour refuse. There would be enough Conservative MPs who would vote to support the Prime Minister’s wish.
A General Election to test people’s views, break the Parliamentary deadlock, re-energise the Government is our normal way of sorting out such a position as the one we find ourselves in. It is the best way. It is the British way.
An out-of-control parliament is trashing our constitution
Gerald Warner
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REDemption: The Webcomic
Zombies|Post-Apocalypse|Webcomic
Welcome to REDemption
REDemption: The Blog
About REDemption and Its Creators
Johnny Carruba
Follow/Contact REDemption
Support REDemption
Friends of REDemption
People Friends
Behind the Scenes: REDemption Video Logs
Steve’s Vlogs
Johnny’s Vlogs
WebComics We Like
REDemption: The CONTACT FORM
Category Archives: guest comics
Artwork of Cherie Hellemeyer Part 2
Courtesy of the wonderful Cherie Hellemeyer, this is actually an original piece of work that she drew just for us! To see more of her work, visit one of these links:
http://blightedtheodyessy.webcomic.ws/
http://www.webtoons.com/en/challenge/blighted-the-odyssey/list?title_no=113815
Courtesy of the wonderful Cherie Hellemeyer. To see more of her work, visit one of these links:
Interview with Cherie Hellemeyer
October 9, 2017 ~ redemptionwebcomic
Hello there, and welcome to redemptionwebcomic.wordpress.com! Could you start by telling us the name or names of everyone on your creative team?
Cherie Hellemeyer; I do all the art, story and promoting on my own.
Where are you all from?
I hail from the Midwest, in particular, Missouri, around the STL area. I’ve been here my whole life except the first year of my life, which I lived in Texas and California for brief periods.
Share a little bit about yourself: childhood, education, family life, etc.
Early on, both of my parents noticed my talent for creativity and nurtured that through my whole life. My mom put me in lots of those science and art camps during school breaks, so I think that helped me experience a lot of different things when I was younger, and I enjoyed them greatly. My dad has his own screen printing business, and taught me how to do it, as well as showing me all different ways of going about making art. I graduated from high school, and went off to make bad decisions for the next 8 years… which had a negative effect on all that creativity. I currently have an almost 6 year old in Kindergarten, who seems to have artistic talent as well. I’ve been with my partner for 2 ½ years now, and we’re trying to get into a better house.
Tell us your latest news. What kind of projects do you have going on?
Oh gosh, Blighted: The Odyssey. This is my baby right here, and I do have to say: It’s long. It is a hugely extensive story, and it’s also a two-parter. Blighted: The Odyssey is just Part I, and it’s just now getting into the format I want. I wish I was faster, there’s so much outlined that I need to get into Photoshop and do the digital version.
This project has two main points:
To improve my skills and style, on rough draft as well as photoshop.
To get this story to you. To my beloved readers. It’s been in my head so long, and it’s grown so intricate that it must be told.
When and why did you begin writing/drawing?
It’s always been with me in some way or form, I just always kept trying to improve. I lack in both departments, in my opinion. I do think my writing and art style is improving here within the last few months, but I think it’s mainly because I’ve been practicing so much lately.
What inspired you to start expressing yourself artistically?
Music and manga, actually. That’s the best way I can put it. I love to read manga in silence and draw listening to music.
How has your style changed since you began?
Toned down the manga vibe, but not entirely. I’m able to draw really detailed pieces with paper and pencil. Digital improvement was huge though. I still need to learn a lot to get where I want to be.
What do you find the most challenging and/or rewarding about writing/drawing?
Challenging: Finding time. I’m so busy all the time being a mom, working 40+ hours a week and drawing for 4-5 hours a night. Coffee is love.
Rewarding: Though it may seem silly, I love seeing comments and seeing how much people enjoy what I do. It really pulls me through.
How much of your work is based on reality, whether it was experiences or people you know/knew?
I take pieces of everything. Not much from experiences, I tend to let my imagination carry out the scenarios and the like.
What have you learned while working on your latest project?
Art is hard! -laughs-
But yeah, it takes a lot of work to get where you want to be, no matter how big or small.
Do you have any advice for other writers/artists?
Just… do what you can at your own pace. If you love doing it just because it makes you happy, do it. Unless it’s heroin. Don’t do heroin.
Do you have any links where we could find your work? How about social media accounts where people can follow you for regular updates?
ComicFury-This is one of the two comic sites I post on:
Webtoons-This is the other:
Instagram-I post a lot here:
https://www.instagram.com/alpharieasmodeus/?hl=en
Facebook-https://www.facebook.com/AlpharieArtist/
Deviantart-I post other art here besides Blighted.
https://alpharieartist.deviantart.com/
Tumblr: Updates slow, because not a huge follower count:
https://www.tumblr.com/blog/blighted-theodyessy
article comic books content guest comics guest posts interviews submissions updates webcomic writing 0
Guest Comic – The Chronicles of the Tal Nor – Feature 2
This is feature 2 out of 2 for The Chronicles of Tal Nor, courtesy of T. Perran Mitchel. You can find his work here Tal-Nor.com, and you can follow him on Twitter @TPerranMitchell.
Interview with T. Perran Mitchell
My name is T. Perran Mitchell and I’m the Writer, Letterer and Creator of The Chronicles of the Tal Nor. I work with Kelsea Jewell, who provides the art.
I’m from right outside of Philadelphia, PA and Kelsea is from Washington State.
I’ve always loved comics and storytelling. When I was in first grade I was diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder and Dyslexia. Because it was the early 80’s and public school didn’t have the resources or programs for children with learning disabilities, I ended up needing to go to a special school for children with learning disability. Needless to say, this was not the easiest experience to go through. The one thing that helped me through it all were comics books. I latched on to heroes like Daredevil and the X-Men. People who overcame disability and being different to make the world a better place. For me if Kitty Pryde, Nightcrawler and Storm had to go to a special school and wear a uniform, maybe it was OK if I did too.
We just published issue 2 of The Chronicles of the Tal Nor. I’ve plotted out issue 3 and started to flesh out the details for that issue’s script. I’m also putting together a collection of short comics I’ve written with the hope of releasing it towards the end of the year.
I remember writing stories and trying to draw comics all through grade school. As I grew older I saw that my talent was in storytelling and not illustration. That became my focus; however, after graduating college I needed to pay the bills. I started working in the software field and decided to try to make a career out of that. As they years passed I kept feeling like something was missing. About five years ago I realized that I’m not really happy if I’m not writing and decided to dive head first into comics.
I’m most inspired by my experiences reading comics both as a child and as an adult. Comics gave me so much as a kid and I would love to give that back.
With every story I write I try to become a better storyteller. I try to find more ways to reach the reader and connect with them on an emotional level.
I love the understanding writing gives me. As I get into the characters’ heads and learn about their thoughts and feelings, I’m better able to empathize with the world around me and see things from other points of view.
I was lucky enough to have a number of incredible roommates in college. I draw on some of their traits to inform my characters. My comics are primarily fantasy and the world that my characters live in has been created by me from whole cloth.
Issue 2 was the first time I tried my hand at a murder mystery comic. I feel like I just scratched the surface of the genre and would love to take another swing at it down the road.
Start small. I know we all have a grand epic we’d love to create, but we need to master our craft first. Make a 3-5page comic. Nothing is as inspiring and will help you fight the self-doubt we all feel more than having accomplished something. Once you have a win under your belt, you can move on and create bigger and bigger projects. Also it’s a lot cheaper to make mistakes on a smaller project and because it’s done faster you can learn from them faster.
The website for my work is Tal-Nor.com and you can follow me on Twitter @TPerranMitchell
The Calamitous Misadventures of Osker
Here is the guest post from Grant Penick. To view more, visit the site here: Oskercomic.com
Interview with Grant Penick
My name is Grant Penick. I write and draw the comic while my Fiancee Alix, who is my Editor, she keeps me in line with dialog and grammar.
I’m from Lubbock, Tx.
Born in Texas, and moved when I was 7 to New Jersey where I picked up comic art from a friend in the 4th grade. Never really thought I would be creating comics later on in life, was just a fun hobby to pass the time.
Well, just working on the comic as much as I can. My brother and I opened a graphics shop up, so a lot of time is devoted to that, but every free moment I have goes to the comic. Also have another comic in mind, developing the story right now and I will probably be starting that next year after I finish my first book with Osker.
I picked up drawing comics in the 4th grade from a friend that I saw drawing a comic one day in class. Created some crazy adventures with my characters. Stole most of the teachers printer paper, I think she let us honestly. I didn’t start drawing or writing comics as a potential profession until I was 29. I went to school for 2d animation and game art/design and had Osker as a game idea at first. I couldn’t find a programmer to work with so I decided to put Osker into a comic. First story I’ve ever really created with a full story.
Always been an artist, as long as I can remember.
I first had a very loose style in my comic for speed, but the more and more I drew the pages, the cleaner and more colorful they became. The current pages are more my refined style, and most likely will remain like that. I’m a masochist in the detail of each page, that’s for sure. Some of the pages when I first began took about 5 hours to complete. Now, with the more refined, more detailed style, some of the latter pages I’ve drawn up have taken about 30-40 hours.
It’s definitely makes it all worth it when someone reads the comic, and gets a big grin on their face about what’s going on in the story. Even though Osker is a dark, gruesome story, there is comedic relief and I try to keep it light hearted at times. The challenging part of writing and drawing the comic, is there slight changes in script after I have something set that I like that doesn’t necessarily line up and I would have to split the script, and figure out how to connect the new parts of the story, the dialog, or just the sequencing.
Not a lot, most of the characters in my story are completely made up, I might later down the line use some of the people in my life as inspiration for characters.
Creating a comic is a ton of work.
Plan everything out, get a solid story/script, and it’s okay to change things here and there, but a general storyline is a must. I have several friends that have webcomics, that they don’t have a storyline and they are already having plot holes in the beginning of the story because they don’t have a guideline.
The comic is here: Oskercomic.com
FB: grantpenickart
Twitter: @oskercmao
Artwork of Paul Hobbs – Feature 3
Here is installment 3 (out of 3) for Paul Hobbs. If you like what is here, you can find more of his work on Amazon, and at finchcomic.blogspot.com. He’s also on Twitter and Instagram as @finchcomic
Follow REDemption: The Webcomic on WordPress.com
View redemptionwebcomic2016’s profile on Facebook
View @RedemptionC2016’s profile on Twitter
View REDemption Webcomic’s profile on YouTube
REDemption on Facebook
REDemption on The WebComic List
Interview with Cherie Hellemeyer October 9, 2017
Interview with T. Perran Mitchell October 4, 2017
Interview with Grant Penick October 2, 2017
Interview with Paul Hobbs, Writer and Illustrator of Robot Love Cow September 25, 2017
Interview with Ben Russell September 18, 2017
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Lola! (1975– )
By the late 1970s, Lola Falana was considered the "Queen of Las Vegas". She played to sold-out crowds at The Sands, The Riviera, and the MGM Grand hotels.
John Moffitt
Allan Blye | George Burditt | Bob Einstein | Rick Kellard & 2 more
Allan Blye | Bob Einstein
Nominated for 1 Primetime Emmy Award.
Lola Falana
The Liberation of L.B. Jones (1970)
Marilyn Sokol
Crocodile Dundee II (1988)
Willie Tyler
Coming Home (1978)
The Greatest (1977)
Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011)
The H.B. Barnum Orchestra
Lola! (1975)
Lois January
The Pace That Kills (1935)
Murray Langston
Hal Linden
Barney Miller (1975)
Jimmy Martinez
High Anxiety (1977)
Pat Morita
The Karate Kid (1984)
Lester Wilson
Art Carney
Firestarter (1984)
The Cosby Show (1984)
Sanford and Son (1972)
Gabe Kaplan
Welcome Back, Kotter (1975)
The Hollywood Palace (1964)
Don Meredith
NFL Monday Night Football (1970)
Dinah Shore
The Dinah Shore Chevy Show (1956)
McCloud (1970)
Billy Dee Williams
Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
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ABOUT COST
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an acute adverse hepatic reaction that occurs in only a small proportion of individuals exposed to a drug. It is unexpected from the known pharmacological action of the agent, leading to illness, disability, hospitalization, including life threatening liver failure (10- 15%), need for liver transplantation and death. DILI manifests in a variety of clinical presentations with a 13–17% of cases remaining unresolved at 6 months, and 8% at 12-months follow-up leading to transplantation in 2–4% and in 6–8%. DILI represents a major challenge for clinicians, the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies worldwide. DILI due to commonly used drugs continues to be an important clinical problem with a crude annual incidence of 19 per 100,000 individuals and 22% of the cases requiring hospitalization.
Burden of DILI: The concordance between hepatotoxicity in animal and humans is poor which means that adverse hepatic reactions account for attrition of a substantial proportion of drugs during drug development. Hepatotoxicity has been the second most common reason for withdrawal of drugs from the market worldwide accounting for 32% of such cases between 1975 and 2007. Current preclinical toxicological approaches are not able to predict these adverse events. Thus, DILI jeopardizes patients’ safety and poses significant economic burden on pharmaceutical companies
DILI is under-recognised with only 1 in 16 cases recorded by the spontaneous reporting system of pharmacovigilance; information when received is often inadequate for robust causality assessment. DILI occurs in association with a large number of drugs. The wide range of manifestation of DILI and the lack of specific diagnostic tests poses a challenge to clinicians in terms of diagnosis. There are currently no European clinical guidelines available on how to suspect and confirm the diagnosis of DILI or how to manage DILI once it has been diagnosed. There are no biomarkers that pre-empt DILI or detect DILI, therefore, we cannot effectively monitor patients on drug therapy and diagnose DILI early. A delay in detecting DILI and consequently prolonged exposure to the causative drug can increase the patient’s risk of experiencing severe or life-threatening outcomes. Failure to diagnose DILI accurately risks reexposure to the causative agent with consequent severe reaction. This puts the patient’s life at unnecessary risk, which could be avoided with a correct identification of the culprit drug (e.g. acute-on- chronic liver injury).
Like other forms of adverse drug reactions, DILI is a socio-economic burden because of its impact on healthcare costs and expenses related to social security, such as sickness benefit (the EU societal cost of ADRs is around €80 billion /year with an average of 2250 € for one ADR).
The main aim of the PRO-EURO-DILI-NET COST Action is to set up a European-wide interdisciplinary co-operative network of stakeholders in the DILI field (including scientists, clinicians, regulatory authorities, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and industry partners). Through workshops, scientific exchanges as well as training schools, this Action will coordinate the efforts aiming to advance our understanding of DILI as well as facilitate the translation of basic research and preclinical findings into clinical practice.
The PRO-EURO-DILI-NET COST Action aims
To establish a translational highway through the development of a timely multidisciplinary network of top European/ international experts to coordinate the research activities conducted by the distinct, yet complementary research groups.
To facilitate the exchange of scientific findings and harmonize locally/ nationally funded research activities.
This Action will:
(a) Harmonize efforts for in-depth DILI phenotyping and bio-sample repository and coordinate pre-funded database/repository studies to aggregate a large number of DILI cases in a standardized manner (WG1);
(b) Establish a strategy for development, validation and performance of DILI novel biomarkers and explore multifactorial DILI risk modifiers in clinical data sets using novel approaches for future precision medicine (WG2);
(c) Facilitate clinically impactful knowledge discovery by introducing biological variations and the complexity (i.e., multi-cellular/multi-organ systems) into toxicological experiments to assess hepatotoxicity to guide future drug safety testing (WG3).
(d) Define criteria and establish endpoints to measure efficacy on novel interventions in DILI (WG4);
(e) Draft policy recommendations about near-patient testing
This Action responds to COST Mission leading to new concepts and products, a consensus about how we can improve the knowledge about drug-induced liver injury (DILI) field through setting up a European-wide interdisciplinary co-operative network of stakeholders; contributing to strengthening European research and innovation capacities through network building itself and the participation of scientific, professional, regulatory agencies and the pharmaceutical industries in this Action (CHERRY BIOTHECH in France, METAHEPS GMBH in Germany, VLVBIO in Sweden and C4X DISCOVERY LTD in United Kingdom).
COST Action
COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a funding organisation for research and innovation networks.
A COST Action is a science and technology network funded over a four-year duration which requires the participation of at least seven different COST Full Members or Cooperating Members). An Action is organised through a range of networking tools which are performed for the purpose of supporting and ultimately achieving research coordination and capacity building objectives as set out in each Action’s Memorandum of Understanding.
Link to the Action’s web page on the COST website and a link to the Action’s Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) as it appears on the COST website
https://www.cost.eu/actions/CA17112
Link to the relevant COST website pages featuring the COST rules and guidelines. See
main page: https://www.cost.eu/
to participate: http://www.cost.eu/participate
more about COST: https://www.cost.eu/who-we-are/about-cost/
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Men United match day round up 2
Men United - a lucky charm
After the weekend of 8/9 March with only three of our Men United home teams losing out of 24 teams, we are appearing to be somewhat of a lucky charm for Football League clubs up and down the country.
Starting in League 2 this week, Accrington Stanley pulled out the stops, with James Beattie's men beating league leaders Chesterfield 3-1. First half hat-trick hero, Lee Molyneux, gave the type of performance worthy of a place in the Men United first team.
Bristol Rovers, Mansfield Town and Morecambe also recorded wins on Men United match days.
At Morecambe, prostate cancer survivor John Keogh (pictured) lead out his heroes just before kick off. Earlier in the week, John attended the Morecambe FC press conference and met manager Jim Bentley.
In League 1, Brentford kept up the pressure on their promotion rivals with a 2-0 against Bradford. Elsewhere Peterborough and Stevenage recorded Men United home team victories.
Only Shrewsbury were unable to get a win for Men United last weekend losing 2-3 to to Bristol City.
And finally, in the Championship, the performance of the day was at the iPro Stadium, the home of Derby County.
While we were disappointed the Rams didn't win in front of their fans (apart from Forest fans in the office), we were delighted to see our partners Millwall FC, resplendent in Prostate Cancer UK sponsor shirts, earning a much needed three points. Lions' striker Morisson scoring the only goal of the game in the second half.
Like Derby, Birmingham City went down at home to QPR. We salute the Blues for their support before and on our match day.
With a Prostate Cancer UK logo patch on their shirts, we hope an auction next week will raise more money to add to our collection on the day.
Blackpool also went down at home to AFC Bournemouth while Yeovil Town, no doubt spurred on by Viva Pitch, the club's girl band who have released a single with sales going to the charity.
This week the Men United team heads to yet more games. Check out if you are at one of our matches, and if you are not and want to be then get in touch.
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Canadian postsecondary enrolments and graduates, 2013/2014
Enrolments in Canadian public postsecondary institutions (colleges and universities) reached more
than 2 million in the 2013/2014 academic year, up 1.2% from a year earlier.
Career ready: Towards a national strategy for the mobilization of Canadian potential
Jobs paranoia is widespread in Canada. Elementary pupils are coming home after receiving the “job talk” from their teachers, typically emphasizing the importance of getting good grades so they can get into a high-quality university – rarely a college, a polytechnic institute or an apprenticeship program. Parents worry about enrolling their children in the “right” schools and academic programs. There is growing concern about the transition from school to work. News media, television programs and movies offer tales of underemployed university and college graduates, intense competition for decent jobs and chronic youth unemployment.
Comparaison de deux types d’approches utilisant les nouvelles technologies visant à aider les élèves à comprendre des notions abstraites du programme-cadre de Sciences
Le projet Comprendre le concept de force en sciences est né de l’initiative des ministères de l’Éducation de l’Ontario et du Québec dans le cadre d’une entente de collaboration signée par les deux Premiers Ministres de ces provinces concernant le
secteur de l’éducation ainsi que d’autres secteurs d’activité. C’est une étude comparative, de nature collaborative et de type exploratoire, qui s’est déroulée de mai 2007 à mai 2008. Elle pourrait être suivie d’une étude plus approfondie et de plus d’envergure selon l’intérêt des résultats présentés ci-dessous de même que la disponibilité des ressources disponibles.
Developing a Leadership Strategy A Critical Ingredient for Organizational Success
Organizations depend upon capable leadership to guide them through unprecedented changes. Yet, there is ample evidence in
the news and in recent research reports that even some of the best and most venerable organizations are failing to adapt to
change, implement their strategic plans successfully or prepare for a more uncertain future. We believe the turmoil we
are currently observing has something to do with leadership, and that if we don’t change our current approach to leadership
development, we will see even more of the same.
EDUCATED REFORM Striving for higher quality of education at Ontario universities
It is entirely possible that a common definition of quality in education is an impossible goal. This is puzzling, since everyone knows what it looks like. It is the transfer of enthusiasm for knowledge and discovery from professor to student. It sparks the desire in a new generation to push the envelope of human understanding further than it has ever been pushed. It teaches the weight of responsibility to conduct this discovery responsibly, ethically and with future generations in mind.
Enacting Literacy: Local Understanding, Significant Disability, And A New Frame For Educational Opportunity
Culturally authoritative texts such as Text Revision of the Diagnostic & Statistical Manual-IV [DSM-IVTR](
American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2004) describe literate impossibility for individuals with disability labels associated
with severe developmental disabilities. Our qualitative research challenges the assumptions of perpetual subliteracy
authoritatively embedded within the DSM-IV-TR (APA, 2004). U. S. education policy also confronts, at least rhetorically, assumed
hopelessness with reading and writing remediation in schools. Most recently, the federal government has directed national
concern toward issues of literacy acquisition and child failure through the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB). One
description of NCLB provided by the U.S. Department of Education (2004) suggested universal literacy was a primary objective.
However, our research suggests that the NCLB statute appears to emphasize a restrictive standardization as the route to
universal literacy that would in fact leave out many people with severe developmental disabilities.
Faculty of Education’s Diversity Policy approved by Senate
An aggressive new policy that seeks to ensure a more diverse student population in the Faculty of
Education’s Bachelor of Education program has been approved by Senate.
Under the recently approved policy, 45 per cent of new applicants to the program will be admitted based on the applicants identifying themselves as being from several “diversity” categories. The remaining 55 per cent will be admitted based on highest admission score.
The goal of the policy, which has been in development since 2012, is to ensure that graduates of the U of M education program help to create a more diverse teaching force in the province, representing the “cultural, ethnic,
regional and social diversity of Manitoba.”
Helping Struggling Students Build a Growth Mindset
Veteran researchers present five strategies—like maintaining success files and allowing choice—to help struggling students develop a positive attitude needed for success.
ISSUE BRIEF: STUDENTS LIVING WITH DISABILITIES
The Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services estimates that one in seven people in Ontario have a disability.1 A disability can affect a person's ability to achieve post-secondary education, and can also greatly influence their experience within a post-secondary institution. Due to overall rise in enrollment we believe that living with disabilities are an emerging issue in the post- secondary sector. Why is this population growing? In Ontario, 34 percent of people between the ages of 15 and 64 with
disabilities have a college or university degree.2 Past governments have reflected this concern within two ground-breaking bodies of legislation: the Ontarians with Disabilities Act (ODA; 2001), and within the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA; 2005). Collectively, these laws mandate that persons living with disabilities in Ontario be sufficiently accommodated.
Know Canada, Know the World
Canada needs to take an integrated and innovative approach to enhancing student mobility, according to participants at a workshop held December 2014 by Universities Canada. The workshop – held in Calgary and attracting university and private sector leaders – called for Canada to step up its efforts to get university students moving beyond their province
and beyond our borders.
Lessons From Year 1 on the Faculty
Well here it is already — the end of my first year of full-time teaching. With 25 years of experience in the music industry, and 20 of those years teaching music as an adjunct, I’d felt well-prepared for academia. In fact, I was raring to go.
Last fall, as I walked across campus during the first week of classes, I felt the excitement of being part of the whole enterprise. I traveled the hallowed halls, bustling with the commotion of students. I sat in faculty meetings and glanced around at my new colleagues, the collective braintrust charged with developing, monitoring, scrutinizing, and ultimately teaching the curriculum. I met with my classes for the first time, and in between, retired to the solitude of my very first faculty office. It felt exhilarating. It was what I’d been preparing for all those years in grad school.
More Faculty Diversity, Not on Tenure Track
Diversifying the professoriate has long been a priority on many campuses, and such goals have only grown more urgent in light of recent national and local discussions about race. Yet college and university faculties have become just slightly more diverse in the last 20 years, according to a new study from the TIAA Institute. Most importantly, as faculty jobs have become more stratified with the growth of non-tenure-track positions over the same period, most gains for underrepresented minority groups have been in the most precarious positions. That is, not on the tenure track.
Number of Ontario teens with psychological distress rising at alarming rate
A lot of Ontario teens are feeling anxious and depressed, and their numbers have grown. That’s the take-away from a large-scale study that’s been tracking students in the province for the last 20 years. One-third of the students in the survey were found to have moderate to severe symptoms of psychological distress – an alarming leap from two years earlier, when only one-quarter of students met the same threshold.
Now comes the hard part: figuring out why high schoolers are increasingly describing their lives as overwhelming, anxiety-inducing and stress-filled, and how to help them early because the higher up the grades you go, the worse the situation tends to get. Grade 12s, for instance, were four times more likely than Grade 7s to report high levels of stress, and more than twice as likely to rate their mental health as fair or poor. Older teens were significantly more likely to think about suicide. Yet they were no more likely than younger teens to seek help.
Ontario Higher Education Reform, 1995-2003: From Modest Modifications to Policy Reform
Ontario higher education system has moved far and fast in the past decade. The early 1990s saw "modest modifications and structural stability." Since 1995, under a neo-liberal government in Ontario, major policy initiatives, with objectives not unlike those already at large in western Europe and most of the United States, have quickly followed one another. The author proposes an explanation of the timing and dynamics of the Ontario reforms, describing the driving forces behind reform.
Personality and Leadership: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review
This article provides a qualitative review of the trait perspective in leadership research, followed by a meta-analysis. The authors used the five-factor model as an organizing framework and meta-analyzed 222 correlations from 73 samples. Overall, the correlations with leadership were Neuroticism = -.24, Extraversion = .31, Openness to Experience = .24, Agreeableness = .08, and Conscientiousness = .28. Results indicated that the relations of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, and Consci- entiousness with leadership generalized in that more than 90% of the individual correlations were greater than 0. Extraversion was the most consistent correlate of leadership across study settings and leadership criteria (leader emergence and leadership effectiveness).
Overall, the five-factor model had a multiple correlation of .48 with leadership, indicating strong support for the leader trait perspective when traits are organized according to the five-factor model.
POLICY BRIEF: STUDENT EMPLOYMENT
Students' understanding and participation in "work" affects their university in many ways. Employment can serve as both a motivator and hindrance to academic success. It can teach valuable lessons while also detracting from academic work. It is the number one reason why students attend post-secondary school. Unfortunately, numerous barriers stand in the way of increasing the employment rates of highly educated youth. These barriers must be treated as distinct yet interconnected, and necessitate multifaceted approaches. This OUSA policy paper outlines how government, employers, educators, and students can work together to overcome barriers and move towards a more prosperous, productive future.
Precollege Exposure to Racial/Ethnic Difference and First-Year College Students Racial Attitudes
Background/Context: Despite burgeoning racial and ethnic heterogeneity within the United States, many students grow up in racially homogeneous schools and neighborhoods. This lack of interracial interaction appears to play a substantial role in shaping students racial attitudes and world views upon entering college.
Quality & Accountability: Driving Community College Success Today
It is a given in higher education that we are preparing students for the world of work and for life. It is also a given in today’s world that higher education’s product must be of quality and that higher education must be held accountable for student learning. Finally, it is a given, as well, that the expectation is to do more with less, to find efficiencies.
These principles, along with rising tuition costs, have placed higher education under the microscopes of both the legislators and the public. To emerge from this examination, college leaders must monitor student outcomes regularly to determine roadblocks to student success and to determine revisions, improvements, and optimal resource use.
Should I Stay or Should I Go? Perceived Barriers to Pursuing a University Education for Persons in Rural Areas
A university education can provide an individual with greater employment options, higher income potential, and improved health and quality of life, yet young persons from rural areas remain less likely to attend university than their urban counterparts. This study explores the perceived personal, social, and cultural factors that might create barriers for young persons from rural areas. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 individuals living in rural areas in Alberta, aged 18 to 23 years, who had not attended univer-sity. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, we identified 11 major themes, which were then organized into a conceptual model to illustrate the interacting nature of these factors and their influence on a person’s decision to pursue a university education. An examination of this model and its associ-ated themes may help reveal the possible barriers young persons from rural areas experience when deciding whether or not to attend university.
Une formation universitaire peut permettre aux individus d’avoir un plus grand nombre d’options d’emploi et de meilleurs salaires, en plus d’améliorer leur santé et leur qualité de vie. Malheureusement, les jeunes des milieux ruraux demeurent moins enclins à fréquenter l’université que leurs homologues citadins. Cette étude se penche sur les facteurs personnels et socioculturels perçus qui pourraient ériger des barrières limitant l’accès universitaire aux jeunes adultes des milieux ruraux. Une étude basée sur des entrevues semi-structurées a été réalisée auprès de 17 individus âgés de 18 à 23 ans habitant en milieu rural albertain et n’ayant pas fréquenté l’université. Avec l’analyse interprétative de phénomène, nous avons répertorié 11 thèmes majeurs, que nous avons regroupés en un modèle conceptuel afin d’illustrer la nature des interactions entre ces facteurs et leur influence sur la décision des personnes d’entamer des études universitaires. L’examen du modèle et des thèmes associés pourrait révéler les barrières possibles auxquelles font face les jeunes adultes issus de milieux ruraux lorsque vient le temps de choisir d’étudier ou non à l’université.
Skills and Wage Inequality
This paper exploits data from the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) to shed light on the link between measured cognitive skills (proficiency), (formal) educational attainment and labour market outcomes. After presenting descriptive statistics on the degree of dispersion in the distributions of proficiency and wages, the paper shows that the cross-country correlation between these two dimensions of inequality is very low and, if anything, negative. As a next step, the paper provides estimates of the impact of both proficiency and formal education at different parts of the distribution of earnings. Formal education is found to have a larger impact on inequality, given that returns to education are in general much higher at the top than at the bottom of the distribution. The profile of returns to proficiency, by contrary, is much flatter. This is consistent with the idea that PIAAC measures rather general skills, while at the top end of the distribution the labour market rewards specialised knowledge that is necessarily acquired through tertiary and graduate education. Finally, a decomposition exercise shows that composition effects are able to explain a very limited amount of the observed cross-country differences in wage inequality. This suggests that economic institutions, by shaping the way personal characteristics are rewarded in the labour market, are the main
determinants of wage inequality.
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My Full Bio
Halle Johnson is a singer-songwriter and guitarist catering to the genre of Soul Rock. With a noticeable edge and soulful sound, Halle takes an “organic” approach to creating and performing timeless original tunes. She has rocked stage at iconic venues such as Amplyfi, Los Angeles Recording Academy, Hotel Café, The Apache, Musicians Institute of Los Angeles, Stompin’ Grounds, and the Grammy Museum. In 2014 she was selected by producer Don Was as a top 10 finalist for the national Guitar Center Singer-Songwriter Contest.
Recently, Halle has returned from her independent tour on the east coast performing in New Orleans, Louisiana, Atlanta, Georgia, and Austin, Texas. She feels blessed to have a dedicate team of support, mentorship, and training from music pros 22 Grammy-Award Vocal Pre-Producer Brad Chapman, esteemed musician and music business professional Alan Foster, and brand development by Jay Matthew Consulting.
Her music is her diary; so listen closely to the life experiences that transcend through her lyrics. The rest is history in the making. Continue to follow Halle’s career and she will continue to provide you with new and original songs. Want to know more about Halle Johnson? Read her story here
Representation: Commercial Acting
Join my mailing list for the latest news
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Watch Dear Basketball Full Movie Online Free | Gomovies
Dear Basketball
An animated telling of Kobe Bryant’s titular poem, signaling his retirement from the sport that made his name.
Genre : Animation
Actors : Kobe Bryant
Director : Glen Keane
Duration: 6 min
Keywords: Дорогой баскетбол Dear Basketball
Three chimps are sent into space to explore the possibility of alien life when an unmanned space shuttle crash lands on an uncharted planet.
Genre: Adventure, Animation, Comedy, Family, Sci-Fi
Vexille
2067: Isolation: Japan seals herself off from the eyes of the world in the face of unilateral international policy setting strict limits on the use of robotic technology. The island nation exists only behind a veil of seclusion. No soul shall enter. No soul shall leave. 2077: Revelation: The veil is breached. Japan is infiltrated by agents of the organization S.W.O.R.D., a fighting force operating outside of the protection of the United States and her allies. Their mission: Determine if the Japanese are developing banned robotic bio-technology, forbidden due to its threat to humankind. In the battle between machine and man, humanity stands to suffer most.
Genre: Action, Animation, Sci-Fi
Scooby-Doo and the Samurai Sword
The gang of Mystery Inc. take a trip to Japan and find themselves circling Asia and the Pacific in a treasure hunt, racing against the vengeful Black Samurai and his Ninja warriors to find the legendary Sword of Fate, an ancient blade fabled to possess extraordinary supernatural powers.
Genre: Action, Animation, Comedy, Family, Fantasy, Mystery
Sheep and Wolves
In a magical faraway land, in a picturesque little village nestled among green meadows and rolling hills, lives a flock of carefree sheep. But their pastoral and stress-free life is interrupted when a pack of wolves sets up camp in the nearby ravine.
Genre: Animation, Comedy, Family, Fantasy
Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz
With the Wicked Witch of the West now vanquished from Oz, Tom and Jerry along with Dorothy are back in Kansas! But not for long as an all-new villain has surfaced from beneath the magical land, the Gnome King! Having captured the Good Witch, the Gnome King and his army are wreaking havoc throughout Oz and need but one item to take control of The Emerald City, Dorothy’s ruby slippers! It’s up to our favorite cat and mouse duo to team up, go Back to Oz and save the land they love. Take to the skies, courtesy of the Wizard himself, with Dorothy, Toto, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man and the Lion as they make their magical journey. The laughs and adventure will roar as they encounter all-new frights and mischievous creatures down the Yellow Brick Road, ’cause “we’re not in Kansas anymore!”
Genre: Adventure, Animation, Comedy, Family, Fantasy, Musical
Having been hopelessly repressed and facing eventual certain death at the British chicken farm where they are held, Rocky the american rooster and Ginger the chicken decide to rebel against the evil Mr. and Mrs. Tweedy, the farm’s owners. Rocky and Ginger lead their fellow chickens in a great escape from the murderous farmers and their farm of doom.
Country: France, UK, United Kingdom, USA
Genre: Adventure, Animation, Comedy, Drama, Family
Godzilla: Monster Planet
In the year 2048, the human race is forced to leave Earth after decades of losing against Godzilla and other giant monsters. They take a twenty-year journey to another planet called Tau Ceti-e, but upon arrival, they discover that the planet has become uninhabitable. As living conditions on their ship deteriorate, a young man named Haruo spearheads a movement to return to Earth and take it back from the monsters. The ship successfully makes the return voyage, but the crew realizes that twenty thousand years have passed, with Earth’s ecosystem having evolved to become centered around Godzilla.
Genre: Animation, Sci-Fi
14-year-old Arrietty and the rest of the Clock family live in peaceful anonymity as they make their own home from items “borrowed” from the house’s human inhabitants. However, life changes for the Clocks when a human boy discovers Arrietty.
Genre: Adventure, Animation, Family, Fantasy
Rescue Rabbit
Make way for the greatest adventure any bunny has ever seen! When Nano s grandfather falls mysteriously ill, the courageous grandson and his best friend Lilly must use a miniaturization machine to shrink down to micro-size and embark on a perilous journey to save him. Nano and Lilly turn to Rappel the Rabbit for help, as he s the only one who can guide the sprite-sized heroes through the confusing maze! With time ticking down, the daring trio must hop to it, and prove that you don t have to be big to be brave!
Genre: Animation, Family
Urotsukidoji I: Legend of the Overfiend
Legend has it that the human race is not the only dominant civilization living on Earth. Two other races exist in this world: the Makai (a demon race) and the Juujinkai (a half-man, half-beast race). Once every 3,000 years, a supreme being known as the “Choujin” (Overfiend) will emerge and bring balance to all three realms on Earth. In present-day Japan, after 300 years of endless searching, a Jujinkai named Amano Jyaku has discovered the presence of the Choujin inside high school slacker Tatsuo Nagumo. But now, Amanoùalong with his sister Megumi and their sidekick Kurokoùmust protect Nagumo and his new girlfriend Akemi Ito from the Makai, who believe that Nagumo is not the Choujin, but an evil entity bent on destroying all living beings on Earth.
Genre: Animation, Fantasy, Horror, Romance
The Breadwinner
A headstrong young girl in Afghanistan disguises herself as a boy in order to provide for her family.
Country: Canada, Ireland, Luxembourg
Genre: Animation, Drama, Family
Shrek The Third
The King of Far Far Away has died and Shrek and Fiona are to become King & Queen. However, Shrek wants to return to his cozy swamp and live in peace and quiet, so when he finds out there is another heir to the throne, they set off to bring him back to rule the kingdom.
Genre: Adventure, Animation, Comedy, Family, Fantasy
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Sales of Businesses
Owner Agreements
Customers and Suppliers
Corporate & Business Governance
Real Estate Agency Practice
Conveyancing for buyers & sellers
Put & Call Options
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HomeAll Investor Commercial & consumer law Appeal court upholds venture capitalist’s misleading & deceptive claim against handpicked IPO chairman
Appeal court upholds venture capitalist’s misleading & deceptive claim against handpicked IPO chairman
May 9, 2019 By Peter Carter Comments are Off
A finance industry chief has been held to have engaged in misleading or deceptive conduct when negotiating the terms his appointment as chairman of an Australian peer to peer lending venture soon after leaving his post as Aussie Home Loans CEO.
A banker with connections to a company headquartered in a Caribbean tax haven, Stephen Porges has been ordered to pay $1.1 mil to the venture capital firm that launched the IPO and sought him out to head it up.
Porges had been identified by Brooke Adcock in early 2015 as a likely banking industry identity for the role of non-executive chairman of a new internet-based lending platform DirectMoney.
Porges told Adcock – that despite being canvassed to take on another bank CEO role – he was interested in the job but would need to liquidate some investments to “free up some cash to meet personal expenses and invest those funds if an opportunity comes along”.
Adcock Private Equity Pty Ltd agreed – as requested – to buy 300 of Porges’ shares in British Virgin Island based company “SecureOne” at the asking price of USD $500 per share.
SecureOne described itself as a “pre-revenue development-stage company” intending to offer a “data-centric, security focused, cloud-based mobile payments platform seeking a robust set of recurring revenue streams”.
APE soon after acquired a further 800 of Porges’ S1 shares at USD $700 per share and offered share options as part of his remuneration package at DirectMoney.
Unknown to Adcock, Porges was at the time of the sale aware of an USD $11 mil lawsuit against S1 over the proposed “seed capital” sale of shares to a multi-national online sports and betting company; and the possibility of an ATO audit.
It was later revealed that Porges had delivered an ultimatum to the company requiring it find a buyer for “200-500k of stock”, stating that “it should be an easy and small matter or it could be a clusterf…”.
S1 was victorious in the lawsuit but legal costs due to its BVI lawyers of USD $1.74 mil proved crippling and resulted in S1’s collapse and its shares being rendered worthless.
APE sued Porges in the NSW Supreme Court, alleging that its would-be chairman had – by representing the BVI company had a viable business plan, was trading profitably and that it would be a good and profitable investment – engaged in misleading & deceptive conduct.
Trial judge Justice Robert McDougall observed dryly that he “understood the expression ‘cluster****’ whether written elliptically or in full, to denote a perilous state of affairs indicating a chaotic situation where everything goes wrong”.
APE’s did not specifically allege having been misled by reason of Porges’ silence as to the pending litigation and his dissatisfaction with the company’s performance.
Nevertheless, the trial judge concluded that when the whole of the chairman’s conduct was taken into account “including what was not said, his conduct was misleading for failing to disclose facts that he must have known would be material to APE’s decision”.
Porges appealed contending that he had reasonable grounds for making the profitability representations and that APE had not in any event relied on any such representations if they were found to have in fact been made.
The appeal court agreed that evidence as to express reliance was “scanty”.
It also rejected APEs allegation that the evidence established that Mr Porges “wanted out” and that he had made the alleged “reluctant seller representation”. After all, he still still retained 6500 S1 shares after the sale to APE.
So with several of the alleged representations struck down and unsatisfactory evidence of “reliance” on what basis did the appeal court uphold the judgement in favour of APE?
Is was clear that Porges did want to sell and – concluded the appeal judges – that the need for cash to satisfy his wife’s lifestyle and to take up another investment opportunity “were not his only reasons”.
The non-disclosure of the potentially devastating lawsuit, the possible ATO audit and his ‘disenchantment’ with the company’s management was found to have been misleading or deceptive or likely to mislead or deceive.
In such circumstances, “reliance” or misrepresentation by silence were not necessary to be proved and the $1.1 million award by the trial judge in APE’s favour was upheld.
Porges v Adcock Private Equity Pty Ltd [2019] NSWCA 79 Payne JA White JA Sackville AJA, 17 April 2019
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All Quotes tagged Self Perception(14)
While I may laugh at the words scrawled across a cupcake-shaped sticky (“I am loved? But by whom, and why are they choosing to inform me this way?”), I certainly don’t begrudge the psychological benefit these anonymous affirmations may provide others.
— Rachel Siemens, Do Positive Affirmations Really Work? An Investigation
Positive AffirmationsConfidenceSelf-LoveSelf-Perception
We feel and experience ourselves to be eternal.
— Baruch Spinoza, Spinoza: Ethics: Proved in Geometrical Order (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy)
eternalSelf-PerceptionInner Age
Well, it’s either kiss me or kill me, that’s how I see it.
— Tom Waits, via Amazon
KillkissPerceptionself perception
Every intelligent individual wants to know what makes him tick, and yet is at once fascinated and frustrated by the fact that oneself is the most difficult of all things to know.
— Alan Watts, The Book: On the Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are
IntelligencePersonalityIdentitySelf-Perception
What other people think about you has nothing to do with you and everything to do with them.
— Jen Sincero, You Are a Badass: How to Stop Doubting Your Greatness and Start Living an Awesome Life
You Are A BadassWhat Other People Think Of YouSelf-Perception
Figure out what you most need to heal within yourself by seeing what you most want to change in others.
— Brianna Wiest, 101 Essays That Will Change The Way You Think
ChangeAngerSelf-Perception
Imagine speaking with your oldest, wisest, most optimal future self. What you're doing is tapping deep into your subconscious. Let your choices be guided by the person you hope to become.
The futureSelf-PerceptionWisdomAdviceLifeGrowthChangeSelf-Development
Instead of thinking you are someone who is attractive and successful, learn to think of yourself as someone who is resilient, hungry for new experiences, capable of deeply loving others, and so on.
Self-PerceptionPerceptionSuccessLoveHungerGrowthResilience
If you believe you're the kind of person who can bear pain or loss, you will be the kind of person who can bear pain or loss. If you believe you're worthy of love, you will experience love when it comes.
LossPainLoveWorthinessFeeling WorthyPerceptionSelf-Perception
Anxiety stems from shame. It is the idea that who you are or what you are doing is 'not right' - therefore eliciting a rush of energy designed to help you 'fix' or change it. You're suffering because there's nothing you can fix to make that urgent, panicked feeling go away. It's a mismanaged perception of who and how you are.
AnxietyShameSelf-DevelopmentPersonal GrowthPerceptionSelf-Perception
It’s not what you are that counts, it’s what they think you are.
— Andy Warhol, POPism: The Warhol Sixties
PerceptionSelf-PerceptionIdentity
Be about ten times more magnanimous than you believe yourself capable of. Your life will be a hundred times better for it.
— Cheryl Strayed, Tiny Beautiful Things: Advice on Love and Life from Dear Sugar
Self-PerceptionSelf-EsteemFaking It Until You Make It
If somebody thinks they're a hedgehog, presumably you just give 'em a mirror and a few pictures of hedgehogs and tell them to sort it out for themselves.
— Douglas Adams, The Ultimate Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
PerceptionSelf-PerceptionReality
We prefer to go deformed and distorted all our lives rather than not resemble the portrait of ourselves which we ourselves have first drawn. It’s absurd. We run the risk of warping what’s best in us.
— André Gide, Strait is the Gate and the Vatican Cellars
Self-PerceptionPsychologyPersonalityEgoSelf-Esteem
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oPtion$ Book Club: Some Final Thoughts
Thanks to all who have participated in the "oPtion$" book club. Many thanks to Renee Jones, Darian Ibrahim, Michael Dorff, David Zaring, and especially Daniel Lyons for sharing their thoughts on the book, backdating, Steve Jobs, corporate law, and the nature of CEOs. Thanks as well to the commenters for their thoughts comparing the backdating at Apple with other scandals of recent vintage.
I wanted to close the club with some final thoughts about a deeper theme I found in the book. Yes, it's a parody, and yes, it's a delightful and breezy read. But I think Lyons is getting at some deeper issues here as well. One issue that I haven't really seen discussed is the book's view on Jobs's semi-messianic role in our consumer society. Jobs's religious fervor, and his cult-like following, are certainly ripe subjects for parody. But Lyons tries to go a little deeper into this phenomenon, in a scene that's reminiscent of the story of the Grand Inquisitor in the Brothers Karamazov.
In the scene, a younger Jobs has traveled to India to study under a guru named Krishna Neeb Baba. Baba, a former psychology professor at Harvard, has a coterie of followers who travel from far and wide to hear his pronouncements. But Jobs soon realizes that Baba is a fake. In a scene back at Baba's house, Jobs accuses him of being a fraud. (pp. 184-87) Baba responds:
Look, is Catholicism a racket? Is Christianity a racket? Or Judaism, or Islam? Just because you or I don't believe in those religions doesn't mean they're rackets. They serve a purpose. A good and noble purpose. So do I.
Baba argues that people need something to believe in -- they have a hunger for meaning. Religion tries to provide that, but only for some. Then Baba provides Jobs with the critical insight he later exploits. "America is all about commerce," he says. "Someone is going to figure out a way to create material things and to imbue them with a sense of religious significance."
So is the iPod the new version of bread and circuses -- the 21st Century opiate for the masses? Perhaps. But there's also a sense that Jobs himself buys into the religion. After all, he is the genius behind the design. The iPhone is not a fraud, in that sense, because it does serve a purpose -- even if it's merely a consumer good. Despite his many flaws, fake Steve does has a sense of the aesthetic. And this "religion" is what keeps him going. When he's jousting with board chairman Tom Bowditch at the end of the book, fake Steve ruefully makes the following assessment:
For a moment it seems as if he's going to turn around and give me some big lecture about capitalism, and tell me how all my ideas, all my struggles, all my fights and failures and late nights meditating on products are nothing more than a way for people like him to make money.
In the end, money and aesthetics are too intertwined for fake Steve to ever pull them apart. But there is that final sense, here and at the novel's end, that money really comes second. And that is reassuring. Apple worship may be a thin and vulgar religion, but at least it has its own sense of integrity.
Posted by Matt Bodie on December 6, 2007 at 12:41 AM in Books, Corporate, oPtion$ Book Club | Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBack
oPtion$ Book Club: A (Fictional) Version of the Backdating Scandal
I wanted to respond to the question posed by Dan Lyons: could Jobs still be indicted for the backdating at Apple? And perhaps, the question lurking behind this one: why hasn't he been indicted already?
Many of the "oPtion$" reviews have noted its somewhat fanciful plot. What surprised me about the book, however, was how close the plot points actually followed reality.
In the book, Apple GC Sonya Bourne resigns almost immediately after the backdating scandal breaks. In reality, Apple GC Nancy Heinen resigned in May 2006 without a reported reason. She has since been civilly charged by the SEC for backdating.
In the book, Apple blames former CFO and board member Zack Johnson for the backdating. After Apple blames him for the scandal, Johnson then agrees to a plea and to testify against Jobs. In reality, former Apple CFO and board member Fred Anderson settled SEC backdating charges for a payment of a civil penalty and a $3.49 million disgorgement. He also issued a statement claiming that Jobs knew about and in some cases directed the backdating.
In the book, the final straw for the Apple board is when they find out that Jobs falsely claimed that certain options were approved at a board meeting that never happened. In reality, Anderson claims that Jobs provided assurances that the board had approved certain grants and that Anderson "relied" on these assurances.
One of the reasons why I was eager to read "oPtion$" was to see its take on the role Jobs played in the backdating. What was fake Steve's motive?
Motive plays a critical role in the backdating scandal. Why did firms backdate their options grants? Was it simply to manage the process so that the company could (knowingly) reward its employees more handsomely, given accounting constraints? Or was backdating an attempt by some in the company (generally the officers) to increase their compensation without the approval of the board or shareholders?
The fake Steve of "oPtion$" doesn't really show his cards to the readers on this point. Fake Steve is so rich that he seems unconcerned and disconnected from his yearly compensation. But at other points, he seems well aware of what happened. For example, he justifies backdating at Pixar as a way to "sweeten things a little bit more" for John Lasseter, who was being courted by Disney at the time (p. 112-13). (Thus, in fake Steve's view, Disney is to blame for the backdating.) At another point, former CFO Johnson claims that Jobs knew all about the backdating and, in fact, directed Jonhson to do it (pp. 87-89). During the conversation, Jobs claims ignorance. Although it seems like we're not supposed to believe Jobs here, he never comes out and confesses to the reader. He just doesn't seem to care.
The closest the book comes to laying out the case against backdating is this soliloquy from Apple's chairman Tom Bowditch (p. 89):
I know what you did. You double-dipped. Wasn't enough for you to get ten million shares. You had to backdate them, too, and try to squeeze a little extra out of it. . . . Maybe you figure nobody in Washington actually reads those forms you send in every quarter. Maybe you figured nobody would care, or that they'd give you a pass because you're the Great Steve Jobs. Well, you're wrong.
But it's hard to know if this is an accurate indictment, because (1) Jobs never owns up to this, and (2) Bowditch turns out to have a huge short position in Apple stock and thus wants Jobs to resign.
As I've said before, it's clear to me that backdating was a method of increasing the value of the options and thus increasing the value of the pay. I don't think many CFOs said, "We can give 10 million backdated options or 10.2 million correctly date options -- which is better?" Instead, I'd guess that the number of options was settled on, and then the backdating was applied as a "bonus."
But who knew about the bonus? That seems critical. If the board was on board with the backdating, it seems less like stealing. Since the board is charged with negotiating and approving executive pay, the board's knowledge would seem to lend the corporation's approval. Dennis Kozlowski sits in jail because he failed to get board approval for expenses and loan forgiveness. The same could be said of backdating.
Even with Board approval, however, there are problems. "Backdating" is, by definition, lying about the date of the option. So a scheme of backdating is designed to mislead somebody -- the board, shareholders, and/or the SEC -- about the date of the grant. A scheme to avoid the accounting rule in this manner is akin to other forms of accounting gamesmanship. The scheme in Brocade was apparently along these lines. Moreover, as Vic Fleischer has discussed, companies that were backdating options were also violating the tax law.
My sense is that when it comes to Steve Jobs, criminal charges would only come if he knew about the backdating and purposefully circumvented the board and/or accounting rules in conducting the scheme. There is certainly evidence from Fred Anderson to this effect. But the independent Apple report seems to place all the blame on Anderson and Heinen. Perhaps the SEC is being overly credulous, as Lyons indicates, in believing that Jobs was not intimately involved in the scheme. But perhaps the government may have decided to avoid a risky trial based on Jobs's intent. In the Brocade case, there appears to have been sufficient evidence that Reyes knowingly and repeatedly backdated to avoid the accounting hit. Although the judge in the Brocade case indicated some concern with the mens rea issue, there was evidence from a former human resources employee that Mr. Reyes told her that the practice was “not illegal if you don’t get caught.” There may not be such clear evidence of knowing illegality with respect to Jobs.
I don't know all of the facts, certainly, so I don't want to endorse or justify this decision. Without all of the facts, we can only speculate about motives -- which is part of what makes "oPtion$" so fun. In the book, an iPhone-crazed mob chases U.S. attorney Doyle to his death. I'm not sure whether this is poetic justice or an exaggerated metaphor for reality.
Posted by Matt Bodie on December 5, 2007 at 12:10 PM in Books, Corporate, oPtion$ Book Club | Permalink | Comments (4) | TrackBack
oPtion$ Book Club: Not so Much Ado About Backdating
Late to the party, I'll only note that I liked Options plenty, that some of the stuff I was thinking of has been thought of by my intelligent fellow-book-clubbers, and that it's an honor to be on the same blog with Dan Lyons. Instead of going through all the reasons why I liked the book, I thought I’d focus my comments here on a difference, a scene, and a question.
Difference Options the book and Fake Steve Jobs the blog, although putatively written by the same person, are case studies in the different ways a writer can go with the same satirical fabric. And here, it would be hard to imagine a more different difference. FSJ is hero in one format and anti-hero in another. The blogger is your gleefully truculent guide to Silicon Valley, bursting the hyperbolic bubbles that need to be burst, mocking the business plans that need to be mocked, and doing you the service of high-end media criticism in a part of the journalistic community that, it seems to this outsider, sorely needed it. But the novel’s protagonist has a much more troubled mein. Funny, yes, but confused, capricious, and increasingly unhappy as a legal investigation and business wrangling darken his horizon. One advantage of the more internally directed version of FSJ lies in the opportunity to do things that you like to see in novels, such as dream sequences, metaphors, and story arcs. I’m not sure that the anti-hero goes through a catharsis at the end, but I did suspect that, after reading, that the novel format might lend itself better to an anti-hero than would a blog post.
Scene One thing about litigation practice is that it often turns into unlitigious (at least as far as the rules of civil procedure go) dispute settlement. Options has a great scene near the end of the book where Jobs takes over a meeting with backdated-options-investigating prosecutors, starts hurling insults, and finally initiates an over-the-top bargaining process, beginning with “whatever profits you frigtards think I made that were inappropriate, I’ll give them back. Plus I’ll pay a fine of one hundred million dollars. I’ll admit wrongdoing, I’ll do community service.” Things get more extreme from there, to the point where FSJ concludes that the prosecutors are “not interested in settling this. You want a big trial, You want the free publicity. You want to launch a political career, and you’re drafting on my celebrity to get yourself some attention … and that’s what I’m going to say when the Wall Street analysts and the media start calling me.” The prosecutors are double-plus nonplussed. Jobs’s lawyer is going nuts. My takeaway: nice depiction of a clash between deal-making and legal process, and maybe the whiff of legal realism added value too.
Question I took the book to be suggesting that it looked like FSJ was up to no good with the backdating. But Lyons, in the post below as well as in the book, like everyone who looks at real backdating at real Apple, seemed deeply ambivalent about whether the investigation was worth the candle. Would we really want Steve Jobs penalized for the way he is running Apple? For that matter, how do we feel about the dual-class stock that lets the founders do whatever they want with Google? Both of these things may be bad corporate governance in the view of a large portion of the academy. But are they bad for business? Is successful high tech where corporate governance mavens meet their Waterloo? At least with the backdated, never exercised Jobs options, I suspect that my sympathies lie with Apple.
Posted by David Zaring on December 4, 2007 at 04:50 PM in oPtion$ Book Club | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack
oPtion$ Book Club: Steve Jobs and CEO Centrality
Lucian Bebchuk, Martijn Cremers, and Urs Peyer have a new paper out called CEO Centrality. The paper is based on a series of regression analyses designed to determine the effect of "CEO centrality" on executive compensation and firm value. The authors define centrality as the CEO' s share of the total compensation given to the top five executives at the company. The study finds that higher centrality is correlated with a lower firm value (measured by Tobin's Q), lower accounting profitability, worse acquisition decisions, and more "luck-based" compensation. In other words, CEO centrality is bad.
When I first read about the Bebchuk, Cremers & Peyer paper, I thought immediately of Steve Jobs. In the colloquial definition of the term, no CEO would seem to have more "centrality" to a company than Jobs. Jobs is seen as the genius that is Apple, the mesmerizing force behind some of the most successful tech products ever: the Mac, the iPod, the iPhone.
"oPtion$" has a lot of fun poking fun at this image. For example, there is the extended comparison that FSJ makes between himself, Mozart, and Moses (pp. 35-36): all born with unique talents into the exact right place and time to develop those talents. I also enjoyed the vignette between Jobs and the iPhone engineers, in which Jobs objects to the design of the phone's circuit board (pp. 50-53). The engineers point out that the circuit board is laid out for optimum performance, and Jobs clearly doesn't understand how it works. Nevertheless, he insists on making it "perfectly symmetrical" and ends up firing the head of the project over it.
Like Darian and Michael, I enjoyed the parody but found the Fake Steve Jobs to be a little too incompetent. After all, the media seems completely on board with the notion that Jobs is a jerk. But is he a genius? There seems to be agreement on this as well -- yes. The Jobs in "oPtion$", however, shows little of these inherent abilities. Is there something more behind the parody, or is it just fun to pretend he's stupid? Perhaps these expectations are too high for a light-hearted parody. But what is Jobs -- a sociopathic genius or a fraudulent poseur?
I focus on this question because I think it goes to the heart of the compensation issue. What is Steven Jobs worth to Apple? Is he worth the innovation he brings? If so, how responsible is he for this innovation? What slice of the pie is he entitled to?
The easy answer would be -- he's worth what the market will pay him. But the market isn't some anonymous force, an oracle at Delphi that issues its price pronouncements. The market is us. And how does our economy determine what Steven Jobs is worth? It may be that Jobs is worth the value he has provided for Apple shareholders. If this is his value, he's undercompensated. As the fictional chairman of the Board notes in "oPtion$", Apple stock would probably drop 30% if Jobs were no longer CEO.
Steven Jobs is thus the best poster child for high CEO compensation. He has famously has taken a salary of $1 ever since he returned to Apple. His apple stock options are by no means on the Ebbers-Kozlowski ends of the spectrum, and most of his fortune is from his ownership of Disney stock. (His "centrality" index at Apple would, ironically, actually be fairly low.) And yet perhaps no CEO deserves more. He's had a huge effect on the stock; check out this chart of Apple share price over the last five years. Moreover, he truly seems to be the driving force behind the company's products. He's not just the chief executive officer -- he's the chief creative genius as well.
I'd like to respond to the backdating issue in a separate post. But I think the notion of CEO compensation -- how it works, what they deserve, what Steve Jobs deserves in particular -- is central to how we come down on the backdating. I'd be curious to hear what other readers of "oPtion$" think it has to say on the ability-compensation nexus.
oPtion$ book club -- some thoughts on backdating
I'm really curious to hear from law professors about options backdating and the law and whether you think anything is still lingering around Steve Jobs and Apple. When I wrote my book proposal and outline, exactly one year ago, the "scandal" over backdating seemed to present a very real threat to Jobs and to Apple. I wrote the book not knowing where things would stand by the time I would deliver a manuscript in June. As it turns out things seem to have blown over yet I can't help wondering if the SEC or US Attorney might still be looking at Jobs. I say this only because Apple's explanation seems to make no sense at all. Their line is that they hired their own lawyers and did their own investigation and concluded that yes, things happened, but that somehow Jobs had nothing to do with it -- it was all the fault of Apple's former CFO and general counsel. To me as a lay person this seems ridiculous. But maybe to legal experts it makes sense. It really seemed to me that Apple had just thrown Fred Anderson (ex CFO) and Nancy Heinen (ex GC) under a bus in order to save Steve Jobs.
I'm no expert but my personal feeling is that the entire backdating thing is crazy rubbish and not worth the effort that has been put into it. My heart really goes out to Greg Reyes at Brocade who is facing prison time over this. It seems crazy and way out of proportion to me. But if the authorities are going to go after these people how can they just accept Apple's internal investigation and be satisfied? Could they really believe that Steve Jobs, a notorious control freak and micromanager, had nothing to do with the timing of options grants to himself and others? Anderson, the former CFO, has settled with the SEC and put out a statement saying, in effect, that Jobs was deeply involved in all this. Would the authorities hold off on Jobs simply because he's very high profile and/or because going after him would hurt the market valuation of Apple? It's been suggested to me that perhaps the prosecutors don't dare take on Jobs. Could that be so?
Posted by Daniel Lyons on December 4, 2007 at 03:51 PM in oPtion$ Book Club | Permalink | Comments (2) | TrackBack
oPtion$ book club - oPtion$ as Social Commentary
Since this is a discussion on an academic blog, it seems appropriate to consider how oPtion$ might contribute to our understanding of corporate governance, corporate law, and enforcement policies. The power of satire as social commentary lies in its ability to point out indirectly those realities so blatant as to be frequently overlooked. Unlike Michael Dorff, I think the book succeeds on this level.
One small example: my son, who overheard me discussing the book asked me "Who's Steve Jobs?' Invoking fake steve's favorite retort, I replied "Dude, he invented the friggin iPod. Have you heard of it?" "I thought Apple invented the iPod," my son asked innocently. "Yes," I explained, "but Steve Jobs is in charge of Apple." My son persisted, "but didn't his workers invent the iPod?"
With one humorous line -- Dude, I invented the friggin iPod. Have you heard of it? -- Lyons exposes a common foible among corporate executives. They gladly hog credit for corporate successes and are quick to blame others, or factors beyond their control, for corporate failures.
More significantly, fake steve's attitude toward corporate regulation and law enforcement lends support to the academic school of thought that links compliance with law with perceptions of law's legitimacy. Scholars such as Tom Tyler, John Darley and Paul Robinson argue that the extent of law compliance is determined less by concerns with penalties and more by an individual's sense of moral obligation to obey the law. This sense of obligation is supported by perceptions of the legitimacy of the law and its enforcement mechanisms and procedures. When law or law enforcement is perceived as illegitimate, the sense of obligation to obey the law erodes.
Fake steve's reaction to the options backdating investigations underscores this point. According to fake steve, "These idiots went after dozens of companies in Silicon Valley. They concocted a fairy tale about greedy executives lining their pockets and cheating investors, and of course the nitwits in the press bought the whole story and ran with it."
Fake steve proceeds to denigrate everyone involved in the investigation. When that doesn't work he finds a scapegoat, and throws a trusted associate under a bus. When the scapegoat flips to become a government witness fake steve's first instinct is to have him killed.
The link between legitimacy and law compliance raises questions as to what, if any, responsibility corporate scholars bear for the degree of disrespect for corporate regulation that seems to have persisted in Sarbanes-Oxley's wake. Robert Prentice and Jay Brown, among others, have pointed out the corroding effects that academic attacks on Sarbanes-Oxley as "quack corporate governance" or a "debacle" may have on the general level of respect for corporate laws. These vehement academic attacks when taken to their logical extreme help make the scene from oPtion$, in which Senator Sarbanes and Representative Oxley are burned in effigy, appear to be a legitimate political protest.
Posted by Renee Jones on December 4, 2007 at 03:16 PM in oPtion$ Book Club | Permalink | Comments (2) | TrackBack
Thanks, Matt, for inviting me to participate. oPtion$ was, first and foremost, a delightful read. It's one of those rare books that actually made me laugh out loud, not just once but over and over again. For the exam-weary professor looking for a light-hearted break from the sixty-fifth description of the Business Judgment Rule or the Statute of Frauds, this book is ideal.
But from the perspective of a corporate governance junkie, the book's greatness is also its most disappointing flaw. What makes the book so wildly, hysterically funny is how incredibly over-the-top all the characters are. Fake Steve Jobs is a cartoon character. He runs a major public corporation by spending most of his time meditating, doing yoga, hypnotizing his enemies, and playing practical jokes with his "closest thing I have to an actual friend" Larry Ellison, often while dressed in a kimono. The book does capture some of the isolation from reality experienced by powerful CEOs, but takes it too far beyond reality to permit any meaningful exploration of the phenomenon or of its consequences for our economy. Certainly part of the problem with corporate governance is the cult of personality that often surrounds the CEO. That sort of corporate culture can lead to an arrogant sense of entitlement that may have contributed to inter alia, the rampant problems with options backdating. More troublingly, it may yield business decisions made without much discussion or consideration of dissenting possibilities through psychological processes such as groupthink and social cascades (pardon my plug).
We certainly see some of this in oPtion$. I especially loved Fake Steve Jobs' response to any challenge: "Dude, I invented the friggin iPod. Have you heard of it?" But the problems are all presented against the backdrop of such unreal characters and situations that the satire loses much of its critical force. As comic relief, oPtion$ is a wonderful, creative, entertaining read, but as social satire I couldn't help finding it disappointing.
Spoiler Alert: Unlike the New York Times reviewer, I really enjoyed the ending. If you haven't yet read the book, you might not want to read on. In the end, Fake Steve escapes to an island, replaced by his personal assistant Ja'Red (who has undergone plastic surgery to look more like Fake Jobs). No one notices. Ja'Red -- a college dropout who Fake Steve hired mainly out of unrequited lust for Ja'Red's girlfriend -- manages Apple just as well as Fake Steve, if not better.
Lyons may have intended this plot point as an indictment of the real Steve Jobs' managerial talents (comments welcome!). But I enjoyed it mainly because it embodies a notion I've long held that CEO talent is considerably less rare and unique than is commonly believed. I'm not suggesting that most Fortune 500 CEOs could be replaced by English professors, but I do suspect that the difference between the best CEO candidate and the next best is far less significant -- and more importantly, far less reliably predictable -- than the different pay scales would indicate. If I'm right, that sense of entitlement (and corresponding paycheck) is even less justified than we might think.
Posted by Michael Dorff on December 4, 2007 at 01:55 PM in oPtion$ Book Club | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack
oPtion$ book club - "Enlightenment Requires Cruelty"
In oPtion$, Daniel Lyons explores the world of Fake Steve Jobs through the literary equivalent of a carnival funhouse mirror. Every nugget of truth from Real Steve Jobs' life is contorted and magnified several times over to create a larger-than-life character whose pursuit of the twin goals of creativity and beauty has taken a real toll on his soul. As a capitalist Zen Buddhist, Jobs lives by the corporate motto that "enlightenment requires cruelty" and in his personal time, when not meditating, Jobs pals around with the likes of Larry Ellison (a relationship that is corporate America's answer to Beavis and Butthead) and Bono (whose company Jobs enjoys because Bono is "the only person I know who's more self-absorbed than I am"). This lifestyle ultimately leads Jobs to question his priorities and to take drastic steps to re-prioritize. Needless to say, oPtion$ makes for a fun (and quick) read.
While oPtion$ touches on a range of corporate hot topics, the corporate scandal du jour is that of options backdating, as the title gives away. Rather than focusing on the merits of backdating probes, Lyons instead explores the competing motivations of players that may or may not have fueled such probes in the real world. There is the U.S. Attorney seeking to launch his bid for California governor, the board member sitting on a large short position of Apple stock who sees the opportunity for a windfall by leaking unfavorable information about the company, the former CFO sacrificed by the company who ultimately turns state's witness to avoid jail time, and finally Jobs himself, who views the backdating investigation as a mere distraction from his real job and who alienates the government, his board, his friends, his assistant, and his attorney in the process of attempting to distance himself from the scandal.
While Lyons paints a harsh picture of Jobs, he does seem to acknowledge that Jobs and others like him are driven by the laudable and old-fashioned pursuit of making quality products for customers. Granted, Fake Steve Jobs strives for creativity and beauty first -- functionality is a distant second -- and Jobs is not above stealing the ideas for his quality products from others. But Jobs nevertheless strives in the end to give the public a product worthy of its time and money. Given this valuable service, is it so wrong that Jobs asks us to forgive him and his crowd a little (or not-so-little) ego, eccentricity, and (gasp) even backdating? Ultimately, Lyons could have made Jobs one part less "dysmathic" loon and one part more genius without sacrificing much, but then again, what fun would that be? Silicon Valley may be its own quirky world, but it certainly has contributed much to the rest of us.
Thanks to Dan Lyons for an enjoyable read, and to Matt and everyone at PrawfsBlawg for giving me the chance to share some thoughts.
Posted by Darian Ibrahim on December 4, 2007 at 12:28 PM in oPtion$ Book Club | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack
oPtion$ book club - Inside Fake Steve's Brain
Thanks for the invitation, Matt. I am happy to join PrawfsBlawg for today's book club discussion of oPtion$, a parody by fake steve jobs (aka Forbes editor, Daniel Lyons).
What makes oPtion$ so enjoyable is the character of fake steve jobs that Dan Lyons brings to life. Being inside fake steve's brain is a frightening experience. He is at turns paranoid, arrogant, narcissistic, egomaniacal, insecure, insufferable and abusive. Yet, lurking behind this dysfunctional exterior is a pained human being who yearns to be understood. We get glimpses of fake steve's humanity when he laments the fact that he was adopted, working conditions at Apple's factories in China and his own cruel treatment of Yoko Ono as part of his pursuit of the Beatles music library for iTunes.
The plot of the book (Steve Jobs's travails caused by the federal investigation into options backdating at Apple) is very much in the background. Fake steve's mind is front and center. What keeps pages turning is not wondering what will happen next, but what perverse thought will next enter fake steve's brain? Despite the tangential nature of the plot to one's enjoyment of the book, there are many funny scenes to keep readers chuckling. A few of my favorites:
Jobs's deposition where he antagonizes the prosecutors with racist comments, general condescension and his Zen Crazy strategy.
Job's attempted settlement negotiation where he offers to pay $1 billion in penalties and the feds turn him down.
Hillary Clinton's shake down of the Silicon Valley "war council" assembled to thwart the federal backdating investigation. Hillary demands tribute from the Silicon Valley executives in exchange for favorable treatment when she takes office. ("She tells us to check with George Soros on the way out and he'll tell us how to move the money so it can't be traced, using a bunch of these phony baloney environmental groups.")
Bottom line: oPtions is a fun book that would make a great holiday gift for law students, law professors, corporate lawyers, technology buffs, really any one who owns an iPod or has ever coveted an iPhone.
Posted by Renee Jones on December 4, 2007 at 11:47 AM in oPtion$ Book Club | Permalink | Comments (2) | TrackBack
oPtion$ Book Club: Introductory Post
"America is all about commerce. That's what America is good at. Someone is going to figure out a way to create material things and to imbue them with a sense of religious significance. I don't know how this will happen. But it will happen, because it needs to happen."
- Krishna Neeb Baba in oPtion$
I'm here to welcome everyone to the PrawfsBlawg book club on "oPtion$," the novel/parody memoir of Apple CEO Steven Jobs, written by Fake Steve Jobs (a.k.a. Daniel Lyons). We're very excited by the group of book club participants we'll have on hand:
Michael Dorff, Southwestern Law School
Darian Ibrahim, University of Arizona, James E. Rogers College of Law
Renee Jones, Boston College Law School and Corporate Law and Democracy
David Zaring, Wharton School of Business, Vanderbilt University Law School (visiting), and the Conglomerate
Daniel Lyons, Forbes Magazine and the Secret Diary of Steve Jobs
I'll also be jumping in with a few posts of my own. We encourage everyone -- club participants, author, readers -- to join in the comments.
You can call up all of the posts in the book club by clicking on the "oPtions Book Club" category. If you'd like some further reading material to get you in the proper spirit, here are some links:
The Secret Diary of Steve Jobs
"Steve Jobs in a Box" by John Heileman in New York Magazine (aka the "iGod" article)
Fake Steve's response to Heileman
Larry Ribstein's Ideoblog posts on Apple and backdating
"oPtion$" Book Club Starts Tomorrow
Just a reminder -- our "oPtion$" Book Club starts tomorrow. Further details are here. If you want to see all of the posts in the book club, you can click on the "oPtion$ Book Club" category.
Book Club on "oPtion$" by Fake Steve Jobs
Next week PrawfsBlawg will be hosting a book club on the novel/parody "oPtion$" written by Fake Steve Jobs (a.k.a. Daniel Lyons). The book received a nice review over the weekend by the NYT Book Review, which said it was "peppered with deft comic touches."
Rather than simply discussing its merits as fiction, the book club will be taking a look at "oPtion$" as a parody of the corporate world -- in particular, one of that world's most fascinating denizens. The picture that "oPtion$" paints of Steve Jobs is of course a caricature. But parody resonates only if it builds off of reality (or our perception of reality). And the picture created by Lyons has that resonance. We'll be talking about the big ideas behind the book, as well as what corporate lawyers, law profs, law students, and policy makers can take from it.
We're very excited to announce a terrific line-up of commentators:
In addition, we are fortunate to have Daniel Lyons joining us. Dan is of course Fake Steve himself, but when not masquerading as the benevolent one, he's a technology writer at Forbes Magazine. We're very much looking forward to exploring some of the larger issues behind the book with Dan and our prof commentators.
We plan on starting the book club next Tuesday, December 4. We hope you'll drop by then. In the meantime, if you are unfamiliar with the terms "namaste" or "freetards," you can catch up with the "Secret Diary of Steve Jobs" here.
Posted by Matt Bodie on November 28, 2007 at 11:42 AM in Books, Corporate, oPtion$ Book Club | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack
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It’s not clear any Conservatives actually read damning Lac-Mégantic report
Just tell people you haven’t gotten around to reading the report yet. Because if you haven’t read it, it hasn’t happened yet. That appears to be the Conservatives’ bright idea on how to defend themselves against Tuesday’s damning Transporation Safety Board report that concluded Transport Canada’s weak oversight was a cause and contributing factor in […]
August 20, 2014 Share Tweet
Just tell people you haven’t gotten around to reading the report yet.
Because if you haven’t read it, it hasn’t happened yet.
That appears to be the Conservatives’ bright idea on how to defend themselves against Tuesday’s damning Transporation Safety Board report that concluded Transport Canada’s weak oversight was a cause and contributing factor in last year’s Lac-Mégantic train derailment that killed 47 people.
The Transportation Safety Board’s report was a scathing indictment of Montreal, Maine & Atlantic railway’s “weak” safety culture and repeated instances of “cutting corners.” But the report also devotes plenty of ink to Transport Canada for being aware of problems at MMA, and yet failing to “provide adequate regulatory oversight” of a company without a functioning safety management system.
Rather, the Conservatives would rather focus on the train’s one (and only) conductor for failing to secure the hand brakes.
“As we have said all along and as the criminal charges demonstrate, clearly the rules were not followed,” Transport Minister Lisa Raitt told reporters yesterday. “The facts show that insufficient hand brakes were applied to the train and the hand brakes were not tested appropriately.”
TSB chair Wendy Tadros warned people to resist this kind of assessment just an hour earlier during Tuesday’s press conference: “In Lac-Megantic, [the accident’s] context was about more than hand brakes or what the engineer did or didn’t do that night.”
But when pressed by reporters about this part of the story, the minister (and later, her parliamentary secretary Jeff Watson) had a handy answer at the ready.
“How can you explain to Canadians that this railway was allowed to operate? Why didn’t someone shut it down?,” CBC’s Julie Van Dusen asked Raitt. “I haven’t had a chance to go through the study, Julie,” explained Raitt.
Granted, it was only an hour after its release, but even initial new stories digested enough information to explain this wasn’t just about brakes.
Parliamentary Transport Secretary says he hasn’t gotten around to reading the whole report, assures Evan Solomon he’s at least “downloaded” the report
And then there’s Watson.
The Conservative MP from Essex, Ontario appeared on CBC’s Power & Politics hours later to offer the government’s response to the TSB’s Lac-Mégantic report. (The show airs at 5 pm ET; the report was released at 10:30 am ET.)
Like Raitt before him, Watson emphasized that “this accident is a response of the fact that rules were not followed, in this case most specifically that hand brakes were not properly applied nor tested. The results of that were, of course, very devastating.”
When Solomon pressed Watson about Transport Canada’s role in the disaster (on three separate occasions), Watson also dodged the issue, explaining that he hadn’t actually read the full report yet.
“The point is that you weren’t guarding public safety. Your department wasn’t doing it. Do you accept responsibility for ignoring warnings that led to so many deaths?” asked Solomon.
“Well, in fairness Evan, you have the report, I haven’t had a chance to read the report,” Watson replied.
“Why haven’t you had a chance to read the report?,” asked Solomon, clearly bewildered. “I’ve had a chance to read the report. It’s been out all day.”
Watson assured Solomon that he had “downloaded” the report but hadn’t gotten through the whole thing yet. Watson also had something to say about “gotcha journalism.”
It’s all here. Watch:
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How do I register my car?
If you are a student or employee, you can log into your WIN account and click on “personal” or you can register from the Transportation and Parking Services website. Temporary vehicles, replacement vehicles or other special circumstances will require you to come to the Transportation and Parking Services office to register. Visitors must come to the Transportation and Parking Services office. Students and employees must present a valid and legible WFUID to pick up permits.
If I get a different car, what do I need to do?
You must remove the gate pass and rear parking permit from the vehicle that you will no longer drive to campus and return the permits to the Transportation and Parking Services office to get a replacement set for $25. You cannot complete this process online.
What if I need to drive another car temporarily?
Students who do not have a registered vehicle for the academic year can purchase a temporary permit for up to two weeks at a cost of $20. If you have a temporary vehicle, you must register the vehicle with the Transportation and Parking Services office. If you have a registered vehicle and will be using a different vehicle for a short period of time (up to 2 weeks), there is no charge for a temporary permit. You can receive 2 temporary permits per semester.
Why would I get a citation?
The most frequent citations issued include:
Having an off-campus permit and being parked on campus during restricted hours. (8 a.m.-4 p.m., Monday-Friday)
Not registering your vehicle. (Citation costs will escalate)
Parking in a fire lane for any reason.
Parking in reserved spaces or parking lots that are for permits other than yours.
Parking in handicapped spaces without a placard or using a placard that is not issued to you. Handicapped spaces are state mandated and enforceable by University Police as well.
You can be cited for more than one violation at a time. Parking Rules and Regulations are enforced 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, whether class is in session or not.
My permit is for Winston Salem First Church lot, but the lot is always full. What should I do?
There are two lots on each side of Long Drive. On the church side (east of Long Drive), you have Lot B. When you turn into that lot, keep to the right of the driveway. Parking is prohibited on the left side of the driveway. Lot A is on the west side of Long Drive. Signs identify where student parking stops in that Lot. Be cautious, as signs mark a “sophomore only” section in that lot.
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All appeals must be filed online from the Transportation and Parking Services website. The appeal must be submitted within 14 days of the date the citation was issued. A person must have the citation number and the license plate number readily available before an online appeal can be filed.
There is a second level of appeals available, if the first level is denied. Second level appeals are not available online and must be filed in the Parking and Transportation office within 7 days of the first level denial.
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Student citation fines are automatically charged to their student financial account.
WFU faculty, staff, visitors, concessionaires, vendors or others, may pay citation charges in one of three ways:
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Check or Money Order in the Transportation and Parking Services in Alumni Hall or by mail to: Wake Forest University, Parking and Transportation, PO Box 7244, Winston Salem, NC 27106. Check should be made payable to Wake Forest University.
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Where can I find shuttle schedules?
Visit Ride the Wake to find shuttle routes and schedules.
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Visitors can park in any general parking lot on campus. Visitors should avoid reserved spaces, faculty/staff lots, fire lanes or other restricted area on campus. Frequent visitors should contact Transportation and Parking Services to register for a parking permit.
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After 5 p.m. and weekends: 336.758.4255
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US6745044B1 - Method and apparatus for determining available transmit power in a wireless communication system - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for determining available transmit power in a wireless communication system Download PDF
Jack Holtzman
Gang Bao
Qualcomm Inc
2000-09-29 Application filed by Qualcomm Inc filed Critical Qualcomm Inc
2001-01-05 Assigned to QUALCOMM INCORPORATED reassignment QUALCOMM INCORPORATED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BAO, GANG, HOLTZMAN, JACK
H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
H04W52/04—TPC
H04W52/30—TPC using constraints in the total amount of available transmission power
H04W52/34—TPC management, i.e. sharing limited amount of power among users or channels or data types, e.g. cell loading
H04W52/343—TPC management, i.e. sharing limited amount of power among users or channels or data types, e.g. cell loading taking into account loading or congestion level
H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
H04W52/22—TPC being performed according to specific parameters taking into account previous information or commands
H04W52/223—TPC being performed according to specific parameters taking into account previous information or commands predicting future states of the transmission
H04W52/346—TPC management, i.e. sharing limited amount of power among users or channels or data types, e.g. cell loading distributing total power among users or channels
Techniques to (more accurately) estimate the transmit power available for data service in a future time period (e.g., the next frame). In accordance with one aspect, variation in the available transmit power over time is estimated. A first margin is then computed and used to account for the estimated variation in the available transmit power. The available transmit power at a future time instance (e.g., the beginning of the next frame) is predicted and reduced by the first margin to derive a more accurate estimate of the available transmit power for the next frame. In accordance with another aspect, variation in the required transmit power for a particular data user is estimated and used in scheduling data transmission to this data user. A second margin can be computed and used to account for the estimated variation in the required transmit power for the data user. Whereas the first margin accounts for variation in the (overall) available transmit power, the second margin is specific to the particular link conditions experienced by the data user.
I. Field
The present invention relates to data communication. More particularly, the present invention relates to novel and improved techniques for determining the available transmit power for data transmissions in a wireless communication system.
II. Background
A modern day communication system is required to support a variety of applications. One such communication system is a code division multiple access (CDMA) system that supports voice and data communication between users over a terrestrial link. The use of CDMA techniques in a multiple access communication system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307, entitled “SPREAD SPECTRUM MULTIPLE ACCESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING SATELLITE OR TERRESTRIAL REPEATERS,” and U.S. Pat. No. 5,103,459, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GENERATING WAVEFORMS IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM.” A specific CDMA system is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/963,386, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR HIGH RATE PACKET DATA TRANSMISSION,” filed Nov. 3, 1997 (the HDR system), now U.S. Pat. No. 6,574,211, issued on Jun. 3, 2003 to Padovani et al. These patents and patent applications are assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference.
CDMA systems are typically designed to conform to one or more standards. Such standards include the “TIA/EIA/IS-95-B Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System” (the IS-95 standard), the “TIA/EIA/IS-98 Recommended Minimum Standard for Dual-Mode Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular Mobile Station” (the IS-98 standard), the standard offered by a consortium named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP) and embodied in a set of documents including Document Nos. 3G TS 25.211, 3G TS 25.212, 3G TS 25.213, and 3G TS 25.214 (the W-CDMA standard), and the “TR-45.5 Physical Layer Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems” (the cdma2000 standard). New CDMA standards are continually proposed and adopted for use. These CDMA standards are incorporated herein by reference.
Some CDMA systems are capable of supporting different types of service (e.g., voice, data, and so on) over the forward and reverse links. Each type of service is typically characterized by a particular set of requirements.
Voice service typically requires a fixed and common grade of service (GOS) for all users as well as a (relatively) stringent and fixed delay. For example, the overall one-way delay of speech frames may be specified to be less than 100 msec. These requirements may be satisfied by providing a fixed (and guaranteed) data rate for each user (e.g., via a dedicated channel assigned to the user for the duration of a communication session) and ensuring a maximum (tolerable) error rate for speech frames independent of the link resources. To maintain the required error rate at a particular data rate, a higher allocation of resources is required for a user having a degraded link.
In contrast, data service may be able to tolerate different GOS for different users and may further be able to tolerate variable amounts of delays. The GOS of a data service is typically defined as the total delay incurred in the transfer of a data message. The transmission delay can be a parameter used to optimize the efficiency of a data communication system.
To support both types of service, a CDMA system can be designed and operated to first allocate transmit power to (voice) users requiring a particular GOS and shorter delays. Any remaining transmit power can then be allocated to (data) users that can tolerate longer delays.
Numerous challenges are encountered in implementing a CDMA system capable of supporting different types of service. First, the transmit power required by voice users can vary during their communication sessions. Consequently, the amount of transmit power available for data users can vary from one (e.g., 20 msec) transmission interval to the next, and possibly even within the transmission interval. Second, the transmit power required for a particular data user may also vary during a data transmission.
The available transmit power for data service and the required transmit power for a particular data transmission are each typically estimated or predicted at a particular moment in time (e.g., at the time data transmissions are scheduled) for a particular future moment in time (e.g., the start of the next transmission interval). However, the link conditions may change during the next transmission interval, and the estimated available and required transmit power may not be accurate over the entire transmission interval. If the estimated available transmit power is too high and/or the estimated required transmit power is too low, excessive frame errors may occur for a data transmission (thereby degrading performance). Alternatively, if the estimated available transmit power is too low and/or the estimated required transmit power is too high, valuable system resources may be under-utilized.
As can be seen, techniques that can be used to accurately estimate the transmit power available for data service and the transmit power required for a data transmission in a CDMA communication system are highly desirable.
The present invention provides techniques to accurately estimate the transmit power available for data transmissions and the transmit power required for a particular data transmission for a future time period (e.g., the next frame). In accordance with one aspect of the invention, variation in the available transmit power over time is estimated. A first margin is then computed and used to account for the estimated variation in the available transmit power. The available transmit power at a future time instance (e.g., the beginning of the next frame) is predicted and reduced by the first margin to derive a more accurate estimate of the available transmit power.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, variation in the transmit power required for a data transmission to a particular data user is estimated and used in scheduling the data transmission to this data user. A second margin can be computed and used to account for the estimated variation in the required transmit power for this data user. Whereas the first margin accounts for variation in the (overall) available transmit power, the second margin is specific to the link conditions experienced by the data user.
A specific embodiment of the invention provides a method for estimating transmit power available for data transmissions for a future time period (e.g., the next frame). In accordance with the method, a (previously) predicted available transmit power for a prior time instance and a (previously computed) average available transmit power for a prior time period are received. Variation in the available transmit power over time is estimated based on the received predicted and average available transmit power. A margin is then determined to account for the estimated variation in the available transmit power. The available transmit power at a future time instance (e.g., the beginning of the next frame) is then predicted and subtracted by the margin to derive an estimated available transmit power for the future time period.
Other embodiments include methods, schedulers, and other elements that implement various aspects and features of the invention, as described in further detail below.
The features, nature, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings in which like reference characters identify correspondingly throughout and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a communication system that supports a number of users and can be used to implement various embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a plot of the forward link transmit power for a particular voice transmission to a remote terminal;
FIG. 3 is a diagram that illustrates the available transmit power for data service over a number of frames;
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a process to estimate the available transmit power for data service in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a process to schedule and transmit data to data users in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a simple block diagram of some of the elements in the communication system shown in FIG. 1; and
FIG. 7 is a simple block diagram of an embodiment of a scheduler used to schedule data transmissions.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a communication system 100 that supports a number of users and can be used to implement various aspects of the invention. System 100 may be designed to conform to one or more CDMA standards such as the IS-95, W-CDMA, cdma2000, or some other standards, one or more CDMA designs such as the HDR design, or a combination thereof. System 100 provides communication for a number of cells 102 a through 102 g, with each cell 102 being serviced by a corresponding base station 104. Various remote terminals 106 are dispersed throughout the system.
Each remote terminal 106 may communicate with one or more base stations 104 on the downlink and uplink at any given moment (e.g., depending on the particular CDMA system design and whether the remote terminal is in soft handoff). The forward link (downlink) refers to transmission from the base station to the remote terminal, and the reverse link (uplink) refers to transmission from the remote terminal to the base station. In FIG. 1, a broken line with an arrow indicates transmission of one type of service (e.g., voice) from the base station to the remote terminal, and a solid line with an arrow indicates transmission of another type of service (e.g., data). Although not explicitly shown in FIG. 1, a remote terminal may also receive both voice and data transmissions from one base station. The uplink communication is not shown in FIG. 1 for simplicity.
As shown in FIG. 1, base station 104 a transmits to remote terminals 106 a and 106 h on the downlink; base station 104 b transmits to remote terminals 106 b, 106 e, 106 h, and 106 i; base station 104 c transmits to remote terminals 106 a, 106 c, and 106 d, and so on. In the example shown in FIG. 1, remote terminal 106 h receives voice transmissions from base stations 140 a and 104 d (e.g., for soft handoff) and a data transmission from base station 104 b.
In some CDMA systems, a power control mechanism is maintained to adjust the forward link transmit power to each remote terminal such that a desired level of performance (e.g., one percent frame error rate (FER)) is achieved. The forward link power control mechanism can measure the quality (e.g., the signal-to-total-noise ratio) of the signal received from a remote terminal, estimate the forward link condition based on the received signal quality, and adjust the forward link transmit power accordingly. If the received signal quality is poor, indicating that the reverse link is degraded, the forward link can be estimated to be degraded by a corresponding amount, and the forward link transmit power can be increased accordingly.
FIG. 2 is a plot of the forward link transmit power for a particular voice transmission to a remote terminal. The horizontal axis denotes time, which is provided in unit of seconds. The vertical axis denotes the transmit power for the transmission to the remote terminal and is provided in relative linear scale. In this plot, the transmit power to the remote terminal is adjusted to maintain the desired level of performance (e.g., 1% FER). It can be noted that the transmit power for a voice transmission can vary widely over time, depending on the amount of degradation in the transmission link due to, for example, fading and multipath.
CDMA systems can be designed and operated to support different types of service. One type of service can include transmissions that are typically not scheduled because of intolerance to additional processing delays (e.g., voice, certain types of data such as acknowledgment messages for higher layers, and so on). Another type of service can include transmissions that can tolerate additional processing and queuing delays, and can thus be scheduled. This type includes most data communication between the base stations and remote terminals.
For CDMA systems that support voice and data services, preference is typically given to voice service because of the shorter delays and the fixed QOS requirements. At each scheduling time interval, a determination can be made of the amount of transmit power needed for voice service and other transmissions (e.g., overhead). A determination can then be made of the remaining available transmit power that can be used for data service.
For many CDMA systems, data is transmitted in “frames” that cover a particular time interval. For example, for the cdma2000 system, data can be transmitted in frame sizes ranging from 5 msec to 20 msec on each of the fundamental and supplemental channels. Typically, the scheduling of data transmissions for each base station is performed once for each scheduling interval (e.g., every 20 msec frame) at a particular scheduling time instance tsch. Prior to the scheduling time instance, the parameters needed for scheduling data transmissions in the next frame are collected. These parameters may include, for example, the transmit power available for data service, the data requests, and so on. Based on the collected parameter values, data transmissions are scheduled for the next interval.
In the cdma2000 system, a voice transmission is typically sent over a fundamental channel (FCH) and a data transmission is typically sent over a supplemental channel (SCH). To receive a data transmission on the supplemental channel, a remote terminal is also typically assigned a fundamental channel. The transmit power for the fundamental channel is adjusted by a power control mechanism to maintain the desired level of performance. In the cdma2000 system, the remote terminal may communicate with one or more base stations for voice transmission and typically (but not necessarily) communicate with only one base station for data transmission. These base stations are placed in the corresponding voice and data active sets of the remote terminal.
At any particular instance in time t, the transmit power available for data transmissions (e.g., on the supplemental channels) can be computed as: P avail ( t ) = P total ( t ) - ∑ i = 1 N P i F ( t ) - ∑ P voice ( t ) - ∑ P other ( t ) , Eq ( 1 )
Ptotal(t) is the total transmit power at time t for a sector (or base station);
Pi F(t) is the transmit power at time t for the fundamental channel that is also associated with a supplemental channel (e.g., the voice component of a voice+data user);
Pvoice(t) is the transmit power at time t for a voice-only user; and
Pother(t) is the transmit power at time t for other channels (e.g., pilot, paging, control, or some other overhead channel).
Equation (1) can be computed in a straightforward manner if all transmit power terms are well defined (i.e., the transmit power is known and constant across each frame). However, due to changes in the link conditions, the transmit power for the fundamental channel may be adjusted during the frame interval to maintain the desired frame error rate. For example, for the cdma2000 system, the actual transmit power for each fundamental channel may be adjusted up or down (by defined increments) at a rate of up to 800 times per second (i.e., every 1.25 msec). Thus, the actual transmit power for the fundamental channels can vary across the frame interval, and can be higher than the transmit power at the beginning of the frame.
FIG. 3 is a diagram that illustrates the available transmit power Pavail(t) for data service over a number of frames. At a particular scheduling time instance tsch during the current frame k, scheduling is performed for data transmissions in the next frame k+1. The available transmit power {circumflex over (P)}avail(k+1) at the beginning of the next frame k+1 can be predicted with a (relatively) high degree of confidence (based on the forward link transmit power history) because of its close temporal proximity to the current scheduling time instance in frame k. However, because of changes in the link conditions, the available transmit power will likely vary across frame k+1.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the variation in the available transmit power over time (e.g., due to variation in the required transmit power for other types of service and transmissions) is estimated and used to provide a better estimate of the available transmit power for the next frame k+1. Specifically, a margin is computed to account for the estimated amount of variation in the available transmit power (i.e., for the variation estimated to occur in the next frame). The available transmit power {circumflex over (P)}avail(k+1) at some future time instance (e.g., the beginning of the next frame) can be predicted and then reduced by the computed margin Pmar1(k+1) to derive a (typically more accurate) estimate of the available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail(k+1) for data service for the next frame.
The accuracy of the estimated amount of variation in the available transmit power can have a high degree of impact on the performance of the system. If the estimated amount of variation is (much) less than the actual amount (e.g., the transmit power for other types of service and transmissions increases more during the frame than estimated), the power available for data transmissions is reduced correspondingly. When this occurs, the signal quality of the data transmissions can be degraded, which may result in a higher frame error rate. Alternatively, if the estimated amount of variation is (much) more than the actual amount, too much margin is provided and the available transmit power is not fully utilized.
In an embodiment, the margin Pmar1(k+1) to be used for the next frame is computed based on the estimated amount of variation in the available transmit power during current and past frames (i.e., prior to the current scheduling time instance). In one implementation, the margin is computed based on a difference between a (previously) predicted available transmit power for a prior time instance and a (previously computed) average available transmit power for a previous frame. Both of these quantities are available at the current scheduling time instance.
As shown in FIG. 3, the average available transmit power {overscore (P)}avail(k−1) for the previous frame k−1 and the predicted available transmit power {circumflex over (P)}avail(k−1) for the beginning of the previous frame k−1 are both available at the scheduling time instance tsch in the current frame k. The available transmit power can be averaged over a particular time period (e.g., one frame) to obtain an average available transmit power. For example, the available transmit power can be averaged over the preceding frame k−1, as shown in FIG. 3. Alternatively, the available transmit power can be average over a non-aligned frame period (i.e., across the frame boundary) that can end at any time prior to the current scheduling time instance tsch. The averaging can be achieved based on a linear weighting that equally weighs all measurements received over the frame, an exponential weighting that gives higher weights to more recent measurements, or some other weighting scheme.
The difference d1(k−1) between the predicted available transmit power {circumflex over (P)}avail(k−1) at the beginning of frame k−1 and the average available transmit power {overscore (P)}avail(k−1) for frame k−1 can be computed as: d 1 ( k - 1 ) = P _ avail ( k - 1 ) - P ^ avail ( k - 1 ) . Eq ( 1 )
Alternatively, the difference between the predicted available transmit power {circumflex over (P)}avail(k) at the beginning of frame k and the average available transmit power {overscore (P)}avail(k−1) for frame k−1 can be computed. The difference d1(k−1) can then be averaged using, for example, an exponential weighting function. The exponentially averaged difference e1(k) can be computed as: e 1 ( k ) = w 1 · e 1 ( k - 1 ) + ( 1 - w 1 ) ⌊ P _ avail ( k - 1 ) - P ^ avail ( k - 1 ) ⌋ , Eq ( 3 )
where w1 is a weighting coefficient (w1≦1.0) that determines the time constant for the exponential averaging. A smaller coefficient w1 weighs the current difference d1(k−1) more and corresponds to a smaller time constant (w1=0 results in no averaging being performed). Alternatively, a larger coefficient w1 weighs the current difference d1(k−1) less and corresponds to a larger time constant. Other weighting schemes can also be used to average the difference d1(k−1) and are within the scope of the invention.
The mean square difference m1 2(k) can also be computed as: m 1 2 ( k ) = w 1 · m 1 2 ( k - 1 ) + ( 1 - w 1 ) ⌊ P _ avail ( k - 1 ) - P ^ avail ( k - 1 ) ⌋ 2 . Eq ( 4 )
Equation (4) shows an exponential averaging of the squared difference using the same weighting coefficient w1. However, other averaging schemes and/or weighting coefficients can also be used.
The standard deviation of the variation in the available transmit power can be estimated in various manners. In one embodiment, the standard deviation σ1 2(k) of the difference is estimated as:
σ1 2(k)=m 1 2(k)−e 1 2(k). Eq (5)
In another embodiment, the standard deviation σ1 2(k) of the difference is estimated as:
σ1 2(k)=w 1 └d 1 2(k)−e 1 2(k)┘+(1−w 1)·σ1 2(k−1). Eq (6)
Other techniques to estimate or otherwise compute the standard deviation of the variation in the available transmit power can also be used and are within the scope of the invention.
In an embodiment, the margin Pmar1(k+1) for the next frame k+1 can be determined based on (1) the average difference e1(k) and (2) the standard deviation σ1(k) estimated for the difference between the average and predicted available transmit power. In an embodiment, the margin Pmar1(k+1) is computed as:
P mar1(k+1)=e 1(k)+η1(k)·σ1(k), Eq (7)
where η1(k) is a weighting coefficient (e.g., η1(k)˜2.0) that may be time varying.
The available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail(k+1) for data service for the next frame k+1 can be estimated based on the predicted available transmit power {circumflex over (P)}avail(k+1) at a future time instance (e.g., the beginning of the next frame k+1) and the above-computed margin Pmar1(k+1), as follows: P ~ avail ( k + 1 ) = P ^ avail ( k + 1 ) - P mar 1 ( k + 1 ) = P ^ avail ( k + 1 ) - e 1 ( k ) - η 1 ( k ) · σ 1 ( k ) . Eq ( 8 )
In equation (8), the predicted available transmit power {circumflex over (P)}avail(k+1) at the beginning of the next frame k+1 can be obtained based on a number of prediction schemes known in the art. In one simple prediction scheme, the predicted available transmit power {circumflex over (P)}avail(k+1) at the beginning of the next frame k+1 is equal to the available transmit power Pavail(tsch) at the scheduling time instance tsch in the current frame k. However, other prediction schemes can also be used (e.g., {circumflex over (P)}avail(k+1) is a particular function of Pavail(tsch) and previous values). The estimated available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail(k+1) for frame k+1 can be used for data service and can be allocated to one or more data users based on various scheduling schemes.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the variation in the required transmit power for a particular data user is also estimated and used in the scheduling of data transmission to this data user. A second margin can be computed and used to account for the estimated variation in the required transmit power for this data user. Whereas the first margin accounts for variation in the (overall) available transmit power, the second margin is specific to the particular link conditions experienced by the data user.
In an embodiment, the second margin pmar2,i(k+1) for a particular data user i for the next frame k+1 is computed based on the estimated amount of variation in the transmit power to the data user. In the cdma2000 system, each data transmission on a supplemental channel to a particular data user may be associated with a fundamental channel. The transmit power on the fundamental channel is controlled by a forward link power control loop in the manner described above. The transmit power on the supplemental channel may or may not be power controlled along with the fundamental channel. The amount of variation in the transmit power on the fundamental channel for the data user can be estimated (e.g., in a manner similar to that described above for the available transmit power).
At the scheduling time instance tsch in the current frame k, the transmit power {circumflex over (P)}i(k−1) previously predicted (e.g., during frame k-2) to be required for this data user during frame k−1 and the average transmit power {overscore (P)}i(k−1) required for the data user during frame k−1 are both available. These quantities can be computed in a manner similar to that described above for {circumflex over (P)}avail(k−1) and {overscore (P)}avail(k−1). Absolute or relative difference can be used to estimate the amount of variations in the transmit power to the data user. For example, the relative difference d2,i(k−1) between the predicted required transmit power {circumflex over (P)}i(k−1) and the average required transmit power {overscore (P)}i(k−1) can be computed for the data user as: d 2 , i ( k - 1 ) = P _ i ( k - 1 ) - P ^ i ( k - 1 ) P ^ i ( k - 1 ) . Eq ( 9 )
Alternatively, the predicted required transmit power {circumflex over (P)}i(k) can be used in equation (9) instead of {circumflex over (P)}i(k−1). The relative difference d2,i(k−1) can then be averaged using, for example, an exponential weighting function. The exponentially averaged relative difference e2,i(k) can be computed as: e 2 , i ( k ) = w 2 · e 2 , i ( k - 1 ) + ( 1 - w 2 ) [ P _ i ( k - 1 ) - P ^ i ( k - 1 ) P ^ i ( k - 1 ) ] , Eq ( 10 )
where w2 is a weighting coefficient (w2≦1.0) that determines the time constant for the exponential averaging. Other weighting schemes can also be used to average the relative difference d2,i(k−1) and are within the scope of the invention.
The mean square relative difference m2,i 2(k) can also be computed for the data user as: m 2 , i 2 ( k ) = w 2 · m 2 , i 2 ( k - 1 ) + ( 1 - w 2 ) [ P _ i ( k - 1 ) - P ^ i ( k - 1 ) P ^ i ( k - 1 ) ] 2 . Eq ( 11 )
Equation (11) shows an exponential averaging of the square relative difference using the same weighting coefficient w2 as for equation (10). However, other weighting schemes and/or weighting coefficients can also be used.
In one embodiment, the standard deviation σ2,i 2(k) of the relative difference can be estimated for the data user as:
σ2,i 2(k)=m 2,i 2(k)−e 2,i 2(k), Eq (12)
where the mean square relative difference m2,i 2(k) and the average relative difference e2,i(k) are computed as shown in equations (11) and (10), respectively. In another embodiment, the standard deviation σ2,i 2(k) of the relative difference can be computed as:
σ2,i 2(k)=w 2 └d 2,i 2(k−1)−e 2,i 2(k)┘+(1−w 2)·σ2,i 2(k−1). Eq (13)
where the relative difference d2,i(k−1) and the average relative difference e2,i(k) are computed as shown in equations (9) and (10), respectively.
In an embodiment, the margin pmar2,i(k+1) for the data user for the next frame k+1 can be determined based on the average relative difference e2,i(k) and the estimated standard deviation σ2,i(k) of the relative difference. The margin pmar2,i(k+1) for the data user can be computed as:
p mar2,i(k+1)=e 2,i(k)+η2,i(k)·σ2,i(k), Eq (14)
where η2,i(k) is a weighting coefficient (e.g., η2,i(k)˜2.0) that may be time varying.
The margin calculation described above may be based on transmit power values obtained from non-continuous frames. For example, the margin may be based on power values on frames selected for sending data.
The estimated available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail(k+1) for data service for the next frame k+1 computed in equation (8) can be allocated to a particular data user i. In this case, the estimated available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail(k+1) can be reduced by the above-computed margin pmar2,i(k+1) for the data user to derive the estimated available transmit power {tilde over (P)}data,i(k+1) for the data user, as follows: P ~ data , i ( k + 1 ) = P ^ avail ( k + 1 ) - P mar 1 ( k + 1 ) [ 1 + p mar 2 , i ( k + 1 ) ] = P ^ avail ( k + 1 ) - e 1 ( k ) - η 1 ( k ) · σ 1 ( k ) 1 + e 2 , i ( k ) + η 2 , i ( k ) · σ 2 , i ( k ) , Eq ( 15 )
In equation (15), the first margin Pmar1(k+1) has a unit of power (see equation (2)) and is subtracted from the estimated available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail(k+1). The second margin pmar2,i(k+1) is unit-less (see equation (9)) and is used to scale the estimated available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail(k+1).
The date rate Ri(k+1) for the data user for frame k+1 can be computed based on the estimated available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail(k+1) and other parameters, as follows; R i ( k + 1 ) = R i F ( k ) · P ~ avail ( k + 1 ) P ~ i F ( k + 1 ) · α asm · P CC P TC , Eq ( 16 )
{tilde over (P)}i F(k+1) is the estimated required transmit power for the fundamental channel for the data user for the next frame k+1 at the data rate Ri F(k);
Ri F(k) is the data rate on the fundamental channel for the data user in the current frame k;
PCC is the power required to transmit data at the rate Ri F(k) using a particular convolutional code;
PTC is the power required to transmit data at the rate Ri F(k) using a particular turbo code; and
αasm is the active set margin.
As shown in equation (16), the parameters for another transmission (e.g., on the fundamental channel) are used to derive the data rate Ri(k+1) for the data transmission (e.g., on the supplemental channel). The estimated transmit power {tilde over (P)}i F(k+1) and data rate Ri F(k) are used to compute the required transmit power-per-bit for the data user. For the cdma2000 system, data on the supplemental channel is encoded using a Turbo code and data on the fundamental channel is encoded using a convolutional code. The ratio PCC/PTC thus effectively scales the transmit power-per-bit required on the fundamental channel for the supplemental channel. And the active set margin αasm accounts for the difference, if any, between the active sets for the fundamental and supplemental channels. If the fundamental channel active set is greater than one (transmission on the fundamental channel is being received from more than one base station, e.g., during soft handoff) and the supplemental channel active set is equal to one, then αasm is greater than one. A larger than unity αasm results in a reduced data rate on the supplemental channel, which accounts for the reduced reliability on the supplemental channel since it is transmitted from only one base station while the fundamental channel is transmitted from multiple base stations.
In equation (16), the estimated required transmit power {tilde over (P)}i F(k+1) for the fundamental channel for the data user for the next frame k+1 can be determined based on various schemes, one of which is described below. Other schemes to estimate the required transmit power can also be used and are within the scope of the invention.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the estimated required transmit power {tilde over (P)}i F(k+1) is determined based in part on the estimated fading in the channel. The scheduling of data transmission can take advantage of channel changes for slow fading, and the estimated required transmit power {tilde over (P)}i F(k+1) can be based on the predicted required transmit power {circumflex over (P)}i F(k+1). For faster fading, the predicted required transmit power may not be as correlated with the actual required transmit power in the next frame, and the estimated required transmit power {tilde over (P)}i F(k+1) can be based on an average required transmit power {overscore (P)}i F(k).
In this embodiment, the required transmit power {tilde over (P)}i F(k+1) used to schedule data transmission for the data user can be estimated as: P ~ i F ( k + 1 ) = P ^ i F ( k + 1 ) · [ 1 + p mar2 , i ( k + 1 ) ] fading ≤ threshold = P _ i F ( k ) fading > threshold , Eq ( 17 )
where “threshold” corresponds to a particular fading threshold (or a threshold velocity of the remote terminal). For example, the threshold can be selected as 30 km/hr. As shown in equation (17), if the estimated velocity of the remote terminal is less than or equal to the threshold velocity, then the predicted required transmit power {circumflex over (P)}i F(k+1) is used for the estimated required transmit power {tilde over (P)}i F(k+1). Otherwise, if the estimated velocity is greater than the threshold velocity, the average required transmit power {overscore (P)}i F(k) is used for the estimated required transmit power {tilde over (P)}i F(k+1). The predicted required transmit power {circumflex over (P)}i F(k+1) can be based on various prediction schemes known in the art. In an embodiment, the average required transmit power {overscore (P)}i F(k) can be computed based on an exponential averaging as follows: P _ i F ( k ) = w i · P _ i F ( k - 1 ) + ( 1 - w i ) · P i F ( k ) . Eq ( 18 )
The fading on the channel is related to the velocity of the remote terminal. The velocity can be estimated based on a maximum Doppler frequency, which can in turn be estimated using a “covariance method” as follows. Initially, the inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) pilot are each coherently combined over a number of chips (e.g., M chips) to obtain the PIi and PQi pilot samples. The square of the pilot samples is then computed as:
SQ i =PI i 2 +PQ i 2. Eq (19)
The mean square difference V can next be computed as: V = 1 N - 1 ∑ i = 1 N - 1 ( SQ i + 1 - SQ i ) 2 . Eq ( 20 )
The variance Var of the squares can then be computed in a manner known in the art. The maximum Doppler frequency {tilde over (f)}d can be estimated as: f ~ d = 1 2 πτ · V Var , Eq ( 21 )
where τ is the separation and is defined as τ=M/chiprate. The covariance method for estimating the maximum Doppler frequency is described in further detail in a paper by J. M. Holtzman and A. Sampath, entitled “Adaptive Average Methodology for Handoffs in Cellular Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Veh. Tech., February 1995, pages 59-66, which is incorporated herein by reference.
It can be shown that the maximum Doppler frequency is proportional to velocity. Thus, a mapping can be generated (e.g., using a lookup table) between the maximum Doppler frequency estimated from equation (21) and the estimated velocity. The estimated required transmit power {tilde over (P)}i F(k+1) can then be determined based in part on the estimated velocity, as shown in equation (17). Alternatively, a Doppler threshold (corresponding to the threshold velocity) can be used in equation (17). In this case, the estimated maximum Doppler frequency can be computed based on equation (21) can compared against the Doppler threshold. The estimated required transmit power {tilde over (P)}i F(k+1) can then be determined based in part on the estimated velocity.
In the above embodiments, the first and second margins are each computed based on the difference between the predicted and average transmit power. Each margin attempts to account for variation in the respective transmit power during the transmission interval. This variation can be estimated based on the difference and standard deviation, as described above. This variation can also be estimated based on other statistical measurements and computations, and this is within the scope of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a process 400 to estimate the available transmit power for data service in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. These types of service may include voice, data, and other services. For this system, other types of service are given higher priority than data service, and the transmit power is allocated to these other services first. Any remaining available transmit power is then used for transmissions to data users.
Initially, at each scheduling time instance, the values for a set of parameters used to estimate the available transmit power for the next frame k+1 are collected, at step 412. As described above, these parameters may include the average available transmit power {overscore (P)}avail(k−1) for frame k−1 and the predicted available transmit power {circumflex over (P)}avail(k−1) for the beginning of frame k−1. Once the required parameter values have been collected, the difference between the average and predicted available transmit power is computed and the standard deviation of the difference is estimated, at step 414. The difference and standard deviation can be computed or estimated in the manner described above.
A margin Pmar1(k+1) is then computed for the next frame k+1 based on the computed difference and standard deviation, at step 416. The available transmit power {circumflex over (P)}avail(k+1) at the beginning of the next frame is then predicted, at step 418. This can be achieved by predicting the variable and fixed transmit power required for other types of service and transmissions (e.g., voice, overhead, and so on) and subtracting the required transmit power from the total transmit power from the cell, as shown in equation (1). The estimated available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail(k+1) for data service for the next frame k+1 can then be computed based on the predicted available transmit power {circumflex over (P)}avail(k+1) and the computed margin Pmar1(k+1) as shown in equation (8), at step 420. Thereafter, transmissions for data users can be scheduled based on the estimated available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail(k+1) and other factors, as described below.
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a process 500 to schedule and transmit data to data users in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Process 500 can be executed for each transmission interval (e.g., each 20 msec frame).
Prior to scheduling transmission to a new data user, the throughput Ti(0) of the data user is initialized to a particular data rate (e.g., Ti(0)=9.6 Kbps), at step 512. For each data user desiring data transmission and placed in a data user set S, a possible data rate Ri(k+1) for the data user for the next frame k+1 is computed, at step 514. The possible data rate Ri(k+1) for each data user can be computed based on equations (15), (16), and (17) and is dependent on, among other factors, the estimated available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail(k+1), the first margin Pmar1(k+1) for the available transmit power, and the second margin pmar2,i(k+1) for the data user.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, transmissions to data users are scheduled based on (1) the estimated available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail(k+1) for frame k+1 and (2) a priority index Ii(k) computed for each data user. In an embodiment, the priority index Ii(k) of each data user is determined based on its possible data rate Ri(k+1) and its current throughput Ti(k). In an embodiment, the priority index Ii(k) can be computed for each data user as: I , ( k ) = R i ( k + 1 ) T i ( k ) . Eq ( 22 )
The use of the throughput Ti(k) in determining the priority index Ii(k) ensures a level of fairness such that a data user associated with a degraded link does not wait indefinitely for a data transmission. Other priority indices can also be used and are within the scope of the invention.
Once the possible data rate Ri(k+1) and priority index Ii(k) have been computed for all data users in the user set S, data transmissions can be scheduled for the data users. At step 522, the data user j having the highest priority index in the user set S is selected for scheduling. The selection can be achieved based on the following: I j ( k ) = max i ε S { I i ( k ) } . Eq ( 23 )
The previously determined possible data rate Rj(k+1) for the selected data user is then quantized to one of the supported data rates {0, Rmin, . . . Ri, Ri+1, . . . Rmax}, at step 524. The quantized rate Rj *(k+1) for the selected data user can be determined as: R j * ( k + 1 ) = { 0 R j ( k + 1 ) < R min R max R j ( k + 1 ) ≥ R min R l R l ≤ R j ( k + 1 ) < R l + I . Eq ( 24 )
In equation (24), the data rate for the selected data user is set (1) to zero if the possible data rate Rj(k+1) is less than the lowest supported date rate Rmin, (2) to Rmax if the possible data rate Rj(k+1) is greater than or equal to the highest supported date rate Rmax, or (3) to the next lower quantized data rate Ri otherwise, where Ri≦Rj(k+1)<Ri+1.
The transmit power Pj *(k+1) needed to support the selected data user at the quantized data rate Rj *(k+1) in the next frame can be computed, at step 526, as: P j * ( k + 1 ) = R j * ( k + 1 ) · P ~ j F ( k + 1 ) · α asm R j F ( k ) · P TC P CC . Eq ( 25 )
The estimated available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail(k+1) is then updated to reflect the scheduled data transmission for user j at the quantized data rate Rj *(k+1), at step 528. This can be achieved by subtracting the estimated transmit power Pj *(k+1) for data user j from the estimated available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail(k+1). The user set S is also updated, at step 530, by removing the selected and scheduled data user. The possible data rate Ri(k+1) for each user remaining in the user set S is next updated based on the remaining estimated available transmit power, at step 532.
A determination is then made whether the user set S is empty or the remaining estimated available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail is insufficient for any additional data transmission, at step 534. The remaining estimated available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail is insufficient if the possible data rate for each of the remaining data users in the user set S is less than the lowest supported data rate Rmin. If the user set is not empty and the remaining estimated available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail is sufficient, the process returns to step 522 and the highest priority data user in the user set S is selected for scheduling. Otherwise, the process proceeds to step 542.
At step 542, the scheduled transmit power for each scheduled data user can be determined as follows: P i ( k + 1 ) = P i * ( k + 1 ) ∑ j P j * ( k + 1 ) · P ~ avail ( k + 1 ) , Eq ( 26 )
where {tilde over (P)}avail(k+1) in equation (26) is the estimated available transmit power for the next frame k+1 (and not the remaining estimated available transmit power computed in step 528). Step 542 apportions the estimated available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail(k+1) to each scheduled data user to account for quantization of the data rates performed in step 524 (and to also apportion any residual available transmit power not scheduled). The throughput Ti(k+1) of each scheduled data user is then updated, at step 544, to reflect the scheduled data transmission. In an embodiment, the throughput Ti(k+1) can be updated as follows:
T i(k+1)=(1−w T)Ti(k)+w T ·R i *(k+1). Eq (27)
Equation (27) performs an exponential averaging of the throughput Ti(k) and wT is the time constant (e.g., in number of frames) for the exponential averaging. Data is then transmitted to each scheduled data user at the quantized data rate Ri *(k+1) and with the scheduled transmit power Pi(k+1), at step 546.
The scheduling of data transmissions on the forward link is described in further detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/528,235, filed Mar. 17, 2000 and in Ser. No. 08/798,951, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FORWARD LINK SCHEDULING,” filed Feb. 11, 1997, both assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference.
For clarity, various embodiments of the invention have been described for a implementation in the cdma2000 system. However, the invention is also applicable to other CDMA systems that may be designed to conform to one or more other standards and/or designs. For example, the invention can be used for a CDMA system that conforms to the W-CDMA standard.
The scheduling of data transmissions on the forward link is described in further detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/528,235, filed Mar. 17, 2000 and in Ser. No. 08/798,951, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FORWARD LINK SCHEDULING,” filed Sep. 17, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,335,922 issued Jan. 1, 2002, both assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference.
In the specific design shown in FIG. 6, BSC 110 includes a call control processor 612, a number of selector elements 614 (only one selector element is shown in FIG. 6 for simplicity), and a scheduler 616. Call control processor 612 controls the processing of a call for each remote terminal (e.g., directs the base station to transmit a channel assignment message to the remote terminal on the forward link). One selector element 614 is assigned to control the communication between each remote terminal and one or more base stations. Scheduler 616 couples to all selector elements 614 within BSC 110 and schedules transmissions to data users.
In the design shown in FIG. 6, base station 104 includes a number of channel elements 642 a through 642 n. One channel element 642 is assigned to process the communication with each remote terminal and couples to the associated selector element 614 also assigned to the remote terminal. Each selector element 614 receives from scheduler 616 the scheduling information for the assigned the remote terminal (e.g., the data rate, transmit power, and transmit time) and forwards the information to the associated channel element 642. Channel element 642 receives, encodes, and modulates data for the assigned remote terminal based on the received scheduling information. The modulated signal is upconverted and conditioned by a transmitter (TMTR) 644, routed through a duplexer 646, and transmitted via an antenna 648 over the forward link.
At the recipient remote terminal 106, the forward link signal is received by an antenna 670 and routed to a front end 672. Front end 672 filters, amplifies, downconverts, and digitizes the received signal. The digitized samples are then demodulated by a demodulator (DEMOD) 674, decoded by a decoder 676, and provided to a data sink 678. The demodulation and decoding are performed in a complementary manner to the modulation and encoding performed at the base station.
Data transmission on the reverse link occurs in a similar manner. Data is provided from a data source 680 within remote terminal 106, encoded by an encoder 682, and modulated by a modulator (MOD) 684 to provide a modulated signal. The modulated signal is then upconverted and conditioned by front end 672 and transmitted via antenna 670.
At base station 104, the reverse link signal is received by antenna 648, routed through duplexer 646, and provided to a receiver (RCVR) 650. Receiver 650 filters, amplifies, downconverts, and digitizes the reverse link signal and provides digitized samples to the channel element 642 assigned to the remote terminal. The assigned channel element 642 demodulates and decodes the samples in a manner complementary to the modulation and encoding performed at the remote terminal. The decoded data may be provided to the selector element 614 assigned to the remote terminal, which may further forward the data to another base station 104, PSTN 112, or PDSN 114. The design, as described above, supports transmission for both data and voice services over the system. Other designs to achieve the above-described functions can be contemplated and are within the scope of the invention.
The processing (e.g., encoding and modulation) for the forward and reverse links are defined by the particular CDMA standard or system being implemented (e.g., IS-95A, W-CDMA, cdma2000, or HDR) and are not described in detail herein.
As noted above, a forward link power control loop can be maintained to adjust the transmit power of the forward link transmission (e.g., based on the quality of the received reverse link signal). The reverse link signal quality can be estimated by receiver 650 in a manner known in the art. The estimated required transmit power {tilde over (P)}i F(k) and data rate Ri F(k) for a (voice) transmission to each remote terminal and the transmit power for other types of service and transmissions can be provided to scheduler 616. Scheduler 616 can use the received information to estimate the available transmit power {tilde over (P)}avail(k+1) and to schedule transmissions to data users.
The scheduling process described above can be achieved by various designs. The location of the scheduler is dependent on whether a centralized or distributed scheduling is desired. For example, a scheduler can be located within each base station. This distributed processing allows each base station to perform its own scheduling, which may reduce the processing delay. Conversely, the scheduler can be designed to control transmissions for all base stations in the system (as shown in FIG. 6). This centralized processing may result in a more efficient use of the system resources.
As shown in FIG. 1, the remote terminals are dispersed throughout the system and can be in communication with one or more base stations simultaneously. In a centralized scheduling scheme, the scheduler coordinates transmissions of the scheduled and unscheduled tasks over the entire system such that degradation in the scheduled and unscheduled transmissions is minimized while efficiently utilizing the available system resources. The scheduler is tasked with the function of assigning the data rate to each scheduled user within the system such that a set of goals is optimized. These goals may include (1) improved utilization of the forward link capacity by transmitting as much scheduled and unscheduled tasks as can be supported within system capacity constraints, (2) improved quality in the communication and minimized transmission delay, and (3) fair allocation of the forward link capacity to all scheduled users based on a set of priorities. The goals are optimized by balancing a list of factors. The forward link scheduling is described in further detail in the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/528,235 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,335,922.
FIG. 7 is a simple block diagram of an embodiment of scheduler 616. In this embodiment, scheduler 616 includes a controller 712 that couples to a memory element 714 and a timing element 716. Controller 712 further couples to selector elements 614 within BSC 110, receives pertinent information from the base stations in the system (e.g., the transmit power and data rate for each remote terminal), receives information regarding the demand and capacity for the forward link, and schedules transmissions to data users. The received information may be stored to memory element 714 and retrieved by controller 712 as needed. Timing element 716 provides controller 712 with the timing signals used to perform the forward link scheduling. The timing signals also allow controller 712 to send the scheduling information (e.g., the scheduled data rates and transmit power) to selector elements 614 at the appropriate time.
The elements of the scheduler (and other elements of the base station and remote terminal) can be implemented in various manners. For example, controller 712 can be implemented with one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), controllers, micro- controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof. Memory element 714 can be implemented using RAM, DRAM, Flash RAM, other types of memories, or a combination thereof. Timing element 716 can be implemented with a counter run by a system clock, an on board oscillator locked to an external signal, a storage element for receiving system timing from an external source, or some other design.
Various aspects and embodiments of the invention can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, the computations to derive the averaged, predicted, and estimated available transmit power, the first and second margins, the data rates, and other computations described above can be performed by software executed on a processor. The processes described in FIGS. 4 and 5 can also be implemented by a software routine. For a software implementation, the code can be stored in a memory unit (e.g., memory element 714) and executed by a processor (e.g., controller 712).
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of the inventive faculty. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
1. In a wireless communication system, a method for estimating transmit power available for data transmissions in a future time period, the method comprising:
estimating an amount of variation in the available transmit power over time;
determining a margin to account for the estimated amount of variation in the available transmit power;
predicting transmit power available at a future time instance for data transmissions; and
estimating transmit power available for data transmissions for the future time period based on the predicted available transmit power and the margin.
receiving a set of values indicative of the available transmit power for a prior time period, and
wherein the estimated amount of variation in the available transmit power is based on the received set of values.
receiving a predicted available transmit power for a prior time instance and an average available transmit power for a prior time period, and
wherein the estimated amount of variation in the available transmit power is based on the received predicted and average available transmit power.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the received average available transmit power is averaged over a prior transmission interval.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the estimating the amount of variation includes
determining a difference between the received predicted and average available transmit power, and
determining a first value related to a standard deviation of the difference.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the determining the first value includes
averaging the difference in accordance with a first weighting scheme,
averaging a square of the difference in accordance with a second weighting scheme to provide a mean square difference, and
computing the first value based on the averaged difference and the mean square difference.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the averaging the difference and the averaging the square difference are performed over a time window related to a transmission interval.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein the first or second weighting scheme, or both, is an exponential averaging scheme.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein the first or second weighting scheme, or both, is a linear averaging scheme.
10. The method of claim 5, wherein the determining the first value includes
computing a second value based on the difference and the averaged difference, and
averaging the second value in accordance with a second weighting scheme to provide the first value.
11. The method of claim 5, wherein the margin is determined based on the difference and the first value.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the margin is equal to the difference plus a scaled square root of the first value.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the margin is determined based on statistics obtained for the available transmit power for a prior time period.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the estimated available transmit power for the future time period is obtained by subtracting the margin from the predicted available transmit power at the future time instance.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the predicted available transmit power at the future time instance is a function of the available transmit power at a current time instance or one or more prior time instances, or a combination the current and prior time instances.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the communication system is operative to support a plurality of types of service, and wherein the estimated available transmit power is used for data service.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the communication system is a CDMA system.
18. In a wireless communication system, a method for estimating transmit power required for a data transmission over a future time period, the method comprising:
estimating an amount of variation in the required transmit power over time;
determining a margin to account for the estimated amount of variation in the required transmit power; and
estimating transmit power required for the data transmission over the future time period based in part on the margin.
predicting transmit power required at a future time instance for the data transmission, and
wherein the estimated required transmit power is further based on the predicted required transmit power.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein the estimated required transmit power is further based on an average required transmit power computed for a prior time period.
estimating a rate of fading for a channel used for the data transmission, and
wherein the estimated required transmit power is further based on the estimated rate of fading.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the estimated required transmit power is further based on a transmit power predicted to be required at a future time instance for the data transmission, if the estimated rate of fading is less than a particular threshold value.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein the estimated required transmit power is further based on an average required transmit power computed for a prior time period, if the estimated rate of fading is greater than a particular threshold value.
receiving a predicted required transmit power for a prior time instance and an average required transmit power for a prior time period, and
wherein the estimating the amount of variation includes
determining a difference between the received predicted and average required transmit power, and
determining a value related to a standard deviation of the difference, and
wherein the margin is determined based on the difference and the value related to the standard deviation.
25. In a wireless communication system, a method for estimating transmit power available for data transmissions for a future time period, the method comprising:
receiving a predicted available transmit power for a prior time instance and an average available transmit power for a prior time period;
determining a difference between the received predicted and average available transmit power;
determining a first value related to a standard deviation of the difference;
determining a margin to account for an estimated amount of variation in the available transmit power, wherein the margin is determined based on the difference and the first value;
estimating transmit power available for data transmissions for the future time period based on the predicted available transmit power at the future time instance and the margin.
26. A method for scheduling data transmissions in a wireless communication system, the method comprising:
estimating an amount of variation in transmit power available for data transmissions;
determining a first margin to account for the estimated amount of variation in the available transmit power;
estimating transmit power available for data transmissions for a future time period based in part on the first margin;
estimating an amount of variation in transmit power required for a particular data transmission;
determining a second margin to account for the estimated amount of variation in the required transmit power; and
estimating transmit power available for the particular data transmission based in part on the estimated available transmit power for data transmissions and the second margin.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the second margin accounts for changes in link conditions associated with the particular data transmission.
28. A method for scheduling data transmissions for a plurality of data users in a wireless communication system, the method comprising:
determining a first margin to account for an estimated amount of variation in transmit power available for data transmissions;
determining a possible data rate for each data user based in part on the estimated available transmit power and a second margin determined for the data user;
determining a priority index for each data user; and
scheduling data transmissions for the plurality of data users based on the estimated available transmit power and the determined possible data rates and priority indices for the plurality of data users.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein the second margin for each data user accounts for variation in a required transmit power due to changes in link conditions.
30. The method of claim 28, wherein the second margin for each data user is determined based on estimated variation in a required transmit power for the data user.
31. The method of claim 28, wherein the scheduling data transmissions includes
selecting a data user having a highest priority index,
scheduling a data rate for the selected data user based on the possible data rate determined for the data user;
estimating transmit power required for the scheduled data rate, and
updating the estimated available transmit power to reflect the estimated required transmit power for the selected data user.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein the scheduling data transmissions further includes
repeating the selecting a data user, scheduling the data rate, estimating required transmit power, and updating the estimated available transmit power until the plurality of data users have been scheduled or the estimated available transmit power is insufficient for additional data transmissions.
33. The method of claim 28, wherein the priority index of each data user is based on the possible data rate and a throughput for the data user.
34. The method of claim 28, wherein the possible data rate for each data user is further based on a power-per-bit estimated to be required for a data transmission to the data user.
35. The method of claim 34, wherein the required power-per-bit for the data transmission to the data user is estimated based on a second transmission to the data user.
36. A scheduler in a wireless communication system, comprising:
a memory unit coupled to the controller and operative to store data used for scheduling data transmission; and
a controller coupled to the memory unit and operative to
determine a first margin to account for an estimated amount of variation in transmit power available for data transmissions,
estimate transmit power available for data transmissions for a future time period based in part on the first margin,
determine a possible data rate for each data user based in part on the estimated available transmit power and a second margin determined for the data user,
determine a priority index for each data user, and
schedule data transmissions for the plurality of data users based on the estimated available transmit power and the determined possible data rates and priority indices for the plurality of data users.
37. An apparatus for estimating transmit power available for data transmissions in a future time period, the apparatus comprising:
means estimating an amount of variation in the available transmit power over time;
means for determining a margin to account for the estimated amount of variation in the available transmit power;
means for predicting transmit power available at a future time instance for data transmissions; and
38. An apparatus for estimating transmit power required for a data transmission over a future time period, the apparatus comprising:
means for estimating an amount of variation in the required transmit power over time;
means for determining a margin to account for the estimated amount of variation in the required transmit power; and
means for estimating transmit power required for the data transmission over the future time period based in part on the margin.
39. An apparatus for estimating transmit power available for data transmissions for a future time period, the apparatus comprising:
means for receiving a predicted available transmit power for a prior time instance and an average available transmit power for a prior time period;
means for determining a difference between the received predicted and average available transmit power;
means for determining a first value related to a standard deviation of the difference;
means for determining a margin to account for an estimated amount of variation in the available transmit power, wherein the margin is determined based on the difference and the first value;
means for estimating transmit power available for data transmissions for the future time period based on the predicted available transmit power at the future time instance and the margin.
40. An apparatus for scheduling data transmissions in a wireless communication system, the apparatus comprising:
means for estimating an amount of variation in transmit power available for data transmissions;
means for determining a first margin to account for the estimated amount of variation in the available transmit power;
means for estimating transmit power available for data transmissions for a future time period based in part on the first margin;
means for estimating an amount of variation in transmit power required for a particular data transmission;
means for determining a second margin to account for the estimated amount of variation in the required transmit power; and
means for estimating transmit power available for the particular data transmission based in part on the estimated available transmit power for data transmissions and the second margin.
41. An apparatus for scheduling data transmissions for a plurality of data users in a wireless communication system, the apparatus comprising:
means for determining a first margin to account for an estimated amount of variation in transmit power available for data transmissions;
means for determining a possible data rate for each data user based in part on the estimated available transmit power and a second margin determined for the data user;
means for determining a priority index for each data user; and
means for scheduling data transmissions for the plurality of data users based on the estimated available transmit power and the determined possible data rates and priority indices for the plurality of data users.
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US09/675,706 US6745044B1 (en) 2000-09-29 2000-09-29 Method and apparatus for determining available transmit power in a wireless communication system
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U.S. application No. 08/963,386, entitled "Method and Apparatus for High Rate Packet Data Transmission," filed Nov. 3, 1997, now pending. Paul E. Bender, et al., QUALCOMM Inc., San Diego, CA (USA).
U.S. application No. 09/528,235, entitled "Forward-Link Scheduling in a Wireless Communication System," filed Mar. 17, 2000, now pending. Chen Tao, et al., QUALCOMM Inc., San Diego, CA (USA).
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EP1670266A1 (en) 2006-06-14 Communication mode control method, mobile communication system, base station control apparatus, base station, and mobile communication terminal
Owner name: QUALCOMM INCORPORATED, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HOLTZMAN, JACK;BAO, GANG;REEL/FRAME:011448/0456
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Movies Music & More
Review: The Haunting of Hill House
The haunting of Hill house: In the summer of 1992, Hugh and Olivia Crain temporarily move into an old mansion, Hill House, along with their five children: Steven, Shirley, Theodora (Theo), Luke and Eleanor (Nell). They experience paranormal occurrences and tragic loss, forcing them to move out of the house. In October 2018, 26 years after the hauntings, the Crain siblings and their estranged father, Hugh, reunite after tragedy strikes again, forcing them to confront their inner demons from their shared childhood while mourning their losses. (Wikipedia)
Being a horror-junkie, this Netflix series felt like Christmas came early this year. Honestly, I have never been as impressed by a horror series as I was with Mike Flanagans adaption of Shirley Jackson’s book “The haunting of Hill house”. Like many horror fans, I was over the moon when this aired.
The well written story slowly unfolds as we get to know the grown up Crain kids. Each family member shows us a different angle of the story, as they all had their own unique experiences in their childhood. When it comes to cinematography, Flanagan has it spot on. The shots are hands down amazing and they capture the sinister mood of the story perfectly. I loved how the scenes in Hill house were shot in a wider angle, making it look like the house devoured the characters inside. The house itself could be the equally evil twin of Stephen King’s Rose Red or the Overlook Hotel.
What everyone wants to know… Is it scary? Although the series felt mostly like a drama to me, the horror elements were pretty impressive and well timed. There are not too many jump scares, and who needs them anyway? The overall feel of the series is atmorpheric, rather than scary. Classic scenes like a slowly turning doorknobs and eerie shadows on the walls are classics I’ll never get tired of. Some shots are delightfully sinister, but the thing that will get under your skin the most is the emotional struggle of each family member trying to deal with their childhood traumas in their own way. And talking about childhood: I salute the kid actors who managed to deliver the story so incredibly well!
Strong performances, incredibly well written and delightfully sinister, you need to binge this with the lights off!
You seldomly come across a horror production that has it all: Killer script, fantastic writing, impressive cast and amazing cinematography. To quote Brian Tallerico on RogerEbert.com: “The best horror film of the year also happens to be one of the best TV shows of 2018. Don’t miss it.”
Favourites in February
Time spent with cats is never wasted
Too scary for me
I heard that from a lot of people. I guess I have watched way to many horror movies…
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Cheryl Cole Is Just A Clown In Simon Cowell's Three Ring Circus
It's a shame for Wor' Chezza that her American adventure is over before it began, but really it's just another episode that highlights the machiavellian mastery of Mr Simon Cowell...
Dan Morfitt
Oh. My. God. Have you heard the news about Cheryl Cole? She’s been sacked from The X Factor USA! They say it’s because she’s got no chemistry with Paula Abdul and that the contestants couldn’t respect her opinion because they don’t know who she is and her accent is a problem too and she has doesn’t have the appeal of Simon Cowell and so ex-Pussycat Doll, Nicole, has taken her job.
And breathe.
If the story is true, it’s actually quite sad. A burgeoning and possibly lucrative showbiz career stateside stopped before it even got started. Even if it is true, I hate to tell the world this… it’s not news. It’s PR guff. News is the arrest of a war criminal in Serbia. FIFA corruption is news. A female singer found guilty of assault occasioning actual bodily harm on a nightclub toilet attendant is news. This is all a brilliant strategy by one man to keep his product in the public eye so much that it reached the top of yesterdays twisted news agenda. That man is Simon Cowell.
Fuelled by rivalry with former business partner, and ‘genius’ behind the Spice Girls, S Club and Beckham’s move to LA, Simon Fuller, and influenced in equal part by Goebbels and Oscar Wilde’s maxim of “It’s better to be talked about than not talked about at all,”, Cowell is a superb and inspirational media manipulator. He has built an empire by correctly estimating the intelligence of his audience. It’s mesmerizing to witness and see the witless sucked in to it.
I like to think that after a hard day of negotiations, auditions and filming, he goes back to his hotel room, pours himself a brandy and sticks the ‘White Album’ on the sound system.
He has polished turds in the past, making popstars out of Power Rangers and wrestlers. Now he churns out empty, homogenous music through people willing to give anything and everything for fame. Or infamy. He showcases the borderline mentally ill on a primetime television show in a format that’s taken over the world and now has the country obsessed with the peculiar British desire for him to ‘break America’. Again. While the circus rolls around him, he makes sure he’s always the main draw.
The story of Cheryl Cole’s sacking off The X Factor USA is not news. Neither was it news when the press were speculating for months whether or not she would transfer her unique judging skills across the Atlantic. It’s PR guff for a Saturday night TV show with spectacular advertising revenue that everyone wants to be a part of. And we’re all talking about it. Clever Cowell.
Some would say what he does is cynical but I can’t help but admire his chutzpah. I like to think that after a hard day of negotiations, auditions and filming, he goes back to his hotel room, pours himself a brandy and sticks the ‘White Album’ on the sound system. I can’t help but find Simon Cowell an inspirational figure. He could sell sand to the Arabs and Cole’s back to Newcastle.
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The X Factor 2011, Week 3: Simon Cowell’s Lost Memo
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The Story Of When Simon Cowell Fingerbowled Barry Manilow
By David Pittman
Cheryl Cole's Joined Twitter: 5 Spats We're Looking Forward To
By Rebecca Lomax
Simon Cowell, Mock The Week And The Death Of Culture
By Paul Madill
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Left to Right: Tim Sullivan, Kay Watson, Brian Foster, Curt Meier, Garth Shanklin, Laura Ladd, Eric Nelson, Tom Chapman, Vicci Colgan, Keith Hay, and Mike Ceballos.
WRS is administered by an 11-member board, which includes the state treasurer, two public employees, two employees representing the public school system or higher education, one retired member of WRS and five qualified Wyoming electors not employed by any participating employer of WRS. All board members, with the exception of the state treasurer, are appointed by the governor for terms of six years. Board members are legally required to act in the best interest of the members of WRS.
The Board holds quarterly public meetings, and establishes rules and regulations for administering the pension and 457 plans. The Board employs a director, who serves as its secretary and is responsible for managing the staff and daily operation of WRS.
With guidance from the executive director and the chief investment officer, the board provides oversight on the investment of all retirement funds and monitors the performance of the investment managers hired. The board contracts with an actuarial firm to value the funding levels of each plan and study trends.
The executive director administers the program within the framework of the Board's rules and regulations and the Wyoming Retirement Act. The board renders final administrative decisions on benefit issues that have been appealed by members.
Wyoming Retirement System is financed from three sources:
Contributions from members
Contributions from employers, and
Income earned on invested funds
Administrative expenses for the Pensions are paid from WRS funds, while administrative expenses for Deferred Compensation comes from members.
Representing the Community at Large
Laura Ladd (Board Chair)
Tom Chapman
Keith N. Hay
Eric Nelson (Board Vice Chair)
Mike Ceballos
Representing Public Employees
Brian Foster (State Employee)
Tim Sullivan (Cities/Counties)
Representing Higher Education
Garth Shanklin
Representing Public Schools
Kay Watson
Representing Retirees
Vicci Colgan
Wyoming State Treasurer
Curt Meier
Statutes, Rules, and Policies
WRS Board Policy Manual
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Beans on Toast: A Spanner in the Works
January 21, 2017 By jerobear
Beans On Toast is the stage name of folk singer Jay McAllister from Essex. He’s a mate of Frank Turner, and thus gets to play Wembley supporting Frank and then considerably smaller venues on his own account. (He just played Manchester Gorilla).
A Spanner in the Works opens with an angry rant about 2016. If you don’t agree with McAllister’s politics you may well stop listening here as he sings about “referendums, algorithms, the rise of fascism, return of hooliganism”. Lyrics include “goodbye to Prince, hello to laws that still prevent gay people getting married” and “dinosaurs are not evolving”, as well as a complaint that Farage, Boris and Gove are “self-righteous, self-serving twats telling us we want our country back.”
He also (rightly) has a go at people who “washed your Facebook and think everyone believes the same as you”. He’s so left wing, he has a go at Billy Bragg for copping out of protest songs.
Similarly, Money For War makes the point that there’s always money for war but not for GPs, nurses, the NHS, teachers, people on benefits, the disabled and young mothers.
It’s not all politics: I Can Be That Tree is a touching love song (especially for those of us who planted trees when we got married); The Drum Kit is a ska tune talking about small music venues closing down because neighbours complain about the noise, making the point that all those bands the middle classes are so fond of started off learning their craft in small clubs.
Other songs are more predictable. It’s Only Natural is about legalising weed and Down The Pub is a playful ditty about putting the world to rights over a pint. Fear Mongering Clap Trap is about global warming and migration, and rhymes “Don’t say nobody warned ya” with “The world is getting warmer”.
Musically, it’s still McAllister’s sing-song Essex vocals over music, though he’s added some electronic instrumentation and mixes jazz, folk, electronica and pop.
Folk, Indie, Punk2016, A Spanner in the Works, Afternoons in the Sunshine, albums, Alsager Chronicle, Beans On Toast, Beautiful Alice, Biddulph Chronicle, buy this, Congleton Chronicle Series, Down the Pub, Fast Train, Fear Mongering Clap Trap, good music, I Can Be That Tree, It's Only Natural, Jem Condliffe, Let the Fat Lady Sing, Money for War, Nanny Mac, new music, opinion, review, Sandbach Chronicle, The Drum Kit, We Made It to the Waterfall
← Oskar’s Drum: A Cathedral Of Hands
Sergei Bortkiewicz / Alfonso Soldano: Russian Piano Music Series, Vol 12 →
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CrossRoads Faith and Film
Where Film and Faith Intersect
Ike’s Farewell Resonates powerfully Now
← “Hey Atticus.” Review of “Go Set A Watchman”
Film Review: The Revenant →
Film Review: ROOM
Posted on November 13, 2015 by revkennydickson
ROOM is one of the most impressively directed and acted films of the year. Even though it has no graphic images, it has some of the most intense moments put on film in years. Based on the novel and screenplay by Emma Donoghue and predating two life imitating art events, ROOM is the story of a 24 year old woman, Ma/Joy (Brie Larson) who was kidnapped at the age of 17 and has been held captive in a shed for 7 years. Living with her is her 5 year old son, Jack (Jacob Tremblay) who was fathered by “Old Nic,” (Sean Bridgers) Joy’s kidnapper. While Joan Allen, William H Macy co-star as Joy’s parents, the third leading character is room itself. Through Lenny Abrahamson’s skillful direction, the audience views Room as a character. For Jack, Room is a friend or family member where each part and piece is named, from the cupboard where he often sleeps, to the the bed, tub, table, chairs, stove and plants, Room is living friend. For Ma, Room is alive as well, however it is a co-conspirator with her captor Nic.
In an effort to shield her son from the trauma of their situation, Ma allows Jack to live with the understanding that the shed is the world, and the outside is the unreachable universe. Jack’s only conception of existence beyond the world that is Room is the view out of the skylight in Room’s ceiling. The only interludes from what is outside Room are the occasional nighttime visits from Old Nic who brings weekly food supplies and other necessities. The only contact Jack has with Old Nic are parts of conversations and mysterious noises he overhears and glimpses of the man he is able to steal between the wooden louvers that make up the door to a cupboard where he sleeps on nights Old Nic calls on Ma.
During most of the captivity scenes within Room, the audience experiences a mother who is doing the best she can to shield her son from the captive hell that is their existence. It is a more realistic vision of the power of love and the extremes a parent would go to make what is intolerable livable that is presented in Life Is Beautiful, an Academy Award winning film in which a father shields his son from the reality of life in a World War II concentration camp.
The last third of the film shows the challenge of life after Ma and Jack escape from Room. Even though they break free from their isolation, in many ways they still feel the presence and power of Old Nic and Room. It is in this part of the film where the acting, story and character nuances truly shine. While Room had been a place of captivity and challenges beyond imagination for Ma, it also served to shelter Jack and Ma from many of the complexities of life in the world beyond Room. Immediately upon rejoining the world, society, and family, Jack and especially Joy encounters the challenges of life made more difficult by now being celebrities.
As Israel experienced challenges after their dream of escaping from their slavery in Egypt and later Judah’s homecoming after the Babylonian exile, the exodus of Joy from her imprisonment and her return home from the exile that was her time in Room brought challenges as she was reintroduced to her life at home. As Judah discovered, the home she returned to was not the same home she was taken from. While the circumstances of her home had changed, as is usual in family systems, the way of being, homeostasis, of the system that was Joy’s family reasserted itself upon her return. Many have experienced this reality in lesser forms when an adult child returns home after moving away. Though an independent adult away from home there is a tendency to revert to child roles when back at home. For Joy, there would not be true escape until she broke free from this second family systems captor.
A second scriptural connection is presented in Jack’s introduction to the world outside Room. Paul teaches in I Corinthians 13 that though we have a glimpse of God and the Kingdom of God now, it is obscured, as through a darkened window. Whereas now we see and experience God and the Kingdom only in part, through resurrection we shall know fully and see God face to face. Our comprehension of God and the Kingdom is just a small taste of the ultimate experience. So the world is for Jack. The full exposure to the world after his escape is beyond anything he could imagine looking up into the world through Room’s skylight.
Both Brie Larson’s and Jacob Tremblay’s performances are extraordinary. Larson is being discussed as potential Oscar nominee, and Tremblay offers as powerful and realistic performance from a child since Anna Paquin’s Academy Award winning performance in The Piano.
ROOM is rated R for language, intense scenes and scenes of child endangerment.
About revkennydickson
I am a United Methodist minister and my professional passion is connecting issues of life and faith to film and other artforms. I am also interested in autism awareness and ministry and special needs. I am married to Michelle and have two children.
View all posts by revkennydickson →
This entry was posted in Faith Shots, Film Shots and tagged Apostle Paul, Brie Larson, Emma Donoghue, Faith in Films, Family Systems, Homeostasis, I Corinthians, Israel, Jacob Trumblay, Joan Allen, Judah, Kingdom of God, Lenny Abrahamson, Life is Beautiful, ROOM, the Exodus, Through a glass darkly, William H Mason. Bookmark the permalink.
1 Response to Film Review: ROOM
Ava Carter STEARNS says:
I loved this book and can’t wait to see the movie! Thanks for the review!
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Review: Losers
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RI Car Accident Lawyers
Bike Accident
RI Accident Lawyer | RI Car Accident Lawyer- Rear End Auto Crash & Multi Car Pile-ups
RI Car Accident Lawyer- Rear End Auto Crash & Multi Car Pile-ups
The most common types of automobile accidents that occur on the roads, streets and highways of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations are known as a “rear-enders”. Nationally, according to the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration, “approximately 29.7% of all crashes in the year 2000 were rear-end crashes. These crashes were responsible for 30% of all injuries and 29.7% of the property damage.” http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/809-540.PDF
Rear end car crash
A large majority of auto wrecks in the Ocean State constitute what is commonly known as “rear enders”. Rear- end accidents in Rhode Island are easier to settle with Insurance Liability Adjusters than other types of vehicular collisions. Pursuant to RI Injury law, the liability of the motorist who caused the rear end car crash is assumed. In other words, the motorist who strikes another vehicle is usually negligent and at fault for the wreck. A “Rear-ender” is the most common type of car accident resulting in personal injury.
If you were a victim of a rear end crash then contact East Providence Personal injury Lawyer David Slepkow 401-437-1100.
“Under Rhode Island law, [w]hen a case includes a claim or defense resulting from a rear-end collision between vehicles, a prima facie case of negligence against the driver of the car in the rear is established * * *.” Maglioli v. J.P. Noonan Transportation, Inc., 869 A.2d 71, 75 (R.I. 2005). Id. http://www.ripersonalinjurylaw.com/motorcyle-car-accident-rear-ender/ Roland DeMaio et al.v.Raymond A. Ciccone et al. http://www.courts.ri.gov/Courts/SupremeCourt/Opinions/11-211.pdf
The San Francisco Personal Injury Lawyers at Callaway and Wolf eloquently stated “Most rear end accidents involve one or both of three key factors: driver inattention by the driver behind, following too closely, or a rapid deceleration by the driver whose car is hit. Many times, rear end accidents occur when there was no quick stopping, and the driver who is hit had been stopped for several seconds or longer.” http://www.callawayandwolf.com/lawyer-attorney-1855530.html
Multi Car Pileups in RI
In some instances, a Rhode Island rear end collision between two vehicles turns into a multi- vehicle chain reaction vehicular wreck. Multi motor vehicle Pile-ups sometimes are caused by lack of visibility or inclement weather conditions such as fog, rain, sleet, snow or ice.
Some multi car collisions occur when a truck, van or car stops short causing a chain reaction of rear end crashes. When a motorcycle or automobile stops short often other autos do not have the time to stop. This causes the motor vehicle behind the stopping vehicle to suddenly brake often resulting in the vehicle skidding into the car in front. Other multi vehicular pile-ups are caused by one vehicle skidding out of control into other vehicles.
Failure to stop at stop sign
Many rear-enders in Rhode Island result from a motorist not noticing a stop sign, red light or yellow light and hitting their brakes at the last second to avoid running a red light or unlawfully not stopping at a stop sign. Other types of common automobile accident injuries include broken bones (arm/leg /wrist), Concussions/ TBI, back / neck injury and Lacerations, cuts and bruises.
An unlawful failure to stop in violation of RI laws could cause a pedestrian accident or bicycle accident. According to RI Statute § 31-16-2 Manner of turning at intersection “(ii) Pedestrians intending to cross a lane of traffic which is required to stop or yield by a red traffic light, stop or yield sign or other traffic control device shall be granted the right-of-way.” http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/TITLE31/31-16/31-16-2.HTM Motor and Other Vehicles 31-16 Starting, Stopping and Turns Section
A low impact rear-ender is most likely to cause a whiplash injury or even a herniated disk. Other more serious rear-enders could cause death, traumatic brain injuries (tbi), spinal cord injuries or paralysis
What are the causes of most rear end accidents in Rhode Island?
1) Speed:
2) Driving too close behind another vehicle otherwise known as tailgating
3) Distracted Driving / Inattentive Driving- In some instances a motorist is not paying attention to his or her driving responsibilities and the operators inattentive driving is the cause of the wreck. In other cases the motorist is texting while driving or distracted by his cell phone/ smart phone, gps or other mobile electronic device.
4.) Drunk (DUI/DWI), stoned, reckless or drowsy driving
5) Poor weather conditions such as rain, snow or ice
6) Maintenance problems such as faulty brakes, broken lights, defective or worn down tires.
Weather conditions cause RI auto accident?
It is an interesting debate as to weather bad weather conditions are the actual cause or a car accident or is it the motorist who drove negligently or recklessly taking into consideration the inclement weather. “Rear-end crashes are not only one of the frequently occurring types of crashes, but also are responsible for a large number of injuries and fatalities and substantial property damage every year.” http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/809-540.PDF
“A rear-end crash refers to a crash in which the front of one vehicle collides with the rear of another vehicle. Thus, a driver involved in such a crash may be the driver of a striking vehicle, of the struck vehicle, or of the vehicle that both struck and was struck. Rear-end crashes are not only one of the frequently occurring types of crashes, but also a responsible for a large number of injuries and fatalities and substantial property damage every year.” http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/809-540.PDF
In future posts I will be discussing other types of common motor vehicle, semi-truck and bike types of accidents such as T-bone accident, Head on accidents, Wrong way driving Accidents, rollover accidents and Car- Truck crashes. If you are injured in a bus, bike, pedestrian, car or motorcycle accident then it is important that you retain a Rhode Island Personal injury Attorney to seek damages for lost wages, partial and permanent disability as well as pain and suffering.
Reasonable and prudent speed
“No person shall drive a vehicle at a speed greater than is reasonable and prudent under the conditions and having regard to the actual and potential hazards then existing.1 ”31-14-1 & 31-14-3 In addition, a driver is to exercise due care to avoid colliding with a pedestrian or human-powered vehicle. ’31-18-8″
“One person dies, another in critical condition after wrong-way crash on Rt. 95” Pawtucket RI accident “The Rhode Island State Police say one of four people injured in wrong-way crash on Route 95, Pawtucket, has died. The person who died was a passenger in an SUV that was struck by the wrong-way vehicle.” http://www.providencejournal.com/breaking-news/content/20140228-one-person-dies-another-in-critical-condition-after-wrong-way-crash-on-rt.-95.ece
“It was shortly before 9 a.m. on a cold and cloudy Friday morning in February 1989, and somewhere along a straight stretch of 95 that parallels Doric Avenue, Fung “lost consciousness.” For how long, he doesn’t know. What he remembers is that he was awakened by a crash, and when he stopped his car and got out, a man was lying on the ground. Emergency crews responded, and state police troopers, after hearing Fung’s explanation that he had fallen asleep, ushered him to the front seat of a cruiser for a drive to the barracks in Lincoln.” http://www.providencejournal.com/breaking-news/content/20040113-cranston-mayor-fung-recounts-fatal-roadside-accident-he-caused-as-college-freshman.ece
Sadly, some car accidents are fatal and can lead to wrongful death litigation In Providence or Kent county Superior Court. In the event of a deadly crash, the executor of the estate of the person killed in the accident must bring a wrongful death cause of action on behalf of the decedents estate against those responsible for the death. If your loved one died in an accident it is crucial that you don’t just retain a RI car accident Attorney but you hire a RI wrongful death lawyer.
§ 31-20-9 Obedience to stop signs. – Every driver of a vehicle approaching a stop sign shall stop before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection. In the event there is no crosswalk, the driver shall stop at a clearly marked stop line, but if none, then at the point nearest the intersecting highway where the driver has a view of approaching traffic on the intersecting highway before entering the intersection, except when directed to proceed by a police officer or traffic control signal. Violations of this section are subject to fines enumerated in § 31-41.1-4. http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/TITLE31/31-20/31-20-9.HTM
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Papelitos: An Economic Parable For Our Times
Part children’s fable, part economic parable, Papelitos was written by Hernán Casciari, one of the rising stars of Argentinean literature, with the help of his eight-year old daughter Nina. It is a tale about how a small, idyllic village succumbs to the destructive influence of financial speculation, triggering asset bubbles and ultimately wealth destruction for most of its inhabitants.
The story is couched in such simple terms that even a ten-year old child can understand some of the forces that lie behind our current economic malaise. Read it and if you like it, tell it to your children (presuming, of course, you have any) — for it is ultimately they who must one day learn never to repeat our generations’ mistakes.
Once upon a time, there was a quiet village where all the neighbours lived happily together. They all led a nice and simple life and everyone wanted to prosper. Pepe was one of them. One afternoon Pepe took a walk through the village and he started getting thirsty. As he continued, his thirst grew and grew. Once back home and while uncorking a bottle, he suddenly realised something no one had realised before: in the village there were no bars! Pepe thought that if he set up a bar he could be happy as well as make others happy, too, by giving them a drink. And what’s more, he could make money in the process.
For two nights Pepe made a list of what he would need to launch the village’s first ever bar. For starters, he would need ten thousand coins to buy tables, chairs, glasses, drinks and a paddock for the villagers to leave their horses. Then he would need two weeks to convert his home into a bar, and another two weeks to get the tables lined with thirsty villagers.
His friend, Moncho, who dropped in on him that afternoon, suggested an excellent name for the bar.
Now, it goes without saying that Pepe didn’t have ten thousand coins, but that night he thought of a great way to get hold of them. On Saturday afternoon he cut up a thousand slips of paper and wrote on each “Coming soon, Pepe’s bar.”
On Sunday, after church, he went into the town square dressed in his best suit:
– “Dear neighbours, I’m going to open a bar on the outskirts of the village,” he said, and everyone stopped their conversations to listen to him.
– “What a great idea!” Ramón exclaimed, with his cigar in his mouth.
Pepe felt perfectly at ease at the centre of everyone’s attention and he showed them all the paper cut outs.
– “Each of these 1,000 pieces of paper costs ten coins,” Pepe told his neighbours. “Whoever buys one of these paper slips must make sure to look after it carefully and not lose it, for in a month’s time, when my bar has customers, I will pay twelve coins for every piece of paper that comes back to me.”
– “But didn’t you just say that each piece costs ten coins?” Asked Moncho, who was widely viewed as the village idiot. “Why would you give away two coins?”
-“I would not be giving them away, Moncho. I would be compensating those of you who helped me fulfil my dream, which is to have a bar on the outskirts of town.”
-“It makes sense,” the mayor said, “a whole lot of sense.”
-“It sounds good to me,” said Ernesto, who was rich and understood business.
– “What a great idea!” Francisco the priest said, as he fumbled in his pockets.
So it was that in the space of just one Sunday morning, Pepe rounded up all the money he needed to set up the bar. His neighbours gave him exactly ten thousand coins in exchange for the thousand paper slips.
– “I bought two pieces of paper,” said Sabino, who was hard up but optimistic.
– “I got thirty-six!” exclaimed Enrique, who was greedy and haughty.
– “I bought five pieces of paper, and I look forward to getting drunk at the bar to celebrate the easiest money I’ve ever made,” Luis said.
And everyone laughed.
Pepe went home that Sunday with ten thousand coins in his bag and fell asleep thinking about his bar.
On Monday morning he set out for the big city, where he bought lumber to build a sturdy bar counter. When he returned home, he got straight down to work. A week passed and not once did he venture down to the village square. Hence, he didn’t realize that he had started a strange craze among his fellow villagers for little pieces of paper…
The First Week
The town square was packed with people, which was unheard of for a Monday. Several neighbours had spent the entire night cutting out and writing on their own paper slips, because they had discovered that they too, had plans to offer.
Some slips said “Coming Soon: Horace’s Ice Cream Parlour.” Others said “Prepare Yourselves for Carmen’s Hair Salon.” Some even said on them “At the end of this month, Moncho will travel to the moon.”
The square suddenly became very crowded and some villagers had to climb on lampposts, or scale the fountain, to buy or sell shares in the new projects.
This happened on Monday, but Tuesday was even worse. On Wednesday it was impossible to even cross the square. To restore some semblance of order, the Mayor set aside a small building for the villagers to congregate without destroying the public spaces. The small building was opened on Thursday morning and became know as the Hall of Papers.
And so it was that by Friday everyone who had a project had already obtained the necessary coins and were getting down to work. Horacio started looking for the best ice cream flavours, Pepe sawed wood for his bar counter, Carmen sharpened scissors for her new hair salon and Moncho bought two horses for his trip to the moon.
All that was left in the Hall of Papers was a handful of neighbours who had never had an interesting idea for a project. All they had were pieces of paper.
– “I need money for cigarettes,” Ramon complained out loud. “A few days ago I swapped my only 10 coins with Pepe for this piece of paper, but Raul the tobacconist will not accept it, and I need to smoke.”
– “The same thing happened to me!” Luis said. “I want to go to the movies but my pockets are empty!”
Gradually the whispers of discontent began spreading.
– “In three weeks, Pepe will pay 12 coins to the person who gives him this slip,” Sabino said, with shiny eyes. “You can buy it right now for nine coins!”
– “It’s a deal,” shouted Ernest, who was rich but always wanted more, tearing the slip out of Sabino’s hands.
Ramon and Luis also sold their papers for less than ten coins and, as one ran off to buy cigarettes and the other to the movies, other neighbours saw that this was a new way of doing business, even though there were no more projects to sell.
Some climbed on chairs, others onto tables, and began offering what they had.
– “I’ll swap four of Horatio’s papers for two of Carmen’s!”
– “I’ll give eight of Moncho’s papers and my horse for fifty coins!”
When all of a sudden the priest, Francisco, entered the room, all fell silent.
– “The day Moncho began selling his slips,” said the priest, “I decided to buy some because Moncho is a fool: He was selling them for seven coins and promising to pay back 15 on their return. But now I need coins to get the church bell fixed. So I’m putting my Moncho slips up for sale for six coins each.”
– “What is Moncho’s project, father?” Quique asked.
– “He’s building a very long coach, drawn by two horses,” said the priest. “The poor fool wants to travel to the moon.”
Quique shook his head in disbelief.
– “What if I give you them for five?” the priest Francisco haggled.
– “I’ll take them for four, father,” Quique said, in a gesture of Christian charity.
– “Oh, God bless you, my son!”
Dear child: in the real world, the Hall of Papers is called the Stock Exchange. The papers have one of two names: bonds or debentures. The twelve coins Pepe will pay when the bar is full of villagers (or the 15 coins Moncho will pay if he ever makes it to the moon) are called the bond’s face value.
The Second Week
Only seven days had passed and Pepe’s home no longer looked like a normal home. In the dining room was a polished wooden bar, the bathroom had become two bathrooms (one for ladies, one for gentlemen) and the walls were painted an intense navy blue. As he hung up the neon sign on the front of his new bar, Pepe smiled to himself. He was delighted with the progress he’d made on the project.
As he had yet to visit the village since beginning his work, he did not know that the lives of his neighbours had been turned upside down in a frenzy of papers that constantly changed price and owner.
Even the Mayor, after talking it over with his aide one night, decided to join the new craze. The second Monday morning, he went out on to the balcony with a megaphone and said:
– “Ladies and gentlemen, the village square was seriously damaged after all the furore over the papers.”
And it was true. The first week of buying and selling of projects had left the gardens and public spaces in a terrible state.
“I need to raise funds to repair the fountain, renovate the streetlamps and, while we’re at it, buy a new coach,” said the Mayor. “To that end, I am putting up 20,000 official papers for sale, each costing a horse. When the fountain has running water again, when the streetlamps once again brighten our square and when my new coach is ready, I will pay back two horses for each slip. The official slips are now on sale. Hurry, hurry, they’ll run out fast!”
Indeed the Mayor’s paper slips sold out in record time in the Hall of Papers: all the people pledged their horses and took to making their daily rounds on foot.
The sale of slips continued to grow till it reached such a scale that it was impossible to tell who owned what. Some slips were very desirable, such as those belonging to Pepe, who slaved day and night to get his bar ready. But others were not wanted at all, such as Moncho’s, since his vessel for making trips to the moon consisted only of two skinny horses attached to a cart, and then another cart, and then a third one. Nobody believed that Moncho could make it fly.
Ernesto, the richest villager, had embarked on a frenzy of buying during the first week, and now Moncho’s slips were burning a hole in his pockets. But he also had plenty of Pepe’s slips, so he invented something which he called “Ernesto’s Bundles”.
These were sealed packages with a hundred slips representing a broad spectrum of projects. For example, they might contain ten slips for Pepe’s bar, twenty for Horace’s ice cream parlour, and seventy for Moncho’s strange vehicle for making moon trips.
Throughout Thursday Ernesto’s Bundles were a great success among the villagers as they frantically sought to get hold of slips for Pepe’s bar or the Mayor’s public works.
By Friday, however, Quique had worked out the trick, and he made a public announcement in the Hall of Papers:
– Watch out, neighbours! Ernesto’s Bundles sometimes come with slips for Pepe’s bar or the Mayor’s official projects at the top, and that’s fine. But the bottom of the piles is full of slips for Moncho’s mad enterprise, which will never take off. I suggest that before buying Ernesto’s Bundles, you should stop by my house for advice. My fee for each consultation is six coins, or two of Pepe’s slips.
During the rest of that week, and the next, buyers of the slips flocked to Quique’s home before buying Ernesto’s Bundles. Ernesto and Quique, who had played card games together for years, never spoke to each other again.
Dear child: in the real world, the official slips offered by the mayor are called Public Debt. Ernesto’s Bundles are called collateralized debt obligations, while Quique’s house – the place to go to find out which of Ernesto’s Bundles to buy – is called Investment Banking.
The Third Week
Twenty days had passed since the frenzied activity had begun and the villagers began noticing that some projects were almost completed, while others had hardly begun.
Pepe just needed to build the paddock so that the customer’s horses could graze outside the bar.
Horace had managed, successfully, to whisk milk and fruit for ice cream, and all he needed was to bring in ice bars from the big city.
But Carmen had not yet found a suitable place to set up her hair salon, although she had accumulated dozens of sharp scissors.
And what about Moncho? His horses were looking healthier and healthier, thanks to their constant brushing, and he had now managed to tie them to four carts. Still, it seemed impossible that his vessel would be flying to the moon by the week’s end.
Villagers who had Moncho’s or Carmen’s slips were growing restless and for neither love nor money could they sell them to anyone. Until, that is, Quique came up with a great idea:
– “Listen! Quique said. “Those of you who still have Moncho’s slips, I can sell you Quique’s Peace of Mind for them…
– “What are you talking about?” asked Raul, who had several of Moncho’s slips.
– “It’s very simple. You pay me two coins every night, and by the end of the month, if Moncho has not travelled to the moon, I will personally give you those fifteen coins myself. Exactly what he owes you.”
– “Even if the trip to the moon fails?”
– “Even if it fails.”
– “Great idea!” Sabino said. “That way, we will feel much calmer and be able to buy more papers.”
– “That’s why my idea is called Quique’s Peace of Mind,” Quique said with a smile, and many residents began paying two coins every night, just in case some of the projects did not take off.
Amidst the euphoria of all these new ideas, no one in the village had noticed that the mayor was no longer to be seen in the Hall of Papers. Nor had they noticed that the streetlights or the fountain in the square were still unrepaired.
The mayor had fulfilled one of his promises though: he had bought a new stage-coach, which he had used to flee the village with everyone’s horses in tow.
The aide, who was the Mayor’s right-hand man and had known all about the scam from the beginning, decided to take drastic action to ensure no one would discover his boss’ absence. And his idea was truly ingenious. He went to the Hall of Papers with a blackboard and began giving a mark (from 1 to 10) for each of the village’s many projects.
– “What are you writing on the blackboard?” Ernesto asked him.
But the aide pretended to ignore the question and continued working in silence.
For Pepe’s bar he awarded eight points, for Carmen’s hair salon, five, for Horace’s ice cream parlour, seven, and for Moncho’s vehicle for trips to the moon, two. Then pretending that he had almost forgotten, he gave nine points to the renovation of the streetlights.
– “Now,” he said. “That’s it.”
– “What do these numbers mean?” they all asked.
– “They are the Mayor’s ratings. They are so that no one buys pieces of paper without knowing whether they will recover their coins or horses,” said the aide. “It is for your benefit. You can trust these ratings.”
All the villagers appreciated the gesture and that afternoon many of the Mayor’s slips were resold at a very high price.
Dear child: in the real world, Quique’s idea of offering Piece of Mind on Moncho’s slips is called debt default insurance, or CDS (Credit Default Swaps). And the large blackboard on which the aide gives ratings for each project is called a Rating Agency, which has been known to make big mistakes – sometimes inadvertently, sometimes deliberately.
On the day of the inauguration of his bar, Pepe got up early and slowly walked to the village. From a distance he looked back at the front of his bar, with the neon sign glaring. The bar was called The Moon, just as Moncho had baptized it on the first day. Now everything was ready. All that was missing was the arrival of customers from the village, with parched throats.
He walked the five miles to town putting up posters in all the trees along the way. “The Moon Bar, Grand Opening Tonight.” With each new sign he put on a trunk, he would stand staring, full of pride.
During his walk into the village Pepe fantasised that, from then on, dozens of villagers would come on horseback to his bar and everyone would be happy talking and drinking.
But when he arrived in the square he could not believe what he saw. For a moment he thought that he had taken the wrong road, and that he was in a different village. It looked like a war had taken place.
The streetlights and the fountain in the square were smashed to bits. Some villagers walked in circles mumbling to themselves, and there were knots of men and women arguing and fighting.
– “What has happened here?” Pepe asked Horace, who was crying against a lamppost.
– “Oh, Pepe! Do you not know?” Horacio sobbed. “Everyone went crazy with the papers. With mine, with Carmen’s, with yours … With all of them! Suddenly we began to have more slips than coins. Then there were no coins left and the horses disappeared. And then the mayor fled the village, and the vendors of Ernesto’s Bundles went bankrupt. And then the sellers of Quique’s Peace of Mind could not pay anyone and escaped in the dead of night … And now everyone is ruined …”
– “What the hell is all this about ‘Ernesto’s Bundles’ and ‘Quique’s Peace of Mind’?”
– “It’s a long story,” said Horace.
– What about your project and Carmen’s?
– My ice cream parlour failed: there were no horses to fetch ice from the city. And Carmen has no customers for her barber shop; can you not see that everyone is pulling their hair out with their own hands?
Pepe was silent.
– “I need a drink,” said Horace.
– “I have a dry throat,” said Luis.
– “Have you opened your famous bar yet?” Sabino asked. And other villagers gathered round to listen.
Pepe knew that without any horses in the village, no one would ever come to his bar on the outskirts. He also realized that he could never return the ten thousand coins.
And then he saw Moncho in the middle of the square. His horses were the only ones left in the region, and they were dragging three carts with two wheels each, like a train. As it passed by many villagers were jumping on board. Others were forming queues for their turn to get on.
– “Where are you taking them?” Pepe asked Moncho.
– “To your bar!” Moncho said with a huge smile. “To The Moon!”
A sign hanging on the broken fountain, said:
“Moncho makes trips to The Moon. Price: one coin, Free Return.”
– “Did you know this would happen?” Pepe asked, hugging him. “Did you know that everyone was going to run out of horses?”
– “No,” said Moncho. “All I knew was that people can go to a bar on horseback, but they can’t come back on horseback. And since I do not drink, I thought my business would be to take people to and from The Moon.
Pepe got on the first car and shouted:
– “Let’s go to The Moon, then! Free drinks for everyone today!
And everyone cheered.
Dear child: in the real world, the stories of Pepes setting up bars or Monchos making trips to the moon hardly ever have happy endings. In the middle there are always the Quiques, the Mayors, the aides and the Ernestos who spoil everything. But when they do work, when something magical happens, they are called dreams. And they are often great fun.
[This story was translated by Don and Doña Quijones]
Papelitos was featured in the 12th issue of Orsai magazine. To see more articles, illustrations or comic strips from Orsai (in Spanish), click here.
You can also read an interview (in English) with the magazine’s co-founder and author of Papelitos, Hernán Casciari.
May 14, 2013 Don QuijonesPostsCDS swaps, Derivatives, Economic crisis, Hernan Casciari, investment banks, Papelitos, rating agencies, speculation
3 thoughts on “Papelitos: An Economic Parable For Our Times”
cgoodsthings
Oh my gosh!! That’s a wonderful fable! Thank you for posting that!!!
(I’ve read a few books about the financial crisis, including Lewis’s _The Big Short_, Reinhart and Rogoff’s _It’s Different This Time_ and Posner and Morgenstern’s _Reckless Endangerment_ (and I think I got the names wrong on the authors of that last book, darn it), that fable does the best job I’ve seen yet of explaining bonds and CDS’s in simple terms.)
Thanks for the praise cgoodthings. I’ll be sure to mention it to Hernán the next time I see him. He’ll be delighted to know that people are enjoying some of his work in English.
Thanks to my father who informed me about this website, this webpage is in fact amazing.
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Preoperative urodynamic evaluation may predict voiding dysfunction in women undergoing pubovaginal sling.
PURPOSE: We determine which urodynamic parameters can best predict postoperative voiding dysfunction following pubovaginal sling surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 98 consecutive women who had undergone pubovaginal sling surgery with allograft fascia lata between July 1998 and July 2000 were reviewed. Urodynamic and followup data were sufficient for evaluation for 73 patients. Urodynamic and clinical parameters were correlated with urinary retention, time to return of efficient voiding and development of postoperative urgency symptoms. RESULTS: Average time to return of efficient voiding was 3.92 days (median 3). Of 21 women who voided without a detrusor contraction urinary retention developed in 4 (23%) versus 0 of 48 who voided with detrusor contraction (p = 0.007). Urinary retention was defined as the need to perform even occasional self-catheterization. All 4 women with urinary retention had a detrusor pressure of less than 12 cm. H(2)O (0 in 3, 4 in 1). None of the women with a detrusor pressure of greater than 12 cm. H(2)O had urinary retention (p = 0.047). The presence of Valsalva voiding in women without a detrusor contraction did not affect the incidence of urinary retention (11.1%) compared to those who did not demonstrate Valsalva voiding (5.1%) (p = 0.603). Peak flow rate, detrusor instability on preoperative urodynamics and post-void residual urine volume were not associated with postoperative urinary retention. Finally, post-void residual urine volume predicted delayed return to normal voiding (p = 0.001). There were no other urodynamic parameters that were significantly associated with urinary retention, delayed return to normal voiding or postoperative urgency symptoms including peak flow rate, capacity or compliance. CONCLUSIONS: Women who void without or with a weak detrusor contraction are most likely to have urinary retention postoperatively. Therefore, we conclude that preoperative urodynamic evaluation may be used to counsel women regarding the risk of urinary retention following the pubovaginal sling procedure.
Amundsen, Cindy Louise
Webster, George David
Miller, EA; Amundsen, CL; Toh, KL; Flynn, BJ; Webster, GD
The Journal of Urology
10.1097/01.ju.0000063590.13100.4d
Fascia Lata
Urinary Incontinence, Stress
Valsalva Maneuver
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Vol 26, Issue 665
THE UNIVERSITIES OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
By David Starr Jordan
SUMMER MEETING, SECTION E—GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY
By F. P. Gulliver
The Birds of North and Middle America: A descriptive catalogue of the higher groups, genera, species and subspecies of birds known to occur in North America, from the Arctic lands to the Isthmus of Panama, the West Indies and other islands of the Caribbean Sea, and the Galapagos Archipelago
By J. A. A.
Annals of the Lowell Observatory
By Herman S. Davis
THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. TWENTY-THIRD MEETING
By William J. Gies
ORIGIN OF SINK-HOLES
By E. H. Sellards
NOTE ON THE MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO AN ELECTRIC CURRENT IN A STRAIGHT WIRE
By W. J. Humphreys
REFLEX PROTECTIVE BEHAVIOR IN BUFO VARIABILIS
By Maynard M. Metcalf
BOTANICAL NOTES
By Charles E. Bessey
MEDALS FOR RESEARCH IN TROPICAL MEDICINE
SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS
UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL NEWS
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Britten: Les Illuminations
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Liza Johnson
Liza was born in Perth. After starting playing the violin at the age of seven, Liza went on to study at the RCS (formerly RSAMD) with Simon Fischer for four years before being awarded a scholarship to complete her MMus at McGill University in Montreal. During her time at McGill she studied with Yehonatan Berick and gained her first professional orchestral experience with the Montreal Symphony Orchestra under Charles Dutoit.
On her return from Canada, Liza joined the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, leaving in 2001 to join Scottish Ensemble and pursue a freelance career. She has performed with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, BBC National Orchestra of Wales, Royal Scottish National Orchestra and Scottish Ballet. Liza joined the Scottish Chamber Orchestra in 2011.
Liza plays a French violin by Vuillaume, which is being generously lent to her by Gabriel Reid.
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Nigel Peltier
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Nigel Peltier (SM) is a SCRABBLE Master and member from Portland, OR, USA.
He has had the following most recent tournament wins:
2018-08-25 09:00~2018-08-25 18:00: Portland, OR, USA (5.0–1.0 -55)
2018-03-11 09:00~2018-03-11 18:00: Portland, OR, USA (5.0–1.0 +458)
2018-01-07 09:00~2018-01-07 18:00: West Linn, OR, USA (4.0–2.0 +467)
2012-03-03 09:00~2012-03-04 18:00: Vancouver (Richmond), BC, CAN (12.0–2.0 +247)
2012-02-12 09:00~2012-02-12 18:00: Arcata, CA, USA (5.0–1.0 +641)
2009-08-29 09:00~2009-08-30 18:00: Can-Am SCRABBLE Challenge (10.5–3.5 +420)
2009-02-13 09:00:10~2009-02-13 17:00: Phoenix, AZ, USA (6.0–2.0 +554)
2009-01-16 09:00:06~2009-01-16 17:00: RENO, NV, USA (6.0–2.0 +147)
2008-10-04 09:01~2008-10-04 17:00: PHOENIX, AZ, USA (6.0–2.0 +659)
2008-07-03 09:03~2008-07-03 17:00: RENO, NV, USA (7.0–1.0 +484)
2008-06-28 09:00~2008-06-28 17:00: SEATTLE, WA, USA (5.5–1.5 +562)
2008-05-24 09:00:11~2008-05-24 17:00: SEATTLE, WA, USA (8.0–2.0 +739)
2007-08-10 16:55:34~2007-08-10 16:56:16: SEATTLE, WA, USA (6.0–1.0 +543)
2007-07-12 16:01:10~2007-07-12 16:01:52: RENO, NV, USA (10.0–2.0 +1031)
2007-01-17 18:24:48~2007-01-17 18:25:30: VANCOUVER VS Seattle, WA, USA (6.0–1.0 +399)
2006-09-20 09:08:15~2006-09-20 09:08:57: PORTLAND, OR, USA (8.0–2.0 +1372)
2006-07-07 18:22:22~2006-07-07 18:23:04: RENO, NV, USA (6.0–2.0 +377)
2006-01-21 14:45:38~2006-01-21 14:46:20: RENO, NV, USA (8.0–2.0 +1078)
He is not a current member of any committees.
Nigel set a record when he played seven bingoes in one game in Reno in 2010.
Retrieved from "http://www.scrabbleplayers.org/wiki/index.php?title=Nigel_Peltier&oldid=9122"
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Hydrangea For Shade
shrubs (4) cottage-garden-plants (3) climbing-plants (1) exotic-plants (1) roses (1)
pink (4) white (3) cream (1) green (1)
£5 - £10 (2) £10 - £20 (6) Over £20 (8)
…dark green foliage. When summer turns to autumn, the heart shaped leaves transform into a buttery shade of yellow that will illuminate even the darkest corner. This shade loving Hydrangea is ideal for cold, north facing walls that seldom see the sun.… More Info
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A beautiful hydrangea for patios and front garden borders, Hydrangea paniculata 'Limelight' , has large conical flowerheads that open in a soft shade of pea green, and turn cream white, then have hints of soft pink. With blooms at different stages of growth, the… More Info
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This compact Hydrangea is an impressive plant for a small garden, making an impact in late summer with its lime green blooms which gradually fade through creamy white into a gentle shade of pink. It takes centre stage again in autumn when the leaves change to glorious… More Info
Hydrangea quercifolia 'Snowflake'
…of hydrangea, breaking up the unusual oak leafed shaped foliage during late summer and autumn. As each flower slowly fades from white to gain a pink tinge, the large leaves also change to take on spectacular shades of bronze and purple before they finally drop. An… More Info
Hydrangea macrophylla 'Endless Summer Bloomstruck'
…soil, gradually take on shades of blue-purple or rich pink with creamy white centres. In addition to this, Hydrangea 'Bloomstruck' has bright red stems and red veining through its dark green leaves. Happy in sun or dappled shade, Hydrangea 'Bloomstruck'… More Info
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…Show 2018! Hydrangea ?Runaway Bride® ?Snow White? produces up to 6 times more flowers than most other cultivars. The white blooms are blushed with just a hint of pink, creating a truly romantic display. This award winning, hardy shrub has a dense, rounded habit that… More Info
Hydrangea macrophylla 'Endless Summer The Original'
…pH, ranging from forget-me-not blue through shades of delightful purple and pink. Compact and sturdy, Hydrangea 'The Original' is perfect for patio containers or as a focal point in mixed borders and woodland gardens. Hydrangea flowers are also excellent… More Info
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…beds and borders with colour and interest year after year! This amazing collection of customer favourite plants includes the following plants:* Hydrangea ?Glam Rock? ? A colourful variety of this wonderful shrub that that has blooms that vary in colour from lime green to red… More Info
Guelder Rose (Hedging)
…in May and June more resemble Hydrangea flowers. The clusters of snowball flowers, of early summer, are followed by glossy, red berries in autumn, as the vibrant green, maple-like foliage turns to shades of purple and red. An excellent deciduous hedge shrub for… More Info
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Long Ideas | Healthcare
Sarepta Soars As Pfizer's DMD Prospects Languish
| About: Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. (SRPT), Includes: PFE
by: Trent Welsh
Trent Welsh
Long only, long-term horizon, biotech, contrarian
Pfizer's recent PPMD conference revealed very concerning safety issues with its gene therapy candidate for DMD.
Pfizer's candidate might be headed down Solid Biosciences' path to disaster.
The only "sure" bet in the DMD space is Sarepta, who currently owns the space while continuing to build a moat.
Sarepta is a strong buy, especially after the pullback from recent highs and a possible golodirsen approval happening any time now through August 19th.
Pfizer Inc.'s (NYSE:PFE) latest Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy data reveal at June's Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy Conference resulted in some safety issues for its lead DMD candidate PF-06939926. Pfizer's candidate shares some similar traits to Solid Biosciences Inc.'s (SLDB) lead DMD candidate, which might be bad news for Pfizer's long-term DMD prospects. Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. (SRPT) is the only "sure bet" currently in the DMD space with gene therapy data that is on par or better than the competition, has more transparent results, has no significant safety concerns associated with it, and which is already year(s) ahead of most of the competition. Sarepta continues to be a strong buy especially after the most recent pullback from recent highs.
Pfizer currently views DMD as a potential area of breakthrough treatment for the company as a possible sustaining growth initiative beyond 2022 in the treatment of rare diseases.
Slide from Pfizer's Q1/2019 Earnings Slides
Pfizer's most recent data release for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy came from 6 DMD boys who each received one IV dose of PF-06939926. Each subject had an immune response with one child getting admitted to a pediatric ICU for 11 days for hemodialysis. This safety concern means that Pfizer should have to incorporate some additional FDA approved safety features into any future trials for PF-06939926, which could easily set back the candidate's advancement another 3-6 months or so even after it is already a year behind Sarepta's lead gene therapy candidate SRP-9001 whose data was reported back in June of 2018.
At the heart of the safety concern is the vector that companies are using to deliver their transgene to target cells with minimal immune response. Sarepta used AAVrh74 for its vector, which resulted in no serious adverse events in the company's studies to date. Solid Biosciences used vector AAV9 in its IGNITE DMD trial for its candidate SGT-001, which resulted in significant safety issues, including official adverse events like 1. A transient increase in bilirubin higher than 2x the upper limit of normal, 2. A transient decline in platelet count, and in the same patient 3. A gastrointestinal infection that was later determined not to be due to SGT-001. Solid's data results, along with the adverse events, resulted in a significant loss in value for the company's stock which has yet to recover in any meaningful way.
Data by YCharts
Pfizer used the exact same AAV9 vector as Solid Biosciences, which raises some red flags for the future of the candidate as safety issues seem to be a recurring theme for that vector. The reason this is so important for gene therapy candidates is that subjects currently can only take one gene therapy candidate in their lifetime as the science stands today. This creates a potential winner takes all scenario where parents and insurers are almost ethically required to pick the best product for kids suffering from this debilitating and ultimately fatal condition.
Not only was Sarepta's initial data far superior from a safety perspective than either Solid's or Pfizer's data, it was also far more transparent. Sarepta released Western Blot info with its data reveal which is the current accepted standard for dystrophin quantification and is the only measure that is in every study protocol. Pfizer failed to release its Western Blot data in its latest release, amongst other key data, as it instead chose to be far less transparent than Sarepta was in June of 2018.
Sarepta currently has the only commercially approved DMD drug on the market with its Exondys 51 projected to bring in ~$400m in revenues for the company over the course of 2019 while only treating ~13% of the DMD market. It has two follow-on candidates set for near-term approval including golodirsen (~8% of the DMD community) with a scheduled PDUFA date of August 19th and casimersen (~8% of the DMD community) with a possible approval coming by Q1 of 2020.
Sarepta's lead DMD gene therapy candidate SRP-9001 initiated dosing for its second clinical trial, which will be placebo controlled, in December 2018 for 24 subjects, putting it far ahead of both Solid Biosciences and Pfizer, especially with its currently spotless safety profile. Sarepta also has been heavily investing in its commercialization infrastructure as it is on track to initiate a pivotal commercial supply study by the end of 2019. After Sarepta's latest $375m capital raise, propping its cash hoard to over $1B again, it should have plenty of money for its near-term commercialization initiatives along with continuing to expand its current pipeline of candidates from ~25 to its goal of 40 total candidates over the next few years.
Sarepta has had a small pullback from Pfizer's recent data release making it a nice current buying opportunity for investors as it continues to solidify its dominance in DMD with a potential golodirsen approval coming at any time now or in August.
Pfizer has experienced failure in DMD before with its previous candidate domagrozumab (PF-06252616) being axed in August of 2018. After the company's latest data release, it wouldn't be hard to argue that Pfizer might be better off jettisoning its new lead DMD candidate as well. Pfizer is now significantly behind Sarepta in getting a possible candidate to market, and its safety concerns might make commercializing any successful drug mute in a winner takes all scenario. Pfizer reading the writing on the wall and dropping its newest lead DMD candidate should be another big catalyst for Sarepta's stock if and when it happens, as Sarepta's DMD competition continues to flounder.
I continue to hold an overly large position of Sarepta in my portfolio of stocks as I figured Pfizer's recent DMD data release was more likely to be a positive judgement day for Sarepta as a lingering overhang was finally mitigated. Sarepta has now grown into my largest individual stock holding, after Pfizer's latest data release, and I have no reason to sell a share anytime soon. Best of luck to all.
Disclosure: I am/we are long SRPT. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.
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Thomas Hobbes, The English Works of Thomas Hobbes, vol. 6 (Dialogue, Behemoth, Rhetoric) [1839]
Author: Thomas Hobbes
Editor: Sir William Molesworth
English Works of Thomas Hobbes, 11 vols.
Thomas Hobbes, The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury; Now First Collected and Edited by Sir William Molesworth, Bart., (London: Bohn, 1839-45). 11 vols. Vol. 6. https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/770
Facsimile PDF small 17.3 MB This is a compressed facsimile or image-based PDF made from scans of the original book.
A collection of some of Hobbes’ shorter works on philosophy and history.
A DIALOGUE between A PHILOSOPHER A STUDENT of THE COMMON LAWS OF ENGLAND.
A DIALOGUE of THE COMMON LAW.
BEHEMOTH: THE HISTORY OF THE CAUSES of THE CIVIL WARS OF ENGLAND, AND OF THE COUNSELS AND ARTIFICES BY WHICH THEY WERE CARRIED ON FROM THE YEAR 1640 TO THE YEAR 1660.
THE BOOKSELLER TO THE READER.
PART I. BEHEMOTH, or the epitome of THE CIVIL WARS OF ENGLAND.
PART IV.
the ART OF RHETORIC.
the WHOLE ART OF RHETORIC.
BOOK I.
CHAPTER I.: that rhetoric is an art consisting not only in moving the passions of the judge, but chiefly in proofs: and that this art is profitable.
CHAPTER II.: the definition of rhetoric.
CHAPTER III.: of the several kinds of orations: and of the principles of rhetoric.
CHAPTER IV.: of the subject of deliberatives; and the abilities that are required of him that will deliberate of business of state.
CHAPTER V.: of the ends which the orator in deliberatives propoundeth, whereby to exhort or dehort.
CHAPTER VI.: of the colours or common opinions concerning good and evil.
CHAPTER VII.: of the colours or common opinions concerning good and evil, comparatively.
CHAPTER VIII.: of the several kinds of governments.
CHAPTER IX.: of the colours of honourable and dishonourable.
CHAPTER X.: of accusation and defence, with the definition of injury.
CHAPTER XI.: of the colours or common opinions concerning pleasure.
CHAPTER XII.: presumptions of injury drawn from the persons that do it: or common opinions concerning the aptitude of persons to do injury.
CHAPTER XIII.: presumptions of injury drawn from the persons that suffer, and from the matter of the injury.
CHAPTER XIV.: of those things which are necessary to be known for the definition of just and unjust.
CHAPTER XV.: of the colours or common opinions concerning injuries, comparatively.
CHAPTER XVI.: of proofs inartificial.
BOOK II.
CHAPTER I.: the introduction.
CHAPTER II.: of anger.
CHAPTER III.: of reconciling, or pacifying anger.
CHAPTER IV.: of love and friends.
CHAPTER V.: of enmity and hatred.
CHAPTER VI.: of fear.
CHAPTER VII.: of assurance.
CHAPTER VIII.: of shame.
CHAPTER IX.: of grace or favour.
CHAPTER X.: of pity or compassion.
CHAPTER XI.: of indignation.
CHAPTER XII.: of envy.
CHAPTER XIII.: of emulation.
CHAPTER XIV.: of the manners of youth.
CHAPTER XV.: of the manners of old men.
CHAPTER XVI.: of the manners of middle-aged men.
CHAPTER XVII.: of the manners of the nobility.
CHAPTER XVIII.: of the manners of the rich.
CHAPTER XIX.: of the manners of men in power, and of such as prosper.
CHAPTER XX: common places or principles concerning what may be done, what has been done, and what shall be done; or of fact possible, past and future. also of great and little.
CHAPTER XXI.: of example, similitude, and fables.
CHAPTER XXII.: of a sentence.
CHAPTER XXIII.: of the invention of enthymemes.
CHAPTER XXIV.: of the places of enthymemes ostensive.
CHAPTER XXV.: of the places of enthymemes that lead to impossibility.
CHAPTER XXVI.: of the places of seeming enthymemes.
CHAPTER XXVII.: of the ways to answer the arguments of the adversary.
CHAPTER XXVIII.: amplification and extenuation are not common places. enthymemes, by which arguments are answered, are the same with those by which the matter in question is proved or disproved. objections are not enthymemes.
BOOK III.
CHAPTER I.: of the original of elocution and pronunciation.
CHAPTER II.: of the choice of words and epithets.
CHAPTER III.: of the things that make an oration flat.
CHAPTER IV.: of a similitude.
CHAPTER V.: of the purity of language.
CHAPTER VI.: of the amplitude and tenuity of language.
CHAPTER VII.: of the convenience or decency of elocution.
CHAPTER VIII.: of two sorts of styles.
CHAPTER IX.: of those things that grace an oration, and make it delightful.
CHAPTER X.: in what manner an oration is graced by the things aforesaid.
CHAPTER XI.: of the difference between the style to be used in writing, and the style to be used in pleading.
CHAPTER XII.: of the parts of an oration, and their order.
CHAPTER XIII.: of the proem.
CHAPTER XIV.: places of crimination and purgation.
CHAPTER XV.: of the narration.
CHAPTER XVI.: of proof or confirmation, and refutation.
CHAPTER XVII.: of interrogations, answers, and jests.
CHAPTER XVIII.: of the epilogue.
THE ART OF RHETORIC PLAINLY SET FORTH. WITH PERTINENT EXAMPLES FOR THE MORE EASY UNDERSTANDING AND PRACTICE OF THE SAME. by THOMAS HOBBES OF MALMSBURY.
CHAPTER I.
CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER V.
CHAPTER VI.
CHAPTER VII.
CHAPTER VIII.
CHAPTER IX.
THE ART OF SOPHISTRY.
Edition: current; Page: [none]
THE ENGLISH WORKS of THOMAS HOBBES OF MALMESBURY;
NOW FIRST COLLECTED AND EDITED by SIR WILLIAM MOLESWORTH, BART.
VOL. VI.
JOHN BOHN, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
MDCCCXL.
london: c. richards, printer, st. martin’s lane.
A Dialogue between a Philosopher and a Student of the Common Laws of England - - - - 1
Behemoth: the History of the Causes of the Civil Wars of England - - - - - - 161
The Whole Art of Rhetoric - - - - 419
The Art of Rhetoric, plainly set forth with pertinent examples for the more easy understanding of the same - 511
The Art of Sophistry - - - - - 529
Edition: current; Page: [none] Edition: current; Page: [1]
A DIALOGUE between A PHILOSOPHER & A STUDENT of THE COMMON LAWS OF ENGLAND.
Edition: current; Page: [2] Edition: current; Page: [3]
Lawyer.
What makes you say, that the study of the law is less rational than the study of the mathematics?
Of the law of reason.
Philosopher.
I say not that; for all study is rational, or nothing worth: but I say, that the great masters of the mathematics do not so often err as the great professors of the law.
If you had applied your reason to the law, perhaps you would have been of another mind.
In whatsoever study, I examine whether my inference be rational: and have looked over the titles of the statutes from Magna Charta downward to this present time. I left not one unread, which I thought might concern myself; which was enough for me, that meant not to plead for any but myself. But I did not much examine which of them was more or less rational; because I read them not to dispute, but to obey them, and saw in all of them sufficient reason for my obedience, and that the same reason, though the Statutes themselves were changed, remained constant. I have also diligently read over Littleton’s book of Tenures, with the commentaries thereupon of the renowned lawyer Sir Edward Coke; in which I confess I found great subtilty, not of the law, but Edition: current; Page: [4]of inference from law, and especially from the law of human nature, which is the law of reason: and I confess that it is truth which he says in the epilogue to his book, that by arguments and reason in the law, a man shall sooner come to the certainty and knowledge of the law: and I agree with Sir Edward Coke, who upon that text farther says, that reason is the soul of the law; and upon section 138, nihil, quod est contra rationem, est licitum; that is to say, nothing is law that is against reason; and that reason is the life of the law, nay the common law itself is nothing else but reason; and upon section 21, æquitas est perfecta quædam ratio, quæ jus scriptum interpretatur et emendat, nulla scriptura comprehensa, sed solum in vera ratione consistens; i. e. Equity is a certain perfect reason, that interpreteth and amendeth the law written, itself being unwritten, and consisting in nothing else but right reason. When I consider this, and find it to be true, and so evident as not to be denied by any man of right sense, I find my own reason at a stand; for it frustrates all the laws in the world. For upon this ground any man, of any law whatsoever, may say it is against reason, and thereupon make a pretence for his disobedience. I pray you clear this passage, that we may proceed.
I clear it thus, out of Sir Edward Coke (i. Inst. sect. 138), that this is to be understood of an artificial perfection of reason, gotten by long study, observation, and experience, and not of every man’s natural reason; for nemo nascitur artifex. This legal reason is summa ratio; and therefore if all the reason that is dispersed into so Edition: current; Page: [5]many several heads, were united into one, yet could he not make such a law as the law of England is; because by so many successions of ages it hath been fined and refined by an infinite number of grave and learned men.
This does not clear the place, as being partly obscure, and partly untrue. That the reason which is the life of the law, should be not natural, but artificial, I cannot conceive. I understand well enough, that the knowledge of the law is gotten by much study, as all other sciences are, which when they are studied and obtained, it is still done by natural, and not by artificial reason. I grant you, that the knowledge of the law is an art; but not that any art of one man, or of many, how wise soever they be, or the work of one or more artificers, how perfect soever it be, is law. It is not wisdom, but authority that makes a law. Obscure also are the words legal reason. There is no reason in earthly creatures, but human reason. But I suppose that he means, that the reason of a judge, or of all the judges together without the King, is that summa ratio, and the very law: which I deny, because none can make a law but he that hath the legislative power. That the law hath been fined by grave and learned men, meaning the professors of the law, is manifestly untrue; for all the laws of England have been made by the kings of England, consulting with the nobility and commons in parliament, of which not one of twenty was a learned lawyer.
You speak of the statute law, and I speak of the common law.
I speak generally of law.
Thus far I agree with you, that statute law taken away, there would not be left, either here, or any where, any law at all that would conduce to the peace of a nation; yet equity and reason, (laws Divine and eternal, which oblige all men at all times, and in all places), would still remain, but be obeyed by few: and though the breach of them be not punished in this world, yet they will be punished sufficiently in the world to come. Sir Edward Coke, for drawing to the men of his own profession as much authority as lawfully he might, is not to be reprehended; but to the gravity and learning of the judges they ought to have added in the making of laws, the authority of the King, which hath the sovereignty: for of these laws of reason, every subject that is in his wits, is bound to take notice at his peril, because reason is part of his nature, which he continually carries about with him, and may read it, if he will.
It is very true; and upon this ground, if I pretend within a month or two to make myself able to perform the office of a judge, you are not to think it arrogance; for you are to allow to me, as well as to other men, my pretence to reason, which is the common law, (remember this, that I may not need again to put you in mind, that reason is the common law): and for statute law, seeing it is printed, and that there be indexes to point me to every matter contained in them, I think a man may profit in them very much in two months.
But you will be but an ill pleader.
A pleader commonly thinks he ought to say all he can for the benefit of his client, and therefore has need of a faculty to wrest the sense of Edition: current; Page: [7]words from their true meaning, and the faculty of rhetoric to seduce the jury, and sometimes the judge also, and many other arts which I neither have, nor intend to study.
But let the judge, how good soever he thinks his reasoning, take heed that he depart not too much from the letter of the statute: for it is not without danger.
He may without danger recede from the letter, if he do not from the meaning and sense of the law; which may be by a learned man, (such as judges commonly are,) easily found out by the preamble, the time when it was made, and the incommodities for which it was made. But I pray tell me, to what end were statute laws ordained, seeing the law of reason ought to be applied to every controversy that can arise.
You are not ignorant of the force of an irregular appetite to riches, to power, and to sensual pleasures, how it masters the strongest reason, and is the root of disobedience, slaughter, fraud, hypocrisy, and all manner of evil habits; and that the laws of man, though they can punish the fruits of them, which are evil actions, yet they cannot pluck up the roots that are in the heart. How can a man be indicted of avarice, envy, hypocrisy, or other vicious habit, till it be declared by some action which a witness may take notice of? The root remaining, new fruit will come forth, till you be weary of punishing, and at last destroy all power that shall oppose it.
What hope then is there of a constant peace in any nation, or between one nation and another?
You are not to expect such a peace between Edition: current; Page: [8]two nations; because there is no common power in this world to punish their injustice. Mutual fear may keep them quiet for a time; but upon every visible advantage they will invade one another; and the most visible advantage is then, when the one nation is obedient to their king, and the other not. But peace at home may then be expected durable, when the common people shall be made to see the benefit they shall receive by their obedience and adhesion to their own sovereign, and the harm they must suffer by taking part with them, who by promises of reformation, or change of government, deceive them. And this is properly to be done by divines, and from arguments not only from reason, but also from the Holy Scripture.
This that you say is true, but not very much to that I aim at by your conversation, which is to inform myself concerning the laws of England. Therefore I ask you again, what is the end of statute-laws?
I say then that the scope of all human law is peace, and justice in every nation amongst themselves, and defence against foreign enemies.
Of sovereign power.
But what is justice?
Justice is giving to every man his own.
The definition is good, and yet it is Aristotle’s. What is the definition agreed upon as a principle in the science of the common law?
The same with that of Aristotle.
See, you lawyers, how much you are beholden to the philosopher; and it is but reason; for the more general and noble science and law of all the world, is true philosophy, of which the common law of England is a very little part.
It is so, if you mean by philosophy nothing but the study of reason; as I think you do.
When you say that justice gives to every man his own, what mean you by his own? How can that be given me, which is my own already? Or, if it be not my own, how can justice make it mine?
Without law, every thing is in such sort every man’s, as he may take, possess, and enjoy, without wrong to any man; every thing, lands, beasts, fruits, and even the bodies of other men, if his reason tell him he cannot otherwise live securely. For the dictates of reason are little worth, if they tended not to the preservation and improvement of men’s lives. Seeing then without human law all things would be common, and this community a cause of encroachment, envy, slaughter, and continual war of one upon another, the same law of reason dictates to mankind, for their own preservation, a distribution of lands and goods, that each man may know what is proper to him, so as none other might pretend a right thereunto, or disturb him in the use of the same. This distribution is justice, and this properly is the same which we say is one’s own; by which you may see the great necessity there was of statute laws, for preservation of all mankind. It is also a dictate of the law of reason, that statute laws are a necessary means of the safety and well-being of man in the present world, and are to be obeyed by all subjects, as the law of reason ought to be obeyed, both by King and subjects, because it is the law of God.
All this is very rational; but how can any laws secure one man from another, when the greatest part of men are so unreasonable, and so Edition: current; Page: [10]partial to themselves as they are, and the laws of themselves are but a dead letter, which of itself is not able to compel a man to do otherwise than himself pleaseth, nor punish or hurt him when he hath done a mischief?
By the laws, I mean laws living and armed. For you must suppose, that a nation that is subdued by war to an absolute submission to a conqueror, may, by the same arm that compelled it to submission, be compelled to obey his laws. Also, if a nation choose a man, or an assembly of men, to govern them by laws, it must furnish him also with armed men and money, and all things necessary to his office; or else his laws will be of no force, and the nation remains, as before it was, in confusion. It is not therefore the word of the law, but the power of a man that has the strength of a nation, that make the laws effectual. It was not Solon that made Athenian laws, though he devised them, but the supreme court of the people; nor, the lawyers of Rome that made the imperial law in Justinian’s time, but Justinian himself.
We agree then in this, that in England it is the King that makes the laws, whosoever pens them; and in this, that the King cannot make his laws effectual, nor defend his people against their enemies, without a power to levy soldiers; and consequently, that he may lawfully, as oft as he shall really think it necessary to raise an army, (which in some occasions be very great) I say, raise it, and money to maintain it. I doubt not but you will allow this to be according to the law, at least of reason.
For my part I allow it. But you have heard Edition: current; Page: [11]how, in and before the late troubles the people were of another mind. Shall the King, said they, take from us what he pleases, upon pretence of a necessity whereof he makes himself the judge? What worse condition can we be in from an enemy? What can they take from us more than what they list?
The people reason ill. They do not know in what condition we were, in the time of the Conqueror, when it was a shame to be an Englishman; who, if he grumbled at the base offices he was put to by his Norman masters, received no other answer than this, thou art but an Englishman. Nor can the people, nor any man that humours their disobedience, produce any example of a King that ever raised any excessive sums, either by himself or by the consent of his Parliament, but when they had great need thereof; nor can show any reason that might move any of them so to do. The greatest complaint by them made against the unthriftiness of their Kings, was for the enriching now and then a favourite, which to the wealth of the kingdom was inconsiderable, and the complaint but envy. But in this point of raising soldiers, what is, I pray you, the statute law?
The last statute concerning it, is 13 Car. II. cap. 6, by which the supreme government, command, and disposing of the militia of England, is delivered to be, and always to have been, the ancient right of the Kings of England. But there is also in the same act a proviso, that this shall not be construed for a declaration, that the King may transport his subjects, or compel them to march out of the kingdom; nor is it, on the contrary, declared to be unlawful.
Why is not that also determined?
I can imagine cause enough for it, though I may be deceived. We love to have our King amongst us, and not to be governed by deputies, either of our own or another nation. But this I verily believe, that if a foreign enemy should either invade us, or put himself into a readiness to invade either England, Ireland, or Scotland, no Parliament then sitting, and the King send English soldiers thither, the Parliament would give him thanks for it. The subjects of those Kings who affect the glory, and imitate the actions, of Alexander the Great, have not always the most comfortable lives, nor do such Kings usually very long enjoy their conquests. They march to and fro perpetually, as upon a plank sustained only in the midst; and when one end rises, down goes the other.
It is well. But where soldiers, in the judgment of the King’s conscience, are indeed necessary, as in an insurrection, or rebellion at home; how shall the kingdom be preserved without a considerable army ready and in pay? How shall money be raised for this army, especially when the want of public treasure inviteth neighbour Kings to encroach, and unruly subjects to rebel?
I cannot tell. It is matter of polity, not of law. But I know, that there be statutes express, whereby the King hath obliged himself never to levy money upon his subjects without the consent of his Parliament. One of which statutes is 25 Edw. I. c. 6, in these words: We have granted for us, and our heirs, as well to archbishops, bishops, abbots, priors, and other folk of holy Church, as also to earls, barons, and to all the commonalty Edition: current; Page: [13]of the land, that for no business from henceforth, we shall take such aids, tasks, or prizes, but by the common consent of the realm. There is also another statute of Edward I. (34 Edw. I. stat. 4) in these words: No tallage, or aid shall be taken or levied by us or our heirs in our realm, without the good will and assent of the archbishops, bishops, earls, barons, knights, burgesses, and other freemen of the land; which statutes have been since that time confirmed by divers other Kings, and lastly by the King that now reigneth.
All this I know, and am not satisfied. I am one of the common people, and one of that almost infinite number of men, for whose welfare Kings and other sovereigns were by God ordained: for God made Kings for the people, and not people for Kings. How shall I be defended from the domineering of proud and insolent strangers that speak another language, that scorn us, that seek to make us slaves, or how shall I avoid the destruction that may arise from the cruelty of factions in a civil war, unless the King, to whom alone, you say, belongeth the right of levying and disposing of the militia by which only it can be prevented, have ready money, upon all occasions, to arm and pay as many soldiers, as for the present defence, or the peace of the people, shall be necessary? Shall not I, and you, and every man be undone? Tell me not of a Parliament, when there is no Parliament sitting, or perhaps none in being, which may often happen. And when there is a Parliament, if the speaking and leading men should have a design to put down monarchy, as they had in the Parliament which began to sit the third of November, 1640, Edition: current; Page: [14]shall the King, who is to answer to God Almighty for the safety of the people, and to that end is intrusted with the power to levy and dispose of the soldiery, be disabled to perform his office, by virtue of these acts of Parliament which you have cited? If this be reason, it is reason also that the people be abandoned, or left at liberty to kill one another, even to the last man; if it be not reason, then you have granted it is not law.
It is true, if you mean recta ratio; but recta ratio, which I grant to be law, as Sir Edward Coke says, (1 Inst. sect. 138), is an artificial perfection of reason, gotten by long study, observation, and experience, and not every man’s natural reason; for nemo nascitur artifex. This legal reason is summa ratio; and therefore, if all the reason that is dispersed into so many several heads, were united into one, yet could he not make such a law as the law of England is, because by many successions of ages it hath been fined and refined by an infinite number of grave and learned men. And this is it, he calls the common law.
Do you think this to be good doctrine? Though it be true, that no man is born with the use of reason, yet all men may grow up to it as well as lawyers; and when they have applied their reason to the laws, (which were laws before they studied them, or else it was not law they studied), may be as fit for and capable of judicature, as Sir Edward Coke himself, who whether he had more or less use of reason, was not thereby a judge, but because the King made him so. And whereas he says, that a man who should have as much reason as is dispersed in so many several heads, could not Edition: current; Page: [15]make such a law as this law of England is; if one should ask him who made the law of England, would he say a succession of English lawyers or judges made it, or rather a succession of kings? And that upon their own reason, either solely, or with the advice of the Lords and Commons in Parliament, without the judges or other professors of the law? You see therefore that the King’s reason, be it more or less, is that anima legis, that summa lex, whereof Sir Edward Coke speaketh, and not the reason, learning, or wisdom of the judges. But you may see, that quite through his Institutes of Law, he often takes occasion to magnify the learning of the lawyers, whom he perpetually termeth the sages of the Parliament, or of the King’s council. Therefore unless you say otherwise, I say, that the King’s reason, when it is publicly upon advice and deliberation declared, is that anima legis; and that summa ratio and that equity, which all agree to be the law of reason, is all that is or ever was law in England, since it became Christian, besides the Bible.
Are not the Canons of the Church part of the law of England, as also the imperial law used in the Admiralty, and the customs of particular places, and the by-laws of corporations and courts of judicature?
Why not? For they were all constituted by the Kings of England; and though the civil law used in the Admiralty were at first the statutes of the Roman empire, yet because they are in force by no other authority than that of the King, they are now the King’s laws, and the King’s statutes. The same we may say of the Canons; such of them Edition: current; Page: [16]as we have retained, made by the Church of Rome, have been no law, nor of any force in England, since the beginning of Queen Elizabeth’s reign, but by virtue of the great seal of England.
In the said statutes that restrain the levying of money without consent of Parliament, is there any thing you can take exceptions to?
No. I am satisfied that the kings that grant such liberties, are bound to make them good, so far as it may be done without sin: but if a King find that by such a grant he be disabled to protect his subjects, if he maintain his grant, he sins; and therefore may, and ought to take no notice of the said grant. For such grants, as by error or false suggestion are gotten from him, are, as the lawyers do confess, void and of no effect, and ought to be recalled. Also the King, as is on all hands confessed, hath the charge lying upon him to protect his people against foreign enemies, and to keep the peace betwixt them within the kingdom: if he do not his utmost endeavour to discharge himself thereof, he committeth a sin, which neither King nor Parliament can lawfully commit.
No man, I think, will deny this. For if levying of money be necessary, it is a sin in the Parliament to refuse; if unnecessary, it is a sin both in King and Parliament to levy. But for all that, it may be, and I think it is, a sin in any one that hath the sovereign power, be he one man or one assembly, being intrusted with the safety of a whole nation, if rashly, and relying upon his own natural sufficiency, he make war or peace, without consulting with such, as by their experience and employment abroad, and intelligence by letters, or other means, Edition: current; Page: [17]have gotten the knowledge in some measure of the strength, advantages, and designs of the enemy, and the manner and the degree of the danger that may from thence arise. In like manner, in case of rebellion at home, if he consult not with those of military condition; which if he do, then I think he may lawfully proceed to subdue all such enemies and rebels; and that the soldiers ought to go on without inquiring whether they be within the country, or without. For who shall suppress rebellion, but he that hath right to levy, command, and dispose of the militia? The last Long Parliament denied this. But why? Because by the major part of their votes the rebellion was raised with the design to put down monarchy, and to that end maintained.
Nor do I hereby lay any aspersion upon such grants of the King and his ancestors. Those statutes are in themselves very good for the King and the people, as creating some kind of difficulty for such Kings as, for the glory of conquest, might spend one part of their subjects’ lives and estates in molesting other nations, and leave the rest to destroy themselves at home by factions. That which I here find fault with, is the wresting of those, and other such statutes, to the binding of our Kings from the use of their armies in the necessary defence of themselves and their people. The late Long Parliament, that in 1648 murdered their King, (a King that sought no greater glory upon earth, but to be indulgent to his people, and a pious defender of the Church of England,) no sooner took upon them the sovereign power, than they levied money upon the people at their own discretion. Did any of their subjects Edition: current; Page: [18]dispute their power? Did they not send soldiers over the sea to subdue Ireland, and others to fight against the Dutch at sea; or made they any doubt but to be obeyed in all that they commanded, as a right absolutely due to the sovereign power in whomsoever it resides? I say not this as allowing their actions, but as a testimony from the mouths of those very men that denied the same power to him whom they acknowledged to have been their sovereign immediately before; which is a sufficient proof, that the people of England never doubted of the King’s right to levy money for the maintenance of his armies, till they were abused in it by seditious teachers, and other prating men, on purpose to turn the State and Church into popular government, where the most ignorant and boldest talkers do commonly obtain the best preferments. Again, when their new republic returned into monarchy by Oliver, who durst deny him money upon any pretence of Magna Charta, or of these other acts of Parliament which you have cited? You may therefore think it good law, for all your books, that the King of England may at all times, that he thinks in his conscience it will be necessary for the defence of his people, levy as many soldiers and as much money as he please, and that himself is judge of the necessity.
Is there nobody hearkening at the door?
I mean to say the same that you say: but there be very many yet, that hold their former principles, whom neither the calamities of the civil wars, nor their former pardon, have thoroughly cured of their madness.
The common people never take notice of what they hear of this nature, but when they are set on by such as they think wise; that is, by some sorts of preachers, or some that seem to be learned in the laws, and withal speak evil of the governors. But what if the King, upon the sight or apprehension of any great danger to his people, (as when their neighbours are borne down by the current of a conquering enemy), should think his own people might be involved in the same misery; may he not levy, pay, and transport soldiers to help those weak neighbours, by way of prevention to save his own people and himself from servitude? Is that a sin?
First, if the war upon our neighbour be just, it may be questioned whether it be equity or no to assist them against the right.
For my part, I make no question of that at all, unless the invader will, and can, put me in security, that neither he nor his successors shall make any advantage of the conquest of my neighbour, to do the same to me in time to come. But there is no common power to bind them to the peace.
Secondly, when such a thing shall happen, the Parliament will not refuse to contribute freely to the safety of themselves and the whole nation.
It may be so, and it may be not; for if a Parliament then sit not, it must be called; that requires six weeks’ time; debating and collecting what is given requires as much, and in this time the opportunity perhaps is lost. Besides, how many wretched souls have we heard to say in the Edition: current; Page: [20]late troubles; what matter is it who gets the victory? We can pay but what they please to demand, and so much we pay now. And this they will murmur, as they have ever done, whosoever shall reign over them, as long as their covetousness and ignorance hold together; which will be till doomsday, if better order be not taken for their instruction in their duty, both from reason and religion.
For all this I find it somewhat hard, that a King should have right to take from his subjects, upon the pretence of necessity, what he pleaseth.
I know what it is that troubles your conscience in this point. All men are troubled at the crossing of their wishes; but it is our own fault. First, we wish impossibilities; we would have our security against all the world upon right of property, without paying for it; this is impossible. We may as well expect that fish and fowl should boil, roast, and dish themselves, and come to the table, and that grapes should squeeze themselves into our mouths, and have all other the contentments and ease which some pleasant men have related of the land of Cocagne. Secondly, there is no nation in the world where he or they that have the sovereignty, do not take what money they please for the defence of those respective nations, when they think it necessary for their safety. The late Long Parliament denied this; but why? Because there was a design amongst them to depose the King. Thirdly, there is no example of any King of England that I have read of, that ever pretended any such necessity for levying money against his conscience. The greatest sums that ever were levied, comparing the value of money, as it was at that Edition: current; Page: [21]time, with what it is now, were levied by King Edward III and King Henry V; kings in whom we glory now, and think their actions great ornaments to the English history. Lastly, as to the enriching now and then a favourite, it is neither sensible to the kingdom, nor is any treasure thereby conveyed out of the realm, but so spent as it falls down again upon the common people. To think that our condition being human should be subject to no incommodity, were injuriously to quarrel with God Almighty for our own faults.
I know not what to say.
If you allow this that I have said, then say, that the people never were, shall be, or ought to be, free from being taxed at the will of one or other; that if civil war come, they must levy all they have, and that dearly, from the one or from the other, or from both sides. Say, that adhering to the King, their victory is an end of their trouble; that adhering to his enemies there is no end; for the war will continue by a perpetual subdivision, and when it ends, they will be in the same estate they were before. That they are often abused by men who to them seem wise, when then their wisdom is nothing else but envy of those that are in grace and in profitable employments; and that those men do but abuse the common people to their own ends, that set up a private man’s propriety against the public safety. But say withal, that the King is subject to the laws of God, both written and unwritten, and to no other; and so was William the Conqueror, whose right is all descended to our present King.
As to the law of reason, which is equity, it Edition: current; Page: [22]is sure enough there is but one legislator, which is God.
It followeth, then, that which you call the common law, distinct from statute law, is nothing else but the law of God.
In some sense it is; but it is not Gospel, but natural reason, and natural equity.
Would you have every man to every other man allege for law his own particular reason? There is not amongst men a universal reason agreed upon in any nation, besides the reason of him that hath the sovereign power. Yet though his reason be but the reason of one man, yet it is set up to supply the place of that universal reason, which is expounded to us by our Saviour in the Gospel; and consequently our King is to us the legislator both of statute-law, and of common-law.
Yes, I know that the laws spiritual, which have been law in this kingdom since the abolishing of popery, are the King’s laws, and those also that were made before. For the Canons of the Church of Rome were no laws, neither here, nor anywhere else without the Pope’s temporal dominions, farther than kings and states in their several dominions respectively did make them so.
I grant that. But you must grant also, that those spiritual laws were made by the legislators of the spiritual law And yet not all kings and states make laws by consent of the Lords and Commons; but our King here is so far bound to their assents, as he shall judge conducing to the good and safety of his people. For example, if the Lords and Commons should advise him to restore those laws spiritual, which in Queen Mary’s time were in force, I think Edition: current; Page: [23]the King were by the law of reason obliged, without the help of any other law of God, to neglect such advice.
I grant you that the King is sole legislator; but with this restriction, that if he will not consult with the Lords of Parliament, and hear the complaints and informations of the Commons, that are best acquainted with their own wants, he sinneth against God, though he cannot be compelled to any thing by his subjects by arms and force.
We are agreed upon that already. Since therefore the King is sole legislator, I think it also reason he should be sole supreme judge.
There is no doubt of that; for otherwise there would be no congruity of judgments with the laws. I grant also that he is the supreme judge over all persons, and in all causes civil and ecclesiastical within his own dominions; not only by act of Parliament at this time, but that he has ever been so by the common law. For the judges of both the Benches have their offices by the King’s letters-patent; and so as to judicature have the bishops. Also the Lord Chancellor hath his office by receiving from the King the Great Seal of England. And, to say all at once, there is no magistrate, or commissioner for public business, neither of judicature nor execution, in State or Church, in peace or war, but he is made so by authority from the King.
The King is the supreme judge.
It is true; but perhaps you may think otherwise, when you read such acts of parliament, as say, that the King shall have power and authority to do this or that by virtue of that act, as Elizabeth c. I “that your highness, your heirs, and Edition: current; Page: [24]successors, Kings, or Queens of this realm, shall have full power and authority, by virtue of this act, by letters-patent under the great seal of England, to assign, &c.” Was it not this Parliament that gave this authority to the Queen?
No. For the statute in this clause is no more than, as Sir Edward Coke useth to speak, an affirmance of the common-law. For she being head of the Church of England, might make commissioners for the deciding of matters ecclesiastical, as freely as if she had been Pope, who did, you know, pretend his right from the law of God.
We have hitherto spoken of laws without considering anything of the nature and essence of a law; and now unless we define the word law, we can go no farther without ambiguity and fallacy, which will be but loss of time; whereas, on the contrary, the agreement upon our words will enlighten all we have to say hereafter.
I do not remember the definition of law in any statute.
I think so: for the statutes were made by authority, and not drawn from any other principles than the care of the safety of the people. Statutes are not philosophy, as is the common-law, and other disputable arts, but are commands or prohibitions, which ought to be obeyed, because assented to by submission made to the Conqueror here in England, and to whosoever had the sovereign power in other commonwealths; so that the positive laws of all places are statutes. The definition of law was therefore unnecessary for the makers of statutes, though very necessary to them whose work it is to teach the sense of the law.
There is an accurate definition of a law in Bracton, cited by Sir Edward Coke: Lex est sanctio justa, jubens honesta, et prohibens contraria.
That is to say, law is a just statute, commanding those things which are honest, and forbidding the contrary. From whence it followeth, that in all cases it must be the honesty or dishonesty that makes the command a law; whereas you know that but for the law we could not, as saith St. Paul, have known what is sin. Therefore this definition is no ground at all for any farther discourse of law. Besides, you know the rule of honest and dishonest refers to honour, and that it is justice only, and injustice, that the law respecteth. But that which I most except against in this definition, is, that it supposes that a statute made by the sovereign power of a nation may be unjust. There may indeed in a statute-law, made by men, be found iniquity, but not injustice.
This is somewhat subtile. I pray deal plainly. What is the difference between injustice and iniquity?
I pray you tell me first, what is the difference between a court of justice, and a court of equity?
A court of justice is that which hath cognizance of such causes as are to be ended by the positive laws of the land; and a court of equity is that, to which belong such causes as are to be determined by equity; that is to say, by the law of reason.
You see then that the difference between Edition: current; Page: [26]injustice and iniquity is this; that injustice is the transgression of a statute-law, and iniquity the transgression of the law of reason. But perhaps you mean by common-law, not the law itself, but the manner of proceeding in the law, as to matter of fact, by twelve men, freeholders; though those twelve men are no court of equity, nor of justice, because they determine not what is just or unjust, but only whether it be done or not done; and their judgment is nothing else but a confirmation of that which is properly the judgment of the witnesses. For to speak exactly, there cannot possibly be any judge of fact besides the witnesses.
How would you have a law defined?
Thus; a law is the command of him or them that have the sovereign power, given to those that be his or their subjects, declaring publicly and plainly what every of them may do, and what they must forbear to do.
Seeing all judges in all courts ought to judge according to equity, which is the law of reason, a distinct court of equity seemeth to me to be unnecessary, and but a burthen to the people, since common-law and equity are the same law.
It were so indeed, if judges could not err; but since they may err, and that the King is not bound to any other law but that of equity, it belongs to him alone to give remedy to them that, by the ignorance or corruption of a judge, shall suffer damage.
By your definition of a law, the King’s proclamation under the Great Seal of England is a Edition: current; Page: [27]law; for it is a command, and public, and of the sovereign to his subjects.
Why not, if he think it necessary for the good of his subjects? For this is a maxim at the common-law alleged by Sir Edward Coke himself, (i Inst. sect. 306), Quando lex aliquid concedit, concedere videtur et id per quod devenitur ad illud. And you know out of the same author, that divers Kings of England have often, to the petitions in Parliament which they granted, annexed such exceptions as these, unless there be necessity, saving our regality; which I think should be always understood, though they be not expressed; and are understood so by common lawyers, who agree that the King may recall any grant wherein he was deceived.
Again, whereas you make it of the essence of a law to be publicly and plainly declared to the people, I see no necessity for that. Are not all subjects bound to take notice of all acts of Parliament, when no act can pass without their consent?
If you had said that no act could pass without their knowledge, then indeed they had been bound to take notice of them; but none can have knowledge of them but the members of the houses of Parliament; therefore the rest of the people are excused. Or else the knights of the shire should be bound to furnish people with a sufficient number of copies, at the people’s charge, of the acts of Parliament, at their return into the country; that every man may resort to them, and by themselves, or friends, take notice of what they are obliged to. For otherwise it were impossible they should be Edition: current; Page: [28]obeyed: and that no man is bound to do a thing impossible, is one of Sir Edward Coke’s maxims at the common-law. I know that most of the statutes are printed; but it does not appear that every man is bound to buy the book of statutes, nor to search for them at Westminster or at the Tower, nor to understand the language wherein they are for the most part written.
I grant it proceeds from their own faults; but no man can be excused by ignorance of the law of reason, that is to say, by ignorance of the common-law, except children, madmen, and idiots. But you exact such a notice of the statute-law, as is almost impossible. Is it not enough that they in all places have a sufficient number of the penal statutes?
Yes; if they have those penal statutes near them. But what reason can you give me why there should not be as many copies abroad of the statutes, as there be of the Bible?
I think it were well that every man that can read, had a statute-book; for certainly no knowledge of those laws, by which men’s lives and fortunes can be brought into danger, can be too much. I find a great fault in your definition of law; which is, that every law either forbiddeth or commandeth something. It is true that the moral law is always a command or a prohibition, or at least implieth it. But in the Levitical law, where it is said that he that stealeth a sheep shall restore fourfold, what command or prohibition lieth in these words?
Such sentences as that are not in themselves general, but judgments; nevertheless, there is in Edition: current; Page: [29]those words implied a commandment to the judge, to cause to be made a fourfold restitution.
That is right.
Now define what justice is, and what actions and men are to be called just.
Justice is the constant will of giving to every man his own; that is to say, of giving to every man that which is his right, in such manner as to exclude the right of all men else to the same thing. A just action is that which is not against the law. A just man is he that hath a constant will to live justly; if you require more, I doubt there will no man living be comprehended within the definition.
Seeing then that a just action, according to your definition, is that which is not against the law; it is manifest that before there was a law, there could be no injustice; and therefore laws are in their nature antecedent to justice and injustice. And you cannot deny but there must be law-makers, before there were any laws, and consequently before there was any justice, (I speak of human justice); and that law-makers were before that which you call own, or property of goods or lands, distinguished by meum, tuum, alienum.
That must be granted; for without statute-laws, all men have right to all things; and we have had experience, when our laws were silenced by civil war, there was not a man, that of any goods could say assuredly they were his own.
You see then that no private man can claim a propriety in any lands, or other goods, from any title from any man but the King, or them that have the sovereign power; because it is in virtue of the sovereignty, that every man may not enter Edition: current; Page: [30]into and possess what he pleaseth; and consequently to deny the sovereign anything necessary to the sustaining of his sovereign power, is to destroy the propriety he pretends to. The next thing I will ask you is, how you distinguish between law and right, or lex and jus.
Sir Edward Coke in divers places makes lex and jus to be the same, and so lex communis and jus communis, to be all one; nor do I find that he does in any place distinguish them.
Then will I distinguish them, and make you judge whether my distinction be not necessary to be known by every author of the common-law. For law obligeth me to do, or forbear the doing of something; and therefore it lays upon me an obligation. But my right is a liberty left me by the law to do any thing which the law forbids me not, and to leave undone any thing which the law commands me not. Did Sir Edward Coke see no difference between being bound and being free?
I know not what he saw, but he has not mentioned it. Though a man may dispense with his own liberty, he cannot do so with the law.
But what are you better for your right, if a rebellious company at home, or an enemy from abroad, take away the goods, or dispossess you of the lands you have a right to? Can you be defended or repaired, but by the strength and authority of the King? What reason therefore can be given by a man that endeavours to preserve his propriety, why he should deny or malignly contribute to the strength that should defend him or repair him? Let us see now what your books say to this point, and other points of the right of Edition: current; Page: [31]sovereignty. Bracton, the most authentic author of the common law, (fol. 55), saith thus: Ipse Dominus Rex habet omnia jura in manu sua, sicut Dei vicarius; habet etiam ea quæ sunt pacis; habet etiam coercionem, ut delinquentes puniat; item habet in potestate sua leges. Nihil enim prodest jura condere, nisi sit qui jura tueatur. That is to say: Our Lord the King hath all right in his own hands; is God’s vicar; he has all that concerns the peace; he has the power to punish delinquents; all the laws are in his power: to make laws is to no purpose, unless there be somebody to make them obeyed. If Bracton’s law be reason, as I and you think it is, what temporal power is there which the King hath not? Seeing that at this day all the power spiritual, which Bracton allows the Pope, is restored to the crown; what is there that the King cannot do, excepting sin against the law of God? The same Bracton, (lib. ii. c. 8, fol. 5), saith thus: Si autem a Rege petatur, cum breve non currat contra ipsum, locus erit supplicationi quod factum suum corrigat et emendet; quod quidem si non fecerit, satis sufficit ei ad pœnam, quod Dominum expectet ultorem: nemo quidem de factis suis præsumat disputare, multo fortius contra factum suum venire. That is to say: If any thing be demanded of the King, seeing a writ lieth not against him, he is put to his petition, praying him to correct and amend his own fact; which if he will not do, it is a sufficient penalty for him, that he is to expect a punishment from the Lord: no man may presume to dispute of what he does, much less to resist him. You see by this, that this doctrine concerning the rights of sovereignty, so much cried Edition: current; Page: [32]down by the Long Parliament, is the ancient common-law, and that the only bridle of the Kings of England, ought to be the fear of God. And again, Bracton, (lib. ii. c. 24, fol. 55), says, that the rights of the Crown cannot be granted away: Ea vero quæ jurisdictionis sunt et pacis, et ea quæ sunt justitiæ et paci annexa, ad nullum pertinent nisi ad coronam et dignitatem Regiam, nec a corona separari poterunt, nec a privata persona possideri. This is to say: those things which belong to jurisdiction and peace, and those things that are annexed to justice and peace, appertain to none but to the crown and dignity of the King, nor can be separated from the crown, nor be possessed by a private person. Again, you will find in Fleta, a law-book written in the time of Edward II, that liberties, though granted by the King, if they tend to the hinderance of justice, or subversion of the regal power, were not to be used, nor allowed; for in that book, (lib. i. c. 20, § 54) concerning articles of the crown, which the justices itinerant are to enquire of, the 54th article is this: You shall inquire, de libertatibus concessis quæ impediunt communem justitiam, et Regiam potestatem subvertunt. Now what is a greater hinderance to common justice, or a greater subversion of the regal power, than a liberty in subjects to hinder the King from raising money necessary to suppress or prevent rebellions, which doth destroy justice, and subvert the power of the sovereignty? Moreover, when a charter is granted by the King in these words: “Dedita etc. . . . coram etc. . . . pro me et hæredibus meis:” the grantor by the common-law, as Sir Edward Coke says in his Commentaries on Littleton, Edition: current; Page: [33]is to warrant his gift; and I think it reason, especially if the gift be upon consideration of a price paid. Suppose a foreign state should lay claim to this kingdom, (it is no matter as to the question I am putting, whether the claim be unjust), how would you have the King to warrant to every freeholder in England the lands they hold of him by such a charter? If he cannot levy money, their estates are lost, and so is the King’s estate; and if the King’s estate be gone, how can he repair the value due upon the warranty? I know that the King’s charters are not so merely grants, as that they are not also laws; but they are such laws as speak not to all the King’s subjects in general, but only to his officers; implicitly forbidding them to judge or execute any thing contrary to the said grants. There be many men that are able judges of what is right reason, and what not; when any of these shall know that a man has no superior nor peer in the kingdom, he will hardly be persuaded he can be bound by any law of the kingdom, or that he who is subject to none but God, can make a law upon himself, which he cannot also as easily abrogate as he made it. The main argument, and that which so much taketh with the throng of people, proceedeth from a needless fear put into their minds by such men as mean to make use of their hands to their own ends. For if, say they, the King may notwithstanding the law do what he please, and nothing to restrain him but the fear of punishment in the world to come, then, in case there come a king that fears no such punishment, he may take away from us, not only our lands, goods, and liberties, but our lives also if he Edition: current; Page: [34]will. And they say true; but they have no reason to think he will, unless it be for his own profit; which cannot be, for he loves his own power; and what becomes of his power when his subjects are destroyed or weakened, by whose multitude and strength he enjoys his power, and every one of his subjects his fortune? And lastly, whereas they sometimes say the King is bound, not only to cause his laws to be observed, but also to observe them himself; I think the King causing them to be observed is the same thing as observing them himself. For I never heard it taken for good law, that the King may be indicted, or appealed, or served with a writ, till the Long Parliament practised the contrary upon the good King Charles; for which divers of them were executed, and the rest by this our present King pardoned.
Pardoned by the King and Parliament.
By the King in Parliament if you will, but not by the King and Parliament. You cannot deny, but that the pardoning of injury belongs to the person that is injured; treason, and other offences against the peace and against the right of the sovereign, are injuries done to the King; and therefore whosoever is pardoned any such offence, ought to acknowledge he owes his pardon to the King alone: but as to such murders, felonies, and other injuries as are done to any subject how mean soever, I think it great reason that the parties endamaged ought to have satisfaction before such pardon be allowed. And in the death of a man, where restitution of life is impossible, what can any friend, heir, or other party that may appeal, require more than reasonable satisfaction some other way? Perhaps Edition: current; Page: [35]he will be content with nothing but life for life; but that is revenge, and belongs to God, and under God to the King, and none else; therefore if there be reasonable satisfaction tendered, the King without sin, I think, may pardon him. I am sure, if the pardoning him be a sin, that neither King, nor Parliament, nor any earthly power can do it.
You see by this your own argument, that the Act of Oblivion, without a Parliament, could not have passed; because, not only the King, but also most of the Lords, and abundance of common people had received injuries; which not being pardonable but by their own assent, it was absolutely necessary that it should be done in Parliament, and by the assent of the Lords and Commons.
I grant it; but I pray you tell me now what is the difference between a general pardon, and an act of oblivion?
The word Act of Oblivion was never in our books before; but I believe it is in yours.
In the state of Athens long ago, for the abolishing of the civil war, there was an act agreed on; that from that time forward, no man should be molested for anything before that act done, whatsoever, without exception; which act the makers of it called an act of oblivion; not that all injuries should be forgotten (for then we could never have had the story), but that they should not rise up in judgment against any man. And in imitation of this act, the like was propounded, though it took no effect, upon the death of Julius Cæsar, in the senate of Rome. By such an act you may easily conceive that all accusations for offences past were Edition: current; Page: [36]absolutely dead and buried; and yet we have no great reason to think, that the objecting one to another of the injuries pardoned, was any violation of those acts, except the same were so expressed in the act itself.
It seems then that the act of oblivion was here no more, nor of other nature, than a general pardon.
Since you acknowledge that in all controversies, the judicature originally belongeth to the King, and seeing that no man is able in his own person to execute an office of so much business: what order is taken for deciding of so many and so various controversies?
Of Courts.
There be divers sorts of controversies, some of which are concerning men’s titles to lands and goods; and some goods are corporeal, as lands, money, cattle, corn, and the like, which may be handled or seen; and some incorporeal, as privileges, liberties, dignities, offices, and many other good things, mere creatures of the law, and cannot be handled or seen; and both of these kinds are concerning meum and tuum. Others there are concerning crimes punishable divers ways: and amongst some of these, part of the punishment is some fine or forfeiture to the King; and then it is called a plea of the Crown, in case the King sue the party; otherwise it is but a private plea, which they call an appeal. And though upon judgment in an appeal the King shall have his forfeiture, yet it cannot be called a plea of the Crown, but when the Crown pleadeth for it. There be also other controversies concerning the government of the Church, in order to religion and virtuous life. The offences Edition: current; Page: [37]both against the Crown and against the laws of the Church, are crimes; but the offences of one subject against another, if they be not against the Crown, the King pretendeth nothing in those pleas but the reparation of his subjects injured.
A crime is an offence of any kind whatsoever, for which a penalty is ordained by the law of the land: but you must understand that damages awarded to the party injured, has nothing common with the nature of a penalty, but is merely a restitution or satisfaction, due to the party grieved by the law of reason, and consequently is no more a punishment than is the paying of a debt.
It seems by this definition of a crime, you make no difference between a crime and a sin.
All crimes are indeed sins, but not all sins crimes. A sin may be in the thought or secret purpose of a man, of which neither a judge, nor a witness, nor any man can take notice; but a crime is such a sin as consists in an action against the law, of which action he can be accused, and tried by a judge, and be convinced or cleared by witnesses. Farther; that which is no sin in itself, but indifferent, may be made sin by a positive law: as when the statute was in force that no man should wear silk in his hat, after the statute such wearing of silk was a sin, which was not so before. Nay, sometimes an action that is good in itself, by the statute law may be made a sin; as if a statute should be made to forbid the giving of alms to a strong and sturdy beggar, such alms, after that law, would be a sin, but not before; for then it was charity, the object whereof is not the strength or other quality of the poor man, but his poverty. Again, Edition: current; Page: [38]he that should have said in Queen Mary’s time, that the Pope had no authority in England, should have been burnt at a stake; but for saying the same in the time of Queen Elizabeth, should have been commended. You see by this, that many things are made crimes, and no crime, which are not so in their own nature, but by diversity of law, made upon diversity of opinion or of interest by them which have authority: and yet those things, whether good or evil, will pass so with the vulgar, if they hear them often with odious terms recited, for heinous crimes in themselves, as many of those opinions, which are in themselves pious and lawful, were heretofore, by the Pope’s interest therein, called detestable heresy. Again, some controversies are of things done upon the sea, others of things done upon the land. There need be many courts to the deciding of so many kinds of controversies. What order is there taken for their distribution?
There be an extraordinary great number of courts in England. First, there be the King’s courts, both for law and equity, in matters temporal; which are the Chancery, the King’s Bench, the Court of Common Pleas; and, for the King’s revenue, the Court of the Exchequer: and there be subjects’ courts by privilege, as the Courts in London and other privileged places. And there be other courts of subjects, as the Court of Landlords, called the Court of Barons, and the Courts of Sheriffs. Also the Spiritual Courts are the King’s courts at this day, though heretofore they were the Pope’s courts. And in the King’s courts, some have their judicature by office, and some by commission; and some authority to hear and determine, and some only to inquire, Edition: current; Page: [39]and to certify into other courts. Now for the distribution of what pleas every court may hold, it is commonly held, that all the pleas of the Crown, and of all offences contrary to the peace, are to be holden in the King’s Bench, or by commissioners. For Bracton saith: Sciendum est, quod si actiones sunt criminales, in Curia Domini Regis debent determinari; cum sit ibi pœna corporalis infligenda, et hoc coram ipso rege, si tangat personam suam, sicut crimen læsæ majestatis, vel coram justitiariis ad hoc specialiter assignatis: that is to say, that if the plea be criminal, it ought to be determined in the Court of our Lord the King, because there they have power to inflict corporal punishment; and if the crime be against his person, as the crime of treason, it ought to be determined before the King himself; or if it be against a private person, it ought to be determined by justices assigned, that is to say, before commissioners. It seems by this, that heretofore Kings did hear and determine pleas of treason against themselves, by their own persons; but it has been otherwise a long time, and is now; for it is now the office of the Lord Steward of England, in the trial of a peer, to hold that plea by a commission especially for the same. In causes concerning meum and tuum, the King may sue, either in the King’s Bench, or in the Court of Common Pleas; as it appears by Fitzherbert in his Natura Brevium, at the writ of escheat.
A king perhaps will not sit to determine of causes of treason against his person, lest he should seem to make himself judge in his own cause; but that it shall be judged by judges of his own making can never be avoided, which is all one as if he were judge himself.
To the King’s Bench also, I think, belongeth the hearing and determining of all manner of breaches of the peace whatsoever, saving always to the King that he may do the same, when he pleaseth, by commissioners. In the time of Henry III and Edward I (when Bracton wrote) the King did usually send down every seven years into the country, commissioners called justices itinerant, to hear and determine generally all causes temporal, both criminal and civil; whose places have been now a long time supplied by the justices of assize, with commissions of the peace of oyer and terminer, and of gaol-delivery.
But why may the King only sue in the King’s Bench or Court of Common Pleas, which he will, and no other person may do the same?
There is no statute to the contrary, but it seemeth to be the common-law. For Sir Edward Coke (ivth Instit.), setteth down the jurisdiction of the King’s Bench; which, he says, has: first, jurisdiction in all pleas of the Crown. Secondly, the correcting of all manner of errors of other justices and judges, both of judgments and process, except of the Court of Exchequer, which, he says, is to this court proprium quarto modo. Thirdly, that it has power to correct all misdemeanours extrajudicial, tending to the breach of the peace, or oppression of the subjects, or raising of factions, controversies, debates, or any other manner of misgovernment. Fourthly, it may hold plea by writ out of the Chancery of all trespasses done vi et armis. Fifthly, it hath power to hold plea by bill for debt, detenue, covenant, promise, and all other personal actions. But of the jurisdiction of the King’s Bench in actions Edition: current; Page: [41]real he says nothing; save, that if a writ in a real action be abated by judgment in the Court of Common Pleas, and that the judgment be by a writ of error reversed in the King’s Bench, then the King’s Bench may proceed upon the writ.
But how is the practice?
Real actions are commonly decided, as well in the King’s Bench, as in the Court of Common Pleas.
When the King by authority in writing maketh a Lord Chief Justice of the King’s Bench; does he not set down what he makes him for?
Sir Edward Coke sets down the letters-patent, whereby of ancient time the Lord Chief Justice was constituted, wherein is expressed to what end he hath his office; viz. pro conservatione nostra et tranquillitatis regni nostri, et ad justitiam universis et singulis de regno nostro exhibendam, constituimus dilectum et fidelem nostrum P.B. Justitiarium Angliæ, quamdiu nobis placuerit, Capitalem, etc.: that is to say, for the preservation of ourself, and of the peace of our realm, and for the doing of justice to all and singular our subjects, we have constituted our beloved and faithful P. B. during our pleasure, Chief Justice of England, &c.
Methinks it is very plain by these letters-patent, that all causes temporal within the kingdom, except the pleas that belong to the Exchequer, should be decidable by this Lord Chief Justice. For as for causes criminal, and that concern the peace, it is granted him in these words, “for the conservation of our self, and peace of the kingdom,” wherein are contained all pleas criminal; and, in the doing of justice to all and singular the King’s Edition: current; Page: [42]subjects are comprehended all pleas civil. And as to the Court of Common Pleas, it is manifest it may hold all manner of civil pleas, except those of the Exchequer, by Magna Charta, cap. ii. So that all original writs concerning civil pleas are returnable into either of the said courts. But how is the Lord Chief Justice made now?
By these words in their letters-patent: Constituimus vos Justitiarium nostrum Capitalem ad placita coram nobis tenenda, durante beneplacito nostro: that is to say, we have made you our Chief Justice, to hold pleas before ourself, during our pleasure. But this writ, though it be shorter, does not at all abridge the power they had by the former. And for the letters-patent for the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, they go thus: Constituimus dilectum et fidelem, etc., Capitalem Justitiarium de Communi Banco, habendum, etc., quamdiu nobis placuerit, cum vadiis et fœdis ab antiquo debitis et consuetis. Id est, We have constituted our beloved and faithful, &c., Chief Justice of the Common Bench, to have, &c., during our pleasure, with the ways and fees thereunto heretofore due, and usual.
I find in history, that there have been in England always a Chancellor and a Chief Justice of England, but of a Court of Common Pleas there is no mention before Magna Charta. Common pleas there were ever both here, and, I think, in all nations; for common pleas and civil pleas I take to be the same.
Before the statute of Magna Charta, common pleas, as Sir Edward Coke granteth, (2 Inst. p. 21), might have been holden in the King’s Edition: current; Page: [43]Bench; and that court being removeable at the King’s will, the returns of writs were Coram nobis ubicunque fuerimus in Anglia; whereby great trouble of jurors ensued, and great charges of the parties, and delay of justice; and for these causes it was ordained, that the common pleas should not follow the King, but be held in a place certain.
Here Sir Edward Coke declares his opinion, that no common plea can be holden in the King’s Bench, in that he says they might have been holden then. And yet this doth not amount to any probable proof, that there was any Court of Common Pleas in England before Magna Charta. For this statute being to ease the jurors, and lessen the charges of parties, and for the expedition of justice, had been in vain, if there had been a Court of Common Pleas then standing; for such a court was not necessarily to follow the King, as was the Chancery and the King’s Bench. Besides, unless the King’s Bench, wheresoever it was, held plea of civil causes, the subject had not at all been eased by this statute. For supposing the King at York, had not the King’s subjects about London, jurors and parties, as much trouble and charge to go to York, as the people about York had before to go to London? Therefore I can by no means believe otherwise, than that the erection of the Court of Common Pleas was the effect of that statute of Magna Charta, cap. 11; and before that time not existent, though I think that for the multiplicity of suits in a great kingdom there was need of it.
Perhaps there was not so much need of it as you think. For in those times the laws, for the most part, were in settling, rather than settled; Edition: current; Page: [44]and the old Saxon laws concerning inheritances were then practised, by which laws speedy justice was executed by the King’s writs, in the courts of Barons, which were landlords to the rest of the freeholders; and suits of barons in County courts; and but few suits in the King’s courts, but when justice could not be had in those inferior courts. But at this day there be more suits in the King’s courts, than any one court can despatch.
Why should there be more suits now, than formerly? For I believe this kingdom was as well peopled then as now.
Sir Edward Coke (4 Inst. p. 76) assigneth for it six causes: 1. Peace. 2. Plenty. 3. The dissolution of religious houses, and dispersing of their lands among so many several persons. 4. The multitude of informers. 5. The number of concealers. 6. The multitude of attorneys.
I see Sir Edward Coke has no mind to lay any fault upon the men of his own profession, and that he assigns for causes of the mischiefs, such things as would be mischief and wickedness to amend. For if peace and plenty be the cause of this evil, it cannot be removed but by war and beggary; and the quarrels arising about the lands of religious persons cannot arise from the lands, but from the doubtfulness of the laws. And for informers, they were authorized by statutes; to the execution of which statutes they are so necessary, as that their number cannot be too great; and if it be too great, the fault is in the law itself. The number of concealers are indeed a number of cozeners, which the law may easily correct. And lastly, for the multitude of attorneys, it is the Edition: current; Page: [45]fault of them that have the power to admit or refuse them. For my part, I believe that men at this day have better learned the art of cavilling against the words of a statute, than heretofore they had, and thereby encourage themselves and others to undertake suits upon little reason. Also the variety and repugnancy of judgments of common-law, do oftentimes put men to hope for victory in causes whereof in reason they had no ground at all: also the ignorance of what is equity in their own causes, which equity not one man in a thousand ever studied. And the lawyers themselves seek not for their judgments in their own breasts, but in the precedents of former judges: as the ancient judges sought the same, not in their own reason, but in the laws of the empire. Another, and perhaps the greatest cause of multitude of suits, is this, that for want of registering of conveyances of land, which might easily be done in the townships where the lands lay, a purchase cannot easily be had which will not be litigious. Lastly, I believe the covetousness of lawyers was not so great in ancient time, which was full of trouble, as they have been since in time of peace; wherein men have leisure to study fraud, and get employment from such men as can encourage to contention. And how ample a field they have to exercise this mystery in, is manifest from this, that they have a power to scan and construe every word in a statute, charter, feoffment, lease, or other deed, evidence, or testimony. But to return to the jurisdiction of this Court of the King’s Bench, where, as you say, it hath power to correct and amend the errors of all other judges, both in process and Edition: current; Page: [46]in judgments; cannot the judges of the Common Pleas correct error in process in their own courts, without a writ of error from another court?
Yes; and there be many statutes which command them so to do.
When a writ of error is brought out of the King’s Bench, be it either error in process or in law, at whose charge is it to be done?
At the charge of the client.
I see no reason for that; for the client is not in fault, who never begins a suit but by the advice of his counsel, learned in the law, whom he pays for his counsel given. Is not this the fault of his counsellor? Nor when a judge in the Common Pleas hath given an erroneous sentence, is it always likely that the judge of the King’s Bench will reverse the judgment, (though there be no question, but as you may find in Bracton and other learned men, he has power to do it); because being professors of the same common-law, they are persuaded, for the most part, to give the same judgments. For example: if Sir Edward Coke, in the last term that he sat as Lord Chief Justice in the Court of Common Pleas, had given an erroneous judgment, is it likely that when he was removed, and made Lord Chief Justice of the King’s Bench, he would therefore have reversed the said judgment? It is possible he might, but not very likely. And therefore I do believe there is some other power, by the King constituted, to reverse erroneous judgments, both in the King’s Bench and in the Court of Common Pleas.
I think not; for there is a statute to the contrary, made 4 Henry IV, cap. 23, in these words: Edition: current; Page: [47]Whereas, as well in plea real, as in plea personal, after judgment in the court of our Lord the King, the parties be made to come upon grievous pain sometimes before the King himself, sometimes before the King’s council, and sometimes to the Parliament, to answer thereof anew, to the great impoverishing of the parties aforesaid, and to the subversion of the common-law of the land, it is ordained and established, that after judgment given in the court of our Lord the King, the parties and their heirs shall be there in peace, until the judgment be undone by attaint, or by error, if there be error, as hath been used by the laws in the times of the King’s progenitors.
This statute is so far from being repugnant to that I say, as it seemeth to me to have been made expressly to confirm the same. For the substance of the statute is, that there shall be no suit made by either of the parties for anything adjudged, either in the King’s Bench, or Court of Common Pleas, before the judgment be undone by error, or corruption proved; and that this was the common-law before the making of this statute, which could not be, except there were before this statute some courts authorized to examine and correct such errors as by the plaintiff should be assigned. The inconvenience which by this statute was to be remedied was this, that often judgment given in the King’s courts, by which are meant in this place the King’s Bench and Court of Common Pleas, the party against whom the judgment was given, did begin a new suit, and cause his adversary to come before the King himself. Here, by the King himself must be understood the Edition: current; Page: [48]King in person; for though in a writ by the words coram nobis is understood the King’s Bench, yet in a statute it is never so; nor is it strange, seeing in those days the King did usually sit in court with his council to hear causes, as sometimes King James. And sometimes the same parties commenced their suit before the Privy Council, though the King were absent, and sometimes before the Parliament, the former judgment yet standing. For remedy whereof, it was ordained by this statute, that no man should renew his suit till the former judgment was undone by attaint or error; which reversing of a judgment had been impossible, if there had been no court besides the aforesaid two courts, wherein the errors might be assigned, examined, and judged; for no court can be esteemed, in law or reason, a competent judge of its own errors. There was therefore before this statute, some other court existent for the hearing of errors, and reversing of erroneous judgments. What court this was, I inquire not yet; but I am sure it could not be either the Parliament or the Privy Council, or the court wherein the erroneous judgment was given.
The Doctor and Student discourses of this statute (cap. 18 et seq.) much otherwise than you do. For the author of that book saith, that against an erroneous judgment all remedy is by this statute taken away. And though neither reason, nor the office of a King, nor any law positive, can prohibit the remedying of any injury, much less of an unjust sentence; yet he shows many statutes, wherein a man’s conscience ought to prevail above the law.
Upon what ground can he pretend, that all remedy in this case is by this statute prohibited?
He says it is thereby enacted, that judgment given by the King’s Courts shall not be examined in the Chancery, Parliament, nor elsewhere.
Is there any mention of Chancery in this act? It cannot be examined before the King and his council, nor before the Parliament; but you see that before the statute it was examined somewhere, and that this statute will have it examined there again. And seeing the Chancery was altogether the highest office of judicature in the kingdom for matter of equity, and that the Chancery is not here forbidden to examine the judgments of all other courts, at least it is not taken from it by this statute. But what cases are there in this chapter of the Doctor and Student, by which it can be made probable, that when law and conscience, or law and equity, seem to oppugn one another, the written law should be preferred?
If the defendant wage his law in an action of debt brought upon a true debt, the plaintiff hath no means to come to his debt by way of compulsion, neither by subpœna, nor otherwise; and yet the defendant is bound in conscience to pay him.
Here is no preferring, that I see, of the law above conscience or equity. For the plaintiff in this case loseth not his debt for want either of law, or equity, but for want of proof; for neither law nor equity can give a man his right, unless he prove it.
Also if the grand jury in attaint affirm a false verdict given by the petty jury, there is no further remedy, but the conscience of the party.
Here again the want of proof is the want of remedy. For if he can prove that the verdict given Edition: current; Page: [50]was false, the King can give him remedy such way as himself shall think best, and ought to do it, in case the party shall find surety, if the same verdict be again affirmed, to satisfy his adversary for the damage and vexation he puts him to.
But there is a statute made since, viz. 27 Eliz. c. 8, by which that statute of 4 Hen. IV. 23, is in part taken away. For by that statute, erroneous judgments given in the King’s Bench, are by a writ of error to be examined in the Exchequer-chamber, before the justices of the Common Bench and the Barons of the Exchequer; and by the preamble of this act it appears, that erroneous judgments are only to be reformed by the High Court of Parliament.
But here is no mention, that the judgments given in the Court of Common Pleas should be brought in to be examined in the Exchequer-chamber. Why therefore may not the Court of Chancery examine a judgment given in the Court of Common Pleas?
You deny not but, by the ancient law of England, the King’s Bench may examine the judgment given in the Court of Common Pleas.
It is true. But why may not also the Court of Chancery do the same, especially if the fault of the judgment be against equity, and not against the letter of the law?
There is no necessity of that; for the same court may examine both the letter and the equity of the statute.
You see by this, that the jurisdiction of courts cannot easily be distinguished, but by the King himself in his Parliament. The lawyers themselves Edition: current; Page: [51]cannot do it; for you see what contention there is between courts, as well as between particular men. And whereas you say, that law of 4 Hen. IV. 23, is by that of 27 Eliz. c. 8, taken away, I do not find it so. I find indeed a diversity of opinion between the makers of the former and the latter statute, in the preamble of the latter and conclusion of the former. The preamble of the latter is, forasmuch as erroneous judgments given in the Court called the King’s Bench, are only to be reformed in the High Court of Parliament; and the conclusion of the former is, that the contrary was law in the times of the King’s progenitors. These are no parts of those laws, but opinions only concerning the ancient custom in that case, arising from the different opinions of the lawyers in those different times, neither commanding nor forbidding anything; though of the statutes themselves, the one forbids that such pleas be brought before the Parliament, the other forbids it not. But yet, if after the act of Hen. IV such a plea had been brought before the Parliament, the Parliament might have heard and determined it. For the statute forbids not that; nor can any law have the force to hinder the Parliament of any jurisdiction whatsoever they please to take upon them, seeing it is a court of the King and of all the people together, both Lords and Commons.
Though it be, yet seeing the King (as Sir Edward Coke affirms, 4 Inst. p. 71) hath committed all his power judicial, some to one court, and some to another, so as if any man would render himself to the judgment of the King, in such case where the King hath committed all his power Edition: current; Page: [52]judicial to others, such a render should be to no effect. And p. 73, he saith farther: that in this court, the Kings of this realm have sitten on the high bench, and the judges of that court on the lower bench, at his feet; but judicature belongeth only to the judges of that court, and in his presence they answer all motions.
I cannot believe that Sir Edward Coke, how much soever he desired to advance the authority of himself and other justices of the common-law, could mean that the King in the King’s Bench sat as a spectator only, and might not have answered all motions, which his judges answered, if he had seen cause for it. For he knew that the King was supreme judge then in all causes temporal, and is now in all causes both temporal and ecclesiastical; and that there is an exceeding great penalty ordained by the laws for them that shall deny it. But Sir Edward Coke, as he had (you see) in many places before, hath put a fallacy upon himself, by not distinguishing between committing and transferring. He that transferreth his power, hath deprived himself of it: but he that committeth it to another to be exercised in his name and under him, is still in the possession of the same power. And therefore, if a man render himself, that is to say, appealeth to the King from any judge whatsoever, the King may receive his appeal; and it shall be effectual.
Besides these two courts, the King’s Bench for Pleas of the Crown, and the Court of Common Pleas for causes civil, according to the common-law of England, there is another court of justice, that hath jurisdiction in causes both civil and criminal, Edition: current; Page: [53]and is as ancient a court at least as the Court of Common Pleas, and this is the Court of the Lord Admiral; but the proceedings therein are according to the laws of the Roman empire, and the causes to be determined there are such as arise upon the marine sea: for so it is ordained by divers statutes, and confirmed by many precedents.
As for the statutes, they are always law, and reason also; for they are made by the assent of all the kingdom; but precedents are judgments, one contrary to another; I mean divers men in divers ages, upon the same case give divers judgments. Therefore I will ask your opinion once more concerning any judgments besides those of the King, as to their validity in law. But what is the difference between the proceedings of the Court of Admiralty, and the Court of Common-law?
One is, that the Court of Admiralty proceedeth by two witnesses, without any either grandjury to indict, or petty to convict; and the judge giveth sentence according to the laws imperial, which of old time were in force in all this part of Europe, and now are laws, not by the will of any other Emperor or foreign power, but by the will of the Kings of England that have given them force in their own dominions; the reason whereof seems to be, that the causes that arise at sea are very often between us, and people of other nations, such as are governed for the most part by the self-same laws imperial.
How can it precisely enough be determined at sea, especially near the mouth of a very great river, whether it be upon the sea, or within the land? For the rivers also are, as well as their banks, within or a part of one country or other.
Truly the question is difficult; and there have been many suits about it, wherein the question has been, whose jurisdiction it is in.
Nor do I see how it can be decided but by the King himself, in case it be not declared in the Lord Admiral’s letters-patent.
But though there be in the letters-patent a power given to hold plea in some certain cases, not contrary to any of the statutes concerning the Admiralty, the justices of the common-law may send a prohibition to that court, to proceed in the plea, though it be with a non-obstante of any statute.
Methinks that that should be against the right of the Crown, which cannot be taken from it by any subject. For that argument of Sir Edward Coke’s, that the King has given away all his judicial power, is worth nothing: because, as I have said before, he cannot give away the essential rights of his Crown, and because by a non-obstante he declares he is not deceived in his grant.
But you may see by the precedents alleged by Sir Edward Coke, the contrary has been perpetually practised.
I see not that perpetually. For who can tell but there may have been given other judgments, in such cases, which have either been not preserved in the records, or else by Sir Edward Coke, because they were against his opinion, not alleged? For this is possible, though you will not grant it to be very likely. Therefore I insist only upon this, that no record of a judgment is a law, save only to the party pleading until he can by law reverse the former judgment. And as to the proceeding without juries, by two sufficient witnesses, I do not see what harm Edition: current; Page: [55]can proceed from it to the commonwealth, nor consequently any just quarrel that the justice of the common-law can have against their proceedings in the Admiralty. For the proof of the fact in both courts lieth merely on the witnesses; and the difference is no more, but that in the imperial law, the judge of the court judgeth of the testimony of the witnesses, and the jury doth it in a court of common-law. Besides, if a court of common-law should chance to encroach upon the jurisdiction of the Admiral, may not he send a prohibition to the court of common-law to forbid their proceeding? I pray you tell me what reason there is for the one, more than for the other?
I know none but long custom, for I think it was never done. The highest ordinary court in England is the Court of Chancery, wherein the Lord Chancellor, or otherwise Keeper of the Great Seal, is the only judge. This court is very ancient, as appears by Sir Edward Coke, 4 Inst. p. 78, where he nameth the Chancellors of King Edgar, King Etheldred, King Edmund, and King Edward the Confessor. His office is given to him, without letters-patent, by the King’s delivery to him of the Great Seal of England; and whosoever hath the keeping of the Great Seal of England, hath the same, and the whole jurisdiction that the Lord Chancellor ever had by the statute of 5 Eliz. c. 18, wherein it is declared, that such is, and always has been the common-law. And Sir Edward Coke says, he has his name of Chancellor from the highest point of his jurisdiction, viz. a cancellando; that is, from cancelling the King’s letters-patent, by drawing strokes through it like a lattice.
Very pretty. It is well enough known that Cancellarius was a great officer under the Roman empire, whereof this island was once a member, and that the office came into this kingdom, either with, or in imitation of the Roman government. Also, it was long after the time of the twelve Cæsars, that this officer was created in the state of Rome. For till after Septimius Severus his time, the emperors did diligently enough take cognizance of all causes and complaints for judgments given in the Courts of the Prætors, which were in Rome the same that the judges of the common-law are here. But by the continual civil wars in after times for the choosing of Emperors, that diligence by little and little ceased. And afterwards, as I have read in a very good author of the Roman civil law, the number of complaints being much increased, and being more than the Emperor could dispatch, he appointed an officer as his clerk, to receive all such petitions; and that this clerk caused a partition to be made in a room convenient, in which partition-wall, at the heighth of a man’s reach, he placed at convenient distances certain bars; so that when a suitor came to deliver his petition to the clerk, who was sometimes absent, he had no more to do but to throw in his petition between those bars, which in Latin are called properly cancelli; not that any certain form of those bars, or any bars at all were necessary, for they might have been thrown over, though the whole space had been left open; but because they were cancelli, the clerk attendant, and keeping his office there, was called Cancellarius. And any court bar may properly enough be called cancelli, which does not signify a lattice; for that Edition: current; Page: [57]is but a mere conjecture grounded upon no history nor grammar, but taken up at first, as is likely, by some boy that could find no other word in the dictionary for a lattice, but cancelli. The office of this Chancellor was at first but to breviate the matter of the petitions, for the easing of the Emperor; but complaints increasing daily, they were too many, considering other businesses more necessary for the Emperor to determine; and this caused the Emperor to commit the determination of them to the Chancellor again. What reason doth Sir Edward Coke allege to prove, that the highest point of the Chancellor’s jurisdiction is to cancel his master’s letters-patent, after they were sealed with his master’s seal; unless he hold plea concerning the validity of them, or of his master’s meaning in them, or of the surreptitious getting of them, or of the abusing of them, which are all causes of equity? Also, seeing the Chancellor hath his office only by the delivery of the Great Seal, without any instruction, or limitation of the process of his court to be used; it is manifest, that in all causes whereof he has the hearing, he may proceed by such manner of hearing and examining of witnesses, with jury or without jury, as he shall think fittest for the exactness, expedition, and equity of the decrees. And therefore, if he think the custom of proceeding by jury, according to the custom of England in Courts of common-law, tend more to equity, which is the scope of all the judges in the world, or ought to be, he ought to use that method; or if he think better of another proceeding, he may use it, if it be not forbidden by a statute.
As for this reasoning of yours, I think it well Edition: current; Page: [58]enough. But there ought to be had also a reverend respect to customs not unreasonable; and therefore, I think, Sir Edward Coke says not amiss, that in such cases where the Chancellor will proceed by the rule of the common-law, he ought to deliver the record in the King’s Bench; and also it is necessary for the Lord Chancellor to take care of not exceeding as it is limited by statutes.
What are the statutes by which his jurisdiction is limited? I know that by the 27 Eliz. c. 8, he cannot reverse a judgment given in the King’s Bench for debt, detinue, &c.; nor before the statute could he ever, by virtue of his office, reverse a judgment in pleas of the Crown, given by the King’s Bench, that hath the cognizance of such pleas. Nor need he; for the judges themselves, when they think there is need to relieve a man oppressed by ill witnesses, or power of great men prevailing on the jury, or by error of the jury, though it be in case of felony, may stay the execution and inform the King, who will in equity relieve him. As to the regard we ought to have to custom, we will consider of it afterwards.
First, in a Parliament holden the 13th of Richard II, the Commons petitioned the King, that neither the Chancellor, nor other Chancellor, do make any order against the common-law, nor that any judgment be given without due process of law.
This is no unreasonable petition; for the common-law is nothing else but equity: and by this statute it appears, that the Chancellors, before that statute, made bolder with the Courts of common-law than they did afterward; but it does not appear that common-law in this statute signifies any thing Edition: current; Page: [59]else but generally the law temporal of the realm, nor was this statute ever printed, that such as I might take notice of it. But whether it be a statute or not, I know not, till you tell me what the Parliament answered to this petition.
The King’s answer was, the usages heretofore shall stand, so as the King’s royalty be saved.
This is flatly against Sir Edward Coke, concerning the Chancery.
In another Parliament, 17 Rich. II, it is enacted, at the petition of the Commons, that forasmuch as people were compelled to come before the King’s Council, or in Chancery, by writs grounded upon untrue suggestions, the Chancellor for the time being, presently after such suggestions be duly found and proved untrue, shall have power to ordain and award damages according to his discretion, to him which is so travelled unduly as is aforesaid.
By this statute it appears, that when a complaint is made in Chancery upon undue suggestions, the Chancellor shall have the examination of the said suggestions, and as he may award damages when the suggestions are untrue, so he may also proceed by process to the determining of the cause, whether it be real or personal, so it be not criminal.
Also the Commons petitioned in a Parliament of 2 Hen. IV, (not printed) that no writs, nor privy seals, be sued out of Chancery, Exchequer, or other places, to any man to appear at a day upon a pain, either before the King and his Council, or in any other place, contrary to the ordinary course of common-law.
What answer was given to this petition by the King?
That such writs should not be granted without necessity.
Here again, you see, the King may deny or grant any petitions in Parliament, either as he thinks it necessary, as in this place, or as he thinks it prejudicial or not prejudicial to his royalty; as in the answer of the former petition, which is a sufficient proof that no part of his legislative power, or any other essential part of royalty, can be taken from him by a statute. Now seeing it is granted that equity is the same thing with the law of reason, and seeing Sir Edward Coke (1 Inst. sec. xxi.), defines equity to be a certain reason comprehended in no writing, but consisting only in right reason, which interpreteth and amendeth the written law; I would fain know to what end there should be any other Court of Equity at all, either before the Chancellor or any other person, besides the Judges of the Civil or Common Pleas? Nay, I am sure you can allege none but this, that there was a neeessity for a higher Court of Equity than the Courts of common-law, to remedy the errors in judgment given by the justices of inferior courts; and the errors in Chancery were irrevocable, except by Parliament, or by special commission appointed thereunto by the King.
But Sir Edward Coke says, that seeing matters of fact by the common-law are triable by a jury of twelve men, this court should not draw the matter ad aliud examen, that is, to another kind of examination, viz. deposition of witnesses, which should be but evidence to a jury.
Is the deposition of witnesses any more or less, than evidence to the Lord Chancellor? It Edition: current; Page: [61]is not therefore another kind of examination; nor is a jury more capable of duly examining witnesses than a Lord Chancellor. Besides, seeing all courts are bound to judge according to equity, and that all judges in a case of equity may sometimes be deceived, what harm is there to any man, or to the state, if there be a subordination of judges in equity, as well as of judges in common-law? Seeing it is provided by an Act of Parliament, to avoid vexation, that subpœnas shall not be granted till surety be found to satisfy the party so grieved and vexed for his damages and expenses, if so be the matter may not be made good which is contained in the bill.
There is another statute of 31 Hen. VI. c. 2, wherein there is a proviso cited by Sir Edward Coke in these words: “Provided that no matter determinable by the laws of the realm, shall be by the said Act determined in other form, than after the course of the same law in the King’s Courts, having the determination of the same law.”
This law was made but for seven years, and never continued by any other Parliament, and the motive of this law was the great riots, extortions, oppressions, &c. used during the time of the insurrection of John Cade, and the indictments and condemnations wrongfully had by this usurped authority. And thereupon the Parliament ordained, that for seven years following no man should disobey any of the King’s writs under the Great Seal, or should refuse to appear upon proclamation before the King’s Council, or in the Chancery, to answer to riots, extortions, &c.; for the first time he should lose, &c. Wherein there is nothing at all concerning the jurisdiction of the Chancery or any other court, Edition: current; Page: [62]but an extraordinary power given to the Chancery, and to the King’s Privy Council, to determine of those crimes, which were not before that time triable but only by the King’s Bench or special commission. For the Act was made expressly for the punishment of a great multitude of crimes committed by those who had acted under the said Cade’s authority; to which Act the proviso was added which is here mentioned, that the proceedings in those Courts of Chancery, and of the King’s Council, should be such as should be used in the courts, to which the said causes, before this Act was made, do belong: that is to say, such causes as were criminal, should be after the order of the King’s Bench; and such causes as were not criminal, but only against equity, should be tried after the manner of the Chancery, or in some cases according to the proceedings in the Exchequer. I wonder why Sir Edward Coke should cite a statute, as this is, above two hundred years before expired, and other two petitions, as if they were statutes, when they were not passed by the King; unless he did it on purpose to diminish, as he endeavours to do throughout his Institutes, the King’s authority, or to insinuate his own opinions among the people for the law of the land; for that also he endeavours by inserting Latin sentences, both in his text and in the margin, as if they were principles of the law of reason, without any authority of ancient lawyers, or any certainty of reason in themselves, to make men believe they are the very grounds of the law of England. Now as to the authority you ascribe to custom, I deny that any custom of its own nature can amount to the authority of a law. For if the custom be unreasonable, Edition: current; Page: [63]you must, with all other lawyers, confess that it is no law, but ought to abolished; and if the custom be reasonable, it is not the custom, but the equity that makes it law. For what need is there to make reason law by any custom how long soever, when the law of reason is eternal? Besides, you cannot find it in any statute, though lex et consuetudo be often mentioned as things to be followed by the judges in their judgments, that consuetudines, that is to say, customs or usages, did imply any long continuance of former time; but that it signified such use and custom of proceeding, as was then immediately in being before the making of such statute. Nor shall you find in any statute the word common-law, which may not be there well interpreted for any of the laws of England temporal; for it is not the singularity of process used in any court that can distinguish it, so as to make it a different law from the law of the whole nation.
If all the courts were, as you think, courts of equity, would it not be incommodious to the commonwealth?
I think not; unless perhaps you may say, that seeing the judges, whether they have many or few causes to be heard before them, have but the same wages from the King, they may be too much inclined to put off the causes they use to hear, for the easing of themselves, to some other court, to the delay of justice, and damage of the parties suing.
You are very much deceived in that; for on the contrary, the contention between the courts for jurisdiction is, of who shall have most causes brought before them.
I cry you mercy, I smelt not that.
Seeing also all judges ought to give their sentence according to equity, if it should chance that a written law should be against the law of reason, which is equity, I cannot imagine in that case how any judgment can be righteous.
It cannot be that a written law should be against reason; for nothing is more reasonable than that every man should obey the law which he hath himself assented to. But that is not always the law, which is signified by grammatical construction of the letter, but that which the legislature thereby intended should be in force; which intention, I confess, is a very hard matter many times to pick out of the words of the statute, and requires great ability of understanding, and greater meditations and consideration of such conjuncture of occasions and incommodities, as needed a new law for a remedy. For there is scarce anything so clearly written, that when the cause thereof is forgotten, may not be wrested by an ignorant grammarian, or a cavilling logician, to the injury, oppression, or perhaps destruction of an honest man. And for this reason the Judges deserve that honour and profit they enjoy. Since the determination of what particular causes every particular court should have cognizance, is a thing not yet sufficiently explained, and is in itself so difficult, as that the sages of the law themselves, (the reason Sir Edward Coke will leave to law itself), are not yet agreed upon it; how is it possible for a man who is no professed or no profound lawyer, to take notice in what court he may lawfully begin his suit, or give counsel in it to his client?
I confess that no man can be bound to take notice of the jurisdiction of courts, till all the courts be agreed upon it amongst themselves; but what rule to give judgment by, a judge can have, so as never to contradict the law written, nor displease his legislator, I understand not.
I think he may avoid both, if he take care by his sentence that he neither punish an innocent man, nor deprive him of his damages due from one that maliciously sueth him without reasonable cause, which to the most of rational men and unbiassed, is not, in my opinion, very difficult. And though a judge should, as all men may do, err in his judgment, yet there is always such power in the laws of England, as may content the parties, either in the Chancery, or by commissioners of their own choosing, authorized by the King; for every man is bound to acquiesce in the sentence of the judges he chooseth.
In what cases can the true construction of the letter be contrary to the meaning of the lawmaker?
Very many, whereof Sir Edward Coke nameth three: fraud, accident, and breach of confidence. But there be many more; for there be a very great many reasonable exceptions almost to every general rule, which the makers of the rule could not foresee; and very many words in every statute, especially long ones, that are, as to grammar, of ambiguous signification, and yet to them that know well to what end the statute was made, perspicuous enough; and many connexions of doubtful reference, which by a grammarian may be cavilled at, though the intention of the lawmaker be never so perspicuous. And these are the difficulties which the Edition: current; Page: [66]judges ought to master, and can do it in respect of their ability for which they are chosen, as well as can be hoped for; and yet there are other men can do the same, or else the judges’ places could not be from time to time supplied. The bishops commonly are the most able and rational men, and obliged by their profession to study equity, because it is the law of God; and are therefore capable of being judges in a court of equity. They are the men that teach the people what is sin; that is to say, they are the doctors in cases of conscience. What reason then can you show me, why it is unfit and hurtful to the commonwealth that a bishop should be a Chancellor; as they were most often before the time of Henry VIII, and since that time once in the reign of King James?
But Sir Edward says, that soon after that a Chancellor was made which was no professor of the law, he finds in the rolls of the Parliament a grievous complaint by the whole body of the realm, and a petition that the most wise and able men within the realm might be chosen Chancellors.
That petition was reasonable; but it does not say which are the abler men, the judges of the common-law, or the bishops.
That is not the great question as to the ability of a judge; both of one and the other, there are able men in their own way. But when a judge of equity has need, almost in every case, to consider as well the statute-law, as the law of reason, he cannot perform his office perfectly, unless he be also ready in the statutes.
I see no great need he has to be ready in the statutes. In the hearing of a cause, do the judges Edition: current; Page: [67]of the common-law inform the counsel at the bar what the statute is, or the counsel the judges?
The counsel inform the judges.
Why may they not as well inform the Chancellor? Unless you will say, that a bishop understands not as well as a lawyer what is sense, when he hears it read in English. No, no; both the one and the other are able enough: but to be able enough is not enough, when not the difficulty of the case only, but also the passion of the judge is to be conquered. I forgot to tell you of the statute of 36 Edw.III,c.9, that if any person thinking himself grieved contrary to any of the articles above-written, or others contained in divers statutes, will come to the Chancery, or any for him, and thereof make his complaint, he shall presently there have remedy by force of the said articles and statutes, without elsewhere pursuing to have remedy. By the words of this statute it is very apparent, in my opinion, that the Chancery may hold plea upon the complaint of the party grieved, in any case triable at the common-law; because the party shall have present remedy in that court, by force of this Act, without pursuing for remedy elsewhere.
Yes; but Sir Edward Coke (4 Inst. p. 82) answers this objection in this manner. These words, says he, he shall have remedy, signify no more but that he shall have presently there a remedial writ grounded upon those statutes, to give him remedy at the common-law.
Very like Sir Edward Coke thought, as soon as the party had his writ, he had his remedy, though he kept the writ in his pocket without pursuing Edition: current; Page: [68]his complaint elsewhere: or else he thought, that the Common-bench was not elsewhere than in the Chancery.
Then there is the Court of—
Let us stop here; for this which you have said satisfies me, that seek no more than to distinguish between justice and equity; and from it I conclude, that justice fulfils the law, and equity interprets the law, and amends the judgments given upon the same law. Wherein I depart not much from the definition of equity cited in Sir Edward Coke (1 Inst. sec .xxi.); viz. equity is a certain perfect reason, that interpreteth and amendeth the law written; though I construe it a little otherwise than he would have done; for no one can mend a law but he that can make it, and therefore I say it amends not the law, but the judgments only when they are erroneous. And now let us consider of crimes in particular, the pleas whereof are commonly called the Pleas of the Crown, and of the punishments belonging to them. And first of the highest crime of all, which is high-treason. Tell me, what is high-treason?
The first statute that declareth what is high-treason, is the statute of the 25 Edw. III, in these words: “Whereas divers opinions have been before this time, in what case treason shall be said, and in what not; the King, at the request of the Lords and of the Commons, hath made declaration in the manner as hereafter follows: that is to say, when a man doth compass or imagine the death of our Lord the King, of our Lady the Queen, or of their eldest son and heir; or if a man doth violate the King’s companion, or the King’s eldest daughter Edition: current; Page: [69]unmarried, or the wife of the King’s eldest son and heir; or if a man do levy war against our Lord the King in his realm, or be adherent to the King’s enemies in his realm, giving to them aid and comfort in the realm or elsewhere; and thereof be provably attainted by open deed by people of their condition: and if a man counterfeit the King’s Great or Privy Seal, or his money: and if a man bring false money into this realm counterfeit to the money of England, as the money called Lushburgh, or other like to the said money of England, knowing the money to be false, to merchandize, and make payment in deceit of our said Lord the King, and of his people: and if a man slay the Chancellor, Treasurer, or the King’s Justices of one Bench or the other, Justices in Eyre, or Justices of Assizes, and all other justices assigned to hear and determine, being in their places and doing their offices. And is to be understood in the cases above rehearsed, that that ought to be adjudged treason, which extends to our royal Lord the King, and his royal Majesty; and of such treason the forfeiture of the escheats pertains to our Lord the King, as well the lands and tenements holden of others, as himself. And moreover there is another manner of treason; that is to say, when a servant slayeth his master, or a wife her husband; or when a man, secular or religious, slayeth his prelate, to whom he oweth faith and obedience; and of such treason the escheats ought to pertain to every Lord of his own fee. And because many other like cases of treason may happen in time to come, which a man cannot think nor declare at this present time, it is accorded, that if any case supposed treason, which is not above specified, doth happen before Edition: current; Page: [70]any justices, the justices shall tarry without giving any judgment of the treason, till the cause be showed and declared before the King and his Parliament, whether it ought to be adjudged treason or other felony.”
Of crimes capital.
I desired to understand what treason is, wherein no enumeration of facts can give me satisfaction. Treason is a crime of itself, malum in se, and therefore a crime at the common-law; and high-treason the highest crime at the common-law that can be. And therefore not the statute only, but reason without a statute makes it a crime. And this appears by the preamble, where it is intimated, that all men, though of divers opinions, did condemn it by the name of treason, though they knew not what treason meant, but were forced to request the King to determine it. That which I desire to know is, how treason might have been defined without the statute, by a man that has no other faculty to make the definition of it, than by mere natural reason.
When none of the lawyers have done it, you are not to expect that I should undertake it on such a sudden.
You know that salus populi is suprema lex, that is to say, the safety of the people is the highest law; and that the safety of the people of a kingdom consisteth in the safety of the King, and of the strength necessary to defend his people, both against foreign enemies and rebellious subjects. And from this I infer, that to compass, that is, to design, the death of the then present King, was high treason before the making of this statute, as being a designing of a civil war and the destruction of the people. 2. That the design to kill the King’s Edition: current; Page: [71]wife, or to violate her chastity, as also to violate the chastity of the King’s heir-apparent, or of his eldest daughter unmarried, as tending to the destruction of the certainty of the King’s issue, and by consequence to the raising of contentions about the Crown, and destruction of the people in succeeding time by civil war, was therefore high-treason before this statute. 3. That to levy war against the King within the realm, and aiding the King’s enemies, either within or without the realm, are tending to the King’s destruction or disherison, and was high-treason, before this statute, by the common-law. 4. That counterfeiting the principal seals of the kingdom, by which the King governeth his people, tendeth to the confusion of government, and consequently to the destruction of the people, and was therefore treason before the statute. 5. If a soldier design the killing of his general or other officer in time of battle, or a captain hover doubtfully with his troops, with intention to gain the favour of him that shall chance to get the victory, it tendeth to the destruction both of King and people, whether the King be present or absent, and was high-treason before the statute. 6. If any man had imprisoned the King’s person, he had made him incapable of defending his people, and it was therefore high-treason before the statute. 7. If any man had, with design to raise rebellion against the King, by words written or advisedly uttered, denied the King regnant to be their lawful King, he that wrote, preached, or spoke such words, living then under the protection of the King’s laws, it had been high-treason before the statute, for the reasons aforesaid. And perhaps there may be some other cases upon Edition: current; Page: [72]this statute, which I cannot presently think upon. But the killing of a justice or other officer, as is determined by the statute, is not otherwise high-treason, but by the statute. And to distinguish that which is treason by the common-law from all other inferior crimes, we are to consider, that if such high-treason should take effect, it would destroy all laws at once; and being done by a subject, it is a return to hostility by treachery; and consequently, such as are traitors may, by the law of reason, be dealt withal as ignoble and treacherous enemies: but the greatest of other crimes, for the most part, are breaches of one only, or at least of very few laws.
Whether this you say be true or false, the law is now unquestionable, by a statute made in the 1st and 2nd years of Queen Mary, whereby there is nothing to be esteemed treason, besides those few offences specially mentioned in the act of 25 Edward III.
Amongst these great crimes the greatest is that which is committed by one that has been trusted and loved by him whose death he so designeth: for a man cannot well take heed of those whom he thinks he hath obliged, whereas an open enemy gives a man warning before he acteth. And this it is for which the statute hath declared, that it is another kind of treason, when a servant killeth his master or mistress, or a wife killeth her husband, or a clerk killeth his prelate. And I should think it petty treason also, though it be not within the words of the statute, when a tenant in fee, that holdeth by homage and fealty, shall kill the lord of his fee; for fealty is an oath of allegiance to the lord of the fee; saving he may not keep Edition: current; Page: [73]his oath in any thing sworn to, if it be against the King. For homage, as it is expressed in a statute of 17 Edw. II, is the greatest submission that is possible to be made to one man by another. For the tenant shall hold his hands together between the hands of his landlord, and shall say thus; I become your man from this day forth for life, for member, and for worldly honour, and shall owe that my faith for the lands that I shall hold of you, saving the faith that I owe unto our Sovereign Lord the King, and to many other lords. Which homage, if made to the King, is equivalent to a promise of simple obedience, and if made to another lord, there is nothing excepted but the allegiance to the King; and that which is called fealty, is but the same confirmed by an oath.
But Sir Edward Coke, (4 Inst. p. 11), denies that a traitor is in legal understanding the King’s enemy. For enemies, saith he, be those that be out of the allegiance of the King. And his reason is, because, if a subject join with a foreign enemy, and come into England with him, and be taken prisoner here, he shall not be ransomed, or proceeded with as an enemy shall, but he shall be taken as a traitor to the King. Whereas an enemy coming in open hostility, and taken, shall either be executed by martial law, or ransomed; for he cannot be indicted of treason, for that he never was in the protection and ligeance of the King; and the indictment of the treason saith, contra ligeantiam suam debitam.
This is not an argument worthy of the meanest lawyer. Did Sir Edward Coke think it impossible for a King lawfully to kill a man, by what Edition: current; Page: [74]death soever, without an indictment, when it is manifestly proved he was his open enemy? Indictment is a form of accusation peculiar to England, by the command of some King of England, and retained still, and therefore a law to this country of England. But if it were not lawful to put a man to death otherwise than by an indictment, no enemy could be put to death at all in other nations, because they proceed not, as we do, by indictment. Again, when an open enemy is taken and put to death by judgment of martial-law; it is not the law of the general or council of war, that an enemy shall be thus proceeded with, but the law of the King contained in their commissions; such as from time to time the Kings have thought fit, in whose will it always resteth, whether an open enemy, when he is taken, shall be put to death, or no, and by what death; and whether he shall be ransomed, or no, and at what price. Then for the nature of treason by rebellion; is it not a return to hostility? What else does rebellion signify? William the Conqueror subdued this kingdom; some he killed; some upon promise of future obedience he took to mercy, and they became his subjects, and swore allegiance to him. If therefore they renew the war against him, are they not again open enemies? Or if any of them lurking under his laws, seek occasion thereby to kill him secretly, and come to be known, may he not be proceeded against as an enemy, who, though he had not committed what he designed, yet had certainly a hostile design? Did not the Long Parliament declare all those for enemies to the state, that opposed their proceedings against the late King? But Sir Edward Coke does seldom Edition: current; Page: [75]well distinguish, when there are two divers names for one and the same thing: though one contain the other, he makes them always different; as if it could not be that one and the same man should be both an enemy and a traitor. But now let us come to his comment upon this statute. The statute says (as it is printed in English) when a man doth compass, or imagine, the death of our Lord the King, &c. What is the meaning of the word compassing, or imagining?
On this place Sir Edward Coke says, that before the making of this act, voluntas reputabatur pro facto, the will was taken for the deed. And so saith Bracton; spectatur voluntas, et non exitus; et nihil interest utrum quis occidat, aut causam præbeat, that is to say, the cause of the killing. Now Sir Edward Coke says, this was the law before the statute; and that to be a cause of the killing, is to declare the same by some open deed tending to the execution of his intent, or which might be cause of death.
Is there any Englishman can understand, that to cause the death of a man, and to declare the same, is all one thing? And if this were so, and that such was the common-law before the statute, by what words in the statute is it taken away?
It is not taken away, but the manner how it must be proved is thus determined, that it must be proved by some open deed, as providing of weapons, powder, poison, assaying of armour, sending of letters, &c.
But what is the crime itself, which this statute maketh treason? For as I understand the words, to compass or imagine the King’s death, &c. the Edition: current; Page: [76]compassing (as it is in the English) is the only thing which is made high-treason. So that not only the killing, but the design, is made high-treason; or, as it is in the French record, fait compasser, that is to say, the causing of others to compass or design the King’s death is high-treason; and the words par overt fait, are not added as a specification of any treason, or other crime, but only of the proof that is required by the law. Seeing then the crime is the design and purpose to kill the King, or cause him to be killed, and lieth hidden in the breast of him that is accused; what other proof can there be had of it than words spoken or written? And therefore, if there be sufficient witness that he by words declared that he had such a design, there can be no question, but that he is comprehended within the statute. Sir Edward Coke doth not deny, but, that if he confess this design, either by word or writing, he is within the statute. As for that common saying, that bare words may make a heretic but not a traitor, which Sir Edward Coke on this occasion maketh use of, they are to little purpose; seeing that this statute maketh not the words high-treason, but the intention, whereof the words are but a testimony: and that common saying is false as it is generally pronounced. For there were divers statutes made afterwards, though now expired, which made bare words to be treason without any other deed; as, 1 Eliz. c. 6, and 13 Eliz. c. 1, if a man should publicly preach that the King were an usurper, or that the right of the crown belonged to any other than the King that reigned, there is no doubt but it were treason, not only within this statute of Edward III, but also within Edition: current; Page: [77]the statute of 1 Edw. VI, c. 12, which are both still in force.
Not only so; but if a subject should counsel any other man to kill the King, Queen, or heir-apparent to the Crown, it would at this day be adjudged high-treason; and yet it is no more than bare words. In the third year of King James, Henry Garnet, a Jesuit priest, to whom some of the gunpowder traitors had revealed their design by way of confession, gave them absolution without any caution taken for their desisting from their purpose, or other provision against the danger, and was therefore condemned and executed as a traitor, though such absolution was nothing else but bare words. Also I find in the reports of Sir John Davis, Attorney-General for Ireland, that in the time of King Henry VI, a man was condemned of treason for saying the King was a natural fool, and unfit to govern. But yet this clause in the statute of Edw. III, viz. that the compassing there mentioned ought to be proved by some overt act, was by the framers of the statute not without great wisdom and providence inserted; for as Sir Edward Coke very well observeth, when witnesses are examined concerning words only, they never, or very rarely, agree precisely about the words they swear to.
I deny not but that it was wisely enough done. But the question is not here of the treason, which is either fact or design, but of the proof, which when it is doubtful, is to be judged by a jury of twelve lawful men. Now whether think you is it a better proof of a man’s intention to kill, that he declare the same with his own mouth, so as it may be witnessed, or that he provide weapons, Edition: current; Page: [78]powder, poison, or assay arms? If he utter his design by words, the jury has no more to do than to consider the legality of the witnesses, the harmony of their testimonies, or whether the words were spoken advisedly. For they might have been uttered in a disputation, for exercise only; or when he that spake them, had not the use of reason, nor perhaps any design or wish at all, towards the execution of what he talked of. But how a jury, from providing or buying of armour, or buying of gunpowder, or from any other overt act, not treason in itself, can infer a design of murdering the King, unless there appear some words also signifying to what end he made such provision, I cannot easily conceive. Therefore, as the jury on the whole matter, words and deeds, shall ground their judgment concerning design or not design, so, in reason, they ought to give verdict. But to come to the treason of counterfeiting the great or privyseal, seeing there are so many ways for a cheating fellow to make use of these seals, to the cozening of the King and his people; why are not all such abuses high-treason, as well as the making of a false seal?
So they are; for Sir Edward Coke produceth a record of one that was drawn and hanged for taking the great seal from an expired patent, and fastening it to a counterfeit commission to gather money. But he approveth not the judgment, because it is the judgment for petty treason: also, because the jury did not find him guilty of the offence laid in the indictment, which was, the counterfeiting of the great seal, but found the special matter, for which the offender was drawn and hanged.
Seeing this crime of taking the great seal from one writing, and fastening it to another, was not found high-treason by the jury, nor could be found upon special matter to be the other kind of treason mentioned in the same statute; what ground had either the jury to find it treason, or the judge to pronounce sentence upon it?
I cannot tell. Sir Edward Coke seems to think it a false record; for hereupon he saith, by way of admonition to the reader, that hereby it appeareth how dangerous it is to report a case by the ear.
True; but he does not make it apparent that this case was untruly reported; but on the contrary, confesseth that he had persued the same record; and a man may, if it may be done without proof of the falsity, make the same objection to any record whatsoever. For my part, seeing this crime produced the same mischief that ariseth from counterfeiting, I think it reason to understand it as within the statute; and for the difference between the punishments, which are both of them capital, I think it is not worthy to be stood upon; seeing death, which is ultimum supplicium, is a satisfaction to the law, as Sir Edward Coke himself hath in another place affirmed. But let us now proceed to other crimes.
Appendant to this is another crime, called misprision of treason; which is the concealing of it by any man that knows it; and is called misprision from the French mespriser, which signifies to contemn or undervalue. For it is no small crime in any subject, so little to take to heart a known danger to the King’s person, and consequently to the whole kingdom, as not to discover not only Edition: current; Page: [80]what he knows, but also what he suspecteth of the same, that the truth therefore may be examined. But for such discovery, though the thing prove false, the discoverer shall not, as I think, be taken for a false accuser; if for what he directly affirms, he produce a reasonable proof, and some probability for his suspicion. For else the concealment will seem justifiable by the interest, which is to every man allowed, in the preservation of himself from pain and damage.
This I consent to.
All other crimes merely temporal, are comprehended under felony or trespass.
What is the meaning of the word felony? Does it signify anything that is in its own nature a crime, or that only which is made a crime by some statute? For I remember some statutes that make it felony to transport horses, and some other things, out of the kingdom; which transportation, before such statutes were made, and after the repealing of the same, was no greater crime than any other usual traffic of a merchant.
Sir Edward Coke derives the word felony from the Latin word fel, the gall of a living creature; and accordingly defines felony to be an act done animo felleo; that is to say, a bitter, a cruel act.
Etymologies are no definitions, and yet when they are true, they give much light towards the finding out of a definition. But this of Sir Edward Coke’s carries with it very little of probability; for there be many things made felony by the statute law, that proceed not from any bitterness of mind at all, and many that proceed from the contrary.
This is matter for a critic, to be picked out of the knowledge of history and foreign languages, and you may perhaps know more of it than I do.
All that I, or I think any other, can say in this matter, will amount to no more than a reasonable conjecture, insufficient to sustain any point of controversy in law. The word is not to be found in any of the old Saxon laws, set forth by Mr. Lambard, nor in any statute printed before that of Magna Charta; there it is found. Now Magna Charta was made in the time of Henry III, grandchild to Henry II, Duke of Anjou, a Frenchman born, and bred in the heart of France, whose language might very well retain many words of his ancestors the German Franks, as ours doth of the German Saxons; as also many words of the language of the Gauls, as the Gauls did retain many words of the Greek colony planted at Marseilles. But certain it is, the French lawyers at this day use the word felon, just as our lawyers use the same; whereas the common people of France use the word filou in the same sense. But filou signifieth, not the man that hath committed such an act as they call felony, but the man that maketh it his trade to maintain himself by the breaking and contemning of all laws generally; and comprehendeth all those unruly people called cheaters, cutpurses, picklocks, catchcloaks, coiners of false money, forgers, thieves, robbers, murderers, and whosoever make use of iniquity on land or sea as a trade or living. The Greeks upon the coast of Asia, where Homer lived, were they that planted the colony of Marseilles. They had a word that signified the same with felon, which was Edition: current; Page: [82]ϕιλήτηϛ, filetes; and this filetes of Homer signifies properly the same that a felon signifies with us. And therefore Homer makes Apollo to call Mercury ϕιλήτην, fileteen, and ἄρχον ϕιλήτων. I insist not upon the truth of this etymology, but it is certainly more rational than the animus felleus of Sir Edward Coke. And for the matter itself, it is manifest enough, that which we now call murder, robbery, theft, and other practices of felons, are the same that we call felony, and crimes in their own nature without the help of statute. Nor is it the manner of punishment, that distinguisheth the nature of one crime from another; but the mind of the offender and the mischief he intendeth, considered together with the circumstances of person, time, and place.
Of felonies, the greatest crime is murder.
And what is murder?
Murder is the killing of a man upon malice forethought, as by a weapon, or by poison, or any way, if it be done upon antecedent meditation; or thus, murder is the killing of a man in cold blood.
I think there is a good definition of murder set down by statute, 52 Henry III, c. 25, in these words: Murder, from henceforth, shall not be judged before our justices, where it is found misfortune only, but it shall take place in such as are slain by felony, and not otherwise. And Sir Edward Coke interpreting this statute, 2 Inst. p. 148, saith, that the mischief before this statute was, that he that killed a man by misfortune, as by doing any act that was not against law, and yet against his intent the death of a man ensued, this was adjudged murder. But I find no proof of that he allegeth, nor find I any such law among the laws of the Saxons set forth Edition: current; Page: [83]by Mr. Lambard. For the word, it is, as Sir Edward Coke noteth, old Saxon, and amongst them it signified no more than a man slain in the field or other place, the author of his death not known. And according hereunto, Bracton, who lived in the time of Magna Charta, defineth it, fol. 134, thus: Murder is the secret killing of a man, when none besides the killer and his companions saw or knew it; so that it was not known who did it, nor fresh suit could be made after the doer. Therefore, every such killing was called murder, before it could be known whether it could be by felony or not; for a man may be found dead that kills himself, or was lawfully killed by another. This name of murder came to be the more horrid, when it was secretly done, for that it made every man to consider of their own danger, and him that saw the dead body, to boggle at it, as a horse will do at a dead horse. And to prevent the same, they had laws in force, to amerce the hundred where it was done, in a sum defined by law to be the price of his life. For in those days, the lives of all sorts of men were valued by money, and the value set down in their written laws. And therefore Sir Edward Coke was mistaken, in that he thought that killing a man by misfortune before the statute of Marlebridge, was adjudged murder. And those secret murders were abominated by the people, for that they were liable to so great a pecuniary punishment for suffering the malefactor to escape. But this grievance was by Canutus, when he reigned, soon eased. For he made a law, that the county in this case should not be charged, unless he were an Englishman that was so slain; but if he were a Edition: current; Page: [84]Frenchman, (under which name were comprehended all foreigners, and especially the Normans,) though the slayer escaped, the county was not to be amerced. And this law, though it were very hard and chargeable, when an Englishman was so slain, for his friend to prove he was an Englishman, and also unreasonable to deny the justice to a stranger, yet was it not repealed till the 14th Edw. III. By this you see that murder is distinguished from homicide by the statute laws, and not by any common-law without the statute; and that it is comprehended under the general name of felony.
And so also is petit treason: and I think so is high-treason also. For in the abovesaid statute in the 25th Edw. III, concerning treasons, there is this clause: And because that many other like cases of treason may happen in time to come, which a man cannot think or declare at the present time; it is accorded, that if any other case, supposed treason, which is not above specified, doth happen before any of the justices, the justices shall tarry without any going to judgment of the treason, till the cause be shewed and declared before the King and his Parliament, whether it be treason or other felony. Which thereby shews that the King and Parliament thought that treason was one of the sorts of felony.
And so think I.
But Sir Edward Coke denies it to be so at this day. For (1 Inst. sec. 745) at the word felony, he saith, that in ancient time this word felony was of so large an extent, as that it included high-treason; but afterwards it was resolved, that in the King’s pardon or charter, this word felony should Edition: current; Page: [85]extend only to common felonies; and at this day, under the word felony, by law is included petite treason, murder, homicide, burning of houses, burglary, robbery, rape, &c. chance medley, se defendendo, and petite larceny.
He says it was resolved: but by whom?
By the justices of assize in the time of Henry IV, as it seems in the margin.
Have justices of assize any power by their commission to alter the language of the land and the received sense of words? Or in the question in what case felony shall be said, is it referred to the judges to determine; as in the question in what case treason shall be said, it is referred by the statute of Edward III to the Parliament? I think not; and yet perhaps they may be obliged to disallow a pardon of treason, when mentioning all felonies it nameth not treason, nor specifies it by any description of the fact.
Another kind of homicide there is, simply called so, or by the name of manslaughter, and is not murder: and that is, when a man kills another man upon sudden quarrel, during the heat of blood.
If two meeting in the street chance to strive who shall go nearest to the wall, and thereupon fighting, one of them kills the other, I believe verily he that first drew his sword, did it of malice forethought, though not long forethought; but whether it be felony or no, it may be doubted. It is true, that the harm done is the same as if it had been done by felony; but the wickedness of the intention was nothing near so great. And supposing it had been done by felony, then it is manifest, by the statute of Marlebridge, that it was very murder. Edition: current; Page: [86]And when a man for a word or a trifle shall draw his sword and kill another man, can any man imagine that there was not some precedent malice?
It is very likely there was malice, more or less: and therefore the law hath ordained for it a punishment equal to that of murder, saving that the offender shall have the benefit of his clergy.
The benefit of clergy comes in upon another account, and importeth not any extenuation of the crime. For it is but a relic of the old usurped papal privilege, which is now by many statutes so pared off, as to spread but to few offences, and is become a legal kind of conveying mercy, not only to the clergy, but also to the laity.
The work of a judge, you see, is very difficult, and requires a man that hath a faculty of well distinguishing of dissimilitudes in such cases as common judgments think to be the same. A small circumstance may make a great alteration; wherefore a man that cannot well discern, ought not to take upon him the office of a judge.
You say very well; for if judges were to follow one another’s judgments in precedent cases, all the justice in the world would at length depend upon the sentence of a few learned, or unlearned, ignorant men, and have nothing at all to do with the study of reason.
A third kind of homicide is when a man kills another, either by misfortune, or in the necessary defence of himself, or of the King, or of his laws; for such killing is neither felony nor crime, saving, as Sir Edward Coke says (3 Inst. p. 56), that if the act that a man is doing, when he kills another man, be unlawful, then it is murder. As, if A meaning Edition: current; Page: [87]to steal a deer in the park of B, shooteth at the deer, and by the glance of the arrow killeth a boy that is hidden in a bush, this is murder, for that the act was unlawful; but if the owner of the park had done the like, shooting at his own deer, it had been by misadventure, and no felony.
This is not so distinguished by any statute, but is the common-law only of Sir Edward Coke. I believe not a word of it. If a boy be robbing an appletree, and falleth thence upon a man that stands under it and breaks his neck, but by the same chance saveth his own life, Sir Edward Coke, it seems, will have him hanged for it, as if he had fallen of prepensed malice. All that can be called crime in this business is but a simple trespass, to the damage perhaps of sixpence or a shilling. I confess the trespass was an offence against the law, but the falling was none, nor was it by the trespass but by the falling that the man was slain; and as he ought to be quit of the killing, so he ought to make restitution for the trespass. But I believe the cause of Sir Edward Coke’s mistake was his not well understanding of Bracton, whom he cites in the margin. For, fol. 120 b. lib. iii. cap. 4, he saith thus: Sed hic erit distinguendum, utrum quis dederit operam rei licitæ, vel illicitæ; si illicitæ, ut si lapidem projiciebat quis versus locum per quem consueverunt homines transitum facere, vel dum insequitur quis equum vel bovem, et aliquis a bove vel equo percussus fuerit, et hujusmodi, hoc imputatur ei. That is: But here we are to distinguish whether a man be upon a lawful or unlawful business; if an unlawful, as he that throws a stone into a place where men use to pass; or if he chase a horse or an ox, and thereby the man be stricken by the Edition: current; Page: [88]horse or the ox; this shall be imputed to him. And it is most reasonable; for the doing of such an unlawful act as is here meant, is a sufficient argument of a felonious purpose, or at least a hope to kill somebody or other, and he cared not whom, which is worse than to design the death of a certain adversary, which nevertheless is murder. Also, on the contrary, though the business a man is doing be lawful, and it chanceth sometimes that a man be slain thereby, yet may such killing be felony. For if a carman drive his cart through Cheapside in a throng of people, and thereby he kill a man, though he bare him no malice, yet because he saw there was very great danger, it may reasonably be inferred, that he meant to adventure the killing of somebody or other, though not of him that was killed.
He is a felon also that killeth himself voluntarily, and is called, not only by common lawyers, but also in divers statute laws, felo de se.
And it is well so; for names imposed by statutes are equivalent to definitions. But I conceive not how any man can bear animum felleum, or so much malice towards himself, as to hurt himself voluntarily, much less to kill himself. For naturally and necessarily the intention of every man aimeth at somewhat which is good to himself, and tendeth to his preservation. And therefore, methinks, if he kill himself, it is to be presumed that he is not compos mentis, but by some inward torment or apprehension of somewhat worse than death, distracted.
Nay, unless he be compos mentis, he is not felo de se, as Sir Edward Coke saith, 3 Inst. p. 54; and therefore he cannot be judged a felo de se, unless it be first proved he was compos mentis.
How can that be proved of a man dead; especially if it cannot be proved by any witness, that a little before his death he spake as other men used to do? This is a hard place; and before you take it for common-law, it had need to be cleared.
I will think on it. There is a statute of 3 Hen. VII, c. 14, which makes it felony in any of the King’s household servants, under the degree of a Lord, to compass the death of any of the King’s Privy Council. The words are these: That from henceforth the steward, treasurer, and comptroller of the King’s house for the time being, or one of them, have full authority and power, to inquire by twelve staid men and discreet persons of the chequer-roll of the King’s honourable household, if any servant, admitted to be his servant sworn, and his name put into the chequer-roll, whatsoever he be, serving in any manner, office, or room, reputed, had, or taken under the estate of a Lord, make any confederacies, compassings, conspiracies, or imaginations with any person, to destroy or murder the King, or any Lord of this realm, or any other person sworn of the King’s council, steward, treasurer, or comptroller of the King’s house. And if such misdoers shall be found guilty by confession, or otherwise, that the said offence shall be judged felony.
It appears by this statute, that not only the compassing the death, as you say, of a privy-councillor, but also of any Lord of this realm, is felony; if it be done by any of the King’s household servants, that is not a Lord.
No; Sir Edward Coke upon these words, any Lord of this realm, or other person sworn of the King’s council, infers (3 Inst. p. 38), that it is to be Edition: current; Page: [90]understood of such a Lord only as is a privy-councillor.
For barring of the Lords of Parliament from this privilege, he strains this statute a little farther, in my opinion, than it reacheth of itself. But how are such felonies to be tried?
The indictment is to be found before the steward, treasurer, and comptroller of the King’s house, or one of them, by twelve of the King’s household servants. The petit jury for the trial must be twelve other of the King’s servants. And the judges are again the steward, treasurer, and comptroller of the King’s house, or two of them; and yet I see that these men are not usually great students of the law.
You may hereby be assured, that either the King and Parliament were very much overseen in choosing such officers perpetually for the time being to be judges in a trial at the common-law, or else that Sir Edward Coke presumes too much to appropriate all the judicature, both in law and equity, to the common lawyers; as if neither lay persons, men of honour, nor any of the Lords spiritual who are the most versed in the examination of equity and cases of conscience, when they hear the statutes read and pleaded, were fit to judge of the intention and meaning of the same. I know that neither such great persons, nor bishops, have ordinarily so much spare time from their ordinary employment, as to be so skilful as to plead causes at the bar; but certainly they are, especially the bishops, the best able to judge of matters of reason, that is to say (by Sir Edward Coke’s confession) of matters, except of blood, at the common-law.
Another sort of felony, though without manslaughter, is robbery; and by Sir Edward Coke (3 Inst. p. 68), defined thus: Robbery by the common-law is a felony committed by a violent assault upon the person of another, by putting him in fear, and taking away from him his money, or other goods of any value whatsoever.
Robbery is not distinguished from theft by any statute. Latrocinium comprehendeth them both, and both are felony, and both punished with death. And therefore to distinguish them aright is the work of reason only. And the first difference, which is obvious to all men, is that robbery is committed by force or terror, of which neither is in theft. For theft is a secret act, and that which is taken by violence or terror, either from his person, or in his presence, is still robbery. But if it be taken secretly, whether it be by day or night, from his person, or from his fold, or from his pasture, then it is called theft. It is force and fraud only, that distinguisheth between theft and robbery; both which are, by the pravity only of the intention, felony in their nature. But there be so many evasions of the law found out by evil men, that I know not, in this predicament of felony, how to place them. For suppose I go secretly, by day or night, into another man’s field of wheat, ripe and standing, and loading my cart with it I carry it away: is it theft or robbery?
Neither, it is but trespass. But if you first lay down the wheat you have cut, and then throw it into your cart, and carry it away, then it is felony.
Why so?
Sir Edward Coke tells you the reason of it Edition: current; Page: [92](3 Inst. p. 107). For he defineth theft to be, by the common-law, a felonious and fraudulent taking and carrying away, by any man or woman, of the mere personal goods of another, not from the person, nor by night in the house of the owner. From this definition, he argues thus, p. 109: Any kind of corn or grain, growing upon the ground, is a personal chattel, and the executors of the owner shall have them, though they be not severed; but yet no larceny can be committed of them, because they are annexed to the realty; so it is of grass standing on the ground, or of apples, or of any fruit upon the trees, &c.; so it is of a box or chest of charters, no larceny can be committed of them, because the charters concern the realty, and the box or chest though it be of great value, yet shall it be of the same nature the charters are of; et omne magis dignum trahit ad se minus.
Is this definition drawn out of any statute, or is it in Bracton or Littleton, or any other writer upon the science of the laws?
No, it is his own: and you may observe by the logic sentences dispersed through his works, that he was a logician sufficient enough to make a definition.
But if his definitions must be the rule of law, what is there that he may not make felony or not felony, at his pleasure? But seeing it is not statute law that he says, it must be very perfect reason, or else no law at all; and to me it seems so far from reason, as I think it ridiculous. But let us examine it. There can, says he, be no larceny of corn, grass, or fruits that are growing, that is to say, they cannot be stolen. But why? Because they Edition: current; Page: [93]concern the realty; that is, because they concern the land. It is true, that the land cannot be stolen, nor the right of a man’s tenure; but corn, and trees, and fruit, though growing, may be cut down, and carried away secretly and feloniously, in contempt and despite of the law. And are they not then stolen? And is there any act which is feloniously committed, that is not more than trespass? Can any man doubt of it, that understands the English tongue? It is true, that if a man pretend a right to the land, and on that pretence take the fruits thereof by way of taking possession of his own, it is no more than a trespass, unless he conceal the taking of them. For in that one case, he but puts the man that was in possession before, to exhibit his complaint, which purpose is not felonious, but lawful; for nothing makes a distinction between felony and not felony, but the purpose. I have heard, that if a man slander another with stealing of a tree standing, there lies no action for it. And that upon this ground: to steal a standing tree is impossible; and that the cause of the impossibility is, that a man’s freehold cannot be stolen; which is a very obvious fallacy. For freehold signifieth, not only the tenement, but also the tenure; and though it be true that a tenure cannot be stolen, yet every man sees that the standing trees and corn may easily be stolen. And so far forth as trees, &c. are part of the freehold, so far forth also, they are personal goods. For whatsoever is freehold is inheritance, and descendeth to the heir, and nothing can descend to the executors but what is merely personal. And though a box or case of evidences are to descend Edition: current; Page: [94]to the heir, yet unless you can shew me positive law to the contrary, they shall be taken into the executors’ hands to be delivered to the heir. Besides, how unconscionable a thing is it, that he that steals a shilling’s worth of wood, which the wind hath blown down, or which lieth rotting on the ground, should be hanged for it, and he that takes a tree, worth twenty or forty shillings, should answer only for the damage!
It is somewhat hard, but it has been so practised time out of mind. Then follows sodomy, and rape, both of them felonies.
I know that, and that of the former he justly says it is detestable, being in a manner an apostacy from human nature: but in neither of them is there anything of animus felleus. The statutes which make them felony, are exposed to all men’s reading. But because Sir Edward Coke’s commentaries upon them are more diligent and accurate than to be free from all uncleanness, let us leap over them both; observing only by the way, that he leaves an evasion for an impotent offender, though his design be the same, and pursued to the utmost of his power.
Two other great felonies are, breaking and burning of houses; neither of which are defined by any statute. The former of them is by Sir Edward Coke (3 Inst. p. 63), defined thus:—Burglary is by the common-law, the breaking and entering into the mansion-house of another, in the night, with intent to kill some reasonable creature, or to commit some other felony within the same, whether his intent be executed or not. And he defineth night to be then, when one man cannot know another’s Edition: current; Page: [95]face by daylight. And for the parts of a mansionhouse, he reckoneth all houses that belong to housekeeping, as barns, stables, dairyhouses, buttery, kitchen, chambers, &c. But breaking of a house by day, though felony, and punished as burglary, is not within the statute.
I have nothing to say against his interpretations here; but I like not that any private man should presume to determine, whether such or such a fact done be within the words of a statute or not, where it belongs only to a jury of twelve men to declare in their verdict, whether the fact laid open before them, be burglary, robbery, theft, or other felony. For this is to give a leading judgment to the jury, who ought not to consider any private lawyer’s institutes, but the statutes themselves pleaded before them for directions.
Burning, as he defines it (ibid.p. 66), is a felony at the common-law, committed by any that maliciously and voluntarily, in the night or day, burneth the house of an other. And he hereupon infers, if a man set fire to the house, and it takes not, that then it is not within the statute.
If a man should secretly and maliciously lay a quantity of gunpowder under another man’s house, sufficient to blow it up, and set a train of powder in it, and set fire to the train, and some accident hinder the effect, is not this burning? Or what is it? What crime? It is neither treason, nor murder, nor burglary, nor robbery, nor theft, nor (no damage being made) any trespass, nor contrary to any statute. And yet, seeing the common-law is the law of reason, it is a sin, and such a sin as a man may be accused of, and convicted; and Edition: current; Page: [96]consequently a crime committed of malice prepensed. Shall he not then be punished for the attempt? I grant you that a judge has no warrant from any statute-law, common-law, or commission, to appoint the punishment; but surely the King has power to punish him, on this side of life or member, as he please; and with the assent of Parliament, if not without, to make the crime for the future capital.
I know not. Besides these crimes, there is conjuration, witchcraft, sorcery and enchantment; which are capital by the statute 1 James, c. 12.
But I desire not to discourse of that subject. For though without doubt there is some great wickedness signified by those crimes; yet I have ever found myself too dull to conceive the nature of them, or how the devil hath power to do many things which witches have been accused of. Let us now come to crimes not capital.
Shall we pass over the crime of heresy, which Sir Edward Coke ranketh before murder? But the consideration of it will be somewhat long.
Let us defer it till the afternoon.
Concerning heresy, Sir Edward Coke (3 Inst. p. 39) says, that five things fall into consideration. 1. Who be the judges of heresy. 2. What shall be judged heresy. 3. What is the judgment upon a man convicted of heresy. 4. What the law alloweth him to save his life. 5. What he shall forfeit by judgment against him.
Of heresy.
The principal thing to be considered, which is the heresy itself, he leaveth out, viz. what it is; in what fact or words it consisteth; what law it violateth, statute-law or the law of reason. The Edition: current; Page: [97]cause why he omitteth it, may perhaps be this; that it was not only out of his profession, but also out of his other learning. Murder, robbery, theft, &c. every man knoweth to be evil, and are crimes defined by the statute-law, so that any man may avoid them, if he will. But who can be sure to avoid heresy, (if he but dare to give an account of his faith), unless he know beforehand what it is?
In the preamble of the statute of 2 Hen. IV, c. 15, heresy is laid down, as a preaching or writing of such doctrine as is contrary to the determination of Holy Church.
Then it is heresy at this day to preach or write against worshipping of Saints, or the infallibility of the Church of Rome, or any other determination of the same Church. For Holy Church, at that time, was understood to be the Church of Rome, and now with us the Holy Church I understand to be the Church of England; and the opinions in that statute are now, and were then, the true Christian faith. Also the same statute of Hen. IV declareth, by the same preamble, that the Church of England had never been troubled with heresy.
But that statute is repealed.
Then also is that declaration or definition of heresy repealed.
What, say you, is heresy?
I say, heresy is a singularity of doctrine or opinion contrary to the doctrine of another man, or men; and the word properly signifies the doctrine of a sect, which doctrine is taken upon trust of some man of reputation for wisdom, that was the first author of the same. If you will understand the Edition: current; Page: [98]truth hereof, you are to read the histories and other writings of the ancient Greeks, whose word it is; which writings are extant in these days, and easy to be had. Wherein you will find, that in and a little before the time of Alexander the Great, there lived in Greece many excellent wits, that employed their time in search of the truth in all manner of sciences worthy of their labour, and which to their great honour and applause published their writings; some concerning justice, laws, and government, some concerning good and evil manners, some concerning the causes of things natural and of events discernible by sense, and some of all these subjects. And of the authors of these, the principal were Pythagoras, Plato, Zeno, Epicurus and Aristotle, men of deep and laborious meditation, and such as did not get their bread by their philosophy, but were able to live of their own, and were in honour with princes and other great personages. But these men, though above the rest in wisdom, yet their doctrine in many points did disagree; whereby it came to pass, that such men as studied their writings, inclined some to Pythagoras, some to Plato, some to Aristotle, some to Zeno, and some to Epicurus. But philosophy itself was then so much in fashion, as that every rich man endeavoured to have his children educated in the doctrine of some or other of these philosophers, which were for their wisdom so much renowned. Now those that followed Pythagoras, were called Pythagoreans; those that followed Plato, Academics; those that followed Zeno, Stoics; those that followed Epicurus, Epicureans; and those that followed Aristotle, Peripatetics; which are the Edition: current; Page: [99]names of heresy in Greek, which signifies no more but taking of an opinion; and the said Pythagoreans, Academics, Stoics, Peripatetics, &c. were termed by the names of so many several heresies. All men, you know, are subject to error, and the ways of error very different; and therefore it is no wonder if these wise and diligent searchers of the truth did, notwithstanding their excellent parts, differ in many points amongst themselves. But this laudable custom of great wealthy persons to have their children at any price to learn philosophy, suggested to many idle and needy fellows an easy and compendious way of maintenance; which was to teach the philosophy, some of Plato, some of Aristotle, &c: whose books to that end they read over, but without capacity or much endeavour to examine the reasons of their doctrines, taking only the conclusions, as they lay. And setting up with this, they soon professed themselves philosophers, and got to be the school-masters to the youth of Greece. But by competition for such employment, they hated and reviled one another with all the bitter terms they could invent; and very often, when upon occasion they were in civil company, fell first to disputation, and then to blows, to the great trouble of the company and their own shame. Yet amongst all their reproachful words, the name of heretic came never in, because they were all equally heretics, their doctrine not being theirs, but taken upon trust from the aforesaid authors. So that though we find heresy often mentioned in Lucian and other heathen authors, yet we shall not find in any of them hæreticus for a heretic. And this disorder among the philosophers continued a Edition: current; Page: [100]long time in Greece, and infecting also the Romans, was at the greatest in the times of the apostles and in the primitive Church, till the time of the Nicene Council, and somewhat after. But at last the authority of the Stoics and Epicureans was not much esteemed, only Plato’s and Aristotle’s philosophy were much in credit; Plato’s with the better sort, that founded their doctrine upon the conceptions and ideas of things, and Aristotle’s with those that reasoned only from the names of things, according to the scale of the categories. Nevertheless, there were always, though not new sects of philosophy, yet new opinions continually arising.
But how came the word heretic to be a reproach?
Stay a little. After the death of our Saviour, his apostles and his disciples, as you know, dispersed themselves into several parts of the world to preach the Gospel, and converted much people, especially in Asia the Less, in Greece, and Italy, where they constituted many churches; and as they travelled from place to place, left bishops to teach and direct those their converts, and to appoint presbyters under them to assist them therein, and to confirm them by setting forth the life and miracles of our Saviour, as they had received them from the writings of the apostles and evangelists; whereby, and not by the authority of Plato, or Aristotle, or any other philosopher, they were to be instructed. Now you cannot doubt but that among so many heathens converted in the time of the apostles, there were men of all professions and dispositions, and some that had never thought of philosophy at all, but were intent upon their fortunes or their pleasures; Edition: current; Page: [101]and some that had a greater, some a less use of reason; and some that had studied philosophy, but professed it not, which were commonly the men of the better rank; and some had professed it only for their better abstinence, and had it not farther than readily to talk and wrangle; and some were Christians in good earnest, and others but counterfeit, intending to make use of the charity of those that were sincere Christians, which in those times was very great. Tell me now, of these sorts of Christians, which was the most likely to afford the fittest men to propagate the faith by preaching and writing, or public or private disputation; that is to say, who were fittest to be made presbyters and bishops.
Certainly those who, cæteris paribus, could make the best use of Aristotle’s rhetoric and logic.
And who were the most prone to innovation?
They that were most confident of Aristotle’s and Plato’s (their former masters) natural philosophy. For they would be the aptest to wrest the writings of the apostles and all Scriptures to the doctrines in which their reputation was engaged.
And from such bishops and priests and other sectaries it was, that heresy, amongst the Christians, first came to be a reproach. For no sooner had one of them preached or published any doctrine that displeased either the most, or the most leading men of the rest, but it became such a quarrel as not to be decided but by a Council of the bishops in the province where they lived; wherein he that would not submit to the general decree, was called a heretic, as one that would not relinquish the philosophy of his sect. The rest of the Council gave themselves the name of Catholics, and to their Edition: current; Page: [102]Church the name of Catholic Church. And thus came up the opposite terms of catholic and heretic.
I understand how it came to be a reproach, but not how it follows that every opinion condemned by a Church that is, or calls itself catholic, must needs be an error or a sin. The Church of England denies that consequence, and that such doctrine as they hold cannot be proved to be erroneous but by the Scripture, which cannot err; but the Church, being but men, may both err and sin.
In this case we must consider also that error, in its own nature, is no sin. For it is impossible for a man to err on purpose; he cannot have an intention to err; and nothing is sin unless there be a sinful intention: much less are such errors sins, as neither hurt the commonwealth nor any private man, nor are against any law positive or natural; such errors as were those for which men were burnt, in the time when the Pope had the government of this Church.
Since you have told me how heresy came to be a name, tell me also how it came to be a crime; and what were the heresies that first were made crimes.
Since the Christian Church could declare, and none else, what doctrines were heresies, but had no power to make statutes for the punishment of heretics before they had a Christian King, it is manifest that heresy could not be made a crime before the first Christian Emperor, which was Constantine the Great. In his time, one Arius, a priest of Alexandria, in dispute with his bishop publicly denied the divinity of Christ, and maintained it afterwards in the pulpit, which was the cause of a sedition and much bloodshed both of citizens and Edition: current; Page: [103]soldiers in that city. For the preventing of the like for the time to come, the Emperor called a general Council of bishops to the city of Nice; who being met, he exhorted them to agree upon a confession of the Christian faith, promising that whatsoever they agreed on he would cause to be observed.
By the way, the Emperor, I think, was here a little too indifferent.
In this Council was established so much of the creed we now use and call the Nicene creed, as reacheth to the words, I believe in the Holy Ghost. The rest was established by the three general Councils next succeeding. By the words of which creed almost all the heresies then in being, and especially the doctrine of Arius, were condemned; so that now all doctrines published by writing or by word, and repugnant to this confession of the first four general Councils, and contained in the Nicene creed, were, by the imperial law forbidding them, made crimes; such as are that of Arius, denying the divinity of Christ; that of Eutiches, denying the two natures of Christ; that of the Nestorians, denying the divinity of the Holy Ghost; that of the Anthropomorphites, that of the Manichees, that of the Anabaptists, and many other.
What punishment had Arius?
At the first, for refusing to subscribe, he was deprived and banished; but afterwards having satisfied the Emperor concerning his future obedience (for the Emperor caused this confession to be made, not for the regard of truth of doctrine, but for the preserving of the peace, especially among his Christian soldiers, by whose valour he had gotten the empire, and by the same was Edition: current; Page: [104]to preserve it), he was received again into grace, but died before he could repossess his benefice. But after the time of those Councils, the imperial law made the punishment for heresy to be capital, though the manner of the death was left to the prefects in their several jurisdictions; and thus it continued till somewhat after the time of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. But the papacy having gotten the upper hand of the Emperor, brought in the use of burning both heretics and apostates; and the Popes from time to time made heresies of many other points of doctrine (as they saw it conduce to the setting up of the chair above the throne), besides those determined in the Nicene creed, and brought in the use of burning; and according to this papal law, there was an apostate burnt at Oxford, in the time of William the Conqueror, for turning Jew. But of a heretic burnt in England, there is no mention made till after the statute of 2 Hen. IV, whereby some followers of Wicliff, called Lollards, were afterwards burned; and that for such doctrines as by the Church of England, ever since the first year of Queen Elizabeth, have been approved for godly doctrines, and no doubt were godly then. And so you see how many have been burnt for godliness.
It was not well done. But it is no wonder we read of no heretics before the time of Henry IV: for in the preamble to that statute it is intimated, that before those Lollards there never was any heresy in England.
I think so too; for we have been the tamest nation to the Pope of all the world. But what statutes concerning heresy have there been made since?
The statute of 2 Hen. V, c. 7, which adds to Edition: current; Page: [105]the burning the forfeiture of lands and goods; and then no more till the 25 Hen. VIII, c. 14, which confirms the two former, and giveth some new rules concerning how they shall be proceeded with. But by the statute of 1 Edw. VI, c. 12, all acts of Parliament formerly made to punish any manner of doctrine concerning religion, are repealed. For therein it is ordained, after divers Acts specified, that all and every other Act or Acts of Parliament concerning doctrine or matters of religion, and all and every branch, article, sentence, and matter, pains and forfeitures contained, mentioned, or anywise declared in the same Acts of Parliament or statutes, shall be from henceforth repealed, utterly void, and of none effect. So that in the time of King Edward VI, not only all punishments of heresy were taken away, but also the nature of it was changed to what originally it was, a private opinion. Again, in 2 Phil. & M. those former statutes of 2 Hen. IV, c. 15, 2 Hen. V, c. 17, 25 Hen. VIII, c. 14, are revived; and the branch of 1 Edw. VI, c. 12, touching doctrine, though not specially named, seemeth to be this, that the same statute confirmeth the statute of 25 Edw. III, concerning treasons. Lastly, in the first year of Queen Elizabeth, c. 1, the aforesaid statutes of Queen Mary are taken away, and thereby the statute of 1 Edw. VI, c. 12, revived; so as there was no statute left for the punishment of heretics. But Queen Elizabeth by the advice of her Parliament gave a commission, which was called the High Commission, to certain persons, amongst whom were very many of the bishops, to declare what should be heresy for the future, but with a restraint that they should judge Edition: current; Page: [106]nothing to be heresy, but what had been so declared in the first four general Councils.
From this which you have showed me, I think we may proceed to the examination of the learned Sir Edward Coke concerning heresy. In his chapter of heresy, 3 Inst. p. 40, he himself confesseth that no statute against heresy stood then in force, when in the 9th year of King James, Bartholomew Legat was burnt for Arianism; and that from the authority of the act of 2 Hen. IV, c. 15, and other acts cited in the margin, it may be gathered that the diocesan hath the jurisdiction of heresy. This I say is not true: for as to acts of Parliament, it is manifest, that from acts repealed, that is to say, from things that have no being, there can be gathered nothing. And as to the other authorities in the margin, Fitzherbert and the Doctor and Student, they say no more than what was law in the time when they writ; that is, when the Pope’s usurped authority was here obeyed. But if they had written this in the time of King Edward VI or Queen Elizabeth, Sir Edward Coke might as well have cited his own authority, as theirs; for their opinions had no more the force of laws than his. Then he cites this precedent of Legat, and another of Hammond in the time of Queen Elizabeth; but precedents prove only what was done, and not what was well done. What jurisdiction could the diocesan then have of heresy, when by the statute of Edw. VI, c. 12, then in force, there was no heresy, and all punishment for opinions was forbidden? For heresy is a doctrine contrary to the determination of the Church; but then the Church had not determined any thing at all concerning heresy.
But seeing the high-commissioners had power to correct and amend heresies, they must have power to cite such as were accused of heresy to appear before them; or else they could not execute their commission.
If they had first made and published a declaration of what articles they made heresy, that when one man heard another speak against their declaration, he might thereof inform the commissioners, then indeed they had had power to cite and imprison the person accused. But before they can know what should be heresy, how was it possible that one man should accuse another? And before he be accused, how can he be cited?
Perhaps it was taken for granted, that whatsoever was contrary to any of the four first general Councils, was to be judged heresy.
That granted, yet I see not how one man might accuse another any the better for those Councils. For not one man of ten thousand had ever read them, nor were they ever published in English, that a man might avoid offending against them; nor perhaps are they extant. Nor if those that we have printed in Latin, are the very acts of the Councils, which is yet much disputed amongst divines, do I think it fit they were put in the vulgar tongues. But it is not likely that the makers of the statutes had any purpose to make heresy of whatsoever was repugnant to those four general Councils. For if they had, I believe the Anabaptists, of which there was great plenty in those times, would one time or other have been questioned upon this article of the Nicence Creed, I believe one baptism for the remission of sins. Nor was the commission Edition: current; Page: [108]itself for a long time after registered, that men might in such uncertainty take heed and abstain, for their better safety, from speaking of religion anything at all. But by what law was this hereitc Legat burnt? I grant he was an Arian, and his heresy contrary to the determination of the Church of England, in the highest points of Christianity. But seeing there was no statute-law to burn him, and no penalty forbidding, by what law, by what authority was he burnt?
That this Legat was accused of heresy, was no fault of the high-commissioners; but when he was accused, it had been a fault in them not to have examined him, or having examined him and found him an Arian, not to have judged him so, or not to have certified him so. All this they did, and this was all that belonged unto them; they meddled not with his burning, but left him to the secular power to do with him what they pleased.
Your justification of the commissioners is nothing to the question. The question is by what law was he burnt? The spiritual-law gives no sentence of temporal punishment; and Sir Edward Coke confesseth that he could not be burned; and burning being forbidden by statute-law, by what law then was he burned?
By the common-law.
What is that? It is not custom. For before the time of Henry IV, there was no such custom in England; for if there had, yet those laws that came after were but confirmations of the custom, and therefore the repealing of those laws was a repealing of the custom. For when King Edward VI and Queen Elizabeth abolished those statutes, Edition: current; Page: [109]they abolished all pains, and consequently burning, or else they had abolished nothing. And if you will say he was burnt by the law of reason, you must tell me how there can be proportion between doctrine and burning; there can be no equality, nor majority, nor minority assigned between them. The proportion that is between them, is the proportion of the mischief which the doctrine maketh, to the mischief to be inflicted on the doctor; and this is to be measured only by him that hath the charge of governing the people; and consequently the punishing of offences can be determined by none but by the King, and that, if it extend to life or member, with the assent of Parliament.
He does not draw any argument for it from reason, but allegeth for it this judgment executed upon Legat, and a story out of Holinshed and Stow. But I know that neither history nor precedent will pass with you for law. And though there be a writ de hæretico comburendo in the register, as you may read in Fitzherbert, grounded upon the statutes of 2 Hen. IV, c. 15, and 2 Hen. V, c. 7; yet seeing those statutes are void, you will say the writ is also void.
Yes, indeed will I. Besides this, I understand not how that it is true that he saith, that the diocesan hath jurisdiction of heresy, and that so it was put in use in all Queen Elizabeth’s reign; whereas by the statute it is manifest, that all jurisdiction spiritual was given under the Queen to the high-commissioners. How then could any one diocesan have any part thereof without deputation from them, which by their letters-patent they could not grant? Nor was it reasonable they should; for the trust Edition: current; Page: [110]was not committed to the bishops only, but also to divers lay persons, who might have an eye upon their proceedings, lest they should encroach upon the power temporal. But at this day there is neither statute nor any law to punish doctrine, but the ordinary power ecclesiastical, and that according to the canons of the Church of England, only authorized by the King, the high-commission being long since abolished. Therefore let us come now to such causes criminal as are not capital.
The greatest offence not capital, is that which is done against the statute of provisors.
Of premunire.
You have need to expound this.
This crime is not unlike to that for which a man is outlawed, when he will not come in and submit himself to the law; saving that in outlawries there is a long process to precede it, and he that is outlawed is put out of the protection of the law. But for the offence against the statute of provisors (which is called præmunire facias, from the words in the original writ), if the offender submit not himself to the law within the space of two months after notice, he is presently an outlaw. And this punishment, if not capital, is equivalent to capital. For he lives secretly at the mercy of those that know where he is, and cannot, without the like peril to themselves, but discover him. And it has been much disputed, before the time of Queen Elizabeth, whether he might not be lawfully killed by any man that would, as one might kill a wolf. It is like the punishment amongst the old Romans, of being barred the use of fire and water; and like the great excommunication in the papacy, when a man might not eat nor drink with the offender without incurring the like penalty.
Certainly the offence for which this punishment was first ordained was some abominable crime, or extraordinary mischief.
So it was. For the Pope, you know, from long before the Conquest, encroached every day upon the power temporal. Whatsoever could be made to seem to be in ordine ad spiritualia, was in every commonwealth claimed and haled to the jurisdiction of the Pope; and for that end, in every country he had his court ecclesiastical, and there was scarce any cause temporal which he could not, by one shift or other, hook into his jurisdiction, in such sort as to have it tried in his own courts at Rome, or in France, or in England itself. By which means the King’s laws were not regarded, judgments given in the King’s courts were avoided, and presentations to bishoprics, abbeys, and other benefices, founded and endowed by the Kings and nobility of England, were bestowed by the Pope upon strangers, or such as with money in their purses could travel to Rome to provide themselves of such benefices. And suitably hereunto, when there was a question about a tithe, or a will, though the point were merely temporal, yet the Pope’s court here would fetch them in, or else one of the parties would appeal to Rome. Against these injuries of the Roman Church, and to maintain the right and dignity of the Crown of England, Edward III made a statute concerning provisors, that is, such as provide themselves with benefices here from Rome. For in the twenty-fifth year of his reign he ordained, in a full Parliament, that the right of election of bishops, and right of advowsons and presentations, belonged to himself, and to the nobility that were the founders Edition: current; Page: [112]of such bishoprics, abbeys, and other benefices. And he enacted further, that if any clerk which he or any of his subjects should present, should be disturbed by any such provisor, that such provisor or disturber should be attached by his body, and if convicted, lie in prison till he were ransomed at the King’s will, and had satisfied the party grieved, renounced his title, and found sureties not to sue for it any further; and that if they could not be found, then exigents should go forth to outlawry, and the profits of the benefice in the mean time be taken into the King’s hands. And the same statute is confirmed in the twenty-seventh year of King Edward III; which statute alloweth to these provisors two months to appear: but if they appear before they be outlawed, they shall be received to make answer; but if they render not themselves, they shall forfeit all their lands, goods, and chattels, besides that they stand outlawed. The same law is confirmed again by 16 Rich. II, c. 5; in which is added, because these provisors obtained sometimes from the Pope, that such English bishops, as according to the law were instituted and inducted by the King’s presentees, should be excommunicated, that for this also both they, and the receivers and publishers of such papal process, and the procurers, should have the same punishment.
Let me see the statute itself of 27 Edw. III.
It lies there before you, set down verbatim by Sir Edward Coke himself, both in English and French.
It is well. We are now to consider what it means, and whether it be well or ill interpreted by Sir Edward Coke. And first it appeareth by the Edition: current; Page: [113]preamble, which Sir Edward Coke acknowledgeth to be the best interpreter of the statute, that this statute was made against the encroachments only of the Church of Rome upon the right of the King, and other patrons, to collate bishoprics and other benefices within the realm of England, and against the power of the courts spiritual to hold plea of controversies determinable in any of the courts of the King, or to reverse any judgment there given, as being things that tend to the disherison of the King and destruction of the common-law of the realm always used. Put the case now, that a man had procured the Pope to reverse a decree in chancery. Had he been within the danger of præmunire?
Yes, certainly. Or if the judgment had been given in the Court of the Lord Admiral, or in any other King’s court whatsoever, either of law or equity. For courts of equity are most properly courts of the common-law of England, because equity and common-law, as Sir Edward Coke says, are all one.
Then the word common-law is not in this preamble restrained to such courts only where the trial is by juries, but comprehends all the King’s temporal courts, if not also the courts of those subjects that are lords of great manors.
It is very likely, yet I think it will not by every man be granted.
The statute also says, that they who draw men out of the realm in plea, whereof the cognizance pertaineth to the King’s court, or of things whereof judgment is given in the King’s court, are within the cases of præmunire. But what if one Edition: current; Page: [114]man draw another to Lambeth in plea, whereof judgment is already given at Westminster. Is he by this clause involved in a præmunire?
Yes. For though it be not out of the realm, yet it is within the meaning of the statute; because the Pope’s court, not the King’s court, was then perhaps at Lambeth.
But in Sir Edward Coke’s time the King’s court was at Lambeth, and not the Pope’s.
You know well enough that the spiritual Court has no power to hold pleas of common-law.
I do so; but I know not for what cause any simple man, that mistakes his right court, should be out of the King’s protection, lose his inheritance and all his goods, personal and real, and if taken, be kept in prison all his life. This statute cannot be by Sir Edward Coke’s torture made to say it. Besides, such men are ignorant in what courts they are to seek their remedy; and it is a custom confirmed by perpetual usage, that such ignorant men should be guided by their counsel at law. It is manifest, therefore, that the makers of the statute intended not to prohibit men from suing for their right, neither in the Chancery, nor in the Admiralty, nor in any other court, except the Ecclesiastical courts, which had their jurisdiction from the Church of Rome. Again, where the statute says, “which do sue in any other court, or defeat a judgment in the King’s court”: what is the meaning of another court? Another court than what? Is it here meant the King’s Bench, or Court of Common Pleas? Does a præmunire lie for every man that sues in Chancery for that which might be remedied in the Court of Common Pleas? Or can Edition: current; Page: [115]a præmunire lie by this statute against the Lord Chancellor? The statute lays it only on the party that sueth, not upon the judge which holdeth the plea. Nor could it be laid, either by this statute or by the statute of 16 Rich. II, upon the judges, which were then punishable only by the Pope’s authority. Seeing then the party suing has a just excuse upon the counsel of his lawyer, and the temporal judge and the lawyer both are out of the statute, the punishment of the præmunire can light upon nobody.
But Sir Edward Coke in this same chapter bringeth two precedents to prove, that though the spiritual courts in England be now the King’s courts, yet whosoever sueth in them for any thing triable by the common-law, shall fall into a præmunire. One is, that whereas in the twenty-second year of Hen. VIII all the clergy of England in a convocation by public instrument acknowledged the King to be supreme head of the Church of England; yet after this, viz. 24 Hen. VIII,this statute was in force.
Why not? A convocation of the clergy could not alter the right of supremacy; their courts were still the Pope’s courts. The other precedent, in the twenty-fifth year of Hen. VIII, of the Bishop of Norwich, may have the same answer. For the King was not declared head of the Church by Act of Parliament till the twenty-sixth year of his reign. If he had not mistrusted his own law, he would not have laid hold on so weak a proof as these precedents. And as to the sentence of præmunire upon the Bishop of Norwich, neither doth this statute nor that other of Richard II warrant it. He was sentenced for threatening to excommunicate a man Edition: current; Page: [116]which had sued another before the mayor. But this statute forbids not that, but forbids the bringing in or publishing of excommunications, or other process from Rome, or any other place. Before the twenty-sixth year of Henry VIII, there is no question but that for a suit in the spiritual court here in a temporal cause there lay a præmunire. And if perhaps some judge or other hath since that time judged otherwise, his judgment was erroneous.
Nay, but by the statute of 16 Rich. II. c. 5, it appeareth to the contrary, as Sir Edward Coke here will show you. The effect, saith he, of the statute of Richard II is, that if any pursue, or cause to be pursued, in the Court of Rome or elsewhere, anything which toucheth the King, against him, his crown, or regality, or his realm, they, their notaries, &c. shall be out of the King’s protection.
I pray you let me know the very words of the statute as they lie.
Presently. The words are, If any man purchase or pursue, or cause to be purchased or pursued, in the Court of Rome or elsewhere, any such translations, processes and sentences of excommunication, bulls, instruments, or any other things whatsoever, which touch the King, against him, his crown, and his regality, or his realm, as is aforesaid, &c.
If a man bring a plea of common-law into the spiritual court, which is now the King’s court, and the judge of this spiritual court hold plea thereof: by what construction can you draw it within the compass of the words you have now read? To sue for my right in the King’s court, is no pursuing of translations of bishoprics, made Edition: current; Page: [117]or procured in the Court of Rome, or any place else, but only in the court of the King; nor is this the suit against the King, nor his crown, nor his regality, nor his realm, but the contrary. Why then is it a præmunire? No. He that brings in or setteth out a writing in any place whatsoever, wherein is contained, that the King hath so given away his jurisdiction, as that if a subject be condemned falsely, his submission to the King’s judgment is of none effect; or that the King upon no necessity whatsoever can out of Parliament-time raise money for the defence of the kingdom, is, in my opinion, much more within the statute of provisors, than they which begin suit for a temporal matter in a court spiritual. But what argument has he for this law of his, since the statute-law fails him, from the law of reason?
He says, they are called other courts, either because they proceed by the rules of other laws, as by the canon or civil law, or by other trials than the common-law doth warrant. For the trial warranted by the law of England for matter of fact, is by verdict of twelve men before the judges of the common-law, in matters pertaining to the common-law, and not upon examination of witnesses, as in the Court of Equity. So that alia curia is either that which is governed per aliam legem, or which draweth the party ad aliud examen. For if—
Stop there. Let us consider of this you have read: for the trial warranted by the law of England is by verdict of twelve men. What means he here by the law of England? Does it not warrant the trials in Chancery, and in the Court of Admiralty, by witnesses?
By the law of England he means the law used in the King’s Bench; that is to say, the common-law.
This is just as if he had said, that two courts did warrant their own way of trial; but other courts not so, but were warranted by the King: only the courts of common-law were warrants to themselves. You see that alia curia is this way ill expounded. In the courts of common-law all trials are by twelve men, who are judges of the fact; and the fact known and proved, the judges are to pronounce the law; but in the spiritual court, the Admiralty, and in all the courts of Equity, there is but one judge, both of fact and of law; this is all the difference. If this difference be intended by the statute by alia curia, there would be a præmunire for suing in a court, being not the King’s Court. The King’s Bench and Court of Common Pleas may also be different kinds of courts, because the process is different. But it is plain that this statute doth not distinguish courts otherwise than into the courts of the King, and into the courts of the foreign states and princes. And seeing you stand upon the name of a jury for the distinguishing of courts, what difference do you find between the trials at the common-law, and the trials in other courts? You know that in trials of fact naturally, and through all the world, the witnesses are judges, and it is impossible to be otherwise. What then in England can a jury judge of, except it be of the sufficiency of the testimony? The justices have nothing to judge of or do, but after the fact is proved, to declare the law; which is not judgment, but jurisdiction. Again, though Edition: current; Page: [119]the trial be in Chancery, or in the Court of civil law, the witnesses are still judges of the fact, and he that hath the commission to hear the cause, hath both the parts, that is to say, of a jury to judge of the testimony, and of a justice to declare the law. In this, I say, lies all the difference: which is indeed enough to make a dispute (as the world goes) about jurisdiction! But seeing it tends neither to the disherison of the King, nor of the people, nor to the subversion of the law of reason, that is of common-law, nor to the subversion of justice, nor to any harm of the realm, without some of which these statutes are not broken; it cannot be a præmunire.
Let me read on. For if the freehold, inheritances, goods and chattels, debts and duties, wherein the King and subject have right and property by the common-law, should be judged per aliam legem, or be drawn ad aliud examen, the three mischiefs afore expressed would follow; viz. the destruction of the King and his crown, the disherison of his people, and the undoing and destruction of the common-law always used.
That is to say, of the law of reason. From hence it follows, that where there are no juries, and where there are different laws from ours, that is to say, in all the world besides, neither King nor people have any inheritance, nor goods, nor any law of reason. I will examine his doctrine concerning cases criminal no further. He nowhere defineth a crime, that we may know what it is: an odious name sufficeth him to make a crime of any thing. He hath put heresy among the most odious crimes, not knowing what it signifies; and Edition: current; Page: [120]upon no other cause, but because the Church of Rome, to make their usurped power the more terrible, had made it, by long preaching against it, and cruelty shown towards many godly and learned men of this and other reformed Churches, appear to common people a thing detestable. He puts it in as a plea of the crown in the time of Queen Elizabeth; whereas in her time there was no doctrine heresy. But Justice Stamford leaves it out, because, when heresy was a crime, it was a plea of the mitre. I see also in this catalogue of causes criminal, he inserteth costly feeding, costly apparel, and costly building, though they were contrary to no statute. It is true, that by evil circumstances they become sins; but these sins belong to the judgment of the pastors spiritual. A justice of the temporal law (seeing the intention only makes them sins) cannot judge whether they be sins or no, unless he have power to take confessions. Also he makes flattery of the King to be a crime. How could he know when one man had flattered another? He meant therefore that it was a crime to please the King: and accordingly he citeth divers calamities of such as had been in times past in great favour of the Kings they served; as the favourites of Henry III, Edward II, Richard II, Henry VI; which favourites were some imprisoned, some banished, and some put to death by the same rebels that imprisoned, banished, and put to death the same King, upon no better ground than the Earl of Strafford, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and King Charles the First, by the rebels of that time. Empson and Dudley were no favourites of Henry the seventh, but spunges, which King Henry the Edition: current; Page: [121]eighth did well squeeze. Cardinal Wolsey was indeed for divers years a favourite of Henry the eighth, but fell into disgrace, not for flattering the King, but for not flattering him in the business of divorce from Queen Katherine. You see his reasoning here; see also his passion in the words following: we will for some causes descend no lower: Qui eorum vestigiis insistunt, eorum exitus perhorrescant. This is put in for the favourite, that then was, of King James. But let us give over this, and speak of the legal punishments to these crimes belonging.
And in the first place I desire to know who it is that hath the power, for an offence committed, to define and appoint the special manner of punishment. For I suppose you are not of the opinion of the Stoics in old time, that all faults are equal, and that there ought to be the same punishment for killing a man, and for killing a hen.
Of punishments.
The manner of punishment in all crimes whatsoever, is to be determined by the common-law. That is to say, if it be a statute that determines it, then the judgment must be according to the statute; if it be not specified by the statute, then the custom in such cases is to be followed: but if the case be new, I know not why the judge may not determine it according to reason.
But according to whose reason? If you mean the natural reason of this or that judge authorized by the King to have cognizance of the cause, there being as many several reasons, as there are several men, the punishment of all crimes will be uncertain, and none of them ever grow up to make a custom. Therefore a punishment certain can never be assigned, Edition: current; Page: [122]if it have its beginning from the natural reasons of deputed judges; no, nor from the natural reason of the supreme judge. For if the law of reason did determine punishments, then for the same offences there should be, through all the world and in all times, the same punishments; because the law of reason is immutable and eternal.
If the natural reason neither of the King, nor of any else, be able to prescribe a punishment, how can there be any lawful punishment at all?
Why not? For I think that in this very difference between the rational faculties of particular men, lieth the true and perfect reason that maketh every punishment certain. For, but give the authority of defining punishments to any man whatsoever, and let that man define them, and right reason has defined them, suppose the definition be both made, and made known before the offence committed. For such authority is to trump in card playing, save that in matter of government, when nothing else is turned up, clubs are trumps. Therefore seeing every man knoweth by his own reason what actions are against the law of reason, and knoweth what punishments are by this authority for every evil action ordained; it is manifest reason, that for breaking the known laws he should suffer the known punishments. Now the person to whom this authority of defining punishments is given, can be no other, in any place of the world, but the same person that hath the sovereign power, be it one man or one assembly of men. For it were in vain to give it to any person that had not the power of the militia to cause it to be executed; for no less power can do it, when many offenders Edition: current; Page: [123]be united and combined to defend one another. There was a case put to King David by Nathan, of a rich man that had many sheep, and of a poor man that had but one, which was a tame lamb: the rich man had a stranger in his house, for whose entertainment, to spare his own sheep he took away the poor man’s lamb. Upon this case the King gave judgment, “Surely the man that hath done this shall die.” What think you of this? Was it a royal, or tyrannical judgment?
I will not contradict the canons of the Church of England, which acknowledge the King of England within his own dominions hath the same rights, which the good Kings of Israel had in theirs; nor deny King David to have been one of those good Kings. But to punish with death without a precedent law, will seem but a harsh proceeding with us, who unwillingly hear of arbitrary laws, much less of arbitrary punishments, unless we were sure that all our Kings would be as good as David. I will only ask you, by what authority the clergy may take upon them to determine or make a canon concerning the power of their own King, or to distinguish between the right of a good and an evil King.
It is not the clergy that make their canons to be law, but it is the King that doth it by the great seal of England; and it is the King that giveth them power to teach their doctrines, in that, that he authorized them publicly to teach and preach the doctrine of Christ and his apostles, according to the Scriptures, wherein this doctrine is perspicuously contained. But if they had derogated from the royal power in any of their doctrines published, Edition: current; Page: [124]then certainly they had been to blame; nay, I believe that they had been more within the statute of præmunire of 16 Rich. II, c. 5, than any judge of a Court of Equity for holding pleas of common-law. I cite not this precedent of King David, as approving the breach of the great charter, or justifying the punishment with loss of life or member, of every man that shall offend the King; but to show you that before the charter was granted, in all cases where the punishments were not prescribed, it was the King only that could prescribe them; and that no deputed judge could punish an offender but by force of some statute, or by the words of some commission, and not ex officio. They might for a contempt of their courts, because it is a contempt of the King, imprison a man during the King’s pleasure, or fine him to the King according to the greatness of the offence: but all this amounteth to no more, than to leave him to the King’s judgment. As for cutting off of ears, and for the pillory, and the like corporal punishments usually inflicted heretofore in the Star-chamber, they were warranted by the statute of Hen. VII, that giveth them power to punish sometimes by discretion. And generally it is a rule of reason, that every judge of crimes, in case the positive law appoint no punishment, and he have no other command from the King, then do consult the King before he pronounce sentence of any irreparable damage on the offender: for otherwise he doth not pronounce the law, which is his office to do, but makes the law, which is the office of the King. And from this you may collect, that the custom of punishing such and such a crime, in such and such a manner, hath not the force of Edition: current; Page: [125]law in itself, but from an assured presumption that the original of the custom was the judgment of some former King. And for this cause the judges ought not to run up, for the customs by which they are warranted, to the time of the Saxon Kings, nor to the time of the Conquest. For the most immediate antecedent precedents are the fairest warrants of their judgments; as the most recent laws have commonly the greatest vigour, as being fresh in the memory of all men, and tacitly confirmed, because not disapproved, by the sovereign legislator. What can be said against this?
Sir Edward Coke, (3 Inst. p. 210), in the chapter of judgments and executions, saith, that of judgments some are by the common-law, some by statute-law, and some by custom; wherein he distinguisheth common-law both from statute-law and from custom.
But you know, that in other places he makes the common-law, and the law of reason, to be all one; as indeed they are, when by it is meant the King’s reason. And then his meaning in this distinction must be, that there be judgments by reason without statute-law, and judgments neither by statute-law nor by reason, but by custom without reason. For if a custom be reasonable, then, both he and other learned lawyers say, it is common-law; and if unreasonable, no law at all.
I believe Sir Edward Coke’s meaning was no other than yours in this point, but that he inserted the word custom, because there be not many that can distinguish between customs reasonable and unreasonable.
But custom, so far forth as it hath the force Edition: current; Page: [126]of a law, hath more of the nature of a statute, than of the law of reason, especially where the question is not of lands and goods, but of punishments, which are to be defined only by authority. Now to come to particulars, what punishment is due by law for high-treason?
To be drawn upon a hurdle from the prison to the gallows, and there to be hanged by the neck, and laid upon the ground alive, and have his bowels taken out and burnt whilst he is yet living; to have his head cut off, his body to be divided into four parts, and his head and quarters to be placed as the King shall assign.
Seeing a judge ought to give judgment according to the law, and that this judgment is not appointed by any statute, how does Sir Edward Coke warrant it by reason, or how by custom?
Only thus: reason it is, that his body, lands, goods, posterity, &c. should be torn, pulled asunder, and destroyed, that intended to destroy the majesty of government.
See how he avoids the saying the majesty of the King. But does not this reason make as much for punishing a traitor, as Mettius Fuffetius in old time was executed by Tullus Hostilius, King of Rome, or as Ravaillac, not many years ago in France, who were torn in pieces by four horses, as it does for drawing, hanging, and quartering?
I think it does. But he confirms it also in the same chapter, by holy Scripture. Thus Joab for treason (1 Kings ii. 28), was drawn from the horns of the altar; that is proof for drawing upon a hurdle: Esth. ii. 22; Bigthan for treason was hanged; there is proof for hanging: Acts i. 18; Judas Edition: current; Page: [127]hanged himself and his bowels were poured out; there is for hanging and embowelling alive: 2 Sam. xviii. 14; Joab pierced Absalom’s heart; that is proof for pulling out a traitor’s heart: 2 Sam. xx. 22; Sheba the son of Bichri had his head cut off; which is proof that a traitor’s head ought to be cut off: 2 Sam. iv. 12; they slew Baanah and Rechab, and hung up their heads over the pool of Hebron; this is for setting up of quarters: and lastly for forfeiture of lands, and goods, Psalms cix. 9-15: Let their children be driven out, and beg, and other men make spoil of their labours, and let their memory be blotted out of the land.
Learnedly said; and no record is to be kept of the judgment. Also the punishments divided between those traitors, must be joined in one judgment for a traitor here.
He meant none of this, but intended (his hand being in) to show his reading, or his chaplain’s, in the Bible.
Seeing then for the specifying of the punishment in case of treason, he brings no argument from natural reason, that is to say, from the common-law; and that it is manifest that it is not the general custom of the land, the same being rarely or never executed upon any peer of the realm, and that the King may remit the whole penalty, if he will: it follows, that the specifying of the punishment depends merely upon the authority of the King. But this is certain, that no judge ought to give other judgment, than has been usually given and approved either by a statute, or by consent express or implied of the sovereign power. For otherwise it is not the judgment of the law, but of a man subject to the law.
In petit treason the judgment is, to be drawn to the place of execution, and hanged by the neck; or if it be a woman, to be drawn and burnt.
Can you imagine that this so nice a distinction can have any other foundation than the wit of a private man?
Sir Edward Coke upon this place says, that she ought not to be beheaded or hanged.
No, not by the judge, who ought to give no other judgment than the statute or the King appoints; nor the sheriff to make other execution than the judge pronounceth; unless he have a special warrant from the King. And this I should have thought he had meant, had he not said before, that the King had given away all his right of judicature to his courts of justice.
The judgment for felony is—
Heresy is before felony in the catalogue of the pleas of the Crown.
He has omitted the judgment against a heretic, because, I think, no jury can find heresy, nor no judge temporal did ever pronounce judgment upon it. For the statute of 2 Hen. V, c. 7, was, that the bishop having convicted any man of heresy, should deliver him to the sheriff, and that the sheriff should believe the bishop. The sheriff therefore was bound by the statute of 2 Hen. IV, after he was delivered to him, to burn him; but that statute being repealed, the sheriff could not burn him, without a writ de heretico comburendo, and therefore the sheriff burnt Legat (9 King James) by that writ, which was granted by the judges of the common-law at that time, and in that writ the judgment is expressed.
This is strange reasoning. When Sir Edward Coke knew and confessed, that the statutes upon which the writ de hæretico comburendo was grounded, were all repealed, how could he think the writ itself could be in force? Or that the statute, which repealeth the statutes for burning heretics, was not made with an intent to forbid such burning? It is manifest he understood not his books of common-law. For in the time of Henry IV and Henry V, the word of the bishop was the sheriff’s warrant, and there was need of no such writ; nor could be till the 25 Hen. VIII, when those statutes were repealed, and a writ made for that purpose and put into the register, which writ Fitzherbert cites in the end of his Natura Brevium. Again, in the latter end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, was published a correct register of original and judicial writs, and the writ de hæretico comburendo left out; because that statute of 25 Hen. VIII, and all statutes against heretics, were repealed, and burning forbidden. And whereas he citeth for the granting of this writ, in the ninth year of James I, the Lord Chief Justice, the Lord Chief Baron, and two Justices of the Common-Pleas, it is, as to all but the Lord Chief Justice, against the law. For neither the judges of Common-Pleas, nor of the Exchequer, can hold pleas of the Crown without special commission; and if they cannot hold plea, they cannot condemn.
The punishment for felony is, that the felon be hanged by the neck till he be dead. And to prove that it ought to be so, he cites a sentence, from whence I know not, Quod non licet felonem pro felonia decollare.
It is not indeed lawful for the sheriff of his own head to do it, or to do otherwise than is commanded in the judgment, nor for the judge to give any other judgment than according to statute-law, or the usage consented to by the King; but this hinders not the King from altering his law concerning judgments, if he see good cause.
The King may do so, if he please: and Sir Edward Coke tells you how he altered particular judgments in case of felony, and showeth that judgment being given upon a lord in Parliament, that he should be hanged, he was nevertheless beheaded; and that another lord had the like judgment for another felony, and was not hanged but beheaded: and withal he shows you the inconveniency of such proceeding, because, saith he, if hanging might be altered to beheading, by the same reason it might be altered to burning, stoning to death, &c.
Perhaps there might be inconveniency in it; but it is more than I see, or he shows, nor did there happen any inconveniency from the execution he citeth: besides he granteth, that death, being ultimum supplicium, is a satisfaction to the law. But what is all this to the purpose, when it belongeth not to consider such inconveniences of government but to the King and Parliament? Or who, from the authority of a deputed judge, can derive a power to censure the actions of a King that hath deputed him?
For the death of a man by misfortune, there is, he saith, no express judgment, nor for killing a man in one’s own defence; but he saith, that the law hath in both cases given judgment that he, that so killeth a man, shall forfeit all his goods and chattels, debts and duties.
If we consider what Sir Edward Coke saith (1 Inst. sec. 745), at the word felony, these judgments are very favourable; for there he saith, that killing a man by chance medley, or se defendendo, is felony. His words are: “wherefore by the law at this day, under the word felony in commissions, &c. is included petite treason, murder, homicide, burning of houses, burglary, robbery, rape, &c. chance-medley, and se defendendo.” But if we consider only the intent of him that killeth a man by misfortune or in his own defence, the same judgments will be thought both cruel and sinful judgments. And how they can be felony, at this day cannot be understood, unless there be a statute to make them so. For the statute of 25 Hen. III, c. 25, the words whereof, “murder from henceforth shall not be judged before our justices, where it is found misfortune only, but it shall take place in such as are slain by felony, and not otherwise,” make it manifest, if they be felonies, they must also be murders, unless they have been made felonies by some later statute.
There is no such later statute, nor is it to say in commission; nor can a commission, or anything but another statute, make a thing felony that was not so before.
See what it is for a man to distinguish felony into several sorts, before he understands the general name of felony, what it meaneth. But that a man, for killing another man by misfortune only, without any evil purpose, should forfeit all his goods and chattels, debts and duties, is a very hard judgment, unless perhaps they were to be given to the kindred of the man slain, by way of amends for damage. Edition: current; Page: [132]But the law is not that. Is it the common-law, which is the law of reason, that justifies this judgment, or the statute-law? It cannot be called the law of reason, if the case be mere misfortune. If a man be upon his appletree to gather his apples, and by ill-fortune fall down, and lighting on the head of another man, kill him, and by good fortune save himself; shall he for this mischance be punished with the forfeiture of his goods to the King? Does the law of reason warrant this? He should, you will say, have looked to his feet; that is true; but so should he, that was under, have looked up to the tree. Therefore in this case the law of reason, as I think, dictates that they ought each of them to bear his own misfortune.
In this case I agree with you.
But this case is the true case of mere misfortune, and a sufficient reprehension of the opinion of Sir Edward Coke.
But what if this had happened to be done by one, that had been stealing apples upon the tree of another man? Then, as Sir Edward Coke says (3 Inst. p. 56), it had been murder.
There is indeed great need of good distinction in a case of killing by misfortune. But in this case the unlawfulness of stealing apples cannot make it murder, unless the falling itself be unlawful. It must be a voluntary unlawful act that causeth the death, or else it is no murder by the law of reason. Now the death of the man that was under the tree, proceeded not from that, that the apples were not his that fell, but from the fall. But if a man shoot with a bow or a gun at another man’s deer, and by misfortune kill a man, such Edition: current; Page: [133]shooting being both voluntary and unlawful, and also the immediate cause of the man’s death, may be drawn, perhaps well enough sometimes, to murder by a judge of the common-law. So likewise if a man shoot an arrow over a house, and by chance kill a man in the street, there is no doubt but by the law of reason it is murder: for though he meant no malice to the man slain, yet it is manifest that he cared not whom he slew. In this difficulty of finding out what it is that the law of reason dictates, who is it that must decide the question?
In the case of misfortune, I think it belongs to the jury; for it is matter of fact only. But when it is doubtful whether the action from which the misfortune came, were lawful or unlawful, it is to be judged by the judge.
But if the unlawfulness of the action, as the stealing of the apples, did not cause the death of the man; then the stealing, be it trespass or felony, ought to be punished alone, as the law requireth.
But for the killing of a man se defendendo, the jury, as Sir Edward Coke here says, shall not in their verdict say it was se defendendo, but shall declare the manner of the fact in special, and clear it to the judge to consider how it is to be called, whether se defendendo, manslaughter, or murder.
One would think so; for it is not often within the capacity of a jury, to distinguish the signification of the different hard names which are given by lawyers to the killing of a man: as murder and felony, which neither the laws, nor the makers of the laws, have yet defined. The witnesses say, that thus and thus the person did, but not that it was murder or felony; no more can the Edition: current; Page: [134]jury say, who ought to say nothing but what they hear from the witnesses or from the prisoner. Nor ought the judge to ground his sentence upon anything else besides the special matter found, which, according as it is contrary or not contrary to the statute, ought to be pronounced.
But I have told you, that when the jury has found misfortune or se defendendo, there is no judgment at all to be given, and the party is to be pardoned of course, saving that he shall forfeit his goods and chattels, debts and duties, to the King.
But I understand not how there can be a crime for which there is no judgment, nor how any punishment can be inflicted without a precedent judgment, nor upon what ground the sheriff can seize the goods of any man, till it be judged that they be forfeited. I know that Sir Edward Coke saith, that in the judgment of hanging, the judgment of forfeiture is implied, which I understand not; though I understand well enough, that the sheriff by his office may seize the goods of a felon convicted; much less do I conceive how the forfeiture of goods can be implied in a no-judgment; nor do I conceive, that when the jury has found the special manner of the fact to be such as is really no other than se defendendo, and consequently no fault at all, why he should have any punishment at all. Can you show me any reason for it?
The reason lies in the custom.
You know that unreasonable customs are not law, but ought to be abolished; and what custom is there more unreasonable, than that a man should be punished without a fault?
Then see the statute of 24 Hen. VIII, c. 5.
I find here, that at the making of this statute there was a question amongst the lawyers, in case one man should kill another, that attempted feloniously to rob or murder him in or near any common highway, courtway, horseway, or footway, or in his mansion, messuage, or dwelling place; whether for the death of such a man one shall forfeit his goods and chattels, as a man should do for killing another by chance medley or in his own defence. This is the preamble, and penned as well as Sir Edward Coke could have wished. But this statute does not determine that a man should forfeit his goods for killing a man se defendendo, or for killing him by misfortune; but supposeth it only upon the opinion of the lawyers that then were. The body of the statute is, that if a man be indicted or appealed for the death of such person so attempting as aforesaid, and the same by verdict be so found and tried, he shall not forfeit anything, but shall be discharged as if he had been found not guilty. You see the statute; now consider thereby, in the case of killing se defendendo. First, if a man kill another in his own defence, it is manifest that the man slain did either attempt to rob, or to kill, or to wound him; for else it were not done in his own defence. If then it were done in the street, or near the street, as in a tavern, he forfeits nothing, because the street is a highway. So likewise it is to be said of all other common-ways. In what place therefore can a man kill another in his own defence, but that this statute will discharge him of the forfeiture?
But the statute says the attempt must be felonious.
When a man assaults me with a knife, sword, Edition: current; Page: [136]club, or other mortal weapon, does any law forbid me to defend myself, or command me to stay so long as to know whether he have a felonious intent, or no? Therefore by this statute, in case it be found se defendendo, the forfeiture is discharged; if it be found otherwise, it is capital. If we read the statute of Glocester, cap. 9, I think it will take away the difficulty. For by that statute, in case it be found by the country that he did it in his own defence or by misfortune, then by the report of the justices to the King, the King shall take him to his grace, if it please him. From whence it followeth, first, that it was then thought law, that the jury may give the general verdict of se defendendo; which Sir Edward Coke denies. Secondly, that the judge ought to report especial matter to the King. Thirdly, that the King may take him to his grace, if he please; and consequently, that his goods are not to be seized, till the King, after the report of the judge heard, give the sheriff command to do it. Fourthly, that the general verdict of the King hinders not the King but that he may judge of it upon the special matter; for it often happens that an ill-disposed person provokes a man with words or otherwise, on purpose to make him draw his sword, that he may kill him, and pretend it done in his own defence; which appearing, the King may, without any offence to God, punish him, as the cause shall require. Lastly, contrary to the doctrine of Sir Edward Coke, he may in his own person be judge in the case, and annul the verdict of the jury; which a deputed judge cannot do.
There be some cases wherein a man, though by the jury he be found not guilty, shall nevertheless Edition: current; Page: [137]forfeit his goods and chattels to the King. For example; a man is slain, and one A, hating B, giveth out that it was B that slew him; B hearing thereof, fearing if he be tried for it, that through the great power of A, and others that seek his hurt, he should be condemned, flieth, and afterwards is taken and tried; and upon sufficient evidence is by the jury found not guilty; yet because he fled, he shall forfeit his goods and chattels, notwithstanding there be no such judgment given by the judge, nor appointed by any statute; but the law itself authoriseth the sheriff to seize them to the use of the King.
I see no reason (which is common-law) for it, and am sure it is grounded upon no statute.
See Sir Edward Coke, 1 Inst. s. 709, and read.
“If a man that is innocent be accused of felony, and for fear flieth for the same; albeit that he be judicially acquitted of the felony, yet if it be found that he fled for the same, he shall, notwithstanding his innocence, forfeit all his goods and chattels, debts and duties.” O unchristian and abominable doctrine! which also he in his own words following contradicteth: “for,” saith he, “as to the forfeiture of them, the law will admit no proof against the presumption of the law grounded upon his flight, and so it is in many other cases: but that the general rule is, Quod stabitur præsumptioni, donec probetur in contrarium; but you see it hath many exceptions.” This general rule contradicts what he said before; for there can be no exceptions to a general rule in law, that is not expressly made an exception by some statute, and to a general rule of equity there can be no exception at all.
From the power of punishing, let us proceed to the power of pardoning.
Of pardoning.
Touching the power of pardoning, Sir Edward Coke says, (3 Inst. p. 236), that no man shall obtain charter of pardon out of Parliament; and cites for it the statute of 2 Edw. III, c. 2; and says further, that accordingly in a Parliament roll it is said, that for the peace of the land it would help that no pardon were granted but by Parliament.
What lawful power would he have left to the King, that thus disableth him to practise mercy? In the statute which he citeth, to prove that the King ought not to grant charters of pardon but in Parliament, there are no such words, as any man may see; for that statute is in print; and that which he says is in the Parliament roll, is but a wish of he tells not whom, and not a law; and it is strange that a private wish should be enrolled among acts of Parliament. If a man do you an injury, to whom, think you, belongeth the right of pardoning it?
Doubtless to me alone, if to me alone be done that injury; and to the King alone, if to him alone be done the injury; and to both together, if the injury be done to both.
What part then has any man in the granting of a pardon, but the King and the party wronged. If you offend no member of either House, why should you ask their pardon? It is possible that a man may deserve a pardon; or he may be such a one sometimes as the defence of the kingdom hath need of. May not the King pardon him, though there be no Parliament then sitting? Sir Edward Coke’s law is too general in this point; and I believe, if he Edition: current; Page: [139]had thought on it, he would have excepted some persons, if not all the King’s children and his heir apparent; and yet they are all his subjects, and subject to the law as other men.
But if the King shall grant pardons of murder and felony of his own head, there would be very little safety for any man, either out of his house or in it, either by night or by day. And for that very cause there have been many good statutes provided, which forbid the justices to allow of such pardons as do not specially name the crime.
Those statutes, I confess, are reasonable, and very profitable, which forbid the judge to pardon murders. But what statute is there that forbids the King to do it? There is a statute of 13 Rich. II, c. 1, wherein the King promiseth not to pardon murder; but there is in it a clause for the saving of the King’s regality. From which may be inferred that the King did not grant away that power, when he thought good to use it for the commonwealth. Such statutes are not laws to the King, but to his judges, and though the judges be commanded by the King not to allow pardons in many cases, yet if the King by writing command the judges to allow them, they ought to do it. I think, if the King think in his conscience it be for the good of the commonwealth, he sinneth not in it: but I hold not that the King may pardon him without sin, if any other man be damnified by the crime committed, unless he cause reparation to be made as far as the party offending can do it. And howsoever, be it sin or not sin, there is no power in England that may resist him or speak evil of him lawfully.
Sir Edward Coke denies not that; and upon that ground it is that the King, he says, may pardon high-treason; for there can be no high-treason but against the King.
That is well; therefore he confesseth, that whatsoever the offence be, the King may pardon so much of it as is an injury to himself, and that by his own right, without breach of any law positive or natural, or of any grant, if his conscience tell him that it be not to the damage of the commonwealth; and you know that to judge of what is good or evil to the commonwealth, belongeth to the King only. Now tell me, what it is which is said to be pardoned?
What can it be, but only the offence? If a man hath done a murder, and be pardoned for the same, is it not the murder that is pardoned?
Nay, by your favour, if a man be pardoned for murder or any other offence, it is the man that is pardoned; the murder still remains murder. But what is pardon?
Pardon, as Sir Edward Coke says, (3 Inst. p. 233), is derived of per and dono, and signifies thoroughly to remit.
If the King remit the murder, and pardon not the man that did it, what does the remission serve for?
You know well enough that when we say a murder, or any thing else, is pardoned, all Englishmen understand thereby, that the punishment due to the offence is the thing remitted.
But for our understanding of one another, you ought to have said so at first. I understand now, that to pardon murder or felony is thoroughly Edition: current; Page: [141]to save the offender from all the punishment due unto him by the law for his offence.
Not so; for Sir Edward Coke in the same chapter, p. 238, saith thus: “a man commits felony, and is attainted thereof, or is abjured; the King pardoneth the felony without any mention of the attainder or abjuration: the pardon is void.”
What is it to be attainted?
To be attainted is, that his blood be held in law as stained and corrupted; so that no inheritance can descend from him to his children, or to any that make claim by him.
Is this attaint a part of the crime or of the punishment?
It cannot be a part of the crime, because it is none of his own act; it is therefore a part of the punishment, viz. a disherison of the offender.
If it be a part of the punishment due, and yet not pardoned together with the rest, then a pardon is not a thorough remitting of the punishment, as Sir Edward Coke says it is. And what is abjuration?
When a clerk heretofore was convicted of felony, he might have saved his life by abjuring the realm; that is, by departing the realm within a certain time appointed, and taking an oath never to return. But at this day all statutes for abjuration are repealed.
That also is a punishment, and by a pardon of the felony pardoned, unless a statute be in force to the contrary. There is also somewhat in the statute of 13 Rich. II, c. 1, concerning the allowance of characters of pardons, which I understand not well. The words are these: “No charter of pardon for henceforth shall be allowed before our Edition: current; Page: [142]justices for murder, or for the death of a man by await, or malice prepensed, treason, or rape of a woman, unless the same be specified in the same charter.” For I think it follows thence, that if the King say in his charter that he pardoneth the murder, then he breaketh not the statute, because he specifies the offence: or if he saith he pardoneth the killing by await or of malice prepensed, he breaketh not the statute, he specifies the offence. Also if he say so much as that the judge cannot doubt of the King’s meaning to pardon him, I think the judge ought to allow it, because the statute saveth the King’s liberty and regality in that point; that is to say, the power to pardon him, such as are these words, “notwithstanding any statute to the contrary,” are sufficient to cause the charter to be allowed; for these words make it manifest that the charter was not granted upon surprise, but to maintain and claim the King’s liberty and power to show mercy when he seeth cause. The like meaning have these words, perdonavimus omnimodam interfectionem; that is to say, we have pardoned the killing, in what manner soever it was done. But here we must remember that the King cannot pardon, without sin, any damage thereby done to another man, unless he causes satisfaction to be made as far as the offender possibly can; but he is not bound to satisfy men’s thirst of revenge; for all revenge ought to proceed from God, and under God from the King. Now, besides in charters, how are these offences specified?
They are specified by their names, as treason, petite treason, murder, rape, felony, and the like.
Petite treason is felony, murder is felony; so Edition: current; Page: [143]is rape, robbery, and theft; and, as Sir Edward Coke says, petite larceny is felony. Now if in a Parliament-pardon, or in a Coronation-pardon, all felonies be pardoned, whether is petite larceny pardoned, or not?
Yes, certainly, it is pardoned.
And yet you see it is not specified; and yet it is a crime that hath less in it of the nature of felony, than there is in robbery. Do not therefore rape, robbery, theft, pass under the pardon of all felonies?
I think they are all pardoned by the words of the statute, but those that are by the same statute excepted; so that specification is needful only in charters of pardon, but in general pardons not so. For the statute 13 Rich. II, c. 1, forbids not the allowance of Parliament-pardons, or Coronation-pardons; and therefore the offences pardoned need not be specified, but may pass under the general word of all felonies. Nor is it likely that the members of the Parliament, who drew up their own pardons, did not mean to make them as comprehensive as they could. And yet Sir Edward Coke (1 Inst. sec. 745), at the word felony, seemeth to be of another mind. For piracy is one species of felony; and yet when certain Englishmen had committed piracy in the last year of Queen Elizabeth, and came home into England in the beginning of the reign of King James, trusting to his coronation-pardon of all felonies, they were indicted (Sir Edward Coke was then Attorney-general) of the piracy before commissioners, according to the statute of 28 Hen. VIII, and being found guilty were hanged. The reason he allegeth for it is, that it Edition: current; Page: [144]ought to have been specified by the name of piracy in the pardon, and therefore the pardon was not to be allowed.
Why ought it to have been specified more than any other felony? He should therefore have drawn his argument from the law of reason.
Also he does that; for the trial, he says, was by the common-law, and before commissioners, not in the Court of the Lord Admiral, by the civil law; therefore, he says, it was an offence whereof the common-law could not take any notice, because it could not be tried by twelve men.
If the common-law could not, or ought not, to take notice of such offences, how could the offenders be tried by twelve men, and found guilty, and hanged as they were? If the common-law take no notice of piracy, what other offence was it for which they were hanged? Is piracy two felonies, for one of which a man shall be hanged by the civil-law, and for the other by the common-law? Truly I never read weaker reasoning in any author of the law of England, than in Sir Edward Coke’s Institutes, how well soever he could plead.
Though I have heard him much reprehended by others as well as by you, yet there be many excellent things, both for subtilty and for truth, in these his Institutes.
No better things than other lawyers have, that write of the law as of a science. His citing of Aristotle, and of Homer, and of other books which are commonly read by gownmen, do, in my opinion, but weaken his authority; for any man may do it by a servant. But seeing the whole scene of that time is gone and past, let us proceed to somewhat Edition: current; Page: [145]else. Wherein doth an Act of Oblivion differ from a Parliament-pardon?
This word Act of Oblivion was never in our law-books before the 12 Car. II. c. 11, and I wish it may never come again; but from whence it came, you may better know perhaps than I.
The first and only Act of Oblivion that ever passed into a law, in any state that I have read of, was that amnestia or oblivion of all quarrels between any of the citizens of Athens, at any time before that act, without all exception of crime or person. The occasion whereof was this. The Lacedæmonians having totally subdued the Athenians, entered into the city of Athens, and ordained that the people should choose thirty people of their own city to have the sovereign power over them. These being chosen, behaved themselves so outrageously, as caused a sedition, in which the citizens on both sides were daily slain. There was then a discreet person that propounded to each of the parties this proposition, that every man should return to his own and forget all that was past; which proposition was made, by consent on both sides, into a public act, which for that cause was called an oblivion. Upon the like disorder happening in Rome by the murder of Julius Cæsar, the like act was propounded by Cicero, and indeed passed, but was within a few days after broken again by Marcus Antonius. In imitation of this act was made the act of 12 Car.II. c. 11.
By this it seems, that the Act of Oblivion made by King Charles was no other than a Parliament-pardon, because it containeth a great number of exceptions, as the other Parliament-pardons do, and the act of Athens did not.
But yet there is a difference between the late Act of Oblivion made here, and an ordinary Parliament-pardon. For concerning a fault pardoned in Parliament by a general word, a suit in law may arise about this, whether the offender be signified by the word or not, as whether the pardon of all felonies be a pardon of piracy or not. For you see by Sir Edward Coke’s reports, that notwithstanding a pardon of felony, a sea-felony, when he was Attorney-General, was not pardoned. But by the late Act of Oblivion, which pardoned all manner of offences committed in the late civil war, no question could arise concerning crimes excepted. First, because no man can by law accuse another man of a fact, which by law is to be forgotten. Secondly, because all crimes may be alleged as proceeding from the licentiousness of the time, and from the silence of the law occasioned by the civil war, and consequently (unless the offender’s person also were excepted, or unless the crime were committed before the war began) are within the pardon.
Truly I think you say right. For if nothing had been pardoned but what was done by the occasion of the war, the raising of the war itself had not been pardoned.
I have done with crimes and punishments; let us come now to the laws of meum and tuum.
Of the laws of meum and tuum.
We must then examine the statutes.
We must so, what they command and forbid; but not dispute of their justice. For the law of reason commands that every one observe the law which he hath assented to, and obey the person to whom he hath promised obedience and fidelity. Edition: current; Page: [147]Then let us consider next the commentaries of Sir Edward Coke upon Magna Charta and other statutes. For the understanding of Magna Charta it will be very necessary to run up into ancient times, as far as history will give us leave, and consider not only the customs of our ancestors the Saxons, but also the law of nature, the most ancient of all laws, concerning the original of government and acquisition of property, and concerning courts of judicature. And first, it is evident that dominion, government, and laws, are far more ancient than history or any other writing, and that the beginning of all dominion amongst men was in families. In which, first, the father of the family by the law of nature was absolute lord of his wife and children: secondly, made what laws amongst them he pleased: thirdly, was judge of all their controversies: fourthly, was not obliged by any law of man to follow any counsel but his own: fifthly, what land soever the lord sat down upon and made use of for his own and his family’s benefit, was his propriety by the law of first possession, in case it was void of inhabitants before, or by the law of war, in case they conquered it. In this conquest what enemies they took and saved, were their servants. Also such men as wanting possessions of lands, but furnished with arts necessary for man’s life, came to dwell in the family for protection, became their subjects, and submitted themselves to the laws of the family. And all this is consonant, not only to the law of nature, but also to the practice of mankind set forth in history, sacred and profane.
Do you think it lawful for a lord, that is the sovereign Edition: current; Page: [148]ruler of his family, to make war upon another like sovereign lord, and dispossess him of his lands?
It is lawful or not lawful, according to the intention of him that does it. For, first, being a sovereign ruler, he is not subject to any law of man; and as to the law of God, where the intention is justifiable, the action is so also. The intention may be lawful in divers cases by the right of nature; one of those cases is, when he is constrained to it by the necessity of subsisting. So the children of Israel, besides that their leaders, Moses and Joshua, had an immediate command from God to dispossess the Canaanites, had also a just pretence to do what they did, from the right of nature which they had to preserve their lives, being unable otherwise to subsist. And as their preservation, so also is their security a just pretence of invading those whom they have just cause to fear, unless sufficient caution be given to take away their fear: which caution, for anything I can yet conceive, is utterly impossible. Necessity and security are the principal justifications before God, of beginning war. Injuries received justify a war defensive; but for reparable injuries, if reparation be tendered, all invasion upon that title is iniquity. If you need examples, either from Scripture or other history, concerning this right of nature in making war, you are able enough of your own reading to find them out at your leisure.
Whereas you say, that the lands so won by the sovereign lord of a family, are his in propriety, you deny, methinks, all property to the subjects, how much soever any of them have contributed to the victory.
I do so; nor do I see any reason to the contrary. For the subjects, when they come into the family, have no title at all to demand any part of the land, or anything else but security: to which also they are bound to contribute their whole strength, and, if need be, their whole fortunes. For it cannot be supposed that any one man can protect all the rest with his own single strength; and for the practice, it is manifest, in all conquests the land of the vanquished is in the sole power of the victor, and at his disposal. Did not Joshua and the High-priest divide the land of Canaan in such sort among the tribes of Israel as they pleased? Did not the Roman and Grecian princes and states, according to their own discretion, send out the colonies to inhabit such provinces as they had conquered? Is there at this day among the Turks, any inheritor of land besides the Sultan? And was not all the land in England once in the hands of William the Conqueror? Sir Edward Coke himself confesses it. Therefore it is an universal truth, that all conquered lands, presently after victory, are the lands of him that conquered them.
But you know that all sovereigns are said to have a double capacity, viz. a natural capacity, as he is a man; and a politic capacity, as a king. In his politic capacity, I grant you, that King William the Conqueror was the proper and only owner once of all the land in England; but not in his natural capacity.
If he had them in his politic capacity, then they were so his own, as not to dispose of any part thereof but only to the benefit of his people; and that must be either by his own, or by the people’s Edition: current; Page: [150]discretion, that is, by Act of Parliament. But where do you find that the Conqueror disposed of his lands (as he did some to Englishmen, some to Frenchmen, and some to Normans, to be holden by divers tenures, as knight-service, soccage, &c.) by Act of Parliament? Or that he ever called a Parliament, to have the assent of the Lords and Commons of England in disposing of those lands he had taken from them? Or for retaining of such and such lands in his own hands, by the name of forrests, for his own recreation or magnificence? You have heard perhaps that some lawyers, or other men reputed wise and good patriots, have given out that all the lands which the Kings of England have possessed, have been given them by the people, to the end that they should therewith defray the charges of their wars, and pay the wages of their ministers; and that those lands were gained by the people’s money. For that was pretended in the late civil war, when they took from the King his town of Kingston-upon-Hull. But I know you do not think that the pretence was just. It cannot therefore be denied but that the lands, which King William the Conqueror gave away to Englishmen and others, and which they now hold by his letters-patent and other conveyances, were properly and really his own, or else the titles of them that now hold them, must be invalid.
I assent. As you have showed me the beginning of monarchies, so let me hear your opinion concerning their growth.
Great monarchies have proceeded from small families. First, by war, wherein the victor not only enlarged his territory, but also the number Edition: current; Page: [151]and riches of his subjects. As for the other forms of commonwealths, they have been enlarged other ways. First, by a voluntary conjunction of many lords of families into one great aristocracy. Secondly, from rebellion proceeded first anarchy, and from anarchy proceeded any form that the calamities of them that lived therein did prompt them to; whether it were, that they chose an hereditary King, or an elective King for life; or that they agreed upon a council of certain persons, which is aristocracy; or a council of the whole people to have the sovereign power, which is democracy. After the first manner, which is by war, grew up all the greatest kingdoms in the world, viz. the Egyptian, Assyrian, Persian, and the Macedonian monarchy; and so did the great kingdoms of England, France, and Spain. The second manner, was the original of the Venetian Aristocracy. By the the third way, which is rebellion, grew up divers great monarchies, perpetually changing from one form to another: as in Rome, rebellion against Kings produced democracy, upon which the senate usurped under Sylla, and the people again upon the senate under Marius, and the Emperor usurped upon the people under Cæsar and his successors.
Do you think the distinction between natural and politic capacity is insignificant?
No. If the sovereign power be in an assembly of men, that assembly, whether it be aristocratical or democratical, may possess lands; but it is in their politic capacity: because no natural man has any right to those lands, or any part of them. In the same manner, they can command an act by plurality of commands; but the command of Edition: current; Page: [152]any one of them is of no effect. But when the sovereign power is in one man, the natural and politic capacity are in the same person, and as to possession of lands, undistinguishable. But as to the acts and commands, they may be well distinguished in this manner. Whatsoever a monarch does command or do, by consent of the people of his kingdom, may properly be said to be done in his politic capacity; and whatsoever he commands by word of mouth only, or by letters signed with his hand, or sealed with any of his private seals, is done in his natural capacity. Nevertheless, his public commands, though they be made in his politic capacity, have their original from his natural capacity. For in the making of laws, which necessarily requires his assent, his assent is natural. Also those acts which are done by the King previously to the passing of them under the Great Seal of England, either by word of mouth, or warrant under his signet or private seal, are done in his natural capacity; but when they have passed the Seal of England, they are to be taken as done in his politic capacity.
I think verily your distinction is good. For natural capacity and politic capacity signify no more than private and public right. Therefore, leaving this argument, let us consider in the next place, as far as history will permit, what were the laws and customs of our ancestors.
The Saxons, as also all the rest of Germany not conquered by the Roman Emperors nor compelled to use the imperial laws, were a savage and heathen people, living only by war and rapine, and as some men learned in the Roman antiquities affirm, had their name of Germans from that their Edition: current; Page: [153]ancient trade of life, as if Germans and hommes de guerre were all one. Their rule over their family, servants, and subjects, was absolute; their laws, no other than natural equity; written law they had little or none; and very few there were in the time of the Cæsars that could write or read. The right to the government was either paternal, or by conquest, or by marriages. Their succession to lands was determined by the pleasure of the master of the family, by gift or deed in his lifetime; and what land they disposed not of in their lifetime, descended after their death to their heirs. The heir was the eldest son. The issue of the eldest son failing, they descended to the younger sons in their order; and, for want of sons, to the daughters jointly as to one heir, or to be divided amongst them, and so to descend to their heirs in the same manner. And children failing, the uncle by the father’s or mother’s side, according as the lands had been the father’s or the mother’s, succeeded to the inheritance, and so continually to the next of blood. And this was a natural descent, because naturally the nearer in blood the nearer in kindness, and was held for the law of nature, not only amongst the Germans, but also in most nations before they had a written law. The right of government, which is called jus regni, descended in the same manner, except only that after the sons it came to the eldest daughter first, and her heirs; the reason whereof was, that government is indivisible. And this law continues still in England.
Seeing all the land, which any sovereign lord possessed, was his own in propriety, how came a subject to have a propriety in their lands?
There be two sorts of propriety. One is, when a man holds his land from the gift of God only, which lands civilians call allodial; which in a kingdom, no man can have but the King. The other is, when a man holds his land from another man, as given him in respect of service and obedience to that man, as a fee. The first kind of propriety is absolute; the other is in a manner conditional, because given for some service to be done unto the giver. The first kind of propriety excludes the right of all others; the second excludes the right of all other subjects to the same land, but not the right of the sovereign, when the common good of the people shall require the use thereof.
When those kings had thus parted with their lands, what was left them for the maintenance of their wars, either offensive or defensive; or for the maintenance of the royal family in such manner as not only becomes the dignity of a sovereign king, but is also necessary to keep his person and people from contempt?
They have means enough; and besides what they gave their subjects, had much land remaining in their own hands, afforrested for their recreation. For you know very well that a great part of the land of England was given for military service to the great men of the realm, who were for the most part of the King’s kindred or great favourites; much more land than they had need of for their own maintenance; but so charged with one or many soldiers, according to the quantity of land given, as there could be no want of soldiers at all times ready to resist an invading enemy: which soldiers those lords were bound to furnish, for a time certain, Edition: current; Page: [155]at their own charges. You know also, that the whole land was divided into hundreds, and those again into decennaries; in which decennaries all men, even to children of twelve years of age, were bound to take the oath of allegiance. And you are to believe, that those men that hold their land by the service of husbandry, were all bound with their bodies and fortunes to defend the kingdom against invaders, by the law of nature. And so also such as they called villains, and as held their land by baser drudgery, were obliged to defend the kingdom to the utmost of their power. Nay, women and children, in such a necessity, are bound to do such service as they can, that is to say, to bring weapons and victuals to them that fight, and to dig. But those that hold their land by service military, have lying upon them a greater obligation. For read and observe the form of doing homage, according as it is set down in the statute of 17 Edw. II, which you doubt not was in use before that time, and before the Conquest.
I become your man for life, for member, and for worldly honour, and shall owe you my faith for the lands that I hold of you.
I pray you expound it.
I think it is as much as if you should say, I promise you to be at your command, to perform with the hazard of my life, limbs, and all my fortune, as I have charged myself in the reception of the lands you have given me, and to be ever faithful to you. This is the form of homage done to the King immediately. But when one subject holdeth land of another by the like military service, then there is an exception added, viz. saving the faith I owe to the King.
Did he not also take an oath?
Yes, which is called the oath of fealty: I shall be to you both faithful, and lawfully shall do such customs and services, as my duty is to you at the terms assigned, so help me God and all his Saints. But both these services, and the services of husbandry, were quickly after turned into rents, payable either in money, as in England, or in corn or other victuals, as in Scotland and France. When the service was military, the tenant was for the most part bound to serve the King in his wars, with one or more persons, according to the yearly value of the land he held.
Were they bound to find horsemen, or footmen?
I do not find any law that requires any man, in respect of his tenancy, to serve on horseback.
Was the tenant bound, in case he were called, to serve in person?
I think he was so in the beginning. For when lands were given for service military, and the tenant dying left his son and heir, the lord had the custody both of body and lands till the heir was twenty-one years old. And the reason thereof was, that the heir, till that age of twenty-one years, was presumed to be unable to serve the King in his wars; which reason had been insufficient, if the heir had not been bound to go to the wars in person. Which, methinks, should ever hold for law, unless by some other law it come to be altered. These services, together with other rights, as wardships, first possession of his tenants’ inheritance, licenses for alienation, felons’ goods, felons’ lands (if they were holden of the King), and the first year’s profit of the lands, of whomsoever they were holden, forfeitures, Edition: current; Page: [157]amercements, and many other aids, could not but amount to a very great yearly revenue. Add to this all that which the King might reasonably have imposed upon artificers and tradesmen; for all men, whom the King protecteth, ought to contribute towards their own protection; and consider then whether the Kings of those times had not means enough, and to spare (if God were not their enemy), to defend their people against foreign enemies, and also to compel them to keep the peace amongst themselves.
And so had had the succeeding Kings, if they had never given their rights away, and their subjects always kept their oaths and promises. In what manner proceeded those ancient Saxons, and other nations of Germany, especially the northern parts, to the making of their laws?
Sir Edward Coke, out of divers Saxon laws, gathered and published in Saxon and Latin by Mr. Lambard, inferreth that the Saxon Kings, for the making of their laws, called together the Lords and Commons, in such manner as is used at this day in England. But by those laws of the Saxons published by Mr. Lambard, it appeareth, that the Kings called together the bishops, and a great part of the wisest and discreetest men of the realm, and made laws by their advice.
I think so. For there is no King in the world, being of ripe years and sound mind, that made any law otherwise. For it concerns them in their own interest to make such laws as the people can endure, and may keep them without impatience, and live in strength and courage to defend their King and country, against their potent neighbours. But Edition: current; Page: [158]how was it discerned, and by whom was it determined, who were those wisest and discreetest men? It is a hard matter to know who is wisest in our times. We know well enough who chooseth a knight of the shire, and what towns are to send burgesses to the Parliament. Therefore if it were determined also in those days, who those wise men should be, then I confess that the Parliaments of the old Saxons, and the Parliaments of England since, are the same thing, and Sir Edward Coke is in the right. Tell me therefore, if you can, when those towns, which now send burgesses to the Parliament, began to do so, and upon what cause one town had this privilege, and another town, though much more populous, had not.
At what time began this custom I cannot tell; but I am sure it is more ancient than the city of Salisbury. Because there come two burgesses to Parliament for a place near to it, called Old Sarum, which, as I rid in sight of it, if I should tell a stranger that knew not what the word burgess meant, he would think it were a couple of rabbits; the place looketh so like a long cony-borough. And yet a good argument may be drawn from thence, that the townsmen of every town were the electors of their own burgesses, and judges of their discretion; and that the law, whether they be discreet or not, will suppose them to be discreet, till the contrary be apparent. Therefore where it is said, that the King called together the more discreet men of his realm; it must be understood of such elections as are now in use. By which it is manifest, that those great and general moots assembled by the old Saxon Kings, were of the same Edition: current; Page: [159]nature with the Parliaments assembled since the Conquest.
I think your reason is good. For I cannot conceive, how the King, or any other but the inhabitants of the boroughs themselves, can take notice of the discretion or sufficiency of those they were to send to the Parliament. And for the antiquity of the burgess-towns, since it is not mentioned in any history or certain record now extant, it is free for any man to propound his conjecture. You know that this land was invaded by the Saxons at several times, and conquered by pieces in several wars; so that there were in England many Kings at once, and every of them had his Parliament. And therefore according as there were more, or fewer walled towns within each King’s dominion, his Parliament had the more or fewer burgesses. But when all these lesser kingdoms were joined into one, then to that one Parliament came burgesses from all the boroughs of England. And this perhaps may be the reason, why there be so many more such boroughs in the west, than in any other part of the kingdom; the west being more populous, and also more obnoxious to invaders, and for that cause having greater store of towns fortified. This I think may be the original of that privilege which some towns have, to send burgesses to the Parliament, and others have not.
The conjecture is not improbable, and for want of greater certainty, may be allowed. But seeing it is commonly received, that for the making of a law, there ought to be had the assent of the Lords spiritual and temporal; whom do you account in the Parliaments of the old Saxons for Edition: current; Page: [160]Lords temporal, and whom for Lords spiritual? For the book called The mode of holding Parliaments, agreeth punctually with the manner of holding them at this day, and was written, as Sir Edward Coke says, in the time of the Saxons, and before the Conquest.
Mr. Selden, a greater antiquary than Sir Edward Coke, in the last edition of his book of Titles of Honour, says, that that book called The mode of holding Parliaments, was not written till about the time of Richard II, and seems to me to prove it. But howsoever that be, it is apparent by the Saxon laws set forth by Mr. Lambard, that there were always called to the Parliament certain great persons called Aldermen, alias Earls. And so you have a House of Lords, and a House of Commons. Also you will find in the same place, that after the Saxons had received the faith of Christ, those bishops that were amongst them, were always at the great moots in which they made their laws. Thus you have a perfect English Parliament, saving that the name of Barons was not amongst them, as being a French title, which came in with the Conqueror.
“Bella per Angliacos plusquam civilia campos,
Jusque datum sceleri loquimur.—”
My duty, as well to the public as to the memory of Mr. Hobbes, has obliged me to procure with my utmost diligence, that these tracts should come forth with the most correct exactness.*
I am compelled by the force of truth to declare, how much both the world and the memory of Mr. Hobbes have been abused by the several spurious editions of the History of the Civil Wars; wherein, by various and unskilful transcriptions, are committed above a thousand faults, and in above a hundred places whole lines left out, as I can make appear.
I must confess Mr. Hobbes, upon some considerations, was averse to the publishing thereof; but since it is impossible to suppress it, no book being more commonly sold by all booksellers, I hope I need not fear the offence of any man by doing right to the Edition: current; Page: [164]world and this work, which I now publish from the original manuscript, done by his own amanuensis, and given me by himself above twelve years since.
To this I have joined the treatise against Archbishop Bramhall, to prevent the like prejudice, which must certainly have fallen on it, there being so many false copies abroad, if not thus prevented; as also the Discourse of Heresy from a more correct copy; and have likewise annexed his Physical Problems, as they were translated by himself and presented to his Majesty, with the epistle prefixed, in the year 1662, at the same time they came forth in Latin.
These things premised, there remains nothing but to wish for myself good sale, to the buyer much pleasure and satisfaction.
Your humble servant,
William Crooke.
If in time, as in place, there were degrees of high and low, I verily believe that the highest of time would be that which passed between 1640 and 1660. For he that thence, as from the Devil’s Mountain, should have looked upon the world and observed the actions of men, especially in England, might have had a prospect of all kinds of injustice, and of all kinds of folly, that the world could afford, and how they were produced by their hypocrisy and self-conceit, whereof the one is double iniquity, and the other double folly.
I should be glad to behold that prospect. You that have lived in that time and in that part of your age, wherein men used to see best into good and evil, I pray you set me, that could not see so well, upon the same mountain, by the relation of the actions you then saw, and of their causes, pretensions, justice, order, artifice, and event.
In the year 1640, the government of England was monarchical; and the King that reigned, Charles, the first of that name, holding the sovereignty, by right of a descent continued above six Edition: current; Page: [166]hundred years, and from a much longer descent King of Scotland, and from the time of his ancestor Henry II, King of Ireland; a man that wanted no virtue, either of body or mind, nor endeavoured anything more than to discharge his duty towards God, in the well governing of his subjects.
How could he then miscarry, having in every county so many trained soldiers, as would, put together, have made an army of 60,000 men, and divers magazines of ammunition in places fortified?
If those soldiers had been, as they and all other of his subjects ought to have been, at his Majesty’s command, the peace and happiness of the three kingdoms had continued as it was left by King James. But the people were corrupted generally, and disobedient persons esteemed the best patriots.
But sure there were men enough, besides those that were ill-affected, to have made an army sufficient to have kept the people from uniting into a body able to oppose him.
Truly, I think, if the King had had money, he might have had soldiers enough in England. For there were very few of the common people that cared much for either of the causes, but would have taken any side for pay or plunder. But the King’s treasury was very low, and his enemies, that pretended the people’s ease from taxes, and other specious things, had the command of the purses of the city of London, and of most cities and corporate towns in England, and of many particular persons besides.
But how came the people to be so corrupted? And what kind of people were they that did so seduce them?
The seducers were of divers sorts. One sort were ministers; ministers, as they called themselves, of Christ; and sometimes, in their sermons to the people, God’s ambassadors; pretending to have a right from God to govern every one his parish, and their assembly the whole nation.
Secondly, there were a very great number, though not comparable to the other, which notwithstanding that the Pope’s power in England, both temporal and ecclesiastical, had been by Act of Parliament abolished, did still retain a belief that we ought to be governed by the Pope, whom they pretended to be the vicar of Christ, and, in the right of Christ, to be the governor of all Christian people. And these were known by the name of Papists; as the ministers I mentioned before, were commonly called Presbyterians.
Thirdly, there were not a few, who in the beginning of the troubles were not discovered, but shortly after declared themselves for a liberty in religion, and those of different opinions one from another. Some of them, because they would have all congregations free and independent upon one another, were called Independents. Others that held baptism to infants, and such as understood not into what they are baptized, to be ineffectual, were called therefore Anabaptists. Others that held that Christ’s kingdom was at this time to begin upon the earth, were called Fifth-monarchy-men; besides divers other sects, as Quakers, Adamites, &c., whose names and peculiar doctrines I do not well remember. And these were the enemies which arose against his Majesty from the private interpretation of the Scripture, exposed to every man’s scanning in his mother-tongue.
Fourthly, there were an exceeding great number of men of the better sort, that had been so educated, as that in their youth having read the books written by famous men of the ancient Grecian and Roman commonwealths concerning their polity and great actions; in which books the popular government was extolled by that glorious name of liberty, and monarchy disgraced by the name of tyranny; they became thereby in love with their forms of government. And out of these men were chosen the greatest part of the House of Commons, or if they were not the greatest part, yet by advantage of their eloquence, were always able to sway the rest.
Fifthly, the city of London and other great towns of trade, having in admiration the prosperity of the Low Countries after they had revolted from their monarch, the King of Spain, were inclined to think that the like change of government here, would to them produce the like prosperity.
Sixthly, there were a very great number that had either wasted their fortunes, or thought them too mean for the good parts they thought were in themselves; and more there were, that had able bodies, but saw no means how honestly to get their bread. These longed for a war, and hoped to maintain themselves hereafter by the lucky choosing of a party to side with, and consequently did for the most part serve under them that had greatest plenty of money.
Lastly, the people in general were so ignorant of their duty, as that not one perhaps of ten thousand knew what right any man had to command him, or what necessity there was of King or Commonwealth, Edition: current; Page: [169]for which he was to part with his money against his will; but thought himself to be so much master of whatsoever he possessed, that it could not be taken from him upon any pretence of common safety without his own consent. King, they thought, was but a title of the highest honour, which gentleman, knight, baron, earl, duke, were but steps to ascend to, with the help of riches; they had no rule of equity, but precedents and custom; and he was thought wisest and fittest to be chosen for a Parliament, that was most averse to the granting of subsidies or other public payments.
In such a constitution of people, methinks, the King is already ousted of his government, so as they need not have taken arms for it. For I cannot imagine how the King should come by any means to resist them.
There was indeed very great difficulty in the business. But of that point you will be better informed in the pursuit of this narration.
But I desire to know first, the several grounds of the pretences, both of the Pope and of the Presbyterians, by which they claim a right to govern us, as they do, in chief: and after that, from whence and when crept in the pretences of that Long Parliament, for a democracy.
As for the Papists, they challenge this right from a text in Deut.xvii. 12, and other like texts, according to the old Latin translation in these words: And he that out of pride shall refuse to obey the commandment of that priest, which shall at that time minister before the Lord thy God, that man shall by the sentence of the judge be put to death. And because, as the Jews were the people of God Edition: current; Page: [170]then, so is all Christendom the people of God now, they infer from thence, that the Pope, whom they pretend to be the high-priest of all Christian people, ought also to be obeyed in all his decrees by all Christians, upon pain of death. Again, whereas in the New Testament (Matth. xxviii. 18-20) Christ saith: All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth; go therefore and teach all nations, and baptize them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, and teach them to observe all these things which I have commanded you: from thence they infer, that the command of the apostles was to be obeyed, and by consequence the nations were bound to be governed by them, and especially by the prince of the apostles, St. Peter, and by his successors the Popes of Rome.
For the text in the Old Testament, I do not see how the commandment of God to the Jews, to obey their priests, can be interpreted to have the like force in the case of other nations Christian, more than upon nations unchristian (for all the world are God’s people); unless we also grant, that a king cannot of an infidel be made Christian, without making himself subject to the laws of that apostle, or priest, or minister, that shall convert him. The Jews were a peculiar people of God, a sacerdotal kingdom, and bound to no other law but what first Moses, and afterwards every high-priest, did go and receive immediately from the mouth of God in Mount Sinai, in the tabernacle of the ark, and in the sanctum sanctorum of the temple. And for the text in St. Matthew, I know the words in the Gospel are not go teach, but go and make disciples; and that there is a great difference Edition: current; Page: [171]between a subject and a disciple, and between teaching and commanding. And if such texts as these must be so interpreted, why do not Christian kings lay down their titles of majesty and sovereignty, and call themselves the Pope’s lieutenants? But the doctors of the Romish Church seem to decline that title of absolute power, in their distinction of power spiritual and temporal; but this distinction I do not very well understand.
By spiritual power they mean the power to determine points of faith, and to be judges in the inner court of conscience of moral duties, and a power to punish those men, that obey not their precepts, by ecclesiastical censure, that is, by excommunication. And this power, they say, the Pope hath immediately from Christ, without dependence upon any king or sovereign assembly, whose subjects they be that stand excommunicate. But for the power temporal, which consists in judging and punishing those actions that are done against the civil laws, they say, they do not pretend to it directly, but only indirectly, that is to say, so far forth as such actions tend to the hindrance or advancement of religion and good manners, which they mean when they say in ordine ad spiritualia.
What power then is left to Kings and other civil sovereigns, which the Pope may not pretend to be his in ordine ad spiritualia?
None, or very little. And this power not only the Pope pretends to in all Christendom; but some of his bishops also, in their several dioceses, jure divino, that is, immediately from Christ, without deriving it from the Pope.
But what if a man refuse obedience to this Edition: current; Page: [172]pretended power of the Pope and his bishops? What harm can excommunication do him, especially if he be the subject of another sovereign?
Very great harm. For by the Pope’s or bishop’s signification of it to the civil power, he shall be punished sufficiently.
He were in an ill case then, that adventured to write or speak in defence of the civil power, that must be punished by him whose rights he defended, like Uzza, that was slain because he would needs, unbidden, put forth his hand to keep the ark from falling. But if a whole nation should revolt from the Pope at once, what effect could excommunication have upon the nation?
Why, they should have no more mass said, at least by any of the Pope’s priests. Besides, the Pope would have no more to do with them, but cast them off, and so they would be in the same case as if a nation should be cast off by their king, and left to be governed by themselves, or whom they would.
This would not be taken so much for a punishment to the people, as to the King; and therefore when a Pope excommunicates a whole nation, methinks he rather excommunicates himself than them. But I pray you tell me, what were the rights that the Pope pretended to in the kingdoms of other princes?
First, an exemption of all priests, friars, and monks, in criminal causes, from the cognizance of civil judges. Secondly, collation of benefices on whom he pleased, native or stranger, and exaction of tenths, first fruits, and other payments. Thirdly, appeals to Rome in all causes where the Church Edition: current; Page: [173]could pretend to be concerned. Fourthly, to be the supreme judge concerning lawfulness of marriage, that is concerning the hereditary succession of Kings, and to have the cognizance of all causes concerning adultery and fornication.
Good! A monopoly of women.
Fifthly, a power of absolving subjects of their duties, and of their oaths of fidelity to their lawful sovereigns, when the Pope should think fit for the extirpation of heresy.
This power of absolving subjects of their obedience, as also that other of being judge of manners and doctrine, is as absolute a sovereignty as is possible to be; and consequently there must be two kingdoms in one and the same nation, and no man be able to know which of his masters he must obey.
For my part, I should rather obey that master that had the right of making laws and of inflicting punishments, than him that pretendeth only to a right of making canons, that is to say, rules, and no right of co-action, or otherwise punishing, but by excommunication.
But the Pope pretends also that his canons are laws; and for punishing, can there be greater than excommunication; supposing it true, as the Pope saith it is, that he that dies excommunicate is damned? Which supposition, it seems, you believe not; else you would rather have chosen to obey the Pope, that would cast your body and soul into hell, than the King, that can only kill the body.
You say true. For it were very uncharitable in me to believe that all Englishmen, except a few Papists, that have been born and called heretics ever since the Reformation of Religion in England, should be damned.
But for those that die excommunicate in the Church of England at this day, do you not think them also damned?
Doubtless, he that dies in sin without repentance is damned, and he that is excommunicate for disobedience to the King’s laws, either spiritual or temporal, is excommunicate for sin; and therefore, if he die excommunicate and without desire of reconciliation, he dies impenitent. You see what follows. But to die in disobedience to the precepts and doctrines of those men that have no authority or jurisdiction over us, is quite another case, and bringeth no such danger with it.
But what is this heresy, which the Church of Rome so cruelly persecutes, as to depose Kings that do not, when they are bidden, turn all heretics out of their dominions?
Heresy is a word which, when it is used without passion, signifies a private opinion. So the different sects of the old philosophers, Academians, Peripatetics, Epicureans, Stoics, &c., were called heresies. But in the Christian Church, there was in the signification of that word, comprehended a sinful opposition to him, that was chief judge of doctrines in order to the salvation of men’s souls; and consequently heresy may be said to bear the same relation to the power spiritual, that rebellion doth to the power temporal, and is suitable to be persecuted by him that will preserve a power spiritual and dominion over men’s consciences.
It would be very well, (because we are all of us permitted to read the Holy Scriptures, and bound to make them the rule of our actions, both public and private), that heresy were by some law Edition: current; Page: [175]defined, and the particular opinions set forth, for which a man were to be condemned and punished as a heretic; for else, not only men of mean capacity, but even the wisest and devoutest Christian, may fall into heresy without any will to oppose the Church; for the Scriptures are hard, and the interpretations different of different men.
The meaning of the word heresy, is by law declared in an Act of Parliament in the first year of Queen Elizabeth; wherein it is ordained, that the persons who had by the Queen’s letters-patent the authority spiritual, meaning the High Commission, shall not have authority to adjudge any matter or cause to be heresy, but only such as heretofore have been adjudged to be heresy by the authority of the canonical Scriptures, or by the first four general Councils, or by any other general Council, where the same was declared heresy by the express and plain words of the said canonical Scriptures, or such as hereafter shall be adjudged heresy by the high court of Parliament of this realm, with the assent of the clergy in their convocation.
It seems therefore, if there arise any new error that hath not yet been declared heresy, (and many such may arise), it cannot be judged heresy without a Parliament. For how foul soever the error be, it cannot have been declared heresy neither in the Scriptures nor in the Councils; because it was never before heard of. And consequently there can be no error, unless it fall within the compass of blasphemy against God or treason against the King, for which a man can in equity be punished. Besides, who can tell what is declared by the Scripture, Edition: current; Page: [176]which every man is allowed to read and interpret to himself? Nay more, what Protestant, either of the laity or clergy, if every general Council can be a competent judge of heresy, is not already condemned? For divers Councils have declared a great many of our doctrines to be heresy, and that, as they pretend, upon the authority of the Scriptures.
What are those points, that the first four general Councils have declared heresy?
The first general Council, held at Nicæa, declared all to be heresy which was contrary to the Nicene Creed, upon occasion of the heresy of Arius, which was the denying the divinity of Christ. The second general Council, held at Constantinople, declared heresy the doctrine of Macedonius; which was that the Holy Ghost was created. The third Council, assembled at Ephesus, condemned the doctrine of Nestorius, that there were two persons in Christ. The fourth, held at Chalcedon, condemned the error of Eutyches, that there was but one nature in Christ. I know of no other points condemned in these four Councils, but such as concern church-government, or the same doctrines taught by other men in other words. And these Councils were all called by the Emperors, and by them their decrees confirmed at the petition of the Councils themselves.
I see by this, that both the calling of the Council, and the confirmation of their doctrine and church-government, had no obligatory force but from the authority of the Emperor. How comes it then to pass, that they take upon them now a legislative power, and say their canons are laws? Edition: current; Page: [177]That text, all power is given to me in heaven and earth, had the same force then as it hath now, and conferred a legislative power on the Councils, not only over Christian men, but over all nations in the world.
They say no; for the power they pretend to is derived from this, that when a king was converted from Gentilism to Christianity, he did by that very submission to the bishop that converted him, submit to the bishop’s government and became one of his sheep; which right therefore he could not have over any nation that was not Christian.
Did Sylvester, which was Pope of Rome in the time of Constantine the Great, converted by him, tell the Emperor, his new disciple, beforehand, that if he became a Christian he must be the Pope’s subject?
I believe not. For it is likely enough, if he had told him so plainly, or but made him suspect it, he would either have been no Christian at all, or but a counterfeit one.
But if he did not tell him so, and that plainly, it was foul play, not only in a priest, but in any Christian. And for this derivation of their right from the Emperor’s consent, it proceeds only from this, that they dare not challenge a legislative power, nor call their canons laws in any kingdom in Christendom, further than the kings make them so. But in Peru, when Atabalipa was King, the friar told him, that Christ being King of all the world, had given the disposing of all the kingdoms therein to the Pope, and that the Pope had given Peru to the Roman Emperor Charles the Fifth, and required Atabalipa to resign it; and for refusing Edition: current; Page: [178]it, seized upon his person by the Spanish army there present, and murdered him. You see by this how much they claim, when they have power to make it good.
When began the Popes to take this authority upon them first?
After the inundation of the northern people had overflowed the western parts of the empire, and possessed themselves of Italy, the people of the city of Rome submitted themselves, as well in temporals as spirituals, to their bishop; and then first was the Pope a temporal prince, and stood no more in so great fear of the Emperors, which lived far off at Constantinople. In this time it was that the Pope began, by pretence of his power spiritual, to encroach upon the temporal rights of all other princes of the west; and so continued gaining upon them, till his power was at the highest in that three hundred years, or thereabout, which passed between the eighth and eleventh century, that is, between Pope Leo the Third and Pope Innocent the Third. For in this time Pope Zachary the First deposed Chilperic, then King of France, and gave the kingdom to one of his subjects, Pepin; and Pepin took from the Lombards a great part of their territory and gave it to the Church. Shortly after, the Lombards having recovered their estate, Charles the Great retook it, and gave it to the Church again; and Pope Leo the Third made Charles Emperor.
But what right did the Pope then pretend for the creating of an Emperor?
He pretended the right of being Christ’s vicar; and what Christ could give, his vicar might give; and you know that Christ was King of all the world.
Yes, as God; and so he gives all the kingdoms of the world, which nevertheless proceed from the consent of people, either for fear or hope.
But this gift of the empire was in a more special manner, in such a manner as Moses had the government of Israel given him; or rather as Joshua had it given him, to go in and out before the people as the high-priest should direct him. And so the empire was understood to be given him, on condition to be directed by the Pope. For when the Pope invested him with the regal ornaments, the people all cried out Deus dat, that is to say, it is God that gives it; and the Emperor was contented so to take it. And from that time, all or most of the Christian Kings do put into their titles the words Dei gratia, that is, by the gift of God; and their successors use still to receive the crown and sceptre from a bishop.
It is certainly a very good custom, for Kings to be put in mind by whose gift they reign; but it cannot from that custom be inferred that they receive the kingdom by mediation of the Pope, or by any other clergy; for the Popes themselves received the Papacy from the Emperor. The first that ever was elected Bishop of Rome after Emperors were Christians, and without the Emperor’s consent, excused himself by letters to the Emperor with this: that the people and clergy of Rome forced him to take it upon him, and prayed the Emperor to confirm it, which the Emperor did; but with reprehension of their proceedings, and the prohibition of the like for the time to come. The Emperor was Lotharius, and the Pope Calixtus the First.
You see by this the Emperor never acknowledged Edition: current; Page: [180]this gift of God was the gift of the Pope, but maintained, the Popedom was the gift of the Emperor. But in process of time, by the negligence of the Emperors, (for the greatness of Kings makes them that they cannot easily descend into the obscure and narrow mines of an ambitious clergy), they found means to make the people believe, there was a power in the Pope and clergy, which they ought to submit unto, rather than to the commands of their own Kings, whensoever it should come into controversy: and to that end devised and decreed many new articles of faith, to the diminution of the authority of kings, and to the disjunction of them and their subjects, and to a closer adherence of their subjects to the Church of Rome; articles either not at all found in, or not well founded upon the Scriptures; as first; that it should not be lawful for a priest to marry.
What influence could that have upon the power of Kings?
Do you not see, that by this the King must of necessity either want the priesthood, and therewith a great part of the reverence due to him from the most religious part of his subjects, or else want lawful heirs to succeed him: by which means, being not taken for the head of the Church, he was sure, in any controversy between him and the Pope, that his subjects would be against him?
Is not a Christian King as much a bishop now, as the heathen Kings were of old? for among them episcopus was a name common to all Kings. Is not he a bishop now, to whom God hath committed the charge of all the souls of his subjects, both of the laity and the clergy? And though he be in relation Edition: current; Page: [181]to our Saviour, who is the chief pastor, but a sheep, yet, compared to his own subjects, they are all sheep, both laic and cleric, and he only shepherd. And seeing a Christian bishop is but a Christian endued with power to govern the clergy, it follows that every Christian king is not only a bishop, but an arch-bishop, and his whole dominion his diocese. And though it were granted, that imposition of hands is necessary from a priest; yet seeing Kings have the government of the clergy, that are his subjects even before baptism; the baptism itself, wherein he is received as a Christian, is a sufficient imposition of hands, so that whereas before he was a bishop, now he is a Christian bishop.
For my part I agree with you: this prohibition of marriage to priests came in about the time of Pope Gregory the Seventh, and William the First, King of England; by which means the Pope had in England, what with secular and what with regular priests, a great many lusty bachelors at his service.
Secondly, that auricular confession to a priest was necessary to salvation. It is true, that before that time, confession to a priest was usual, and performed for the most part by him that confessed, in writing. But that use was taken away about the time of King Edward III, and priests commanded to take confessions from the mouth of the confitent: and men did generally believe, that without confession and absolution before their departure out of the world, they could not be saved; and having absolution from a priest, that they could not be damned. You understand by this, how much every man would stand in awe of the Pope and clergy, Edition: current; Page: [182]more than they would of the King; and what inconvenience it is to a state for their subjects to confess their secret thoughts to spies.
Yes, as much as eternal torture is more terrible than death, so much they would fear the clergy more than the King.
And though perhaps the Roman clergy will not maintain, that a priest hath power to remit sins absolutely, but only with a condition of repentance, yet the people were never so instructed by them; but were left to believe, that whensoever they had absolution, their precedent sins were all discharged, when their penance, which they took for repentance, was performed. Within the same time began the article of transubstantiation. For it had been disputed a long time before, in what manner a man did eat the body of our Saviour Jesus Christ, as being a point very difficult for a man to conceive and imagine clearly; but now it was made very clear, that the bread was transubstantiated into Christ’s body, and so was become no more bread, but flesh.
It seems then that Christ had many bodies, and was in as many places at once, as there were communicants. I think the priests then were so wanton, as to insult upon the dulness, not only of common people, but also of kings and their councillors.
I am now in a narration, not in a disputation; and therefore I would have you at this time to consider nothing else, but what effect this doctrine would work upon kings and their subjects, in relation to the clergy, who only were able of a piece of bread to make our Saviour’s body, and thereby at the hour of death to save their souls.
For my part, it would have an effect on me, to make me think them gods, and to stand in awe of them as of God himself, if he were visibly present.
Besides these, and other articles tending to the upholding of the Pope’s authority, they had many fine points in their ecclesiastical polity, conducing to the same end; of which I will mention only such as were established within the same time. For then it was the order came up of preaching friars, that wandered up and down, with power to preach in what congregation they pleased, and were sure enough to instil into the people nothing that might lessen the obedience to the Church of Rome; but, on the contrary, whatsoever might give advantage to it against the civil power. Besides, they privately insinuated themselves with women and men of weak judgment, confirming their adherence to the Pope, and urging them, in the time of their sickness, to be beneficial to it by contribution of money, or building religious houses, or pious works and necessary for the remission of their sins.
I do not remember that I have read of any kingdom or state in the world, where liberty was given to any private man to call the people together, and make orations frequently to them, or at all, without first making the state acquainted, except only in Christendom. I believe the heathen Kings foresaw, that a few such orators would be able to make a great sedition. Moses did indeed command to read the Scriptures and expound them in the Synagogues every Sabbath-day. But the Scriptures then were nothing else but the laws of the nation, delivered unto them by Moses himself. And I believe Edition: current; Page: [184]it would do no hurt, if the laws of England also were often read and expounded in the several congregations of Englishmen, at times appointed, that they may know what to do; for they know already what to believe.
I think that neither the preaching of friars nor monks, nor of parochial priests, tended to teach men what, but whom to believe. For the power of the mighty hath no foundation but in the opinion and belief of the people. And the end which the Pope had in multiplying sermons, was no other but to prop and enlarge his own authority over all Christian Kings and States.
Within the same time, that is, between the time of the Emperor Charles the Great and of King Edward the Third of England, began their second polity; which was, to bring religion into an art, and thereby to maintain all the decrees of the Roman Church by disputation; not only from the Scriptures, but also from the philosophy of Aristotle, both moral and natural. And to that end the Pope exhorted the said Emperor by letter, to erect schools of all kinds of literature; and from thence began the institution of universities; for not long after, the universities began in Paris and in Oxford. It is true, that there were schools in England before that time, in several places, for the instruction of children in the Latin tongue, that is to say, in the tongue of the Church. But for an university of learning, there was none erected till that time; though it be not unlikely there might be then some that taught philosophy, logic, and other arts, in divers monasteries, the monks having little else to do but to study. After some colleges were built to that purpose, Edition: current; Page: [185]it was not long time before many more were added to them, by the devotion of princes and bishops, and other wealthy men: and the discipline therein was confirmed by the Popes that then were; and abundance of scholars sent thither by their friends to study, as to a place from whence the way was open and easy to preferment both in Church and Commonwealth. The profit the Church of Rome expected from them, and in effect received, was the maintenance of the Pope’s doctrine, and of his authority over kings and their subjects, by school-divines; who striving to make good many points of faith incomprehensible, and calling in the philosophy of Aristotle to their assistance, wrote great books of school-divinity, which no man else, nor they themselves, were able to understand; as any man may perceive that shall consider the writings of Peter Lombard, or Scotus, or of him that wrote commentaries upon him, or of Suarez, or any other school-divine of later times. Which kind of learning nevertheless hath been much admired by two sorts of men, otherwise prudent enough. The one of which sorts were of those that were already devoted and really affectionate to the Roman Church; for they believed the doctrine before, but admired the arguments because they understood them not, and yet found the conclusions to their mind. The other sort were negligent men, that had rather admire with others, than take the pains to examine. So that all sorts of people were fully resolved, that both the doctrine was true, and the Pope’s authority no more than what was due to him.
I see that a Christian king, or state, how well soever provided he be of money and arms, where Edition: current; Page: [186]the Church of Rome hath such authority, will have but a hard match of it, for want of men. For their subjects will hardly be drawn into the field and fight with courage against their consciences.
It is true that great rebellions have been raised by Church-men in the Pope’s quarrel against kings, as in England against King John, and in France against King Henry IV. Wherein the Kings had a more considerable part on their sides, than the Pope had on his; and shall always have so, if they have money. For there are but few whose consciences are so tender as to refuse money when they want it. But the great mischief done to kings upon pretence of religion is, when the Pope gives power to one king to invade another.
I wonder how King Henry the Eighth could then so utterly extinguish the authority of the Pope in England, and that without any rebellion at home, or any invasion from abroad.
First, the priests, monks, and friars, being in the height of their power, were now for the most part grown insolent and licentious; and thereby the force of their arguments was now taken away by the scandal of their lives, which the gentry and men of good education easily perceived: and the Parliament consisting of such persons, were therefore willing to take away their power: and generally the common people, which from a long custom had been in love with Parliaments, were not displeased therewith. Secondly, the doctrine of Luther beginning a little before, was now by a great many men of the greatest judgment so well received, as that there was no hope to restore the Pope to his power by rebellion. Thirdly, the revenue of abbeys Edition: current; Page: [187]and all other religious houses, falling thereby into the King’s hands, and by him being disposed of to the most eminent gentlemen in every county, could not but make them do their best to confirm themselves in the possession of them. Fourthly, King Henry was of a nature quick and severe in the punishing of such as should be the first to oppose his designs. Lastly, as to invasion from abroad, in case the Pope had given the kingdom to another prince, it had been in vain; for England is another manner of kingdom than Navarre. Besides, the French and Spanish forces were employed at that time one against another: and though they had been at leisure, they would have found perhaps no better success than the Spaniards found afterwards in 1588. Nevertheless, notwithstanding the insolence, avarice, and hypocrisy of the then clergy, and notwithstanding the doctrine of Luther, if the Pope had not provoked the King by endeavouring to cross his marriage with his second wife, his authority might have remained in England till there had risen some other quarrel.
Did not the bishops, that then were, and had taken an oath, wherein was, amongst other things, that they should defend and maintain the legal rights of St. Peter: (the words are, Regalia Sancti Petri, which nevertheless some have said are regulas Sancti Petri, that is to say, St. Peter’s rules or doctrine; and that the clergy afterward did read it, being perhaps written in short-hand, by a mistake to the Pope’s advantage regalia): did not, I say, the bishops oppose that Act of Parliament against the Pope, and against the taking of the oath of supremacy?
No, I do not find that the bishops did many of them oppose the King; for having no power without him, it had been great imprudence to provoke his anger. There was besides a controversy in those times between the Pope and the bishops, most of which did maintain that they exercised their jurisdiction episcopal in the right of God, as immediately as the Pope himself did exercise the same over the whole Church. And because they saw that by this Act of the King in Parliament they were to hold their power no more of the Pope, and never thought of holding it of the King, they were perhaps better content to let that Act of Parliament pass. In the reign of King Edward VI the doctrine of Luther had taken so great root in England, that they threw out also a great many of the Pope’s new articles of faith; which Queen Mary succeeding him restored again, together with all that had been abolished by Henry VIII, saving that which could not be restored, the religious houses; and the bishops and clergy of King Edward were partly burnt for heretics, partly fled, and partly recanted. And they that fled betook themselves to those places beyond sea, where the reformed religion was either protected or not persecuted; who, after the decease of Queen Mary, returned again to favour and preferment under Queen Elizabeth, that restored the religion of her brother King Edward. And so it hath continued till this day, excepting the interruption made in this late rebellion of the presbyterians and other democratical men. But though the Romish religion were now cast out by the law, yet there were abundance of people, and many of them of the nobility, that still retained the Edition: current; Page: [189]religion of their ancestors, who as they were not much molested in points of conscience, so they were not by their own inclination very troublesome to the civil government; but by the secret practice of the Jesuits and other emissaries of the Roman Church, they were made less quiet than they ought to have been; and some of them to venture on the most horrid act that ever had been heard of before, I mean the Gunpowder Treason. And upon that account, the Papists of England have been looked upon as men that would not be sorry for any disorders here that might possibly make way to the restoring of the Pope’s authority. And therefore I named them for one of the distempers of the state of England in the time of our late King Charles.
I see that Monsieur Mornay du Plessis, and Dr. Morton, Bishop of Durham, writing of the progress of the Pope’s power, and intituling their books, one of them, The Mystery of Iniquity, the other, The Grand Imposture, were both in the right. For I believe there was never such another cheat in the world, and I wonder that the Kings and States of Christendom never perceived it.
It is manifest they did perceive it. How else durst they make war against the Pope, and some of them take him out of Rome itself and carry him away prisoner? But if they would have freed themselves from his tyranny, they should have agreed together, and made themselves every one, as Henry VIII did, head of the Church within their own respective dominions. But not agreeing, they let his power continue, every one hoping to make use of it, when there should be cause, against his neighbour.
Now, as to that other distemper by Presbyterians, how came their power to be so great, being of themselves, for the most part, but so many poor scholars?
This controversy between the Papist and the Reformed Churches, could not choose but make every man, to the best of his power, examine by the Scriptures, which of them was in the right; and to that end they were translated into vulgar tongues; whereas before, the translation of them was not allowed, nor any man to read them but such as had express license so to do. For the Pope did concerning the Scriptures the same that Moses did concerning Mount Sinai. Moses suffered no man to go up to it to hear God speak or gaze upon him, but such as he himself took with him; and the Pope suffered none to speak with God in the Scriptures, that had not some part of the Pope’s spirit in him, for which he might be trusted.
Certainly Moses did therein very wisely, and according to God’s own commandment.
No doubt of it, and the event itself hath made it appear so. For after the Bible was translated into English, every man, nay, every boy and wench, that could read English, thought they spoke with God Almighty, and understood what he said, when by a certain number of chapters a day they had read the Scriptures once or twice over. The reverence and obedience due to the Reformed Church here, and to the bishops and pastors therein, was cast off, and every man became a judge of religion, and an interpreter of the Scriptures to himself.
Did not the Church of England intend it should be so? What other end could they have Edition: current; Page: [191]in recommending the Bible to me, if they did not mean I should make it the rule of my actions? Else they might have kept it, though open to themselves, to me sealed up in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, and fed me out of it in such measure as had been requisite for the salvation of my soul and the Church’s peace.
I confess this licence of interpreting the Scripture was the cause of so many several sects, as have lain hid till the beginning of the late King’s reign, and did then appear to the disturbance of the commonwealth. But to return to the story. Those persons that fled for religion in the time of Queen Mary, resided, for the most part, in places where the Reformed religion was professed and governed by an assembly of ministers; who also were not a little made use of, for want of better statesmen, in points of civil government. Which pleased so much the English and Scotch Protestants that lived amongst them, that at their return they wished there were the same honour and reverence given to the ministry in their own countries. In Scotland, King James being then young, soon with the help of some of the powerful nobility they brought it to pass. Also they that returned into England in the beginning of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, endeavoured the same here, but could never effect it till this last rebellion, nor without the aid of the Scots. And it was no sooner effected, but they were defeated again by the other sects, which, by the preaching of the Presbyterians and private interpretation of Scripture, were grown numerous.
I know indeed that in the beginning of the late war, the power of the Presbyterians was so Edition: current; Page: [192]very great, that, not only the citizens of London were almost all of them at their devotion, but also the greatest part of all other cities and markettowns of England. But you have not yet told me by what art and what degrees they became so strong.
It was not their own art alone that did it, but they had the concurrence of a great many gentlemen, that did no less desire a popular government in the civil state than these ministers did in the Church. And as these did in the pulpit draw the people to their opinions, and to a dislike of the Church-government, Canons, and Common-prayerbook, so did the other make them in love with democracy by their harangues in the Parliament, and by their discourses and communication with people in the country, continually extolling liberty and inveighing against tyranny, leaving the people to collect of themselves that this tyranny was the present government of the state. And as the Presbyterians brought with them into their churches their divinity from the universities, so did many of the gentlemen bring their politics from thence into the Parliament; but neither of them did this very boldly in the time of Queen Elizabeth. And though it be not likely that all of them did it out of malice, but many of them out of error, yet certainly the chief leaders were ambitious ministers and ambitious gentlemen; the ministers envying the authority of bishops, whom they thought less learned; and the gentlemen envying the privy-council, whom they thought less wise than themselves. For it is a hard matter for men, who do all think highly of their own wits, when they have also acquired the learning Edition: current; Page: [193]of the university, to be persuaded that they want any ability requisite for the government of a commonwealth, especially having read the glorious histories and the sententious politics of the ancient popular governments of the Greeks and Romans, amongst whom kings were hated and branded with the name of tyrants, and popular government (though no tyrant was ever so cruel as a popular assembly) passed by the name of liberty. The Presbyterian ministers, in the beginning of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, did not, because they durst not, publicly preach against the discipline of the Church. But not long after, by the favour perhaps of some great courtier, they went abroad preaching in most of the market-towns of England, as the preaching friars had formerly done, upon working-days in the morning; in which sermons, these and others of the same tenets, that had charge of souls, both by the manner and matter of their preaching, applied themselves wholly to the winning of the people to a liking of their doctrines and good opinion of their persons.
And first, for the manner of their preaching; they so framed their countenance and gesture at their entrance into the pulpit, and their pronunciation both in their prayer and sermon, and used the Scripture phrase (whether understood by the people or not), as that no tragedian in the world could have acted the part of a right godly man better than these did; insomuch that a man unacquainted with such art, could never suspect any ambitious plot in them to raise sedition against the state, as they then had designed; or doubt that the vehemence of their voice (for the same words with Edition: current; Page: [194]the usual pronunciation had been of little force) and forcedness of their gesture and looks, could arise from anything else but zeal to the service of God. And by this art they came into such credit, that numbers of men used to go forth of their own parishes and towns on working-days, leaving their calling, and on Sundays leaving their own churches, to hear them preach in other places, and to despise their own and all other preachers that acted not so well as they. And as for those ministers that did not usually preach, but instead of sermons did read to the people such homilies as the Church had appointed, they esteemed and called them dumb dogs.
Secondly, for the matter of their sermons, because the anger of the people in the late Roman usurpation was then fresh, they saw there could be nothing more gracious with them than to preach against such other points of the Romish religion as the bishops had not yet condemned; that so receding further from popery than they did, they might with glory to themselves leave a suspicion on the bishops, as men not yet well purged from idolatry.
Thirdly, before their sermons, their prayer was or seemed to be extempore, which they pretended to be dictated by the spirit of God within them, and many of the people believed or seemed to believe it. For any man might see, that had judgment, that they did not take care beforehand what they should say in their prayers. And from hence came a dislike of the common-prayer-book, which is a set form, premeditated, that men might see to what they were to say amen.
Fourthly, they did never in their sermons, or but lightly, inveigh against the lucrative vices of men Edition: current; Page: [195]of trade or handicraft; such as are feigning, lying, cozening, hypocrisy, or other uncharitableness, except want of charity to their pastors and to the faithful: which was a great ease to the generality of citizens and the inhabitants of market-towns, and no little profit to themselves.
Fifthly, by preaching up an opinion that men were to be assured of their salvation by the testimony of their own private spirit, meaning the Holy Ghost dwelling within them. And from this opinion the people that found in themselves a sufficient hatred towards the Papists, and an ability to repeat the sermons of these men at their coming home, made no doubt but that they had all that was necessary, how fraudulently and spitefully soever they behaved themselves to their neighbours that were not reckoned amongst the saints, and sometimes to those also.
Sixthly, they did, indeed, with great earnestness and severity, inveigh often against two sins, carnal lusts and vain swearing; which, without question, was very well done. But the common people were thereby inclined to believe, that nothing else was sin, but that which was forbidden in the third and seventh commandments (for few men do understand by the name of lust any other concupiscence, than that which is forbidden in that seventh commandment; for men are not ordinarily said to lust after another man’s cattle, or other goods or possessions): and therefore never made much scruple of the acts of fraud and malice, but endeavoured to keep themselves from uncleanness only, or at least from the scandal of it. And, whereas they did, both in their sermons and Edition: current; Page: [196]writings, maintain and inculcate, that the very first motions of the mind, that is to say, the delight men and women took in the sight of one another’s form, though they checked the proceeding thereof so that it never grew up to be a design, was nevertheless a sin, they brought young men into desperation and to think themselves damned, because they could not (which no man can, and is contrary to the constitution of nature) behold a delightful object without delight. And by this means they became confessors to such as were thus troubled in conscience, and were obeyed by them as their spiritual doctors in all cases of conscience.
Yet divers of them did preach frequently against oppression.
It is true, I had forgot that; but it was before such as were free enough from it; I mean the common people, who would easily believe themselves oppressed, but never oppressors. And therefore you may reckon this among their artifices, to make the people believe they were oppressed by the King, or perhaps by the bishops, or both; and incline the meaner sort to their party afterwards, when there should be occasion. But this was but sparingly done in the time of Queen Elizabeth, whose fear and jealousy they were afraid of. Nor had they as yet any great power in the Parliament-house, whereby to call in question her prerogative by petitions of right and other devices, as they did afterwards, when democratical gentlemen had received them into their counsels for the design of changing the government from monarchical to popular, which they called liberty.
Who would think that such horrible designs Edition: current; Page: [197]as these could so easily and so long remain covered with the cloak of godliness? For that they were most impious hypocrites, is manifest enough by the war these proceedings ended in, and by the impious acts in that war committed. But when began first to appear in Parliament the attempt of popular government, and by whom?
As to the time of attempting the change of government from monarchical to democratical, we must distinguish. They did not challenge the sovereignty in plain terms, and by that name, till they had slain the King; nor the rights thereof altogether by particular heads, till the King was driven from London by tumults raised in that city against him, and retired for the security of his person to York; where he had not been many days, when they sent unto him nineteen propositions, whereof above a dozen were demands of several powers, essential parts of the power sovereign. But before that time they had demanded some of them in a petition which they called a Petition of Right; which nevertheless the King had granted them in a former Parliament, though he deprived himself thereby, not only of the power to levy money without their consent, but also of his ordinary revenue by custom of tonnage and poundage, and of the liberty to put into custody such men as he thought likely to disturb the peace and raise sedition in the kingdom. As for the men that did this, it is enough to say they were members of the last Parliament, and of some other Parliaments in the beginning of King Charles and the end of King James his reign; to name them all is not necessary, further than the story shall require. Most of them were Edition: current; Page: [198]members of the House of Commons; some few also, of the Lords; but all, such as had a great opinion of their sufficiency in politics, which they thought was not sufficiently taken notice of by the King.
How could the Parliament, when the King had a great navy, and a great number of trained soldiers, and all the magazines of ammunition in his power, be able to begin the war?
The King had these things indeed in his right; but that signifies little, when they that had the custody of the navy and magazines, and with them all the trained soldiers, and in a manner all his subjects, were, by the preaching of Presbyterian ministers, and the seditious whisperings of false and ignorant politicians, made his enemies; and when the King could have no money but what the Parliament should give him, which you may be sure should not be enough to maintain his regal power, which they intended to take from him. And yet, I think, they never would have ventured into the field, but for that unlucky business of imposing upon the Scots, who were all Presbyterians, our book of Common-prayer. For I believe the English would never have taken well that the Parliament should make war upon the King, upon any provocation, unless it were in their own defence, in case the King should first make war upon them; and, therefore, it behoved them to provoke the King, that he might do something that might look like hostility. It happened in the year 1637, that the King, by the advice, as it is thought, of the Archbishop of Canterbury, sent down a book of Common-prayer into Scotland, not differing in substance from ours, nor much in words besides Edition: current; Page: [199]the putting of the word Presbyter for that of Minister, commanding it to be used, for conformity to this kingdom, by the ministers there, for an ordinary form of Divine service. This being read in the church at Edinburgh, caused such a tumult there, that he that read it had much ado to escape with his life; and gave occasion to the greatest part of the nobility and others to enter, by their own authority, into a covenant amongst themselves, which impudently they called a covenant with God, to put down episcopacy, without consulting with the King: which they presently did, animated thereto by their own confidence, or by assurance from some of the democratical Englishmen that in former Parliaments had been the greatest opposers of the King’s interest, that the King would not be able to raise an army to chastise them without calling a Parliament, which would be sure to favour them. For the thing which those democraticals chiefly then aimed at, was to force the King to call a Parliament, which he had not done for ten years before, as having found no help, but hindrance to his designs in the Parliaments he had formerly called. Howsoever, contrary to their expectation, by the help of his better-affected subjects of the nobility and gentry, he made a shift to raise a sufficient army to have reduced the Scots to their former obedience, if it had proceeded to battle. And with this army he marched himself into Scotland; where the Scotch army was also brought into the field against him, as if they meant to fight. But then the Scotch sent to the King for leave to treat by commissioners on both sides; and the King, willing to avoid the destruction of his own subjects, Edition: current; Page: [200]condescended to it. The issue was peace; and the King thereupon went to Edinburgh, and passed an Act of Parliament there to their satisfaction.
Did he not then confirm episcopacy?
No, but yielded to the abolishing of it: but by this means the English were crossed in their hope of a Parliament. But the said democraticals, formerly opposers of the King’s interest, ceased not to endeavour still to put the two nations into a war; to the end the King might buy the Parliament’s help at no less a price than sovereignty itself.
But what was the cause that the gentry and nobility of Scotland were so averse from the episcopacy? For I can hardly believe that their consciences were extraordinarily tender, nor that they were so very great divines, as to know what was the true Church-discipline established by our Saviour and his apostles; nor yet so much in love with their ministers, as to be over-ruled by them in the government either ecclesiastical or civil. For in their lives they were just as other men are, pursuers of their own interests and preferments, wherein they were not more opposed by the bishops than by their Presbyterian ministers.
Truly I do not know; I cannot enter into other men’s thoughts, farther than I am led by the consideration of human nature in general. But upon this consideration I see first, that men of ancient wealth and nobility are not apt to brook, that poor scholars should (as they must, when they are made bishops) be their fellows. Secondly, that from the emulation of glory between the nations, they might be willing to see this nation afflicted by civil war, and might hope, by aiding the rebels here, to acquire Edition: current; Page: [201]some power over the English, at least so far as to establish here the Presbyterian discipline; which was also one of the points they afterwards openly demanded. Lastly, they might hope for, in the war, some great sum of money, as a reward of their assistance, besides great booty, which they afterwards obtained. But whatsoever was the cause of their hatred to bishops, the pulling of them down was not all they aimed at: if it had, now that episcopacy was abolished by act of Parliament, they would have rested satisfied, which they did not. For after the King was returned to London, the English Presbyterians and democraticals, by whose favour they had put down bishops in Scotland, thought it reason to have the assistance of the Scotch for the pulling down of bishops in England. And in order thereunto, they might perhaps deal with the Scots secretly, to rest unsatisfied with that pacification, which they were before contented with. Howsoever it was, not long after the King was returned to London, they sent up to some of their friends at court a certain paper, containing, as they pretended, the articles of the said pacification; a false and scandalous paper, which was by the King’s command burnt, as I have heard, publicly. And so both parties returned to the same condition they were in, when the King went down with his army.
And so there was a great deal of money cast away to no purpose. But you have not told me who was general of that army.
I told you the King was there in person. He that commanded under him was the Earl of Arundel, a man that wanted not either valour or judgment. But to proceed to battle or to treaty, was not in his power, but in the King’s.
He was a man of a most noble and loyal family, and whose ancestors had formerly given a great overthrow to the Scots, in their own country; and in all likelihood he might have given them the like now, if they had fought.
He might indeed: but it had been but a kind of superstition to have made him general upon that account, though many generals heretofore have been chosen for the good luck of their ancestors in like occasions. In the long war between Athens and Sparta, a general of the Athenians by sea won many victories against the Spartans; for which cause, after his death, they chose his son for general with ill success. The Romans that conquered Carthage by the valour and conduct of Scipio, when they were to make war again in Afric against Cæsar, chose another Scipio for general; a man valiant and wise enough, but he perished in the employment. And to come home to our own nation, the Earl of Essex made a fortunate expedition to Cadiz; but his son, sent afterwards to the same place, could do nothing. It is but a foolish superstition, to hope that God has entailed success in war upon a name or family.
After the pacification broken, what succeeded next?
The King sent Duke Hamilton with commission and instructions into Scotland, to call a Parliament there, and to use all the means he could otherwise; but all was to no purpose. For the Scots were now resolved to raise an army and to enter into England, to deliver, as they pretended, their grievances to his majesty in a petition; because the King, they said, being in the hands of evil councillors, they could not otherwise obtain their right. Edition: current; Page: [203]But the truth is, they were animated to it by the democratical and Presbyterian English, with a promise of reward and hope of plunder. Some have said, that Duke Hamilton also did rather encourage them to, than deter them from, the expedition; as hoping by the disorder of the two kingdoms, to bring to pass that which he had formerly been accused to endeavour, to make himself King of Scotland. But I take this to have been a very uncharitable censure, upon so little ground to judge so hardly of a man, that afterwards lost his life in seeking to procure the liberty of the King his master. This resolution of the Scots to enter England being known, the King wanting money to raise an army against them, was now, as his enemies here wished, constrained to call a parliament, to meet at Westminster the 13th day of April 1640.
Methinks a Parliament of England, if upon any occasion, should furnish the King with money now in war against the Scots, out of an inveterate disaffection to that nation that had always anciently taken part with their enemies the French, and which always esteemed the glory of England for an abatement of their own.
It is indeed commonly seen that neighbour nations envy one another’s honour, and that the less potent bears the greater malice; but that hinders them not from agreeing in those things which their common ambition leads them to. And therefore the King found not the more, but the less help from this Parliament: and most of the members thereof, in their ordinary discourses, seemed to wonder why the King should make a war upon Scotland; and in that Parliament sometimes called them their Edition: current; Page: [204]brethren the Scots. But instead of taking the King’s business, which was the raising of money, into their consideration, they fell upon the redressing of grievances, and especially such ways of levying money as in the late intermission of Parliaments the King had been forced to use; such as were ship-money, for knighthood, and such other vails (as one may call them) of the regal office, which lawyers had found justifiable by the ancient records of the kingdom. Besides, they fell upon the actions of divers ministers of state, though done by the King’s own command and warrant. Insomuch, that before they were to come to the business for which they were called, the money which was necessary for this war (if they had given any, as they never meant to do) had come too late. It is true, there was mention of a sum of money to be given the King, by way of bargain, for the relinquishing of his right to ship-money, and some other of his prerogatives, but so seldom, and without determining any sum, that it was in vain for the King to hope for any success; and therefore upon the 5th of May following he dissolved it.
Where then had the King money to raise and pay his army?
He was forced the second time to make use of the nobility and gentry, who contributed some more, some less, according to the greatness of their estates; but amongst them all they made up a very sufficient army.
It seems then that the same men, that crossed his business in the Parliament, now out of Parliament advanced it all they could. What was the reason of that?
The greatest part of the Lords in Parliament, and of the gentry throughout England, were more affected to monarchy than to a popular government, but so as not to endure to hear of the King’s absolute power; which made them in time of Parliament easily to condescend to abridge it, and bring the government to a mixed monarchy, as they called it; wherein the absolute sovereignty should be divided between the King, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons.
But how, if they cannot agree?
I think they never thought of that; but I am sure they never meant the sovereignty should be wholly either in one or both houses. Besides, they were loath to desert the King, when he was invaded by foreigners; for the Scotch were esteemed by them as a foreign nation.
It is strange to me, that England and Scotland being but one island, and their language almost the same, and being governed by one King, should be thought foreigners to one another. The Romans were masters of many nations, and to oblige them the more to obey the edicts and laws sent unto them from the city of Rome, they thought fit to make them all Romans; and out of divers nations, as Spain, Germany, Italy, and France, to advance some, that they thought worthy, even to be senators of Rome, and to give every one of the common people the privileges of the city of Rome, by which they were protected from the contumelies of other nations where they resided. Why were not the Scotch and English in like manner united into one people?
King James at his first coming to the crown Edition: current; Page: [206]of England did endeavour it, but could not prevail. But for all that, I believe the Scotch have now as many privileges in England as any nation had in Rome, of those which were so as you say made Romans. For they are all naturalized, and have right to buy land in England to themselves and their heirs.
It is true of them, that were born in Scotland after the time that King James was in possession of the kingdom of England.
There be very few now that were born before. But why have they a better right that were born after, than they that were born before?
Because they were born subjects to the King of England, and the rest not.
Were not the rest born subjects to King James? And was not the King of England?
Yes, but not then.
I understand not the subtilty of that distinction. But upon what law is that distinction grounded? Is there any statute to that purpose?
I cannot tell; I think not; but it is grounded upon equity.
I see little equity in this; that those nations that are bound to equal obedience to the same King, should not have equal privileges. And now seeing there be so very few born before King James’s coming in, what greater privilege had those ingrafted Romans by their naturalization in the state of Rome, or in the state of England the English themselves, more than the Scotch?
Those Romans, when any of them were in Rome, had their voice in the making of laws.
And the Scotch have their Parliaments, Edition: current; Page: [207]wherein their assent is required to the laws there made, which is as good. Have not many of the provinces of France their several parliaments and several constitutions? And yet they are all equally natural subjects of the King of France. And therefore for my part I think they were mistaken, both English and Scotch, in calling one another foreigners. Howsoever that be, the King had a very sufficient army, wherewith he marched towards Scotland; and by the time he was come to York, the Scotch army was drawn up to the frontiers and ready to march into England; which also they presently did; giving out all the way, that their march should be without damage to the country, and that their errand was only to deliver a petition to the King, for the redress of many pretended injuries they had received from such of the court, whose counsel the King most followed. So they passed through Northumberland quietly, till they came to a ford in the river of Tyne, a little above Newcastle, where they found some little opposition from a party of the King’s army sent thither to stop them, whom the Scotch easily mastered; and as soon as they were over, seized upon Newcastle, and coming further on, upon the city of Durham; and sent to the King to desire a treaty, which was granted; and the commissioners on both sides met at Ripon. The conclusion was, that all should be referred to the Parliament, which the King should call to meet at Westminster on the 3rd of November following, being in the same year 1640; and thereupon the King returned to London.
So the armies were disbanded?
No; the Scotch army was to be defrayed by Edition: current; Page: [208]the counties of Northumberland and Durham, and the King was to pay his own, till the disbanding of both should be agreed upon in Parliament.
So in effect both the armies were maintained at the King’s charge, and the whole controversy to be decided by a Parliament almost wholly Presbyterian, and as partial to the Scotch as themselves could have wished.
And yet for all this they durst not presently make war upon the King: there was so much yet left of reverence to him in the hearts of the people, as to have made them odious, if they had declared what they intended. They must have some colour or other to make it believed that the King made war first upon the Parliament. And besides, they had not yet sufficiently disgraced him in sermons and pamphlets, nor removed from about him those they thought could best counsel him. Therefore they resolved to proceed with him like skilful hunters; first to single him out, by men disposed in all parts to drive him into the open field; and then in case he should but seem to turn head, to call that a making of war against the Parliament.
And first they called in question such as had either preached or written in defence of any of those rights, which, belonging to the Crown, they meant to usurp, and take from the King to themselves: whereupon some few preachers and writers were imprisoned, or forced to fly. The King not protecting these, they proceeded to call in question some of the King’s own actions in his ministers, whereof they imprisoned some, and some went beyond sea. And whereas certain persons, having endeavoured by books and sermons to raise sedition, Edition: current; Page: [209]and committed other crimes of high nature, had therefore been censured by the King’s council in the Star-chamber, and imprisoned; the Parliament by their own authority, to try, it seems, how the King and the people would take it, (for their persons were inconsiderable), ordered their setting at liberty; which was accordingly done, with great applause of the people, that flocked about them in London, in manner of a triumph. This being done without resistance, the King’s right to ship-money—
Ship-money! what’s that?
The Kings of England, for the defence of the sea, had power to tax all the counties of England, whether they were maritime or not, for the building and furnishing of ships; which tax the King had then lately found cause to impose, and the Parliament exclaimed against it as an oppression. And by one of their members that had been taxed but 20s. (mark the oppression; a Parliament-man of 500l. a year, land-taxed at 20s.!) they were forced to bring it to a trial at law, he refusing payment; and he was cast. Again, when all the judges of Westminster were demanded their opinions concerning the legality of it, of twelve that there are, it was judged legal by ten; for which though they were not punished, yet they were affrighted by the Parliament.
What did the Parliament mean, when they did exclaim against it as illegal? Did they mean it was against statute-law, or against the judgments of lawyers given heretofore, which are commonly called reports; or did they mean it was against equity, which I take to be the same with the law of nature?
It is a hard matter, or rather impossible, to know what other men mean, especially if they be crafty: but sure I am, equity was not their ground for this pretence of immunity from contributing to the King but at their own pleasure. For when they have laid the burthen of defending the whole kingdom, and governing it, upon any person whatsoever, there is very little equity he should depend on others for the means of performing it; or if he do, they are his Sovereign, not he theirs. And as for the common law contained in reports, they have no force but what the King gives them. Besides, it were more unreasonable, that a corrupt or foolish judge’s unjust sentence should by any time, how long soever, obtain the authority and force of a law. But amongst the statute laws there is one, called Magna Charta, or the Great Charter of the liberties of Englishmen, in which there is one article, wherein a King heretofore hath granted that no man shall be distrained, that is, have his goods taken from him, otherwise than by the law of the land.
Is not that a sufficient ground for their purpose?
No: that leaves us in the same doubt, which you think it clears. For where was that law of the land then? Did they mean another Magna Charta, that was made by some King more ancient yet? No: that statute was made, not to exempt any man from payments to the public, but for securing every man from such as abused the King’s power by surreptitiously obtaining the King’s warrants, to the oppressing of those against whom he had any suit in law. But it was conducing to the Edition: current; Page: [211]ends of some rebellious spirits in this Parliament, to have it interpreted in the wrong sense, and suitable enough to the understanding of the rest, or most part of them, to let it pass.
You make the members of that Parliament very simple men; and yet the people chose them for the wisest of the land.
If craft be wisdom, they were wise enough. But wise, as I define it, is he that knows how to bring his business to pass, without the assistance of knavery and ignoble shifts, by the sole strength of his good contrivance. A fool may win from a better gamester by the advantage of false dice, and packing of cards.
According to your definition, there be few wise men now-a-days. Such wisdom is a kind of gallantry, that few are brought up to, and most think folly. Fine cloaths, great feathers, civility towards men that will not swallow injuries, and injury towards them that will, is the present gallantry. But when the Parliament afterwards, having gotten the power into their hands, levied money for their own use; what said the people to that?
What else, but that it was legal and to be paid, as being imposed by consent of Parliaments.
I have heard often that they ought to pay what was imposed by consent of Parliaments to the use of the King, but to their own use never before. I see by this, it is easier to gull the multitude, than any one man amongst them. For what one man, that has not his natural judgment depraved by accident, could be so easily cozened in a matter that concerns his purse, had he not been passionately carried away by the rest to change of government, Edition: current; Page: [212]or rather to a liberty of every one to govern himself?
Judge then, what kind of men such a multitude of ignorant people were like to elect for their burgesses and knights of shires.
I can make no other judgment, but that they who were then elected, were just such as had been elected for former Parliaments, and as are like to be elected for Parliaments to come. For the common people have been, and always will be, ignorant of their duty to the public, as never meditating any thing but their particular interest; in other things following their immediate leaders; which are either the preachers, or the most potent of the gentlemen that dwell amongst them: as common soldiers for the most part follow their immediate captains, if they like them. If you think the late miseries have made them wiser, that will quickly be forgot, and then we shall be no wiser than we were.
Why may not men be taught their duty, that is, the science of just and unjust, as divers other sciences have been taught, from true principles and evident demonstration; and much more easily than any of those preachers and democratical gentlemen could teach rebellion and treason?
But who can teach what none have learned? Or, if any man hath been so singular, as to have studied the science of justice and equity; how can he teach it safely, when it is against the interest of those that are in possession of the power to hurt him?
The rules of just and unjust sufficiently demonstrated, and from principles evident to the meanest capacity, have not been wanting; and notwithstanding Edition: current; Page: [213]the obscurity of their author, have shined, not only in this, but also in foreign countries, to men of good education. But they are few, in respect of the rest of the men, whereof many cannot read; many, though they can, have no leisure; and of them that have leisure, the greatest part have their minds wholly employed and taken up by their private businesses or pleasures. So that it is impossible that the multitude should ever learn their duty, but from the pulpit and upon holidays; but then, and from thence, it is, that they learned their disobedience. And, therefore, the light of that doctrine has been hitherto covered and kept under here by a cloud of adversaries, which no private man’s reputation can break through, without the authority of the Universities. But out of the Universities, came all those preachers that taught the contrary. The Universities have been to this nation, as the wooden horse was to the Trojans.
Can you tell me why and when the Universities here, and in other places, first began?
It seems, for the time, they began in the reign of the Emperor Charles the Great. Before which time, I doubt not, but that there were many grammar schools for the Latin tongue, which was the natural language of the Roman Church; but for Universities, that is to say, schools for the sciences in general, and especially for divinity, it is manifest that the institution of them was recommended by the Pope’s letter to the Emperor Charles the Great, and recommended further by a Council held in his time, I think, at Chalons-sur-Saone; and not long after was erected an University at Paris, and the Edition: current; Page: [214]college called University College at Oxford. And so by degrees several bishops, noblemen, and rich men, and some Kings and Queens, contributing thereunto, the Universities obtained at last their present splendour.
But what was the Pope’s design in it?
What other design was he like to have, but what you heard before, the advancement of his own authority in the countries where the Universities were erected? There they learned to dispute for him, and with unintelligible distinctions to blind men’s eyes, whilst they encroached upon the rights of kings. And it was an evident argument of that design, that they fell in hand with the work so quickly. For the first Rector of the University of Paris, as I have read somewhere, was Peter Lombard, who first brought in them the learning called School-divinity; and was seconded by John Scot of Duns, who lived in, or near the same time; whom any ingenious reader, not knowing what was the design, would judge to have been two of the most egregious blockheads in the world, so obscure and senseless are their writings. And from these the schoolmen that succeeded, learnt the trick of imposing what they list upon their readers, and declining the force of true reason by verbal forks; I mean, distinctions that signify nothing, but serve only to astonish the multitude of ignorant men. As for the understanding readers, they were so few, that these new sublime doctors cared not what they thought. These schoolmen were to make good all the articles of faith, which the Popes from time to time should command to be believed: amongst which, there were very many inconsistent with the Edition: current; Page: [215]rights of kings, and other civil sovereigns, as asserting to the Pope all authority whatsoever they should declare to be necessary in ordine ad spiritualia, that is to say, in order to religion.
From the Universities also it was, that all preachers proceeded, and were poured out into city and country, to terrify the people into an absolute obedience to the Pope’s canons and commands, which, for fear of weakening kings and princes too much, they durst not yet call laws.
From the Universities it was, that the philosophy of Aristotle was made an ingredient in religion, as serving for a salve to a great many absurd articles, concerning the nature of Christ’s body, and the estate of angels and saints in heaven; which articles they thought fit to have believed, because they bring, some of them profit, and others reverence to the clergy, even to the meanest of them. For when they shall have made the people believe that the meanest of them can make the body of Christ; who is there that will not both show them reverence, and be liberal to them or to the Church, especially in the time of their sickness, when they think they make and bring unto them their Saviour?
But, what advantage to them, in these impostures, was the doctrine of Aristotle?
They have made more use of his obscurity than of his doctrine. For none of the ancient philosophers’ writings are comparable to those of Aristotle, for their aptness to puzzle and entangle men with words, and to breed disputation, which must at last be ended in the determination of the Church of Rome. And yet in the doctrine of Aristotle, they made use of many points; as, first, the doctrine of separated essences.
What are separated essences?
Separated beings.
Separated from what?
From every thing that is.
I cannot understand the being of any thing, which I understand not to be. But what can they make of that?
Very much, in questions concerning the nature of God, and concerning the estate of man’s soul after death, in heaven, hell, and purgatory; by which you and every man know, how great obedience, and how much money they gain from the common people. Whereas Aristotle holdeth the soul of man to be the first giver of motion to the body, and consequently to itself; they make use of that in the doctrine of free will. What, and how they gain by that, I will not say. He holdeth forth, that there be many things that come to pass in this world from no necessity of causes, but mere contingency, casuality, and fortune.
Methinks, in this they make God stand idle, and to be a mere spectator of the games of fortune; for what God is the cause of, must needs come to pass, and, in my opinion, nothing else. But, because there must be some ground for the justice of the eternal torment of the damned; perhaps it is this, that men’s wills and propensions are not, they think, in the hands of God, but of themselves; and in this also I see somewhat conducing to the authority of the Church.
This is not much; nor was Aristotle of such credit with them, but that when his opinion was against theirs, they could slight him. What-soever he says is impossible in nature, they can Edition: current; Page: [217]prove well enough to be possible, from the Almighty power of God, who can make many bodies to be in one and the self-same place, and one body to be in many places at the same time, if the doctrine of transubstantiation require it, though Aristotle deny it. I like not the design of drawing religion into an art, whereas it ought to be a law; and though not the same in all countries, yet in every country indisputable; nor that they teach it not, as arts ought to be taught, by shewing first the meaning of their terms, and then deriving from them the truth they would have us believe: nor that their terms are for the most part unintelligible; though, to make it seem rather want of learning in the reader, than want of fair dealing in themselves, they are, for the most part, Latin and Greek words, wryed a little at the point, towards the native language of the several countries where they are used. But that which is most intolerable is, that all clerks are forced to make as if they believed them, if they mean to have any Church preferment, the keys whereof are in the Pope’s hands; and the common people, whatsoever they believe of those subtile doctrines, are never esteemed better sons of the Church for their learning. There is but one way there to salvation; that is, extraordinary devotion and liberality to the Church, and readiness for the Church’s sake, if it be required, to fight against their natural and lawful sovereigns.
I see what use they make of Aristotle’s logic, physics, and metaphysics; but I see not yet how his politics can serve their turn.
Nor I. It has, I think, done them no good, though it has done us here much hurt by accident. Edition: current; Page: [218]For men, grown weary at last of the insolence of the priests, and examining the truth of these doctrines that were put upon them, began to search the sense of the Scriptures, as they are in the learned languages; and consequently studying Greek and Latin, became acquainted with the democratical principles of Aristotle and Cicero, and from the love of their eloquence fell in love with their politics, and that more and more, till it grew into the rebellion we now talk of, without any other advantage to the Roman Church but that it was a weakening to us, whom, since we broke out of their net in the time of Henry VIII, they have continually endeavoured to recover.
What have they gotten by the teaching of Aristotle’s ethics?
It is some advantage to them, that neither the morals of Aristotle, nor of any other, have done them any harm, nor us any good. Their doctrines have caused a great deal of dispute concerning virtue and vice, but no knowledge of what they are, nor any method of obtaining virtue nor of avoiding vice. The end of moral philosophy is, to teach men of all sorts their duty, both to the public and to one another. They estimate virtue, partly by a mediocrity of the passions of men, and partly by that that they are praised. Whereas, it is not the much or little praise that makes an action virtuous, but the cause; nor much or little blame that makes an action vicious, but its being unconformable to the laws in such men as are subject to the law, or its being unconformable to equity or charity in all men whatsoever.
It seems you make a difference between the ethics of subjects, and the ethics of sovereigns.
So I do. The virtue of a subject is comprehended wholly in obedience to the laws of the commonwealth. To obey the laws, is justice and equity, which is the law of nature, and, consequently, is civil law in all nations of the world; and nothing is injustice or iniquity, otherwise, than it is against the law. Likewise, to obey the laws, is the prudence of a subject; for without such obedience the commonwealth (which is every subject’s safety and protection) cannot subsist. And though it be prudence also in private men, justly and moderately to enrich themselves, yet craftily to withhold from the public or defraud it of such part of their wealth, as is by law required, is no sign of prudence, but of want of knowledge of what is necessary for their own defence.
The virtues of sovereigns are such as tend to the maintenance of peace at home, and to the resistance of foreign enemies. Fortitude is a royal virtue; and though it be necessary in such private men as shall be soldiers, yet, for other men, the less they dare, the better it is both for the commonwealth and for themselves. Frugality (though perhaps you will think it strange) is also a royal virtue: for it increases the public stock, which cannot be too great for the public use, nor any man too sparing of what he has in trust for the good of others. Liberality also is a royal virtue: for the commonwealth cannot be well served without extraordinary diligence and service of ministers, and great fidelity to their Sovereign; Edition: current; Page: [220]who ought therefore to be encouraged, and especially those that do him service in the wars. In sum, all actions and habits are to be esteemed good or evil by their causes and usefulness in reference to the commonwealth, and not by their mediocrity, nor by their being commended. For several men praise several customs, and that which is virtue with one, is blamed by others; and, contrarily, what one calls vice, another calls virtue, as their present affections lead them.
Methinks you should have placed among the virtues that, which, in my opinion, is the greatest of all virtues, religion.
So I have, though, it seems, you did not observe it. But whither do we digress from the way we were in?
I think you have not digressed at all; for I suppose, your purpose was, to acquaint me with the history, not so much of those actions that passed in the time of the late troubles, as of their causes, and of the councils and artifice by which they were brought to pass. There be divers men that have written the history, out of whom I might have learned what they did, and somewhat also of the contrivance; but I find little in them of what I would ask. Therefore, since you were pleased to enter into this discourse at my request, be pleased also to inform me after my own method; and for the danger of confusion that may arise from that, I will take care to bring you back to the place from whence I drew you; for I well remember where it was.
Well then, to your question concerning religion, inasmuch as I told you, that all virtue is Edition: current; Page: [221]comprehended in obedience to the laws of the commonwealth, whereof religion is one, I have placed religion amongst the virtues.
Is religion then the law of a commonwealth?
There is no nation in the world, whose religion is not established, and receives not its authority from the laws of that nation. It is true, that the law of God receives no evidence from the laws of men. But because men can never by their own wisdom come to the knowledge of what God hath spoken and commanded to be observed, nor be obliged to obey the laws whose author they know not, they are to acquiesce in some human authority or other. So that the question will be, whether a man ought in matter of religion, that is to say, when there is question of his duty to God and the King, to rely upon the preaching of his fellow-subjects or of a stranger, or upon the voice of the law?
There is no great difficulty in that point. For there are none that preach here or anywhere else, or at least ought to preach, but such as have authority so to do from him or them that have the sovereign power. So that if the King gives us leave, you or I may as lawfully preach as they that do; and I believe we should perform that office a great deal better, than they that preached us into the rebellion.
The Church morals are in many points very different from these, that I have here set down, for the doctrine of virtue and vice; and yet without any conformity with that of Aristotle. For in the Church of Rome, the principal virtues are, to obey their doctrine, though it be treason, and that is to be religious; to be beneficial to the clergy, that is Edition: current; Page: [222]their piety and liberality; and to believe upon their word that which a man knows in his conscience to be false, which is the faith they require. I could name a great many more such points of their morals, but that I know you know them already, being so well versed in the cases of conscience written by their schoolmen, who measure the goodness and wickedness of all actions, by their congruity with the doctrine of the Roman clergy.
But what is the moral philosophy of the Protestant clergy in England?
So much as they show of it in their life and conversation, is for the most part very good, and of very good example; much better than their writings.
It happens many times that men live honestly for fear, who, if they had power, would live according to their own opinions; that is, if their opinions be not right, unrighteously.
Do the clergy in England pretend, as the Pope does, or as the Presbyterians do, to have a right from God immediately, to govern the King and his subjects in all points of religion and manners? If they do, you cannot doubt but that if they had number and strength, which they are never like to have, they would attempt to obtain that power, as the others have done.
I would be glad to see a system of the present morals, written by some divine of good reputation and learning, of the late King’s party.
I think I can recommend unto you the best that is extant, and such a one as (except a few passages that I mislike) is very well worth your reading. The title of it is, The whole Duty of Man laid down in a plain and familiar way. And, yet, Edition: current; Page: [223]I dare say, that if the Presbyterian ministers, even those of them which were the most diligent preachers of the late sedition, were to be tried by it, they would go near to be found not guilty. He has divided the duty of man into three great branches; which are, his duty to God, to himself, and to his neighbour. In his duty to God, he puts the acknowledgment of him in his essence and his attributes, and in the believing of his word. His attributes are omnipotence, omniscience, infiniteness, justice, truth, mercy, and all the rest that are found in Scripture. Which of these did not those seditious preachers acknowledge equally with the best of Christians? The word of God are the books of Holy Scripture, received for canonical in England.
They receive the word of God; but it is according to their own interpretation.
According to whose interpretation was it received by the bishops and the rest of the loyal party, but their own? He puts for another duty, obedience and submission to God’s will. Did any of them, nay, did any man living, do any thing, at any time, against God’s will?
By God’s will, I suppose, he means there his revealed will, that is to say, his commandments, which I am sure they did most horribly break, both by their preaching and otherwise.
As for their own actions, there is no doubt but all men are guilty enough, if God deal severely with them, to be damned. And for their preaching, they will say, they thought it agreeable to God’s revealed will in the Scriptures. If they thought it so, it was not disobedience, but error. And how can any man prove they thought otherwise?
Hypocrisy hath this great prerogative above other sins, that it cannot be accused.
Another duty he sets down is, to honour Him in his house (that is, the Church), in his possessions, in his day, in his word and sacraments.
They perform this duty as well, I think, as any other ministers, I mean the loyal party; and the Presbyterians have always had an equal care to have God’s house free from profanation; to have tithes duly paid, and offerings accepted; to have the sabbath day kept holy, the word preached, and the Lord’s supper and baptism duly administered. But is not keeping of the feasts and fasts, one of those duties that belong to the honour of God? If it be, the Presbyterians fail in that.
Why so? They kept some holidays, and they had fasts amongst themselves, though not upon the same days that the Church ordains, but when they thought fit; as when it pleased God to give the King any notable victory. And they governed themselves in this point by the Holy Scripture, as they pretend to believe. And who can prove they do not believe so?
Let us pass over all other duties, and come to that duty which we owe to the King, and consider whether the doctrine taught by those divines which adhered to the King, be such in that point, as may justify the Presbyterians, that incited the people to rebellion. For that is the thing you call in question.
Concerning our duty to our rulers, he hath these words: “An obedience we must pay, either active or passive; the active, in the case of all lawful commands, that is, whenever the magistrate commands something which is not contrary to some Edition: current; Page: [225]command of God, we are then bound to act according to that command of the magistrate, to do the things he requires; but when he enjoins any thing contrary to what God hath commanded, we are not then to pay him this active obedience; we may, nay we must, refuse thus to act (yet, here we must be very well assured, that the thing is so contrary, and not pretend conscience for a cloak of stubbornness); we are, in that case, to obey God rather than men; but even this is a season for the passive obedience; we must patiently suffer what he inflicts on us for such refusal, and not, to secure ourselves, rise up against him.”
What is there in this, to give colour to the late rebellion?
They will say they did it in obedience to God, inasmuch as they did believe it was according to the Scripture; out of which they will bring examples, perhaps of David and his adherents, that resisted King Saul, and of the prophets afterward, that vehemently from time to time preached against the idolatrous Kings of Israel and Judah. Saul was their lawful King, and yet they paid him neither active nor passive obedience; for they did put themselves into a posture of defence against him, though David himself spared his person. And so did the Presbyterians put into their commissions to their general, that they should spare the King’s person. Besides, you cannot doubt but that they, who in the pulpit did animate the people to take arms in the defence of the then Parliament, alleged Scripture, that is, the word of God for it. If it be lawful then for subjects to resist the King, when he commands anything that is against the Scripture, Edition: current; Page: [226]that is, contrary to the command of God, and to be judge of the meaning of the Scripture, it is impossible that the life of any King, or the peace of any Christian kingdom, can be long secure. It is this doctrine that divides a kingdom within itself, whatsoever the men be, loyal or rebels, that write or preach it publicly. And thus you see that if those seditious ministers be tried by this doctrine, they will come off well enough.
I see it; and wonder at people that have never spoken with God Almighty, nor knowing one more than another what he hath said, when the laws and the preacher disagree, should so keenly follow the minister, (for the most part an ignorant, though a ready-tongued, scholar), rather than the laws, that were made by the King with the consent of the peers and the commons of the land.
Let us examine his words a little nearer. First, concerning passive obedience. When a thief hath broken the laws, and according to the law is therefore executed, can any man understand that this suffering of his is in obedience to the law? Every law is a command to do, or to forbear: neither of these is fulfilled by suffering. If any suffering can be called obedience, it must be such as is voluntary; for no involuntary action can be counted a submission to the law. He that means that his suffering should be taken for obedience, must not only not resist, but also not fly, nor hide himself to avoid his punishment. And who is there amongt them that discourse of passive obedience, when his life is in extreme danger, that will voluntarily present himself to the officers of justice? Do not we see that all men, when they are led to execution, are both bound and guarded, and would break loose if they could, and Edition: current; Page: [227]get away? Such is their passive obedience. Christ saith (Matth. xxiii, 2, 3): The Scribes and Pharisees sit in Moses’ chair; all therefore, whatsoever they bid you observe, that observe and do: which is a doing an active obedience. And yet the Scribes and Pharisees appear not by the Scripture to have been such godly men, as never to command any thing against the revealed will of God.
Must tyrants also be obeyed in every thing actively? Or is there nothing wherein a lawful King’s command may be disobeyed? What if he should command me with my own hands to execute my father, in case he should be condemned to die by the law?
This is a case that need not be put. We never have read nor heard of any King or tyrant so inhuman as to command it. If any did, we are to consider whether that command were one of his laws. For by disobeying Kings, we mean the disobeying of his laws, those his laws that were made before they were applied to any particular person; for the King, though as a father of children, and a master of domestic servants, yet he commands the people in general never but by a precedent law, and as a politic, not a natural person. And if such a command as you speak of were contrived into a general law (which never was, nor never will be), you were bound to obey it, unless you depart the kingdom after the publication of the law, and before the condemnation of your father.
Your author says further, in refusing active obedience to the King, that commanded anything contrary to God’s law, we must be very well assured that the thing is so contrary. I would fain know how it is possible to be assured.
I think you do not believe that any of those refusers do, immediately from God’s own mouth, receive any command contrary to the command of the King, who is God’s lieutenant, nor any other way than you and I do, that is to say, than by the Scriptures. And because men do, for the most part, rather draw the Scripture to their own sense, than follow the true sense of the Scripture, there is no other way to know, certainly, and in all cases, what God commands, or forbids us to do, but by the sentence of him or them that are constituted by the King to determine the sense of the Scripture, upon hearing of the particular case of conscience which is in question. And they that are so constituted, are easily known in all Christian commonwealths, whether they be bishops, or ministers, or assemblies, that govern the Church under him or them that have the sovereign power.
Some doubts may be raised from this that you now say. For if men be to learn their duty from the sentence which other men shall give concerning the meaning of the Scriptures, and not from their own interpretation, I understand not to what end they were translated into English, and every man not only permitted, but also exhorted, to read them. For what could that produce, but diversity of opinion, and consequently, as man’s nature is, disputation, breach of charity, disobedience, and at last rebellion? Again, since the Scripture was allowed to be read in English, why were not the translations such as might make all that is read, understood even by mean capacities? Did not the Jews, such as could read, understand their law in the Jewish language, as well as we do our statute Edition: current; Page: [229]laws in English? And as for such places of the Scripture, as had nothing of the nature of a law, it was nothing to the duty of the Jews, whether they were understood or not, seeing nothing is punishable but the transgression of some law. The same question I may ask concerning the New Testament. For, I believe, that those men to whom the original language was natural, did understand sufficiently what commands and councils were given them by our Saviour and his apostles, and his immediate disciples. Again, how will you answer that question which was put by St. Peter and St. John (Acts iv, 19), when by Annas the high-priest, and others of the Council of Jerusalem, they were forbidden to teach any more in the name of Jesus: Whether it is right in the sight of God, to hearken unto you more than unto God?
The case is not the same. Peter and John had seen and daily conversed with our Saviour; and by the miracles he wrought, did know he was God, and consequently knew certainly that their disobedience to the high-priest’s present command was just. Can any minister now say, that he hath immediately from God’s own mouth received a command to disobey the King, or know otherwise than by the Scripture, that any command of the King, that hath the form and nature of a law, is against the law of God, which in divers places, directly and evidently, commandeth to obey him in all things? The text you cite does not tell us, that a minister’s authority, rather than a Christian King’s, shall decide the questions that arise from the different interpretations of the Scripture. And therefore, where the King is head of the Church, and by consequence Edition: current; Page: [230](to omit that the Scripture itself was not received but by the authority of Kings and States) chief judge of the rectitude of all interpretations of the Scripture, to obey the King’s laws and public edicts, is not to disobey, but to obey God. A minister ought not to think that his skill in the Latin, Greek, or Hebrew tongues, if he have any, gives him a privilege to impose upon all his fellow subjects his own sense, or what he pretends to be his sense, of every obscure place of Scripture: nor ought he, as oft as he hath found out some fine interpretation, not before thought on by others, to think he had it by inspiration: for he cannot be assured of that; no, nor that his interpretation, as fine as he thinks it, is not false: and then all his stubbornness and contumacy towards the King and his laws, is nothing but pride of heart and ambition, or else imposture. And whereas you think it needless, or perhaps hurtful, to have the Scriptures in English, I am of another mind. There are so many places of Scripture easy to be understood, that teach both true faith and good morality (and that as fully as is necessary to salvation), of which no seducer is able to dispossess the mind of any ordinary reader, that the reading of them is so profitable as not to be forbidden without great damage to them and the commonwealth.
All that is required, both in faith and manners, for man’s salvation, is, I confess, set down in Scripture as plainly as can be. Children obey your parents in all things: Servants obey your masters: Let all men be subject to the higher powers whether it be the King or those that are sent by him: Love God with all your soul, and your neighbour Edition: current; Page: [231]as yourself: are words of the Scripture, which are well enough understood; but neither children, nor the greatest part of men, do understand why it is their duty to do so. They see not that the safety of the commonwealth, and consequently their own, depends upon their doing it. Every man by nature, without discipline, does in all his actions look upon, as far as he can see, the benefit that shall redound to himself from his obedience. He reads that covetousness is the root of all evil; but he thinks, and sometimes finds, it is the root of his estate. And so in other cases the Scripture says one thing, and they think another, weighing the commodities or incommodities of this present life only, which are in their sight, never putting into the scales the good and evil of the life to come, which they see not.
All this is no more than happens where the Scripture is sealed up in Greek and Latin, and the people taught the same things out of them by preachers. But they that are of a condition and age fit to examine the sense of what they read, and that take a delight in searching out the grounds of their duty, certainly cannot choose but by their reading of the Scriptures come to such a sense of their duty, as not only to obey the laws themselves, but also to induce others to do the same. For commonly men of age and quality are followed by their inferior neighbours, that look more upon the example of those men whom they reverence, and whom they are unwilling to displease, than upon precepts and laws.
These men, of the condition and age you speak of, are, in my opinion, the unfittest of all Edition: current; Page: [232]others to be trusted with the reading of the Scriptures. I know you mean such as have studied the Greek or Latin, or both tongues, and that are withal such as love knowledge, and consequently take delight in finding out the meaning of the most hard texts, or in thinking they have found it, in case it be new and not found out by others. These are therefore they, that prætermitting the easy places which teach them their duty, fall to scanning only of the mysteries of religion. Such as are: How it may be made out with wit, that there be three that bear rule in heaven, and those three but one? How the Deity could be made flesh? How that flesh could be really present in many places at once? Where is the place, and what the torments, of hell? And other metaphysical doctrines: Whether the will of man be free, or governed by the will of God? Whether sanctity comes by inspiration or education? By whom Christ now speaks to us, whether by the King, or by the clergy, or by the Bible, to every man that reads it and interprets it to himself, or by a private spirit to every private man? These and the like points are the study of the curious, and the cause of all our late mischief, and the cause that makes the plainer sort of men, whom the Scripture had taught belief in Christ, love towards God, obedience to the King, and sobriety of behaviour, forget it all, and place their religion in the disputable doctrines of these your wise men.
I do not think these men fit to interpret the Scripture to the rest, nor do I say that the rest ought to take their interpretation for the word of God. Whatsoever is necessary for them to know, Edition: current; Page: [233]is so easy, as not to need interpretation: whatsoever is more, does them no good. But in case any of those unnecessary doctrines shall be authorized by the laws of the King or other state, I say it is the duty of every subject not to speak against them: in as much as it is every man’s duty to obey him or them that have the sovereign power, and the wisdom of all such powers to punish such as shall publish or teach their private interpretations, when they are contrary to the law, and likely to incline men to sedition or disputing against the law.
They must punish then the most of those that have had their breeding in the Universities. For such curious questions in divinity are first started in the Universities, and so are all those politic questions concerning the rights of civil and ecclesiastic government; and there they are furnished with arguments for liberty out of the works of Aristotle, Plato, Cicero, Seneca, and out of the histories of Rome and Greece, for their disputation against the necessary power of their sovereigns. Therefore I despair of any lasting peace amongst ourselves, till the Universities here shall bend and direct their studies to the settling of it, that is, to the teaching of absolute obedience to the laws of the King, and to his public edicts under the Great Seal of England. For I make no doubt, but that solid reason, backed with the authority of so many learned men, will more prevail for the keeping of us in peace within ourselves, than any victory can do over the rebels. But I am afraid that it is impossible to bring the Universities to such a compliance with the actions of state, as is necessary for the business.
Seeing the Universities have heretofore from Edition: current; Page: [234]time to time maintained the authority of the Pope, contrary to all laws divine, civil, and natural, against the right of our Kings, why can they not as well, when they have all manner of laws and equity on their side, maintain the rights of him that is both sovereign of the kingdom, and head of the Church?
Why then were they not in all points for the King’s power, presently after that King Henry VIII was in Parliament declared head of the Church, as much as they were before for the authority of the Pope?
Because the clergy in the Universities, by whom all things there are governed, and the clergy without the Universities, as well biships as inferior clerks, did think that the pulling down of the Pope was the setting up of them, as to England, in his place, and made no question, the greatest part of them, but that their spiritual power did depend not upon the authority of the King, but of Christ himself, derived to them by a successive imposition of hands from bishop to bishop; notwithstanding they knew that this derivation passed through the hands of popes and bishops whose authority they had cast off. For though they were content that the divine right, which the Pope pretended to in England, should be denied him, yet they thought it not so fit to be taken from the Church of England, whom they now supposed themselves to represent. It seems they did not think it reasonable that a woman, or a child, or a man that could not construe the Hebrew, Greek, or Latin Bible, nor know perhaps the declensions and conjugations of Greek or Latin nouns and verbs, should take upon him to govern so many learned doctors Edition: current; Page: [235]in matters of religion; meaning matters of divinity: for religion has been for a long time, and is now by most people, taken for the same thing with divinity, to the great advantage of the clergy.
And especially now amongst the Presbyterians. For I see few that are by them esteemed very good Christians, besides such as can repeat their sermons, and wrangle for them about the interpretation of the Scripture, and fight for them also with their bodies or purses, when they shall be required. To believe in Christ is nothing with them, unless you believe as they bid you. Charity is nothing with them, unless it be charity and liberality to them, and partaking with them in faction. How we can have peace while this is our religion, I cannot tell. Hæret lateri lethalis arundo. The seditious doctrine of the Presbyterians has been stuck so hard in the people’s heads and memories, (I cannot say into their hearts; for they understand nothing in it, but that they may lawfully rebel), that I fear the commonwealth will never be cured.
The two great virtues, that were severally in Henry VII and Henry VIII, when they shall be jointly in one King, will easily cure it. That of Henry VII was, without much noise of the people to fill his coffers; that of Henry VIII was an early severity; but this without the former cannot be exercised.
This that you say looks, methinks, like an advice to the King, to let them alone till he have gotten ready money enough to levy and maintain a sufficient army, and then to fall upon them and destroy them.
God forbid that so horrible, unchristian, and Edition: current; Page: [236]inhuman a design should ever enter into the King’s heart. I would have him have money enough readily to raise an army able to suppress any rebellion, and to take from his enemies all hope of success, that they may not dare to trouble him in the reformation of the Universities; but to put none to death without the actual committing such crimes as are already made capital by the laws. The core of rebellion, as you have seen by this, and read of other rebellions, are the Universities; which nevertheless are not to be cast away, but to be better disciplined: that is to say, that the politics there taught be made to be, as true politics should be, such as are fit to make men know, that it is their duty to obey all laws whatsoever that shall by the authority of the King be enacted, till by the same authority they shall be repealed; such as are fit to make men understand, that the civil laws are God’s laws, as they that make them are by God appointed to make them and to make men know, that the people and the Church are one thing, and have but one head, the King; and that no man has title to govern under him, that has it not from him; that the King owes his crown to God only, and to no man, ecclesiastic or other; and that the religion they teach there, be a quiet waiting for the coming again of our blessed Saviour, and in the mean time a resolution to obey the King’s laws, which also are God’s laws; to injure no man, to be in charity with all men, to cherish the poor and sick, and to live soberly and free from scandal; without mingling our religion with points of natural philosophy, as freedom of will, incorporeal substance, everlasting nows, ubiquities, hypostases, which the people understand Edition: current; Page: [237]not, nor will ever care for. When the Universities shall be thus disciplined, there will come out of them, from time to time, well-principled preachers, and they that are now ill-principled, from time to time fall away.
I think it a very good course, and perhaps the only one that can make our peace amongst ourselves constant. For if men know not their duty, what is there that can force them to obey the laws? An army, you will say. But what shall force the army? Were not the trained bands an army? Were they not the janissaries, that not very long ago slew Osman in his own palace at Constantinople? I am therefore of your opinion, both that men may be brought to a love of obedience by preachers and gentlemen that imbibe good principles in their youth at the Universities, and also that we never shall have a lasting peace, till the Universities themselves be in such manner, as you have said, reformed; and the ministers know they have no authority but what the supreme civil power gives them; and the nobility and gentry know that the liberty of a state is not an exemption from the laws of their own country, whether made by an assembly or by a monarch, but an exemption from the constraint and insolence of their neighbours.
And now I am satisfied in this point, I will bring you back to the place from whence my curiosity drew you to this long digression. We were upon the point of ship-money; one of those grievances which the Parliament exclaimed against as tyrannical and arbitrary government; thereby to single out, as you called it, the King from his subjects, Edition: current; Page: [238]and to make a party against him, when they should need it. And now you may proceed, if it please you, to such other artifices as they used to the same purpose.
I think it were better to give over here our discourse of this business, and refer it to some other day that you shall think fit.
Content. That day I believe is not far off.
You are welcome; yet, if you had staid somewhat longer, my memory would have been so much the better provided for you.
Nay, I pray you give me now what you have about you; for the rest I am content you take what time you please.
After the Parliament had made the people believe that the exacting of ship-money was unlawful, and the people thereby inclined to think it tyrannical; in the next place, to increase their disaffection to his Majesty, they accused him of a purpose to introduce and authorize the Roman religion in this kingdom: than which nothing was more hateful to the people; not because it was erroneous, which they had neither learning nor judgment enough to examine, but because they had been used to hear it inveighed against in the sermons and discourses of the preachers whom they trusted to. And this was indeed the most effectual calumny, to alienate the people’s affections from him, that could possibly be invented. The colour they had for this slander was, first, that there was one Rosetti, Resident, at and a little before that time, from the Pope, with the Queen; and one Mr. George Con, Secretary to the Cardinal Francisco Barberini, nephew to Pope Urban VIII, sent over, under favour and protection of the Queen, as was conceived, to draw as many persons of quality about the court, Edition: current; Page: [240]as he should be able, to reconcile themselves to the Church of Rome: with what success I cannot tell; but it is likely he gained some, especially of the weaker sex; if I may say, they were gained by him, when not his arguments, but hope of favour from the Queen, in all probability prevailed upon them.
In such a conjuncture as that was, it had perhaps been better they had not been sent.
There was exception also taken at a convent of friars-capucins in Somerset-House, though allowed by the articles of marriage: and it was reported, that the Jesuits also were shortly after to be allowed a convent in Clerkenwell. And in the mean time, the principal secretary, Sir Francis Windebank, was accused for having by his warrant set at liberty some English Jesuits, that had been taken and imprisoned for returning into England after banishment, contrary to the statute which had made it capital. Also the resort of English Catholics to the Queen’s chapel, gave them colour to blame the Queen herself, not only for that, but also for all the favours that had been shown to the Catholics; in so much that some of them did not stick to say openly, that the King was governed by her.
Stange injustice! The Queen was a Catholic by profession, and therefore could not but endeavour to do the Catholics all the good she could: she had not else been truly that which she professed to be. But it seems they meant to force her to hypocrisy, being hypocrites themselves. Can any man think it a crime in a devout lady, of what sect soever, to seek the favour and benediction of that Church whereof she is a member?
To give the Parliament another colour for their accusation on foot of the King, as to introducing of Popery, there was a great controversy between the Episcopal and Presbyterian clergy about free-will. The dispute began first in the Low Countries, between Gomar and Arminius, in the time of King James, who foreseeing it might trouble the Church of England, did what he could to compose the difference. And an assembly of divines was thereupon got together at Dort, to which also King James sent a divine or two, but it came to nothing; the question was left undecided, and became a subject to be disputed of in the universities here. All the Presbyterians were of the same mind with Gomar: but a very great many others not; and those were called here Arminians, who, because the doctrine of free-will had been exploded as a Papistical doctrine, and because the Presbyterians were far the greater number, and already in favour with the people, were generally hated. It was easy, therefore, for the Parliament to make that calumny pass currently with the people, when the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Laud, was for Arminius, and had a little before, by his power ecclesiastical, forbidden all ministers to preach to the people of predestination; and when all ministers that were gracious with him, and hoped for any Church preferment, fell to preaching and writing for free-will, to the uttermost of their power, as a proof of their ability and merit. Besides, they gave out, some of them, that the Archbishop was in heart a Papist; and in case he could effect a toleration here of the Roman religion, was to have a cardinal’s hat: which was not only false, but also without any ground at all for a suspicion.
It is a strange thing, that scholars, obscure men that could receive no clarity but from the flame of the state, should be suffered to bring their unnecessary disputes, and together with them their quarrels, out of the universities into the commonwealth; and more strange, that the state should engage in their parties, and not rather put them both to silence.
A state can constrain obedience, but convince no error, nor alter the mind of them that believe they have the better reason. Suppression of doctrines does but unite and exasperate, that is, increase both the malice and power of them that have already believed them.
But what are the points they disagree in? Is there any controversy between Bishop and Presbyterian concerning the divinity or humanity of Christ? Do either of them deny the Trinity, or any article of the creed? Does either party preach openly, or write directly, against justice, charity, sobriety, or any other duty necessary to salvation, except only the duty to the King; and not that neither, but when they have a mind either to rule or destroy the King? Lord have mercy upon us! Can nobody be saved that understands not their disputations? Or is there more requisite, either of faith or honesty, for the salvation of one man than another? What needs so much preaching of faith to us that are no heathens, and that believe already all that Christ and his apostles have told us is necessary to salvation, and more too? Why is there so little preaching of justice? I have indeed heard righteousness often recommended to the people, but I have seldom heard the word justice in their sermons; nay, though in the Latin Edition: current; Page: [243]and Greek Bible the word justice occur exceeding often, yet in the English, though it be a word that every man understands, the word righteousness (which few understand to signify the same, but take it rather for rightness of opinion, than of action or intention), is put in the place of it.
I confess I know very few controversies amongst Christians, of points necessary to salvation. They are the questions of authority and power over the Church, or of profit, or of honour to Churchmen, that for the most part raise all the controversies. For what man is he, that will trouble himself and fall out with his neighbours for the saving of my soul, or the soul of any other than himself? When the Presbyterian ministers and others did so seriously preach sedition, and animate men to rebellion in these late wars; who was there that had not a benefice, or having one feared not to lose it, or some other part of his maintainance, by the alteration of the Government, that did voluntary, without any eye to reward, preach so earnestly against sedition, as the other party preached for it? I confess, that for aught I have observed in history, and other writings of the heathens, Greek and Latin, that those heathens were not at all behind us in point of virtue and moral duties, notwithstanding that we have had much preaching, and they none at all. I confess also, that considering what harm may proceed from a liberty that men have, upon every Sunday and oftener, to harangue all the people of a nation at one time, whilst the state is ignorant of what they will say; and that there is no such thing permitted in all the world out of Christendom, nor therefore any civil Edition: current; Page: [244]wars about religion; I have thought much preaching an inconvenience. Nevertheless, I cannot think that preaching to the people the points of their duty, both to God and man, can be too frequent; so it be done by grave, discreet, and ancient men, that are reverenced by the people; and not by light quibbling young men, whom no congregation is so simple as to look to be taught by (as being a thing contrary to nature), or to pay them any reverence, or to care what they say, except some few that may be delighted with their jingling. I wish with all my heart, there were enough of such discreet and ancient men, as might suffice for all the parishes of England, and that they would undertake it. But this is but a wish; I leave it to the wisdom of the State to do what it pleaseth.
What did they next?
Whereas the King had sent prisoners into places remote from London, three persons that had been condemned for publishing seditious doctrine, some in writing, some in public sermons; the Parliament (whether with his Majesty’s consent or no, I have forgotten), caused them to be released and to return to London; meaning, I think, to try how the people would be pleased therewith, and, by consequence, how their endeavours to draw the people’s affections from the King had already prospered. When these three came through London, it was a kind of triumph, the people flocking together to behold them, and receiving them with such acclamations, and almost adoration, as if they had been let down from heaven; insomuch as the Parliament was now sufficiently assured of a great and tumultuous party, whensoever they should have Edition: current; Page: [245]occasion to use it. On confidence whereof they proceeded to their next plot, which was to deprive the King of such ministers as by their wisdom, courage, and authority, they thought most able to prevent, or oppose their further designs against the King. And first, the House of Commons resolved to impeach the Earl of Strafford, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, of high-treason.
What was that Earl of Strafford before he had that place? And how had he offended the Parliament or given them cause to think he would be their enemy? For I have heard that in former Parliaments he had been as parliamentary as any other.
His name was Sir Thomas Wentworth, a gentleman both by birth and estate very considerable in his own county, which was Yorkshire; but more considerable for his judgment in the public affairs, not only of that county, but generally of the kingdom; and was therefore often chosen for the Parliament, either as burgess for some borough, or knight of the shire. For his principles of politics, they were the same that were generally proceeded upon by all men else that were thought fit to be chosen for the Parliament; which are commonly these: to take for the rule of justice and government the judgments and acts of former Parliaments, which are commonly called precedents; to endeavour to keep the people from being subject to extra-parliamentary taxes of money, and from being with parliamentary taxes too much oppressed; to preserve to the people their liberty of body from the arbitrary power of the King out of Parliament; to seek redress of grievances.
What grievances?
The grievances were commonly such as these; the King’s too much liberality to some favourite; the too much power of some minister or officer of the commonwealth; the misdemeanour of judges, civil or spiritual; but especially all unparliamentary raising of money upon the subjects. And commonly of late, till such grievances be redressed, they refuse, or at least make great difficulty, to furnish the King with money necessary for the most urgent occasions of the commonwealth.
How then can a King discharge his duty as he ought to do, or the subject know which of his masters he is to obey? For here are manifestly two powers, which, when they chance to differ, cannot both be obeyed.
It is true; but they have not often differed so much to the danger of the commonwealth, as they have done in this Parliament, 1640. In all the Parliaments of the late King Charles before the year 1640, my Lord of Strafford did appear in opposition to the King’s demands as much as any man, and was for that cause very much esteemed and cried up by the people as a good patriot, and one that courageously stood up in defence of their liberties; and for the same cause was so much the more hated, when afterwards he endeavoured to maintain the royal and just authority of his Majesty.
How came he to change his mind so much as it seems he did?
After the dissolution of the Parliament holden in the years 1627 and 1628, the King, finding no money to be gotten from Parliaments which he was not to buy with the blood of such servants and ministers as he loved best, abstained a long time Edition: current; Page: [247]from calling any more, and had abstained longer if the rebellion of the Scotch had not forced him to it. During that Parliament the King made Sir Thomas Wentworth a baron, recommended to him for his great ability, which was generally taken notice of by the disservice he had done the King in former Parliaments, but which might be useful for him in the times that came on: and not long after he made him of the Council, and after that again Lieutenant of Ireland, which place he discharged with great satisfaction and benefit to his Majesty, and continued in that office, till, by the envy and violence of the Lords and Commons of that unlucky Parliament of 1640, he died. In which year he was made general of the King’s forces against the Scots that then entered into England, and the year before, Earl of Strafford. The pacification being made, and the forces on both sides disbanded, and the Parliament at Westminster now sitting, it was not long before the House of Commons accused him to the House of Lords for high-treason.
There was no great probability of his being a traitor to the King, from whose favour he had received his greatness, and from whose protection he was to expect his safety. What was the treason they laid to his charge?
Many articles were drawn up against him, but the sum of them was contained in these two: first, that he had traitorously endeavoured to subvert the fundamental laws and government of the realm; and in stead thereof to introduce an arbitrary and tyrannical government against law: secondly, that he had laboured to subvert the rights of Parliaments, and the ancient course of Parliamentary proceedings.
Was this done by him without the knowledge of the King?
Why then, if it were treason, did not the King himself call him in question by his attorney? What had the House of Commons to do, without his command, to accuse him in the House of Lords? They might have complained to the King, if he had not known it before. I understand not this law.
Nor I.
Had this been by any former statutes made treason?
Not that I ever heard of; nor do I understand how anything can be treason against the King, that the King, hearing and knowing, does not think treason. But it was a piece of that Parliament’s artifice, to put the word traiterously to any article exhibited against any man whose life they meant to take away.
Was there no particular instance of action or words, out of which they argued that endeavour of his to subvert the fundamental laws of Parliament, whereof they accused him?
Yes; they said he gave the King counsel to reduce the Parliament to their duty by the Irish army, which not long before my Lord of Strafford himself had caused to be levied there for the King’s service. But it was never proved against him, that he advised the King to use it against the Parliament.
What are those laws that are called fundamental? For I understand not how one law can be more fundamental than another, except only that law of nature that binds us all to obey him, whosoever he be, whom lawfully and for our own Edition: current; Page: [249]safety, we have promised to obey; nor any other fundamental law to a King, but salus populi, the safety and well-being of his people.
This Parliament, in the use of their words, when they accused any man, never regarded the signification of them, but the weight they had to aggravate their accusation to the ignorant multitude, which think all faults heinous that are expressed in heinous terms, if they hate the person accused, as they did this man not only for being of the King’s party, but also for deserting the Parliament’s party as an apostate.
I pray you tell me also what they meant by arbitrary government, which they seemed so much to hate? Is there any governor of a people in the world that is forced to govern them, or forced to make this and that law, whether he will or no? I think not: or if any be, he that forces him does certainly make laws, and govern arbitrarily.
That is true; and the true meaning of the Parliament was, that not the King, but they themselves, should have the arbitrary government, not only of England, but of Ireland, and, as it appeared by the event, of Scotland also.
How the King came by the government of Scotland and Ireland by descent from his ancestors, everybody can tell; but if the King of England and his heirs should chance (which God forbid) to fail, I cannot imagine what title the Parliament of England can acquire thereby to either of those nations.
Yes; they will say they had been conquered anciently by the English subjects’ money.
Like enough, and suitable to the rest of their impudence.
Impudence in democratical assemblies does almost all that is done; it is the goddess of rhetoric, and carries proof with it. For what ordinary man will not, from so great boldness of affirmation, conclude there is great probability in the thing affirmed? Upon this accusation he was brought to his trial in Westminster Hall before the House of Lords, and found guilty, and presently after declared traitor by a bill of attainder, that is, by Act of Parliament.
It is a strange thing that the Lords should be induced, upon so light grounds, to give a sentence, or give their assent to a bill, so prejudicial to themselves and their posterity.
It was not well done, and yet, as it seems, not ignorantly; for there is a clause in the bill, that it should not be taken hereafter for an example, that is for a prejudice, in the like case hereafter.
That is worse than the bill itself, and is a plain confession that their sentence was unjust. For what harm is there in the examples of just sentences? Besides, if hereafter the like case should happen, the sentence is not at all made weaker by such a provision.
Indeed I believe that the Lords, most of them, were not of themselves willing to condemn him of treason; they were awed to it by the clamour of common people that came to Westminster, crying out, Justice, Justice against the Earl of Strafford! The which were caused to flock thither by some of the House of Commons, that were well assured, after the triumphant welcome of Prynne, Burton, and Bastwick, to put the people into tumult Edition: current; Page: [251]upon any occasion they desired. They were awed unto it partly also by the House of Commons itself, which if it desired to undo a Lord, had no more to do but to vote him a delinquent.
A delinquent; what is that? A sinner is it not? Did they mean to undo all sinners?
By delinquent they meant only a man to whom they would do all the hurt they could. But the Lords did not yet, I think, suspect they meant to cashier their whole House.
It is a strange thing the whole House of Lords should not perceive that the ruin of the King’s power, and the weakening of it, was the ruin, or weakening of themselves. For they could not think it likely that the people ever meant to take the sovereignty from the King to give it to them, who were few in number, and less in power than so many Commoners, because less beloved by the people.
But it seems not so strange to me. For the Lords, for their personal abilities, as they were no less, so also they were no more skilful in the public affairs, than the knights and burgesses. For there is no reason to think, that if one that is to-day a knight of the shire in the lower House, be to-morrow made a Lord and a member of the higher House, he is therefore wiser than he was before. They are all, of both Houses, prudent and able men as any in the land, in the business of their private estates, which require nothing but diligence and natural wit to govern them. But for the government of a commonwealth, neither wit, nor prudence, nor diligence, is enough, without infallible rules and the true science of equity and justice.
If this be true, it is impossible any commonwealth in the world, whether monarchy, aristocracy, or democracy, should continue long without change, or sedition tending to change, either of the government or of the governors.
It is true; nor have any the greatest commonwealths in the world been long free from sedition. The Greeks had for awhile their petty kings, and then by sedition came to be petty commonwealths; and then growing to be greater commonwealths, by sedition again became monarchies; and all for want of rules of justice for the common people to take notice of; which if the people had known in the beginning of every of these seditions, the ambitious persons could never have had the hope to disturb their government after it had been once settled. For ambition can do little without hands, and few hands it would have, if the common people were as diligently instructed in the true principles of their duty, as they are terrified and amazed by preachers, with fruitless and dangerous doctrines concerning the nature of man’s will, and many other philosophical points that tend not at all to the salvation of the soul in the world to come, nor to their ease in this life, but only to the direction towards the clergy of that duty which they ought to perform to the King.
For aught I see, all the states of Christendom will be subject to these fits of rebellion, as long as the world lasteth.
Like enough; and yet the fault, as I have said, may be easily mended, by mending the Universities.
How long had the Parliament now sitten?
It began November the 3d, 1640. My Lord of Strafford was impeached of treason before the Lords, November the 12th, sent to the Tower November the 22d, his trial began March the 22d, and ended April the 13th. After his trial he was voted guilty of high-treason in the House of Commons, and after that in the House of Lords, May the 6th, and on the 12th of May beheaded.
Great expedition; but could not the King, for all that, have saved him by a pardon?
The King had heard all that passed at his trial, and had declared he was unsatisfied concerning the justice of their sentence. And, I think, notwithstanding the danger of his own person from the fury of the people, and that he was counselled to give way to his execution, not only by such as he most relied on, but also by the Earl of Strafford himself, he would have pardoned him, if that could have preserved him against the tumult raised and countenanced by the Parliament itself, for the terrifying of those they thought might favour him. And yet the King himself did not stick to confess afterwards, that he had done amiss, in that he did not rescue him.
It was an argument of good disposition in the King. But I never read that Augustus Cæsar acknowledged that he had done a fault, in abandoning Cicero to the fury of his enemy Antonius: perhaps because Cicero, having been of the contrary faction to his father, had done Augustus no service at all out of favour to him, but only out of enmity to Antonius, and out of love to the senate, that is indeed out of love to himself that swayed the senate; as it is very likely the Earl of Strafford came over to Edition: current; Page: [254]the King’s party for his own ends, having been so much against the King in former Parliaments.
We cannot safely judge of men’s intentions. But, I have observed often, that such as seek preferment, by their stubbornness have missed of their aim; and on the other side, that those princes that with preferment are forced to buy the obedience of their subjects, are already, or must be soon after, in a very weak condition. For in a market where honour and power is to be bought with stubbornness, there will be a great many as able to buy as my Lord Strafford was.
You have read, that when Hercules fighting with the Hydra, had cut off any one of his many heads, there still arose two other heads in its place; and yet at last he cut them off all.
The story is told false. For Hercules at first did not cut off those heads, but bought them off; and afterwards, when he saw it did him no good, then he cut them off, and got the victory.
After the first impeachment of the Earl of Strafford, the House of Commons, upon December the 18th, accused the Archbishop of Canterbury also of high-treason, that is, of design to introduce arbitrary government, &c.; for which he was, February the 18th, sent to the Tower; but his trial and execution were deferred a long time, till January the 10th, 1643, for the entertainment of the Scots, that were come into England to aid the Parliament.
Why did the Scots think there was so much danger in the Archbishop of Canterbury? He was not a man of war, nor a man able to bring an army Edition: current; Page: [255]into the field; but he was perhaps a very great politician.
That did not appear by any remarkable event of his counsels. I never heard but he was a very honest man for his morals, and a very zealous promoter of the Church-government by bishops, and that desired to have the service of God performed, and the house of God adorned, as suitably as was possible to the honour we ought to do to the Divine Majesty. But to bring, as he did, into the State his former controversies, I mean his squabblings in the University about free-will, and his standing upon punctilios concerning the servicebook and its rubrics, was not, in my opinion, an argument of his sufficiency in affairs of state. About the same time they passed an act, which the King consented to, for a triennial Parliament, wherein was enacted, that after the present Parliament there should be a Parliament called by the King within the space of three years, and so from three years to three years, to meet at Westminster upon a certain day named in the act.
But what if the King did not call it, finding it perhaps inconvenient, or hurtful to the safety or peace of his people, which God hath put into his charge? For I do not well comprehend how any sovereign can well keep a people in order when his hands are tied, or when he hath any other obligation upon him than the benefit of those he governs; and at this time, for any thing you have told me, they acknowledged the King for their sovereign.
I know not; but such was the act. And it was further enacted, that if the King did it not by his own command, then the Lord Chancellor or Edition: current; Page: [256]the Lord Keeper for the time being, should send out the writs of summons; and if the Chancellor refused, then the Sheriffs of the several counties should of themselves, in their next county-courts before the day set down for the Parliament’s meeting, proceed to the election of the members for the said Parliament.
But what if the sheriffs refused?
I think they were to be sworn to it: but for that, and other particulars, I refer you to the act.
To whom should they be sworn, when there is no Parliament?
No doubt but to the King, whether there be a Parliament sitting or no.
Then the King may release them of their oath.
Besides, they obtained of the King the putting down the Star-chamber, and the High-Commission Courts.
Besides, if the King, upon the refusal, should fall upon them in anger; who shall (the Parliament not sitting) protect either the Chancellor or the sheriffs in their disobedience?
I pray you do not ask me any reason of such things I understand no better than you. I tell you only an act passed to that purpose, and was signed by the King in the middle of February, a little before the Archbishop was sent to the Tower. Besides this bill, the two Houses of Parliament agreed upon another, wherein it was enacted, that the present Parliament should continue till both the Houses did consent to the dissolution of it; which bill also the King signed the same day he signed the warrant for the execution of the Earl of Strafford.
What a great progress made the Parliament towards the ends of the most seditious Members of both Houses in so little time! They sat down in November, and now it was May; in this space of time, which is but half a year, they won from the King the adherence which was due to him from his people; they drove his faithfullest servants from him; beheaded the Earl of Strafford; imprisoned the Archbishop of Canterbury; obtained a triennial Parliament after their own dissolution, and a continuance of their own sitting as long as they listed: which last amounted to a total extinction of the King’s right, in case that such a grant were valid; which I think it is not, unless the Sovereignty itself be in plain terms renounced, which it was not. But what money, by way of subsidy or otherwise, did they grant the King, in recompense of all these his large concessions?
None at all; but often promised they would make him the most glorious King that ever was in England; which were words that passed well enough for well meaning with the common people.
But the Parliament was contented now? For I cannot imagine what they should desire more from the King, than he had now granted them.
Yes; they desired the whole and absolute sovereignty, and to change the monarchical government into an oligarchy; that is to say, to make the Parliament, consisting of a few Lords and about four hundred Commoners, absolute in the sovereignty, for the present, and shortly after to lay the House of Lords aside. For this was the design of the Presbyterian ministers, who taking themselves to be, by divine right, the only lawful governors Edition: current; Page: [258]of the Church, endeavoured to bring the same form of Government into the civil state. And as the spiritual laws were to be made by their synods, so the civil laws should be made by the House of Commons; who, as they thought, would no less be ruled by them afterwards, than they formerly had been: wherein they were deceived, and found themselves outgone by their own disciples, though not in malice, yet in wit.
What followed after this?
In August following, the King supposing he had now sufficiently obliged the Parliament to proceed no further against him, took a journey into Scotland, to satisfy his subjects there, as he had done here; intending, perhaps, so to gain their good wills, that in case the Parliament here should levy arms against him, they should not be aided by the Scots: wherein he also was deceived. For though they seemed satisfied with what he did, whereof one thing was his giving way to the abolition of episcopacy; yet afterwards they made a league with the Parliament, and for money, when the King began to have the better of the Parliament, invaded England in the Parliament’s quarrel. But this was a year or two after.
Before you go any further, I desire to know the ground and original of that right, which either the House of Lords, or House of Commons, or both together, now pretend to.
It is a question of things so long past, that they are now forgotten. Nor have we any thing to conjecture by, but the records of our own nation, and some small and obscure fragments of Roman histories: and for the records, seeing they are of Edition: current; Page: [259]things done only, sometimes justly, sometimes unjustly, you can never by them know what right they had, but only what right they pretended.
Howsoever, let me know what light we have in this matter from the Roman histories.
It would be too long, and an useless digression, to cite all the ancient authors that speak of the forms of those commonwealths, which were amongst our first ancestors the Saxons and other Germans, and of other nations, from whom we derive the titles of honour now in use in England; nor will it be possible to derive from them any argument of right, but only examples of fact, which, by the ambition of potent subjects, have been oftener unjust than otherwise. And for those Saxons or Angles, that in ancient times by several invasions made themselves masters of this nation, they were not in themselves one body of a commonwealth, but only a league of divers petty German lords and states, such as was the Grecian army in the Trojan war, without other obligation than that which proceeded from their own fear and weakness. Nor were those lords, for the most part, the sovereigns at home in their own country, but chosen by the people for the captains of the forces they brought with them. And therefore it was not without equity, when they had conquered any part of the land, and made some one of them king thereof, that the rest should have greater privileges than the common people and soldiers: amongst which privileges, a man may easily conjecture this to be one; that they should be made acquainted, and be of council, with him that hath the sovereignty in matter of government, and have the greatest and Edition: current; Page: [260]most honourable offices both in peace and war. But because there can be no government where there is more than one sovereign, it cannot be inferred that they had a right to oppose the King’s resolutions by force, nor to enjoy those honours and places longer than they should continue good subjects. And we find that the Kings of England did, upon every great occasion, call them together by the name of discreet and wise men of the kingdom, and hear their counsel, and make them judges of all causes, that during their sitting were brought before them. But as he summoned them at his own pleasure, so had he also ever the power at his pleasure to dissolve them. The Normans also, that descended from the Germans, as we did, had the same customs in this particular; and by this means, this privilege of the lords to be of the King’s great council, and when they were assembled, to be the highest of the King’s courts of justice, continued still after the Conquest to this day. But though there be amongst the lords divers names or titles of honour, yet they have their privilege only by the name of baron, a name received from the ancient Gauls; amongst whom, that name signified the King’s man, or rather one of his great men: by which it seems to me, that though they gave him counsel when he required it, yet they had no right to make war upon him if he did not follow it.
When began first the House of Commons to be part of the King’s great council?
I do not doubt but that before the Conquest some discreet men, and known to be so by the King, were called by special writ to be of the same council, though they were not lords; but that is nothing Edition: current; Page: [261]to the House of Commons. The knights of shires and burgesses were never called to Parliament, for aught that I know, till the beginning of the reign of Edward I, or the latter end of the reign of Henry III, immediately after the misbehaviour of the barons; and, for aught any man knows, were called on purpose to weaken that power of the lords, which they had so freshly abused. Before the time of Henry III, the lords were descended, most of them, from such as in the invasions and conquests of the Germans were peers and fellow-kings, till one was made king of them all; and their tenants were their subjects, as it is at this day with the lords of France. But after the time of Henry III, the kings began to make lords in the place of them whose issue failed, titulary only, without the lands belonging to their title; and by that means, their tenants being no longer bound to serve them in the wars, they grew every day less and less able to make a party against the King, though they continued still to be his great council. And as their power decreased, so the power of the House of Commons increased; but I do not find they were part of the King’s council at all, nor judges over other men; though it cannot be denied, but a King may ask their advice, as well as the advice of any other. But I do not find that the end of their summoning was to give advice, but only, in case they had any petitions for redress of grievances, to be ready there with them whilst the King had his great council about him. But neither they nor the lords could present to the King, as a grievance, that the King took upon him to make the laws; to choose his own privy-counsellors; to raise money Edition: current; Page: [262]and soldiers; to defend the peace and honour of the kingdom; to make captains in his army; to make governors of his castles, whom he pleased. For this had been to tell the King, that it was one of their grievances that he was King.
What did the Parliament do, whilst the King was in Scotland?
The King went in August; after which, the Parliament, September the 8th, adjourned till the 20th of October; and the King returned about the end of November following. In which time the most seditious of both Houses, and which had designed the change of government and to cast off monarchy, but yet had not wit enough to set up any other government in its place, and consequently left it to the chance of war, made a cabal amongst themselves; in which they projected how, by seconding one another, to govern the House of Commons, and invented how to put the kingdom, by the power of that House, into a rebellion, which they then called a posture of defence against such dangers from abroad, as they themselves should feign and publish. Besides, whilst the King was in Scotland, the Irish Papists got together a great party, with an intention to massacre the Protestants there, and had laid a design for the seizing, on October the 23rd, of Dublin Castle, where the King’s officers of the government of that country made their residence; and had effected it, had it not been discovered the night before. The manner of the discovery, and the murders they committed in the country afterwards, I need not tell you, since the whole story of it is extant.
I wonder they did not expect and provide Edition: current; Page: [263]for a rebellion in Ireland, as soon as they began to quarrel with the King in England. For was there any body so ignorant, as not to know that the Irish Papists did long for a change of religion there, as well as the Presbyterians in England? Or, that in general, the Irish nation did hate the name of subjection to England, nor would longer be quiet, than they feared an army out of England to chastise them? What better time then could they take for their rebellion than this, wherein they were encouraged, not only by our weakness caused by this division between the King and his Parliament, but also by the example of the Presbyterians, both of the Scotch and English nation? But what did the Parliament do upon this occasion, in the King’s absence?
Nothing; but consider what use they might make of it to their own ends; partly, by imputing it to the King’s evil counsellors, and partly, by occasion thereof to demand of the King the power of pressing and ordering soldiers; which power whosoever has, has also, without doubt, the whole sovereignty.
When came the King back?
He came back the 25th of November; and was welcomed with the acclamations of the common people, as much as if he had been the most beloved of all the Kings that were before him; but found not a reception by the Parliament, answerable to it. They presently began to pick new quarrels against him, out of every thing he said to them. December the 2nd, the King called together both Houses of Parliament, and then did only recommend unto them the raising of succours for Ireland.
What quarrel could they pick out of that?
None: but in order thereto, as they may pretend, they had a bill in agitation to assert the power of levying and pressing soldiers to the two Houses of the Lords and Commons; which was as much as to take from the King the power of the militia, which is in effect the whole sovereign power. For he that hath the power of levying and commanding the soldiers, has all other rights of sovereignty which he shall please to claim. The King, hearing of it, called the Houses of Parliament together again, on December the 14th, and then pressed again the business of Ireland: (as there was need; for all this while the Irish were murdering the English in Ireland, and strengthening themselves against the forces they expected to come out of England): and withal, told them he took notice of the bill in agitation for pressing of soldiers, and that he was contented it should pass with a salvo jure both for him and them, because the present time was unseasonable to dispute it in.
What was there unreasonable in this?
Nothing: what is unreasonable is one question, what they quarrelled at is another. They quarrelled at this: that his Majesty took notice of the bill, while it was in debate in the House of Lords, before it was presented to him in the course of Parliament; and also that he showed himself displeased with those that propounded the said bill; both which they declared to be against the privileges of Parliament, and petitioned the King to give them reparation against those by whose evil counsel he was induced to it, that they might receive condign punishment.
This was cruel proceeding. Do not the Kings of England use to sit in the Lords’ House when they please? And was not this bill in debate then in the House of Lords? It is a strange thing that a man should be lawfully in the company of men, where he must needs hear and see what they say and do, and yet must not take notice of it so much as to the same company; for though the King was not present at the debate itself, yet it was lawful for any of the Lords to make him acquainted with it. Any one of the House of Commons, though not present at a proposition or debate in the House, nevertheless hearing of it from some of his fellow-members, may certainly not only take notice of it, but also speak to it in the House of Commons: but to make the King give up his friends and counsellors to them, to be put to death, banishment, or imprisonment, for their good-will to him, was such a tyranny over a king, no king ever exercised over any subject but in cases of treason or murder, and seldom then.
Presently hereupon began a kind of war between the pens of the Parliament and those of the secretaries, and other able men that were with the King. For upon the 15th of December they sent to the King a paper called A Remonstrance of the State of the Kingdom, and with it a petition; both which they caused to be published. In the remonstrance they complained of certain mischievous designs of a malignant party, then, before the beginning of the Parliament, grown ripe; and did set forth what means had been used for the preventing of it by the wisdom of the Parliament; what rubs they had found therein; what course was Edition: current; Page: [266]fit to be taken for restoring and establishing the ancient honour, greatness, and safety, of the Crown and nation.
And first, of these designs the promoters and actors were, they said, Jesuited Papists:
Secondly, the bishops, and that part of the clergy that cherish formality as a support of their own ecclesiastical tyranny and usurpation:
Thirdly, counsellors and courtiers, that for private ends, they said, had engaged themselves to further the interests of some foreign princes.
It may very well be, that some of the bishops, and also some of the court, may have, in pursuit of their private interest, done something indiscreetly, and perhaps wickedly. Therefore I pray you tell me in particular what their crimes were: for methinks the King should not have connived at anything against his own supreme authority.
The Parliament were not very keen against them that were against the King; they made no doubt but all they did was by the King’s command; but accused thereof the bishops, counsellors, and courtiers, as being a more mannerly way of accusing the King himself, and defaming him to his subjects. For the truth is, the charge they brought against them was so general as not to be called an accusation, but railing. As first, they said they nourished questions of prerogative and liberty between the King and his people, to the end that seeming much addicted to his Majesty’s service, they might get themselves into places of greatest trust and power in the kingdom.
How could this be called an accusation, in which there is no fact for any accusers to apply Edition: current; Page: [267]their proofs to, or their witnesses. For granting that these questions of prerogative had been moved by them, who can prove that their end was to gain to themselves and friends the places of trust and power in the kingdom?
A second accusation was, that they endeavoured to suppress the purity and power of religion.
That is canting; it is not in man’s power to suppress the power of religion.
They meant that they suppressed the doctrine of the Presbyterians; that is to say, the very foundation of the then Parliament’s treacherous pretensions.
A third, that they cherished Arminians, Papists, and libertines (by which they meant the common Protestants, which meddle not with disputes), to the end they might compose a body fit to act according to their counsels and resolutions.
A fourth, that they endeavoured to put the King upon other courses of raising money, than by the ordinary way of Parliaments.
Judge whether these may be properly called accusations, or not rather spiteful reproaches of the King’s government.
Methinks this last was a very great fault. For what good could there be in putting the King upon an odd course of getting money, when the Parliament was willing to supply him, as far as to the security of the kingdom, or to the honour of the King, should be necessary?
But I told you before, they would give him none, but with a condition he should cut off the heads of whom they pleased, how faithfully soever they had served him. And if he would have sacrificed Edition: current; Page: [268]all his friends to their ambition, yet they would have found other excuses for denying him subsidies; for they were resolved to take from him the sovereign power to themselves; which they could never do without taking great care that he should have no money at all. In the next place, they put into the remonstrance, as faults of them whose counsel the King followed, all those things which since the beginning of the King’s reign were by them misliked, whether faults or not, and whereof they were not able to judge for want of knowledge of the causes and motives that induced the King to do them, and were known only to the King himself and such of his privy-council as he revealed them to.
But what were those particular pretended faults?
1. The dissolution of his first Parliament at Oxford. 2. The dissolution of his second Parliament, being in the second year of his reign. 3. The dissolution of his Parliament in the fourth year of his reign. 4. The fruitless expedition against Calais. 5. The peace made with Spain, whereby the Palatine’s cause was deserted, and left to chargeable and hopeless treaties. 6. The sending of commissions to raise money by way of loan. 7. Raising of ship-money. 8. Enlargement of forests, contrary to Magna Charta. 9. The design of engrossing all the gunpowder into one hand, and keeping it in the Tower of London. 10. A design to bring in the use of brass money. 11. The fines, imprisonments, stigmatizings, mutilations, whippings, pillories, gags, confinements, and banishments, by sentence in the Court of Star-chamber. 12. The displacing of judges. 13. Illegal acts of the Council-table. Edition: current; Page: [269]14. The arbitrary and illegal power of the Earl Marshal’s Court. 15. The abuses in Chancery, Exchequer-chamber, and Court of Wards. 16. The selling of titles of honour, of judges, and serjeants’ places, and other offices. 17. The insolence of bishops and other clerks, in suspensions, excommunications, deprivations, and degradations, of divers painful, and learned, and pious ministers.
Were there any such ministers degraded, deprived, or excommunicated?
I cannot tell. But I remember I have heard threatened divers painful, unlearned, and seditious ministers.
18. The excess of severity of the High Commission-Court. 19. The preaching before the King against the property of the subject, and for the prerogative of the King above the law. And divers other petty quarrels they had to the government, which though they were laid upon this faction, yet they knew they would fall upon the King himself in the judgment of the people, to whom, by printing, it was communicated.
Again, after the dissolution of the Parliament May the 5th, 1640, they find other faults; as the dissolution itself; the imprisoning some members of both Houses; a forced loan of money attempted in London; the continuance of the Convocation, when the Parliament was ended; and the favour shewed to Papists by Secretary Windebank and others.
All this will go current with common people for misgovernment, and for faults of the King, though some of them were misfortunes; and both the misfortunes and the misgovernment, if any were, were the faults of the Parliament; who, by denying Edition: current; Page: [270]to give him money, did both frustrate hsattempts abroad, and put him upon those extraordinary ways, which they call illegal, of raising money at home.
You see what a heap of evils they have raised to make a show of ill-government to the people, which they second with an enumeration of the many services they have done the King in overcoming a great many of them, though not all, and in divers other things; and say, that though they had contracted a debt to the Scots of 220,000l. and granted six subsidies, and a bill of poll-money worth six subsidies more, yet that God had so blessed the endeavours of this Parliament, that the kingdom was a gainer by it: and then follows the catalogue of those good things they had done for the King and kingdom. For the kingdom they had done, they said, these things: they had abolished ship-money; they had taken away coat and conduct money, and other military charges, which, they said, amounted to little less than the ship-money; that they suppressed all monopolies, which they reckoned above a million yearly saved by the subject; that they had quelled living grievances, meaning evil counsellors and actors, by the death of my Lord of Strafford, by the flight of the Chancellor Finch, and of Secretary Windebank, by the imprisonment of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and of Judge Bartlet, and the impeachment of other bishops and judges; that they had passed a bill for a triennial Parliament, and another for the continuance of the present Parliament, till they should think fit to dissolve themselves.
That is to say, for ever, if they be suffered. Edition: current; Page: [271]But the sum of all these things, which they had done for the kingdom, is, that they had left it without government, without strength, without money, without law, and without good counsel.
They reckoned, also, putting down of the High-Commission, and the abating of the power of the Council-table, and of the bishops and their courts; the taking away of unnecessary ceremonies in religion; removing of ministers from their livings, that were not of their faction, and putting in such as were.
All this was but their own, and not the kingdom’s business.
The good they had done the King, was first, they said, the giving of 25,000l. a month for the relief of the northern counties.
What need of relief had the northern counties, more than the rest of the counties of England?
Yes; in the northern counties were quartered the Scotch army, which the Parliament called in to oppose the King, and consequently their quarter was to be discharged.
True; but by the Parliament that called them in.
But they say no; and that this money was given to the King, because he is bound to protect his subjects.
He is no further bound to that, than they to give him money wherewithal to do it. This is very great impudence; to raise an army against the King, and with that army to oppress their fellow-subjects; and then require that the King should relieve them, that is to say, be at the charge of paying the army that was raised to fight against him.
Nay, further; they put to the King’s account the 300,000l. given to the Scots, without which they would not have invaded England; besides many other things, that I now remember not.
I did not think there had been so great impudence and villainy in mankind.
You have not observed the world long enough to see all that is ill. Such was their remonstrance, as I have told you. With it they sent a petition, containing three points: 1. That his Majesty would deprive the bishops of their votes in Parliament, and remove such oppressions in religion, church-government, and discipline, as they had brought in; 2. That he should remove from his council all such as should promote the people’s grievances, and employ in his great and public affairs such as the Parliament should confide in; 3. That he would not give away the lands escheated to the Crown by the rebellion in Ireland.
This last point, methinks, was not wisely put in at this time: it should have been reserved till they had subdued the rebels, against whom there were yet no forces sent over. It is like selling the lion’s skin before they had killed him. But what answer was made to the other two propositions?
What answer should be made, but a denial? About the same time the King himself exhibited articles against six persons of the Parliament, five whereof were of the House of Commons and one of the House of Lords, accusing them of high-treason; and upon the 4th of January, went himself to the House of Commons to demand those five of them. But private notice having been given by some treacherous person about the King, they had Edition: current; Page: [273]absented themselves; and by that means frustrated his Majesty’s intentions. And after he was gone, the House making a heinous matter of it, and a high breach of their privileges, adjourned themselves into London, there to sit as a general committee, pretending they were not safe at Westminster: (for the King, when he went to the House to demand those persons, had somewhat more attendance with him, but not otherwise armed than his servants used to be, than he ordinarily had): and would not be pacified, though the King did afterwards waive the prosecution of those persons, unless he would also discover to them those that gave him counsel to go in that manner to the Parliament House, to the end they might receive condign punishment; which was the word they used instead of cruelty.
This was a harsh demand. Was it not enough that the King should forbear his enemies, but also that he must betray his friends? If they thus tyrannize over the King before they have gotten the sovereign power into their hands, how will they tyrannize over their fellow-subjects when they have gotten it?
So as they did.
How long stayed that committee in London?
Not above two or three days; and then were brought from London to the Parliament House by water in great triumph, guarded with a tumultuous number of armed men, there to sit in security in despite of the King, and make traitorous acts against him, such and as many as they listed; and under favour of these tumults, to frighten away from the House of Peers all such as were not of their own faction. For at this time the rabble was Edition: current; Page: [274]so insolent, that scarce any of the bishops durst go to the House for fear of violence upon their persons: in so much as twelve of them excused themselves of coming thither; and by way of petition to the King, remonstrated that they were not permitted to go quietly to the performance of that duty, and protesting against all determinations, as of none effect, that should pass in the House of Lords during their forced absence. Which the House of Commons taking hold of, sent up to the Peers one of their members, to accuse them of high-treason. Whereupon ten of them were sent to the Tower; after which time there were no more words of their high-treason; but there passed a bill by which they were deprived of their votes in Parliament, and to this bill they got the King’s assent. And, in the beginning of September after, they voted that the bishops should have no more to do in the government of the Church; but to this they had not the King’s assent, the war being now begun.
What made the Parliament so averse to episcopacy; and especially the House of Lords, whereof the bishops were members? For I see no reason why they should do it to gratify a number of poor parish priests, that were Presbyterians, and that were never likely any way to serve the Lords; but, on the contrary, to do their best to pull down their power, and subject them to their synods and classes.
For the Lords, very few of them did perceive the intentions of the Presbyterians; and, besides that, they durst not, I believe, oppose the Lower House.
But why were the Lower House so earnest against them?
Because they meant to make use of their tenets, and with pretended sanctity to make the King and his party odious to the people, by whose help they were to set up democracy and depose the King, or to let him have the title only so long as he should act for their purposes. But not only the Parliament, but in a manner all the people of England, were their enemies, upon the account of their behaviour, as being, they said, too imperious. This was all that was colourably laid to their charge; the main cause of pulling them down, was the envy of the Presbyterians, that incensed the people against them, and against episcopacy itself.
How would the Presbyterians have the Church to be governed?
By national and provincial synods.
Is not this to make the national assembly an archbishop, and the provincial assemblies so many bishops?
Yes; but every minister shall have the delight of sharing the government, and consequently of being able to be revenged on them that do not admire their learning and help to fill their purses, and win to their service them that do.
It is a hard case, that there should be two factions to trouble the commonwealth, without any interest in it of their own, other than every particular man may have; and that their quarrels should be only about opinions, that is, about who has the most learning; as if their learning ought to be the rule of governing all the world. What is it they are learned in? Is it politics and rules of state? I know, it is called divinity; but I hear almost nothing preached but matter of philosophy. Edition: current; Page: [276]For religion in itself admits no controversy. It is a law of the kingdom, and ought not to be disputed. I do not think they pretend to speak with God and know his will by any other way than reading the Scriptures, which we also do.
Yes, some of them do, and give themselves out for prophets by extraordinary inspiration. But the rest pretend only, for their advancement to benefices and charge of souls, a greater skill in the Scriptures than other men have, by reason of their breeding in the Universities, and knowledge there gotten of the Latin tongue, and some also of the Greek and Hebrew tongues, wherein the Scripture was written; besides their knowledge of natural philosophy, which is there publicly taught.
As for the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew tongues, it was once, to the detection of Roman fraud, and to the ejection of the Romish power, very profitable, or rather necessary; but now that is done, and we have the Scripture in English, and preaching in English, I see no great need of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. I should think myself better qualified by understanding well the languages of our neighbours, French, Dutch, and Italian. I think it was never seen in the world, before the power of popes was set up, that philosophy was much conducing to power in a commonwealth.
But philosophy, together with divinity, have very much conduced to the advancement of the professors thereof to places of the greatest authority, next to the authority of kings themselves, in most of the ancient kingdoms of the world; as is manifestly to be seen in the history of those times.
I pray you cite me some of the authors and places.
First, what were the Druids of old time in Britanny and France? What authority these had you may see in Cæsar, Strabo, and others, and especially in Diodorus Siculus, the greatest antiquary perhaps that ever was; who speaking of the Druids, whom he calls Sarovides, in France, says thus:—“There be also amongst them certain philosophers and theologians, that are exceedingly honoured, whom they also use as prophets. These men, by their skill in augury and inspection into the bowels of the beasts sacrificed, foretell what is to come, and have the multitude obedient to them.” And a little after,—“It is a custom amongst them, that no man may sacrifice without a philosopher; because, say they, men ought not to present their thanks to the Gods, but by them that know the divine nature, and are as it were of the same language with them; and that all good things ought by such as these to be prayed for.”
I can hardly believe that those Druids were very skilful, either in natural philosophy, or moral.
Nor I; for they held and taught the transmigration of souls from one body to another, as did Pythagoras; which opinion whether they took from him, or he from them, I cannot tell.
What were the Magi in Persia, but philosophers and astrologers? You know how they came to find our Saviour by the conduct of a star, either from Persia itself, or from some country more eastward than Judea. Were not these in great authority in their country? And are they not in most parts of Christendom thought to have been Kings?
Egypt hath been thought by many, the most ancient kingdom and nation of the world, and their priests had the greatest power in civil affairs, that any subjects ever had in any nation. And what were they but philosophers and divines? Concerning whom, the same Diodorus Siculus says thus: “The whole country of Egypt being divided into three parts, the body of the priests have one, as being of most credit with the people both for their devotion towards the Gods, and also for their understanding gotten by education;” and presently after, “For generally these men, in the greatest affairs of all, are the King’s counsellors, partly executing, and partly informing and advising; foretelling him also, by their skill in astrology and art in the inspection of sacrifices, the things that are to come, and reading to him out of their holy books such of the actions there recorded as are profitable for him to know. It is not there as in Greece, one man or one woman that has the priesthood; but they are many that attend the honours and sacrifices of the Gods, and leave the same employment to their posterity, which, next to the King, have the greatest power and authority.”
Concerning the judicature amongst the Egyptians, he saith thus: “From out of the most eminent cities, Hieropolis, Thebes, and Memphis, they choosejudges, which are a council not inferior to that of Areopagus in Athens, or that of the senate in Lacedæmon. When they are met, being in number thirty, they choose one from amongst themselves to be chief-justice, and the city whereof he is, sendeth another in his place.” This chief-justice wore about his neck, hung in a gold chain, a jewel of precious Edition: current; Page: [279]stones, the name of which jewel was truth; which, when the chief-justice had put on, then began the pleading, &c.; and when the judges had agreed on the sentence, then did the chief-justice put this jewel of truth to one of the pleas. You see now what power was acquired in civil matters by the conjuncture of philosophy and divinity.
Let us come now to the commonwealth of the Jews. Was not the priesthood in a family, namely, the Levites, as well as the priesthood of Egypt? Did not the high-priest give judgment by the breast-plate of Urim and Thummim? Look upon the kingdom of Assyria, and the philosophers and Chaldeans. Had they not lands and cities belonging to their family, even in Abraham’s time, who dwelt, you know, in Ur of the Chaldeans. Of these the same author says thus: “The Chaldeans are a sect in politics, like to that of the Egyptian priests; for being ordained for the service of the Gods, they spend the whole time of their life in philosophy; being of exceeding great reputation in astrology, and pretending much also to prophecy, foretelling things to come by purifications and sacrifices, and to find out by certain incantations the preventing of harm, and the bringing to pass of good. They have also skill in augury, and in the interpretation of dreams and wonders, nor are they unskilful in the art of foretelling by the inwards of beasts sacrificed; and have their learning not as the Greeks; for the philosophy of the Chaldeans goes to their family by tradition, and the son receives it from his father.”
From Assyria let us pass into India, and see what esteem the philosophers had there. “The whole Edition: current; Page: [280]multitude,” says Diodorus, “of the Indians, is divided into seven parts; whereof the first, is the body of philosophers; for number the least, but for eminence the first; for they are free from taxes, and as they are not masters of others, so are no others masters of them. By private men they are called to the sacrifices and to the care of burials of the dead, as being thought most beloved of the Gods and skilful in the doctrine concerning hell; and for this employment receive gifts and honours very considerable. They are also of great use to the people of India; for being taken at the beginning of the year into the great assembly, they foretell them of great droughts, great rains, also of winds, and of sicknesses, and of whatsoever is profitable for them to know beforehand.”
The same author, concerning the laws of the Æthiopians, saith thus: “The laws of the Æthiopians seem very different from those of other nations, and especially about the election of their Kings. For the priests propound some of the chief men amongst them, named in a catalogue, and whom the God (which, according to a certain custom, is carried about to feastings) does accept of; him the multitude elect for their King, and presently adore and honour him as a God, put into the government by divine providence. The King being chosen, he has the manner of his life limited to him by the laws, and does all other things according to the custom of the country, neither rewarding nor punishing any man otherwise than from the beginning is established amongst them by law. Nor use they to put any man to death, though he be condemned to it, but to send some officer to him with Edition: current; Page: [281]a token of death; who seeing the token, goes presently to his house, and kills himself presently after. But the strangest thing of all is, that which they do concerning the death of their Kings. For the priests that live in Meroe, and spend their time about the worship and honour of the Gods, and are in greatest authority; when they have a mind to it, send a messenger to the King to bid him die, for that the Gods have given such order, and that the commandments of the immortals are not by any means to be neglected by those who are, by nature, mortal; using also other speeches to him, which men of simple judgment, and that have not reason enough to dispute against those unnecessary commands, as being educated in an old and indelible custom, are content to admit of. Therefore in former times the Kings did obey the priests, not as mastered by force and arms, but as having their reason mastered by superstition. But in the time of Ptolemy II, Ergamenes, King of the Æthiopians, having had his breeding in philosophy after the manner of the Greeks, being the first that durst dispute their power, took heart as befitted a King; came with soldiers to a place called Abaton, where was then the golden temple of the Æthiopians; killed all the priests, abolished the custom, and rectified the kingdom according to his will.”
Though they that were killed were most damnable impostors, yet the act was cruel.
It was so. But were not the priests cruel, to cause their Kings, whom a little before they adored as Gods, to make away themselves? The King killed them, for the safety of his person; they him, out of ambition or love of change. The King’s act Edition: current; Page: [282]may be coloured with the good of his people; the priests had no pretence against their kings, who were certainly very godly, or else would never have obeyed the command of the priests by a messenger unarmed, to kill themselves. Our late King, the best King perhaps that ever was, you know, was murdered, having been first persecuted by war, at the incitement of Presbyterian ministers; who are therefore guilty of the death of all that fell in that war; which were, I believe, in England, Scotland, and Ireland, near 100,000 persons. Had it not been much better that those seditious ministers, which were not perhaps 1000, had been all killed before they had preached? It had been, I confess, a great massacre; but the killing of 100,000 is a greater.
I am glad the bishops were out of this business. As ambitious as some say they are, it did not appear in that business, for they were enemies to them that were in it.
But I intend not by these quotations to commend either the divinity or the philosophy of those heathen people; but to show only what the reputation of those sciences can effect among the people. For their divinity was nothing but idolatry; and their philosophy, (excepting the knowledge which the Egyptian priests, and from them the Chaldeans, had gotten by long observation and study in astronomy, geometry, and arithmetic), very little; and that in great part abused in astrology and fortunetelling. Whereas the divinity of the clergy of this nation, (considered apart from the mixture that has been introduced by the Church of Rome, and in part retained here, of the babbling philosophy of Aristotle and other Greeks, that has no affinity Edition: current; Page: [283]with religion, and serves only to breed disaffection, dissension, and finally sedition and civil war, as we have lately found by dear experience in the differences between the Presbyterians and Episcopals), is the true religion. But for these differences both parties, as they came in power, not only suppressed the tenets of one another, but also whatsoever doctrine looked with an ill aspect upon their interest; and consequently all true philosophy, especially civil and moral, which can never appear propitious to ambition, or to an exemption from their obedience due to the sovereign power.
After the King had accused the Lord Kimbolton, a member of the House of Lords, and Hollis, Haslerigg, Hampden, Pym, and Stroud, five members of the Lower House, of high-treason; and after the Parliament had voted out the bishops from the House of Peers; they pursued especially two things in their petitions to his Majesty. The one was, that the King would declare who were the persons that advised him to go, as he did, to the Parliament-house to apprehend them, and that he would leave them to the Parliament to receive condign punishment; and this they did, to stick upon his Majesty the dishonour of deserting his friends, and betraying them to his enemies. The other was, that he would allow them a guard out of the city of London, to be commanded by the Earl of Essex; for which they pretended, they could not else sit in safety; which pretence was nothing but an upbraiding of his Majesty for coming to Parliament better accompanied than ordinary, to seize the said five seditious members.
I see no reason, in petitioning for a guard, Edition: current; Page: [284]they should determine it to the city of London in particular, and the command by name to the Earl of Essex, unless they meant the King should understand it for a guard against himself.
Their meaning was, that the King should understand it so, and, as I verily believe, they meant he should take it for an affront: and the King himself understanding it so, denied to grant it; though he were willing, if they could not otherwise be satisfied, to command such a guard to wait upon them as he would be responsible for to God Almighty. Besides this, the city of London petitioned the King (put upon it, no doubt, by some members of the Lower House) to put the Tower of London into the hands of persons of trust, meaning such as the Parliament should approve of, and to appoint a guard for the safety of his Majesty and the Parliament. This method of bringing petitions in a tumultuary manner, by great multitudes of clamorous people, was ordinary with the House of Commons, whose ambition could never have been served by way of prayer and request, without extraordinary terror.
After the King had waived the prosecution of the five members, but denied to make known who had advised him to come in person to the House of Commons, they questioned the Attorney-General, who by the King’s command had exhibited the articles against them, and voted him a breaker of the privilege of Parliament; and no doubt had made him feel their cruelty, if he had not speedily fled the land.
About the end of January, they made an order of both Houses of Parliament, to prevent the going over of popish commanders into Ireland; not so Edition: current; Page: [285]much fearing that, as that by this the King himself choosing his commanders for that service, might aid himself out of Ireland against the Parliament. But this was no great matter, in respect of a petition they sent his Majesty about the same time, that is to say, about the 27th or 28th of January, 1641,* wherein they desired in effect the absolute sovereignty of England; though by the name of sovereignty they challenged it not whilst the King was living. For to the end that the fears and dangers of this kingdom might be removed, and the mischievous designs of those who are enemies to the peace of it, might be prevented, they pray, that his Majesty would be pleased to put forthwith, first, the Tower of London, second, all other forts, third, the whole militia of the kingdom, into the hands of such persons as should be recommended to him by both the Houses of Parliament. And this they style a necessary petition.
Were there really any such fears and dangers generally conceived here? Or did there appear any enemies at that time with such designs as are mentioned in the petition?
Yes. But no other fear of danger, but such as any discreet and honest man might justly have of the designs of the Parliament itself; who were the greatest enemies to the peace of the kingdom that could possibly be. It is also worth observing, that this petition began with these words, Most gracious Sovereign: so stupid they were as not to know, that he that is master of the militia, is master of the kingdom, and consequently is in possession of a most absolute sovereignty. The King was now at Windsor, to avoid the tumults of the common people before the gates of Whitehall, together with Edition: current; Page: [286]their clamours and affronts there. The 9th of February after, he came to Hampton Court, and thence he went to Dover with the Queen, and the Princess of Orange, his daughter; where the Queen with the Princess of Orange embarked for Holland, but the King returned to Greenwich, whence he sent for the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York, and so went with them towards York.
Did the Lords join with the Commons in this petition for the militia?
It appears so by the title; but I believe they durst not but do it. The House of Commons took them but for a cypher; men of title only, without real power. Perhaps also the most of them thought, that the taking of the militia from the King would be an addition to their own power; but they were very much mistaken, for the House of Commons never intended they should be sharers in it.
What answer made the King to this petition?
The following: “His Majesty having well considered of this petition, and being desirous to express how willing he is to apply a remedy, not only to your dangers, but even to your doubts and fears, he therefore returns this answer, That when he shall know the extent of power which is intended to be established in those persons, whom you desire to be the commanders of the militia in the several counties, and likewise to what time it shall be limited, that no power shall be executed by his Majesty alone without the advice of Parliament, then he will declare, that (for the securing you from all dangers or jealousies of any) his Majesty will be content to put in all the places, both of forts and militia in the several counties, such persons as both the Houses of Parliament shall either approve, or Edition: current; Page: [287]recommend unto him; so that you declare before unto his Majesty the names of the persons whom you approve or recommend, unless such persons shall be named, against whom he shall have just and unquestionable exception.”
What power, for what time, and to whom, did the Parliament grant, concerning the militia?
The same power which the King had before planted in his lieutenants and deputy-lieutenants, in the several counties, and without other limitation of time but their own pleasure.
Who were the men that had this power?
There is a catalogue of them printed. They are very many, and most of them lords; nor is it necessary to have them named; for to name them is, in my opinion, to brand them with the mark of disloyalty or of folly. When they had made a catalogue of them, they sent it to the King, with a new petition for the militia. Also presently after, they sent a message to his Majesty, praying him to leave the Prince at Hampton Court; but the King granted neither.
Howsoever, it was well done of them to get hostages, if they could, of the King, before he went from them.
In the meantime, to raise money for the reducing of Ireland, the Parliament invited men to bring in money by way of adventure, according to these propositions. 1. That two millions and five hundred thousand acres of land in Ireland, should be assigned to the adventurers, in this proportion: For an adventure of 200l. 1,000 acres in Ulster.
. . . . . 300l. 1,000 acres in Connaught.
. . . . . 450l. 1,000 acres in Munster.
. . . . . 600l. 1,000 acres in Leinster. Edition: current; Page: [288]All according to English measure, and consisting of meadow, arable, and profitable pasture; bogs, woods, and barren mountains, being cast in over and above. 2. A revenue was reserved to the Crown, from one penny to three-pence on every acre. 3. That commissions should be sent by the Parliament, to erect manors, settle wastes, and commons, maintain preaching ministers, create corporations, and regulate plantations. The rest of the propositions concern only the times and manner of payment of the sums subscribed by the adventurers. And to these propositions his Majesty assented; but to the petition of the militia, his Majesty denied his assent.
If he had not, I should have thought it a great wonder. What did the Parliament after this?
They sent him another petition, which was presented to him when he was at Theobald’s, in his way to York; wherein they tell him plainly, that unless he be pleased to assure them by those messengers then sent, that he would speedily apply his royal assent to the satisfaction of their former desires, they shall be enforced, for the safety of his Majesty and his kingdoms, to dispose of the militia by the authority of both Houses, &c. They petition his Majesty also to let the Prince stay at St. James’s, or some other of his Majesty’s houses near London. They tell him also, that the power of raising, ordering, and disposing of the militia, cannot be granted to any corporation, without the authority and consent of the Parliament, and that those parts of the kingdom, which have put themselves into a posture of defence, have done nothing therein but by direction of both Houses, and what is justifiable by the laws of this kingdom.
What answer made the King to this?
It was a putting of themselves into arms, and under officers such as the Parliament should approve of. 4. They voted that his Majesty should be again desired that the Prince might continue about London. Lastly, they voted a declaration to be sent to his Majesty by both the Houses; wherein they accuse his Majesty of a design of altering religion, though not directly him, but them that counselled him; whom they also accused of being the inviters and fomenters of the Scotch war, and framers of the rebellion in Ireland; and upbraid the King again for accusing the Lord Kimbolton and the five members, and of being privy to the purpose of bringing up his army, which was raised against the Scots, to be employed against the Parliament. To which his Majesty sent his answer from Newmarket. Whereupon it was resolved by both Houses, that in this case of extreme danger and of his Majesty’s refusal, the ordinance agreed upon by both Houses for the militia doth oblige the people by the fundamental laws of this kingdom; and also, that whosoever shall execute any power over the militia, by colour of any commission of lieutenancy, without consent of both Houses of Parliament, shall be accounted a disturber of the peace of the kingdom. Whereupon his Majesty sent a message to both Houses from Huntingdon, requiring obedience to the laws established, and prohibiting all subjects, upon pretence of their ordinance, to execute anything concerning the militia which is not by those laws warranted. Upon this, the Parliament vote a standing to their former votes; as also, that when the Lords and Commons in Parliament, which is the supreme court of judicature in Edition: current; Page: [290]the kingdom, shall declare what the law of the land is, to have this not only questioned, but contradicted, is a high breach of the privilege of Parliament.
I thought that he that makes the law, ought to declare what the law is. For what is it else to to make a law, but to declare what it is? So that they have taken from the King, not only the militia, but also the legislative power.
They have so; but I make account that the legislative power, and indeed all power possible, is contained in the power of the militia. After this, they seize such money as was due to his Majesty upon the bill of tonnage and poundage, and upon the bill of subsidies, that they might disable him every way they possibly could. They sent him also many other contumelious messages and petitions after his coming to York; amongst which one was: “That whereas the Lord Admiral, by indisposition of body, could not command the fleet in person, he would be pleased to give authority to the Earl of Warwick to supply his place;” when they knew the King had put Sir John Pennington in it before.
To what end did the King entertain so many petitions, messages, declarations and remonstrances, and vouchsafe his answers to them, when he could not choose but clearly see they were resolved to take from him his royal power, and consequently his life? For it could not stand with their safety to let either him or his issue live, after they had done him so great injuries.
Besides this, the Parliament had at the same time a committee residing at York, to spy what his Edition: current; Page: [291]Majesty did, and to inform the Parliament thereof, and also to hinder the King from gaining the people of that county to his party: so that when his Majesty was courting the gentlemen there, the committee was instigating the yeomanry against him. To which also the ministers did very much contribute; so that the King lost his opportunity at York.
Why did not the King seize the committee into his hands, or drive them out of town?
I know not; but I believe he knew the Parliament had a greater party than he, not only in Yorkshire but also in York. Towards the end of April, the King, upon petition of the people of Yorkshire to have the magazine of Hull to remain still there, for the greater security of the northern parts, thought fit to take it into his own hands. He had a little before appointed governor of that town the Earl of Newcastle. But the townsmen, having been already corrupted by the Parliament, refused to receive him, but refused not to receive Sir John Hotham, appointed to be governor by the Parliament. The King therefore coming before the town, guarded only by his own servants and a few gentlemen of the country thereabouts, was denied entrance by Sir John Hotham, that stood upon the wall; for which act he presently caused Sir John Hotham to be proclaimed traitor, and sent a message to the Parliament, requiring justice to be done upon the said Hotham, and that the town and magazine might be delivered into his hands. To which the Parliament made no answer, but instead thereof published another declaration, in which they omitted nothing of their former slanders against his Majesty’s government, but inserted certain propositions Edition: current; Page: [292]declarative of their own pretended right: viz. 1. That whatsoever they declare to be law, ought not to be questioned by the King: 2. That no precedents can be limits to bound their proceedings: 3. That a Parliament, for the public good, may dispose of anything wherein the King or subject hath a right; and that they, without the King, are this Parliament, and the judge of this public good, and that the King’s consent is not necessary: 4. That no member of either House ought to be troubled for treason, felony, or any other crime, unless the cause be first brought before the Parliament, that they may judge of the fact and give leave to proceed, if they see cause: 5. That the sovereign power resides in both Houses, and that the King ought to have no negative voice: 6. That the levying of forces against the personal commands of the King (though accompanied with his presence) is not levying war against the King, but the levying war against his laws and authority (which they have power to declare and signify), though not against his person, is levying war against the King; and that treason cannot be committed against his person, otherwise than as he is entrusted with the kingdom and discharging that trust; and that they have a power to judge whether he discharge this trust or not: 7. That they may depose the King when they will.
This is plain dealing and without hypocrisy. Could the city of London swallow this?
Yes; and more too, if need be. London, you know, has a great belly, but no palate nor taste of right and wrong. In the Parliament-roll of HenryIV, amongst the articles of the oath the King at his Edition: current; Page: [293]coronation took, there is one runs thus: Concedes justas leges et consuetudines esse tenendas; et promittes per te eas esse protegendas, et ad honorem Dei corroborandas, quas vulgus elegerit. Which the Parliament urged for their legislative authority, and therefore interpret quas vulgus elegeret, which the people shall choose; as if the King should swear to protect and corroborate laws before they were made, whether they be good or bad; whereas the words signify no more, but that he shall protect and corroborate such laws as they have chosen, that is to say, the Acts of Parliament then in being. And in the records of the Exchequer it is thus: Will you grant to hold and keep the laws and rightful customs which the commonalty of this your kingdom have, and will you defend and uphold them? &c. And this was the answer his Majesty made to that point.
And I think this answer very full and clear. But if the words were to be interpreted in the other sense, yet I see no reason why the King should be bound to swear to them. For Henry IV came to the Crown by the votes of a Parliament not much inferior in wickedness to this Long Parliament, that deposed and murdered their lawful King; saving that it was not the Parliament itself, but the usurper that murdered King Richard II.
About a week after, in the beginning of May, the Parliament sent the King another paper, which they styled the humble petition and advice of both Houses, containing nineteen propositions; which when you shall hear, you shall be able to judge what power they meant to leave to the King more than to any one of his subjects. The first of them is this:
1. That the Lords and others of his Majesty’s privy-council, and all great officers of state, both at home and abroad, be put from their employments and from his council, save only such as should be approved of by both Houses of Parliament; and none put into their places but by approbation of the said Houses. And that all privy-councillors take an oath for the due execution of their places, in such form as shall be agreed upon by the said Houses.
2. That the great affairs of the kingdom be debated, resolved, and transacted only in Parliament; and such as shall presume to do any thing to the contrary, be reserved to the censure of the Parliament; and such other matters of the state as are proper for his Majesty’s privy-council, shall be debated and concluded by such as shall from time to time be chosen for that place by both Houses of Parliament; and that no public act concerning the affairs of the kingdom, which is proper for his Majesty’s privy-council, be esteemed valid, as proceeding from the royal authority, unless it be done by the advice and consent of the major part of the council, attested under their hands; and that the council be not more than twenty-five, nor less than fifteen; and that when a councillor’s place falls void in the interval of Parliament, it shall not be supplied without the assent of the major part of the council; and that such choice also shall be void, if the next Parliament after confirm it not.
3. That the Lord High Steward of England, Lord High Constable, Lord Chancellor, or Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, Lord Treasurer, Lord Privy-Seal, Earl Marshal, Lord Admiral, Warden of the Cinque Edition: current; Page: [295]Ports, Chief Governor of Ireland, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Master of the Wards, Secretaries of State, two Chief Justices and Chief Baron, be always chosen with the approbation of both Houses of Parliament; and in the intervals of Parliament, by the major part of the privy-council.
4. That the government of the King’s children shall be committed to such as both Houses shall approve of; and in the intervals of Parliament, such as the privy-council shall approve of; that the servants then about them, against whom the Houses have just exception, should be removed.
5. That no marriage be concluded or treated of for any of the King’s children, without consent of Parliament.
6. That the laws in force against Jesuits, priests, and popish recusants, be strictly put in execution.
7. That the votes of Popish lords in the House of Peers be taken away, and that a bill be passed for the education of the children of Papists in the Protestant religion.
8. That the King will be pleased to reform the Church-government and liturgy in such manner as both Houses of Parliament shall advise.
9. That he would be pleased to rest satisfied with that course that the Lords and Commons have appointed for ordering the militia, and recal his declarations and proclamations against it.
10. That such members as have been put out of any place or office since this Parliament began, may be restored, or have satisfaction.
11. That all privy-councillors and judges take an oath, (the form whereof shall be agreed on and settled by act of Parliament), for the maintaining Edition: current; Page: [296]of the Petition of Right, and of certain statutes made by the Parliament.
12. That all the judges and officers placed by approbation of both Houses of Parliament, may hold their places quam diu bene se gesserint.
13. That the justice of Parliament may pass upon all delinquents, whether they be within the kingdom or fled out of it; and that all persons cited by either House of Parliament, may appear and abide the censure of Parliament.
14. That the general pardon offered by his Majesty, be granted with such exceptions as shall be advised by both Houses of Parliament.
What a spiteful article was this! All the rest proceeded from ambition, which many times well-natured men are subject to; but this proceeded from an inhuman and devilish cruelty.
15. That the forts and castles be put under the command of such persons as, with the approbation of the Parliament, the King shall appoint.
16. That the extraordinary guards about the King be discharged; and for the future none raised but according to the law, in case of actual rebellion or invasion.
Methinks these very propositions sent to the King are an actual rebellion.
17. That his Majesty enter into a more strict alliance with the United Provinces, and other neighbour Protestant Princes and States.
18. That his Majesty be pleased, by act of Parliament, to clear the Lord Kimbolton and the five members of the House of Commons, in such manner as that future Parliaments may be secured from the consequence of that evil precedent.
19. That his Majesty be pleased to pass a bill for restraining peers made hereafter from sitting or voting in Parliament, unless they be admitted with consent of both Houses of Parliament.
These propositions granted, they promise to apply themselves to regulate his Majesty’s revenue to his best advantage, and to settle it to the support of his royal dignity in honour and plenty; and also to put the town of Hull into such hands as his Majesty shall appoint with consent of Parliament.
Is not that to put it into such hands as his Majesty shall appoint by the consent of the petitioners, which is no more than to keep it in their hands as it is? Did they want, or think the King wanted, common-sense, so as not to perceive that their promise herein was worth nothing?
After the sending of these propositions to the King, and his Majesty’s refusal to grant them, they began, on both sides, to prepare for war. The King raised a guard for his person in Yorkshire, and the Parliament, thereupon having voted that the King intended to make war upon his Parliament, gave order for the mustering and exercising the people in arms, and published propositions to invite and encourage them to bring in either ready money or plate, or to promise under their hands to furnish and maintain certain numbers of horse, horsemen, and arms, for the defence of the King and Parliament, (meaning by King, as they had formerly declared, not his person, but his laws); promising to repay their money with interest of 8l. in the 100l. and the value of their plate with twelve-pence the ounce for the fashion. On the other side, the King came to Nottingham, and there did set up his standard Edition: current; Page: [298]royal, and sent out commissions of array to call those to him, which by the ancient laws of England were bound to serve him in the wars. Upon this occasion there passed divers declarations between the King and Parliament concerning the legality of this array, which are too long to tell you at this time.
Nor do I desire to hear any mooting about this question. For I think that general law of salus populi, and the right of defending himself against those that had taken from him the sovereign power, are sufficient to make legal whatsoever he should do in order to the recovery of his kingdom, or to the punishing of the rebels.
In the meantime the Parliament raised an army, and made the Earl of Essex general thereof; by which act they declared what they meant formerly, when they petitioned the King for a guard to be commanded by the said Earl of Essex. And now the King sends out his proclamations, forbidding obedience to the orders of the Parliament concerning the militia; and the Parliament send out orders against the execution of the commissions of array. Hitherto, though it were a war before, yet there was no blood shed; they shot at one another nothing but paper.
I understand now, how the Parliament destroyed the peace of the kingdom; and how easily, by the help of seditious Presbyterian ministers and of ambitious ignorant orators, they reduced this government into anarchy. But I believe it will be a harder task for them to bring in peace again, and settle the government, either in themselves, or any other governor, or form of government. For, granting that they obtained the victory in this war, they Edition: current; Page: [299]must be beholden for it to the valour, good conduct, or felicity of those to whom they give the command of their armies; especially to the general, whose good success will, without doubt, draw with it the love and admiration of the soldiers; so that it will be in his power, either to take the government upon himself, or to place it where himself thinks good. In which case, if he take it not to himself, he will be thought a fool; and if he do, he shall be sure to have the envy of his subordinate commanders, who look for a share either in the present government, or in the succession to it. For they will say: “Has he obtained his power by his own, without our danger, valour, and counsel; and must we be his slaves, whom we have thus raised? Or, is not there as much justice on our side against him, as was on his side against the King?”
They will, and did; insomuch, that it was the reason why Cromwell, after he had gotten into his own hands the absolute power of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by the name of Protector, did never dare to take upon him the title of King, nor was ever able to settle it upon his children. His officers would not suffer it, as pretending after his death to succeed him; nor would the army consent to it, because he had ever declared to them against the government of a single person.
But to return to the King. What means had he to pay, what provision had he to arm, nay, means to levy, an army able to resist the army of the Parliament, maintained by the great purse of the city of London and contributions of almost all the towns corporate in England, and furnished with arms as fully as they could require?
It is true, the King had great disadvantages, and yet by little and little he got a considerable army, with which he so prospered as to grow stronger every day, and the Parliament weaker, till they had gotten the Scotch with an army of 21,000 men to come into England to their assistance. But to enter into the particular narration of what was done in the war, I have not now time.
Well then, we will talk of that at next meeting.
We left at the preparations on both sides for war; which when I considered by myself, I was mightily puzzled to find out what possibility there was for the King to equal the Parliament in such a course, and what hopes he had of money, men, arms, fortified places, shipping, counsel, and military officers, sufficient for such an enterprise against the Parliament, that had men and money as much at command, as the city of London, and other corporation towns, were able to furnish, which was more than they needed. And for the men they should set forth for soldiers, they were almost all of them spitefully bent against the King and his whole party, whom they took to be either papists, or flatterers of the King, or that had designed to raise their fortunes by the plunder of the city and other corporation towns. And though I believe not that they were more valiant than other men, nor that they had so much experience in the war as to be accounted good soldiers; yet they had that in them, which in time of battle is more conducing to victory than valour and experience both together; and that was spite.
And for arms, they had in their hands the chief magazines, the Tower of London, and the town of Kingston-upon-Hull; besides most of the powder and shot that lay in several towns for the use of the trained bands.
Fortified places, there were not many then in England, and most of them in the hands of the Parliament.
The King’s fleet was wholly in their command, under the Earl of Warwick.
Counsellors, they needed no more than such as were of their own body.
So that the King was every way inferior to them, except it were, perhaps, in officers.
I cannot compare their chief officers. For the Parliament, the Earl of Essex, after the Parliament had voted the war, was made general of all their forces both in England and Ireland, from whom all other commanders were to receive their commissions.
What moved them to make general the Earl of Essex? And for what cause was the Earl of Essex so displeased with the King, as to accept that office?
I do not certainly know what to answer to either of those questions; but the Earl of Essex had been in the wars abroad, and wanted neither experience, judgment, nor courage, to perform such an undertaking. And besides that, you have heard, I believe, how great a darling of the people his father had been before him, and what honour he had gotten by the success of his enterprise upon Calais, and in some other military actions. To which I may add, that this Earl himself was not held by the people to be so great a favourite at court as that they might not trust him with their army against the King. And by this, you may perhaps conjecture the cause for which the Parliament made choice of him for general.
But why did they think him discontented with the Court?
I know not that; nor indeed that he was so. He came to the court, as other noblemen did, when occasion was, to wait upon the King; but had no office, till a little before this time, to oblige him to be there continually. But I believe verily, that the unfortunateness of his marriages, had so discountenanced his conversation with the ladies, that the court could not be his proper element, unless he had had some extraordinary favour there to balance that calamity. But for some particular discontent from the King, or intention of revenge for any supposed disgrace, I think he had none, nor that he was any ways addicted to Presbyterian doctrines, or other fanatic tenets in Church or State; saving only that he was carried away with the stream, in a manner, of the whole nation, to think that England was not an absolute, but a mixed monarchy; not considering that the supreme power must always be absolute, whether it be in the King or in the Parliament.
Who was the general of the King’s army?
None yet but himself; nor indeed had he yet any army. But there coming to him at that time his two nephews, the Princes Rupert and Maurice, he put the command of his horse into the hands of Prince Rupert, a man than whom no man living has a better courage, nor was more active and diligent in prosecuting his commissions; and, though but a young man then, was not without experience in the conducting of soldiers, as having been an actor in part of his father’s wars in Germany.
But how could the King find money to pay such an army as was necessary for him against the Parliament?
Neither the King nor Parliament had much money at that time in their own hands, but were fain to rely upon the benevolence of those that took their parts. Wherein, I confess, the Parliament had a mighty great advantage. Those that helped the King in that kind, were only lords and gentlemen, which, not approving the proceedings of the Parliament, were willing to undertake the payment, every one, of a certain number of horse; which cannot be thought any very great assistance, the persons that payed them being so few. For other moneys that the King then had, I have not heard of any, but what he borrowed upon jewels in the Low Countries. Whereas the Parliament had a very plentiful contribution, not only from London, but generally from their faction in all other places of England, upon certain propositions, published by the Lords and Commons in June 1642, (at what time they had newly voted that the King intended to make war upon them), for bringing in of money or plate to maintain horse and horsemen, and to buy arms for the preservation of the public peace, and for the defence of the King and both Houses of Parliament; for the re-payment of which money and plate, they were to have the public faith.
What public faith is there, when there is no public? What is it that can be called public, in a civil war, without the King?
The truth is, the security was nothing worth, but served well enough to gull those seditious blockheads, that were more fond of change than either of their peace or profit.
Having by this means gotten contributions from those that were well-affected to their cause, Edition: current; Page: [305]they made use of it afterwards to force the like contribution from others. For in November following, they made an ordinance for assessing also of those that had not contributed then, or had contributed, but not proportionably to their estates. And yet this was contrary to what the Parliament promised and declared in the propositions themselves. For they declared, in the first proposition, that no man’s affections should be measured by the proportion of his offer, so that he expressed his good will to the service in any proportion whatsoever.
Besides this, in the beginning of March following, they made an ordinance, to levy weekly a great sum of money upon every county, city, town, place, and person of any estate almost, in England; which weekly sum, as may appear by the ordinance itself, printed and published in March 1642 by order of both Houses, comes to almost 33,000l., and consequently to above 1,700,000l. for the year. They had, besides all this, the profits of the King’s lands and woods, and whatsoever was remaining unpaid of any subsidy formerly granted him, and the tonnage and poundage usually received by the King; besides the profit of the sequestrations of great persons, whom they pleased to vote delinquents, and the profits of the bishops’ lands, which they took to themselves a year, or a little more, after.
Seeing then the Parliament had such advantage of the King in money and arms and multitude of men, and had in their hands the King’s fleet, I cannot imagine what hope the King could have, either of victory (unless he resigned into their hands the sovereignty), or subsisting. For I cannot well believe he had any advantage of them Edition: current; Page: [306]either in counsellors, conductors, or in the resolutions of his soldiers.
On the contrary, I think he had also some disadvantage in that; for though he had as good officers at least as any then served the Parliament, yet I doubt he had not so useful counsel as was necessary. And for his soldiers, though they were men as stout as theirs, yet, because their valour was not sharpened so with malice as theirs was on the other side, they fought not so keenly as their enemies did: amongst whom there were a great many London apprentices, who, for want of experience in the war, would have been fearful enough of death and wounds approaching visibly in glistering swords; but, for want of judgment, scarce thought of such death as comes invisibly in a bullet, and therefore were very hardly to be driven out of the field.
But what fault do you find in the King’s counsellors, lords, and other persons of quality and experience?
Only that fault, which was generally in the whole nation, which was, that they thought the government of England was not an absolute, but a mixed monarchy; and that if the King should clearly subdue this Parliament, that his power would be what he pleased, and theirs as little as he pleased: which they counted tyranny. This opinion, though it did not lessen their endeavour to gain the victory for the King in a battle, when a battle could not be avoided, yet it weakened their endeavour to procure him an absolute victory in the war. And for this cause, notwithstanding that they saw that the Parliament was firmly resolved to take all kingly power Edition: current; Page: [307]whatsoever out of his hands, yet their counsel to the King was upon all occasions, to offer propositions to them of treaty and accommodation, and to make and publish declarations; which any man might easily have foreseen would be fruitless; and not only so, but also of great disadvantage to those actions by which the King was to recover his crown and preserve his life. For it took off the courage of the best and forwardest of his soldiers, that looked for great benefit by their service out of the estates of the rebels, in case they could subdue them; but none at all, if the business should be ended by a treaty.
And they had reason: for a civil war never ends by treaty, without the sacrifice of those who were on both sides the sharpest. You know well enough how things passed at the reconciliation of Augustus and Antonius in Rome. But I thought that after they once began to levy soldiers one against another, that they would not any more have returned of either side to declarations, or other paper war, which, if it could have done any good, would have done it long before this.
But seeing the Parliament continued writing, and set forth their declarations to the people against the lawfulness of the King’s commission of array, and sent petitions to the King as fierce and rebellious as ever they had done before, demanding of him that he would disband his soldiers, and come up to the Parliament, and leave those whom the Parliament called delinquents (which were none but the King’s best subjects) to their mercy, and pass such bills as they should advise him; would you not have the King set forth declarations and Edition: current; Page: [308]proclamations against the illegality of their ordinances, by which they levied soldiers against him, and answer those insolent petitions of theirs?
No; it had done him no good before, and therefore was not likely to do him any afterwards. For the common people, whose hands were to decide the controversy, understood not the reasons of either party; and for those that by ambition were once set upon the enterprise of changing the government, they cared not much what was reason and justice in the cause, but what strength they might procure by reducing the multitude with remonstrances from the Parliament House, or by sermons in the churches. And to their petitions, I would not have had any answer made at all, more than this; that if they would disband their army, and put themselves upon his mercy, they should find him more gracious than they expected.
That had been a gallant answer indeed, if it had proceeded from him after some extraordinary great victory in battle, or some extraordinary assurance of a victory at last in the whole war.
Why, what could have happened to him worse than at length he suffered, notwithstanding his gentle answers and all his reasonable declarations?
Nothing; but who knew that?
Any man might see that he was never likely to be restored to his right without victory: and such his stoutness being known to the people, would have brought to his assistance many more hands than all the arguments of law or force of eloquence, couched in declarations and other writings, could have done by far. And I wonder what kind of men Edition: current; Page: [309]they were, that hindered the King from taking this resolution?
You may know by the declarations themselves, which are very long and full of quotations of records and of cases formerly reported, that the penners of them were either lawyers by profession, or such gentlemen as had the ambition to be thought so. Besides, I told you before, that those which were then likeliest to have their counsel asked in this business, were averse to absolute monarchy, as also to absolute democracy or aristocracy; all which governments they esteemed tyranny, and were in love with monarchy which they used to praise by the name of mixed monarchy, though it were indeed nothing else but pure anarchy. And those men, whose pens the King most used in these controversies of law and politics, were such, if I have not been misinformed, as having been members of this Parliament, had declaimed against ship-money and other extra-parliamentary taxes, as much as any; but who when they saw the Parliament grow higher in their demands than they thought they would have done, went over to the King’s party.
Who were those?
It is not necessary to name any man, seeing I have undertaken only a short narration of the follies and other faults of men during this trouble; but not, by naming the persons, to give you, or any man else, occasion to esteem them the less, now that the faults on all sides have been forgiven.
When the business was brought to this height, by levying of soldiers and seizing of the navy and arms and other provisions on both sides, that no man was so blind as not to see they were in an Edition: current; Page: [310]estate of war one against another; why did not the King, by proclamation or message, according to his undoubted right, dissolve the Parliament, and thereby diminish in some part the authority of their levies, and of other their unjust ordinances?
You have forgotten that I told you, that the King himself, by a bill that he passed at the same time when he passed the bill for the execution of the Earl of Strafford, had given them authority to hold the Parliament till they should by consent of both Houses dissolve themselves. If therefore he had, by any proclamation or message to the Houses, dissolved them, they would to their former defamations of his Majesty’s actions have added this, that he was a breaker of his word: and not only in contempt of him have continued their session, but also have made an advantage of it to the increase and strengthening of their own party.
Would not the King’s raising of an army against them be interpreted as a purpose to dissolve them by force? And was it not as great a breach of promise to scatter them by force, as to dissolve them by proclamation? Besides, I cannot conceive that the passing of that act was otherwise intended than conditionally; so long as they should not ordain any thing contrary to the sovereign right of the King; which condition they had already by many of their ordinances broken. And I think that even by the law of equity, which is the unalterable law of nature, a man that has the sovereign power, cannot, if he would, give away the right of anything which is necessary for him to retain for the good government of his subjects, unless he do it in express words, saying, that he will have the Edition: current; Page: [311]sovereign power no longer. For the giving away that, which by consequence only, draws the sovereignty along with it, is not, I think, a giving away of the sovereignty; but an error, such as works nothing but an invalidity in the grant itself. And such was the King’s passing of this bill for the continuing of the Parliament as long as the two Houses pleased. But now that the war was resolved on on both sides, what needed any more dispute in writing?
I know not what need they had. But on both sides they thought it needful to hinder one another, as much as they could, from levying of soldiers; and, therefore, the King did set forth declarations in print, to make the people know that they ought not to obey the officers of the new militia set up by ordinance of Parliament, and also to let them see the legality of his own commissions of array. And the Parliament on their part did the like, to justify to the people the said ordinance, and to make the commission of array appear unlawful.
When the Parliament were levying of soldiers, was it not lawful for the King to levy soldiers to defend himself and his right, though there had been no other title for it but his own preservation, and that the name of commission of array had never before been heard of?
For my part, I think there cannot be a better title for war, than the defence of a man’s own right. But the people, at that time, thought nothing lawful for the King to do, for which there was not some statute made by Parliament. For the lawyers, I mean the judges of the courts at Westminster, and some few others, though but advocates, yet of great Edition: current; Page: [312]reputation for their skill in the common-laws and statutes of England, had infected most of the gentry of England with their maxims and cases prejudged, which they call precedents; and made them think so well of their own knowledge in the law, that they were very glad of this occasion to shew it against the King, and thereby to gain a reputation with the Parliament of being good patriots, and wise statesmen.
What was this commission of array?
King William the Conqueror had gotten into his hands by victory all the land in England, of which he disposed some part as forests and chases for his recreation, and some part to lords and gentlemen that had assisted him or were to assist him in the wars. Upon which he laid a charge of service in his wars, some with more men, and some with less, according to the lands he had given them: whereby, when the King sent men unto them with commission to make use of their service, they were obliged to appear with arms, and to accompany the King to the wars for a certain time at their own charges: and such were the commissions by which this King did then make his levies.
Why then was it not legal?
No doubt but it was legal. But what did that amount to with men, that were already resolved to acknowledge for law nothing that was against their design of abolishing monarchy, and placing a sovereign and absolute arbitrary power in the House of Commons.
To destroy monarchy, and set up the House of Commons, are two businesses.
They found it so at last, but did not think it so then.
Let us now come to the military part.
I intended only the story of their injustice, impudence, and hypocrisy; therefore, for the proceeding of the war, I refer you to the history thereof written at large in English. I shall only make use of such a thread as is necessary for the filling up of such knavery, and folly also, as I shall observe in their several actions.
From York the King went to Hull, where was his magazine of arms for the northern parts of England, to try if they would admit him. The Parliament had made Sir John Hotham governor of the town, who caused the gates to be shut, and presenting himself upon the walls flatly denied him entrance: for which the King caused him to be proclaimed traitor, and sent a message to the Parliament to know if they owned the action.
Upon what grounds?
Their pretence was this; that neither this nor any other town in England was otherwise the King’s, than in trust for the people of England.
But what was that to the Parliament?
Yes, say they; for we are the representatives of the people of England.
I cannot see the force of this argument: we represent the people, ergo, all that the people has is ours. The mayor of Hull did represent the King. Is therefore all that the King had in Hull, the mayor’s? The people of England may be represented with limitations, as to deliver a petition or the like. Does it follow that they, who deliver the petition, have right to all the towns in England? When began this Parliament to be a representative of England? Was it not November 3, 1640? Who was Edition: current; Page: [314]it the day before, that is November 2, that had the right to keep the King out of Hull and possess it for themselves? For there was then no Parliament. Whose was Hull then?
I think it was the King’s, not only because it was called the King’s town upon Hull, but because the King himself did then and ever represent the person of the people of England. If he did not, who then did, the Parliament having no being?
They might perhaps say, the people had then no representative.
Then there was no commonwealth; and consequently, all the towns of England being the people’s, you, and I, and any man else, might have put in for his share. You may see by this what weak people they were, that were carried into the rebellion by such reasoning as the Parliament used, and how impudent they were that did put such fallacies upon them.
Surely they were such as were esteemed the wisest men in England, being upon that account chosen to be of the Parliament.
And were they also esteemed the wisest men of England, that chose them?
I cannot tell that. For I know it is usual with the freeholders in the counties, and the tradesmen in the cities and boroughs, to choose, as near as they can, such as are most repugnant to the giving of subsidies.
The King in the beginning of August, after he had summoned Hull, and tried some of the counties thereabout what they would do for him, sets up his standard at Nottingham; but there came not in thither men enough to make an army sufficient Edition: current; Page: [315]to give battle to the Earl of Essex. From thence he went to Shrewsbury, where he was quickly furnished; and appointing the Earl of Lindsey to be general, he resolved to march towards London. The Earl of Essex was now at Worcester with the Parliament’s army, making no offer to stop him in his passage; but as soon as he was gone by, marched close after him.
The King, therefore, to avoid being enclosed between the army of the Earl of Essex and the city of London, turned upon him and gave him battle at Edgehill: where though he got not an entire victory, yet he had the better, if either had the better; and had certainly the fruit of a victory, which was to march on in his intended way towards London: in which the next morning he took Banbury-castle, and from thence went to Oxford, and thence to Brentford, where he gave a great defeat to three regiments of the Parliament’s forces, and so returned to Oxford.
Why did not the King go on from Brentford?
The Parliament, upon the first notice of the King’s marching from Shrewsbury, caused all the trained-bands and the auxiliaries of the city of London (which was so frightened as to shut up all their shops) to be drawn forth; so that there was a most complete and numerous army ready for the Earl of Essex, that was crept into London just at the time to head it. And this was it that made the King retire to Oxford. In the beginning of February after, Prince Rupert took Cirencester from the Parliament, with many prisoners and many arms: for it was newly made a magazine. And thus stood the business between the King’s and the Parliament’s Edition: current; Page: [316]greatest forces. The Parliament in the meantime caused a line of communication to be made about London and the suburbs, of twelve miles in compass; and constituted a committee for the association, and the putting into a posture of defence, of the counties of Essex, Cambridge, Suffolk, and some others; and one of these commissioners was Oliver Cromwell, from which employment he came to his following greatness.
What was done during this time in other parts of the country?
In the west, the Earl of Stamford had the employment of putting in execution the ordinance of Parliament for the militia; and Sir Ralph Hopton for the King executed the commission of array. Between these two was fought a battle at Liskeard in Cornwall, wherein Sir Ralph Hopton had the victory, and presently took a town called Saltash, with many arms and much ordnance and many prisoners. Sir William Waller in the meantime seized Winchester and Chichester for the Parliament. In the north, for the commission of array, my Lord of Newcastle, and for the militia of the Parliament was my Lord Fairfax. My Lord of Newcastle took from the Parliament Tadcaster, in which were a great part of the Parliament’s forces for that country, and had made himself, in a manner, master of all the north. About this time, that is to say in February, the Queen landed at Burlington, and was conducted by my Lord of Newcastle and the Marquis of Montrose to York, and not long after to the King. Divers other little advantages, besides these, the King’s party had of the Parliament’s in the north.
There happened also between the militia of the Parliament and the Commission of Array in Staffordshire, under my Lord Brook for the Parliament and my Lord of Northampton for the King, great contention, wherein both these commanders were slain. For my Lord Brook, besieging Litchfield-Close, was killed with a shot; notwithstanding which they gave not over the siege till they were masters of the Close. But presently after, my Lord of Northampton besieged it again for the King; which to relieve, Sir William Brereton and Sir John Gell advanced towards Litchfield, and were met at Hopton Heath by the Earl of Northampton, and routed. The Earl himself was slain; but his forces with victory returned to the siege again; and shortly after, seconded by Prince Rupert, who was then abroad in that country, carried the place. These were the chief actions of this year, 1642; wherein the King’s party had not much the worse.
But the Parliament had now a better army; insomuch that if the Earl of Essex had immediately followed the King to Oxford, not yet well fortified, he might in all likelihood have taken it. For he could not want either men or ammunition, whereof the city of London, which was wholly at the Parliament’s devotion, had store enough.
I cannot judge of that. But this is manifest, considering the estate the King was in at his first marching from York, when he had neither money nor men nor arms enough to put them in hope of victory, that this year, take it altogether, was very prosperous.
But what great folly or wickedness do you observe in the Parliament’s actions for this first year?
All that can be said against them in that point, will be excused with the pretext of war, and come under one name of rebellion; saving that when they summoned any town, it was always in the name of King and Parliament, the King being in the contrary army, and many times beating them from the siege. I do not see how the right of war can justify such impudence as that. But they pretended that the King was always virtually in the two Houses of Parliament; making a distinction between his person natural and politic; which made the impudence the greater, besides the folly of it. For this was but an university quibble, such as boys make use of in maintaining in the schools such tenets as they cannot otherwise defend.
In the end of this year they solicited also the Scots to enter England with an army, to suppress the power of the Earl of Newcastle in the North; which was a plain confession, that the Parliament’s forces were, at this time, inferior to the King’s. And most men thought, that if the Earl of Newcastle had then marched southward, and joined his forces with the King’s, most of the members of Parliament would have fled out of England.
In the beginning of 1643 the Parliament, seeing the Earl of Newcastle’s power in the North grown so formidable, sent to the Scots to hire them to an invasion of England, and (to compliment them in the meantime) made a covenant amongst themselves, such as the Scots had before taken against episcopacy, and demolished crosses and church-windows, such as had in them any images of saints, throughout all England. Also in the middle of the year, they made a solemn league with the nation, which was called the Solemn League and Covenant.
Are not the Scots as properly to be called foreigners as the Irish? Seeing then they persecuted the Earl of Strafford even to death, for advising the King to make use of Irish forces against the Parliament, with what face could they call in a Scotch army against the King?
The King’s party might easily here have discerned their design, to make themselves absolute masters of the kingdom and to dethrone the King. Another great impudence, or rather a bestial incivility, it was of theirs, that they voted the Queen a traitor, for helping the King with some ammunition and English forces from Holland.
Was it possible that all this could be done, and men not see that papers and declarations must be useless; and that nothing could satisfy them but the deposing of the King, and setting up of themselves in his place?
Yes; very possible. For who was there of them, though knowing that the King had the sovereign power, that knew the essential rights of sovereignty? They dreamt of a mixed power, of the King and the two Houses. That it was a divided power, in which there could be no peace, was above their understanding. Therefore they were always urging the King to declarations and treaties, for fear of subjecting themselves to the King in an absolute obedience; which increased the hope and courage of the rebels, but did the King little good. For the people either understand not, or will not trouble themselves with controversies in writing, but rather, by his compliance and messages, go away with an opinion that the Parliament was likely to have the victory in the war. Besides, seeing the penners Edition: current; Page: [320]and contrivers of these papers were formerly members of the Parliament, and of another mind, and now revolted from the Parliament because they could not bear that sway in the House which they expected, men were apt to think they believed not what they writ.
As for military actions (to begin at the head quarters) Prince Rupert took Birmingham, a garrison of the Parliament’s. In July after, the King’s forces had a great victory over the Parliament’s, near Devizes on Roundway-Down, where they took 2,000 prisoners, four brass pieces of ordnance, twenty-eight colours, and all their baggage; and shortly after, Bristol was surrendered to Prince Rupert for the King; and the King himself marching into the west, took from the Parliament many other considerable places.
But this good fortune was not a little allayed by his besieging of Gloucester, which after it was reduced to the last gasp, was relieved by the Earl of Essex; whose army was before greatly wasted, but now suddenly recruited with the trained bands and apprentices of London.
It seems not only by this, but also by many examples in history, that there can hardly arise a long or dangerous rebellion, that has not some such overgrown city with an army or two in its belly to foment it.
Nay more; those great capital cities, when rebellion is upon pretence of grievances, must needs be of the rebel party: because the grievances are but taxes, to which citizens, that is, merchants, whose profession is their private gain, are naturally mortal enemies; their only glory being to Edition: current; Page: [321]grow excessively rich by the wisdom of buying and selling.
But they are said to be of all callings the most benefical to the commonwealth, by setting the poorer sort of people on work.
That is to say, by making poor people sell their labour to them at their own prices; so that poor people, for the most part, might get a better living by working in Bridewell, than by spinning, weaving, and other such labour as they can do; saving that by working slightly they may help themselves a little, to the disgrace of our manufacture. And as most commonly they are the first encouragers of rebellion, presuming of their strength; so also are they, for the most part, the first to repent, deceived by them that command their strength.
But to return to the war; though the King withdrew from Gloucester, yet it was not to fly from, but to fight with the Earl of Essex, which presently after he did at Newbury, where the battle was bloody, and the King had not the worst, unless Cirencester be put into the scale, which the Earl of Essex had in his way a few days before surprised.
But in the north and the west, the King had much the better of the Parliament. For in the north, at the very beginning of the year, March 29th, the Earls of Newcastle and Cumberland defeated the Lord Fairfax, who commanded in those parts for the Parliament, at Bramham Moor; which made the Parliament to hasten the assistance of the Scots.
In June following the Earl of Newcastle routed Sir Thomas Fairfax, son to the Lord Fairfax, upon Adderton Heath, and, in pursuit of them to Bradford, Edition: current; Page: [322]took and killed 2,000 men, and the next day took the town and 2,000 prisoners more (Sir Thomas himself hardly escaping) with all their arms and ammunition; and besides this, made the Lord Fairfax quit Halifax and Beverley. Lastly, Prince Rupert relieved Newark, besieged by Sir John Meldrun for the Parliament with 7,000 men, whereof 1,000 were slain; the rest upon articles departed, leaving behind them their arms, bag and baggage.
To balance in part this success, the Earl of Manchester, whose lieutenant-general was Oliver Cromwell, got a victory over the royalists near Horncastle, of whom he slew 400, took 800 prisoners and 1,000 arms, and presently after took and plundered the city of Lincoln.
In the West, May the 16th, Sir Ralph Hopton at Stratton, in Cornwall, had a victory over the Parliamentarians, wherein he took 1700 prisoners, thirteen brass pieces of ordnance, and all their ammunition, which was seventy barrels of powder; and the magazine of their other provisions in the town.
Again at Lansdown, between Sir Ralph Hopton and the Parliamentarians under Sir William Waller, was fought a fierce battle, wherein the victory was not very clear on either side; saving that the Parliamentarians might seem to have the better, because presently after Sir William Waller followed Sir Ralph Hopton to Devizes, in Wiltshire, though to his cost; for there he was overthrown, as I have already told you.
After this the King in person marched into the West, and took Exeter, Dorchester, Barnstable, and Edition: current; Page: [323]divers other places; and had he not at his return besieged Gloucester, and thereby given the Parliament time for new levies, it was thought by many he might have routed the House of Commons. But the end of this year was more favourable to the Parliament. For in January the Scots entered England, and, March the 1st, crossed the Tyne; and whilst the Earl of Newcastle was marching to them, Sir Thomas Fairfax gathered together a considerable party in Yorkshire, and the Earl of Manchester from Lyn advanced towards York; so that the Earl of Newcastle having two armies of the rebels behind him, and another before him, was forced to retreat to York; which those three armies joining presently besieged. And these are all the considerable military actions of the year 1643.
In the same year the Parliament caused to be made a new Great Seal. The Lord Keeper had carried the former seal to Oxford. Hereupon the King sent a messenger to the judges at Westminster, to forbid them to make use of it. This messenger was taken, and condemned at a council of war, and hanged for a spy.
Is that the law of war?
I know not: but it seems, when a soldier comes into the enemies’ quarters without address or notice given to the chief commander, that it is presumed he comes as a spy. The same year, when certain gentlemen at London received a commission of array from the King to levy men for his service in that city, being discovered, they were condemned, and some of them executed. This case is not much unlike the former.
Was not the making of a new Great Seal a Edition: current; Page: [324]sufficient proof that the war was raised, not to remove evil counsellors from the King, but to remove the King himself from the government? What hope then could there be had in messages and treaties?
The entrance of the Scots was a thing unexpected to the King, who was made to believe by continual letters from his commissioner in Scotland, Duke Hamilton, that the Scotch never intended any invasion. The Duke being then at Oxford, the King, assured that the Scotch were now entered, sent him prisoner to Pendennis Castle in Cornwall.
In the beginning of the year 1644, the Earl of Newcastle being, as I told you, besieged by the joint forces of the Scots, the Earl of Manchester and Sir Thomas Fairfax, the King sent Prince Rupert to relieve the town, and as soon as he could to give the enemy battle. Prince Rupert passing through Lancashire, and by the way having stormed that seditious town of Bolton, and taken Stockford and Liverpool, came to York July the 1st, and relieved it; the enemy being risen thence to a place called Marston Moor, about four miles off; and there was fought that unfortunate battle, which lost the King in a manner all the north. Prince Rupert returned by the way he came, and the Earl of Newcastle to York, and thence with some of his officers over the sea to Hamburgh.
The honour of this victory was attributed chiefly to Oliver Cromwell, the Earl of Manchester’s lieutenant-general. The Parliamentarians returned from the field to the siege of York, which not long after, upon honourable articles, was surrendered; not that they were favoured, but because the Parliament employed not much time nor many men in sieges.
This was a great and sudden abatement of the King’s prosperity.
It was so; but amends was made him for it within five or six weeks after. For Sir William Waller, after the loss of his army at Roundway-Down, had another raised for him by the city of London; who for the payment thereof imposed a weekly tax of the value of one meal’s meat upon every citizen. This army, with that of the Earl of Essex, intended to besiege Oxford; which the King understanding, sent the Queen into the west, and marched himself towards Worcester. This made them to divide again, and the Earl to go into the west, and Waller to pursue the King. By this means, as it fell out, both their armies were defeated. For the King turned upon Waller, routed him at Cropredy-bridge, took his train of artillery and many officers; and then presently followed the Earl of Essex into Cornwall, where he had him at such advantage, that the Earl himself was fain to escape in a small boat to Plymouth; his horse broke through the King’s quarters by night, but the infantry were all forced to lay down their arms, and upon condition never more to bear arms against the King were permitted to depart.
In October following was fought a second and sharp battle at Newbury. For this infantry, making no conscience of the conditions made with the King, being now come towards London as far as Basingstoke, had arms put again into their hands; to whom some of the trained-bands being added, the Earl of Essex had suddenly so great an army, that he attempted the King again at Newbury; and certainly had the better of the day, but the night Edition: current; Page: [326]parting them, had not a complete victory. And it was observed here, that no part of the Earl’s army fought so keenly as they who had laid down their arms in Cornwall.
These were the most important fights in the year 1644, and the King was yet, as both himself and others thought, in as good condition as the Parliament, which despaired of victory by the commanders they then used. Therefore they voted a new modelling of the army, suspecting the Earl of Essex, though I think wrongfully, to be too much a royalist, for not having done so much as they looked for in this second battle at Newbury. The Earls of Essex and Manchester, perceiving what they went about, voluntarily laid down their commissions; and the House of Commons made an ordinance, that no member of either House should enjoy any office or command, military or civil; with which oblique blow they shook off those that had hitherto served them too well. And yet out of this ordinance they excepted Oliver Cromwell, in whose conduct and valour they had very great confidence (which they would not have done, if they had known him as well then as they did afterwards), and made him lieutenant-general to Sir Thomas Fairfax, their new-made general. In the commission to the Earl of Essex, there was a clause for the preservation of his Majesty’s person, which in this new commission was left out; though the Parliament as well as the general were as yet Presbyterian.
It seems the Presbyterians also in order to their ends would fain have had the King murdered.
For my part I doubt it not. For a rightful king living, an usurping power can never be sufficiently secured.
In this same year the Parliament put to death Sir John Hotham and his son, for tampering with the Earl of Newcastle about the rendition of Hull; and Sir Alexander Carew, for endeavouring to deliver up Plymouth, where he was governor for the Parliament; and the Archbishop of Canterbury, for nothing but to please the Scots; for the general article of going about to subvert the fundamental laws of the land, was no accusation, but only foul words. They then also voted down the Book of Common-prayer, and ordered the use of a Directory, which had been newly composed by an Assembly of Presbyterian ministers. They were also then, with much ado, prevailed with for a treaty with the King at Uxbridge; where they remitted nothing of their former demands. The King had also at this time a Parliament at Oxford, consisting of such discontented members as had left the Houses at Westminster; but few of them had changed their old principles, and therefore that Parliament was not much worth. Nay rather, because they endeavoured nothing but messages and treaties, that is to say, defeating of the soldiers’ hope of benefit by the war, they were thought by most men to do the King more hurt than good.
The year 1645 was to the King very unfortunate; for by the loss of one great battle, he lost all he had formerly gotten, and at length his life. The new modelled army, after consultation whether they should lay siege to Oxford or march westward to the relief of Taunton, (then besieged by the Lord Goring, and defended by Blake, famous afterwards for his actions at sea), resolved for Taunton; leaving Cromwell to attend the motions of the King, Edition: current; Page: [328]though not strong enough to hinder him. The King upon this advantage drew his forces and artillery out of Oxford. This made the Parliament to call back their general, Fairfax, and order him to besiege Oxford. The King in the meantime relieved Chester, which was besieged by Sir William Brereton, and coming back took Leicester by force; a place of great importance, and well provided of artillery and provision.
Upon this success it was generally thought that the King’s party was the stronger. The King himself thought so; and the Parliament in a manner confessed the same, by commanding Fairfax to rise from the siege, and endeavour to give the King battle. For the successes of the King, and the divisions and treacheries growing now amongst themselves, had driven them to rely upon the fortune of one day; in which, at Naseby, the King’s army was utterly overthrown, and no hope left him to raise another. Therefore after the battle he went up and down, doing the Parliament here and there some shrewd turns, but never much increasing his number.
Fairfax in the meantime first recovered Leicester, and then marching into the west subdued it all, except only a few places, forcing with much ado my Lord Hopton upon honourable conditions to disband his army, and with the Prince of Wales to pass over to Scilly; whence not long after they went to Paris.
In April 1646 General Fairfax began to march back to Oxford. In the meantime Rainsborough, who besieged Woodstock, had it surrendered. The King therefore, who was now also returned to Oxford, Edition: current; Page: [329]from whence Woodstock is but six miles, not doubting but that he should there by Fairfax be besieged, and having no army, to relieve him, resolved to get away disguised to the Scotch army about Newark; and thither he came the 4th of May; and the Scotch army, being upon remove homewards, carried him with them to Newcastle, whither he came May 13th.
Why did the King trust himself with the Scots? They were the first that rebelled. They were Presbyterians, that is, cruel; besides, they were indigent, and consequently might be suspected would sell him to his enemies for money. And lastly, they were too weak to defend him, or keep him in their country.
What could he have done better? For he had in the winter before sent to the Parliament to get a pass for the Duke of Richmond and others, to bring them propositions of peace; it was denied. He sent again; it was denied again. Then he desired he might come to them in person; this also was denied. He sent again and again to the same purpose; but instead of granting it, they made an ordinance, that the commanders of the militia of London, in case the King should attempt to come within the line of communication, should raise what force they thought fit to suppress tumults, to apprehend such as came with him, and to secure, that is to imprison, his person from danger. If the King had adventured to come, and had been imprisoned, what could the Parliament have done with him? They had dethroned him by their votes, and therefore could have no security whilst he lived, though in prison. It may be they would not have Edition: current; Page: [330]put him to death by a high court of justice publicly, but secretly some other way.
He should have attempted to get beyond sea.
That had been from Oxford very difficult. Besides, it was generally believed that the Scotch army had promised him, that not only his Majesty, but also his friends that should come with him, should be in their army safe; not only for their persons, but also for their honours and consciences. It is a pretty trick, when the army and the particular soldiers of the army are different things, to make the soldiers promise what the army means not to perform.
July the 11th the Parliament sent their propositions to the King at Newcastle; which propositions they pretended to be the only way to a settled and well grounded peace. They were brought by the Earl of Pembroke, the Earl of Suffolk, Sir Walter Earle, Sir John Hippisley, Mr. Goodwin, and Mr. Robinson; whom the King asked if they had power to treat; and when they said no, why they might not as well have been sent by a trumpeter. The propositions were the same dethroning ones which they used to send, and therefore the King would not assent to them. Nor did the Scots swallow them at first, but made some exceptions against them; only, it seems, to make the Parliament perceive they meant not to put the King into their hands gratis. And so at last the bargain was made between them; and upon the payment of 200,000l. the King was put into the hands of the commissioners, which the English Parliament sent down to receive him.
What a vile complexion has this action, compounded Edition: current; Page: [331]of feigned religion and very covetousness, cowardice, perjury, and treachery!
Now the war, that seemed to justify many unseemly things, is ended, you will see almost nothing else in these rebels but baseness and falseness besides their folly.
By this time the Parliament had taken in all the rest of the King’s garrisons; whereof the last was Pendennis Castle, whither Duke Hamilton had been sent prisoner by the King.
What was done during this time in Ireland and Scotland?
In Ireland there had been a peace made by order from his Majesty for a time, which by divisions amongst the Irish was ill kept. The Popish party, the Pope’s nuncio being then there, took this to be the time for delivering themselves from their subjection to the English. Besides, the time of the peace was now expired.
How were they subject to the English, more than the English to the Irish? They were subject to the King of England; but so also were the English to the King of Ireland.
This distinction is somewhat too subtile for common understandings. In Scotland the Marquis of Montrose for the King, with very few men and miraculous victories, had overrun all Scotland, where many of his forces, out of too much security, were permitted to be absent for awhile; of which the enemy having intelligence, suddenly came upon them, and forced them to fly back into the Highlands to recruit; where he began to recover strength, when he was commanded by the King, Edition: current; Page: [332]then in the hands of the Scots at Newcastle, to disband; and he departed from Scotland by sea.
In the end of the same year, 1646, the Parliament caused the King’s Great Seal to be broken; also the King was brought to Holmeby, and there kept by the Parliament’s commissioners. And here was an end of that war as to England and Scotland, but not to Ireland. About this time also died the Earl of Essex, whom the Parliament had discarded.
Now that there was peace in England, and the King in prison, in whom was the sovereign power?
The right was certainly in the King, but the exercise was yet in nobody; but contended for as in a game at cards, without fighting, all the years 1647 and 1648, between the Parliament and Oliver Cromwell, lieutenant-general to Sir Thomas Fairfax.
You must know, that when King Henry VIII abolished the pope’s authority here, and took upon him to be the head of the Church, the bishops, as they could not resist him, so neither were they discontented with it. For whereas before the pope allowed not the bishops to claim jurisdiction in their diocesses jure divino, that is of right immediately from God, but by the gift and authority of the pope, now that the pope was ousted, they made no doubt but that the divine right was in themselves. After this, the city of Geneva, and divers other places beyond sea, having revolted from the papacy, set up presbyteries for the government of their several churches. And divers English scholars, that went beyond sea during the persecution in the time of Queen Mary, were much taken with this government, and at their return in the time Edition: current; Page: [333]of Queen Elizabeth, and ever since, have endeavoured, to the great trouble of the Church and nation, to set up that government here, wherein they might domineer and applaud their own wit and learning. And these took upon them not only a Divine right, but also a Divine inspiration. And having been connived at, and countenanced sometimes in their frequent preaching, they introduced many strange and many pernicious doctrines, out-doing the Reformation, as they pretended, both of Luther and Calvin; receding from the former divinity or church philosophy (for religion is another thing), as much as Luther and Calvin had receded from the pope; and distracted their auditors into a great number of sects, as Brownists, Anabaptists, Independents, Fifth-monarchy-men, Quakers, and divers others, all commonly called by the name of fanatics: insomuch as there was no so dangerous an enemy to the Presbyterians, as this brood of their own hatching.
These were Cromwell’s best cards, whereof he had a very great number in the army, and some in the House, whereof he himself was thought one; though he were nothing certain, but, applying himself always to the faction that was strongest, was of a colour like it.
There were in the army a great number, if not the greatest part, that aimed only at rapine and sharing the lands and goods of their enemies; and these also, upon the opinion they had of Cromwell’s valour and conduct, thought they could not any way better arrive at their ends than by adhering to him. Lastly, in the Parliament itself, though not the major part, yet a considerable number were Edition: current; Page: [334]fanatics enough to put in doubts, and cause delay in the resolutions of the House, and sometimes also by advantage of a thin House to carry a vote in favour of Cromwell, as they did upon the 26th of July. For whereas on the 4th of May precedent the Parliament had voted that the militia of London should be in the hands of a committee of citizens, whereof the Lord Mayor for the time being should be one; shortly after, the Independents, chancing to be the majority, made an ordinance, by which it was put into hands more favourable to the army.
The best cards the Parliament had, were the city of London and the person of the King. The General, Sir Thomas Fairfax, was right Presbyterian, but in the hands of the army, and the army in the hands of Cromwell; but which party should prevail, depended on the playing of the game. Cromwell protested still obedience and fidelity to the Parliament; but meaning nothing less, bethought him and resolved on a way to excuse himself of all that he should do to the contrary upon the army. Therefore he and his son-in-law, Commissary-General Ireton (as good at contriving as himself, and at speaking and writing better), contrive how to mutiny the army against the Parliament. To this end they spread a whisper through the army, that the Parliament, now they had the King, intended to disband them, to cheat them of their arrears, and to send them into Ireland to be destroyed by the Irish. The army being herewith enraged, were taught by Ireton to erect a council amongst themselves of two soldiers out of every troop and every company, to consult for the good of the army, and to assist at the council of war, and to advise for the Edition: current; Page: [335]peace and safety of the kingdom. These were called adjutators; so that whatsoever Cromwell would have to be done, he needed nothing to make them do it but secretly to put it into the head of these adjutators. The effect of the first consultation was to take the King from Holmeby and to bring him to the army.
The general hereupon, by letter to the Parliament, excuses himself and Cromwell, and the body of the army, as ignorant of the fact; and that the King came away willingly with those soldiers that brought him: assuring them withal, that the whole army intended nothing but peace, nor opposed Presbytery, nor affected Independency, nor did hold any licentious freedom in religion.
It is strange that Sir Thomas Fairfax could be so abused by Cromwell as to believe this which he himself here writes.
I cannot believe that Cornet Joyce could go out of the army with 1,000 soldiers to fetch the King, and neither the general nor the lieutenant-general, nor the body of the army take notice of it. And that the King went willingly, appears to be false by a message sent on purpose from his Majesty to the Parliament.
Here is perfidy upon perfidy: first, the perfidy of the Parliament against the King, and then the perfidy of the army against the Parliament.
This was the first trick Cromwell played, whereby he thought himself to have gotten so great an advantage that he said openly, “That he had the Parliament in his pocket,” as indeed he had, and the city too. For upon the news of it they were, both one and the other, in very great disorder, Edition: current; Page: [336]and the more, because there came with it a rumour that the army was marching up to London.
The King in the meantime, till his residence was settled at Hampton Court, was carried from place to place, not without some ostentation; but with much more liberty, and with more respect shewn him by far, than when he was in the hands of the Parliament’s commissioners; for his own chaplains were allowed him, and his children and some friends permitted to see him. Besides that, he was much complimented by Cromwell, who promised him, in a serious and seeming passionate manner, to restore him to his right against the Parliament.
How was he sure he could do that?
He was not sure; but he was resolved to march up to the city and Parliament, to set up the King again, and be the second man, unless in the attempt he found better hope, than yet he had, to make himself the first man by dispossessing the King.
What assistance against the Parliament and the city could Cromwell expect from the King?
By declaring directly for him he might have had all the King’s party, which were many more now since his misfortune than ever they were before. For in the Parliament itself, there were many that had discovered the hypocrisy and private aims of their fellows: many were converted to their duty by their own natural reason; and their compassion for the King’s sufferings had begot generally an indignation against the Parliament: so that if they had been by the protection of the present army brought together and embodied, Cromwell might have done what he had pleased, in the first Edition: current; Page: [337]place for the King, and in the second for himself. But it seems he meant first to try what he could do without the King; and if that proved enough, to rid his hands of him.
What did the Parliament and city do to oppose the army?
First, the Parliament sent to the general to redeliver the King to their commissioners. Instead of an answer to this, the army sent articles to the Parliament, and with them a charge against eleven of their members, all of them active Presbyterians: of which articles these are some: 1. That the House may be purged of those, who, by the self-denying ordinance, ought not to be there; 2. That such as abused and endangered the kingdom, might be disabled to do the like hereafter; 3. That a day might be appointed to determine this Parliament; 4. That they would make an account to the kingdom of the vast sums of money they had received; 5. That the eleven members might presently be suspended sitting in the House. These were the articles that put them to their trumps; and they answered none of them, but that of the suspension of the eleven members, which they said they could not do by law till the particulars of the charge were produced: but this was soon answered with their own proceeding against the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Earl of Strafford.
The Parliament being thus somewhat awed, and the King made somewhat confident, he undertakes the city, requiring the Parliament to put the militia of London into other hands.
What other hands? I do not well understand you.
I told you that the militia of London was, on the 4th of May, put into the hands of the lord-mayor and other citizens, and soon after put into the hands of other men more favourable to the army. And now I am to tell you, that on July the 26th, the violence of certain apprentices and disbanded soldiers forced the Parliament to re-settle it as it was, in the citizens; and hereupon the two speakers and divers of the members ran away to the army, where they were invited and contented to sit and vote in the council of war in nature of a Parliament. And out of the citizens’ hands they would have the militia taken away, and put again into those hands out of which it was taken the 26th of July.
What said the city to this?
The Londoners manned their works, viz: the line of communication; raised an army of valiant men within the line; chose good officers, all being desirous to go out and fight whensoever the city should give them order; and in that posture stood expecting the enemy.
The soldiers in the meantime enter into an engagement to live and die with Sir Thomas Fairfax, and the Parliament, and the army.
That is very fine. They imitate that which the Parliament did, when they first took up arms against the King, styling themselves the King and Parliament, maintaining that the King was always virtually in his Parliament: so the army now, making war against the Parliament, called themselves the Parliament and the army: but they might, with more reason, say, that the Parliament, since it was in Cromwell’s pocket, was virtually in the army.
Withal they send out a declaration of the grounds of their march towards London; wherein they take upon them to be judges of the Parliament, and of who are fit to be trusted with the business of the kingdom, giving them the name, not of the Parliament, but of the gentlemen at Westminster. For since the violence they were under July the 26th, the army denied them to be a lawful Parliament. At the same time they sent a letter to the mayor and aldermen of London, reproaching them with those late tumults; telling them they were enemies to the peace, treacherous to the Parliament, unable to defend either the Parliament or themselves; and demanded to have the city delivered into their hands, to which purpose, they said, they were now coming to them. The general also sent out his warrants to the counties adjacent, summoning their trained soldiers to join with them.
Were the trained soldiers part of the general’s army?
No, nor at all in pay, nor could be without an order of Parliament. But what might an army not do, after it had mastered all the laws of the land? The army being come to Hounslow Heath, distant from London but ten miles, the Court of Aldermen was called to consider what to do. The captains and soldiers of the city were willing, and well provided, to go forth and give them battle. But a treacherous officer, that had charge of a work on Southwark side, had let in within the line a small party of the enemies, who marched as far as to the gate of London-bridge; and then the Court of Aldermen, their hearts failing them, submitted on Edition: current; Page: [340]these conditions: to relinquish their militia; to desert the eleven members; to deliver up the forts and line of communication, together with the Tower of London, and all magazines and arms therein, to the army; to disband their forces and turn out all the reformadoes, that is, all Essex’s old soldiers; to draw off the guards from the Parliament. All which was done, and the army marched triumphantly through the principal streets of the city.
It is strange that the mayor and aldermen, having such an army, should so quickly yield. Might they not have resisted the party of the enemy at the bridge, with a party of their own; and the rest of the enemies, with the rest of their own?
I cannot judge of that: but to me it would have been strange if they had done otherwise. For I consider the most part of rich subjects, that have made themselves so by craft and trade, as men that never look upon anything but their present profit; and who, to every thing not lying in that way, are in a manner blind, being amazed at the very thought of plundering. If they had understood what virtue there is to preserve their wealth in obedience to their lawful sovereign, they would never have sided with the Parliament; and so we had had no need of arming. The mayor and aldermen therefore, being assured by this submission to save their goods, and not sure of the same by resisting, seem to me to have taken the wisest course. Nor was the Parliament less tame than the city. For presently, August the 6th, the general brought the fugitive speakers and members to the House with a strong guard of soldiers, and replaced the speakers in their chairs. And for this they gave the general thanks, not only Edition: current; Page: [341]there in the House, but appointed also a day for a holy thanksgiving; and not long after made him Generalissimo of all the forces of England and Constable of the Tower. But in effect all this was the advancement of Cromwell; for he was the usufructuary, though the property were in Sir Thomas Fairfax. For the Independents immediately cast down the whole line of communication; divided the militia of London, Westminster and Southwark, which were before united; displaced such governors of towns and forts as were not for their turn, though placed there by ordinance of Parliament; instead of whom, they put in men of their own party. They also made the Parliament to declare null all that had passed in the Houses from July the 26th to August the 6th, and clapped in prison some of the lords, and some of the most eminent citizens, whereof the lord mayor was one.
Cromwell had power enough now to restore the King. Why did he not?
His main end was to set himself in his place. The restoring of the King was but a reserve against the Parliament, which being in his pocket, he had no more need of the King, who was now an impediment to him. To keep him in the army was a trouble; to let him fall into the hands of the Presbyterians had been a stop to his hopes; to murder him privately, besides the horror of the act, now whilst he was no more than lieutenant-general, would have made him odious without furthering his design. There was nothing better for his purpose than to let him escape from Hampton Court, where he was too near the Parliament, whither he pleased beyond the sea. For though Cromwell had a great Edition: current; Page: [342]party in the Parliament House whilst they saw not his ambition to be their master, yet they would have been his enemies as soon as that had appeared. To make the King attempt an escape, some of those that had him in custody, by Cromwell’s direction told him that the adjutators meant to murder him; and withal caused a rumour of the same to be generally spread, to the end it might that way also come to the King’s ear, as it did.
The King, therefore, in a dark and rainy night, his guards being retired, as it was thought, on purpose, left Hampton Court and went to the sea-side about Southampton, where a vessel had been bespoken to transport him but failed; so that the King was forced to trust himself with Colonel Hammond, then governor of the Isle of Wight; expecting perhaps some kindness from him, for Dr. Hammond’s sake, brother to the colonel and his Majesty’s much favoured chaplain. But it proved otherwise; for the colonel sent to his masters of the Parliament, to receive their orders concerning him. This going into the Isle of Wight was not likely to be any part of Cromwell’s design, who neither knew whither nor which way he would go; nor had Hammond known any more than other men, if the ship had come to the appointed place in due time.
If the King had escaped into France, might not the French have assisted him with forces to recover his kingdom, and so frustrated the designs both of Cromwell and all the King’s other enemies?
Yes, much; just as they assisted his son, our present most gracious Sovereign, who two years before fled thither out of Cornwall.
It is methinks no great polity in neighbouring Edition: current; Page: [343]princes to favour, so often as they do, one another’s rebels, especially when they rebel against monarchy itself. They should rather, first, make a league against rebellion, and afterwards, if there be no remedy, fight one against another. Nor will that serve the turn amongst Christian sovereigns, till preaching be better looked to, whereby the interpretation of a verse in the Hebrew, Greek, or Latin Bible, is oftentimes the cause of civil war and the deposing and assassinating of God’s anointed. And yet, converse with those divinity-disputers as long as you will, you will hardly find one in a hundred discreet enough to be employed in any great affair either of war or peace. It is not the right of the sovereign, though granted to him by every man’s express consent, that can enable him to do his office; it is the obedience of the subject, that must do that. For what good is it to promise allegiance, and then by and by to cry out, as some ministers did in the pulpit, To your tents, O Israel!? Common people know nothing of right or wrong by their own meditation; they must therefore be taught the grounds of their duty, and the reasons why calamities ever follow disobedience to their lawful sovereigns. But to the contrary, our rebels were publicly taught rebellion in the pulpits; and that there was no sin, but the doing of what the preachers forbade, or the omission of what they advised. But now the King was the Parliament’s prisoner, why did not the Presbyterians advance their own interest by restoring him?
The Parliament, in which there were more Presbyterians yet than Independents, might have gotten what they would of the King during his life, Edition: current; Page: [344]if they had not by an unconscionable and sottish ambition obstructed the way to their ends. They sent him four propositions, to be signed and passed by him as Acts of Parliament; telling him, when these were granted, they would send commissioners to treat with him of any other articles.
The propositions were these: First, that the Parliament should have the militia, and the power of levying money to maintain it, for twenty years; and after that term, the exercise thereof to return to the King, in case the Parliament think the safety of the kingdom concerned in it.
The first article takes from the King the militia, and consequently the whole sovereignty for ever.
The second was, that the King should justify the proceedings of the Parliament against himself; and declare void all oaths and declarations made by him against the Parliament.
This was to make him guilty of the war, and of all the blood spilt therein.
The third was, to take away all titles of honour conferred by the King since the Great Seal was carried to him in May 1642.
The fourth was, that the Parliament should adjourn themselves, when, and to what place, and for what time they pleased.
These propositions the King refused to grant, as he had reason; but sent others of his own, not much less advantageous to the Parliament, and desired a personal treaty with the Parliament for the settling of the peace of the kingdom. But the Parliament denying them to be sufficient for that purpose, voted that there should be no more addresses made Edition: current; Page: [345]to him, nor messages received from him; but that they would settle the kingdom without him. And this they voted partly upon the speeches and menaces of the army-faction then present in the House of Commons, whereof one advised these three points: 1. To secure the King in some inland castle with guards; 2. To draw up articles of impeachment against him; 3. To lay him by, and settle the kingdom without him.
Another said, that his denying of the four bills was the denying protection to his subjects; and that therefore they might deny him subjection; and added, that till the Parliament forsook the army, the army would never forsake the Parliament. This was threatening.
Last of all, Cromwell himself told them, it was now expected that the Parliament should govern and defend the kingdom, and not any longer let the people expect their safety from a man whose heart God had hardened; nor let those, that had so well defended the Parliament, be left hereafter to the rage of an irreconcilable enemy, lest they seek their safety some other way. This again was threatening; as also the laying his hand upon his sword when he spake it.
And hereupon the vote of non-addresses was made an ordinance; which the House would afterwards have recalled, but was forced by Cromwell to keep their word.
The Scotch were displeased with it; partly, because their brethren the Presbyterians had lost a great deal of their power in England; and partly also, because they had sold the King into their hands.
The King now published a passionate complaint Edition: current; Page: [346]to his people of this hard dealing with him; which made them pity him, but not yet rise in his behalf.
Was not this, think you, the true time for Cromwell to take possession?
By no means. There were yet many obstacles to be removed. He was not general of the army. The army was still for a Parliament. The city of London discontented about their militia. The Scots expected with an army to rescue the King. His adjutators were levellers, and against monarchy, who though they had helped him to bring under the Parliament, yet, like dogs that are easily taught to fetch, and not easily taught to render, would not make him king. So that Cromwell had these businesses following to overcome, before he could formally make himself a sovereign prince: 1. To be Generalissimo: 2. To remove the King: 3. To suppress all insurrections here: 4. To oppose the Scots: and lastly, to dissolve the present Parliament. Mighty businesses, which he could never promise himself to overcome. Therefore I cannot believe he then thought to be King; but only by well serving the strongest party, which was always his main polity, to proceed as far as that and fortune would carry him.
The Parliament were certainly no less foolish than wicked, in deserting thus the King, before they had the army at a better command than they had.
In the beginning of 1648 the Parliament gave commission to Philip Earl of Pembroke, then made Chancellor of Oxford, together with some of the doctors there as good divines as he, to purge the Edition: current; Page: [347]University. By virtue whereof they turned out all such as were not of their faction, and all such as had approved the use of the Common-prayer-book; as also divers scandalous ministers and scholars, that is, such as customarily and without need took the name of God into their mouths, or used to speak wantonly, or use the company of lewd women: and for this last I cannot but commend them.
So shall not I; for it is just such another piece of piety, as to turn men out of an hospital because they are lame. Where can a man probably learn godliness, and how to correct his vices, better than in the universities erected for that purpose?
It may be, the Parliament thought otherwise. For I have often heard the complaints of parents, that their children were debauched there to drunkenness, wantonness, gaming, and other vices consequent to these. Nor is it a wonder amongst so many youths, if they did corrupt one another in despite of their tutors, who oftentimes were little elder than themselves. And therefore I think the Parliament did not much reverence that institution of universities, as to the bringing up of young men to virtue; though many of them learned there to preach, and became thereby capable of preferment and maintenance; and some others were sent thither by their parents, to save themselves the trouble of governing them at home, during that time wherein children are least governable. Nor do I think the Parliament cared more for the clergy than other men did. But certainly an university is an excellent servant to the clergy; and the clergy, if it be not carefully looked to, by their dissensions in doctrines Edition: current; Page: [348]and by the advantage to publish their dissensions, is an excellent means to divide a kingdom into factions.
But seeing there is no place in this part of the world, where philosophy and other human sciences are not highly valued; where can they be learned better than in the Universities?
What other sciences? Do not divines comprehend all civil and moral philosophy within their divinity? And as for natural philosophy, is it not removed from Oxford and Cambridge to Gresham College in London, and to be learned out of their gazettes? But we are gone from our subject.
No; we are indeed gone from the greater businesses of the kingdom; to which, if you please, let us return.
The first insurrection, or rather tumult, was that of the apprentices, on the 9th of April. But this was not upon the King’s account, but arose from a customary assembly of them for recreation in Moorfields, whence some zealous officers of the trained soldiers would needs drive them away by force; but were themselves routed with stones; and had their ensign taken away by the apprentices, which they carried about in the streets, and frighted the lord mayor into his house; where they took a gun called a drake; and then they set guards at some of the gates, and all the rest of the day childishly swaggered up and down: but the next day the general himself marching into the city, quickly dispersed them. This was but a small business, but enough to let them see that the Parliament was ill-beloved of the people.
Next, the Welch took arms against them. There were three colonels in Wales, Langhorne, Poyer, and Powel, who had formerly done the Parliament good service, but now were commanded to disband; which they refused to do; and the better to strengthen themselves, declared for the King; and were about 8,000.
About the same time, in Wales also, was another insurrection, headed by Sir Nicholas Keymish, and another under Sir John Owen; so that now all Wales was in rebellion against the Parliament: and yet all these were overcome in a month’s time by Cromwell and his officers; but not without store of bloodshed on both sides.
I do not much pity the loss of those men, that impute to the King that which they do upon their own quarrel.
Presently after this, some of the people of Surrey sent a petition to the Parliament for a personal treaty between the King and Parliament; but their messengers were beaten home again by the soldiers that were quartered about Westminster and the mews. And then the Kentish men having a like petition to deliver, and seeing how ill it was like to be received, threw it away and took up arms. They had many gallant officers, and for general the Earl of Norwich; and increased daily by apprentices and old disbanded soldiers. Insomuch as the Parliament was glad to restore to the city their militia, and to keep guards on the Thames side: and then Fairfax marched towards the enemy.
And then the Londoners, I think, might easily and suddenly have mastered, first the Parliament, Edition: current; Page: [350]and next Fairfax his 8,000, and lastly Cromwell’s army; or at least have given the Scotch army opportunity to march unfoughten to London.
It is true: but the city was never good at venturing; nor were they or the Scots principled to have a King over them, but under them. Fairfax marching with his 8,000 against the royalists, routed a part of them at Maidstone; another part were taking in other places in Kent further off; and the Earl of Norwich with the rest came to Blackheath, and thence sent to the city to get passage through it, to join with those which were risen in Essex under Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle; which being denied, the greatest part of his Kentish men deserted him. With the rest, not above 500, he crossed the Thames into the Isle of Dogs, and so to Bow, and thence to Colchester. Fairfax having notice of this, crossed the Thames at Gravesend; and overtaking them, besieged them in Colchester. The town had no defence but a breastwork, and yet held out, upon hope of the Scotch army to relieve them, the space of two months. Upon the news of the defeat of the Scots they were forced to yield. The Earl of Norwich was sent prisoner to London. Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle, two loyal and gallant persons, were shot to death. There was also another little insurrection, headed by the Earl of Holland, about Kingston; but quickly suppressed, and he himself taken prisoner.
How came the Scots to be so soon dispatched?
Merely, as it is said, for want of conduct. Edition: current; Page: [351]Their army was led by Duke Hamilton, who was then set at liberty, when Pendennis Castle, where he was prisoner, was taken by the Parliamentarians. He entered England with horse and foot 15,000, to which came above 3,000 English royalists. Against these Cromwell marched out of Wales with horse and foot 11,000, and near to Preston in Lancashire, in less than two hours, defeated them. And the cause of it is said to be, that the Scotch army was so ordered as they could not all come to the fight, nor relieve their fellows. After the defeat, they had no way to fly but further into England; so that in the pursuit they were almost all taken, and lost all that an army can lose; for the few that got home, did not all bring home their swords. Duke Hamilton was taken, and not long after sent to London. But Cromwell marched on to Edinburgh, and there, by the help of the faction which was contrary to Hamilton’s, he made sure not to be hindered in his designs; the first whereof was to take away the King’s life by the hand of the Parliament.
Whilst these things passed in the north, the Parliament, Cromwell being away, came to itself, and recalling their vote of non-addresses, sent to the King new propositions, somewhat, but not much, easier than formerly. And upon the King’s answer to them, they sent commissioners to treat with him at Newport in the Isle of Wight; where they so long dodged with him about trifles, that Cromwell was come to London before they had done, to the King’s destruction. For the army was now wholly at the devotion of Cromwell, who set the adjutators on work again to make a remonstrance to the House Edition: current; Page: [352]of Commons, wherein they require: 1. That the King be brought to justice: 2. That the Prince and the Duke of York be summoned to appear at a day appointed, and proceeded with, according as they should give satisfaction: 3. That the Parliament settle the peace and future government, and set a reasonable period to their own sitting, and make certain future Parliaments annual or biennial: 4. That a competent number of the King’s chief instruments be executed. And this to be done both by the House of Commons and by a general agreement of the people testified by their subscriptions. Nor did they stay for an answer, but presently set a guard of soldiers at the Parliament-house door, and other soldiers in Westminster Hall, suffering none to go into the House but such as would serve their turns. All others were frighted away, or made prisoners, and some upon divers quarrels suspended; above ninety of them, because they had refused to vote against the Scots; and others, because they had voted against the vote of non-addresses: and the rest were a House for Cromwell. The fanatics also in the city being countenanced by the army, pack a new common-council, whereof any forty was to be above the mayor; and their first work was to frame a petition for justice against the King, which Tichborne, the mayor, involving the city in the regicide, delivered to the Parliament.
At the same time, with the like violence, they took the King from Newport in the Isle of Wight, to Hurst Castle, till things were ready for his trial. The Parliament in the meantime, to avoid perjury, by an ordinance declared void the oaths of supremacy Edition: current; Page: [353]and allegiance, and presently after made another to bring the King to his trial.
This is a piece of law that I understood not before, that when many swear singly, they may, when they are assembled, if they please, absolve themselves.
The ordinance being drawn up was brought into the House, where after three several readings it was voted, “that the Lords and Commons of England, assembled in Parliament, do declare, that by the fundamental laws of the realm, it is treason in the King of England to levy war against the Parliament.” And this vote was sent up to the Lords; and they denying their consent, the Commons in anger made another vote; “That all members of committees should proceed and act in any ordinance, whether the Lords concurred or no; and that the people, under God, are the original of all just power; and that the House of Commons have the supreme power of the nation; and that whatsoever the House of Commons enacteth, is law.” All this passed nemine contradicente.
These propositions fight not only against the King of England, but against all the kings of the world. It were good they thought on it. But yet, I believe, under God the original of all laws was in the people.
But the people, for them and their heirs, by consent and oaths, have long ago put the supreme power of the nation into the hands of their kings, for them and their heirs; and consequently into the hands of this King, their known and lawful heir.
But does not the Parliament represent the people?
Yes, to some purposes; as to put up petitions to the King, when they have leave, and are grieved; but not to make a grievance of the King’s power. Besides, the Parliament never represents the people but when the King calls them; nor is it to be imagined that he calls a Parliament to depose himself. Put the case, every county and borough should have given this Parliament for a benevolence a sum of money; and that every county, meeting in their county-court or elsewhere, and every borough in their town-hall, should have chosen men to carry their several sums respectively to the Parliament. Had not these men represented the whole nation?
Do you think the Parliament would have thought it reasonable to be called to account by this representative?
No, sure; and yet I must confess the case is the same.
This ordinance contained, first, a summary of the charge against the King, in substance this; that not content with the encroachments of his predecessors upon the freedom of the people, he had designed to set up a tyrannical government; and to that end, had raised and maintained in the land a civil war against the Parliament, whereby the country hath been miserably wasted, the public treasure exhausted, thousands of people murdered, and infinite other mischiefs committed. Secondly, a constitution passed of a high court of justice, that is, of a certain number of commissioners, of whom any twenty had power to try the King, and Edition: current; Page: [355]to proceed to sentence according to the merit of the cause, and see it speedily executed.
The commissioners met on Saturday, January 20th, in Westminster Hall, and the King was brought before them; where, sitting in a chair, he heard the charge read, but denied to plead to it either guilty or not guilty, till he should know by what lawful authority he was brought thither. The president told him that the Parliament affirmed their own authority; and the King still persevered in his refusal to plead. Though many words passed between him and the president, yet this was the substance of it all.
On Monday January 22nd the court met again, and the solicitor moved that if the King persisted in denying the authority of the court, the charge might be taken pro confesso: but the King still denied their authority.
They met again January the 23rd, and then the solicitor moved the court for judgment; whereupon the King was required to give his final answer; which was again a denial of their authority.
Lastly, they met again January the 27th, where the King desired to be heard before the Lords and Commons in the Painted Chamber, and promising after that to abide the judgment of the court. The commissioners retired for half an hour to consider of it, and then returning caused the King to be brought again to the bar, and told him that what he proposed was but another denial of the court’s jurisdiction; and that if he had no more to say, they would proceed. Then the King answering that he had no more to say, the president began a long speech in justification of the Parliament’s proceedings, Edition: current; Page: [356]producing the examples of many kings killed or deposed by wicked Parliaments, ancient and modern, in England, Scotland, and other parts of the world. All which he endeavoured to justify from this only principle; that the people have the supreme power, and the Parliament is the people. This speech ended, the sentence of death was read; and the same upon Tuesday after, January 30th, executed at the gate of his own palace of Whitehall. He that can delight in reading how villainously he was used by the soldiers between the sentence and execution, may go to the chronicle itself; in which he shall see what courage, patience, wisdom, and goodness was in this prince, whom in their charge the members of that wicked Parliament styled tyrant, traitor, and murderer.
The King being dead, the same day they made an act of Parliament, that whereas several pretences might be made to the crown, &c. it is enacted by this present Parliament and by authority of the same, that no person presume to declare, proclaim, or publish, or any way promote Charles Stuart, son of Charles late King of England, commonly called Prince of Wales, or any other person, to be King of England or Ireland, &c.
Seeing the King was dead, and his successor barred; by what declared authority was the peace maintained?
They had, in their anger against the Lords, formerly declared the supreme power of the nation to be in the House of Commons; and now, on February the 5th, they vote the House of Lords to be useless and dangerous. And thus the kingdom is turned Edition: current; Page: [357]into a democracy, or rather an oligarchy: for presently they made an act, that none of those members, who were secluded for opposing the vote of non-addresses, should ever be re-admitted. And these were commonly called the secluded members; and the rest were by some styled a Parliament, and by others the Rump.
I think you need not now have a catalogue, either of the vices, or of the crimes, or of the follies of the greatest part of them that composed the Long Parliament; than which greater cannot be in the world. What greater vices than irreligion, hypocrisy, avarice and cruelty; which have appeared so eminently in the actions of Presbyterian members, and Presbyterian ministers? What greater crimes than blaspheming and killing God’s anointed; which was done by the hands of the Independents; but by the folly and first treason of the Presbyterians who betrayed and sold him to his murderers? Nor was it a little folly in the Lords, not to see that by the taking away of the King’s power they lost withal their own privileges; or to think themselves, either for number or judgment, any way a considerable assistance to the House of Commons. And for those men who had skill in the laws, it was no great sign of understanding not to perceive that the laws of the land were made by the King, to oblige his subjects to peace and justice, and not to oblige himself that made them. And lastly and generally, all men are fools which pull down anything which does them good, before they have set up something better in its place. He that would set up democracy with an army, should have an army to maintain it; but Edition: current; Page: [358]these men did it, when those men had the army that were resolved to pull it down. To these follies I might add the folly of those fine men, which out of their reading of Tully, Seneca, or other anti-monarchics, think themselves sufficient politicians, and show their discontents when they are not called to the management of the state, and turn from one side to another upon every neglect they fancy from the King or his enemies.
You have seen the Rump in possession, as they believed, of the supreme power over the two nations of England and Ireland, and the army their servant; though Cromwell thought otherwise, serving them diligently for the advancement of his own purposes. I am now therefore to show you their proceedings.
Tell me first, how this kind of government under the Rump or relic of a House of Commons is to be called?
It is doubtless an oligarchy. For the supreme authority must needs be in one man or in more. If in one, it is monarchy; the Rump therefore was no monarchy. If the authority were in more than one, it was in all, or in fewer than all. When in all, it is democracy; for every man may enter into the assembly which makes the Sovereign Court; which they could not do here. It is therefore manifest, that the authority was in a few, and consequently the state was an oligarchy.
Is it not impossible for a people to be well governed, that are to obey more masters than one?
Both the Rump and all other sovereign assemblies, if they have but one voice, though they be many men, yet are they but one person. For contrary commands cannot consist in one and the same voice, which is the voice of the greatest part; and therefore they might govern well enough, if they had honesty and wit enough.
The first act of the Rump was the exclusion of those members of the House of Commons, which had been formerly kept out by violence for the procuring of an ordinance for the King’s trial; for these men had appeared against the ordinance of non-addresses, and therefore were excluded, because they might else be an impediment to their future designs.
Was it not rather, because in the authority of few they thought the fewer the better, both in respect of their shares and also of a nearer approach in every one of them to the dignity of king?
Yes certainly, that was their principal end.
When these were put out, why did not the counties and boroughs choose others in their places?
They could not do that without order from the House.
After this they constituted a council of forty persons, which they termed a Council of State, whose office was to execute what the Rump should command.
When there was neither King nor House of Lords, they could not call themselves a Parliament; for a Parliament is a meeting of the King, Lords, and Commons, to confer together about the businesses of the commonwealth. With whom did the Rump confer?
Men may give to their assembly what name they please, what signification soever such name might formerly have had; and the Rump took the name of Parliament, as most suitable to their purpose, and such a name, as being venerable amongst the people for many hundred years, had countenanced and sweetened subsidies and other levies of money, otherwise very unpleasant to the subject. Edition: current; Page: [361]They took also afterwards another name, which was Custodes Libertatis Angliæ, which title they used only in their writs issuing out of the courts of justice.
I do not see how a subject that is tied to the laws, can have more liberty in one form of government than another.
Howsoever to the people, that understand by liberty nothing but leave to do what they list, it was a title not ingrateful.
Their next work was to set forth a public declaration, that they were fully resolved to maintain the fundamental laws of the nation, as to the preservation of the lives, liberties, and proprieties of the people.
What did they mean by the fundamental laws of the nation?
Nothing but to abuse the people. For the only fundamental law in every commonwealth, is to obey the laws from time to time, which he shall make to whom the people have given the supreme power. How likely then are they to uphold the fundamental laws, that had murdered him who was by themselves so often acknowledged for their lawful sovereign? Besides, at the same time that this declaration came forth, they were erecting that High Court of Justice which took away the lives of Duke Hamilton, the Earl of Holland, and the Lord Capel. Whatsoever they meant by a fundamental law, the erecting of this court was a breach of it, as being warranted by no former law or example in England.
At the same time also they levied taxes by soldiers, and to soldiers permitted free quarter, and Edition: current; Page: [362]did many other actions, which if the King had done, they would have said had been done against the liberty and propriety of the subject.
What silly things are the common sort of people, to be cozened as they were so grossly!
What sort of people, as to this matter, are not of the common sort? The craftiest knaves of all the Rump were no wiser than the rest whom they cozened. For the most of them did believe that the same things which they imposed upon the generality, were just and reasonable; and especially the great haranguers, and such as pretended to learning. For who can be a good subject in a monarchy, whose principles are taken from the enemies of monarchy, such as were Cicero, Seneca, Cato, and other politicians of Rome, and Aristotle of Athens, who seldom spake of kings but as of wolves and other ravenous beasts? You may perhaps think a man has need of nothing else to know the duty he owes to his governor, and what right he has to order him, but a good natural wit; but it is otherwise. For it is a science, and built upon sure and clear principles, and to be learned by deep and careful study, or from masters that have deeply studied it. And who was there in the Parliament or in the nation, that could find out those evident principles, and derive from them the necessary rules of justice, and the necessary connexion of justice and peace? The people have one day in seven the leisure to hear instruction, and there are ministers appointed to teach them their duty. But how have those ministers performed their office? A great part of them, namely, the Presbyterian ministers, throughout the whole war, instigated the people Edition: current; Page: [363]against the King; so did also Independents and other fanatic ministers. The rest, contented with their livings, preached in their parishes points of controversy, to religion impertinent, but to the breach of charity among themselves very effectual; or else eloquent things, which the people either understood not, or thought themselves not concerned in. But this sort of preachers, as they did little good, so they did little hurt. The mischief proceeded wholly from the Presbyterian preachers, who, by a long practised histrionic faculty, preached up the rebellion powerfully.
To the end that the State becoming popular, the Church might be so too, and governed by an Assembly; and by consequence, as they thought, seeing politics are subservient to religion, they might govern, and thereby satisfy not only their covetous humour with riches, but also their malice with power to undo all men that admired not their wisdom. Your calling the people silly things, obliged me by this digression to show you, that it is not want of wit, but want of the science of justice, that brought them into these troubles. Persuade, if you can, that man that has made his fortune, or made it greater, or an eloquent orator, or a ravishing poet, or a subtle lawyer, or but a good hunter or a cunning gamester, that he has not a good wit; and yet there were of all these a great many so silly, as to be deceived by the Rump and members of the same Rump. They wanted not wit, but the knowledge of the causes and grounds upon which one person has a right to govern, and the rest an obligation to obey; which grounds are necessary to be Edition: current; Page: [364]taught the people, who without them cannot live long in peace amongst themselves.
Let us return, if you please, to the proceedings of the Rump.
In the rest of this year they voted a new stamp for the coin of this nation. They considered also of agents to be sent to foreign states; and having lately received applause from the army for their work done by the High Court of Justice, and encouragement to extend the same further, they perfected the said High Court of Justice, in which were tried Duke Hamilton, the Earl of Holland, Lord Capel, the Earl of Norwich, and Sir John Owen; whereof, as I mentioned before, the three first were beheaded. This affrighted divers of the King’s party out of the land; for not only they, but all that had borne arms for the King, were at that time in very great danger of their lives. For it was put to the question by the army at a council of war, whether they should be all massacred or no; where the noes carried it but by two voices. Lastly, March the 24th, they put the Mayor of London out of his office, fined him 2,000l., disfranchised him, and condemned him to two months imprisonment in the Tower, for refusing to proclaim the act for abolishing the kingly power. And thus ended the year 1648 and the monthly fast; God having granted that which they fasted for, the death of the King and the possession of his inheritance. By these their proceedings they had already lost the hearts of the generality of the people, and had nothing to trust to but the army; which was not in their power, but in Cromwell’s; who never failed, when there was occasion, to put them upon all exploits that might Edition: current; Page: [365]make them odious to the people, in order to his future dissolving them whensoever it should conduce to his ends.
In the beginning of 1649 the Scots, discontented with the proceedings of the Rump against the late King, began to levy soldiers in order to a new invasion of England. The Irish rebels, for want of timely resistance from England, were grown terrible; and the English army at home, infected by the adjutators, were casting how to share the land amongst the godly, meaning themselves and such others as they pleased, who were therefore called Levellers. Also the Rump for the present were not very well provided of money, and, therefore, the first thing they did, was the laying of a tax upon the people of 90,000l. a month for the maintenance of the army.
Was it not one of their quarrels with the King, that he had levied money without the consent of the people in Parliament?
You may see by this, what reason the Rump had to call itself a Parliament. For the taxes imposed by Parliament were always understood to be by the people’s consent, and consequently legal. To appease the Scots, they sent messengers with flattering letters to keep them from engaging for the present King: but in vain: for they would hear nothing from a House of Commons, as they called it, at Westminster, without a King and Lords. But they sent commissioners to the King, to let him know what they were doing for him: for they were resolved to raise an army of 17,000 foot and 6,000 horse for themselves.
To relieve Ireland, the Rump had resolved to send Edition: current; Page: [366]eleven regiments thither out of the army in England. This happened well for Cromwell. For the levelling soldiers, which were in every regiment many, and in some the major part, finding that instead of dividing the land at home they were to venture their lives in Ireland, flatly denied to go; and one regiment, having cashiered their colonel about Salisbury, was marching to join with three regiments more of the same resolution; but both the general and Cromwell falling upon them at Burford, utterly defeated them, and soon after reduced the whole army to their obedience. And thus another of the impediments to Cromwell’s advancement was soon removed. This done, they came to Oxford, and thence to London: and at Oxford, both the general and Cromwell were made doctors of the civil law; and at London, feasted and presented by the city.
Were they not first made masters, and then doctors?
They had made themselves already masters, both of the laws and Parliament. The army being now obedient, the Rump sent over those eleven regiments into Ireland, under the command of Dr. Cromwell, intituled governor of that kingdom, the Lord Fairfax being still general of all the forces, both here and there.
The Marquis, now Duke, of Ormond was the King’s lieutenant of Ireland; and the rebels had made a confederacy amongst themselves; and these confederates had made a kind of league with the lieutenant, wherein they agreed, upon liberty given them in the exercise of their religion, to be faithful to and assist the King. To these also were joined Edition: current; Page: [367]some forces raised by the Earls of Castlehaven and Clanricarde and my Lord Inchiquin; so that they were the greatest united strength in the island. But there were amongst them a great many other Papists, that would by no means subject themselves to Protestants; and these were called the Nuntio’s party, as the others were called the confederate party. These parties not agreeing, and the confederate party having broken their articles, the lord-lieutenant seeing them ready to besiege him in Dublin, and not able to defend it, did, to preserve the place for the Protestants, surrender it to the Parliament of England; and came over to the King at that time when he was carried from place to place by the army. From England he went over to the Prince, now King, residing then at Paris.
But the confederates, affrighted with the news that the Rump was sending over an army thither, desired the Prince by letters, to send back my Lord of Ormond, engaging themselves to submit absolutely to the King’s authority, and to obey my Lord of Ormond as his lieutenant. And hereupon he was sent back. This was about a year before the going over of Cromwell.
In which time, by the dissensions in Ireland between the confederate party and the Nuntio’s party, and discontents about command, this otherwise sufficient power effected nothing; and was at last defeated, August the 2nd, by a sally out of Dublin, which they were besieging. Within a few days after arrived Cromwell, who with extraordinary diligence and horrid executions, in less than a twelvemonth that he stayed there, subdued in a Edition: current; Page: [368]manner the whole nation; having killed or exterminated a great part of them, and leaving his son-in-law Ireton to subdue the rest. But Ireton died there before the business was quite done, of the plague. This was one step more towards Cromwell’s exaltation to the throne.
What a miserable condition was Ireland reduced to by the learning of the Roman, as well as England was by the learning of the Presbyterian clergy.
In the latter end of the preceding year the King was come from Paris to the Hague; and shortly after came thither from the Rump their agent Dorislaus, doctor of civil law, who had been employed in the drawing up of the charge against the late King. But the first night he came, as he was at supper, a company of cavaliers, near a dozen, entered his chamber, killed him, and got away. Not long after also their agent at Madrid, one Ascham, one that had written in defence of his masters, was killed in the same manner. About this time came out two books, one written by Salmasius, a Presbyterian, against the murder of the King; another written by Milton, an English Independent, in answer to it.
I have seen them both. They are very good Latin both, and hardly to be judged which is better; and both very ill reasoning, hardly to be judged which is worse; like two declamations, pro and con, made for exercise only in a rhetoric school by one and the same man. So like is a Presbyterian to an Independent.
In this year the Rump did not much at home; save that in the beginning they made England a Edition: current; Page: [369]free state by an act which runs thus: “Be it enacted and declared by this present Parliament, and by the authority thereof, that the people of England, and all the dominions and territories thereunto belonging, are, and shall be, and are hereby constituted, made, and declared a commonwealth and free state, &c.”
What did they mean by a free state and commonwealth? Were the people no longer to be subject to laws? They could not mean that: for the Parliament meant to govern them by their own laws, and punish such as broke them. Did they mean that England should not be subject to any foreign kingdom or commonwealth? That needed not be enacted, seeing there was no king nor people pretended to be their masters. What did they mean then?
They meant that neither this king, nor any king, nor any single person, but only that they themselves would be the people’s masters, and would have set it down in those plain words, if the people could have been cozened with words intelligible, as easily as with words not intelligible.
After this they gave one another money and estates out of the lands and goods of the loyal party. They enacted also an engagement to be taken by every man, in these words: You shall promise to be true and faithful to the commonwealth of England, as it is now established, without King or House of Lords.
They banished also from within twenty miles of London all the royal party, forbidding also every one of them to depart more than five miles from his dwelling-house.
They meant perhaps to have them ready, if need were, for a massacre. But what did the Scots in this time?
They were considering of the officers of the army which they were levying for the King, how they might exclude from command all such as had loyally served his father, and all Independents, and all such as commanded in Duke Hamilton’s army; and these were the main things that passed this year.
The Marquis of Montrose, that in the year 1645 had with a few men and in little time done things almost incredible against the late King’s enemies in Scotland, landed now again, in the beginning of the year 1650, in the north of Scotland, with commission from the present King, hoping to do him as good service as he had formerly done his father. But the case was altered; for the Scotch forces were then in England in the service of the Parliament; whereas now they were in Scotland, and many more for their intended invasion newly raised. Besides, the soldiers which the Marquis brought over were few, and foreigners; nor did the Highlanders come in to him, as he expected; insomuch as he was soon defeated, and shortly after taken, and, with more spiteful usage than revenge required, executed by the Covenanters of Edinburgh, May the 2nd.
What good could the King expect from joining with these men, who during the treaty discovered so much malice to him in one of his best servants?
No doubt, their churchmen being then prevalent, they would have done as much to this King as the English Parliament had done to his father, if Edition: current; Page: [371]they could have gotten by it that which they foolishly aspired to, the government of the nation. I do not believe that the Independents were worse than the Presbyterians: both the one and the other were resolved to destroy whatsoever should stand in the way to their ambition. But necessity made the King pass over both this and many other indignities from them, rather than suffer the pursuit of his right in England to cool, and be little better than extinguished.
Indeed I believe a kingdom, if suffered to become an old debt, will hardly ever be recovered. Besides, the King was sure, wheresoever the victory lighted, he could lose nothing in the war but enemies.
About the time of Montrose’s death, which was in May, Cromwell was yet in Ireland, and his work unfinished. But finding, or by his friends advertised, that his presence in the expedition now preparing against the Scots would be necessary to his design, he sent to the Rump to know their pleasure concerning his return. But for all that, he knew, or thought it was not necessary to stay for their answer, but came away, and arrived at London the 6th of June following, and was welcomed by the Rump. Now General Fairfax, who was truly what he pretended to be, a Presbyterian, had been so catechised by the Presbyterian ministers here, that he refused to fight against the brethren in Scotland; nor did the Rump nor Cromwell go about to rectify his conscience in that point. And thus Fairfax laying down his commission, Cromwell was now made general of all the forces in England and Ireland; which was another step to the sovereign power.
Where was the King?
In Scotland, newly come over. He landed in the north, and was honourably conducted to Edinburgh, though all things were not yet well agreed on between the Scots and him. For though he had yielded to as hard conditions as the late King had yielded to in the Isle of Wight, yet they had still somewhat to add, till the King, enduring no more, departed from them towards the north again. But they sent messengers after him to pray him to return, but they furnished these messengers with strength enough to bring him back, if he should have refused. In fine they agreed; but would not suffer either the King, or any royalist, to have command in the army.
The sum of all is, the King was there a prisoner.
Cromwell from Berwick sends a declaration to the Scots, telling them he had no quarrel against the people of Scotland, but against the malignant party that had brought in the King, to the disturbance of the peace between the two nations; and that he was willing, either by conference to give and receive satisfaction, or to decide the justice of the cause by battle. To which the Scots answering, declare, that they will not prosecute the King’s interest before and without his acknowledgment of the sins of his house and his former ways, and satisfaction given to God’s people in both kingdoms. Judge by this whether the present King were not in as bad a condition here, as his father was in the hands of the Presbyterians of England.
Presbyterians are everywhere the same: they would fain be absolute governors of all they converse Edition: current; Page: [373]with; and have nothing to plead for it, but that where they reign, it is God that reigns, and nowhere else. But I observe one strange demand, that the King should acknowledge the sins of his house; for I thought it had been certainly held by all divines, that no man was bound to acknowledge any man’s sins but his own.
The King having yielded to all that the Church required, the Scots proceeded in their intended war. Cromwell marched on to Edinburgh, provoking them all he could to battle; which they declining, and provisions growing scarce in the English army, Cromwell retired to Dunbar, despairing of success; and intending by sea or land to get back into England. And such was the condition which this general Cromwell, so much magnified for conduct, had brought his army to, that all his glories had ended in shame and punishment, if fortune and the faults of his enemies had not relieved him. For as he retired, the Scots followed him close all the way till within a mile of Dunbar. There is a ridge of hills, that from beyond Edinburgh goes winding to the sea, and crosses the highway between Dunbar and Berwick, at a village called Copperspeith, where the passage is so difficult, that had the Scots sent timely thither a very few men to guard it, the English could never have gotten home. For the Scots kept the hills, and needed not have fought but upon great advantage, and were almost two to one. Cromwell’s army was at the foot of those hills, on the north side; and there was a great ditch or channel of a torrent between the hills and it; so that he could never have got home by land, nor without utter ruin of the Edition: current; Page: [374]army attempted to ship it; nor have stayed where he was, for want of provisions. Now Cromwell knowing the pass was free, and commanding a good party of horse and foot to possess it, it was necessary for the Scots to let them go, whom they bragged they had impounded, or else to fight; and therefore with the best of their horse they charged the English, and made them at first shrink a little. But the English foot coming on, the Scots were put to flight; and the flight of the horse hindered the foot from engaging; who therefore fled, as did also the rest of their horse. Thus the folly of the Scottish commanders brought all their odds to an even lay between two small and equal parties; wherein fortune gave the victory to the English, who were not many more in number than those that were killed and taken prisoners of the Scots; and the Church lost their cannon, bag and baggage, with 10,000 arms, and almost their whole army. The rest were got together by Lesley to Stirling.
This victory happened well for the King. For had the Scots been victors, the Presbyterians, both here and there, would have domineered again, and the King been in the same condition his father was in at Newcastle, in the hands of the Scottish army. For in pursuit of this victory, the English at last brought the Scots to a pretty good habit of obedience for the King, whensoever he should recover his right.
In pursuit of this victory the English marched to Edinburgh (quitted by the Scots), fortified Leith, and took in all the strength and castles they thought fit on this side the Frith, which now was become the bound betwixt the two nations. And the Scotch Edition: current; Page: [375]ecclesiastics began to know themselves better; and resolved in their new army, which they meant to raise, to admit some of the royalists into command. Cromwell from Edinburgh marched towards Stirling, to provoke the enemy to fight, but finding danger in it returned to Edinburgh and besieged the castle. In the meantime he sent a party into the west of Scotland to suppress Strachan and Kerr, two great Presbyterians that were there levying forces for their new army. And in the same time the Scots crowned the King at Scone.
The rest of this year was spent in Scotland, on Cromwell’s part, in taking of Edinburgh Castle and in attempts to pass the Frith, or any other ways to get over to the Scottish forces; and on the Scots’ part, in hastening their levies for the north.
What did the Rump at home during this time?
They voted liberty of conscience to the sectaries; that is, they plucked out the sting of Presbytery, which consisted in a severe imposing of odd opinions upon the people, impertinent to religion, but conducing to the advancement of the power of the Presbyterian ministers. Also they levied more soldiers, and gave the command of them to Harrison, now made major-general, a Fifth-monarchy-man; and of these soldiers two regiments of horse and one of foot were raised by the Fifth-monarchy-men and other sectaries, in thankfulness for this their liberty from the Presbyterian tyranny. Also they pulled down the late King’s statue in the Exchange, and in the niche where it stood, caused to be written these words: Exit tyrannus, Regum ultimus, etc.
What good did that do them, and why did they not pull down the statues of all the rest of the Kings?
What account can be given of actions that proceed not from reason, but spite and such-like passions? Besides this, they received ambassadors from Portugal and from Spain, acknowledging their power. And in the very end of the year they prepared ambassadors to the Netherlands to offer them friendship. All they did besides, was persecuting and executing of royalists.
In the beginning of the year 1651 General Dean arrived in Scotland; and on the 11th of April the Scottish Parliament assembled, and made certain acts in order to a better uniting of themselves, and better obedience to the King, who was now at Stirling with the Scottish forces he had, expecting more now in levying. Cromwell from Edinburgh went divers times towards Stirling to provoke the Scots to fight. There was no ford there to pass over his men; at last boats being come from London and Newcastle, Colonel Overton (though it was long first, for it was now July) transported 1,400 foot of his own, besides another regiment of foot and four troops of horse, and entrenched himself at Northferry on the other side; and before any help could come from Stirling, Major-General Lambert also was got over with as many more. By this time Sir John Browne was come to oppose them with 4,500 men, whom the English there defeated, killing about 2,000 and taking prisoners 1,600. This done, and as much more of the army transported as was thought fit, Cromwell comes before St. Johnstone’s (from whence the Scottish Parliament, upon the news of his passing the Frith, was removed to Dundee) and summons it; and the same day had news brought him that the King was marching from Edition: current; Page: [377]Stirling towards England; which was true. But notwithstanding the King was three days’ march before him, he resolved to have the town before he followed him; and accordingly had it the next day by surrender.
What hopes had the King in coming into England, having before and behind him none, at least none armed, but his enemies?
Yes; there was before him the city of London, which generally hated the Rump, and might easily be reckoned for 20,000 well-armed soldiers; and most men believed they would take his part, had he come near the city.
What probability was there of that? Do you think the Rump was not sure of the services of the mayor and those that had command of the city militia? And if they had been really the King’s friends, what need had they to stay for his coming up to London? They might have seized the Rump, if they had pleased, which had no possibility of defending themselves; at least they might have turned them out of the House.
This they did not; but on the contrary, permitted the recruiting of Cromwell’s army, and the raising of men to keep the country from coming in to the King. The King began his march from Stirling the last of July, and August the 22nd came to Worcester by way of Carlisle with a weary army of about 13,000, whom Cromwell followed, and joining with the new levies environed Worcester with 40,000, and on the 3rd of September utterly defeated the King’s army. Here Duke Hamilton, brother of him that was beheaded, was slain.
What became of the King?
Night coming on, before the city was quite taken he left it; it being dark and none of the enemy’s horse within the town to follow him, the plundering foot having kept the gates shut, lest the horse should enter and have a share of the booty. The King before morning got into Warwickshire, twenty-five miles from Worcester, and there lay disguised awhile, and afterwards went up and down in great danger of being discovered, till at last he got over into France, from Brighthelmstone in Sussex.
When Cromwell was gone, what was further done in Scotland?
Lieutenant-General Monk, whom Cromwell left there with 7,000, took Stirling August 14th by surrender, and Dundee the 3rd of September, by storm, because it resisted. This the soldiers plundered, and had good booty, because the Scots for safety had sent thither their most precious goods from Edinburgh and St. Johnstone’s. He took likewise by surrender Aberdeen, and the place where the Scottish ministers first learned to play the fool, St. Andrew’s. Also in the Highlands, Colonel Alured took a knot of lords and gentlemen, viz. four earls and four lords and above twenty knights and gentlemen, whom he sent prisoners into England. So that there was nothing more to be feared from Scotland: all the trouble of the Rump being to resolve what they should do with it. At last they resolved to unite and incorporate it into one commonwealth with England and Ireland. And to that end sent thither St. John, Vane, and other commissioners, to offer them this union by public declaration, and to warn them to choose their deputies Edition: current; Page: [379]of shires and burgesses of towns, and send them to Westminster.
This was a very great favour.
I think so: and yet it was by many of the Scots, especially by the ministers and other Presbyterians, refused. The ministers had given way to the levying of money for the payment of the English soldiers; but to comply with the declaration of the English commissioners they absolutely forbad.
Methinks this contributing to the pay of their conquerors was some mark of servitude; whereas entering into the union made them free, and gave them equal privilege with the English.
The cause why they refused the union, rendered by the Presbyterians themselves, was this: that it drew with it a subordination of the Church to the civil state in the things of Christ.
This is a downright declaration to all kings and commonwealths in general, that a Presbyterian minister will be a true subject to none of them in the things of Christ; which things what they are, they will be judges themselves. What have we then gotten by our deliverance from the Pope’s tyranny, if these petty men succeed in the place of it, that have nothing in them that can be beneficial to the public, except their silence? For their learning, it amounts to no more than an imperfect knowledge of Greek and Latin, and an acquired readiness in the Scripture language, with a gesture and tone suitable thereunto; but of justice and charity, the manners of religion, they have neither knowledge nor practice, as is manifest by the stories I have already told you. Nor do they distinguish between Edition: current; Page: [380]the godly and the ungodly but by conformity of design in men of judgment, or by repetition of their sermons in the common sort of people.
But this sullenness of the Scots was to no purpose. For they at Westminster enacted the union of the two nations and the abolition of monarchy in Scotland, and ordained punishment for those that should transgress that act.
What other business did the Rump this year?
They sent St. John and Strickland ambassadors to the Hague, to offer league to the United Provinces; who had audience March the 3rd; St. John in a speech showing those states what advantage they might have by this league in their trade and navigations, by the use of the English ports and harbours. The Dutch, though they showed no great forwardness in the business, yet appointed commissioners to treat with them about it. But the people were generally against it, calling the ambassadors and their followers, as they were, traitors and murderers, and made such tumults about their house that their followers durst not go abroad till the States had quieted them. The Rump advertised hereof, presently recalled them. The compliment which St. John gave to the commissioners at their taking leave, is worth your hearing. You have, said he, an eye upon the event of the affairs of Scotland, and therefore do refuse the friendship we have offered. Now I can assure you, many in the Parliament were of opinion that we should not have sent any ambassadors to you till we had separated those matters between them and that king, and then expected your ambassadors to us. I now perceive our error, and that those gentlemen Edition: current; Page: [381]were in the right. In a short time you shall see that business ended; and then you will come and seek what we have freely offered, when it shall perplex you that you have refused our proffer.
St. John was not sure that the Scottish business would end as it did. For though the Scots were beaten at Dunbar, he could not be sure of the event of their entering England, which happened afterward.
But he guessed well: for within a month after the battle at Worcester, an act passed forbidding the importing of merchandize in other than English ships. The English also molested their fishing upon our coast. They also many times searched their ships (upon occasion of our war with France), and made some of them prize. And then the Dutch sent their ambassadors hither to desire what they before refused; but partly also to inform themselves what naval forces the English had ready, and how the people here were contented with the government.
How sped they?
The Rump showed now as little desire of agreement as the Dutch did then; standing upon terms never likely to be granted. First, for the fishing on the English coast, that they should not have it without paying for it. Secondly, that the English should have free trade from Middleburgh to Antwerp, as they had before their rebellion against the King of Spain. Thirdly, they demanded amends for the old, but never to be forgotten business of Amboyna. So that the war was already certain, though the season kept them from action till the spring following. The true quarrel, on the English part, Edition: current; Page: [382]was that their proffered friendship was scorned, and their ambassadors affronted; on the Dutch part, was their greediness to engross all traffic, and a false estimate of our and their own strength.
Whilst these things were doing, the relics of the war, both in Ireland and Scotland, were not neglected, though those nations were not fully pacified till two years after. The persecution also of royalists still continned, amongst whom was beheaded one Mr. Love, for holding correspondence with the King.
I had thought a Presbyterian minister, whilst he was such, could not be a royalist, because they think their assembly have the supreme power in the things of Christ; and by consequence they are in England, by a statute, traitors.
You may think so still: for though I called Mr. Love a royalist, I meant it only for that one act for which he was condemned. It was he who during the treaty at Uxbridge, preaching before the commissioners there, said, it was as possible for heaven and hell, as for the King and Parliament, to agree. Both he and the rest of the Presbyterians are and were enemies to the King’s enemies, Cromwell and his fanatics, for their own and not for the King’s sake. Their loyalty was like that of Sir John Hotham’s, that kept the King out of Hull, and afterwards would have betrayed the same to the Marquis of Newcastle. These Presbyterians therefore cannot be rightly called loyal, but rather doubly perfidious, unless you think that as two negatives make an affirmative, so two treasons make loyalty.
This year also were reduced to the obedience of the Rump the islands of Scilly and Man, and the Edition: current; Page: [383]Barbadoes, and St. Christopher’s. One thing fell out that they liked not, which was, that Cromwell gave them warning to determine their sitting, according to the bill for triennial Parliaments.
That I think indeed was harsh.
In the year 1652, May the 14th, began the Dutch war, in this manner. Three Dutch men-of-war, with divers merchants from the straights, being discovered by one Captain Young, who commanded some English frigates, the said Young sent to their admiral to bid him strike his flag, a thing usually done in acknowledgment of the English dominion in the narrow seas; which accordingly he did. Then came up the vice-admiral, and being called to as the other was, to take down his flag, he answered plainly he would not: but after the exchange of four or five broadsides and mischief done on either part, he took it down. But Captain Young demanded also, either the vice-admiral himself or his ship to make good the damage already sustained; to which the vice-admiral answered that he had taken in his flag, but would defend himself and his ship. Whereupon Captain Young consulting with the captains of his other ships, lest the beginning of the war in this time of treaty should be charged upon himself, and night also coming on, thought fit to proceed no further.
The war certainly began at this time. But who began it?
The dominion of the seas belonging to the English, there can be no question but the Dutch began it: and that the said dominion belonged to the English, it was confessed at first by the admiral himself peaceably, and at last by the vice-admiral taking in their flags.
About a fortnight after there happened another fight upon the like occasion. Van Tromp, with forty-two men-of-war, came to the back of Goodwin Sands, Major Bourne being then with a few of the Parliament ships in the Downs, and Blake with the rest further westward; and sent two captains of his to Bourne, to excuse his coming thither. To whom Bourne returned this answer, that the message was civil, but that it might appear real he ought to depart. So Van Tromp departed, meaning, now Bourne was satisfied, to sail towards Blake, and he did so; but so did also Bourne, for fear of the worst. When Van Tromp and Blake were near one another, Blake made a shot over Van Tromp’s ship, as a warning to him to take in his flag. This he did thrice, and then Van Tromp gave him a broadside; and so began the fight, (at the beginning whereof Bourne came in), and lasted from two o’clock till night, the English having the better, and the flag, as before, making the quarrel.
What needs there, when both nations were heartily resolved to fight, to stand so much upon this compliment of who should begin? For as to the gaining of friends and confederates thereby, I think it was in vain; seeing princes and states in such occasions look not much upon the justice of their neighbours, but upon their own concernment in the event.
It is commonly so; but in this case, the Dutch knowing the dominion of the narrow seas to be a gallant title, and envied by all the nations that reach the shore, and consequently that they were likely to oppose it, did wisely enough in making this point the state of the quarrel. After this fight the Edition: current; Page: [385]Dutch ambassadors residing in England sent a paper to the council of state, wherein they styled this last encounter a rash action, and affirmed it was done without the knowledge and against the will of their lords the States-general, and desired them that nothing might be done upon it in heat, which might become irreparable. The Parliament hereupon voted: 1. That the States-general should pay the charges they were at, and for the damages they sustained upon this occasion. 2. That this being paid, there should be a cessation of all acts of hostility, and a mutual restitution of all ships and goods taken. 3. And both these agreed to, that there should be made a league between the two commonwealths. These votes were sent to the Dutch ambassadors in answer of the said paper; but with a preamble setting forth the former kindnesses of England to the Netherlands, and taking notice of their new fleet of 150 men-of-war, without any other apparent design than the destruction of the English fleet.
What answer made the Dutch to this?
None. Van Tromp sailed presently to Zealand, and Blake with seventy men-of-war to the Orkney Islands to seize their busses, and to wait for five Dutch ships from the East Indies. And Sir George Askew, newly returned from the Barbadoes, came into the Downs with fifteen men-of-war, where he was commanded to stay for a recruit out of the Thames.
Van Tromp being recruited now to 120 sail, made account to get in between Sir George Askew and the mouth of the river, but was hindered so long by contrary winds, that the merchants calling for his convoy he could stay no longer; and so he went Edition: current; Page: [386]back into Holland, and thence to Orkney, where he met with the said five East India ships and sent them home. And then he endeavoured to engage with Blake, but a sudden storm forced him to sea, and so dissipated his fleet that only forty-two came home in a body, the rest singly as well as they could. Blake also came home (but went first to the coast of Holland) with 900 prisoners and six men-of-war taken, which were part of twelve which he found and took guarding their busses. This was the first bout after the war declared.
In August following there happened a fight between De Ruyter, the admiral of Zealand, with fifty men-of-war, and Sir George Askew, near Plymouth, with forty, wherein Sir George had the better, and might have got an entire victory had the whole fleet engaged. Whatsoever was the matter, the Rump, though they rewarded him, never more employed him after his return in their service at sea: but voted for the year to come three generals, Blake that was one already, and Dean, and Monk.
About this time the Archduke Leopold besieging Dunkirk, and the French sending a fleet to relieve it, General Blake lighting on the French at Calais, and taking seven of their ships, was cause of the town’s surrender.
In September they fought again, De Witt and De Ruyter commanding the Dutch, and Blake the English; and the Dutch were again worsted.
Again, in the end of November, Van Tromp with eighty men-of-war shewed himself at the back of Goodwin Sands; where Blake, though he had with him but forty, adventured to fight with him, and had much the worst, and night parting the fray, Edition: current; Page: [387]retired into the river Thames; whilst Van Tromp keeping the sea, took some inconsiderable vessels from the English, and thereupon, as it was said, with a childish vanity hung out a broom from the main-top-mast, signifying he meant to sweep the seas of all English shipping.
After this, in February, the Dutch with Van Tromp were encountered by the English under Blake and Dean near Portsmouth, and had the worst. And these were all the encounters between them in this year in the narrow seas. They fought also once at Leghorn, where the Dutch had the better.
I see no great odds yet on either side; if there were any, the English had it.
Nor did either of them the more incline to peace. For the Hollanders, after they had sent ambassadors into Denmark, Sweden, Poland, and the Hanse Towns whence tar and cordage are usually had, to signify the declaration of the war, and to get them to their party, recalled their ambassadors from England. And the Rump without delay, gave them their parting audience, without abating a syllable of their former severe propositions; and presently, to maintain the war for the next year, laid a tax upon the people of 120,000l. per mensem.
What was done in the mean time at home?
Cromwell was now quarrelling with the last and greatest obstacle to his design, the Rump. And to that end there came out daily from the army petitions, addresses, remonstrances, and other such papers; some of them urging the Rump to dissolve themselves and make way for another Parliament. To which the Rump, unwilling to yield and not Edition: current; Page: [388]daring to refuse, determined for the end of their sitting the 5th of November 1654. But Cromwell meant not to stay so long.
In the meantime the army in Ireland was taking submissions, and granting transportations of the Irish, and condemning whom they pleased in a High Court of Justice erected there for that purpose. Amongst those that were executed, was hanged Sir Phelim O‘Neale, who first began the rebellion. In Scotland the English built some citadels for the bridling of that stubborn nation. And thus ended the year 1652.
Come we then to the year 1653.
Cromwell wanted now but one step to the end of his ambition, and that was to set his foot upon the neck of this Long Parliament; which he did April the 23rd of this present year 1653, a time very seasonable. For though the Dutch were not mastered yet, they were much weakened; and what with prizes from the enemy and squeezing the royal party, the treasury was pretty full, and the tax of 120,000l. a month began to come in; all which was his own in right of the army.
Therefore, without more ado, attended by the Major-Generals Lambert and Harrison, and some other officers, and as many soldiers as he thought fit, he went to the Parliament House, and dissolved them, turning them out, and locked up the doors. And for this action he was more applauded by the people than for any of his victories in the war, and the Parliament men as much scorned and derided.
Now that there was no Parlirment, who had the supreme power?
If by power you mean the right to govern, Edition: current; Page: [389]nobody had it. If you mean the supreme strength, it was clearly in Cromwell, who was obeyed as general of all the forces in England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Did he pretend that for title?
No: but presently after he invented a title, which was this; that he was necessitated for the defence of the cause, for which at first the Parliament had taken up arms, that is to say, rebelled, to have recourse to extraordinary actions. You know the pretence of the Long Parliament’s rebellion was salus populi, the safety of the nation against a dangerous conspiracy of Papists and a malignant party at home; and that every man is bound, as far as his power extends, to procure the safety of the whole nation, which none but the army were able to do, and the Parliament had hitherto neglected. Was it not then the general’s duty to do it? Had he not therefore right? For that law of salus populi is directed only to those that have power enough to defend the people; that is, to them that have the supreme power.
Yes, certainly, he had as good a title as the Long Parliament. But the Long Parliament did represent the people; and it seems to me that the sovereign power is essentially annexed to the representative of the people.
Yes, if he that makes a representative, that is in the present case the King, do call them together to receive the sovereign power, and he divest himself thereof; otherwise not. Nor was ever the Lower House of Parliament the representative of the whole nation, but of the commons only; nor had that House the power to oblige by their acts or ordinances, any lord or any priest.
Did Cromwell come in upon the only title of salus populi?
This is a title that very few men understand. His way was to get the supreme power conferred upon him by Parliament. Therefore he called a Parliament, and gave it the supreme power, to the end that they should give it to him again. Was not this witty? First, therefore, he published a declaration of the causes why he dissolved the Parliament. The sum whereof was, that instead of endeavouring to promote the good of God’s people, they endeavoured, by a bill then ready to pass, to recruit the House and perpetuate their own power. Next he constituted a council of state of his own creatures, to be the supreme authority of England; but no longer than till the next Parliament should be called and met. Thirdly, he summoned 142 persons, such as he himself or his trusty officers made choice of; the greatest part of whom were instructed what to do; obscure persons, and most of them fanatics, though styled by Cromwell men of approved fidelity and honesty. To these the council of state surrendered the supreme authority, and not long after these men surrendered it to Cromwell. July the 4th this Parliament met, and chose for their Speaker one Mr. Rous, and called themselves from that time forward the Parliament of England. But Cromwell, for the more surety, constituted also a council of state; not of such petty fellows as most of these were, but of himself and his principal officers. These did all the business, both public and private; making ordinances, and giving audiences to foreign ambassadors. But he had now more enemies than before. Harrison, who was the Edition: current; Page: [391]head of the Fifth-monarchy-men, laying down his commission, did nothing but animate his party against him; for which afterwards he was imprisoned. This little Parliament in the meantime were making of acts so ridiculous and displeasing to the people, that it was thought he chose them on purpose to bring all ruling Parliaments into contempt, and monarchy again into credit.
What acts were these?
One of them was, that all marriages should be made by a justice of peace, and the banns asked three several days in the next market: none were forbidden to be married by a minister, but without a justice of peace the marriage was to be void: so that divers wary couples, to be sure of one another, howsoever they might repent it afterwards, were married both ways. Also they abrogated the engagement, whereby no man was admitted to sue in any court of law that had not taken it, that is, that had not acknowledged the late Rump.
Neither of these did any hurt to Cromwell.
They were also in hand with an act to cancel all the present laws and law-books, and to make a new code more suitable to the humour of the Fifth-monarchy-men; of whom there were many in this Parliament. Their tenet being, that there ought none to be sovereign but King Jesus, nor any to govern under him but the saints. But their authority ended before this act passed.
What is this to Cromwell?
Nothing yet. But they were likewise upon an act, now almost ready for the question, that Parliaments henceforward, one upon the end of another, should be perpetual.
I understand not this; unless Parliaments can beget one another like animals, or like the phœnix.
Why not like the phœnix? Cannot a Parliament at the day of their expiration send out writs for a new one?
Do you think they would not rather summon themselves anew; and to save the labour of coming again to Westminster, sit still where they were? Or if they summon the country to make new elections, and then dissolve themselves, by what authority shall the people meet in their county courts, there being no supreme authority standing?
All they did was absurd, though they knew not that; no nor this, whose design was upon the sovereignty, the contriver of this act, it seems, perceived not; but Cromwell’s party in the House saw it well enough. And therefore, as soon as it was laid, there stood up one of the members and made a motion, that since the commonwealth was like to receive little benefit by their sitting, they should dissolve themselves. Harrison and they of his sect were troubled hereat, and made speeches against it; but Cromwell’s party, of whom the speaker was one, left the House, and with the mace before them went to Whitehall, and surrendered their power to Cromwell that had given it to them. And so he got the sovereignty by an act of Parliament; and within four days after, December the 16th, was installed Protector of the three nations, and took his oath to observe certain rules of governing, engrossed in parchment and read before him. The writing was called the instrument.
What were the rules he swore to?
One was, to call a Parliament every third year, Edition: current; Page: [393]of which the first was to begin September the 3rd following.
I believe he was a little superstitious in the choice of September the 3rd, because it was lucky to him in 1650 and 1651, at Dunbar and Worcester; but he knew not how lucky the same would be to the whole nation in 1658 at Whitehall.
Another was, that no Parliament should be dissolved till it had sitten five months; and those bills that they presented to him, should be passed by him within twenty days, or else they should pass without him.
A third, that he should have a council of state of not above twenty-one, nor under thirteen; and that upon the Protector’s death this council should meet, and before they parted choose a new Protector. There were many more besides, but not necessary to be inserted.
How went on the war against the Dutch?
The generals for the English were Blake, and Dean, and Monk; and Van Tromp for the Dutch; between whom was a battle fought the 2nd of June, which was a month before the beginning of this little Parliament; wherein the English had the victory, and drove the enemies into their harbours, but with the loss of General Dean, slain by a cannon-shot. This victory was great enough to make the Dutch send over ambassadors into England, in order to a treaty; but in the meantime they prepared and put to sea another fleet, which likewise, in the end of July, was defeated by General Monk, who got now a greater victory than before; and this made the Dutch descend so far as to buy their peace with the payment of the charge of the Edition: current; Page: [394]war, and with the acknowledgment, amongst other articles, that the English had the right of the flag.
This peace was concluded in March, being the end of this year, but not proclaimed till April; the money, it seems, being not paid till then.
The Dutch war being now ended, the Protector sent his youngest son Henry into Ireland, whom also some time after he made lieutenant there; and sent Monk lieutenant-general into Scotland, to keep those nations in obedience. Nothing else worth remembering was done this year at home; saving the discovery of a plot of royalists, as was said, upon the life of the Protector, who all this while had intelligence of the King’s designs from a traitor in his court, who afterwards was taken in the manner and killed.
How came he into so much trust with the King?
He was the son of a colonel that was slain in the wars on the late King’s side. Besides, he pretended employment from the King’s loyal and loving subjects here, to convey to his Majesty money as they from time to time should send him; and to make this credible, Cromwell himself caused money to be sent to him.
The following year, 1654, had nothing of war, but was spent in civil ordinances, in appointing of judges, preventing of plots (for usurpers are jealous), and in executing the King’s friends and selling their lands. The 3rd of September, according to the instrument, the Parliament met; in which there was no House of Lords, and the House of Commons was made, as formerly, of knights and burgesses; but not as formerly, of two burgesses for a Edition: current; Page: [395]borough and two knights for a county; for boroughs for the most part had but one burgess, and some counties six or seven knights. Besides, there were twenty members for Scotland, and as many for Ireland. So that now Cromwell had nothing else to do but to show his art of government upon six coach-horses newly presented to him, which, being as rebellious as himself, threw him out of the coach-box and almost killed him.
This Parliament, which had seen how Cromwell had handled the two former, the long one and the short one, had surely learned the wit to behave themselves better to him than those had done?
Yes, especially now that Cromwell in his speech at their first meeting had expressly forbidden them to meddle either with the government by a single person and Parliament, or with the militia, or with perpetuating of Parliaments, or taking away liberty of conscience; and told them also that every member of the House, before they sat, must take a recognition of his power in divers points. Whereupon, of above 400 there appeared not above 200 at first; though afterwards some relenting, there sat about 300. Again, just at their sitting down he published some ordinances of his own, bearing date before their meeting; that they might see he took his own acts to be as valid as theirs. But all this could not make them know themselves. They proceeded to debate of every article of the recognition.
They should have debated that before they had taken it.
But then they had never been suffered to sit. Cromwell being informed of their stubborn proceedings, Edition: current; Page: [396]and out of hope of any supply from them, dissolved them.
All that passed besides in this year, was the exercise of the High Court of Justice upon some royalists for plots.
In the year 1655 the English, to the number of near 10,000, landed in Hispaniola, in hope of the plunder of the gold and silver, whereof they thought there was great abundance in the town of Santo Domingo; but were well beaten by a few Spaniards, and with the loss of near 1,000 men, went off to Jamaica and possessed it.
This year also the royal party made another attempt in the west; and proclaimed there King Charles the Second; but few joining with them, and some falling off, they were soon suppressed, and many of the principal persons executed.
In these many insurrections, the royalists, though they meant well, yet they did but disservice to the King by their impatience. What hope had they to prevail against so great an army as the Protector had ready? What cause was there to despair of seeing the King’s business done better by the dissension and ambition of the great commanders in that army, whereof many had the favour to be as well esteemed amongst them as Cromwell himself?
That was somewhat uncertain. The Protector, being frustrated of his hope of money at Santo Domingo, resolved to take from the royalists the tenth part yearly of their estates. And to this end chiefly, he divided England into eleven major-generalships, with commission to every major-general to make a roll of the names of all suspected Edition: current; Page: [397]persons of the King’s party, and to receive the tenth part of their estates within his precinct; as also to take caution from them not to act against the state, and to reveal all plots that should come to their knowledge; and to make them engage the like for their servants. They had commission also to forbid horse-races and concourse of people, and to receive and account for this decimation.
By this the usurper might easily inform himself of the value of all the estates in England, and of the behaviour and affection of every person of quality; which has heretofore been taken for very great tyranny.
The year 1656 was a Parliament-year by the instrument. Between the beginning of this year and the day of the Parliament’s sitting, which was September 17, these major-generals, resided in several provinces, behaving themselves most tyrannically. Amongst other of their tyrannies was the awing of elections, and making themselves and whom they pleased to be returned members for the Parliament; which was also thought a part of Cromwell’s design in their constitution: for he had need of a giving Parliament, having lately, upon a peace made with the French, drawn upon himself a war with Spain.
This year it was that Captain Stainer set upon the Spanish Plate-fleet, being eight in number, near Cadiz; whereof he sunk two, and took two, there being in one of them two millions of pieces of eight, which amounts to 400,000l. sterling.
This year also it was that James Naylor appeared at Bristol, and would be taken for Jesus Christ. He wore his beard forked, and his hair composed Edition: current; Page: [398]to the likeness of that in the Volto Santo; and being questioned, would sometimes answer Thou sayest it. He had also his disciples, that would go by his horse’s side to the mid-leg in dirt. Being sent for by the Parliament, he was sentenced to stand on the pillory, to have his tongue bored through, and to be marked on the forehead with the letter B, for blasphemy, and to remain in Bridewell. Lambert, a great favourite of the army, endeavoured to save him, partly because he had been his soldier, and partly to curry favour with the sectaries of the army; for he was now no more in the Protector’s favour, but meditating how he might succeed him in his power.
About two years before this, there appeared in Cornwall a prophetess, much famed for her dreams and visions, and hearkened to by many, whereof some were eminent officers. But she and some of her accomplices being imprisoned, we heard no more of her.
I have heard of another, one Lilly, that prophecied all the time of the Long Parliament. What did they to him?
His prophecies were of another kind; he was a writer of almanacs, and a pretender to a pretended art of judicial astrology; a meer cozener to get maintenance from a multitude of ignorant people; and no doubt had been called in question, if his prophecies had been any way disadvantageous to that Parliament.
I understand not how the dreams and prognostications of madmen (for such I take to be all those that foretell future contingencies) can be of any great disadvantage to the commonwealth.
Yes, yes: know, there is nothing that renders human counsels difficult, but the uncertainty of future time; nor that so well directs men in their deliberations, as the foresight of the sequels of their actions; prophecy being many times the principal cause of the event foretold. If, upon some prediction, the people should have been made confident that Oliver Cromwell and his army should be, upon a day to come, utterly defeated; would not every one have endeavoured to assist, and to deserve well of the party that should give him that defeat? Upon this account it was that fortune-tellers and astrologers were so often banished out of Rome.
The last memorable thing this year, was a motion made by a member of the House, an alderman of London, that the Protector might be petitioned and advised by the House to leave the title of Protector, and take upon him that of King.
That was indeed a bold motion, and which would, if prosperous, have put an end to many men’s ambition, and to the licentiousness of the whole army. I think the motion was made on purpose to ruin both the Protector himself and his ambitious officers.
It may be so. In the year 1657 the first thing the Parliament did, was the drawing up of this petition to the Protector, to take upon him the government of the three nations, with the title of King. As of other Parliaments, so of this, the greatest part had been either kept out of the House by force, or else themselves had forborne to sit and become guilty of setting up this King Oliver. But those few that sat, presented their petition to the Protector, April the 9th, in the Banqueting-house Edition: current; Page: [400]at Whitehall; where Sir Thomas Widdrington, the Speaker, used the first arguments, and the Protector desired some time to seek God, the business being weighty. The next day they sent a committee to him to receive his answer; which answer being not very clear, they pressed him again for a resolution; to which he made answer in a long speech, that ended in a peremptory refusal. And so retaining still the title of Protector, he took upon him the government according to certain articles contained in the said petition.
What made him refuse the title of King?
Because he durst not take it at that time; the army being addicted to their great officers, and amongst their great officers many hoping to succeed him, and, the succession having been promised to Major-General Lambert, would have mutinied against him. He was therefore forced to stay for a more propitious conjuncture.
What were those articles?
The most important of them were: 1. That he would exercise the office of chief-magistrate of England, Scotland, and Ireland, under the title of Protector, and govern the same according to the said petition and advice: and that he would in his life-time name his successor.
I believe the Scots, when they first rebelled, never thought of being governed absolutely, as they were by Oliver Cromwell.
2. That he should call a Parliament every three years at farthest. 3. That those persons which were legally chosen members, should not be secluded without consent of the House. In allowing this clause, the Protector observed not that the secluded members of this same Parliament, are thereby Edition: current; Page: [401]re-admitted. 4. The members were qualified. 5. The power of the other House was defined. 6. That no law should be made but by act of Parliament. 7. That a constant yearly revenue of a million of pounds should be settled for the maintenance of the army and navy; and 300,000l. for the support of the government, besides other temporary supplies as the House of Commons should think fit. 8. That all the officers of state should be chosen by the Parliament. 9. That the Protector should encourage the ministry. Lastly, that he should cause a profession of religion to be agreed on and published. There are divers others of less importance. Having signed the articles, he was presently with great ceremony installed anew.
What needed that, seeing he was still but Protector?
But the articles of this petition were not all the same with those of his former instrument. For now there was to be another House; and whereas before, his council was to name his successor, he had power now to do it himself; so that he was an absolute monarch, and might leave the succession to his son if he would, and so successively, or transfer it to whom he pleased.
The ceremony being ended, the Parliament adjourned to the 20th of January following; and then the other House also sat with their fellows.
The House of Commons being now full, took little notice of the other House, wherein there were not of sixty persons above nine lords; but fell a questioning all that their fellows had done, during the time of their seclusion; whence had followed the avoidance of the power newly placed in the Protector. Therefore, going to the House, he Edition: current; Page: [402]made a speech to them, ending in these words; By the living God, I must, and do dissolve you.
In this year, the English gave the Spaniard another great blow at Santa Cruz, not much less than they had given him the year before at Cadiz.
About the time of the dissolution of this Parliament, the royalists had another design against the Protector; which was, to make an insurrection in England, the King being in Flanders ready to second them with an army thence. But this also was discovered by treachery, and came to nothing but the ruin of those that were engaged in it; whereof many in the beginning of the next year were by a High Court of Justice imprisoned, and some executed.
This year also was Major-General Lambert put out of all employment, a man second to none but Oliver in the favour of the army. But because he expected by that favour, or by promise from the Protector, to be his successor in the supreme power, it would have been dangerous to let him have command in the army; the Protector having designed for his successor his eldest son Richard.
In the year 1658, September the 3rd, the Protector died at Whitehall; having ever since his last establishment been perplexed with fear of being killed by some desperate attempt of the royalists.
Being importuned in his sickness by his privy-council to name his successor, he named his son Richard; who, encouraged thereunto, not by his own ambition, but by Fleetwood, Desborough, Thurlow, and other of his council, was content to take it upon him; and presently, addresses were made to him from the armies in England, Scotland and Ireland. His first business was the chargeable and splendid funeral of his father.
Thus was Richard Cromwell seated on the imperial throne of England, Ireland, and Scotland, successor to his father; lifted up to it by the officers of the army then in town, and congratulated by all the parts of the army throughout the three nations; scarce any garrison omitting their particular flattering addresses to him.
Seeing the army approved of him, how came he so soon cast off?
The army was inconstant; he himself irresolute, and without any military glory. And though the two principal officers had a near relation to him; yet neither of them, but Lambert, was the great favourite of the army; and by courting Fleetwood to take upon him the Protectorship, and by tampering with the soldiers, he had gotten again to be a colonel. He and the rest of the officers had a council at Wallingford House, where Fleetwood dwelt, for the dispossessing of Richard; though they had not yet considered how the nations should be governed afterwards. For from the beginning of the rebellion, the method of ambition was constantly this, first to destroy, and then to consider what they should set up.
Could not the Protector, who kept his court at Whitehall, discover what the business of the officers was at Wallingford House, so near him?
Yes, he was by divers of his friends informed of it; and counselled by some of them, who would have done it, to kill the chief of them. But he had not courage enough to give them such a commission. He took, therefore, the counsel of some milder persons, which was to call a Parliament. Whereupon writs were presently sent to those, that were in the last Parliament, of the other House, Edition: current; Page: [404]and other writs to the sheriffs for the election of knights and burgesses, to assemble on the 27th of January following. Elections were made according to the ancient manner, and a House of Commons now of the right English temper, and about four hundred in number, including twenty for Scotland and as many for Ireland. Being met, they take themselves, without the Protector and other House, to be a Parliament, and to have the supreme power of the three nations.
For the first business, they intended the power of that other House: but because the Protector had recommended to them for their first business an act, already drawn up, for the recognition of his Protectoral power, they began with that; and voted after a fortnight’s deliberation, that an act should be made whereof this act of recognition should be part; and that another part should be for the bounding of the Protector’s power, and for the securing the privileges of Parliament and liberties of the subject; and that all should pass together.
Why did these men obey the Protector at first, in meeting upon his only summons? Was not that as full a recognition of his power as was needful? Why by this example did they teach the people that he was to be obeyed, and then by putting laws upon him, teach them the contrary? Was it not the Protector that made the Parliament? Why did they not acknowledge their maker?
I believe it is the desire of most men to bear rule; but few of them know what title one has to it more than another, besides the right of the sword.
If they acknowledged the right of the sword, they were neither just nor wise to oppose the present government, set up and approved by all the Edition: current; Page: [405]forces of the three kingdoms. The principles of this House of Commons were, no doubt, the very same with theirs that began the rebellion; and would, if they could have raised a sufficient army, have done the same against the Protector; and the general of their army would, in like manner, have reduced them to a Rump. For they that keep an army, and cannot master it, must be subject to it as much as he that keeps a lion in his house. The temper of all the Parliaments, since the time of Queen Elizabeth, has been the same with the temper of this Parliament; and shall always be such, as long as the Presbyterians and men of democratical principles have the like influence upon the elections.
After, they resolved concerning the other House, that during this Parliament they would transact with it, but without intrenching upon the right of the peers, to have writs sent to them in all future Parliaments. These votes being passed, they proceed to another, wherein they assume to themselves the power of the militia. Also to show their supreme power, they delivered out of prison some of those that had been, they said, illegally committed by the former Protector. Other points concerning civil rights and concerning religion, very pleasing to the people, were now also under their consideration. So that at the end of this year the Protector was no less jealous of the Parliament, than of the council of officers at Wallingford House.
Thus it is when ignorant men will undertake reformation. Here are three parties, the Protector, the Parliament, and the Army. The Protector against Parliament and army, the Parliament against army and Protector, and the army against Protector and Parliament.
In the beginning of 1659 the Parliament passed divers other acts. One was, to forbid the meetings in council of the army-officers without order from the Protector and both houses. Another, that no man shall have any command or trust in the army, who did not first, under his hand, engage himself never to interrupt any of the members, but that they might freely meet and debate in the House. And to please the soldiers, they voted to take presently into their consideration the means of paying them their arrears. But whilst they were considering this, the Protector, according to the first of those acts, forbad the meeting of officers at Wallingford House. This made the government, which by the disagreement of the Protector and army was already loose, to fall in pieces. For the officers from Wallingford House, with soldiers enough, came over to Whitehall, and brought with them a commission ready drawn, giving power to Desborough to dissolve the Parliament, for the Protector to sign; which also, his heart and his party failing him, he signed. The Parliament nevertheless continued sitting; but at the end of the week the House adjourned till the Monday after, being April the 25th. At their coming on Monday morning, they found the door of the House shut up, and the passages to it filled with soldiers, who plainly told them they must sit no longer. Richard’s authority and business in town being thus at an end, he retired into the country; where within a few days, upon promise of the payment of his debts, which his father’s funeral had made great, he signed a resignation of his Protectorship.
To nobody. But after ten days’ cessation of Edition: current; Page: [407]the sovereign power, some of the Rumpers that were in town, together with the old Speaker Mr. William Lenthal, resolved amongst themselves, and with Lambert, Hazlerig, and other officers, who were also Rumpers, in all forty-two, to go into the House; which they did, and were by the army declared to be the Parliament.
There were also in Westminster Hall at that time, about their private business, some few of those whom the army had secluded in 1648, and were called the secluded members. These knowing themselves to have been elected by the same authority, and to have the same right to sit, attempted to get into the House, but were kept out by the soldiers. The first vote of the Rump reseated was, that such persons as, heretofore members of this Parliament, have not sitten in this Parliament since the year 1648, shall not sit in this House till further order of the Parliament. And thus the Rump recovered their authority May the 7th 1659, which they lost in April 1653.
Seeing there had been so many shiftings of the supreme authority, I pray you, for memory’s sake, repeat them briefly in times and order.
First, from 1640 to 1648, when the King was murdered, the sovereignty was disputed between King Charles I and the Presbyterian Parliament. Secondly, from 1648 to 1653, the power was in that part of the Parliament which voted the trial of the King, and declared themselves, without King or House of Lords, to have the supreme authority of England and Ireland. For there were in the Long Parliament two factions, the Presbyterian and Independent; the former whereof sought only the subjection of the King, not his destruction directly; Edition: current; Page: [408]the latter sought directly his destruction; and this part is it, which was called the Rump. Thirdly, from April the 20th to July the 4th, the supreme power was in the hands of a council of state constituted by Cromwell. Fourthly, from July the 4th to December the 12th of the same year, it was in the hands of men called unto it by Cromwell, whom he termed men of fidelity and integrity, and made them a Parliament; which was called, in contempt of one of the members, Barebone’s Parliament. Fifthly, from December the 12th 1653 to September the 3rd 1658, it was in the hands of Oliver Cromwell, with the title of Protector. Sixthly, from September the 3rd 1658 to April the 25th 1659, Richard Cromwell had it as successor to his father. Seventhly, from April the 25th 1659 to May the 7th of the same year, it was nowhere. Eighthly, from May the 7th 1659, the Rump, which was turned out of doors in 1653, recovered it again; and shall lose it again to a committee of safety, and again recover it, and again lose it to the right owner.
By whom, and by what art, came the Rump to be turned out the second time?
One would think them safe enough. The army in Scotland, which when it was in London had helped Oliver to put down the Rump, submitted now, begged pardon, and promised obedience. The soldiers in town had their pay mended, and the commanders everywhere took the old engagement, whereby they had acknowledged their authority heretofore. They also received their commissions in the House itself from the speaker, who was generalissimo. Fleetwood was made lieutenant-general, with such and so many limitations as were thought necessary by the Rump, that remembered Edition: current; Page: [409]how they had been served by the general, Oliver. Also Henry Cromwell, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, having resigned his commission by command, returned into England.
But Lambert, to whom, as was said, Oliver had promised the succession, and who as well as the Rump knew the way to the Protectorship by Oliver’s own footsteps, was resolved to proceed in it upon the first opportunity; which presented itself presently after. Besides some plots of royalists, whom after the old fashion they again persecuted, there was an insurrection made against them by Presbyterians in Cheshire, headed by Sir George Booth, one of the secluded members. They were in number about 3,000, and their pretence was for a free Parliament. There was a great talk of another rising, or endeavour to rise, in Devonshire and Cornwall at the same time. To suppress Sir George Booth, the Rump sent down more than a sufficient army under Lambert; which quickly defeated the Cheshire party, and recovered Chester, Liverpool, and all the other places they had seized. Divers also of their commanders in and after the battle were taken prisoners, whereof Sir George Booth himself was one.
This exploit done, Lambert, before his return, caressed his soldiers with an entertainment at his own house in Yorkshire, and got their consent to a petition to be made to the House, that a general might be set up in the army; as being unfit that the army should be judged by any power extrinsic to itself.
I do not see that unfitness.
Nor I. But it was, as I have heard, an axiom of Sir Henry Vane’s. But it so much displeased the Rump, that they voted, that the having of more Edition: current; Page: [410]generals in the army than were already settled, was unnecessary, burthensome, and dangerous to the commonwealth.
This was not Oliver’s method; for though this Cheshire victory had been as glorious as that of Oliver at Dunbar, yet it was not the victory that made Oliver general, but the resignation of Fairfax, and the proffer of it to Cromwell by the Parliament.
But Lambert thought so well of himself, as to expect it. Therefore, at his return to London, he and the other officers assembling at Wallingford House, drew their petition into form, and called it a representation; wherein the chief point was to have a general, but many others of less importance were added; and this they represented to the House, October the 4th, by Major-General Desborough. And this so far awed them, as to teach them so much good manners as to promise to take it presently into debate. Which they did; and October the 12th, having recovered their spirits, voted “that the commissions of Lambert, Desborough, and others of the council at Wallingford House, should be void: item, that the army should be governed by a commission to Fleetwood, Monk, Hazlerig, Walton, Morley, and Overton, till February the 12th following.” And to make this good against the force they expected from Lambert, they ordered Hazlerig and Morley to issue warrants to such officers as they could trust, to bring their soldiers next morning into Westminster; which was done somewhat too late. For Lambert had first brought his soldiers thither, and beset the House, and turned back the Speaker, which was then coming to it; but Hazlerig’s forces marching about St. James’s park-wall, came into St. Margaret’s churchyard; and so both parties looked all day one Edition: current; Page: [411]upon another, like enemies, but offered not to fight: whereby the Rump was put out of possession of the House; and the officers continued their meeting as before, at Wallingford House.
There they chose from among themselves, with some few of the city, a committee, which they called a committee of safety, whereof the chief were Lambert and Vane; who, with the advice of a general council of officers, had power to call delinquents to trial, to suppress rebellions, to treat with foreign states, &c. You see now the Rump cut off, and the supreme power, which is charged with salus populi, transferred to a council of officers. And yet Lambert hopes for it in the end. But one of their limitations was, that they should within six weeks present to the army a new model of the government. If they had done so, do you think they would have preferred Lambert or any other to the supreme authority therein, rather than themselves?
I think not. When the Rump had put into commission, amongst a few others, for the government of the army, that is to say, for the government of the three nations, General Monk, already commander-in-chief of the army in Scotland, and that had done much greater things in this war than Lambert, how durst they leave him out of this committee of safety? Or how could Lambert think that General Monk would forgive it, and not endeavour to fasten the Rump again?
They thought not of him; his gallantry had been shown on remote stages, Ireland and Scotland. His ambition had not appeared here in their contentions for the government, but he had complied both with Richard and the Rump. After General Monk had signified by letter his dislike of the proceedings Edition: current; Page: [412]of Lambert and his fellows, they were much surprised, and began to think him more considerable than they had done; but it was too late.
Why? His army was too small for so great an enterprise.
The general knew very well his own and their forces, both what they were then, and how they might be augmented, and what generally city and country wished for, which was the restitution of the King: which to bring about, there needed no more but to come with his army, though not very great, to London: to the doing whereof, there was no obstacle but the army with Lambert. What could he do in this case? If he had declared presently for the King or for a free Parliament, all the armies in England would have joined against him, and assuming the title of a Parliament would have furnished themselves with money.
General Monk, after he had thus quarrelled by his letter with the council-officers, secured first those officers of his own army, which were Anabaptists and therefore not to be trusted, and put others into their places; then drawing his forces together, marched to Berwick. Being there, he indicted a convention of the Scots, of whom he desired that they would take order for the security of that nation in his absence, and raise some maintenance for his army in their march. The convention promised for the security of the nation their best endeavour, and raised him a sum of money, not great, but enough for his purpose, excusing themselves upon their present wants. On the other side, the committee of safety with the greatest and best part of their army sent Lambert to oppose him; but at the same time, by divers Edition: current; Page: [413]messages and mediators urged him to a treaty; which he consented to, and sent three officers to London to treat with as many of theirs. These six suddenly concluded, without power from the general, upon these articles: that the King be excluded; a free state settled; the ministry and universities encouraged; with divers others. Which the general liked not, and imprisoned one of his commissioners for exceeding his commission. Whereupon another treaty was agreed on, of five to five. But whilst these treaties were in hand, Hazlerig, a member of the Rump, seized on Portsmouth, and the soldiers sent by the committee of safety to reduce it, instead of that, entered into the town and joined with Hazlerig. Secondly, the city renewed their tumults for a free Parliament. Thirdly, the Lord Fairfax, a member also of the Rump, and greatly favoured in Yorkshire, was raising forces there behind Lambert, who being now between two armies, his enemies would gladly have fought with the general. Fourthly, there came news that Devonshire and Cornwall were listing of soldiers. Lastly, Lambert’s army wanting money, and sure they should not be furnished from the council of officers, which had neither authority nor strength to levy money, grew discontented, and for their free quarters were odious to the northern countries.
I wonder why the Scots were so ready to furnish General Monk with money; for they were no friends to the Rump.
I know not; but I believe the Scots would have parted with a greater sum, rather than the English should not have gone together by the ears amongst themselves. The council of officers being now beset with so many enemies, produced speedily their Edition: current; Page: [414]model of government; which was to have a free Parliament, which should meet December the 15th, but with such qualifications of no King, no House of Lords, as made the city more angry than before. To send soldiers into the west to suppress those that were rising there, they durst not, for fear of the city; nor could they raise any other for want of money. There remained nothing but to break, and quitting Wallingford House to shift for themselves. This coming to the knowledge of their army in the north, they deserted Lambert; and the Rump, the 26th of December, repossessed the House.
Seeing the Rump was now reseated, the business pretended by General Monk for his marching to London, was at an end.
The Rump, though seated, was not well settled, but in the midst of so many tumults for a free Parliament had as much need of the general’s coming up now as before. He therefore sent them word, that because he thought them not yet secure enough, he would come up to London with his army; which they not only accepted, but also intreated him to do, and voted him for his services 1000l. a year.
The general marching towards London, the country every where petitioned him for a free Parliament. The Rump, to make room in London for his army, dislodged their own. The general for all that, had not let fall a word in all this time that could be taken for a declaration of his final design.
How did the Rump revenge themselves on Lambert?
They never troubled him; nor do I know any cause of so gentle dealing with him: but certainly Lambert was the ablest of any officer they had Edition: current; Page: [415]to do them service, when they should have means and need to employ him. After the general was come to London, the Rump sent to the city for their part of a tax of 100,000l. a month, for six months, according to an act which the Rump had made formerly before their disseisin by the committee of safety. But the city, who were adverse to the Rump, and keen upon a free Parliament, could not be brought to give their money to their enemies and to purposes repugnant to their own. Hereupon the Rump sent order to the general to break down the city gates and their portcullises, and to imprison certain obstinate citizens. This he performed, and it was the last service he did them.
About this time the commission, by which general Monk with others had the government of the army put into their hands by the Rump before the usurpation of the council of officers, came to expire; which the present Rump renewed.
He was thereby the sixth part of the general of the whole forces of the commonwealth. If I had been as the Rump, he should have been sole general. In such cases as this, there cannot be a greater vice than pinching. Ambition should be liberal.
After the pulling down of the city gates, the general sent a letter to the Rump, to let them know that that service was much against his nature, and to put them in mind how well the city had served the Parliament throughout the whole war.
Yes. But for the city the Parliament never could have made the war, nor the Rump ever have murdered the King.
The Rump considered not the merit of the city, nor the good-nature of the general. They Edition: current; Page: [416]were busy. They were giving out commissions, making of acts for abjuration of the King and his line, and for the old engagement, and conferring with the city to get money. The general also desired to hear conference between some of the Rump and some of the secluded members, concerning the justice of their seclusion, and of the hurt that could follow from their readmission: and it was granted, after long conference. The general finding the Rump’s pretences unreasonable and ambitious, declared himself with the city for a free Parliament, and came to Westminster with the secluded members, (whom he had appointed to meet and stay for him at Whitehall), and replaced them in the House amongst the Rumpers; so that now the same cattle that were in the House of Commons in 1640, except those that were dead and those that went from them to the late King at Oxford, are all there again.
But this, methinks, was no good service to the King, unless they had learned better principles.
They had learned nothing. The major part was now again Presbyterian. It is true they were so grateful to General Monk as to make him general of all the forces in the three nations. They did well also to make void the engagement; but it was because those acts were made to the prejudice of their party; but recalled none of their own rebellious ordinances, nor did anything in order to the good of the present King; but on the contrary, they declared by a vote, that the late King began the war against his two Houses.
The two Houses considered as two persons, were they not two of the King’s subjects? If a king raise an army against his subject, is it lawful Edition: current; Page: [417]for that subject to resist with force, when, as in this case, he might have had peace upon his submission?
They knew they had acted vilely and sottishly; but because they had always pretended to greater than ordinary wisdom and godliness, they were loath to confess it. The Presbyterians now saw their time to make a Confession of their Faith, and presented it to the House of Commons to show they had not changed their principles; which, after six readings in the House, was voted to be printed, and once a year to be read publicly in every church.
I say again, this re-establishing of the Long Parliament was no good service to the King.
Have a little patience. They were re-established with two conditions; one to determine their sitting before the end of March; another to send out writs before their rising for new elections.
That qualifies.
That brought in the King: for few of this Long Parliament, the country having felt the smart of their former service, could get themselves chosen again. This New Parliament began to sit April the 25th 1660. How soon these called in the King; with what joy and triumph he was received; how earnestly his Majesty pressed the Parliament for the act of oblivion, and how few were excepted out of it; you know as well as I.
But I have not yet observed in the Presbyterians any oblivion of their former principles. We are but returned to the state we were in at the beginning of the sedition.
Not so: for before that time, though the Kings of England had the right of the militia in virtue of the sovereignty, and without dispute, and without any particular act of Parliament directly to that Edition: current; Page: [418]purpose; yet now, after this bloody dispute, the next, which is the present, Parliament, in proper and express terms hath declared the same to be the right of the King only, without either of his Houses of Parliament; which act is more instructive to the people, than any arguments drawn from the title of sovereign, and consequently fitter to disarm the ambition of all seditious haranguers for the time to come.
I pray God it prove so. Howsoever, I must confess that this Parliament has done all that a Parliament can do for the security of our peace: which I think also would be enough, if preachers would take heed of instilling evil principles into their auditory. I have seen in this revolution a circular motion of the sovereign power through two usurpers, from the late King to this his son. For (leaving out the power of the council of officers, which was but temporary, and no otherwise owned by them but in trust) it moved from King Charles I to the Long Parliament; from thence to the Rump; from the Rump to Oliver Cromwell; and then back again from Richard Cromwell to the Rump; thence to the Long Parliament; and thence to King Charles II, where long may it remain.
Amen. And may he have as often as there shall be need such a general.
You have told me little of the general till now in the end: but truly, I think the bringing of his little army entirely out of Scotland up to London, was the greatest stratagem that is extant in history.
Di, majorum umbris tenuem, et sine pondere terram,
Spirantesque crocos, et in urna perpetuum ver,
Qui præceptorem sancti voluere parentis
Esse loco.
Juvenal, VII. 207-210.
[The following is the Preface prefixed, in the 8vo. edition of 1681, to this piece and the Discourse of the Laws of England.]
Although these pieces may appear fully to express their own real intrinsic value, as bearing the image and inscription of that great man Mr. Hobbes; yet since common usage has rendered a preface to a book as necessary as a porch to a church, and that in all things some ceremonies cannot be avoided, mode and custom in this point is dutifully to be obeyed.
That they are genuine, credible testimony might be produced, did not the peculiar fineness of thought and expression, and a constant undaunted resolution of maintaining his own opinions, sufficiently ascertain their author. Besides which, they are now published from his own true copies; an advantage which some of his works have wanted.
The first of them, being an abridgment containing the most useful part of Aristotle’s rhetoric, was written some thirty years since. Mr. Hobbes in his book of Human Nature had already described man, with an exactness almost equal to the original draught of nature; and in his Elements of Law laid down the constitution of government, and shown by what armed reason it is maintained: and having demonstrated in the state of nature the primitive art of fighting to be the only medium whereby men procured their ends, did in this design to show what power in societies has succeeded to reign in its stead, I mean the art of speaking; which by use of common places of probability, and knowledge in the manners and passions of mankind, through the working of belief is able to bring about whatsoever interest.
How necessary this art is to that of politic, is clearly evident from that mighty force whereby the eloquence of the ancient orators captivated the minds of the people. Mr. Hobbes chose to recommend by his translation the rhetoric of Aristotle, as being the most accomplished work on that subject which the world has yet seen; having been admired in all ages, and in particular highly approved by the father of the Roman eloquence, a very competent judge. To this he thought fit to add some small matter relating to that part which concerns tropes and figures; as also a short discovery of some little tricks of false and deceitful reasoning.
The other piece is a discourse concerning the laws of England, and has been finished many years. Herein he has endeavoured to accommodate the general notions of his politic to the particular constitution of the English monarchy: a design of no small difficulty; wherein to have succeeded deserves much honour; to have perchance miscarried, deserves easy pardon. It has had the good fortune to be much esteemed by the greatest men of the profession of the law, and therefore may be presumed to contain somewhat excellent. However it is not to be expected that all men should submit to his opinions, yet it is hoped none will be offended at the present publishing of these papers; since they will not find here any new fantastic notions, but only such things as have been already asserted with strength of argument by himself and other persons of eminent learning. To the public at least this benefit may accrue, that some able pen may undertake the controversy, being moved with the desire of that reputation which will necessarily attend victory over so considerable an adversary.
We see that all men naturally are able in some sort to accuse and exsuse: some by chance; but some by method. This method may be discovered; and to discover method is all one with teaching an art. If this art consisted in criminations only, and the skill to stir up the judge’s anger, envy, fear, pity, or other affections; a rhetorician in well ordered commonwealths and states, where it is forbidden to digress from the cause in hearing, could have nothing at all to say. For all these perversions of the judge are beside the question. And that which the pleader is to shew, and the judge to give sentence on, is this only: It is so, or not so. The rest hath been decided already by the law-maker; who judging of universals and future things, could not be corrupted. Besides, it is an absurd thing for a man to make crooked the ruler he means to use.
It consisteth therefore chiefly in proofs, which are inferences: and all inferences being syllogisms, Edition: current; Page: [424]a logician, if he would observe the difference between a plain syllogism and an enthymeme, which is a rhetorical syllogism, would make the best rhetorician. For all syllogisms and inferences belong properly to logic, whether they infer truth or probability. And because without this art it would often come to pass that evil men, by the advantage of natural abilities, would carry an evil cause against a good; it brings with it at least this profit, that making the pleaders even in skill, it leaves the odds only in the merit of the cause. Besides, ordinarily those that are judges, are neither patient, nor capable of long scientifical proofs drawn from the principles through many syllogisms; and therefore had need to be instructed by the rhetorical and shorter way. Lastly, it were ridiculous to be ashamed of being vanquished in exercises of the body, and not to be ashamed of being inferior in the virtue of well expressing the mind.
Rhetoric is that faculty, by which we understand what will serve our turn concerning any subject to win belief in the hearer.
Of those things that beget belief, some require not the help of art, as witnesses, evidences, and the like, which we invent not, but make use of; and some require art, and are invented by us.
The belief that proceeds from our invention, comes partly from the behaviour of the speaker, Edition: current; Page: [425]partly from the passions of the hearer; but especially from the proofs of what we allege.
Proofs are, in rhetoric, either examples or enthymemes; as in logic, inductions or syllogisms. For an example is a short induction, and an enthymeme a short syllogism; out of which are left, as superfluous, that which is supposed to be necessarily understood by the hearer; to avoid prolixity, and not to consume the time of public business needlessly.
In all orations, the hearer does either hear only, or judge also.
If he hear only, that is one kind of oration, and is called demonstrative.
If he judge, he must judge either of that which is to come, or of that which is past.
If of that which is to come, there is another kind of oration, and is called deliberative.
If of that which is past, then it is a third kind of oration, called judicial.
So there are three kinds of orations; demonstrative, judicial, and deliberative.
To which belong their proper times. To the demonstrative, the present; to the judicial, the past; and to the deliberative, the time to come.
And their proper offices. To the deliberative, exhortation and dehortation. To the judicial, accusation and defence. And to the demonstrative, praising and dispraising.
And their proper ends. To the deliberative, to prove a thing profitable or unprofitable. To the judicial, just or unjust. To the demonstrative, honourable or dishonourable.
The principles of rhetoric out of which enthymemes are to be drawn, are the common opinions that men have concerning profitable and unprofitable; just and unjust; honourable and dishonourable; which are the points in the several kinds of orations questionable. For as in logic, where certain and infallible knowledge is the scope of our proof, the principles must be all infallible truths: so in rhetoric the principles must be common opinions, such as the judge is already possessed with. Because the end of rhetoric is victory; which consists in having gotten belief.
And because nothing is profitable, unprofitable, just, unjust, honourable or dishonourable, but what has been done, or is to be done; and nothing is to be done, that is not possible; and because there be degrees of profitable, unprofitable, just, unjust, honourable and dishonourable; an orator must be ready in other principles, namely, of what is done and not done, possible and not possible, to come and not to come, and what is greater and what is lesser, both in general, and particularly applied to the thing in question; as what is more and less, generally; and what is more profitable and less profitable, &c. particularly.
In deliberatives there are to be considered the subject wherein, and the ends whereto, the orator exhorteth, or from which he dehorteth.
The subject is always something in our own power, the knowledge whereof belongs not to rhetoric, but for the most part to the politics; and may be referred in a manner to these five heads.
1. Of levying of money. To which point he that will speak as he ought to do, ought to know beforehand the revenue of the state, how much it is, and wherein it consisteth, and also how great are the necessary charges and expenses of the same. This knowledge is gotten partly by a man’s own experience, partly by relations and accounts in writing.
2. Of peace and war. Concerning which the counsellor or deliberator ought to know the strength of the commonwealth, how much it both now is, and hereafter may be, and wherein that power consisteth. Which knowledge is gotten, partly by experience and relations at home, and partly by the sight of wars and of their events abroad.
3. Of the safeguard of the country. Wherein he only is able to give counsel, that knows the forms, and number, and places of the garrisons.
4. Of provision. Wherein to speak well, it is necessary for a man to know what is sufficient to maintain the state, what commodities they have at Edition: current; Page: [428]home growing, what they must fetch in through need, and what they may carry out through abundance.
5. Of making laws. To which is necessary so much political or civil philosophy, as to know what are the several kinds of governments, and by what means, either from without or from within, each of those kinds is preserved or destroyed. And this knowledge is gotten, partly by observing the several governments in times past by history, and partly by observing the government of the times present in several nations, by travel.
So that to him that will speak in a council of state, there is necessary this; history, sight of wars, travel, knowledge of the revenue, expenses, forces, havens, garrisons, wares, and provisions in the state he lives in, and what is needful for that state either to export or import.
An orator, in exhorting, always propoundeth felicity, or some part of felicity, to be attained by the actions he exhorteth unto: and in dehortation, the contrary.
By felicity is meant commonly prosperity with virtue, or a continual content of the life with surety.
And the parts of it are such things as we call good in body, mind, or fortune; such as these that follow.
1. Nobility, which to a state or nation is to have been ancient inhabitants; and to have had most anciently, and in most number, famous generals in the wars, or men famous for such things as fall under emulation. And to a private man, to have been descended lawfully of a family, which hath yielded most anciently, and in most number, men known to the world for virtue, riches, or any thing in general estimation.
2. Many and good children. Which is also public and private. Public, when there is much youth in the state endued with virtue; namely, of the body, stature, beauty, strength, and dexterity; of the mind, valour and temperance: private, when a man hath many such children, both male and female. The virtues commonly respected in women, are of the body, beauty and stature; of the mind, temperance and housewifery without sordidness.
3. Riches. Which is money, cattle, lands, house-hold-stuff, with the power to dispose of them.
4. Glory. Which is the reputation of virtue, or of the possession of such things as all, or most men, or wise men desire.
5. Honour. Which is the glory of benefiting, or being able to benefit others. To benefit others, is to contribute somewhat, not easily had, to another man’s safety or riches. The parts of honour are sacrifices, monuments, rewards, dedication of places, precedence, sepulchres, statues, public pensions, adorations, presents.
6. Health. Which is the being free from diseases, with strength to use the body.
7. Beauty. Which is to different ages different. To youth, strength of body and sweetness of aspect. Edition: current; Page: [430]To full men, strength of body fit for the wars, and countenance sweet with a mixture of terror. To old men, strength enough for necessary labours, with a countenance not displeasing.
8. Strength. Which is the ability to move any thing at pleasure of the mover. To move, is to pull, to put off, to lift, to thrust down, to press together.
9. Stature. Which is then just, when a man in height, breadth, and thickness of body doth so exceed the most, as nevertheless it be no hindrance to the quickness of his motion.
10. Good old age. Which is that which comes late, and with the least trouble.
11. Many and good friends. Which is to have many that will do for his sake that which they think will be for his good.
12. Prosperity. Which is to have all, or the most, or the greatest of those goods which we attribute to fortune.
13. Virtue. Which is then to be defined, when we speak of praise.
These are the grounds from whence we exhort.
Dehortation is from the contraries of these.
In deliberatives, the principles or elements from whence we draw our proofs, are common opinions concerning good and evil. And these principles are either absolute or comparative. And those that are absolute, are either disputable or indisputable.
The indisputable principles are such as these: Good, is that which we love for itself. And that for which we love somewhat else. And that which all things desire. And that to every man which his reason dictates. And that which when we have, we are well or satisfied. And that which satisfies. And the cause or effect of any of these. And that which preserves any of these. And that which keeps off or destroys the contrary of any of these.
Also to take the good and reject the evil, is good. And to take the greater good, rather than the less; and the lesser evil rather than the greater. Further, all virtues are good. And pleasure. And all things beautiful. And justice, valour, temperance, magnanimity, magnificence, and other like habits. And health, beauty, strength, &c. And riches. And friends. And honour and glory. And ability to say or do: also towardliness, will, and the like. And whatsoever art or science. And life. And whatsoever is just.
The disputable principles are such as follow:
That is good, whose contrary is evil. And whose contrary is good for our enemies. And whose contrary our enemies are glad of. And of which there cannot be too much. And upon which much labour and cost hath been bestowed. And that which many desire. And that which is praised. And that which even our enemies and evil men praise. And what good we prefer. And what we do advise. And that which is possible, is good to undertake. And that which is easy. And that which depends on our own will. And that which is proper for us to do. And what no man else can do. And whatsoever Edition: current; Page: [432]is extraordinary. And what is suitable. And that which wants a little of being at an end. And what we hope to master. And what we are fit for. And what evil men do not. And what we love to do.
The colours of good comparatively depend, partly, upon the following definitions of comparatives.
1. More, is so much and somewhat besides.
2. Less, is that, which and somewhat else is so much.
3. Greater and more in number are said only comparatively to less and fewer in number.
4. Great and little, many and few, are taken comparatively to the most of the same kind. So that great and many, is that which exceeds; little and few, is that which is exceeded by, the most of the same kind.
Partly, from the precedent definitions of good absolutely.
Common opinions concerning good comparatively, then are these.
Greater good is many than fewer, or one of those many.
And greater is the kind, in which the greatest is greater than the greatest of another kind. And greater is that good than another good, whose kind is greater than another’s kind. And greater is that from which another good follows, than the good which follows. And of two which exceed a Edition: current; Page: [433]third, greater is that which exceeds it most. And that which causes the greater good. And that which proceeds from a greater good. And greater is that which is chosen for itself, than that which is chosen for somewhat else. And the end greater than that which is not the end. And that which less needs other things, than that which more. And that which is independent, than that which is dependent of another. And the beginning, than not the beginning.
(Seeing the beginning is a greater good or evil, than that which is not the beginning; and the end, than that which is not the end; one may argue from this colour both ways: as Leodamas against Chabrias, would have the actor more to blame than the adviser; and against Callistratus, the adviser more than the actor.)
And the cause, than not the cause. And that which hath a greater beginning or cause. And the beginning or cause of a greater good or evil. And that which is scarce, greater than that which is plentiful; because harder to get. And that which is plentiful, than that which is scarce; because oftener in use. And that which is easy, than that which is hard. And that whose contrary is greater. And that whose want is greater. And virtue than not virtue, a greater good. Vice than not vice, a greater evil. And greater good or evil is that, the effects whereof are more honourable or more shameful. And the effects of greater virtues or vices. And the excess whereof is more tolerable, a greater good. And those things which may with more honour be desired. And the desire of better things. And those things whereof the knowledge Edition: current; Page: [434]is better. And the knowledge of better things. And that which wise men prefer. And that which is in better men. And that which better men choose. And that which is more, than that which is less delightful. And that which is more, than that which is less honourable. And that which we would have for ourselves and friends, a greater good; and the contrary, a greater evil. And that which is lasting, than that which is not lasting. And that which is firm, than that which is not firm. And what many desire, than what few. And what the adversary or judge confesseth to be greater, is greater. And common than not common. And not common than common. And what is more laudable. And that which is more honoured, a greater good. And that which is more punished, a greater evil. And both good and evil divided than undivided, appear greater. And compounded than simple, appear greater. And that which is done with opportunity, age, place, time, means disadvantageous, greater than otherwise. And that which is natural, than that which is attained unto. And the same part of that which is great, than of that which is less. And that which is nearest to the end designed. And that which is good or evil to one’s self, than that which is simply so. And possible, than not possible. And that which comes toward the end of our life. And that which we do really, than that which we do for show. And that which we would be, rather than what we would seem to be. And that which is good for more purposes, is the greater good. And that which serves us in great necessity. And that which is joined with less trouble. And that which is joined with more delight. And of the two, Edition: current; Page: [435]that which added to a third makes the whole the greater. And that which having, we are more sensible of. And in every thing, that which we most esteem.
Because hortation and dehortation concern the commonwealth, and are drawn from the elements of good and evil; as we have spoken of them already in the abstract, so we must speak of them also in the concrete, that is, of what is good or evil to each sort of commonwealth in special.
The government of a commonwealth is either democracy, or aristocracy, or oligarchy, or monarchy.
Democracy is that, wherein all men with equal right are preferred to the highest magistracy by lot.
Aristocracy is that, wherein the highest magistrate is chosen out of those that have had the best education, according to what the laws prescribe for best.
Oligarchy is that, where the highest magistrate is chosen for wealth.
Monarchy is that, wherein one man hath the government of all; which government, if he limit it by law, is called kingdom; if by his own will, tyranny.
The end of democracy, or the people’s government, is liberty.
The end of oligarchy, is the riches of those that govern.
The end of aristocracy, is good laws and good ordering of the city.
The end of monarchy or kings, is the safety of the people and conservation of his own authority.
Good therefore in each sort of government, is that which conduceth to these their ends.
And because belief is not gotten only by proofs, but also from manners; the manners of each sort of commonwealth ought to be well understood by him that undertaketh to persuade or dissuade in matter of state. Their manners may be known by their designs; and their designs by their ends; and their ends by what we see them take pleasure in. But of this more accurately in the politics.
In a demonstrative oration, the subject whereof is praise or dispraise, the proofs are to be drawn from the elements of honourable and dishonourable.
In this place we anticipate the second way of getting belief; which is from the manners of the speaker. For praise, whether it come in as the principal business, or upon the by, depends still upon the same principles; which are these:
Honourable, is that which we love for itself, and is withal laudable; and that good, which pleaseth us only because it is good; and virtue.
Virtue is the faculty of getting and preserving that which is good; and the faculty of doing many and great things well.
The kinds of it are these:
1. Justice, which is a virtue whereby every man obtains what by law is his.
2. Fortitude, which is a virtue by which a man carries himself honourably and according to the laws, in time of danger.
3. Temperance, which is a virtue whereby a man governs himself in matter of pleasure according to the law.
4. Liberality, which is a virtue by which we benefit others in matter of money.
5. Magnanimity, which is a virtue by which a man is apt to do great benefits.
6. Magnificence, which is a virtue by which a man is apt to be at great cost.
7. Prudence, which is an intellectual virtue, by which a man is able to deliberate well concerning any good leading to felicity.
And honourable are the causes and effects of things honourable. And the works of virtue. And the signs of virtue. And those actions the reward whereof is honour. And the reward whereof is rather honour than money. And that which we do not for our sakes. And what we do for our country’s good, neglecting our own. And those things are honourable which, good of themselves, are not so to the owner. And those things which happen to the dead, rather than to the living. And what we do for other men, especially for benefactors. And bestowing of benefits. And the contrary of those things we are ashamed of. And those things which men strive for earnestly, but without fear of adversary.
And of the more honourable and better men, the virtues are more honourable. And more honourable Edition: current; Page: [438]are the virtues that tend to other men’s benefit, than those which tend to one’s own.
And honourable are those things which are just. And revenge is honourable. And victory. And honour. And monuments. And those things which happen not to the living. And things that excel. And what none can do but we. And possessions we reap no profit by. And those things which are had in honour, particularly in several places. And the signs of praise. And to have nothing of the servile, mercenary, or mechanic.
And that which seems honourable; namely, such as follow: Vices confining upon virtue. And the extremes of virtues. And what the auditors think honourable. And that which is in estimation. And that which is done according to custom.
Besides, in a demonstrative oration, the orator must show that he whom he praiseth, did what he praiseth unconstrainedly and willingly. And he does so, who does the same often.
Praise is speech, declaring the magnitude of a virtue, action, or work. But to praise the work from the virtue of the worker, is a circular proof.
To magnify and to praise, differ in themselves as felicity and virtue. For praise declares a man’s virtue; and magnifying declares his felicity.
Praise is a kind of inverted precept. For to say, “Do it because it is good,” is a precept; but to say, “He is good because he did it,” is praise. An orator in praising, must also use the forms of amplification; such as these: He was the first that did it. The only man that did it. The special man that did it. He did it with disadvantage of time. He did it with little help. He was the Edition: current; Page: [439]cause that the law ordained rewards and honours for such actions.
Further, he that will praise a man, must compare him with others, and his actions with the actions of others, especially with such as are renowned.
And amplification is more proper to a demonstrative oration, than to any other. For here the actions are confessed; and the orator’s part is only this, to contribute unto them magnitude and lustre.
In a judicial oration, which consists in accusation and defence, the thing to be proved is, that injury has been done: and the heads from whence the proofs are to be drawn are these three:—
1. The causes that move to injury.
2. The persons apt to do injury.
3. The persons obnoxious or apt to suffer injury.
An injury is a voluntary offending of another man contrary to the law.
Voluntary is that which a man does with knowledge, and without compulsion.
The causes of voluntary actions are intemperance, and a vicious disposition concerning things desirable. As the covetous man does against the law out of an intemperate desire of money.
All actions proceed either from the doer’s disposition, or not. Those that proceed not from the Edition: current; Page: [440]doer’s disposition, are such as he does by chance, by compulsion, or by natural necessity. Those that proceed from the doer’s disposition, are such as he does by custom, or upon premeditation, or in anger, or out of intemperance.
By chance are said to be done those things, whereof neither the cause nor the scope is evident; and which are done neither orderly, nor always, nor most commonly after the same manner.
By nature are said to be done those things, the causes whereof are in the doer; and are done orderly, and always or for the most part after the same manner.
By compulsion are done those things, which are against the appetite and ordination of the doer.
By custom those actions are said to be done, the cause whereof is this, that the doer has done them often.
Upon premeditation are said to be done those things, which are done for profit, as the end or the way to the end.
In anger are said to be done those things, which are done with a purpose of revenge.
Out of intemperance are said to be done those things, which are delightful.
In sum, every voluntary action tends either to profit or pleasure.
The colours of profitable, are already set down. The colours of that which is pleasing, follow next.
Pleasure is a sudden and sensible motion of the soul, towards that which is natural. Grief is the contrary.
Pleasant therefore is that, which is the cause of such motion. And to return to one’s own nature. And customs. And those things that are not violent.
Unpleasant are those things which proceed from necessity, as cares, study, contentions. The contrary whereof, ease, remission from labour and care, also play, rest, sleep; are pleasant.
Pleasant also is that to which we have an appetite. Also the appetites themselves, if they be sensual; as thirst, hunger, and lust. Also those things to which we have an appetite upon persuasion and reason. And those things we remember, whether they pleased or displeased then when they were present. And the things we hope for. And anger. And to be in love. And revenge. And victory: therefore also contentious games; as tables, chess, dice, tennis, &c.; and hunting; and suits in law. And honour and reputation amongst men in honour and reputation. And to love. And to be beloved and respected. And to be admired. And to be flattered. And a flatterer: for he seems both to love and admire. And the same thing often. And change or variety. And what we return to afresh. And to learn. And to admire. And to do good. And to receive good. And to help up again one that is fallen. And to finish that which is unperfect. Edition: current; Page: [442]And imitation; and therefore the art of painting; and the art of carving images; and the art of poetry; and pictures and statues. And other men’s dangers, so they be near. And to have escaped hardly.
And things of a kind please one another. And every one himself. And one’s own pleases him. And to bear sway. And to be thought wise. And to dwell upon that which he is good at. And ridiculous actions, sayings, and persons.
Of the causes which move to injury, namely, profit and pleasure, has been already spoken (chap. vi, vii, xi). It follows next, to speak of the persons that are apt to do injury.
The doers of injury are: such as think they can do it. And such as think to be undiscovered, when they have done it. And such as think, though they be discovered, they shall not be called in question for it. And such as think, though they be called in question for it, that their mulct will be less than their gain, which either themselves or their friends receive by the injury.
Able to do injury are: such as are eloquent. And such as are practised in business. And such as have skill in process. And such as have many friends. And rich men. And such as have rich friends, or rich servants, or rich partners.
Undiscovered when they have done it, are such as are not apt to commit the crimes whereof they are accused: as feeble men, slaughter; poor and not beautiful men, adultery. And such as one would think could not chuse but be discovered. And such as do injuries, whereof there hath been no example. And such as have none or many enemies. And such as can easily conceal what they do. And such as have somebody to transfer the fault upon.
They that do injury openly are: such, whose friends have been injured. And such as have the judges for friends. And such as can escape their trial at law. And such as can put off their trial. And such as can corrupt the judges. And such as can avoid the payment of their fine. And such as can defer the payment. And such as cannot pay at all. And such as by the injury get manifestly much, and presently; when the fine is uncertain, little, and to come. And such as get by the injury money, by the penalty shame only. And such on the contrary as get honour by the injury, and suffer the mulct of money only, or banishment, or the like. And such as have often escaped or been undiscovered. And such as have often attempted in vain. And such as consider present pleasure more than pain to come, and so intemperate men are apt to do injury. And such as consider pleasure to come more than present pain, and so temperate men are apt to do injury. And such as may seem to have done it by fortune, nature, necessity, or custom; and by error, rather than by injustice. And such as have means to get pardon. And such as want necessaries, as poor men; or unnecessaries, as rich men. And such as are of very good or very bad reputation.
Of those that do injury, and why they do it, it hath been already spoken. Now of the persons that suffer, and of the matter wherein they suffer, the common opinions are these.
Persons obnoxious to injury are: such as have the things that we want, either as necessary, or as delightful. And such as are far from us. And such as are at hand. And such as are unwary and credulous. And such as are lazy. And such as are modest. And such as have swallowed many injuries. And such as we have injured often before; and such as never before. And such as are in our danger. And such as are ill-beloved generally. And such as are envied. And our friends; and our enemies. And such as, wanting friends, have no great ability either in speech or action. And such as shall be losers by going to law: as strangers and workmen. And such as have done the injuries they suffer. And such as have committed a crime, or would have done, or are about to do. And such as, by doing them an injury, we shall gratify our friends or superiors. And such whose friendship we have newly left, and accuse. And such as another would do the injury to, if we should not. And such as by injuring, we get greater means of doing good.
The matters wherein men are obnoxious to injury are: those things wherein all, or most men use to deal unjustly. And those things which are Edition: current; Page: [445]easily hid, and put off into other hands, or altered. And those things which a man is ashamed to have suffered. And those things wherein prosecution of injury, may be thought a love of contention.
When the fact is evident, the next inquiry is, whether it be just or unjust. For the definition of just and unjust, we must know what law is; that is, what the law of nature, what the law of nations, what the law civil, what written law, and what unwritten law is: and what persons, that is, what a public person or the city is, and what a private person or citizen is.
Unjust, in the opinion of all men, is that which is contrary to the law of nature.
Unjust, in the opinion of all men of those nations which traffic and come together, is that which is contrary to the law common to those nations.
Unjust, only in one commonwealth, is that which is contrary to the law civil, or law of that commonwealth.
He that is accused to have done anything against the public, or a private person, is accused to do it either ignorantly, or unwillingly, or in anger, or upon premeditation.
And because the defendant does many times confess the fact, but deny the unjustice; as that he took, but did not steal; and did, but not adultery; it is necessary to know the definitions of theft, adultery, and all other crimes.
What facts are contrary to the written laws, may be known by the laws themselves.
Besides written laws, whatsoever is just proceeds from equity or goodness.
From goodness proceeds, that which we are praised or honoured for.
From equity proceed those actions, which though the written law command not, yet, being interpreted reasonably and supplied, seems to require at our hands.
Actions of equity are such as these:—Not too rigorously to punish errors, mischances, or injuries. To pardon the faults that adhere to mankind. And not to consider the law, so much as the law maker’s mind; and not the words, so much as the meaning of the law. And not to regard so much the fact, as the intention of the doer; nor part of the fact, but the whole; nor what the doer is, but what he has been always or for the most part. And to remember better the good received, than the ill. And to endure injuries patiently. And to submit rather to the sentence of a judge, than of the sword. And to the sentence of an arbitrator, rather than of a judge.
Common opinions concerning injuries comparatively, are such as these.
Greater is the injury, which proceedeth from greater iniquity. And from which proceedeth greater damage. And of which there is no revenge. And for which there is no remedy. And by occasion Edition: current; Page: [447]of which he that hath received the injury hath done some mischief to himself.
He does greater injury, that does it first, or alone, or with few; and he that does it often.
Greater injury is that, against which laws and penalties were first made. And that, which is more brutal or more approaching to the actions of beasts. And that, which is done upon more premeditation. And by which more laws are broken. And which is done in the place of execution. And which is of greatest shame to him that receives the injury. And which is committed against well deservers. And which is committed against the unwritten law; because good men should observe the law for justice, and not for fear of punishment. And which is committed against the written law; because he that will do injury, neglecting the penalty set down in the written law, is much more likely to transgress the unwritten law, where there is no penalty at all.
Of artificial proofs we have already spoken.
Inartificial proofs, which we invent not, but make use of, are of five sorts.
1. Laws. And those are civil or written law: the law or custom of nations; and the universal law of nature.
2. Witnesses. And those are such as concern matter, and such as concern manners. Also they be ancient or present.
3. Evidences or writings.
4. Question or torture.
5. Oaths. And those be either given or taken, or both, or neither.
For laws, we use them thus: when the written law makes against us, we appeal to the law of nature, alleging that to be greatest justice, which is greatest equity. That the law of nature is immutable, the written law mutable. That the written law is but seeming justice; the law of nature very justice; and justice is among those things which are, and not which seem to be. That the judge ought to discern between true and adulterate justice. That they are better men that obey unwritten than written laws. That the law against us does contradict some other law. And when the law has a double interpretation, that is the true one which makes for us. And that the cause of the law being abolished, the law is no more of validity.
But when the written law makes for us, and equity for the adversary, we must allege: That a man may use equity, not as a liberty to judge against the law; but only as a security against being forsworn, when he knows not the law. That men seek not equity because it is good simply, but because good for them. That it is the same thing not to make, and not to use the law. That as in other arts, and namely, in physic, fallacies are pernicious; so in a common-wealth it is pernicious to use pretexts against the law. And that in common-wealths well instituted, to seem wiser than the laws is prohibited.
For witnesses, we must use them thus. When we have them not, we must stand for presumptions, and say: That in equity, sentence ought to be given according to the most probability. That presumptions Edition: current; Page: [449]are the testimony of the things themselves, and cannot be bribed. That they cannot lie.
When we have witnesses against him that has them not, we must say: That presumptions, if they be false, cannot be punished. That if presumptions were enough, witnesses were superfluous.
For writings, when they favour us, we must say: That writings are private and particular laws; and he that takes away the use of evidences, abolisheth the law. That since contracts and negociations pass by writings, he that bars their use dissolves human society.
Against them, if they favour the adversary, we may say: That since laws do not bind that are fraudulently made to pass, much less writings; and that the judge being to dispense justice, ought rather to consider what is just than what is in the writing. That writings may be gotten by fraud or force, but justice by neither. That the writing is repugnant to some law, civil or natural; or to justice; or to honesty. That it is repugnant to some other writing, before or after. That it crosses some commodity of the judge; which must not be said directly, but implied cunningly.
For the torture, if the giving of it make for us, we must say: That it is the only testimony that is certain. But if it make for the adversary, we may say: That men enforced by torture, speak as well that which is false as that which is true. That they, who can endure, conceal the truth; and they who cannot, say that which is false, to be delivered from pain.
For oaths, he that will not put his adversary to his oath, may allege: That he makes no scruple to be forsworn. That by swearing he will carry the Edition: current; Page: [450]cause, which, not swearing, he must lose. That he had rather trust his cause in the hands of the judge, than of the adversary.
He that refuseth to take the oath may say: That the matter is not worth so much. That if he had been an evil man, he had sworn, and carried his cause. That to try it by swearing, for a religious man against an irreligious is as hard a match, as to set a weak man against a strong in combat.
He that is willing to take the oath, may pretend: That he had rather trust himself, than his adversary; and that it is equal dealing for an irreligious man to give, and for a religious man to take the oath. That it is his duty to take the oath, since he has required to have sworn judges.
He that offers the oath, may pretend: That he does piously commit his cause to the Gods. That he makes his adversary himself judge. That it were absurd for him not to swear, that has required the judges to be sworn.
And of these are to be compounded the forms we are to use, when we would give, and not take the oath; or take and not give; or both give and take; or neither give nor take.
But if one have sworn contrary to a former oath, he may pretend: That he was forced: that he was deceived; and that neither of these is perjury, since perjury is voluntary.
But if the adversary do so, he may say: That he that stands not to what he hath sworn, subverteth human society. And (turning to the judge): What reason have we to require, that you should be sworn that judge our cause; when we will not stand to that we swear ourselves?
And so much for proofs inartificial.
Of belief proceeding from our invention, that part which consisteth in proof is already spoken of.
The other two parts follow; whereof one ariseth from the manners of the speaker, the other from the passions of the hearer.
The principles, colours, or common opinions upon which a man’s belief is grounded concerning the manners of him that speaks, are to be had, partly out of that which hath before been said of virtue (Book i. chap. 9); partly out of those things which shall be said by-and-by concerning the passions. For a man is believed, either for his prudence or for his probity, which are virtues; or for good will, of which among the passions.
The principles concerning belief, arising from the passion of the hearer, are to be gathered from that which shall now be said of the several passions in order.
In every one of which, three things are to be considered.
1. First, how men are affected.
2. Secondly, towards whom.
3. Thirdly, for what.
Anger is desire of revenge, joined with grief, for that he, or some of his, is, or seems to be, neglected.
The object of anger is always some particular or individual thing.
In anger there is also pleasure proceeding from the imagination of revenge to come.
To neglect, is to esteem little or nothing; and of three kinds: 1 Contempt, 2 Crossing, 3 Contumely.
Contempt, is when a man thinks another of little worth in comparison to himself.
Crossing, is the hinderance of another man’s will without design to profit himself.
Contumely, is the disgracing of another for his own pastime.
The common opinions concerning anger are therefore such as follow. They are easily angry, that think they are neglected. That think they excel others; as the rich with the poor; the noble with the obscure,&c. And such as think they deserve well. And such as grieve to be hindered, opposed, or not assisted; and therefore sick men, poor men, lovers, and generally all that desire and attain not, are angry with those that, standing by, are not moved by their wants. And such as having expected good, find evil.
Those that men are angry with, are: such as mock, deride, or jest at them. And such as shew any kind of contumely towards them. And such as despise those things which we spend most labour and study upon; and the more, by how much we seem the less advanced therein. And our friends, Edition: current; Page: [453]rather than those that are not our friends. And such as have honoured us, if they continue not. And such as requite not our courtesy. And such as follow contrary courses, if they be our inferiors. And our friends, if they have said or done us evil, or not good. And such as give not ear to our entreaty. And such as are joyful or calm in our distress. And such as troubling us, are not themselves troubled. And such as willingly hear or see our disgraces. And such as neglect us in the presence of our competitors, of those we admire, of those we would have admire us, of those we reverence, and of those that reverence us. And such as should help us, and neglect it. And such as are in jest, when we are in earnest. And such as forget us, or our names.
An orator therefore must so frame his judge or auditor by his oration, as to make him apt to anger: and then make his adversary appear such as men use to be angry withal.
Reconciliation is the appeasing of anger.
Those to whom men are easily reconciled, are: such as have not offended out of neglect. And such as have done it against their will. And such as wish done the contrary of what they have done. And such as have done as much to themselves. And such as confess and repent. And such as are humbled. And such as do seriously the same things, that they do seriously. And such as have done Edition: current; Page: [454]them more good heretofore, than now hurt. And such as sue to them for any thing. And such as are not insolent, nor mockers, nor slighters of others in their own disposition. And generally such as are of a contrary disposition to those whom men are usually angry withal. And such as they fear or reverence. And such as reverence them. And such as have offended their anger.
Reconcileable are: such as are contrarily affected to those, whom we have said before to be easily angry. And such as play, laugh, make merry, prosper, live in plenty; and, in sum, all that have no cause of grief. And such as have given their anger time.
Men lay down their anger for these causes. Because they have gotten the victory. Because the offender has suffered more than they meant to inflict. Because they have been revenged of another. Because they think they suffer justly. And because they think the revenge will not be felt, or not known that the revenge was theirs, and for such an injury. And because the offender is dead.
Whosoever therefore would assuage the anger of his auditor, must make himself appear such as men use to be reconciled unto: and beget in his auditor such opinions as make him reconcileable.
To love is to will well to another, and that for others, not for our own sake.
A friend is he that loves, and he that is beloved.
Friends one to another, are they that naturally love one another.
A friend therefore is he; that rejoiceth at another’s good. And that grieves at his hurt. And that wishes the same with us to a third, whether good or hurt. And that is enemy or friend to the same man.
We love them: that have done good to us, or ours; especially if much, readily, or in season. That are our friends’ friends. That are our enemies’ enemies. That are liberal. That are valiant. That are just. And that we would have love us. And good companions. And such as can abide jests. And such as break jests. And such as praise us, especially for somewhat that we doubt of in ourselves. And such as are neat. And such as upbraid us not with our vices, or with their own benefits. And such as quickly forget injuries. And such as least observe our errors. And such as are not of ill tongue. And those that are ignorant of our vices. And such as cross us not when we are busy or angry. And such as are officious towards us. And those that are like us. And such as follow the same course or trade of life, where they impeach not one another. And such as labour for the same thing, when both may be satisfied. And such as are not ashamed to tell us freely their faults, so it be not in contempt of us, and the faults such as the world, rather than their own consciences, condemns. And such as are ashamed to tell us of their very faults. And such as we would have honour us, and not envy, but imitate us. And such as we would do good to, except with greater hurt to ourselves. And such as continue their friendship to the dead. And Edition: current; Page: [456]such as speak their mind. And such as are not terrible. And such as we may rely on.
The several kinds of friendship, are society, familiarity, consanguinity, affinity &c.
The things that beget love, are, the bestowing of benefits, gratis; unasked; privately.
The colours or common opinions concerning hatred, are to be taken from the contrary of those which concern love and friendship.
Hatred differs from anger in this; that anger regards only what is done to oneself; but hatred not. And in this, that anger regards particulars only; the other, universals also. And in this, that anger is curable; hatred not. And in this, that anger seeks the vexation, hatred the damage, of one’s adversary. That with anger there is always joined grief; with hatred, not always. That anger may at length be satiated; but hatred never.
Hence it appears how the judge or auditor may be made friend or enemy to us, and how our adversary may be made appear friend or enemy to the judge; and how we may answer to our adversary, that would make us appear enemies to him.
Fear is a trouble or vexation of the mind, arising from the apprehension of an evil at hand, which Edition: current; Page: [457]may hurt or destroy. Danger is the nearness of the evil feared.
The things to be feared are: such as have power to hurt. And the signs of will to do us hurt; as anger and hatred of powerful men. And injustice joined with power. And valour provoked, joined with power. And the fear of powerful men.
The men that are to be feared, are: such as know our faults. And such as can do us injury. And such as think they are injured by us. And such as have done us injury. And our competitors in such things as cannot satisfy both. And such as are feared by more powerful men than we are. And such as have destroyed greater men than we are. And such as use to invade their inferiors. And men not passionate, but dissemblers and crafty, are more to be feared than those that are hasty and free.
The things especially to be feared, are: such, wherein if we err, the error cannot be repaired; at least, not according to ours, but our adversary’s pleasure. And such as admit either none, or not easy help. And such as being done, or about to be done to others, make us pity them.
They that fear not are: such as expect not evil; or not now; or not this; or not from these. And therefore men fear little in prosperity. And men fear little, that think they have suffered already.
An orator therefore that would put fear into the auditor, must let him see that he is obnoxious; and that greater than he do suffer and have suffered from those, and at those times, they least thought.
Assurance is hope, arising from an imagination that the help is near, or the evil afar off.
The things therefore that beget assurance are: the remoteness of those things that are to be feared, and the nearness of their contraries. And the facility of great or many helps or remedies. And neither to have done, nor received injury. And to have no competitors, or not great ones; or if great ones, at least friends, such as we have obliged, or are obliged to. And that the danger is extended to more or greater than us.
Assured or confident, are: they that have oft escaped danger. And they, to whom most things have succeeded well. And they, that see their equals or inferiors not afraid. And they, that have wherewith to make themselves feared; as wealth, strength, &c. And such as have done others no wrong. And such as think themselves in good terms with God Almighty. And such as think they will speed well, that are gone before.
Shame is a perturbation of the mind arising from the apprehension of evil, past, present, or to come, to the prejudice of a man’s own, or his friends’ reputation.
The things therefore which men are ashamed of, are those actions which proceed from vice: as to Edition: current; Page: [459]throw away one’s arms, to run away, signs of cowardliness. To deny that which is committed to one’s trust, a sign of injustice. To have lain with whom, where, and when, we ought not, signs of intemperance. To make gain of small and base things; not to help with money whom and how much we ought; to receive help from meaner men; to ask money at use from such as one thinks will borrow of him; to borrow of him that expects payment of somewhat before lent; and to re-demand what one has lent, of him that one thinks will borrow more; and so to praise as one may be thought to ask; signs of wretchedness. To praise one to his face; to praise his virtues too much, and colour his vices; signs of flattery. To be unable to endure such labours as men endure that are elder, tenderer, greater in quality, and of less strength than he; signs of effeminacy. To be beholden often to another; and to upbraid those that are beholden to him; signs of pusillanimity. To speak and promise much of one’s self, more than is due; signs of arrogance. To want those things which one’s equals, all or most of them, have attained to, is also a thing to be ashamed of. And to suffer things ignominious; as to serve about another’s person, or to be employed in his base actions.
In actions of intemperance, whether willingly or unwillingly committed, there is shame; in actions of force, only when they are done unwillingly.
The men before whom we are ashamed, are such as we respect: namely, those that admire us. And those whom we desire should admire us. And those whom we admire. Those that contend with us for honour. Those whose opinion we contemn Edition: current; Page: [460]not. And therefore men are most ashamed in the presence: of old and well bred men. Of those we are always to live with. Of those that are not guilty of the same fault. Of those that do not easily pardon. And of those that are apt to reveal our faults; such as are men injured, backbiters, scoffers, comic poets. And of those before whom we have had always good success. And of those who never asked anything of us before. And of such as desire our friendship. And of our familiars, that know none of our crimes. And of such as will reveal our faults to any of those that are named before.
But in the presence of such whose judgment most men despise, men are not ashamed. Therefore we are ashamed also in the presence of those whom we reverence. And of those who are concerned in our own, or ancestors’, or kinsfolk’s, actions or misfortunes, if they be shameful. And of their rivals. And of those that are to live with them that know their disgrace.
The common opinions concerning impudence, are taken from the contrary of these.
Grace is that virtue, by which a man is said to do a good turn or to do service to a man in need, not for his own, but for his cause to whom he does it.
Great grace is when the need is great; or when they are hard or difficult things that are conferred; or when the time is seasonable; or when he that confers the favour, is the only or first man that did it.
Need is a desire, joined with grief, for the absence of the thing desired. Grace therefore it is not, if it be done to one that needs not. Whosoever therefore would prove that he has done a grace or favour, must show that he needeth it to whom it was done.
Grace it is not, which is done by chance. Nor which is done by necessity. Nor which has been requited. Nor that which is done to one’s enemy. Nor that which is a trifle. Nor that which is nought, if the giver know the fault.
And in this manner a man may go over the predicaments, and examine a benefit, whether it be a grace for being this, or for being so much, or for being such, or for being now, &c.
Pity is a perturbation of the mind, arising from the apprehension of hurt or trouble to another that doth not deserve it, and which he thinks may happen to himself or his.
And because it appertains to pity to think that he, or his, may fall into the misery he pities in others; it follows that they be most compassionate: who have passed through misery. And old men. And weak men. And timorous men. And learned men. And such as have parents, wife and children. And such as think there be honest men.
And that they are less compassionate: who are in great despair. Who are in great prosperity. And they that are angry; for they consider not. And they that are very confident; for they also consider not. And they that are in the act of contumely; Edition: current; Page: [462]for neither do these consider. And they that are astonished with fear. And they that think no man honest.
The things to be pitied are: such as grieve, and withal hurt. Such as destroy. And calamities of fortune, if they be great: as none or few friends, deformity, weakness, lameness, &c. And evil that arrives where good is expected. And after extreme evil, a little good. And through a man’s life to have no good offer itself; or being offered, not to have been able to enjoy it.
Men to be pitied are: such as are known to us, unless they be so near to us, as their hurt be our own. And such as be of our own years. Such as are like us in manners. Such as are of the same, or like stock. And our equals in dignity. Those that have lately suffered, or are shortly to suffer injury: and those that have the marks of injury past. And those that have the words or actions of them that be in present misery.
Opposite in a manner to pity in good men, is indignation; which is grief for the prosperity of a man unworthy.
With indignation there is always joined a joy for the prosperity of a man worthy; as pity is always with contentment in the adversity of them that deserve it.
In wicked men the opposite of pity is envy; as also the companion thereof, delight in the harm of Edition: current; Page: [463]others, which the Greeks in one word have called ἐπιχαιρεκακία. But of these in the next chapter.
Men conceive indignation against others, not for their virtues, as justice, &c.; for these make men worthy; and in indignation we think men unworthy: but for those goods which men indued with virtue, and noble men, and handsome men are worthy of. And for newly-gotten power and riches, rather than for ancient; and especially if by these he has gotten other goods, as by riches, command. The reason why we conceive greater indignation against new than ancient riches, is that the former seem to possess that which is none of theirs, but the ancient seem to have but their own: for with common people, to have been so long, is to be so by right. And for the bestowing of goods incongruously: as when the arms of the most valiant Achilles were bestowed on the most eloquent Ulysses. And for the comparison of the inferior in the same thing, as when one valiant is compared with a more valiant; or whether absolutely superior, as when a good scholar is compared with a good man.
Apt to indignation are: they that think themselves worthy of the greatest goods, and do possess them. And they that are good. And they that are ambitious. And such as think themselves deserve better what another possesseth, than he that hath it.
Least apt to indignation are, such as are of a poor, servile, and not ambitious nature.
Who they are, that rejoice or grieve not at the adversity of him that suffers worthily, and in what occasions, may be gathered from the contrary of what has been already said.
Whoever therefore would turn away the compassion of the judge, he must make him apt to indignation; and shew that his adversary is unworthy of the good, and worthy of the evil which happens to him.
Envy is grief for the prosperity of such as ourselves, arising not from any hurt that we, but from the good that they receive.
Such as ourselves, I call those that are equal to us in blood, in age, in abilities, in glory, or in means.
They are apt to envy: that are within a little of the highest. And those that are extraordinarily honoured for some quality that is singular in them, especially wisdom or good fortune. And such as would be thought wise. And such as catch at glory in every action. And men of poor spirits; for every thing appears great to them.
The things which men envy in others are: such as bring glory. And goods of fortune. And such things as we desire for ourselves. And things in the possession whereof we exceed others, or they us, a little.
Obnoxious to envy are: men of our own time, of our own country, of our own age, and competitors of our glory; and therefore, those whom we strive with for honour. And those that covet the same things that we do. And those that get quickly, what we hardly obtain, or not at all. And those that attain unto, or do the things that turn to our Edition: current; Page: [465]reproach, not being done by us. And those that possess what we have possessed heretofore; so old and decayed men envy the young and lusty. And those that have bestowed little, are subject to be envied by such as have bestowed much upon the same thing.
From the contraries of these may be derived the principles concerning joy for other men’s hurt.
He therefore that would not have his enemy prevail, when he craves pity or other favour, must dispose the judge to envy; and make his adversary appear such as are above described to be subject to the envy of others.
Emulation is grief arising from that our equals possess such goods as are had in honour, and whereof we are capable, but have them not; not because they have them, but because not we also. No man therefore emulates another in things whereof himself is not capable.
Apt to emulate are: such as esteem themselves worthy of more than they have. And young and magnanimous men. And such as already possess the goods for which men are honoured: for they measure their worth by their having. And those that are esteemed worthy by others. And those whose ancestors, kindred, familiars, nation, city, have been eminent for some good, do emulate others for that good.
Objects of emulation are, for things; virtues. Edition: current; Page: [466]And things whereby we may profit others. And things whereby we may please others.
For persons: they that possess such things. And such as many desire to be friends or acquainted with, or like unto. And they whose praises fly abroad.
The contrary of emulation is contempt. And they that emulate such as have the goods aforementioned, contemn such as have them not. And thence it is, that men who live happily enough, unless they have the goods which men honour, are nevertheless contemned.
Of passions we have already spoken. We are next to speak of manners.
Manners are distinguished by passions, habits, ages, and fortunes.
What kind of manners proceed from passions, and from virtues and vices, which are habits, hath been already shewed. There remains to be spoken of the manners that are peculiar to several ages and fortunes.
The ages are youth, middle-age, old age. And first of youth.
Young men are: violent in their desires. Prompt to execute their desires. Incontinent. Inconstant, easily forsaking what they desired before. Longing mightily, and soon satisfied. Apt to anger, and in their anger violent; and ready to execute their anger with their hands. Lovers of honour and of victory more than money, as having not been yet in Edition: current; Page: [467]want. Well-natured, as having not been acquainted with much malice. Full of hope, both because they have not yet been often frustrated, and because they have by natural heat that disposition that other ages have by wine; youth being a kind of natural drunkenness; besides, hope is of the time to come, whereof youth hath much, but of the time past little. Credulous, because not yet often deceived. Easily deceived, because full of hope. Valiant, because apt to anger and full of hope; whereof this begets confidence, the other keeps off fear. Bashful, because they estimate the honour of actions by the precepts of the law. Magnanimous, because not yet dejected by the misfortunes of human life. And lovers of honour more than of profit, because they live more by custom than by reason; and by reason we acquire profit, but virtue by custom. Lovers of their friends and companions. Apt to err in the excess rather than the defect, contrary to that precept of Chilon, Ne quid nimis; for they overdo every thing: they love too much and hate too much; because thinking themselves wise, they are obstinate in the opinion they have once delivered. Doers of injury, rather for contumely than for damage. Merciful, because, measuring others by their own innocence, they think them better than they be, and therefore less to merit what they suffer; which is a cause of pity. And lovers of mirth, and by consequence such as love to jest at others.
Jesting is witty contumely.
The manners of old men are in a manner the contraries of those of youth. They determine nothing. They do everything less vehemently than is fit. They never say, they know; but to everything they say, perhaps and peradventure; which comes to pass from that, having lived long, they have often mistaken and been deceived. They are peevish, because they interpret everything to the worst. And suspicious through incredulity, and incredulous by reason of their experience. They love and hate, as if they meant to continue in neither. Are of poor spirits, as having been humbled by the chances of life. And covetous, as knowing how easy it is to lose, and how hard to get. And timorous, as having been cooled by years. And greedy of life; for good things seem greater by the want of them. And lovers of themselves, out of pusillanimity. And seek profit more than honour, because they love themselves; and profit is among the goods that are not simply good, but good for one’s self. And without bashfulness, because they despise seeming. And hope little; knowing by experience that many times good counsel has been followed with ill event; and because also they be timorous. And live by memory rather than hope; for memory is of the time past, whereof old men have good store. And are full of talk, because they delight in their memory. And vehement in their anger, but not stout enough to execute it. They have weak or no desires, and thence seem temperate. They are slaves to gain. And live more by reason than custom; because Edition: current; Page: [469]reason leads to profit, as custom to that which is honourable. And do injury to endamage, and not in contumely. And are merciful by compassion, or imagination of the same evils in themselves; which is a kind of infirmity, and not humanity, as in young men, proceeding from a good opinion of those that suffer evil. And full of complaint, as thinking themselves not far from evil because of their infirmity.
Seeing then every man loves such men and their discourses which are most agreeable to their own manners; it is not hard to collect, how the orator and his oration may be made acceptable to the hearer, whether young or old.
The manners of middle-aged men, are between those of youth and old men. And therefore they neither dare, nor fear too much; but both as is fit. They neither believe all, nor reject all; but judge. They seek not only what is honourable, nor only what is profitable; but both. They are neither covetous, nor prodigal; but in the mean. They are neither easily angry, nor yet stupid; but between both. They are valiant and withal temperate.
And in general, whatsoever is divided in youth and old men, is compounded in middle-age. And whereof the excess or defect is in youth or old men, the mediocrity is in those of middle-age.
Middle-age for the body, I call the time from thirty to five and thirty years: for the mind, the nine-and-fortieth, or thereabouts.
Of manners that proceed from the several ages we have already spoken. We are next to speak of those that rise from several fortunes.
The manners of the nobility are: to be ambitious. To undervalue their ancestors’ equals; for the goods of fortune seem the more precious for their antiquity.
Nobility is the virtue of a stock. And generosity, is not to degenerate from the virtue of his stock. For as in plants, so in the races of men, there is a certain progress; and they grow better and better to a certain point; and change, viz. subtile wits into madness, and staid wits into stupidity and blockishness.
Rich men are contumelious, and proud; this they have from their riches; for seeing everything may be had for money, having money they think they have all that is good. And effeminate; because they have wherewithal to subminister to their lust. And boasters of their wealth, and speak in high terms foolishly; for men willingly talk of what they love and admire, and think others affect the same that they do; and the truth is, all sorts of men submit to the rich. And think themselves worthy to command, having that by which men attain command. And in general they have the manners of Edition: current; Page: [471]fortunate fools. They do injury, with intention not to hurt, but to disgrace; and partly also through incontinence.
There is a difference between new and ancient riches. For they that are newly come to wealth, have the same faults in a greater degree; for new riches are a kind of rudeness and apprenticeship of riches.
The manners of men in power, are the same, or better than those of the rich. They have a greater sense of honour than the rich, and their manners are more manly. They are more industrious than the rich, for power is sustained by industry. They are grave, but without austereness; for being in place conspicuous, they carry themselves the more modestly; and have a kind of gentle and comely gravity, which the Greeks call σεμνότηϛ. When they do injuries, they do great ones.
The manners of men that prosper, are compounded of the manners of the nobility, the rich, and those that are in power; for to some of these all prosperity appertains.
Prosperity in children, and goods of the body, make men desire to exceed others in the goods of fortune.
Men that prosper have this ill; to be more proud and inconsiderate than others. And this good; that they worship God, trusting in him, for that they find Edition: current; Page: [472]themselves to receive more good than proceeds from their industry.
The manners of poor men, obscure men, men without power, and men in adversity, may be collected from the contrary of what has been said.
We have hitherto set down such principles as are peculiar to several kinds of orations. Now we are to speak of such places as are common to them all; as these: possible, done, or past, future, great, small.
Possible is that: the contrary whereof is possible. And the like whereof is possible. And than which some harder thing is possible. And the beginning whereof is possible. And the end whereof is possible. And the usual consequent whereof is possible. And whatsoever we desire. And the beginning whereof is in the power of those whom we can either compel or persuade. And part whereof is possible. And part of the whole that is possible. And the general, if a particular. And a particular, if the general. And of relatives, if one, the other. And that which without art and industry is possible, is much more so with art and industry. And that which is possible to worse, weaker, and more unskilful men, is much more so to better, stronger, and more skilful.
The principles concerning impossible are the contraries of these.
That has been done: than which a harder thing has been done. And the consequent whereof has been done. And that which being possible, he had a will to do, and nothing hindered. And that which was possible to him in his anger. And that which he longed to do. And that which was before upon the point of doing. And whose antecedent has been done; or that for which it uses to be done. And if that for whose cause we do this, then this.
The principles concerning not done are the contraries of these.
That shall be done: which some man can, and means to do. And which some man can, and desires to do. And which is in the way, and upon the point to be done. And the antecedents whereof are past. And the motive whereof is past.
Of great and small, more and less, see Chapter vii. of Book i.
Of the principles, both general and special, from whence proofs are to be drawn, has been already spoken. Now follow the proofs themselves, which are examples or enthymemes.
An example, is either an example properly so called, as some action past; or a similitude, which also is called a parable; or a fable, which contains some action feigned.
An example, properly so called, is this: Darius came not into Greece till he had first subdued Egypt; Xerxes also conquered Egypt first; then afterwards crossed the Hellespont; we ought therefore to hinder the King of Persia from conquering Egypt.
A similitude, or parable, is such as followeth: They who choose their magistrates by lot, are like them that choose for their champions those on whom the lot shall fall, rather than those who have the greatest strength; and for their pilot, not him that hath skill, but him whose name is drawn out of the urn.
A fable is in this manner: The horse desiring to drive out the stag from his common pasture, took a man to assist him; and having received into his mouth a bridle, and a rider upon his back, obtained his intent, but became subject to the man. So you of Himera, having, in hope to be revenged of your enemies, given unto Phalaris sovereign authority, that is to say, taken a bridle into your mouths; if you shall also give him a guard to his person, that is, let him get up upon your backs, you be come his slaves presently, past recovery.
To find out examples, that is, actions done that may serve our purpose, is therefore hard, because not in our power. But to find fables and similitudes, is easier; because, by conversing in philosophy, a man may feign somewhat in nature like to the case in hand.
Examples, similitudes, and fables, where enthymemes are wanting, may serve us in the beginning of an oration for inductions; otherwise are to be alleged after enthymemes, for testimonies.
A sentence is an universal proposition concerning those things which are to be desired or avoided in the actions or passions of the common life. As, A wise man will not suffer his children to be over-learned. And is to an enthymeme in rhetoric, as any proposition is to a syllogism in logic. And therefore a sentence, if the reason be rendered, becomes a conclusion; and both together make an enthymeme. As for example: To be over-learned, besides that it begets effeminacy, procures envy. Therefore he that is wise will not suffer his children to be over-learned.
Of sentences there be four sorts. For they either require proofs or not, that is, are manifest or not.
Such as are manifest, are either so as soon as they are uttered; as, Health is a great good. Or as soon as they are considered; as, Men use to hate whom they have hurt.
Such as are not manifest, are either conclusions of enthymemes; as, He that is wise will not suffer his children, &c. Or else are enthymematical; that is, have in themselves the force of an enthymeme; as Mortal men ought not to carry immortal anger.
A sentence not manifest, ought to be either inferred or confirmed. Inferred thus: It is not good to be effeminately minded, nor to be envied by one’s fellow-citizens. A wise man, therefore, will not have his children over-learned. Confirmed thus: A wise man will not have his children Edition: current; Page: [476]over-learned; seeing too much learning both softens a man’s mind, and procures him envy among his fellow-citizens.
If a reason be added to a manifest sentence, let it be short.
Sentences become not every man; but only old men, and such as be well-versed in business. For to hear a young man speak sentences, is ridiculous; and to hear an ignorant man speak sentences, is absurd.
Sentences generally received, when they are for our purpose, ought not to be neglected; because they pass for truths. And yet they may be denied, when any laudable custom or humour may thereby be made appear in the denier.
The commodities of sentences, are two. One proceeding from the vanity of the hearer, who takes for true universally affirmed, that which he has found for true only in some particular; and therefore a man ought to consider in every thing what opinion the hearer holds. Another is, that sentences do discover the manners and disposition of the speaker; so that if they be esteemed good sentences, he shall be esteemed a good man; and if evil, an evil man.
Thus much of sentences, what they be; of how many sorts; how to be used; whom they become; and what is their profit.
Seeing an enthymeme differs from a logical syllogism, in that it neither concludes out of every thing, nor out of remote principles; the places of it, from Edition: current; Page: [477]whence a man may argue, ought to be certain and determinate.
And because whosoever makes a syllogism, rhetorical or other, should know all or the most part of that which is in question; as, whosoever is to advise the Athenians in the question, whether they are to make war or no, must know what their revenues be, what and what kind of power they have: and he that will praise them, must know their acts at Salamis, Marathon, &c.: it will be necessary for a good speaker to have in readiness the choicest particulars of whatsoever he foresees he may speak of.
He that is to speak ex tempore, must comprehend in his speech as much as he can of what is most proper in the matter in hand.
Proper, I call those things which are least common to others: as, he that will praise Achilles, is not to declare such things as are common both to him and Diomedes; as that he was a prince, and warred against the Trojans: but such things as are proper only to Achilles; as that he killed Hector and Cygnus; went to the war young and voluntary.
Let this therefore be one general place; from that which is proper.
Forasmuch as enthymemes either infer truly, or seem only so to do; and they which do infer indeed, be either ostensive, or such as bring a man to some impossibility; we will first set down the places of enthymemes ostensive.
An ostensive enthymeme is, wherein a man concludes the question from somewhat granted.
That enthymeme which brings a man to an impossibility, is an enthymeme wherein from that which the adversary maintaineth, we conclude that which is manifestly impossible.
All places have been already set down in a manner in the precedent propositions of good, evil, just, unjust, honourable, and dishonourable: namely, they have been set down as applied to particular subjects, or in concrete. Here they are to be set down in another manner; namely in the abstract or universal.
The first place, then, let be from contraries; which in the concrete or particulars is exemplified thus. If intemperance be hurtful, temperance is profitable: and if intemperance be not hurtful, neither is temperance profitable.
Another place may be from cognomination, or affinity of words: as in this particular. If what is just, be good; then what is justly, is well: but justly to die, is not well: therefore not all that is just, is good.
A third from relatives; as, This man has justly done, therefore the other has justly suffered. But this place sometimes deceives; for a man may suffer justly, yet not from him.
A fourth from comparison, three ways.
From the great to the less; as, He has stricken his father; and therefore this man.
From the less to the greater: as, The Gods know not all things; much less man.
From equality: as, If captains be not always the worse esteemed for losing a victory; why should sophisters?
Another from the time: as Philip to the Thebans: If I had required to pass through your country with my army, before I had aided you against the Phocæans, there is no doubt but you would have promised it me. It is absurd therefore to deny it me now, after I have trusted you.
A sixth from what the adversary says of himself: as, Iphicrates asked Aristophon, whether he would take a bribe to betray the army; and he answering no; What, says he, is it likely that Iphicrates would betray the army, and Aristophon not?
This place would be ridiculous, where the defendant were not in much more estimation than the accuser.
A seventh from the definition; as that of Socrates; A spirit is either God, or the creature of God; and therefore he denies not that there is a God, that confesses there are spirits.
An eighth from the distinction of an ambiguous word.
A ninth from division: as, If all men do what they do for one of three causes, whereof two are impossible; and the accuser charge not the defendant with the third; it follows that he has not done it.
A tenth from induction: as, At Athens, at Thebes, at Sparta, &c.; and therefore every where.
An eleventh from authority, or precedent sentence; as that of Sappho, that Death is evil; for that the gods have judged it so, in excepting themselves from mortality.
A twelfth from the consequence; as, It is not Edition: current; Page: [480]good to be envied; therefore neither to be learned. It is good to be wise, therefore also to be instructed.
A thirteenth from two contrary consequences; as, It is not good to be an orator; because if he speak the truth, he shall displease men, if he speak falsely, he shall displease God.
Here is to be noted, that sometimes this argument may be retorted: as thus, If you speak truth, you shall please God; if you speak untruth, you shall please men; therefore by all means be an orator.
A fourteenth from the quality that men have to praise one thing and approve another: as, We ought not to war against the Athenians upon no precedent injury; for all men discommend injustice. Again, We ought to war against the Athenians; for otherwise our liberty is at their mercy, that is, is no liberty: but the preservation of liberty is a thing that all men will approve.
A fifteenth from proportion: as, Seeing we naturalize strangers for their virtues, why should we not banish this stranger for his vices?
A sixteenth from the similitude of consequents: as He that denies the immortality of the gods, is no worse than he that has written the generation of the gods: for the same consequence follows of both, that sometimes there are none.
A seventeenth from that, that men change their mind: as, If when we were in banishment, we fought to recover our country, why should we not fight now to retain it?
An eighteenth from a feigned end: as that Diomedes chose Ulysses to go with him, not as more valiant than another, but as one that would partake less of the glory.
A nineteenth from the cause; as if he would infer he did it from this, that he had cause to do it.
A twentieth from that which is incredible, but true: as that laws may need a law to mend them, as well as fish bred in the salt water may need salting.
Let the first place be from inspection of times, actions, or words, either of the adversary, or of the speaker, or both. Of the adversary: as, He says he loves the people, and yet he was in the conspiracy of the Thirty. Of the speaker; as, He says I am contentious, and yet I never began suit. Of both; as, He never conferred any thing to the benefit of the commonwealth; whereas I have ransomed divers citizens with mine own money.
A second is from shewing the cause which seemed amiss, and serves for men of good reputation that are accused; as, The mother that was accused of incest for being seen embracing her son, was absolved as soon as she made appear that she embraced him upon his arrival from far by way of salutation.
A third, from rendering of the cause; as, Leodamas, to whom it was objected, that he had, under the thirty tyrants, defaced the inscription, which the people had set up in a pillar, of his ignominy; answered, He had not done it; because it would have been more to his commodity to let it stand; Edition: current; Page: [482]thereby to endear himself to the tyrants by the testimony of the people’s hatred.
A fourth from better counsel; as He might have done better for himself, therefore he did not this. But this place deceives, when the better counsel comes to mind after the fact.
A fifth from the incompatibility of the things to be done; as, They that did deliberate whether they should both mourn and sacrifice at the funeral of Leucothea, were told that, if they thought her a goddess, they ought not to mourn; and if they thought her a mortal, they ought not to sacrifice.
A sixth (which is proper to judicial orations) from an inference of error; as, If he did it not, he was not wise; therefore he did it.
Enthymemes that lead to impossibility, please more than ostensive. For they compare and put contraries together, whereby they are the better set off and more conspicuous to the auditor.
Of all enthymemes, they be best which we assent to as soon as hear. For such consent pleaseth us, and makes us favourable to the speaker.
Of seeming enthymemes, one place may be from the form of speaking. As when a man has repeated divers sentences, he brings in his conclusion as if it followed necessarily, though it do not.
A second from an ambiguous word.
A third from that which is true, divided, to that which is false, joined; as that of Orestes, It was justice that I should revenge my father’s death, Edition: current; Page: [483]and it was justice my mother should die for killing my father: therefore I justly killed my mother. Or from that which is true, joined, to that which is false, divided; as, one cup of wine, and one cup of wine, are hurtful; therefore one cup of wine is hurtful.
A fourth, from amplification of the crime. For neither is the defendant likely to have committed the crime he amplifies; nor does the accuser seem, when he is passionate, to want ground for his accusation.
A fifth from signs; as, when a man concludes the doing of the fact from the manner of his life.
A sixth from that which comes by chance. As if from this, that the tyranny of Hipparchus came to be overthrown from the love of Aristogeiton to Harmodius, a man should conclude that in a free commonwealth loving of boys were profitable.
A seventh from the consequence; as, Banishment is to be desired, because a banished man has choice of places to dwell in.
An eighth from making that the cause which is not; as, In Demosthenes’ government the war began; therefore Demosthenes governed well. With the Peloponnesian war began the plague, therefore Pericles, that persuaded that war, did ill.
A ninth from the omission of some circumstance; as, Helen did what was lawful when she ran away with Paris, because she had her father’s consent to choose her own husband; which was true only during the time that she had not chosen.
A tenth from that which is probable, in some case, to that which is probable simply; as, It is probable he foresaw that if he did it he should be Edition: current; Page: [484]suspected; therefore it is probable he did it not. From this place one may infer both ways that he did it not. For if he be not likely to do it, it may be thought he did it not: again, if he were likely to do it, it may be thought he did it not, for this, that he knew he should be suspected.
Upon this place was grounded the art which was so much detested in Protagoras, of making the better cause seem the worse, and the worse the better.
An argument is answered by an opposite syllogism, or by an objection.
The places of opposite syllogisms are the same with the places of syllogisms, or enthymemes; for a rhetorical syllogism is an enthymeme.
The places of objections are four.
First, from the same. As, to the adversary that proves love to be good by an enthymeme, may be objected, that, No want is good, and yet love is want; or particularly thus, The love of Myrrha to her father was not good.
The second from contraries. As, if the adversary say, A good man does good to his friends, an objection might be made, that then an evil man will do also evil to his friends.
The third from similitude. As thus, if the adversary say, all men that are injured do hate those that have injured them, it may be objected, that then all men that had received benefits should love their benefactors, that is to say, be grateful.
The fourth from the authority of famous men. As when a man shall say, that drunken men ought to be pardoned those acts they do in their drunkenness, because they know not what they do; the objection may be, that Pittacus was of another mind, that appointed for such acts a double punishment; one for the act, another for the drunkenness.
And forasmuch as all enthymemes are drawn from probability, or example, or from a sign fallible, or from a sign infallible: an enthymeme from probability may be confuted really, by showing that for the most part it falls out otherwise; but apparently or sophistically, by showing only that it does not fall out so always; whereupon the judge thinks the probability not sufficient to ground his sentence upon. The reason whereof is this, that the judge, while he hears the fact proved probable, conceives it as true. For the understanding has no object but truth. And therefore, by-and-by, when he shall hear an instance to the contrary, and thereby find that he had no necessity to think it true, presently changes his opinion, and thinks it false, and consequently not so much as probable. For he cannot at one time think the same thing both probable and false; and he that says a thing is probable, the meaning is, he thinks it true, but finds not arguments enough to prove it.
An enthymeme, from a fallible sign, is answered by showing the sign to be fallible.
An enthymeme from an example, is answered as an enthymeme from probability; really by showing more examples to the contrary; apparently, if he bring examples enough to make it seem not necessary.
If the adversary have more examples than we, we must make it appear that they are not applicable to the case.
An enthymeme from an infallible sign, if the proposition be true, is unanswerable.
The first, that amplification and extenuation are not common places, appears by this, that amplification and extenuation do prove a fact to be great or little; and are therefore enthymemes to be drawn from common places, and therefore are not the places themselves.
The second, that enthymemes, by which arguments are answered, are of the same kind with those by which the matter in question is proved, is manifest by this, that these infer the opposite of what was proved by the other.
The third, that an objection is no enthymeme, is apparent by this, that an objection is no more but an opinion, example, or other instance, produced to make appear that the adversary’s argument does not conclude.
Thus much of examples, sentences, enthymemes, and generally of all things that belong to argumentation; from what places they may be drawn or answered.
There remain elocution and disposition to be spoken of in the next book.
Three things being necessary to an oration, namely proof, elocution, and disposition; we have done with the first, and shall speak of the other two in that which follows.
As for action or pronunciation, so much as is necessary for an orator may be fetched out of the book of the Art of Poetry, in which we have treated of the action of the stage. For tragedians were the first that invented such action, and that but of late; and it consisteth in governing well the magnitude, tone, and measure of the voice; a thing less subject to art, than is either proof or elocution.
And yet there have been rules delivered concerning it, as far forth as serve for poetry. But oratorical action has not been hitherto reduced to art. And orators in the beginning, when they saw that the poets in barren and feigned arguments nevertheless attained great reputation; supposing it had proceeded from the choice or connexion of words, fell into a style, by imitation of them, approaching to verse, and made choice of words. But when the poets changed their style, and laid by all words that were not in common use, the orators did the same, and lighted at last upon words and a government of the voice and measures proper to themselves.
Seeing therefore pronunciation or action are in some degree necessary also for an orator, the precepts thereof are to be fetched from the Art of Poetry.
In the meantime this may be one general rule. If the words, tone, greatness of the voice, gesture of the body and countenance, seem to proceed all from one passion, then it is well pronounced. Otherwise not. For when there appear more passions than one at once, the mind of the speaker appears unnatural and distracted. Otherwise, as the mind of the speaker, so the mind of the hearer always.
The virtues of a word are two; the first, that it be perspicuous; the second, that it be decent, that is, neither above nor below the thing signified, or, neither too humble nor too fine.
Perspicuous are all words that be proper.
Fine words are those, that are borrowed, or translated from other significations; of which in the Art of Poetry.
The reason why borrowed words please, is this. Men are affected with words, as they are with men; admiring in both that which is foreign and new.
To make a poem graceful, many things help; but few an oration. For to a poet it sufficeth, with what words he can, to set out his poem. But an orator must not only do that, but also seem not to do it: for else he will be thought to speak unnaturally, Edition: current; Page: [489]and not as he thinks; and thereby be the less believed; whereas belief is the scope of his oration.
The words that an orator ought to use are of three sorts; proper, such as are received, and metaphors.
Words taken from foreign languages, words compounded, and words new coined, are seldom to be used.
Synonymes belong to poets, and equivocal words to sophisters.
An orator if he use proper words, and received and good metaphors, shall both make his oration beautiful, and not seem to intend it; and shall speak perspicuously. For in a metaphor alone there is perspicuity, novity, and sweetness.
Concerning metaphors the rules are these:
1. He that will make the best of a thing, let him draw his metaphor from somewhat that is better. As for example, let him call a crime an error. On the other side, when he would make the worst of it, let him draw his metaphor from somewhat worse; as, calling error, crime.
2. A metaphor ought not to be so far-fetched, as that the similitude may not easily appear.
3. A metaphor ought to be drawn from the noblest things; as the poets do, that choose rather to say rosy-fingered, than red-fingered Aurora.
In like manner the rule of epithets is, that he that will adorn, should use those of the better sort; and he that will disgrace, should use those of the worse. As Simonides being to write an ode in honour of the victory gotten in a course by certain mules, being not well paid, called them by their Edition: current; Page: [490]name, Ἡμιόνȣϛ, that signifies their propinquity to asses: but having received a greater reward, styles them the sons of swift-footed coursers.
The things that make an oration flat or insipid, are four:
1. Words compounded. And yet a man may compound a word, when the composition is necessary for want of a simple word, and easy, and seldom used.
2. Foreign words. As for example, such as are newly derived from the Latin; which though they were proper among them whose tongue it is, are foreign in another language: and yet these may be used, so it be moderately.
3. Long, impertinent, and often epithets.
4. Metaphors indecent and obscure. Obscure they are, when they are far-fetched. Indecent, when they are ridiculous, as in comedies; or too grave, as in tragedies.
A similitude differs from a metaphor only by such particles of comparison as these; as; even as; so; even so, &c.
A similitude therefore is a metaphor dilated; and a metaphor is a similitude contracted into one word.
A similitude does well in an oration, so it be not too frequent; for it is poetical.
An example of the similitude, is this of Pericles, that said in his oration, that the Bæotians were like so many oaks in a wood, that did nothing but beat one another.
Four things are necessary to make language pure.
1. The right rendering of those particles, which some antecedent particle does require; as to a not only, a not also; and then they are rendered right, when they are not suspended too long.
2. The use of proper words, rather than circumlocutions; unless there be motive to make one do it of purpose.
3. That there be nothing of double construction, unless there be cause to do it of purpose; as the prophets of the heathen, who speak in general terms, to the end they may be better maintain the truth of their prophecies; which is easier maintained in generals, than in particulars. For it is easier to divine whether a number be even or odd, than how many; and that a thing will be, than what it will be.
4. Concordance of gender, number, and person; as not to say him for her, man for men, hath for have.
In sum, a man’s language ought to be easy for another to read, pronounce, and point.
Besides, to divers antecedents, let divers relatives, Edition: current; Page: [492]or one common to them all, be correspondent; as, he saw the colour, he heard the sound; or he perceived both colour and sound: but by no means, he heard or saw both.
Lastly, that which is to be interposed by parenthesis, let it be done quickly: as, I purposed, having spoken to him ( to this, and to this purpose), afterward to be gone. For to put it off thus; I resolved, after I had spoken to him, to be gone; but the subject of my speech was to this and this purpose; is vicious.
A man shall add amplitude or dignity to his language, but by such means as these.
1. By changing the name with the definition, as occasion shall serve. As, when the name shall be indecent, by using the definition; or contrary.
2. By metaphors.
3. By using the plural number for the singular.
4. By privative epithets.
Elocutions are made decent:
1. By speaking feelingly; that is, with such passion as is fit for the matter he is in; as, angerly in matter of injury.
2. By speaking as becomes the person of the speaker; as for a gentleman to speak eruditely.
3. By speaking proportionably to the matter; as of great affairs to speak in a high, and of mean, in a low style.
4. By abstaining from compounded, and from out-landish words: unless a man speak passionately, and have already moved, and, as it were, inebriated his hearers; or ironically.
It confers also to persuasion very much, to use these ordinary forms of speaking; all men know, it is confessed by all, no man will deny, and the like. For the hearer consents, surprised with the fear to be esteemed the only ignorant man.
It is good also, having used a word that signifies more than the matter requires, to abstain from the pronunciation and countenance that to such a word belongs; that the disproportion between it and the matter may the less appear. And when a man has said too much, it will show well to correct himself: for he will get belief by seeming to consider what he says. But in this a man must have a care not to be too precise in showing of this consideration. For the ostentation of carefulness is an argument oftentimes of lying; as may be observed in such as tell particularities not easily observed, when they would be thought to speak more precise truth than is required.
There be two sorts of styles. The one continued, or to be comprehended at once; the other divided, or distinguished by periods.
The first sort was in use with ancient writers; but is now out of date. An example of this style is in the history of Herodotus; wherein there is no period till the end of the whole history.
In the other kind of style, that is distinguished by periods, a period is such a part as is perfect in itself; and has such length, as may easily be comprehended by the understanding.
This latter kind is pleasant, the former unpleasant; because this appears finite, the other infinite. In this the hearer has always somewhat set out, and terminated to him; in the other he foresees no end, and has nothing finished to him. This may easily be committed to memory, because of the measure and cadence; which is the cause that verses be easily remembered: the other not.
Every sentence ought to end with the period, and nothing to be interposed.
Period is either simple, or divided into parts.
Simple, is that which is indivisible; as, I wonder you fear not their ends, whose actions you imitate.
A period divided, is that which not only has perfection and length convenient for respiration, but also parts. As, I wonder you are not afraid of their ends; seeing you imitate their actions: where in these words, I wonder you are not afraid of their ends, is one colon or part; and in these, seeing you imitate their actions, another: and both together make the period.
The parts or members, and periods, of speech, ought neither be too long, nor too short.
Too long, are they which are produced beyond the expectation of the hearer. Too short, are they that end before he expects it.
Those that be too long, leave the hearer behind; like him that walking goes beyond the usual end of the walk, and thereby out-goes him that walks with him.
They that be too short, make the hearer stumble; for when he looks far before him, the end stops him before he be aware.
A period that is divided into parts, is either divided only; or has also an opposition of the parts one to another.
Divided only is such as this; This the senate knows, the consul sees; and yet the man lives.
A period with opposition of parts, called also antithesis, and the parts antitheta, is when contrary parts are put together, or also joined by a third.
Contrary parts are put together as here; The one has obtained glory, the other riches; both by my benefit.
Antitheta are therefore acceptable, because not only the parts appear the better for the opposition, but also for that they carry with them a certain appearance of that kind of enthymeme, which leads to impossibility.
Parts or members of a period, are said to be equal, when they have altogether, or almost, equal number of syllables.
Parts or members of a period, are said to be like, when they begin or end alike: and the more similitudes, and the greater equality there is of syllables, the more graceful is the period.
Forasmuch as there is nothing more delightful to a man, than to find that he apprehends and learns easily; it necessarily follows, that those words are most grateful to the ear, that make a man seem to see before his eyes the things signified.
And therefore foreign words are unpleasant, because obscure; and plain words, because too manifest, making us learn nothing new. But metaphors please; for they beget in us, by the genus, or by some common thing to that with another, a kind of science. As when an old man is called stubble; a man suddenly learns that he grows up, flourisheth, and withers like grass, being put in mind of it by the qualities common to stubble and to old men.
That which a metaphor does, a similitude does the same; but with less grace, because with more prolixity.
Such enthymemes are the most graceful, which neither are presently very manifest, nor yet very hard to be understood; but are comprehended while they are uttering, or presently after, though not understood before.
The things that make a speech graceful, are these; antitheta, metaphors, and animation.
Of antitheta and antithesis hath been spoken in the precedent chapter.
Of metaphors, the most graceful is that which is drawn from proportion.
Aristotle, in the twelfth chapter of his Poetry, defines a metaphor to be the translation of a name from one signification to another; whereof he makes four kinds, 1. From the general to the particular. 2. From the particular to the general. 3. From one particular to another. 4. From proportion.
A metaphor from proportion is such as this; A state without youth, is a year without a spring.
Animation is that expression which makes us seem to see the thing before our eyes. As he that said, The Athenians poured out their city into Sicily; meaning, they sent thither the greatest army they could make. And this is the greatest grace of an oration.
If therefore in the same sentence there concur both metaphor and this animation, and also antithesis, it cannot choose but be very graceful.
That an oration is graced by metaphor, animation, and antithesis, hath been said: but how it is graced, is to be said in the next chapter.
It is graced by animation, when the actions of living creatures are attributed to things without life; as when the sword is said to devour.
Such metaphors as these come into a man’s mind by the observation of things that have similitude and proportion one to another. And the more unlike and unproportionable the things be otherwise, the more grace hath the metaphor.
A metaphor without animation, adds grace then, when the hearer finds he learns somewhat by such use of the word.
Also paradoxes are graceful, so men inwardly do believe them. For they have in them somewhat like to those jests that are grounded upon the similitude of words, which have usually one sense, and in the present another; and somewhat like to those jests which are grounded upon the deceiving of a man’s expectation.
And paragrams, that is, allusions of words, are graceful, if they be well placed, and in periods not too long, and with antithesis. For by these means the ambiguity is taken away.
And the more of these, namely, metaphor, animation, antithesis, equality of members, a period hath, the more graceful it is.
Similitudes grace an oration, when they contain also a metaphor.
And proverbs are graceful, because they are metaphors, or translations of words from one species to another.
And hyperboles, because they also are metaphors. But they are youthful, and bewray vehemence; and are used with most grace by them that be angry; and for that cause are not comely in old men.
CHAPTER XI.: of the difference between the style to be used in writing, and the style to be used i
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Tag Archives: inspiration
Big Omaha
May 24, 2017 by Wendy Townley
Photography by Big Omaha
Rewind to May 8, 2009, and you will find a community of 400-plus graphic designers, entrepreneurs, creatives, developers, small business owners, and even a handful of investors seated in tidy rows at KANEKO in the Old Market. It was a first-of-its-kind conference for Omaha.
Many of these people knew of this event through casual conversations—mostly on Twitter—about a little-known conference coming to town called “Big Omaha.” It was the brainchild and second-born of friends Jeff Slobotski and Dusty Davidson (the previous year’s Silicon Prairie News being their firstborn). The two recognized a movement and a simmering energy surrounding the local tech community. It was a cadre of women and men who decided start-up and tech success could happen not on the West Coast but in their own backyards.
The inaugural Big Omaha sold out 10 days prior to the conference. The energy it created has sustained these past eight years. The result? Omaha is now a destination for start-ups seeking new ideas, new energy, and even new money in the form of investors.
“Big Omaha provides inspiration for people to start something,” explains Brian Lee of AIM, a not-for-profit organization that promotes technology to empower people, enhance organizations, and create brilliant communities. Lee serves as managing director of Big Omaha and Silicon Prairie News.
Two years ago, Big Omaha and Silicon Prairie News were acquired by AIM. Although the ownership structure has changed, the Big Omaha experience remains true to what Slobotski and Davidson created with the first conference in 2009.
“Big Omaha has had a huge impact on our community,” Lee says. “It is part of a larger movement in the past eight years that started with Big Omaha.”
Now the conference welcomes a sold-out audience of 700 attendees with guest speakers in a range of tech- and entrepreneurial-based industries who have crisscrossed the globe. When the speakers take the stage, the majority are candid about their successes and their failures, which they are encouraged to share in engaging, meaningful, transparent, and memorable ways.
“We ask our speakers to address overcoming challenges, which helps our audience find inspiration,” Lee says. “In the Midwest, we appreciate authenticity. Hearing those struggles helps a lot.”
Part of the splash of Big Omaha’s first conference in 2009 was its clever cow branding, developed by Omaha-based Oxide Design Co. The cow visuals have remained, although design duties changed hands in 2015 from Oxide to Grain & Mortar.
Now that Big Omaha is owned and operated by AIM, its goal is to cover costs through sponsorships and ticket sales, Lee says.
The conference continues to be a hot event. Tickets that cost as much as $599 are scooped up annually by local, national, and even international attendees.
Big Omaha could move to a larger venue, selling more tickets and earning more revenue. But Lee says from his vantage point, the Big Omaha culture isn’t about a bottom line.
“Our goal is not to outgrow KANEKO. We want to preserve the charm and the experience (of Big Omaha) for as long as we can.”
Part of this charm is the togetherness. Everyone who attends Big Omaha hears the same speakers in the same order. Speakers are encouraged to remain the entire two days of the conference, immersing themselves in the experience and networking with Big Omaha ticket-holders. (The pre-party and post-party have become a popular part of the two-day conference.)
Graphic design, architecture, tech innovation, and entrepreneurship ideas abound here. UNL architecture students provided an art installation in 2016, and a guest speaker in 2015 and 2017 was fashion entrepreneur Mona Bijoor, a favorite among the fashion designers and fashionistas
in attendance.
The conference’s first row is filled with familiar faces each year. One of them is Megan Hunt of Omaha, who has attended every single Big Omaha since 2009.
“I remember the incredible momentum that had built up in the Midwest startup community for this event,” Hunt recalls. “The desire we all had for a space to come together, share the work we were doing, and learn from the superstars in our field was palpable. The way that Dusty and Jeff harnessed that energy and built Omaha’s reputation as a hub of entrepreneurship is nothing short of legendary.”
Hunt has owned a web-based bridal design company, a co-working space, and, most recently, a web-based clothing retailer known as Hello Holiday that also boasts a very visual storefront in the heart of Dundee.
“I love going to Big Omaha because, for me, running a business is not just dollars and cents and strategy around growth,” Hunt adds. “It takes a lot of creativity and ingenuity. Big Omaha is my favorite conference because they do understand this so well, emphasizing how interdisciplinary business and technology can be, and welcoming artists, musicians, designers, and writers—people who may normally be in the minority at
other conferences.”
Big Omaha 2017
Big Omaha returned to KANEKO for the ninth consecutive year May 18 and 19. Below is the lineup of speakers.
Joe Ariel, co-founder and CEO of Goldbely
Mona Bijoor, managing partner at King Circle Capital and founder of JOOR
Christina Brodbeck, founding partner at Rivet Ventures
Daniel Burka, design partner at GV, formerly Google Ventures
Shirley Chung, chef and owner at Steamers Co.
Baldwin Cunningham, vice president of strategy at Brit + Co., co-founder of Partnered
Diana Goodwin, founder and CEO of AquaMobile
Alex Klein, co-founder and CEO of Kano Computing
Brandon Levy, co-founder and CEO of Stitch Labs
Mitch Lowe, co-founder of Netflix, CEO of MoviePass
Margenette Moore-Roberts, global head of inclusive diversity at Yahoo
Nish Nadaraja, former Yelp brand director, partner at Rich Kid Cool
Brian Neider, a partner at Lead Edge Capital
Vanessa Torrivilla, co-founder and creative director of Goldbely
Shandra Woworuntu, founder of Mentari
Matt Zeiler, founder and CEO of Clarifai
Visit bigomaha.co for more information.
Big Omaha participants try virtual reality goggles at a previous year’s event.
This article was printed in the Summer 2017 edition of B2B.
Posted in: B2B Magazine, Business, Entrepreneurs
Topics: AIM, B2B, Big Omaha, Brian Lee, community, conference, designers, Dundee, Dusty Davidson, entrepreneur, graphic design, Hello Holiday, inspiration, Jeff Slobotski, KANEKO, Megan Hunt, Midwest, Old Market, Omaha, Silicon Prairie News, startup, tech, tech giants, technology, Twitter
The Evolution of Pop Music
April 15, 2017 by Kyle Eustice
Admittedly, 34-year-old Omaha native Jonathan Tvrdik doesn’t sleep much. Between co-owning Benson’s Krug Park, working as a consultant for his wife Sarah Lorsung Tvrdik’s business Hello Holiday, being a father to 2-year-old son Hugo, directing music videos and commercials, making music, and holding down a day job as both the executive creative director at Phenomblue and head of product design at Rova, there’s not a lot of room for much else. It’s a path he can trace back to childhood.
“When I was a little kid, I played by myself and was always building things,” Tvrdik recalls. “I’m an adult version of that kid who is constantly making new project—like a band, bar, new app, or music video. I’ve always been a goal-oriented person with lots of irons in the fire.”
Ironically, that’s where the inspiration behind the name of Tvrdik’s upcoming solo album came from. Titled Irons, it’s a project over two years in the making and one that took careful crafting with the help of longtime friend and drummer for The Faint Clark Baechle. Busting at the seams with heavy themes of introspection and emotional growth, Irons illustrates a tumultuous period in Tvrdik’s life.
“For better or for worse, that’s where I’ve always been—busy,” he says. “I don’t even know what that has created in me—like who am I as a person? I’ve always been a workhorse, but who am I really? Each song dissects a different thing I am doing or interested in, or a certain vice I have as a result of all the stuff I am working with. It’s a very self-analytical sort of record.”
Beginning with “Something Better” and culminating with “Star Stick,” the 11-track album is like Joy Division meets The Faint, or as Tvrdik describes it, “Frank Sinatra on top of electronica-goth.” It was a true labor of love and Tvrdik really trusted Baechle’s expertise. Some tracks he thought were polished and ready to go; Baechle would hear them and mistakingly refer to them as “demos.” It took the experience of his fine-tuned ear to sew up any loose ends.
“We’ve made a lot music together over the years from a musician and engineer standpoint,” Tvrdik explains. “For this one, we started working through the process of what it was going to look like. I always knew when I was done mixing and recording it on my own, I would take it to him to refine. My producorial technique is very raw. For songs I thought were done and perfect, Clark would be like, ‘I got your demos’ [laughs]. I’m very right brained and he’s very left. I wanted his brain to go through it with a fine-toothed comb and nit pick the hell out of it, which he did. I couldn’t be happier with how it turned out.”
Although Tvrdik’s music background goes back to The Cog Factory days, where Omaha staples like Bright Eyes’ Conor Oberst, Cursive’s Tim Kasher, and The Faint’s Todd Fink (Baechle’s older brother) got their start in the early ’90s, naturally he’s experienced plenty of evolutionary changes in terms of his musical output. At one point, he was in a hardcore band, and later a noise-based outfit. While he felt he was still emotionally expressive in all of them, it’s with the forthcoming Irons he felt he was truly able to effectively communicate to the listener exactly what he was experiencing.
This article was printed in the March/April 2017 edition of Encounter.
Posted in: Encounter, Entertainment, Music, Omaha Magazine
Topics: album, app, background, band, bar, Benson, building, Clark Baechle, commercials, communicate, Conor Oberst, crafting, creative, directing, director, drummer, ear, electronica-goth, engineer, executive, fine-tuned, friend, growth, Hello Holiday, inspiration, introspection, Irons, Jonathan Tvrdik, Krug Park, listener, music, musician, Omaha, Phenomblue, project, Rova, Sarah Lorsung Tvrdik, solo, Something Better, Star Stick, terms, The Cog Factory, The Faint, Tim Kasher, Todd Fink, tracks, videos
Ren
ais
sance Man
April 13, 2017 by Sean Robinson
A boozy brunch between girlfriends, a meeting of coworkers over coffee, a couple splitting a glass of wine—conversations captured around the city, all serve as fodder and inspiration for Brion Poloncic’s work. In the quiet corners of Omaha’s local coffee shops and wine bars, Poloncic puts pen to paper, his ear tuned into the surrounding babble, creating art that he feels represents those around him and the experiences they discuss.
But don’t expect a still life of women gossiping between sips of their Venti mochas. As a visual artist, author, and former musician, Poloncic is a man of many hats but always remains a creator of thought-provoking and idiosyncratic work that paints middle America in a psychedelic wash.
“I’ve always fancied myself an artist,” Poloncic says. “My art is an affirmation of my peculiar skill set, and it just so happens to make me happy. It’s my own blend of therapy.”
It was through chance that Poloncic was first bitten by the creative bug. After he didn’t make the baseball team, he traded mitts for guitars and started writing music. A fan of everyone from Pink Floyd to Johnny Cash, he parlayed his early love for listening to his parent’s records into seven albums, all released under the moniker “A Tomato A Day (helps keep the tornado away).” A prolific songwriter, his discography is filled with character and colorful song titles, including ditties like “You Little Shit” and “Weirdo Park.”
For Poloncic, music wasn’t enough. He needed to sink his teeth into his next artistic outlet. So when a friend needed help setting up an Iowa art studio, he asked Polonic to draw pieces that illustrated his career. With no formal training or experience, unless coloring backpacks with magic markers counts, he dove in.
Two years later, Poloncic sold his first piece at a gallery in Lincoln. He has also shown work in Omaha and Kansas City and has a collection represented at Gallery 72, all those diploma-yielding pros be damned.
“My art isn’t constrained by my knowledge or training, and I think this makes me naturally less critical of my work,” Poloncic says.
Filled with abstract shapes, haunting faces, and stark use of color, his off-kilter yet original drawings mirror the tone of his written work. Through The Journal of Experimental Fiction, he published his first book Xanthous Mermaid Mechanics in 2012, following this up in 2014 with his second printed work On the Shoulders of Madmen. Both explored concepts of the subconscious mind, and the novel he is currently working on will follow suit.
“I’ll be surprised if anyone can read it,” Poloncic says. “It’s got no characters, no story arc, and isn’t about anything in particular.”
And he admits this is his niche, comparing his art to improvisational jazz or free-style rap where “things just happen.” For whatever he’s working on, he says the hardest part is just getting started. Once that happens, everything else just falls into place, and if he can’t get over a block, he always has another craft to turn to.
“If I stumble off the creative wagon with drawing, I get back on with writing and vice versa,” Poloncic says. “As you work on one, the other comes right along with it.”
Posted in: Art, Encounter, Entertainment, Omaha Magazine
Topics: abstract, art, artist, author, book, Brion Poloncic, characters, collection, concepts, creative, critical, draw, drawing, drawings, experiences, free-style, gallery, Gallery 72, illustrated, improvisational, inspiration, Jazz, knowledge, magic markers, mind, music, musician, novel, On the Shoulders of Madmen, original, outlet, paper, pen, printed, psychedelic, published, rap, read, shapes, songwriter, story, studio, subconscious, The Journal of Experimental Fiction, training, visual, Weirdo Park, work, writing, Xanthous Mermaid Mechanics
Your Trash, Her Treasure
April 9, 2017 by Sean Robinson
Photography by Keith Binder
Even on a blustery, freezing January day, as Christmas lights still twinkle from neighbors’ homes, it’s Halloween inside Diane Hayes’ apartment.
Enter into her abode, which is located in the 105-year-old West Farnam Apartments off Dewey and 38th streets, and you’re confronted with fortunetellers and witches and skeletons, oh my! The 1,800-square-foot place is spacious, with floorboards that squeak and much of its early 20th-century charm still intact, but it’s Hayes and her often-merrily macabre refurbished artwork that makes the apartment truly spellbinding.
“For a while, I tried to keep all my work hidden in one room, but then I said ‘Oh, to hell with it,'” Hayes says. “By the time they carry my body out of here, I suppose things will really look strange.”
Hayes lives to make the old new again. From turning a vintage side table into an animatronic fortuneteller to using antique alarm clocks to create mini terrariums that depict tragedies like the Titanic sinking and Lindbergh kidnapping, she uses her creative magic to take everyday objects and turn them into art. A strong believer that “décor shouldn’t come from Bed, Bath & Beyond,” Hayes scavenges through Goodwill, antique shows, and online to buy things only for their pieces and parts.
After purchasing an item, she stows it away and lets ideas start marinating in her head. Once inspiration strikes, the tinkering begins.
“It’s not my thing to come home after a long day and sit down to watch TV,” Hayes says. “I’m always putting something together.”
While she displays most of her work in her home, she does sell some items on Etsy and has donated pieces to benefits for the Nebraska AIDS Project and the local chapter of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.
If she isn’t selling or donating a piece, chances are it will end up in her year-round Halloween-themed office. Teeming from floor to ceiling with things that go bump in the night, this room is more fun and festive than frightening, as most of her collection reflects Halloween styles that were popular in the 1950s and ’60s. And come Halloween night, Hayes is the ghostess with the mostess, inviting around 80 costumed party guests into her apartment to have their palms read by a fortuneteller and watch silent films like Nosferatu.
“I love the Halloweens I grew up with,” Hayes says. “It’s such a fun time of year, and it doesn’t have the stress or religious and political connotations of Christmas.”
Beyond Halloween, living in Omaha’s first luxury apartment building offers its own inspiration. Built in 1912, the West Farnam Apartments house the city’s oldest working elevator.
“You can hear those 100-year-old gears cranking and groaning, almost like a tiny factory that’s come to life,” Hayes says.
Perhaps, this explains her next project—refurbishing an old clock complete with its own ancient gears. Some projects she completes in a day, others she’s always working on, always tinkering. This clock’s finish date is yet to be determined, and to Hayes that’s just fine.
“It’s been an unfocused life,” Hayes says, “but I’m not sure I’d want to do it any other way.”
Visit etsy.com/people/halloweenclocks for more information.
Posted in: Lifestyle, Omaha Magazine, OmahaHome
Topics: ancient, animatronic, apartment, art, artwork, benefits, building, collection, creative, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, décor, Diane Hayes, donating, elevator, Etsy, everyday, factory, festive, floorboards, fortuneteller, frightening, fun, inspiration, lights, macabre, magic, Nebraska AIDS Project, Nosferatu, objects, office, Omaha Home, palms, parts, pieces, refurbished, Skeletons, spacious, spellbinding, strange, styles, table, tinkering, vintage, witches
February 22, 2017 by Sarah Wengert
If you love trips to the museum and trips to the manicurist, Imagine Uhlenbrock is your one-stop shop for a day of art, style, and self-care all rolled into one stunning experience.
Uhlenbrock is the “nail genie” and artist behind Just Imagine Nails. Keratin is her canvas and her work is constantly showing on the hands of happy clients throughout Omaha.
“I started doing my own nails when I was about 4, because I was an only child and it was something I could do for myself,” Uhlenbrock says.
Her interest in nail art grew through middle school and high school, culminating in her first steady nail job at a downtown Omaha salon. It was meant to be her college job, but Uhlenbrock loved the craft so much she launched her own business doing natural, ethical nails at age 19.
For those skeptical that a manicurist can be a “real” artist, one look at Uhlenbrock’s vibrant Instagram portfolio provides ample evidence of her artistry and talent. Intricate, hand-painted designs, patterns, and messages mingle with hand-placed bling. Colors and textures pop, and unique, creative themes inspire the urge to scroll right on down the rabbit hole because no two sets are alike and your eyeballs will want to collect them all.
“It’s just like commissioning any other piece of art,” Uhlenbrock says. “I always have ideas, so I have clients who just come in and let me do whatever I want every two weeks, or sometimes they come in with a theme or idea in mind. Most of the time it’s a collaborative process and we customize it based on the vision and what they’re feeling like that week.”
This process has resulted in galaxy nails, Vegas- and beach-themed vacation nails, desert sunset nails, snowflake and Christmas nails, Fourth of July “red, white, and bling” nails, Ouija board nails, Netflix and chill nails, ice cream and French fry nails, nails that are geometric, plaid, rainbow, floral, color-blocked, gradient, holographic or chrome, and nails that mimic abstract paintings, among others.
“I take inspiration from everywhere. The print of your dress, the pattern of that chair, the texture of this pillow, someone’s artwork,” Uhlenbrock says.
Then there are the pop culture nails. She’s done sets that honor artists including Eartha Kitt, Prince, Beyoncé, and Frida Kahlo, that appreciate cultural icons ranging from Carl Sagan and Neil deGrasse Tyson to Grumpy Cat, that recognize the Broadway Hamilton phenomenon, that reference literature from Harry Potter to local author Rainbow Rowell’s Eleanor & Park, and that celebrate TV shows from The Golden Girls to The Powerpuff Girls. Her popular annual Halloween special has taken inspiration from The Addams Family, Stranger Things, The X-Files, and Hocus Pocus sets, as well as one of her personal all-time favorites: Michael Jackson “Thriller” nails.
“You can see from my themes that I like weird,” Uhlenbrock says. “I’ll put anything on a nail as long as it’s not problematic.”
Uhlenbrock’s political work is also incredibly compelling. She’s done anti-pipeline nails, Black Lives Matter nails, and nails that read “Go Vote,” among others.
“One of the roles of an artist is to get people to think or to spread certain messages. Nail art is no different than any other art form in that way,” Uhlenbrock says. “That’s how art and social justice can intersect by creating visuals, sounds, or whatever the medium to raise awareness, to educate, or to relieve pain and pressure for the oppressed. So, a lot of what I do is people’s regular self-care.”
In December 2016, Uhlenbrock opened her Hand of Gold Beauty Room space in the Fair Deal Village Marketplace, near 24th and Lake streets. She currently shares the space with two subcontractors, Qween Samone and Ria Gold, who help support the service menu of natural nails, makeup, and braiding. Uhlenbrock enjoys working in the thriving area among neighboring small business owners and she’s committed to using her space to support her peers.
“We support small businesses here,” Uhlenbrock says. “Economic disenfranchisement has been a huge tool of oppression against people of color. So, it’s really important to me as I grow and have my own economic development to reach out and empower others through that as well.”
Uhlenbrock stocks body care products from Lincoln-based Miss Kitty and Her Cats, pieces from Omaha’s Amaral Jewelry, and gets all of her regular polishes from Ginger + Liz, a black woman-owned, vegan-friendly, toxin-free nail lacquer company. She also sells jewelry from her other business, The Bigger the Hoops.
Besides providing an important platform for a network of artists and makers, the petite Hand of Gold Beauty Room just feels like a place you want to be. A plush, amber-colored couch beckons from the pedicure platform that Uhlenbrock and her mother hand-built. The walls are decked with striking work by Lincoln artist Brittany Burton, featuring black-and-white depictions of “thick” women with sparse flashes of green and yellow. Soul music fills the air and large windows let ample natural light stream in.
“Everyone should probably go to a therapist, but not everyone does—some people get their nails done instead,” Uhlenbrock says. “They can come here, have a good conversation, and leave feeling like a million bucks with something good to look at for a couple weeks. It’s a lot easier to feel like you have your shit together when your nails are on point.”
Posted in: Beauty, Encounter, Omaha Magazine, Style
Topics: art, artist, artistry, bling, Business, Christmas, chrome, collaborative, Colors, compelling, craft, creative, culture, customize, desert, designs, ethical, experience, floral, galaxy, hand-painted, hand-placed, holographic, ideas, Imagine Uhlenbrock, inspiration, Instagram, Intricate, Just Imagine Nails, Keratin, manicurist, messages, nail genie, nails, natural, Omaha, patterns, pop, portfolio, rainbow, salon, style, sunset, talent, textures, themes, vegan, vibrant, vision, visuals
Bringing Bali to Nebraska
June 20, 2013 by Mandy Mowers
Concrete floors and 26-foot ceilings. A spiral staircase up to the loft where Stephanie Francois has made her “comfy-couch room.” Vast windows. A huge balcony with an honest-to-God cabana, drapey white curtains billowing from the canopy over the outdoor sofa.
Francois’ travels have inspired the exotic décor. She loves Asia—her favorite place is Bali. Drawn to the culture and the food (her favorite to eat and to cook), she felt immediately at peace and at home there. That same feel is what she wants to bring to her apartment in the Residences at the Slowdown near 14th and Cuming streets. Francois is well on her way to capturing the simple, open, clean-line look of her Bali dreams. “I want it to be almost like a boutique hotel,” she says.
She’s only lived in her place since mid-January. She sold the house she bought two and a half years ago, when she felt she’d reached that time in life where she was supposed to buy a house. A little farther west (near 78th and Pacific), it had an in-ground pool and five bedrooms.
Soon, Francois realized that it was all a lot of maintenance, especially since she travels so much and spends a lot of time at work.
Plus, she wanted to be back in the action. She chose her location in the North Downtown district because it’s close to a lot of things, but far enough that she wouldn’t find herself out too often. (She does spend quite a bit of time at House of Loom and the conveniently close Blatt Beer & Table.)
Francois also keeps herself busy with her restaurant, Stella’s Bar & Grill in Bellevue. Her great-great-aunt was Stella, and Francois bought the place from Stella’s son six years ago. A Bellevue native, Francois says that even though running a restaurant can at times be stressful, “to have a tradition—I mean, it’s 76 years old—it’s worth it to keep a staple in the area.”
In the summer, she loves to ride her moped scooter to Bellevue (and everywhere else). During previous colder months, the red, shiny beauty sat in the middle of her main room, calling her name. Francois also owns an older yellow moped—a 1973, she thinks—but so far it’s been another cool decoration.
The rest of her décor has been recently picked up from CB2, West Elm, Crate and Barrel, online boutiques, Amazon, and, of course, Nebraska Furniture Mart. When she sold her house, Francois also sold all of her furniture.
“My house was so big, I just kept buying stuff to fill it,” Francois says. “That’s why I decided, ‘I’m just gonna sell everything.’ You collect that much stuff, and then it just drowns you.”
The fresh start has allowed her a more minimal style, closer to the Bali feel she wants. “It’s not where I want it yet,” Francois says. “But it’s getting there.”
Posted in: At Home, Downtown, Encounter, Home, People
Topics: apartment, Asia, Bali, Blatt Beer & Table, décor, downtown, home, House of Loom, influence, inspiration, living, NoDo, North Downtown, Old Market, Omaha, Residences at the Slowdown, Stella’s Bar & Grill, Stephanie Francois, The Encounter, travel
The Best of All Worlds
by Jenna Gabrial Gallagher
Let’s dispense with the references to a certain ’70s sitcom right off the bat. Yes, Jennifer and Bryan Yannone are the parents of a blended family of six kids. Yes, Bryan is project director for Lockwood Development and Bloomfield Custom Homes, a position with some surface similarities to the architecture job of his TV dad counterpart. And, yes, the Yannones are a telegenic couple with a warm, relaxed vibe.
But their new home, the first in Sterling Ridge at 132nd and Pacific in Omaha, represents more than just the union of two families. It is the convergence of several decidedly 21st-century ideas about diversity, work-life balance, smart-home technology, and the logistics of new urban planning in an already very established part of the city.
Sterling Ridge is a mixed-use development of commercial, residential, retail, and religious space. When completed, the 153-acre site will feature more than 700,000 square feet of office space, 30 high-end custom homes, 10 villas, retail, restaurants, an assisted living facility, a hotel, and the Tri-Faith Initiative: a collaboration of Temple Israel, The Episcopal Diocese of Nebraska, and The American Institute of Islamic Studies and Culture.
The very location of the site signifies this spirit of inclusiveness. It was once home to the venerable Highland Country Club, established in 1924 as a club where Jewish members would be welcome. (Highland changed hands in the 1990s and the newly-named Ironwood shuttered and was sold to Lockwood Development at a bank auction in 2010.)
In a city that is constantly expanding to points west, north, and south, the central location also acts as an integration point for several parts of town.
This was especially important to the Yannones, who had children in two separate school districts. “There was nowhere in Midtown Omaha where you could build a new, custom home without having to knock down an existing home,” says Jennifer, a gifted and talented facilitator for Omaha Public Schools.
As members of the community and because of their family association with the development company, the Yannones are particularly sensitive to the historical and civic importance of the property. “People were disappointed when Ironwood closed,” Jennifer acknowledges. “Lockwood wanted to make this development worth the sacrifice. For every tree they took down, they planted five more. They spared no expense to provide a community feel.”
Inside the seven-bedroom, 5,700-square-foot Yannone home, that communal sense is most keenly felt in the open kitchen, dining, and seating area that serves as the focal point of the family’s activities. “We spend most of our time between these three rooms,” says Jennifer of the multi-functional space which features clean lines and cool, neutral colors. “I wanted it to look contemporary, but still homey and livable.”
The family worked with Lisa Shrager of LMK Concepts and Megan Bret of Exquisite Finishes on the home’s interiors. “The trick was making the home durable and low-maintenance without compromising style,” says Shrager. She achieved the family’s desired blend of a sleek look and a warm vibe by balancing hard, manmade surfaces like the kitchen backsplash comprised of multiple metals including stainless steel and bronze, with natural materials like stained rich oak wood on the cabinetry and granite countertops.
This harmony reverbates around the room: a mantle of 12×24-inch tile acts as a horizontal counterpoint to the strong vertical presence of the fireplace itself. This is geometrically echoed in light, linear tiling that serves as bridge between the three sections of the main family space and on the flooring and walls throughout the home.
The children picked their own colors, themes, and bedding for their rooms: a Husker motif for the youngest, Brayden Yannone (9); sports for the two middle boys, Baylen Yannone (11) and Drew Gibbons (12); music and guitar for the eldest boy, Luke Gibbons (14); and inspiring quotes for Jennifer’s daughter, Michaela Gibbons (17). Her older daughter, Jessica Gibbons (21), lives away at college but has claimed a room on the lower level for school breaks.
The Mediterranean-inspired exterior of the home, which also serves as a model for Bloomfield Custom Homes, was Bryan’s idea. Its sand-colored stucco and stone ediface, crowned by hipped roofs, envelops an open, road-facing courtyard and would not be out of place among the revival mansions of Pasadena. “I wanted a home that was a vacation.”
Before they could kick back and enjoy, the family had to educate themselves about the various “smart” features of their home, most of which, including cameras, garage doors, lights, and music, can be operated from an iPad. “When you walk out the door, there’s an off button. You can shut off the whole house!” Jennifer says with glee. “Before we moved in, we had to take the kids around, ‘This is how you shut off the lights…’”
And while the Yannone-Gibbons clan is clearly having fun with the more dazzling features of their new stomping grounds (such as the time Michaela called Jennifer from downstairs to tell her it was too warm and Jennifer “fixed it” without leaving the comfort of her sofa), their parents are careful to keep them grounded.
“They all think we live in a mansion,” Jennifer laughs. “But we remind them that we’re blessed to have this. When school’s out, we do a lot of volunteering, like at the Open Door Mission.”
“With the house came new responsibilities,” says Bryan. “It’s a group effort to keep a house this size, but the children have become very efficient about it.”
It’s a synthesis formula that the businesses, other families, and spiritual communities of Sterling Ridge would do well to copy. As Jennifer puts it, “We all pitch in and take care of what we have.”
For more information on this unique mixed-use development, visit sterlingridge.com.
Posted in: At Home, Family, Home, Lifestyle, OmahaHome
Topics: at home, blended, Bloomfield Custom Homes, Brady Bunch, children, commercial, contemporary, décor, design, development, dining room, Exquisite Finishes, family, features, Gibbons, high-tech, home, house, inspiration, interior design, iPad, kids, kitchen, Lisa Shrager, living room, LMK Concepts, Lockwood Development, Mediterranean, Megan Bret, Midtown Omaha, modern, Omaha, Omaha Home, Omaha Magazine, Omaha Public Schools, Open Door Mission, religious, residential, Retail, smart-home, Sterling Ridge, technology, Temple Israel, The American Institute of Islamic Studies and Culture, The Episcopal Diocese of Nebraska, Yannone
Two Perspectives
by Suzanne Smith Arney
Nancy Lepo and Corey Broman are expert draftsmen. Both use the tools of their medium to create precise markings which address color, the movement of light, a sense of direction and shape, and the nuance of mystery, depth, and genesis. She carries her tools in a canvas lunch sack; his require a studio. Lepo uses traditional pen and ink on paper; Broman draws with a diamond wheel on glass.
Both artists’ work will be on view in a dual exhibition at the Nebraska Arts Council’s Fred Simon Gallery this summer. NAC staff, who determine the exhibition schedule, found the work of both applicants compelling and promising interplay.
Broman has been blowing glass for about 15 years, following a spark lit when he was a child on vacation, “watching an old man crafting a glowing ball of molten glass.” That spark was reignited by an exhibition of Chihuly glass at Joslyn Art Museum. Finding a glass studio in the phone book, he went immediately to Crystal Forge (hotshopsartcenter.com/crystal) and knew with certainty that “that’s what I want to do.” For months he watched, took classes, and assisted. Owner Ed Fennell encouraged him. “He referred me to Hastings College,” says Broman. “He gave me hope.”
Today, Broman is a full-time glassblower with a growing online business, Corey Broman Glass. In contrast to most studios, where a master works with a team of specialized assistants, he works solo, adapting and improvising his unique system of handling glass heated to 2,000°F. Molten glass is a thick, viscous material, constantly changing temperature and plasticity. This calls for a calculated choreography of gathering, blowing, rolling, and swinging a blob of hot glass on a 7- to 10-pound rod. He also does all his own cold work—the design and finishing of cooled glass—switching the emphasis from the physicality of sculpture to the precision of surface detail.
Lepo’s attention seems always to be on a small scale, but one can find infinity in her intimate landscapes. There is the expanse of a Southwest sky, opening over the canyon to our view just as surprisingly as it did to hers. Or sensing in the density of a spinning planet the cold vacuum of the surrounding void. “Drawing,” she says, “is a means of looking at something again for the first time.” And how better to really see than to map a landscape with tiny dots of ink, to define a tree branch or the trace of wind across sand by the proximity of one dot to another?
Lepo’s unconscious apprenticeship as a pen and ink artist began with her exposure to a variety of cultures during her childhood, her curiosity, her wondering. Later, as an engineering technology student, she understood the power of a drawing to convey information. “Looking again” is her impetus to move such utilitarian drawing to a deeper level of engagement. With the simplest of equipment—sketchbook, India ink, pens (the nibs rattling around in a small tea tin), water dish, pencils, an eraser—the self-described “nature-centric” artist can create a sketch whenever her wandering says “pay attention.”
Finishing, then inking the drawing in her studio, Lepo employs pointillist techniques to describe form, light, and movement in detail, using only black ink and the white of the paper. The tonal gradation she achieves via stippling, hatching and cross-hatching, and layering is extraordinary—a picture may take up to 100 hours to complete. Working in her spacious north-facing studio at Hot Shops, her attention articulates the relationship betweenherself and a particular moment and place (whether real or imaginary). Surrounding that focal point, the world expands in scale and scope: Wind and falcon’s cry become the voice of the North Rim, the persona of the Grand Canyon, the panorama of the Southwest. Lepo’s anchor is a tree silhouetted by sunset.
Broman’s studio is an efficiently organized cubicle in a busy industrial plant. In just a few steps, he can reach his three furnaces (furnace, for melting glass; glory hole, for reheating; annealer, for controlled cooling to room temperature), his workstation/bench, a cupboard of supplies, and wall of notes, sketches, and recipes. There’s also a sandblaster, which he can use to create surface effects of layered color or a frosted appearance. Glassblowing is a sequential process, and running three furnaces is expensive, so time in the studio is carefully planned.
Vista embodies several techniques. Three blown glass pieces are assembled in a custom-welded stand. The diamond wheel was used to make thousands of light-reflecting cuts in the stem, and to engrave the disc with its delicate scene. The graceful leaf was treated with an acid bath for a matte finish.
Like Lepo, Broman appreciates the outdoors. He finds peace in moments of stillness and challenge in the variability of light. Both artists use the language of art to express a unique response that, in turn, informs and enriches viewers and bids us to pay attention. Finding the affinities and distinctions between their work, we learn to see again for the first time.
Nancy Lepo, Drawings/Corey Broman, Glass will be on display at the Fred Simon Gallery, Nebraska Arts Council in the Burlington Building (1004 Farnam St.) from June 24 – July 26, 2013. For more information, visit nebraskaartscouncil.org.
Posted in: Art, Galleries & Museums, Lifestyle, Omaha Magazine, People
Topics: art, artist, Chihuly, Corey Broman, Corey Broman Glass, Crystal Forge, detail, drawing, Ed Fennell, exhibition, Fred Simon Gallery, glass, glassblowing, Hastings College, inspiration, Joslyn Art Museum, landscape, molten, Nancy Lepo, Nebraska Arts Council, Omaha, Omaha Magazine, sculpture, studio, technique, tools
Q&A: Dan Cullinane
April 25, 2013 by Linda Persigehl
Midwest Iron Doors’ designer Dan Cullinane designs unique metal artworks for building exteriors and interiors. His creations grace the doorways of some of Omaha’s finest residences. We asked Cullinane about the design process, where he gets his inspiration, and how the company is poised for growth.
Q: Tell us a bit about your personal background. How did you come to work for Midwest Iron Doors?
A: I grew up in Papillion and went to school there as well. I’ve always had an interest in art, and I enjoyed drawing a lot as a child. My family’s business was in construction, so I grew up enjoying building and creating things. I still do. For years, I worked for the owner, Ryan [Steele], on and off between my deployments in the Army and while I worked for OPPD. Then, Ryan offered me a full-time job, and I left my position to help him grow Midwest Iron Doors. Ryan is definitely my mentor. He is successful at everything he does and is very dedicated to all aspects of his companies. He’s not afraid to take risks.
Q: Tell us a bit about your product and the company. What makes Midwest Iron Doors unique?
A: We are the only iron door company in the U.S. that offers a true thermally-broken door. These doors provide thermal insulation while maintaining maximum structural strength. This is our own patent-pending design. The thermal break design is the brainchild of me, Ryan Steele, and Lane Hinton. We started the design with a simple drawing on a dry erase board two years ago and after working long hours to create prototypes and deal with redesigns, we came to where we are today. Our doors range from around $3,000 to whatever the customer wants. We’re in the middle of transitioning to a supplier and setting up dealers across the U.S. We currently have five dealers in Iowa, three dealers in Nebraska, and one dealer in Kansas.
Q: What is the process for creating one of your original works?
A: Our doors start out as an openingdrawn into a blueprint. We take that opening and the vision of the homeowner and create something that is not only a door but an expression of who they are. The most creative part is taking what a customer has in their mind and turning it into a design on paper. The most challenging is definitely the construction aspect of the doors and ensuring that the customer gets the highest quality.
Q: Besides ideas from customers, what inspires your designs? Tell us about one of your
favorite projects.
A: There are many things that inspire our door designs. We take into account shapes from nature, the architecture in surrounding buildings, and pieces of art that may have a special meaning to someone. One of my favorite projects was last year’s Street of Dreams home for Absolute Customs. The home’s interior designer, Sallie Elliott, went with a vintage Omaha decorating theme. We were asked to contribute, and I drew inspiration from the Joslyn Castle when creating a front door for the home.
Q: Who makes up Midwest Iron Doors’ clientele? How do you market your products?
A: Our customers are generally mid- to high-end homeowners who want to add a detail to their home that sets them apart. Our doors are used for home entries, wine cellars, and even commercial and apartment buildings. We recently supplied doors for a historic dorm remodel at Kansas University. We market our product by putting ads in numerous direct mail publications. We also do four home shows a year, and we supply doors to builders who are in the Street of Dreams. We had four doors in last year’s Street of Dreams and already have two doors in progress for this year’s Street of Dreams and are hoping to add to that number.
Q: Tell us a bit about you personally.
A: My wife, Jessica, and I have been married for over five years now. I have one boy, 18 months, and a newborn son born in April. I enjoy spending time with my family, whether that means walking the trails by our home or catching a bite to eat somewhere in town.
Posted in: Business, Home, OmahaHome, People
Topics: Absolute Customs, architecture, building, Business, construction, Dan Cullinane, design, door, doorway, exterior, homeowner, inspiration, interior, Joslyn Castle, Lane Hinton, metal artworks, Midwest Iron Doors, Omaha, Omaha Home, Omaha Magazine, OPPD, Q&A, residence, Ryan Steele, Sallie Elliott, Street of Dreams, thermal insulation, thermally-broken, unique, vintage
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Home Destination
Join Summit
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HomeDestination Info About Our Team Academics & Finances Testimonies Join
Jase Lavigne | Director
Jase Lavigne, husband to Emma, currently serves as the OMEGA Global Director at Summit Pacific College. He has a firm belief that he has ‘peaked early’ because leading OMEGA is his DREAM JOB. Jase has been a part of OMEGA for the last nine years in different capacities such as student, student leader, intern, overseer, donor and now director. He has a passion for mission and travel as he has travelled to twenty-two countries and been on mission to areas such as New Orleans, Brazil, Thailand, Mexico, Poland, and at home in Canada on different missions experiences. Jase has ferocious appetite for education. He graduated from Summit in 2013, while refusing to become part of #CanuckNation, and spent two years pastoring students in Simcoe, ON until his return to the West Coast. He has earned his Graduate Certificate in Pentecostal Theology from the Summit Pacific College School of Graduate Studies and is currently working on his Masters of Business Administration at Trinity Western University. He is a sports enthusiast, board game strategist and cereal fanatic but first and foremost, a follower of Jesus. Jase is from Ontario but has a passion for British Columbia and it’s students north to south. His life is purposed to point people towards Jesus in every setting.
Vicky Boldt | Assistant Director
Victoria Boldt is many things. She is proudly both Irish and ginger, a wife, and the Assistant Director of the OMEGA Global program at Summit Pacific College. Vicky bleeds OMEGA. She was formerly a student, student leader, intern and now director. She has travelled around the world with OMEGA and plans to continuing that trend in the years to come. She graduated from SPC with her focus on Counselling Foundations. One of her favourite parts of her job is the opportunity she gets to mentor young woman towards a love for and faith in Jesus. Victoria is a small town farm girl who found a love for Jesus and travel when she was young, which makes Omega the perfect fit for her. She was a part of Jase’s OMEGA team and loves the opportunity to work alongside one of her best friends. She is a fan of tea, beige coffee, and all things warm and cosy. She believes without doubt that God has placed her on earth to help people smile, sit with them as they cry, and find hope in Jesus. OMEGA is the ministry that enables Vicky to do just that!
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Mauritius Telecom
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Qatar eyeing Brazil friendly before Copa America
Posted 20 Feb 2019
Doha (AFP)
Newly-crowned Asian Cup winners Qatar could play friendlies against Brazil or Uruguay in June ahead of playing in the Copa America, the team's coach and officials said on Wednesday.
The South American giants are among a list of teams Qatar are trying to secure matches against -- others include Colombia, Panama and the USA -- ahead of their first Copa America appearance.
"We need to finalise the preparations but sure we need to play a couple of games," said coach Felix Sanchez on the sidelines of an award ceremony for the winning squad in Doha.
"We prepare a list of potential teams that we would like to play against but also we need to see their availability."
Qatar Football Association (QFA) president Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Bin Ahmed al-Thani said the team's first friendly would be in early June.
"It will be [a team] from South America, we will announce it as soon as possible," he said.
Qatar have been drawn in a group with Argentina, Colombia and Paraguay in the Copa America, which starts on June 15.
The 2022 World Cup hosts could also set up a training camp in the United States ahead of the tournament.
Qatar's inclusion in the Copa America -- along with that of Japan -- initially raised eyebrows but both teams reached the Asian Cup final.
Qatar's victory, notably achieved in the backyard of political rivals United Arab Emirates, would help boost the country's "football" reputation, said Spaniard Sanchez.
Sheikh Hamad added that the QFA was "working" on a new contract for Sanchez following the Asian Cup triumph.
Sanchez, however, said he did not need one, but when asked how long his existing contract was for, he said he could not "remember".
Thousands of extra French police are set to be on duty later Friday in Paris and other major cities following clashes involving Algerian football fans that have touched off a debate about national identity.
Salomon Rondon has completed a move to Chinese Super League club Dalian Yifang from West Brom for an undisclosed fee, the English Championship club announced on Friday.
Manchester United manager Ole Gunnar Solskjaer said Friday the club is working on one or two more signings as he hopes to hit the ground running in the new campaign after stuttering badly towards the end of last season.
'They are talking': Guardiola unamused by Bayern's Sane pursuit
Manchester City coach Pep Guardiola took a swipe Friday at Bayern Munich over their pursuit of Leroy Sane and said there had been no contact from them about the winger.
international football news on my.t international football news on my.t
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Video Below: “Crowdfunding Infrastructure Startups provide upsides of 100X” (2 min 51 sec)
The video below explains the similarities between the startups which are emerging to provide the infrastructure to support the growth of crowdfunding participants from two million in 2017 to 700 million in 2021 with the startups that emerged to provide the infrastructure for the web population which grew from 16 million in 1996 to 360 million in 2000. Since the industries for both are very similar history will likely repeat itself. There was many of the web infrastructure companies including Yahoo, etc., whose shares multiplied by a minimum of 100 times between 1996 and 2000. The same could happen for the shares of the crowdfunding infrastructure provider companies from 2017 to 2021. Video is particularly relevant to StartEngine. It’s a leading crowdfunding infrastructure startup in Trophy Investing’s portfolio which is also mentioned in the video.
https://michaelmarkowski.wistia.com/medias/932utbt0tk
Video Below: “Digital Economy Transformation creating potential 1,000 times ROI” (8 min 12 sec)
Video below is about the once in a millennium investing opportunities which become available when the economy undergoes a transformation. It covers the dynasty wealth that was created between 1880 and 1920 from the transformation of the economy from agricultural to industrial and the wealth that has been and will have been created by the transformation from industrial to digital which has been underway since 1980. Both of the economy transformations since the 1800 were driven by major and historic inventions including the steam engine and railroad in the 1800s and the internet in the 1900s. Finally, video provides details on UBER’s valuation increasing exponentially from 2010 through 2014 and the numerous generational wealth building opportunities that it has already provided.
https://michaelmarkowski.wistia.com/medias/5hsjpj7421
Video Below: “Digital disruptor companies have the potential to get $10 billion valuations quickly” (4 min 2 sec)
Companies that have digital business models which disrupt entire brick and mortar industries can get to $10 billion valuations very fast. UBER is the best known disruptor. $10,000 invested into UBER in October of 2010 grew to $102 million based on its July 2015 valuation. The video also provides details on the steps that a “disruptor” company must complete to become successful.
https://michaelmarkowski.wistia.com/medias/g8srp5hucg
Video Below: “Why companies qualifying as a “First Mover” have the potential to get to $1 billion valuations almost instantly” (3 min 52 sec)
Explains what qualifications a company must meet to be designated as a “First Mover”. The video also explains why the designation can result in the company being valued for a billion or more very quickly. When Yahoo started to generate its first revenue dollars in late 1995 it qualified as a First Mover. Even though Yahoo was unprofitable it was able to launch an IPO and get to a billion dollar valuation in April of 1996.
https://michaelmarkowski.wistia.com/medias/lu46nrgr5x
Video Below: “The Social Investing revolution, the sequel to the Social Media revolution has begun” (6 min 44 sec)
Explains why the Social Investing Industry is the sequel to the Social Media Industry which was founded in 2003. Early investors in Linkedin, Facebook, YELP and Twitter were able to generate immediate dynasty wealth soon after the Social Media Industry was founded. The video contains the research findings by Michael Markowski that he utilized to produce his “Crowdfunding Must Get Back to Its Roots” October 2014 report about his discovery of the newly emerging Social Investing Industry. Mr. Markowski is predicting that by 2020 the Social Investing Industry will rival the Social Media Industry and its leaders will provide opportunities for investors to generate dynasty wealth.
https://michaelmarkowski.wistia.com/medias/dg9zoqthxy
Video Below: “Crowdfundings’ Impact on the Markets” (12 min 28 sec)
Produced by the OnlineFinancialSector.com which was founded by Michael Markowski. The video was produced and used by Michael Markowski in the presentation that he made at the Crowd Finance 2013 event. Dynasty Wealth is predicting that the crowdfunding industry will be one of the world’s largest digital industries by 2020. The information and research contained in this video was the impetus for the founding of Dynasty Wealth Investi
https://michaelmarkowski.wistia.com/medias/xzhip4j494
Video Below: “Decade ending 2020, best ever for creating instant dynasty wealth” (5 min 20 sec)
Explains how the changes in the US and world economies from agriculture-industrial-digital between the 1800s and 1996 created opportunities for investors to build dynasty wealth over the last 150 years. This video contains proprietary research and includes the three emerging global demographic segments that Dynasty Wealth has identified that will collectively spawn more than 1,000 companies that will have the potential to multiply by 100 times in value by 2020.
https://michaelmarkowski.wistia.com/medias/rnvnx54vnt
Copyright © 2017 SproutUps.com
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A Sea-Bus Future for the Bay Area?
Using smaller craft, Tideline seeks to change how ferries operate
This post is supported by
The Heron, one of Tideline's small boats, is able to spin around in the small space of Pier 1.5 to return to Berkeley. All photos Streetsblog/Rudick unless noted
Note: Metropolitan Shuttle, a leader in bus shuttle rentals, regularly sponsors coverage on Streetsblog San Francisco and Streetsblog Los Angeles. Unless noted in the story, Metropolitan Shuttle is not consulted for the content or editorial direction of the sponsored content.
“You’re going to need a bigger boat,” goes the famous line from Jaws. But maybe when it comes to transportation, the opposite is true.
It’s been a little over a year since Tideline Marine Group, a small waterborne transportation service formed by local Marin County residents, started running regular commuter boats between San Francisco’s Pier 1.5 and the Berkeley Marina. For $9.50 (there are discounts for monthly passes) passengers get a stress-free ride that takes between twenty and thirty minutes (about the same as BART).
The departing view of San Francisco. Note bicycles are welcome.
The 45-passenger vessels make a few peak-hour round trips per day and, like their larger ferry cousins, offer an alternative to BART and bus commutes and to long drives in stressful traffic. Streetsblog, after learning about the small-boat philosophy behind the service, tried it out from San Francisco to the Berkeley Marina and found the boat comfortable and pleasant, if a bit bumpier than the larger ferry boats Bay Area commuters are accustomed to. On a 4:30 p.m. run the boat carried just fifteen people, most of them occasional commuters who make the trip to San Francisco a couple of times a week. They all seemed quite happy with the new service and want it to expand.
Some regular commuters who are over the view.
The SF-to-Berkeley service is the only regular commuter service offered by the company for the moment. It also runs specials to Giant’s games, as well as charters. But Nathan Nayman, President of Tideline Marine Group, sees privately run, small-boat ferries as a way to open up alternative, flexible routes for commuters and, presuming significant expansion in fleet size, an opportunity to get cars off the roads and supplement existing public transit.
Unlike large ferrys, the smaller boats can dock at almost any pier, and therefore don’t require expensive new infrastructure. Of course, they also don’t carry as many people, but given how infrequent current ferry services run, there’s certainly room for smaller, niche market services–at least that’s what Tideline is betting on.
If it’s not quite Uber on the ocean, it might be compared to a water-borne version of Chariot. Unlike those services, this mode of transportation won’t be blocking any bike lanes. That’s why, after a boat ride, Streetsblog phoned Nayman to discuss his vision for the future of small-craft ferry services in the Bay Area.
Streetsblog: So I rode the Heron to Berkeley yesterday evening and it didn’t feel like a ferry–it felt like I was riding a friend’s boat. Your crew even offered me a beer.
Nathan Nayman: We are going for an informal yet professional and safe service. I think that historically when people hear the term “ferry” they think of this gargantuan vessel where people are herded on board–some massive thing. But our premise is based on being efficient but also having some enjoyment while going to work, so we embrace the size and nature of our vessels.
SB: Speaking of which, it took a bit of balance to board and walk around. I’m wondering how your service would work for the disabled.
NN: We are Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) certified by the maritime industry and all federal and Coast Guard certifications.
SB: So if someone is waiting to board in a wheelchair or something you have a ramp or some other accommodation?
NN: Right. You were on the vessel Herron and the boarding is normally done on the starboard side, but we also have rear boarding and a gangway plank that allows people to get on as well if they need it; we’ve had passengers in wheelchairs.
SB: The vessels seemed to move a lot when it was docked.
NN: If someone has a wheelchair we make sure the vessel is tied in a different way.
SB: I see. So it’s pulled in tight and a ramp goes out.
NN: Once we see there’s someone in a wheelchair, the crew and captain go into a different mindset.
SB: Got it. I noticed the boat seemed to bounce up and down a lot more than the big ferries. I guess that’s not surprising, given its relative size.
NN: We do plan on getting new boats and we’re looking at catamarans that may be faster, but honestly with the width of our boats it is smooth.
SB: I dunno. The first part of the trip, though the shipping channel, was pretty choppy.
NN: You may have hit a wake that was more of an anomaly, but it depends on the traffic on the Bay and the northerly winds more than anything else. Quite honestly I’ve never heard that complaint in over a year. You must have caught it on one of those days.
SB: My luck, I guess. So at the SPUR talk in February, you mentioned Chariot as an operator you work with. Do you see yourself as another transportation “disruptor” of an inefficient model?
NN: We’ve collaborated with everyone from Chariot to Ford GoBike to Lyft to Uber to work on the first-mile-last mile problem… and Amtrak and AC Transit. But we don’t see ourselves as a disruptor, not at all. We’re a transportation adjunct.
SB: An adjunct?
NN: There’s a transportation system in the Bay Area. We see ourselves as complementary.
SB: How do you complement?
NN: There’s no ferry terminal at Berkeley. Should someone have to go down to Jack London Square to take a ferry? Should we add big ferry services in Berkeley that require dredging the Bay, with all that disruption for the environment? We want to complement what’s already out there, whether it’s BART, or driving, or the bus, AC Transit or Muni. The bottom line is we see ourselves as integrating into the fabric of a transportation system. People should not be limited by one mindset when it comes to water transportation; there’s no reason someone in Berkeley should have to go to Oakland to take a ferry. We’re looking at the South Bay as well. We’re looking at the I-80 corridor along the border of SF.
SB: Tell me more about how you coordinate with other services.
NN: We want to do stuff with AC Transit. The 81 bus down University–they are aware of our schedule and we try to coordinate it. But this is something that’s still fairly new, and we’ve spoken to so many different people about what will it take to make these connections more seamless. Some of it is about money, and some of it is about educating people.
SB: I saw a few bikes on the boat, so I guess people are figuring out how to make those connections via pedal power, if nothing else. You mentioned the Jack London ferry. Even if you’re in Oakland it can be hard to use, given the infrequent schedule. Is there room for a supplemental service on the existing routes?
NN: Yes. Not just off-peak. Our thinking is, ‘look, if your boat is full and you’re leaving people on the dock at 8:00 a.m, why can’t we come in at 8:15 and take the remainder of your passengers?’ We don’t want to compete with the Water Emergency Transportation Authority (WETA)–
SB: That’s the regulator of the conventional ferry services?
NN: Right. And we don’t want to compete with WETA, we want to fill in the gaps. WETA is already looking at a small vessel ferry study that will take six months to a year. But the question comes up–you have a small vessel provider now, meaning us, so let’s try to use it in some beta testing. Any good fleet of ferries requires a mix of fleet types. We’re looking at larger vessels as we speak now, for 75 to 100 people, as opposed to the 45-person boats we have now. We also have a smaller vessel that’s a 25-passenger vessel. Each boat has a different use.
SB: Well, as an occasional user of the Oakland ferry, I’d certainly be inclined to use it more if your boats filled in the schedule gaps, or swept me up if there was no room on the big boat during peak times. That said, it would be annoying if I had to use a different payment system. You don’t take Clipper cards.
NN: We’ve tried to get on Clipper, but Clipper is controlled by the Clipper Board of Directors, including WETA, Golden Gate Ferry, Caltrain, AC Transit–when we try to submit applications we are told that we are not eligible.
SB: That’s a pity.
NN: But we accept Venmo and all other types of electronic transactions–there’s even another version of Clipper that acts as a debit card which we accept. But most of our transactions are done online.
SB: Right. And I paid on the boat with a credit card, so no big deal I guess. So at SPUR you mentioned that WETA is working on a large ferry terminal at Treasure Island, but you would approach a San Francisco-to-Treasure Island service differently.
NN: We would work with the County Transportation Authority and Muni and other providers to coordinate the transportation to and from Treasure Island to different parts of San Francisco. Instead of landing at one particular spot at the Ferry Building, we would want to also land at Mission Bay, South San Francisco, and who knows where else, depending on demand. Do we want to go from Treasure Island to Oakland, Berkeley, and Richmond? Do we want to use Treasure Island as a transfer hub for where people want to go? It’s too easy to be San Francisco-centric and think all we need is a ten-minute ride back and forth from Treasure Island to the Ferry Building.
SB: But isn’t the Ferry Building the biggest destination?
NN: What about the Marina and Fisherman’s Wharf? One of the things we’ve talked about is there’s a small-vessel landing in the Marina adjacent to Fort Mason or the yacht club. We’d be able to bring people to downtown SF in fifteen minutes.
SB: That really is like Chariot–basically like another bus line that happens to use the water. We’ve talked about transportation agencies, but do you see yourself working with developers to offer a transportation option for coastal developments, like on Treasure Island?
NN: We’re working with Signature about providing service to their development in Brooklyn Basin in Oakland.
SB: That makes sense…it was a shipyard after all.
NN: And we’re talking with the Lands Commission on potential ferry service for the shipyard development in San Francisco and Candlestick Point, providing a transportation service from the shipyard to the ferry building. We’re also in conversation with other developers around the bay that are looking at South San Francisco, Brisbane, Oyster Point. They’ve actually talked about making our service part of their Homeowners Association dues.
SB: And Alameda Island?
NN: Alameda is becoming like the new Oakland, but there’s only one landing site at Harbor Bay… we think that landing site should be open to private vessels as well.
SB: That’s fine and all if it works out, but your tickets are kind of pricey. Are we creating a kind of two-tier transportation service, where some people have to slog on the bus, while some get to enjoy a boat ride?
NN: Is it elitist to have different choices of the kind of car you buy? You can buy a small car. Or you can buy a car that’s ridiculously expensive. It still just takes you from A to B.
SB: Or some people can take a boat and not buy a car at all?
NN: Right. Our boats are not meant to create any class distinctions; it’s just another alternative. Also, we accept WageWorks and Navia, and all the different transportation subsidies… employers provide vouchers that minimize out-of-pocket costs.
SB: One silly question to conclude. All this talk about driverless cars. Do you see a future for autonomous boats?
NN: Never happen. The Coast Guard is really really strict and that’s a good thing because people can get really hurt.
SB: In cars too.
NN: Piloting a boat requires a lot of skill, so I don’t see it. Who knows, but there are so many variables to take into consideration; a change in wind direction that changes the whole way you navigate. I dunno, seems very far-fetched.
SB: Fair enough. Well, bon voyage then.
NN: Thanks.
The interview was edited.
Filed Under: Ferries, Transit, Promoted, shuttle
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I definitely wouldn’t mind trying this out….It’s useful to have boats that aren’t the huge typical ferrys for the reasons already cited in the article. I think by adding a lot more smaller boats not just to say, Golden Gate Ferry, etc but also Tideline, that means plenty more passengers would be making trips in the coming decades from say, ports like Sausalito, the Ferry Building, Berkeley Marina, Richmond, Larkspur, Oakland, Alameda, South City, Mission Bay(whenever they get around to building that proposed ferry terminal near the new Warriors arena), Redwood City, Vallejo, etc
This is something that should be heavily invested in by all means.
WharfRatSF
These are the guys that ran aground off Berkeley and then claimed that “groundings happen” to all professional mariners. Not sure Captain Hazelwood from the Exxon Valdez would agree with that. Plus, have you seen the new construction on their boat? That looks like a wheelchair ramp of some sort, but built from 2x4s? Not sure I would call that “professional”. I wish them the best though. Them and their customers…
https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/69928dd5a3d306b134e39bd42baa5b88144171afd18a7eb795bcc46308ace2b1.jpg
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'The Conjuring' Universe timeline explained: Where does 'Annabelle Comes Home' fit in?
Yahoo Movies UK 10 July 2019
We’re only seven films into the Conjuring universe and already the timeline’s more confusing than the entire Marvel Cinematic Universe combined.
But don’t worry, we’ve reshuffled your watching order so it appears chronologically – because we’re nice like that. So, brace yourself – things are about to get spooky.
Annabelle: Creation (2017) – 1933 / 1945 / 1967
Annabelle: Creation (Warner Bros.)
If you want to watch The Conjuring movies in chronological order, you’re going to need to start with Annabelle: Creation, which is lucky, because it’s one of the best films in the franchise. Seriously.
The film opens in 1933 with a prologue, before shifting into the main film’s plot, which takes place in 1945, all of which means it happens before the next film on our list.
Well, as long as you switch the DVD off before the very end of the film, which takes place in 1967 and leads into the first Annabelle movie. But we’ll get to that. First…
The Nun (2018) – 1952
This image released by Warner Bros. Pictures shows Demian Bichir in a scene from “The Nun.” (Cos Aelenei/Warner Bros. Pictures via AP)
You need to get yourself to the cinema (in cinemas now) to see this fun spook house horror for the next chronological instalment in your Conjuring marathon. It’s set – almost – entirely in 1952, but you will have to basically accept that, at the cinema, you will see something (no spoilers) from another era, but we won’t spoil that until the film comes out on home release.
Put it this way, you’ll have to swap a lot of discs if you want to do this properly.
Annabelle (2014) – 1967
More bad news – you now have to watch the least convincing film in the series. Still, this way, you get to watch the end of Annabelle: Creation (yep, time to watch that ending), which does work miracles in that it actually manages to improve this movie. But it’s still pretty bad – as we follow a bunch of boring people who are far less interesting than the evil doll the film’s supposed to be about.
Still, good news – there’s a great one next.
Annabelle Comes Home (2019) - 1968 / 1972
Annabelle Comes Home is the third film centred on the evil doll (Credit: Warner Bros)
The seventh film in the series begins in 1968 and sees Ed and Lorraine take Annabelle to their home after claims from two nurses that the doll often performed violent activities in their apartment. After containing the possessed toy in a glass case, blessed by Father Gordon, the plot fast-forwards four where the Warren’s daughter and babysitter are forced to contend with the evil plaything.
The Conjuring (2013) – 1971
In this publicity image released by Warner Bros. Pictures, Patrick Wilson portrays Ed Warren, left, and Vera Farmiga portrays Lorraine Warren in a scene from “The Conjuring.” (AP Photo/New Line Cinema/Warner Bros. Pictures, Michael Tackett)
Yep, arguably the best film in the series is still the very first visit we took to the universe. The Conjuring is an excellent mix of world-building, great characters and genuine scares, so it’s no wonder Warner Brothers didn’t want to let it go – to the extent they created their own MCU from it, but with spooks instead of superheroes.
We’re introduced to Annabelle in this first Conjuring film, where we learn Ed and Lorraine Warren (Patrick Wilson and Vera Farmiga) have taken possession of the demon doll.
The Curse of La Llorana (2019) - 1673 / 1973
The Curse of La Llorana (Credit: Warner Bros)
This original horror begins in Mexico, 1673, where a young boy witnesses his mother drowning his brother in a stream after gifting her a necklace. It fast forwards 300 years to Los Angeles, 1973, where we meet Anna (Linda Cardellini) who must defend her two children from the malevolent spirit who wants to steal her children.
It features Father Perez (Tony Amendola) a character who appeared in Annabelle.
The Conjuring 2 (2016) – 1976 / 1977
“There was a crooked man, and he walked a crooked mile.” (Warner Bros.)
We’re straight into the sequel next, which also handily offers us (as we’re watching it in chronological order) our final gawp at The Nun aka Valak (who, in the real world, was first introduced in this film). It also gives us our first look at The Crooked Man, who’s next in line for his own spin-off, though we don’t yet know when that’ll be set, so it could fall at any point in the timeline.
As soon as it’s released, we’ll update this list – so bookmark it if you want to stay on top of one of the messiest timelines this side of a Doctor Who autobiography.
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Trending: Dreamforce "What Is" Facebook Salesforce
Want to Go Into Business as a Travel Blogger? Follow These Pro Startup Tips
Last Updated: Nov 2, 2017 by NerdWallet In Startup 2
Publisher Channel Content by
Getting paid to travel is a dream for many, but a reality for few.
At least two people have figured out a winning combination: They make their living traveling the world and dishing out trip advice — and here they spill their secrets.
You don’t have to go as far as quitting your job, but if you’ve ever wanted to do your own globetrotting, their tips can help put your travel dreams within reach.
Money Saving Tips from Travel Bloggers
From Day Job to Dream Job
See one of them on a flight, and they’ll look like any other passenger. But to their loyal online fans, Matt Kepnes and Kate McCulley — best known by their screen names, Nomadic Matt and Adventurous Kate — aren’t your average travelers.
McCulley, 32, is a full-time travel blogger who lives in New York. She once worked a more typical job in search engine marketing before leaving her office behind in pursuit of a six-month trip to Southeast Asia.
“I saved like crazy and I ended up quitting my job on September 14, 2010,” McCulley says. “A little over a month later, I flew to Bangkok. It felt amazing.”
McCulley has been to over 60 countries. She has enough stories to fill the pages of her own adventure novel, from the time she stayed in a dorm in Barcelona to the time she was shipwrecked in Indonesia.
She runs a popular blog now and is active on social media (over 54,000 people like her Facebook page, and over 98,000 follow her on Instagram). She makes money through a combination of affiliate marketing, display advertising and campaigns for brands.
Kepnes has a similar story. The 36-year-old from Boston quit his administrative job to become a writer (he’s the author of “How to Travel the World on $50 a Day”). Now living in New York, Kepnes splits his time between traveling and writing. He estimates he’s been to 90 countries.
“In 2005 I went to Thailand, met a couple backpackers and was like, ‘Oh wow, this is really great,’” Kepnes says. “I loved the freedom that backpacking seemed to have and got really inspired to follow in their footsteps. I came home, quit my job, and in 2006 I went away for a year, which turned into 18 months.”
When he returned in 2008, he started his blog. Over 190,000 people like his Facebook page, and upwards of 76,000 follow him on Instagram.
So what do their stories mean for you? Besides reading up on their adventures and adding them to your social feeds, you can implement some of their habits.
Set Goals — and Work Toward Them
McCulley and Kepnes knew they wanted to travel and took the necessary steps to make it happen. As they discovered, it’s important to first decide where, when and why you want to go.
Having a reason will keep you motivated. “That’s probably my biggest motivation in traveling the world — just trying to learn as much about as many different things as possible,” McCulley says.
Then it’s time to set financial goals, which makes it easier to track your progress. Kepnes recommends breaking a large financial target into small, manageable goals with deadlines.
Say you want to save $1,500 for a trip and need the funds in five months. That’s $300 a month, or $10 a day. “Most people will say, ‘Well I can probably save $10 a day if I tried,’” he says.
The lesson: Set a goal for yourself and develop a plan to make it happen. For instance, if your budget has enough leeway, automatically route a portion of each paycheck to a savings account.
Save Up for the First Journey
One of the biggest hurdles these bloggers faced was saving the money.
McCulley says she “lived like a miser” to finance her first trip — quitting the gym, getting rid of her Netflix account and missing out on dinners and drinks. “I basically did an audit of my finances and figured out how much I could save on each twice-a-month paycheck,” she says.
Kepnes made similar sacrifices. He says he worked for years to save up $20,000 for his first round-the-world trip, plus $10,000 extra to live on when he returned. His “pauper” lifestyle included working overtime and moving back home for a period.
Both travelers have eased up on their budgeting since then, but their initial scrimping is relatable and reassuring — they didn’t have it easier than anyone else.
The lesson: Making short-term cuts can help free up money, but be realistic. It’s feasible to slim down your discretionary spending for a limited time if you have a goal in mind; budgeting that’s incredibly confining may not be sustainable for too long.
Learn the Lay of the Land
Once you’ve saved up enough money to go, look for ways to cut costs during the trip.
After spanning time and continents, McCulley and Kepnes have become proficient at affordable travel. Most notably, they’ve discovered that living like a local can save a lot. Here’s how:
Check out of hotels. Both McCulley and Kepnes have stayed in hostels while abroad. These are dormitory-style accommodations that can prove more affordable than traditional hotel rooms.
Check in to tourism offices. Kepnes thinks tourism offices are one of the most underutilized travel resources. They’re chock-full of special offers, transportation passes and more, so it’s worth paying them a visit once you arrive at your destination.
Check on the locals. Don’t assume you have to live like a traveler when you travel. “I think a lot of people make the assumption that when you travel, you have to spend money,” Kepnes says. “I always tell people just travel like you live. Do whatever it is you like to do at home, except in a foreign place.”
The lesson: The way you travel determines how expensive your trip will be. When operating on a budget, pick the most important element of your vacation (the destination, the lodging, the food, etc.) and be willing to sacrifice on the rest.
You may not be able to make a living out of traveling the world, but you can realistically make travel a part of your life.
“Even if it takes you two years to save up for a trip, think about how you’re spending, think about your priorities and think about ways to say yes, not ways to say no,” Kepnes says.
Republished by permission. Original here.
Travel Blogger Photo via Shutterstock
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Martin Lindeskog
I am a digital nomad in training and look forward to the day I can travel around the world on a regular basis. This post has been an inspiring read!
Kelly Mathew
That’s an amazing article about travel tips. I find it quite interesting. These tips and benefits are really awesome and I find it very useful. I am gonna follow your tips for my upcoming business trips. I do really like your other articles also, keep up the good work.
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“Integrating Artificial Intelligence in the e-learning business is the most popular…”
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“Seems like most of the advice could apply to any business really. I would say that…”
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How much usage of “likely” and “unlikely” macros is too much?
The often known as likely and unlikely macros help the compiler know whether an if is usually going to be entered or skipped. Using it results in some (rather minor) performance improvements.
I started using them recently, and I'm not sure how often should such hints be used. I currently use it with error checking ifs, which are usually marked as unlikely. For example:
mem = malloc(size);
if (unlikely(mem == NULL))
goto exit_no_mem;
It seems ok, but error-checking ifs happen quite often and consequently the use of the said macros.
My question is, is it too much to have likely and unlikely macros on every error-checking if?
While we're at it, what other places are they often used?
In my current usage it's in a library that makes an abstraction from the real-time subsystem, so programs would become portable between RTAI, QNX and others. That said, most of the functions are rather small and directly call one or two other functions. Many are even static inline functions.
So, first of all, it's not an application I could profile. It doesn't make sense to "identify bottle-necks" since it's a library, not a standalone application.
Second, it's kind of like "I know this is unlikely, I might as well tell it to the compiler". I don't actively try to optimize the if.
c performance clean-code
ShahbazShahbaz
reeks of micro optimizing to me... – ratchet freak Mar 1 '13 at 11:40
For application code, I'd add them only if profiling showed that this code is used in a hot path. – CodesInChaos Mar 1 '13 at 11:59
akkadia.org/drepper/cpumemory.pdf Page 57 – James Mar 1 '13 at 12:33
@james, that just says likely and unlikely exist and what they do. I didn't find anything that would actually suggest when and where it is best to use them. – Shahbaz Mar 1 '13 at 13:25
@Shahbaz "If the condition is frequently false, the execution is not linear. There is a big chunk of unused code in the middle which not only pollutes the L1i due to prefetch- ing, it also can cause problems with branch prediction. If the branch prediction is wrong the conditional expression can be very inefficient." So, tight loops where you want to make sure the instructions you need are in L1i cache – James Mar 1 '13 at 14:16
Do you need performance that badly that you're willing to pollute your code with that? It's a minor optimization.
Does the code run in a tight loop?
Does your application have performance problems?
Have you profiled your application and determined that this particular loop costs a lot of CPU time?
Unless you can answer yes to all the above, don't bother with stuff like this.
Edit: in response to the edit. Even when you can't profile, you can usually estimate hotspots. A memory allocation function that is called by everyone is a good candidate, especially since it requires only a single use of the macro to work for the whole library.
Java guyJava guy
Just to be clear, I didn't down-vote you. However, your answer doesn't really answer my question. Are you trying to say that (un)likely macro is rarely used and only in extremely performance critical code? Is it "bad practice" to use it often, or just "unnecessary"? – Shahbaz Mar 1 '13 at 12:22
@Shahbaz It makes the code less readable and the performance optimization may range from trivial gain to trivial loss. The latter when the assumption about the likelihood was either incorrect or has changed to be incorrect due to a later change to other parts of the code. If should never be used unless needed. – Peter Jul 2 '15 at 13:27
@Peter: While it's too bad the syntax isn't nicer, notations as to what is likely or unlikely may provide useful information to humans who are reading code. For example, someone who saw if (likely(x==2 || x==3)) doOneThing(); else switch(x) { ... }, might judge that the programmer's use of an if for the values 2 and 3 was not merely a consequence of the programmer's not knowing that C can associate two case labels with a single handler. – supercat Aug 1 '15 at 20:32
If you're writing for x86/x64 (and are not using 20-year-old CPUs), the performance gain from using __builtin_expect() will be negligible if any. The reason for it is that modern x86/x64 CPUs (not 100% sure about Atom though), have dynamic branch prediction, so essentially CPU "learns" about the branch which is taken more often. Sure, this information can be stored only for a limited number of branches, however, there are only two cases possible. If (a) it is a "frequently used" branch, then your program will benefit from that dynamic branch prediction, and if (b) it is "rare" branch, you won't really see any realistic performance hit due to mispredictions in such rare branches (20 CPU cycles of branch misprediction are not TOO bad if it happens once in a blue moon).
NB: this does NOT imply that on modern x86/x64 importance of branch misprediction got lower: any branch with 50-50 chance of jump-nojump will still incur a penalty (IIRC 10-20 CPU cycles), so in inner loops branches may still need to be avoided. It is only importance of __builtin_expect() on x86/x64 which has diminished (IIRC, around 10-15 years ago or so) - mostly because of dynamic branch prediction.
NB2: for other platforms beyond x86/x64, YMMV.
No-Bugs HareNo-Bugs Hare
Well, the compiler knows which branch the cpu will expect to be less likely. And it can arrange for that to be the actually unlikely one. But the compiler probably already knows that pattern without the unlikely-notation. – Deduplicator Jul 17 '18 at 17:08
@Deduplicator: with dynamic branch prediction, compiler doesn't know which branch is more likely as CPU calculates it in runtime based on previous runs through this very point in the code. – No-Bugs Hare Nov 4 '18 at 15:50
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Coudersport’s Fall Festival Parade..
Coudersport Class Of 1968 50th Class Reunion
Pennsylvania Tunis Ram & Wisconsin Hampshire Ewe Reign Supreme at Keystone International Livestock Expo Sheep Show
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE - October 6, 2018
Contact: Will Nichols, 717-787-5085
Simmental Heifer and Angus Bull Named Supreme Champions at 2018 Keystone International Livestock Expo
Judges sorted nearly 1,000 cattle to select the Grand Champion Angus Bull as the Supreme Champion Bull, and Grand Champion Simmental Female as Supreme Champion Female of the 2018 Keystone International Livestock Exposition (KILE) at the Pennsylvania Farm Show Complex and Expo Center in Harrisburg. More...
Supreme Champion honors in the sheep show went to a Pennsylvania Tunis ram and a Wisconsin Hampshire ewe Saturday, Oct. 6, during the Keystone International Livestock Exposition at the Pennsylvania Farm Show Complex and Expo Center in Harrisburg. More...
LO-N-SLOW BBQ Smokes Competition at 2018 Keystone Classic BBQ Contest
LO-N-SLOW BBQ, a team of barbeque masters from New Providence, Lancaster Co., claimed the top prize of Grand Champion Overall Team on Saturday, October 6, at the Keystone Classic Barbeque State Championship at the Keystone International Livestock Exposition (KILE) in Harrisburg. More...
Indiana Breeder Sweeps Female Champion at National Hereford Show
CSF Ramsey Teva 7E ET, the spring yearling class winner, exhibited by David Hockett of New Palestine, Ind., earned Grand Champion Female honors in the National Hereford Show on Friday, October 5, at the 2018 Keystone International Livestock Expo in Harrisburg. More...
Cates Farm Takes Champion Title For Second Year at Major Atlantic PACE Shorthorn Show
Tyler Cates of Modoc, Ind., took home the Grand Champion Heifer title at the Major Atlantic PACE Shorthorn Show on Saturday, Oct. 6, during the 2018 Keystone International Livestock Exposition (KILE) at the Farm Show Complex and Expo Center in Harrisburg. More...
Coming Up Tomorrow:
It's all about the youth, as Sunday is chock-full of junior shows:
Junior Breeding Sheep (supreme champion selection planned for 1 p.m.)
Junior Breeding Cattle (supreme champion selection planned for 1 p.m.)
Barrow-on-Foot Swine Show
The Keystone International Livestock Exposition is the largest livestock show on the East Coast, with more than 1,400 beef cattle, 1,110 horse, 1,700 sheep and wool, 225 swine, and 260 goat entries in 2018. This year, more than 900 exhibitors from 25 states are competing in livestock events. The show also includes the 11th Annual Keystone Classic Barbecue Competition, a Kansas City Barbecue Society-sanctioned event to select the state's finest culinary competitors and the first annual ranch riding competition hosted by the East Coast Ranch Riding Association.
Flash Flood Warning issued October 06 at 10:29PM EDT until October 07 at 2:30AM EDT by NWS Buffalo
The National Weather Service in Buffalo has issued a
Northern Cattaraugus County in western New York...
Southern Erie County in western New York...
Northern Chautauqua County in western New York...
* Until 230 AM EDT.
* At 1028 PM EDT, Doppler radar indicated thunderstorms producing
heavy rain across the warned area. Up to two inches of rain have
already fallen. Flash flooding is expected to begin shortly.
* Some locations that will experience flooding include...
Dunkirk, Fredonia, Springville, Westfield, Gowanda, Silver Creek,
North Collins, Ashford Hollow, Chaffee and Lake Erie State Park.
This includes Interstate 90 between exits 60 and 58.
No injuries for driver that swerved to avoid a collision with a vehicle that crossed the yellow lines
Both parties charged after continually messaging each other
Minor injuries for a Smethport man involved in a rear-end accident
Westfield Dispatched For Flooding
At 7:02 PM on Saturday, Westfield Fire Dept. has been dispatched to Church Street near the Tannery for flooding.
At 7:14 PM--Osceola Fire Dept. has been dispatched for traffic control for flooding on Holden Brook Road.
Lawrenceville Dispatched To Vehicle Crash On I-99 In Lindley
At 6:45 PM on Saturday, Lawrenceville Fire & Ambulance has been dispatched to I-99 near Lawrenceville in the Town of Lindley, NY for a one vehicle crash.
WELLSBORO COMMUNITY-WIDE YARD SALE IS FRIDAY AND SATURDAY, OCT. 12 & 13
The Retail Committee of the Wellsboro Area Chamber of Commerce is sponsoring a community-wide yard sale on Friday and Saturday, Oct. 12 and 13, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. "We usually get a lot of people who travel to Wellsboro from Harrisburg and from other areas in Pennsylvania and New York specifically for the community-wide yard sale," said Julie VanNess, Wellsboro Area Chamber of Commerce executive director.
During the community-wide yard sale, area merchants will be offering clearance items at special sidewalk sale events. Area residents, non-profit organizations, churches and youth groups are invited to participate by holding private yard sales at their homes or facilities.
Wellsboro Borough Council has agreed to waive the permit fee for the community-wide yard sale. The Council has also designated Monday, Oct. 15, through Friday, Oct. 19 as Fall Cleanup Week so Wellsboro Borough residents may put unsold yard sale items at curbside on their regular garbage pickup day.
Items acceptable for cleanup week collection include leaves in bags or boxes, trash, old lumber and boards not over 5 feet long, old furniture, scrap metal, old tires (2 per household), lawn rakings, paper, magazines, litter, brush, small tree limbs and shrub clippings. Like items should be bundled together. Not collected will be demolition and construction materials, which can be disposed of at the Northern Tier Solid Waste Authority’s Tiadaghton location at 10455 Route 6, Wellsboro for a fee. For information and pricing, call 570-724-0145.
For more information about the community-wide yard sale, contact the Wellsboro Area Chamber of Commerce office at 570-724-1926.
Golden Afternoons with Donna Emmick is Tuesday, Oct. 9
Donna Emmick demonstrates one of the
exercises that can be done by men and
women 55 and older while sitting in a chair.
This coming Tuesday, Oct. 9, from 1 to 2 p.m., Donna Emmick of Wellsboro is presenting a Golden Afternoons program on Chair PiYo in the Deane Center lobby at 104 Main Street in Wellsboro. It is free and open to people ages 55 and up. Fruit, veggies along with coffee, tea and cookies will be provided free.
"For this Golden Afternoons program, I will be showing participants how to do a modified version of PiYo, a Pilates and yoga fusion workout," said Emmick. "We will do stretching and simple calisthenic moves participants can do at home. During these exercises, we will use chairs for stability. The chairs are placed on top of mats so they do not slide. The moves are done sitting in the chairs or standing near the chair for support. It is a great workout to improve balance, strength and flexibility and helps with blood circulation," she added.
Emmick is certified and licensed in many different fitness formats since first becoming an instructor in 2010. She teaches PiYo Live, Boot Camp and Full Strength through the Wellsboro Department of Parks and Recreation. Classes she has taught in the past include Insanity, Zumba, Butts & Guts, Kettlebell, Indoor Cycling and Cardio Kickboxing.
"I love teaching fitness classes. It is a wonderful way to get fit, make new friends and show folks that working out can be fun," said Emmick.
For information, call the Deane Center at 570-724-6220.
Online Registration Ends Wednesday, Oct. 10 for Mill Cove’s Inaugural Clays for Kids Being Held Saturday, Oct. 13
Individual men and women and four-person teams who want to participate in Mill Cove's Clays for Kids can register and pay online at http://bit.ly/clays4kids anytime between now and Wednesday, Oct. 10.
Shooters can also register in person at 7:30 a.m. at the event being held Saturday, Oct. 13, from 7:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. at Thunder Ridge Sporting Clays at 619 Leon Brown Road in Middlebury Center, PA 16935.
The entry fee for individuals, both men and women, participating in Clays for Kids is $130 per person and for a team of four is $500. Lunch only is $20 per person for those not participating in Clays for Kids but attending the event.
Those who registered by Sept. 25 will participate in the morning and afternoon marksman competitions, receive four boxes of 12- or 20-gauge ammunition per shooter, 100 target rounds per shooter, golf cart use, a pork barbecue lunch and an event T-shirt in the size ordered. Those who register between now and Oct. 10 or in person on Oct. 13 will participate in the shoots and receive the same things as those who registered by Sept. 25 with the exception of an event T-shirt, which cannot be guaranteed.
Registrants are responsible for bringing their own gun and eye and ear protection. Awards will be presented to the top male, female and team shooters. There will also be gun raffles.
On Saturday, Oct. 13, registration for the day and check-in for the 8:30 a.m. morning shoot will be at 7:30 a.m. Check-in for the afternoon shoot will be at 11:30 a.m. At noon will be the pork barbecue lunch, gun raffles, the presentation of awards for the morning shoot and information about Mill Cove and Asa’s Place. At 1 p.m. the afternoon shoot will begin with awards presented at 4 p.m.
Registration information for an individual includes: the individual shooter’s name, his/her shirt size (S, M, L, XL, 2XL or 3XL), type of ammunition (12- or 20-gauge) and his/her phone number. For a four-person team, registration information includes: the name of each team member and each team member’s shirt size (S, M, L, XL, 2XL or 3XL) and type of ammunition (12- or 20-gauge) and the name of and phone number for the team’s contact person.
Proceeds will benefit the outdoor Mill Cove Environmental Education Center where children learn about nature up close and personal and Asa’s Place, a nonprofit care facility being developed in the Wellsboro area for Tioga County infants born dependent on opioids to get the special care they need for the healthiest start in life. Asa’s Place will also be the home of a new advocacy program for these infants. The Asa’s Place programs will be operational in 2019.
Volunteers, including members of the Mill Cove Environmental Area and Education Center Board of Directors, are organizing this event. For more information, contact Co-chairs Mark Hamilton at 570-772-1299, Crystal Smith at 917-435-2319 or email millcovepa@gmail.com.
Severe Thunderstorm Warning issued October 06 at 4:54PM EDT until October 06 at 5:30PM EDT by NWS Buffalo
DESCRIPTION: The National Weather Service in Buffalo has issued a
* Severe Thunderstorm Warning for...
Southeastern Allegany County in western New York...
* Until 530 PM EDT..
* At 453 PM EDT, a severe thunderstorm was located over Wellsville,
moving southeast at 50 mph.
HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail.
SOURCE...Radar indicated.
IMPACT...Minor damage to vehicles is possible. Expect wind damage
to roofs, siding, and trees.
* Locations impacted include...
Wellsville, Whitesville, Scio, Andover, Stannards, Paynesville and
Knight Creek.
HAIL...1.00IN
WIND...60MPH
Coudersport Ambulance To Ross Glenn
At 4:54 PM on Saturday, Coudersport Ambulance to Ross Glenn for a patient with difficulty breathing.
Ischua Dispatched for Route 16 Flooding
At 4:44 PM on Saturday, Ischua Fire Dept. has been dispatched to Rt., 16 for a flooded roadway. The area has received 2 inches of rain in a very short period of time. 2 Other locations of flooded roadways have been reported.
4:47 PM--Hinsdale dispatched for flooding on Rt. 446.
4:57 PM--Cuba dispatched to West Shore for flooding & logs in the roadway.
4:59 PM--Friendship Fire Dept. dispatched for basement flooding.
5:01 PM--Fillmore & Wiscoy-Rossburg dispatched for debris in roadway on Doud Road.
5:12 PM--Hinsdale to Rt. 16 near Kent Road for flooding.
A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 500 PM EDT FOR EAST CENTRAL CATTARAUGUS AND CENTRAL ALLEGANY COUNTIES...
At 421 PM EDT, a severe thunderstorm was located over Cuba, or 12
miles northeast of Olean, moving east at 45 mph.
IMPACT...Minor damage to vehicles is possible. Expect considerable
tree damage. Wind damage is also likely to mobile homes,
roofs, and outbuildings.
Locations impacted include...
Wellsville, Alfred, Belfast, Cuba, Hinsdale, Friendship, Scio,
Andover, Belmont and Angelica.
INSTRUCTIONS: For your protection move to an interior room on the lowest floor of a
Intense thunderstorm lines can produce brief tornadoes and widespread
significant wind damage. Although a tornado is not immediately
likely, it is best to move to an interior room on the lowest floor of
a building. This storm may cause serious injury and significant
property damage.
Issued By: NWS Buffalo (Western New York)
Bradford Dispatched To Oven Fire
At 4:30 PM on Saturday, Bradford Fire Dept. has been dispatched to 67 North Center Street for an oven fire.
Bradford Dispatched to Fire Alarm at Hi-Rise
At 3:41 PM on Saturday, Bradford Firefighters have been dispatched to the Hi Rise at 2 Bushnell street for an automatic fire alarm.
3:55 PM--Station 15 RECALLED.
Austin VFD Gun Bash Tickets Now Available
Derrick City, Bradford Dispatched To Crash On Derrick Road
At 2:18PM on Saturday, Derrick City Fire Department & Bradford Ambulance have been dispatched to the intersection of Derrick Road & Olean Road for a 2 vehicle crash with at least 4 possible patients.
Port Allegany v. Sheffield game is being broadcasted live
Port Allegany v. Sheffield game is being broadcasted live on www.network1sports.com/station/whks and on 94.9 FM WHKS
Work on I-80 in Northumberland County Continues Next Week
Montoursville, PA – A paving project on Interstate 80 in Northumberland County continues next week. Beginning at 9 PM Sunday, October 7, the contractor will close alternating lanes of I-80 westbound between Mile 211 at the Susquehanna River Bridge and Mile 216 (Limestoneville) to perform a milling a paving operation.
This work will be performed from 9 PM to 2 PM each day until Saturday afternoon, October 13, weather permitting. Both lanes will be open from 2 PM to 9 PM each day.
This project will include milling and paving on the westbound Limestoneville Ramps (exit 215) and the westbound Milton ramps (exit 212).
This work is expected to be completed in mid-November.
HRI, Inc. is the prime contractor on this $3.4 million project.
Lane Restrictions Continue Next Week on I-180 in Lycoming County
Montoursville, PA – Long-term lane restrictions remain in effect at a resurfacing project on Interstate 180 in Lycoming County.
There will be alternating lane restrictions on I-180 in both directions from the Muncy Creek bridge at Mile 14 (between Hughesville and Pennsdale) to the Carpenter’s Run bridge at Mile 16 (between Pennsdale and the Lycoming Mall Interchange).
Work continues next week with the contractor performing saw and seal operations for joints and traffic line painting.
This work is part of an 8.6-mile resurfacing project from Cemetery Road in Fairfield Township to the Muncy Creek bridge.
This project is expected to be completed on Friday, October 19 at 5 PM.
Glenn O. Hawbaker Inc. of State College is the prime contractor on this $6 million contract.
PENNSYLVANIA: HUNT SAFELY, WEAR A HARNESS
Game Commission campaign seeks to increase hunter safety.
Scouring nearly 30 years of medical-database records, a group of doctors has found that nearly 40 hunters each year in Pennsylvania experience falls from tree stands that result in traumatic injuries.
On its own, that number might be surprising; even sobering. But it tells only part of the story.
Little is known about the exact number of Pennsylvania hunters who fall from tree stands each year or the reasons why they fall.
But one thing is clear – if every tree-stand user wore a full-body harness and kept it attached to the tree at all times while hunting from or installing or taking down an elevated platform, or climbing or descending trees, 100 percent of severe falls to the ground could be eliminated.
In Pennsylvania, there’s no requirement to report tree-stand falls, and even if there were, some falls inevitably would be missed. But by delving into records available on the Pennsylvania Trauma Systems Foundation database, Dr. Joseph Smith and his colleagues have compiled what’s believed to be the only report on tree-stand falls endured by Pennsylvania hunters.
Reports in the database go back to 1987, and Smith and his colleagues have documented 1,109 from 1987 to 2015. But in most cases, few other details about the falls – including what might have caused them – are available in the database.
“It makes it very hard to say very much,” said Smith, who retired in April after a more than 35-year career in providing critical care, more than 30 of them spent at Geisinger Medical Center in Danville.
Because the database includes only falls that resulted in the victim being taken to an accredited trauma center, it’s hard to tell how many more falls remain undocumented. Hunters who seek medical treatment at non-trauma medical facilities, heal from minor injuries at home – even severely injured fall victims who die before making it to a hospital all are left out of this count.
Falls sustained during preseason setup, postseason tear-down or scouting excursions also could be missed. To better ensure the falls studied were hunting-related, researchers limited their review to falls that occurred within or one day prior to an open deer season.
Game Commissioner Michael Mitrick, a retiree since January after 36 years working as an orthopedist in York, Pa., said he routinely would see three or four patients a year who injured themselves while using tree stands, but likely never went to a trauma center.
Their injuries might range from broken wrists to neck and back sprains to cuts and bruises – generally far less severe than the injuries documented in the report. But these cases help to better understand how frequently falls occur.
Mitrick was one of about 15 orthopedists in the York area. It only stands to reason the others were dealing with a similar number of tree-stand-related injuries, he said.
“So you’re talking about 45 cases a year, just in this one community,” Mitrick said.
And Smith pointed out the number of tree-stand falls in Pennsylvania has trended upward as tree-stands have become more popular.
Based on reports in the injury database, in 1987, fewer than one in 100,000 hunters experienced a tree-stand fall while hunting deer in Pennsylvania. In 2015, almost 12 in 100,000 fell from a stand.
But this increasing problem has a solution – never use a tree stand without wearing a full-body harness that’s connected to the tree.
Today, about 90 percent of the tree stands marketed and sold in the U.S. are produced by companies that are part of the Treestand Manufacturer’s Association, which since 2004 has made it an industry standard to include a full-body harness with each stand, said John Louk, the association’s executive director.
For hunters who need to replace a harness or who just want something different, at least seven companies produce after-market harnesses priced between $49 and $159, he said.
Safety lines, often referred to by the brand name Lifeline, are the most efficient way to remain connected to the tree while climbing or descending, and they cost about $35 each, Louk said.
Using this simple and relatively inexpensive gear, and following other safe behaviors such as climbing with care, always using a haul rope to raise gear into the stand, and to never loading a firearm or nocking a bolt or arrow before settling in, can eliminate severe falls to the ground and help prevent serious injury and death.
To better raise awareness of safe hunting from tree stands, the Pennsylvania Game Commission has launched its Hunt Safely, Wear a Harness campaign. The campaign logo, which is appearing on billboards, signs and print and digital advertisements, serves as a frequent reminder for hunters to use fall restraints every time they hunt from a tree stand, and to never leave the ground without being connected to the tree.
“When hunting from a tree stand, it’s just as important to bring your harness with you every time you go out as it is to bring your firearm or bow, and we want all hunters to understand that,” said Steve Smith, who heads the Game Commission’s Bureau of Information and Education.
So as you head afield this fall, Hunt Safely, Wear a Harness every time you hunt from a tree stand.
And return home safely to share the stories of every hunt.
Climbing Connected
Wearing a full-body harness is essential to staying safe when using a tree stand, but a harness can prevent falls to the ground only if it is connected to the tree.
That means you must wear your harness, and be sure it’s connected to the tree, at all times you’re in the stand, as well as when you’re getting into and out of the stand, or climbing or descending trees.
A hunter using a climbing stand should tie-in the safety rope or strap that pairs with the harness before beginning to climb.
Most safety ropes and straps have a sewn or knotted loop on one end, and the opposite end can be wrapped around the tree and through the loop, then cinched tightly. There’s often a separate loop, many times a carabiner loop held by a prussic knot, onto which to clip your safety harness.
Consult the manufacturer’s instructions to ensure proper installation.
You’ll want to move the safety rope or strap up the tree first, then tighten it, each time before moving the platform up the tree. If the rope is at or slightly above eye-level as you stand on the platform, you should have plenty of room to raise the platform to a higher standing position before moving the rope up the tree again before climbing.
Make sure you have proper contact with the stand and tree every time you move.
It takes only a little longer to climb with a rope, and if the stand fails due to breakage or a pin pulling out of the climbing band, or if a fall occurs because slippage or loss of balance, the harness and rope will prevent falling to the ground.
With pre-installed hang-on stands – and especially ladder stands – the most practical way to stay connected to the tree is through a safety line, commonly referred to by the brand name Lifeline, that hangs to the ground from above the platform.
Because the safety line is installed above the platform, the tree must be climbed first, but other safety ropes or straps can be used along with your harness. When installing a safety line at a hang-on stand, a linemen’s style belt can be worn while ascending the tree. A linemen’s belt might not be an option for many ladder stands, but a separate ladder and linemen’s belt could be used to install the safety line before the ladder stand is installed.
When using a ladder stand, climbing stick or tree steps, make sure to maintain three points of contact (two hands and one foot, or two feet and one hand) with each step.
The important points are to always take your time and be safe when using stands. Always put on your safety harness while you’re still on the ground, and keep it connected to the tree at all times until you’re back on the ground.
JKLM Energy Hosts Operations Tour of active Potter County operations
POTTER COUNTY, Pa. – JKLM Energy, LLC (JKLM) recently hosted county and local government leaders, representatives of conservation organizations, and other guests on a field tour of the company’s active Potter County operations. The tour included a visit to a drilling rig, a completions operation, and a producing well site.
“JKLM Energy recognizes that the community has a great interest in natural gas development in Potter County, and one of the best ways to share information is to show our neighbors first-hand what takes place on well pads throughout the various stages of development,” said Scott Blauvelt, Director of Environmental Health & Safety.
During the tour, JKLM professionals discussed the company’s history and modern technologies that have enabled America’s shale revolution. Tour participants learned about best practices and rigorous safety protocols that the company uses to responsibly produce affordable, clean, and reliable energy.
“Every time I attend a tour, I learn something. I gained a better understanding of an industry that is constantly progressing. It was good to see the safety protocols that JKLM takes to protect the environment and local community,” said Borough Manager Beverley Morris.
JKLM operates solely in Potter County where the company has primarily concentrated its efforts on developing gas from the Utica Shale formation. For the past two years, JKLM has operated one drilling rig and it plans to continue to do so for the foreseeable future as it drills an expected 14 wells in 2018. JKLM is currently the second largest Utica Shale gas producing company in the state.
“Our mission is to responsibly develop shale resources to advance our energy security, protect and improve our environment, and add to the economic vitality and quality of life in the region,” said Blauvelt. “It is a privilege to operate in this community and we are proud to be in Potter County.”
PA Gas Drilling Permit Issued
PA Gas Drilling Permit Issued in Gamble Twp Township
Gas permit issued on 2018-10-01 00:00:00 to INFLECTION ENERGY (PA) LLC for site REYNOLDS 7H in Gamble Twp township, Lycoming county
Tags: PADEP, frack, permit, drilling, Gas
Several Fire Companies Respond To Barn Fire on Rietter Hill Road Friday Evening
Crary Hose Company
17 mins ·
On October 5, 2018 a 21:21, Crary Hose Company was dispatched with automatic aid from Clymer, Harrison Valley and Knoxville-Deerfield to 2356 Rietter Hiller Road for a barn fire. It was reported there were multiple exposures. A full response from Ulysses and a tanker from Troupsburg were also requested.
Upon arrival it was found to be two 2-story barns approximately 50’x 25’ involved. There was exposure to the residence and the house at 2370 Rietter Hill which received damage to the vinyl siding from radiant heat.
The fire was brought under control at 22:25 preventing damage to the residence. Water was supplied from the dry hydrant at Charlie Metcalf’s pond. Osceola provided an engine company for standby. The fire was out at 00:03. All units in quarters 01:00. No injuries were reported. Thank you to all responders.
At 11:44 AM on Saturday, Coudersport Ambulance to East Second Street for a male with a headache.
Job Opening - Oswayo State Fish Hatchery - PA Fish and Boat Commission
The Oswayo State Fish Hatchery is recruiting for a full time Fish Culturist 1 position. The hatchery raises and stocks trout for the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission’s stocked trout program. The position entails the daily propagation of these trout from egg up until they are adults and stocked in Commonwealth waters. The link below takes you to a full description and the application.
https://www.governmentjobs.com/careers/pabureau/jobs/2223134/fish-culturist-1?keywords=fish&pagetype=jobOpportunitiesJobs
Shinglehouse Ambulance to Rt. 44 South
At 10:35 AM on Saturday, Shinglehouse Ambulance has been dispatched to Rt. 44 South for a person unresponsive.
Penfield Dispatched To Pickup truck Crash/Fire Friday Night
This dog was found near route 219 in Limestone, NY
Can you please post this ? This dog was found near route 219 in Limestone, NY... He is very friendly.. Listens well.. And is very playful.. Need to find his owner this morning or will sadly have to be taken to SPCA in Bradford, PA. We cannot keep him. Please call 716-560-5580 or 716-925-7081 if you know whose dog this is..
Call James Young In Bradford To Save Money On All Kinds Of Insurance Needs
Shinglehouse Volunteer Fire Department "Open House & Kids' Day" is October 7
UPMC Cole is hosting a New Class "Holistic Health" on Wednesdays
Public Auction On-Site At Riehle Welding Shop Saturday, Oct. 6, 2018 In Shinglehouse, PA
Coudersport Area School District Seeking Physics Teacher For Permanent Position
Harrison Township Supervisors Meeting Postponed Until October 29, 2018
Fall Antique & Collectible Show & Sale Saturday & Sunday At PA Lumber Museum In Galeton
The Fall Antique Show and Sawmill Run will be held at the Pennsylvania Lumber Museum on Saturday October 6th and Sunday October 7th, 2018.
This event features a dozen antique vendors from across the U.S. selling furniture, glass, coins, books, toys, clothing and collectibles.
In addition, catch the final 2018 run of the museum’s steam-powered circular sawmill on Saturday October 6th.
Other historic trade demonstrations will be happening throughout the weekend, including the firing of the museum birch still (to produce “spirits of wintergreen”), blacksmith demonstrations in the lumber camp, and operation of the shingle mill and an apple press.
Hayrides will allow visitors to observe the beautiful colors of fall along the site Sustainable Forestry Trail.
Lunch foods will be available for purchase in the museum program room.
Daily cost for adult admission to the show is $5.00; children are $3.00 each. Access to all museum exhibits and attractions is included in the price of admission. Please contact the museum with any questions.
Empereon/Constar Searching For Experienced Recruiter For Coudersport, PA Location
Full Time Laborer Sought By Ulysses Township
Call B & B Supply in Coudersport For Your Bulk & Bagged Coal Needs
Arthur DuBois Estate Offered By Jelliff Auctions; BID ONLINE Thru Oct. 17, 2018
2018 RidgeWalk & Run set for October 21 in Wellsville, NY
Wellsville’s “RidgeWalk & Run” has become our area’s largest family oriented, wellness event. Compete on trails for prizes, or just bring the family for breath taking, educational trail walks along the highest ridge in WNY. www.ridgewalk.com
Hamilton's Pumpkin Patch Open Saturday & Sunday in Ulysses
Dickinson Center Hosts National Disability Employment Awareness Month Celebration
Dickinson Center’s Director of Employment Support Services Marsha Dippold speaks to over 40 attendees at the National Disability Employment Awareness Month recognition event on October 4, 2018.
Dickinson Center, Incorporated (DCI), participated in National Disability Employment Awareness Month by hosting an annual celebration for consumers that have made strides toward reaching their vocational goals. The purpose of National Disability Employment Awareness Month is to educate about disability employment issues and celebrate the many and varied contributions of America's workers with disabilities. This year's theme is "America’s Workforce: Empowering All".
Thursday’s event at the DCI main office was opened by Jim Prosper, director of Operations, followed by speeches from Marsha Dippold, director of Employment Support Services (ESS), and several employees with the consumers they serve. For example, Employment Support Specialist Bryan Linton, mentioned how his two years at DCI have changed his life. According to Litton, all of the consumers he worked with personally touched his heart including, Amber who is always eager to say yes to helping out. Since she’s been in the ESS program, Amber was hired as a cleaner at the Knights of Columbus, DCI, the Drop-In Center, as well as, working in the produce department at a local grocery store.
Dickinson Center’s Employment Support Specialists
from the left: Bryan Linton, Angeline Ackerson,
Julie Auman, Charles Grinnell, Kalyn Taylor,
Marsha Dippold and Denise Buffington.
“If you know a company or manager that wants to learn more about hiring individuals from this program, please contact Dickinson Center,” added Linton. “We’re also currently seeking new Employment Specialists for this program in Elk County.”
To coincide with this year’s observance, the county commissioners in Cameron, Elk and Potter counties are presenting a proclamation during their October meetings. They’re joining DCI and other regional employers in raising awareness about disability employment issues and their commitment to an inclusive work culture.
"Dickinson Center is proud to be a part of this year's National Disability Employment Awareness Month," said Marsha Dippold, director of Employment Support Services. "We want to spread the important message that we value all perspectives in the workplace, including those of individuals with disabilities. Thank you to our consumers, staff, employers and community supporters for showcasing the success of our program which had an 86 percent job placement rate for our consumers over the past year."
Employment Support Services (ESS) strives to find jobs for people with disabilities that are best suited to the individual’s strengths in Elk, Cameron, McKean and Potter counties. Individuals are provided assistance through the entire job search process, from constructing resumes, practicing interview skills, and applying for jobs. The support continues after being hired until the employee, employer, and employment specialist are all confident that the job can be performed independently.
Additional opportunities are available from Elkwood Arts at DCI, a licensed vocational facility that provides employment and training to disabled adults at different levels of intellectual disability. Products include quality, handmade furniture and wood items.
Learn more about National Disability Employment Awareness Month at www.dol.gov/ndeam. For more information about Dickinson Center, Inc., an affiliate of Journey Health System, visit www.dickinsoncenter.org.
News from Harrisburg
Facebook Website Bio Latest News State Forms Photo Gallery Contact
Friday, October 5, 2018 The latest news from the State Capitol
Potter County Senior Citizens Expo Set for Oct. 12
Area seniors, their family members and caregivers are invited to join us for the 16th annual Potter County Senior Citizens Expo on Friday, Oct. 12, from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. at the Roulette Fire Hall, 12 River St.
This is a great opportunity to gather a lot of helpful information about health care, insurance, financial planning, government services and more in one convenient location. The event is free to attend, and lunch will be provided.
For more information, contact my Coudersport office at (814) 274-9769. Information is also available at www.RepCauser.com or on Facebook at www.Facebook.com/RepCauser.
Ag Committee Discusses CWD with PA Deer Farmers
The House Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee, which I chair, had the opportunity to visit a Harrisburg-area deer farm and talk with the owners and other members of the Pennsylvania Deer Farmers Association (PDFA) on Tuesday. Much of the discussion was focused on chronic wasting disease (CWD), the extensive efforts deer farmers are taking to prevent this deadly disease in their herds, and the challenges it presents to their livelihoods. Thank you to the Schmidt family, owners of Rocky Meadow Whitetails, and to PDFA for organizing this informative tour and discussion.
Feds Extend REAL ID Grace Period
Pennsylvania has been granted an extended grace period to comply with REAL ID requirements set by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The grace period was set to expire Oct. 10, 2018, but has now been extended until Aug. 1, 2019. A final federal deadline for all states to comply is Oct. 1, 2020.
This grace period extension means that Pennsylvania residents will not face access issues when entering federal facilities or boarding commercial aircraft through at least Aug. 1, 2019.
REAL ID is voluntary for Pennsylvania residents, but encouraged for those who may need to access certain federal facilities, such as military bases, or fly commercial flights within the United States. Residents also have the option to use other, non-REAL ID forms of enhanced identification. Click here for that list.
Residents wishing to obtain REAL ID-compliant driver’s licenses and photo ID cards can obtain them, beginning in March 2019. In the meantime, customers are encouraged to pre-verify for REAL ID the required documentation as soon as possible, giving them ample time to prepare.
One of the required documents is a certified copy of a birth certificate, which can take up to several months to process, depending on one’s circumstances. My office can help residents with birth certificate applications. Call or stop by for more information.
More information about REAL ID, including frequently asked questions, can be found at www.dmv.pa.gov.
Thanks for Coming!
Thank you to everyone who came out to last night’s Firearms Safety and Rights Seminar at the Pennsylvania Lumber Museum. And a special thank you to Rep. Clint Owlett for co-hosting the event and to our speakers Potter County District Attorney Andy Watson and Sheriff Glenn Drake.
Hunter-Trapper Education Courses Available
State law requires all first-time hunters and trappers, regardless of age, to successfully complete Hunter-Trapper Education (HTE) training before they can buy a Pennsylvania hunting or trapping license.
You may complete the course entirely online (only for those who are 16 years of age or older), or you may sign up for one of the classes being offered locally.
Galeton – Sunday, Oct. 14, from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. at the Pennsylvania Lumber Museum, 5660 Route 6 West, Galeton.
Bradford – Saturday, Oct. 20, from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. at the Bradford Gun Club, 88 Bradford Gun Club Road, Bradford.
Mt. Jewett – Three-day course at Mt. Jewett Sportsmen’s Club, Division Street Extension, Mt. Jewett. The schedule is Wednesday and Thursday, Nov. 7-8, from 6-9 p.m. and Saturday, Nov. 10, from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m.
For additional information or to register, click here.
PennDOT Closures for Columbus Day Weekend
All PennDOT driver license and photo centers, including its full-service center in Harrisburg, will be closed Saturday, Oct. 6, through Monday, Oct. 8, in observance of Columbus Day. Customers may still obtain a variety of driver and vehicle products and services, including all forms, publications and driver-training manuals, online through PennDOT’s Driver and Vehicle Services website, www.dmv.pa.gov.
To honor those who have fought breast cancer or are fighting it now, the fountain at the Pennsylvania State Capitol’s East Wing was dyed pink on Tuesday for Breast Cancer Awareness Month. The pink fountain is also a reminder to all women of the importance of mammograms and early detection. This week, the House also passed House Resolution 1048 recognizing October 2018 as “National Breast Cancer Awareness Month” and Oct. 19, 2018, as “National Mammography Day” in Pennsylvania. The American Cancer Society estimates that 268,670 women and men in the United States will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer this year, and that’s why it is important to continue to educate the public about breast cancer and stress the importance of routine self-breast exams, regularly scheduled doctor visits and yearly mammograms as recommended.
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Coudersport State Police release Stats for the mon...
Police warning of another scam in the area
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Pennsylvania Farm Show Complex and Expo Center Wil...
Thomas James Wilde, Sr., 71, of Clara, PA
Theresa M."Betty" Brown Knapp, 94, of Roulette, PA...
Kane Fire & Ambulance Dispatched For Car/Deer Cras...
Lorraine C. Gross, 87, of 136 High Street Bradford...
Jean Marie Burkhouse, 86, of 317 E. Fourth St., Em...
Coudersport Falcons host the Otto Eldred Terrors; ...
Coudersport Ambulance To Rt. 6 West
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AN INVITATION TO AMATEUR AND WANNA-BE WRITERS.
LPN Course offered in Coudersport
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Bella Is Missing
Falling Leaves Outdoor Show Friday & Saturday on C...
Potter County Farmer's Market Every Friday From 1 ...
New Moon Fall Service Sale; Free Pickup & Delivery...
Register For Free Citizen Science Workshop Saturda...
THINK ABOUT IT!!
Potter County Properties For Sale By Sealed Bid
Abbott & West Branch Township Fall Cleanup is Satu...
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OPEN HOUSE SAT. & SUN.--2 BR., 2 Acres, 2 Car Gara...
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Every Celebrity Wedding in 2019—So Far
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byNicole Bloom 3 months ago
Photo: Celebrity Weddings
Scroll To See More Images
There’s a reason weddings are always making the headlines. People love love! And these celebrity weddings in 2019 so far are absolutely giving us all the fairytale-feels—in a good way.
We all grew up on the fairytales: Prince meets pretty maiden (at a ball perhaps? Or in the woods while riding his noble steed). She’s not right for him. He professes his love. Maybe she loses a shoe. Maybe she’s poisoned by an apple (just spit-balling here). The prince rescues her. They get married and live happily ever after. WELL. That’s exciting and all. but unfortunately, that isn’t real life—nor should it be. We will concede, however, that we believe in true love. And that’s the message that should be taken out of these fairytale relationships—not that women needing rescue or that we all want to become princesses—but rather that there are people out there who are your soul mates. And even if you don’t believe in soul mates, there is someone out there for everyone, it just might take more than one ball to find them.
Movies have been known to play around with these archetypes for romance films, tying everything up with a little bow. It’s called a “Hollywood Ending.” Bad guys are punished, good guys prevail, the couple finds love, etc. SO what’s our point, you ask? While Hollywood might be known to bend the truth or make life and love seem less fraught with real problems and more full of happiness and issues falling to the way-side, the couples in Hollywood are living far more truthfully.
Our favorite celebrities who have tied the knot are honest and open about both the struggles and joys of marriage. It’s not all butterflies and roses. But when they find the person they want to go through the good times and bad times of life with, they make sure fans know. Even newlyweds Justin Bieber and Hailey Baldwin–Bieber opened up about the struggles they’ve faced since marrying. But together, they feel they can overcome anything. THAT’s the kind of “fairytale” we should all strive for.
Here are the celebrity weddings in 2019 so far and all the dress details, guest lists, etc.
Marc Jacobs & Charly “Char” Defrancesco
Date: Saturday, April 6
Happy Monday. 9 days married and going strong. @chardefrancesco #phantomlove #newlyweds #happytogether
A post shared by Marc Jacobs (@themarcjacobs) on Apr 15, 2019 at 6:15am PDT
The designer and his longtime boyfriend tied the knot with an intimate wedding ceremony in NYC on April 6. Jacobs shared a sweet Instagram post saying, “Penguins have only one partner and mate for life. A great example of faithfulness and fidelity. So grateful to you and love you so much dear Fabio,” Jacobs explained on Instagram.
Chance the Rapper & Kirsten Corley
Date: Saturday, March 9
Location: Resort at Pelican Hill in Newport Beach, California
TSR STAFF: Tanya P.! @tanyaxpayne _____________________________ #TSRExclusive: #Roommates, it looks like #ChanceTheRapper is now Chance the husband! We have exclusive pictures of Chance getting hitched this weekend to his longtime girlfriend #KristenCorley in a private, outdoor ceremony surrounded by white roses! The wedding took place in Newport, CA where a few of Chance’s famous friends like #DaveChapelle, #Kim and #KanyeWest were in attendance. ______________________________ The lovebirds have known each other since they were 9 years old and share a beautiful daughter #Kensli, who was sitting front row to watch her parents jump the broom! Congrats to the pair! 🙌🏽❤️❤️ (📸: Splash News/Backgrid)
A post shared by The Shade Room (@theshaderoom) on Mar 10, 2019 at 11:37am PDT
He said, “take a *chance* on me,” and she said yes! Chance the Rapper married his longtime girlfriend, Kristen Corley over the second weekend in March. The couple celebrated with friends Kim Kardashian and Kanye West. Comedian Dave Chapelle was also in attendance. The rapper has yet to share any photos himself but he did leave a comment on The Shade Room’s photos of his wedding saying, “These photos came from some lames. Wait til u see the official ones.” We can’t wait!
Lea Michele & Zandy Reich
Location: Northern California
3/9/19❤️
A post shared by Lea Michele (@leamichele) on Mar 10, 2019 at 12:23pm PDT
We are g(l)eeking out! 32-year-year-old Broadway actress and Glee star Lea Michele just married AYR clothing company president, Sandy Reich. The couple got engaged last April. 18 hours ago Michele shared a photo of her wedded bliss, saying “3/9/19 ❤️.” Back when the couple first got engaged, Michele shared a photo with the caption, “Yes 💍.”
Yes 💍
A post shared by Lea Michele (@leamichele) on Apr 28, 2018 at 1:06pm PDT
Ana Navarro & Al Cardenas
About last night... If want to see more, go to @peopleenespanol #navarrocardenasatlast
A post shared by Ana Navarro-Cárdenas (@ananavarrofl) on Mar 3, 2019 at 5:42am PST
Ana Navarro married former Florida GOP head Al Cardenas on Saturday, March 2. The couple held a black-tie ceremony that evening at Indian Creek Country Club in Miami Beach. The Republican strategist wore a beautiful gown and shared this message on Instagram the next day: About last night… If want to see more, go to @peopleenespanol#navarrocardenasatlast”
Eva Longoria was one of the guests at Navarro and Cardenas celebrity-packed wedding. Navarro wrote, “Somebody said to me last night, “I’m not sure where else I could be dancing next to @gloriaestefan, @evalongoria, Isaiah Thomas and @mittromney while @willychirino sings the “Guantanamera” other than your wedding. Yup. That happened. And it happened, not because they are celebrities, or famous, but because they are close friends. And it touched us so much that very busy friends and relatives flew from all over the country and world to be with us for this very special moment. #navarrocardenasatlast”
Somebody said to me last night, “I’m not sure where else I could be dancing next to @gloriaestefan, @evalongoria, Isaiah Thomas and @mittromney while @willychirino sings the “Guantanamera” other than your wedding. Yup. That happened. And it happened, not because they are celebrities, or famous, but because they are close friends. And it touched us so much that very busy friends and relatives flew from all over the country and world to be with us for this very special moment. #navarrocardenasatlast
A post shared by Ana Navarro-Cárdenas (@ananavarrofl) on Mar 3, 2019 at 4:21pm PST
Mia Swier & Darren Criss
Date: Saturday, February 16
Location: New Orleans
It’s been a whole week and I'm still basking in the glow of one of the greatest parties Mia and I have ever thrown. And we’ve thrown some crazy parties. That’s right folks, if you didn’t already know, Mia and I done got hitched. And it was easily the most magical few days of our lives. Thank you to everyone who had a hand in making it such a special occasion- it was the most euphoric celebration we could have possibly imagined for this wild life we’ve built together.
A post shared by Darren Criss (@darrencriss) on Feb 23, 2019 at 3:56pm PST
The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story actor married longtime love Mia Swier on February 16. The guest list included some favorite Glee alums Lea Michele, John Stamos, Chord Overstreet and Harry Shum Jr. Four days ago, the actor shared a photo from his Pinterest-worthy ceremony writing, “It’s been a whole week and I’m still basking in the glow of one of the greatest parties Mia and I have ever thrown. And we’ve thrown some crazy parties. That’s right folks, if you didn’t already know, Mia and I done got hitched. And it was easily the most magical few days of our lives. Thank you to everyone who had a hand in making it such a special occasion- it was the most euphoric celebration we could have possibly imagined for this wild life we’ve built together.”
Miranda Lambert & Brendan McLoughlin
Date: Winter 2019
In honor of Valentine’s Day I wanted to share some news. I met the love of my life. And we got hitched! My heart is full. Thank you Brendan Mcloughlin for loving me for.... me. ❤️ #theone
A post shared by Miranda Lambert (@mirandalambert) on Feb 16, 2019 at 2:41pm PST
The country singer surprised fans with her wedding announcement on February 16. Lambert secretly wed her New York Police Department officer beau. She wrote, “In honor of Valentine’s Day I wanted to share some news. I met the love of my life. And we got hitched! My heart is full. Thank you Brendan Mcloughlin for loving me for…. me. ❤️
#theone”
Emily Smith & Steve Guttenberg
Date: Saturday, January 19
Location: Malibu, CA
The Three Men and a Baby actor married CBS-TV’s Living Large reporter Smith during a small ceremony in Malibu on Saturday, January 19. Smith retweeted this shot Scott Rapoport took of her on her big day. The pair announced their engagement in December 2016.
Arie Luyendyk Jr. & Lauren Burnham
Fairytales do come true🧚♂️. . . . . . 📸 @nvmauimedia
A post shared by Lauren Luyendyk (@laurenluyendyk) on Jan 11, 2019 at 9:40am PST
The reality on-screen stars from The Bachelor tied the knot in mid-January. Their love was surrounded in some drama when Luyendyk Jr. originally proposed to another contestant on his show—only to take back his engagement a couple months later and propose to Burnham.. Back in March, 2019, the 37-year-old told People Magazine, “Love is not always perfect. Everyone finds each other in a different way. It’s not always a fairytale, but as long as Lauren and I have each other, we’re happy.” Aw! Lauren, 25, and the former race car driver are expecting a baby girl together.
Burnham posted this sweet shot of the couple for Valentine’s Day: “Happy Valentine’s Day my love.❤️”
Happy Valentine’s Day my love.❤️
A post shared by Lauren Luyendyk (@laurenluyendyk) on Feb 14, 2019 at 5:40am PST
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(Brian Rasic / Rex)
2013 European Tour2013 Rumours Tour
CONCERT REVIEW: Love is in the air for return of the Fleetwood Mac
Adrian Thrills gives his review as band tour Britain.
Rock’s greatest soap opera rolled into London this week as Fleetwood Mac began their UK tour with a marathon concert dominated by the hits of the Seventies. Emotional punch was added by the presence of two ex-members who were major players in the Anglo-American group’s chequered history.
For a rollicking encore of “Don’t Stop,” the band were joined at the O2 Arena by keyboardist Christine McVie — onstage with them for the first time in 15 years.
Earlier, singer Stevie Nicks dedicated a poignant “Landslide” to original Sixties guitarist Peter Green, who was watching from the wings.
As a generation-spanning audience demonstrated, our love for Fleetwood Mac shows little sign of abating, partly because their biggest hits are still so intertwined with their love lives.
The classic 1977 album Rumours was made amid drug-fuelled excess and personal turmoil, with drummer Mick Fleetwood in the throes of a divorce, the marriage of bassist John and keyboardist Christine McVie on the rocks, and the romance between singer Stevie Nicks and guitarist Lindsey Buckingham in meltdown. To complicate matters, Nicks and Fleetwood later had their own two-year affair.
As the return, albeit for just one song, of Christine McVie confirmed, everyone is the best of friends these days, although the sexual tensions of old lingered in songs like “Don’t Stop” (Christine’s kiss-off to John) and “Go Your Own Way” (Lindsey’s bitter adios to Stevie).
The Buckingham-Nicks relationship was also played out for theatrical effect onstage. The former couple, a formidable creative double-act, hugged each other and slow danced during “Sara,” and walked on holding hands before the encores. At one point, Lindsey — to loud cheers — gave Stevie a gentlemanly kiss on the hand.
Having played 47 American shows in 2013, the band were perfectly cooked. With McVie and Fleetwood providing a fluent rhythmic backbone, Buckingham drove the show musically, setting the tempo with some impressive soloing in the Rumours-era opening salvo of “Second Hand News,” “The Chain” and “Dreams.”
But it is Nicks who gives the group their charisma. Teetering around in black stiletto boots, her microphone stand draped in hippy beads and scarves, she was mesmerising on “Rhiannon” and “Landslide,” the latter an acoustic duet with Buckingham.
Alongside the enduring excellence of their songs, it is also the presence of Nicks that connects the band — now all in their 60s — with a younger crowd. Most of the junior members of this audience were female, and it is no coincidence that the new acts most obviously influenced by the group’s classic hooks and harmonies are girl bands like The Pierces and Haim.
Fleetwood Mac’s ongoing appeal also says a lot about the value of experience. From the Stones at Glastonbury to Rod Stewart and Springsteen, many of this year’s best gigs have been played by the veterans, and there was certainly an impressive level of artistry on display here.
As Mick Fleetwood bellowed from his drumkit as the 11 o’clock curfew beckoned: ‘The Mac are back!’ Indeed they are.
The Fleetwood Mac tour continues tonight at the O2 Arena (ticketmaster.co.uk)
Adrian Thrills / Daily Mail / Friday, September 27, 2013
European tour dates
20 Sep O2 Dublin Dublin, Ireland
24 Sep O2 Arena London, Great Britain
29 Sep LG Arena Birmingham, Great Britain
01 Oct Manchester Arena Manchester, Great Britain
03 Oct Hydro Glasgow, Great Britain
06 Oct Lanxess Arena Cologne, Great Britain
07 Oct Ziggo Dome Amsterdam, Netherlands
09 Oct Sport Palais Antwerp, Belguim
11 Oct Percy Paris, France
13 Oct Hallenstadion Zurich, Switzerland
14 Oct Schleyerhalle Stuttgart, Germany
16 Oct O2 World Berlin, Germany
18 Oct Jyske Bank Boxen Herning, Denmark
20 Oct Oslo Spektrum Oslo, Norway
23 Oct Globen Stockholm, Sweden
Fleetwood Mac 2013 Tour: The story behind Christine’s live return
CONCERT REVIEW: Fleetwood Mac, London (Night 1)
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Israeli minister says meeting with Palestinians ‘positive’
JERUSALEM - A top Israeli cabinet minister on Monday said that a planned meeting with Palestinian negotiators after a near 16-month pause was a positive step but should not be seen as renewal of negotiations.
“This is a positive development,” Intelligence Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Dan Meridor told Israeli public radio.
“It is the first time in a long while that the Palestinians have been prepared to come and talk to us directly, without preconditions.” Jordanian Foreign Minister Nasser Judeh will on Tuesday host Israel’s chief negotiator Yitzhak Molcho and his Palestinian counterpart Saeb Erakat for talks which will also be attended by representatives of the international Quartet of peacemakers.
Meridor said the meeting, which is to take place in Amman, did not in itself constitute a return to direct talks but expressed hope it would be a springboard which would “allow the Palestinians to return to negotiations.
“We were not asked to make declarations at the preliminary talks,” he said, indicating that only in the context of actual negotiations would Israel lay out its positions. The Palestinians also stressed the same point.
“This meeting will be devoted to discussing the possibility of making a breakthrough that could lead to the resumption of negotiations,” Erakat told Voice of Palestine radio. “Therefore, it will not mark the resumption of negotiations,” he said, reiterating the Palestinian mantra that there would be no talks without a halt to settlement activity.
Direct talks ground to a halt in September 2010, when an Israeli freeze on new West Bank construction expired and Prime Minster Benjamin Netanyahu declined to renew it.
Palestinian president Mahmud Abbas has said he will not hold talks without a new settlement freeze and an agreement on a clear framework for talks based on the 1967 lines.
News that the sides would be meeting for the first time in more than a year sparked an angry reaction from Gaza’s Hamas rulers, who are trying to push through a reconciliation deal with Abbas’s Fatah movement.
“We demand a boycott of this meeting,” Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri told AFP. “Going to such a meeting is only betting on failure.”
And the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) also denounced the move as a “fatal error” which would force the Palestinians back into another pointless waiting game.
“The occupation and the Quartet are the only beneficiaries from the Amman meeting that is, in fact, a negotiations meeting that drains the Palestinian national account,” the group said in a statement.
Israel’s Meridor said the push to get the sides talking after a hiatus of nearly 16 months had come from Jordan in what he described as a “positive change.”
“It wasn’t involved until now and this is its initiative. It is a change and a positive change,” he said.
“Jordan is a neighbour and we have important relations with it and I think that its involvement in any solution to the Palestinian problem is critical,” he added.
Palestinian president Mahmud Abbas has said he will not hold talks without a freeze on settlement construction and agreement on a clear framework for talks based on the 1967 lines.
PIA scouts meeting held
1st meeting of on street vendor project held
Reply sought in minister’s defamation case
Minister, DC visit affected areas
Content for July 19, 2019 is not available×
Malik Muhammad Ashraf
Historic opportunity for peace in Afghanistan
Dr Farid A Malik
Powering Pakistan
Basharat Ali Janjua
The tragic flaw of Khan
“Educating” Journalists
Developmental Priorities
The Jadhav Aftermath
The fate of Baluchistan medical students
Peace process of Afghanistan
Extortion on the CPEC Highway
Build parks
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Monopoly Pieces to Disappear and the Reason for it is RIDICULOUS!
By Chief | on March 19, 2017 |
Treasured Monopoly pieces that have been around since the 1930’s have fallen to majority rule. Some of the favorite old time pieces will be no more. Monopoly put it to a vote and these poor pieces will no longer be provided. Their replacements have not much to do with the working class. Wasn’t that the theme of Monopoly? Read the sad news here.
As Written By Brian Thomas for The federalist Papers:
Hasbro announced on Friday that they will be replacing three classic Monopoly pieces with a T-Rex, a rubber ducky, and a penguin, saying “the next generation of tokens clearly represents the interests of our fans around the world.”
Dinosaurs, bathtub toys, and flightless birds are apparently of more interest to worldwide Monopoly players than their predecessors: archetypes of the working class.
The thimble, boot and wheelbarrow will be retired before the next Monopoly edition ships in August.
Monopoly is a game about making money. So it’s no surprise that so many of its classic tokens represented hard work.
The boot and the thimble, traditional pieces since the game’s beginnings in 1933, kept their 30’s design for decades. The boot modeled a typical 30’s work shoe and both pieces symbolized hard work because work, to the game’s creators, is inevitably tied up with making money.
The wheelbarrow was added in the 1950s to represent a tool for building. After all, hotels do need to be built.
Work has been eradicated from the game, apparently because of popular international opinion.
From The Washington Times:
The game maker asked fans in January to pick the eight pieces to be included in the next version of Monopoly and announced the results Friday after calculating more than 4 million votes. … … …
CONTINUE MONOPOLY ARTICLE HERE: The 3 Pieces Monopoly Eliminated Have Something In Common, Shows EXACTLY Why Trump Won
Donald Trump Liberal Lunacy Politically Incorrect
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MP Weekly Wonders of Age Group Swimming – 11/21/2018
Read all about our Weekly Wonders from the weekend of November 16-18, 2018. Stock photo via MP
More Weekly Age Group Wonders
Weekly Wonders of Age Group Swimming – 7/10/2019
Check out our Weekly Wonders from July 5-7, 2019.
Weekly Wonders of Age Group Swimming – 7/3/2019
Check out our Weekly Wonders from June 28-30, 2019.
Check out our Weekly Wonders for June 14-16, 2019.
Check out our Weekly Wonders from June 7-9, 2019.
Check out our Weekly Wonders from May 31-June 2, 2019.
Weekly Wonder of Age Group Swimming – 5/29/2019
Check out our Weekly Wonders from May 24-26, 2019.
by Anne Lepesant 1
November 22nd, 2018 Club, News, Weekly Age Group Wonders
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Presenting our Weekly Wonders from the weekend of November 16-18, 2018:
Ashley Turak, 17, dROP Aquatics (DROP-MI): 50y free (22.10) – Turak swam the country’s #1 time of the weekend for 18-and-under girls, and that includes all swims at college invitationals. Swimming for Harrison-Farmington at the Michigan MHSAA Girls’ D1 Swim & Dive Championships, she won the 50 free with a new D1 record, taking .28 off the mark she had set last year. The Indiana commit also won the 100 free, lowering her own D1 record to 48.72.
Micah Chambers, 16, Aquatic Club of Enid (ACE-OK): 50 free (20.21) – Chambers knocked nearly 1 second off his previous best time in the 50 free at the WSC Legends Invitational. Competing in the 100 free, he went for his 50 leadoff split and finished the race in 58.21. Chambers earned his first U.S. Open cut and is now 1.3 seconds faster than he was last December (21.51). He also dropped 12.2 seconds in the 500 free and 2.7 in the 100 back.
Carly Novelline, 14, NASA Wildcat Aquatics (WILD-IL): 100y free (49.86) – At the Illinois IHSA Girls State Championships, New Trier High School freshman Novelline earned her first Winter Nationals cut in the 100 free, posting a 49.86 in prelims. She erased 3/10 from her previous PB and was 2.3 seconds faster than she’d been last year at this time. She finished 3rd in the100 free and 5th in the 50 free, the only freshman in both A finals.
Reese Branzell, 15, Lake Lytal Lightning (LLL-FG): 100y free (45.53) – Representing Dreyfoos School Of The Arts at the Florida FHSAA 2A State Meet, Branzell dropped a huge 1.7 seconds to win the 100 free. He is now 3.7 seconds faster than he was a year ago. In the 200 free, in which he won the consolation, his time of 1:41.16 was a PB by 3.9 and 7.2 seconds ahead of last year’s pace.
Ben Borvendeg, 14, Butler Y Aquatic Club (BYAC-AM): 100y free (48.43) – Borvendeg won the boys’ 13-14 100 free at the Mark J. Braun Fall Classic hosted by Lake Erie Silver Dolphins. He took 9/10 off his seed time, going 2.4 seconds faster than he’d been at the same meet last year. He also won the 50 free and 100 fly and was 4th in the 100 back and 200 back. Borvendeg finished the weekend with PBs in the 100 free, 100/200 back, and 100 fly.
Michael Bonson, 16, Hurricane Swim Club (HSC-LA): 500y free (4:28.18) – Northshore High School junior Bonson won the 500 free at the Louisiana LHSAA Division 1 Championships, dropping 14.1 seconds off his previous PB and picking up his first Summer Juniors cut. He was 19.3 seconds faster than he’d been at the same meet a year ago. He also won the 200 free with a PB of 1:39.17, a Winter Juniors cut and a 6.7-second improvement over last year.
Hannah Bach, 17, Cleveland Swim Institute (CSI-LE): 100y breast (1:01.16) – Bach won the 100 breast at the Mark J. Braun Fall Classic with a new meet record. It was the 4th-fastest 18-and-under 100 breast in the country for the weekend, including the college meets. It was Bach’s second-best time ever, 4/10 off her PB, and 9/10 better than her time from the same meet last year. She also won the 200 breast and finished the weekend with PBs in the 100 free and 100 fly.
Hailey Uhrig, 14, Sweetwater Aquatics Team (SWAT-WY): 100y breast (1:05.51) – Swimming at the SWAT Turkey Open, Uhrig went her second-best time in the 100 breast, only 1/100 off the PB she had swum at the Wyoming High School State Championships in October. There, she had dropped 2.3 seconds in the 100 breast (1:05.40) and 3.9 seconds in the 200 IM (2:22.30). Uhrig is now 7.1 seconds faster in the 100 breast than she was in November 2017 (1:12.61).
Lauren Kilgore, 17, Irish Aquatics (IA-IN): 200y IM (2:02.93) – Kilgore, a Toledo commit, represented Bridgman Co-op at the Michigan MHSAA Girls’ D1 Swim & Dive Championships. She earned her first Winter Juniors cut in the 200 IM in prelims, going 2.8 seconds faster than she’d been at the same meet last year. Kilgore placed 2nd in the IM in finals and 6th in the 100 fly.
Reminder: The Weekly Wonders column is a celebration of age-group swimming, where new champions are made every day. Anyone can look up the top swims of the week. That’s not what we’re doing here. If we were only reporting on the week’s top swims we would feature the same handful of athletes every Wednesday. Instead, this is an opportunity to introduce the swimming community to athletes who have made great strides in the context of their own particular swimming worlds. By association, it also celebrates their coaches and their teams. The Weekly Wonders column, therefore, amounts to a pat on the back for a job well done, and hopefully encourages swimmers of all levels to continue to reach from within to get to that next level.
FOR MORE INFORMATION ON MP, PLEASE VISIT WWW.MICHAELPHELPS.COM.
ABOUT MP
Launched in the spring of 2015, MP designed by Aqua Sphere is a shared vision to develop innovative products that are inclusive and accessible to a broader range of swimmers across the full swimming lifecycle. Combining Aqua Sphere’s global product design expertise and distribution with Michael Phelps’ and Bob Bowman’s experiences at the highest levels of swim performance, the MP brand features technical swim products leveraging proprietary technologies and performance enhancing designs.
ABOUT AQUA SPHERE
Established in Genoa, Italy, in 1998, Aqua Sphere is the premier swimming equipment manufacturer for fitness and recreational swimming, aquatic exercise and triathlons. With the launch of its cutting-edge Seal Mask—the world’s first swim mask, the company set the industry standard and today continues to innovate with a complete range of premium products, including eye protection, swimwear, triathlon wetsuits, footwear, and swim fitness and training accessories. The designs have gained the respect and loyal following of many celebrities and notable athletes, including the world’s most decorated Olympian Michael Phelps, with whom Aqua Sphere is partnering to develop a global brand partnership. Alongside its parent company Aqua Lung and supported by an international distribution network, Aqua Sphere has grown into a worldwide enterprise representing unparalleled design, development and manufacturing expertise, with a global footprint in more than 90 countries. For more information, visit www.AquaSphereSwim.com orhttp://www.Facebook.com/AquaSphereSwim.
ABOUT AQUA LUNG
Aqua Lung pioneered the creation of modern diving equipment in 1943 when Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau teamed with Emile Gagnan to develop the first “aqua-lung” that made underwater exploration possible. Today, the brand continues to be the leading global designer and manufacturer of dive and water sports gear. With a deep commitment to quality, research and testing, Aqua Lung has revolutionized the scuba diving experience by setting industry standards for scuba equipment in technology, comfort, safety and design. The company’s rich history as an expert in the dive and water sports industry has led to the demand of Aqua Lung equipment for recreational, technical and military applications in more than 90 countries around the world, under the brand names of Aqua Lung, Aqua Sphere, Apeks, U.S. Divers, and Stohlquist. For more information, visit www.AquaLung.com or http://www.Facebook.com/AquaLungDivers.
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frizzaly
Ashley Turak also split a 47.63 on the anchor leg of the 400 free relay
About Anne Lepesant
Anne Lepesant is the mother of four daughters, all of whom swim/swam in college. With an undergraduate degree from Princeton (where she was an all-Ivy tennis player) and an MBA from INSEAD, she worked for many years in the financial industry, both in France and the U.S. Anne is currently …
More from Anne Lepesant
Binghamton Tabs Bryant’s Jerry Cummiskey to be Head Coach
Maine HS State Champ Alicia Lawrence Will Swim for Cornell in 2019-20
Iowa High School State Champion Cameron Linder Verbally Commits to Minnesota
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Days of the year, Days of release
4 June (releases)
4 June in
On 4 June, a number of things set in or relevant to the Doctor Who universe were released or published.
1966 - Episode two of The Savages was first broadcast on BBC1.
1966 - Part three of the TV Comic story The Secret of Gemino was first published.
1977 - Part four of the TV Comic story Kling Dynasty was first published.
1998 - DWM 266 was first released by Marvel Comics.
2001 - The Year of Intelligent Tigers and Superior Beings was first published by BBC Books.
2005 - Boom Town was first broadcast on BBC One. Later, Unsung Heroes and Violent Death aired on BBC Three.
2007 - Robot was released on Region 2 DVD.
2009 - The Sin Eaters was first released by BBC Audio.
2009 - The Doctor Who Adventures comic story Terror in the TARDIS was first published.
2011 - A Good Man Goes to War was transmitted on BBC One. Later, The Born Identity was transmitted on BBC Three.
2013 - Harvest of Time was first published by BBC Books.
2013 - The Doctor Who Adventure comic story The Curse of the Gibwyn was first published.
2015 - The Scientific Secrets of Doctor Who was published by BBC Books.
2015 - The Cloisters of Terror was first released by Big Finish.
Retrieved from "https://tardis.fandom.com/wiki/4_June_(releases)?oldid=2726444"
Days of release
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Silurian and Sea Devil television stories, Stories set in 2367, Television stories set in Egypt,
Stories set in the 21st century
Stories set in London
Stories set in the distant past
Stories set in India
Stories with unique variations of the Doctor Who opening titles
Television stories that use Murray Gold's 3rd main theme
2012 television stories
Dinosaurs on a Spaceship (TV story)
Dinosaurs on a Spaceship
Amy, Rory
Brian, Riddell, Nefertiti
Silurian Ark, 2367
Marcus Wilson
Another memorable moment
One more memorable moment
More behind the scenes stuff
Asylum of the Daleks A Town Called Mercy
The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe A Town Called Mercy
Dinosaurs on a Spaceship was the second episode of series 7 of Doctor Who.
Uniquely, this adventure played host to a gang of TARDIS travellers rather than just the Ponds, with Queen Nefertiti and John Riddell from off-screen adventures of the Eleventh Doctor joining. Brian Williams was introduced as Rory's father.
This marks the first appearances of dinosaurs other than Pterodactyls since the 1974 story Invasion of the Dinosaurs.
In 2367, the Indian Space Agency is on high alert as an unidentified spaceship hurtles towards the Earth. The Eleventh Doctor assembles a team to investigate, including the legendary Queen Nefertiti, a big game hunter named Riddell, Amy, Rory... and Rory's father, Brian. Materialising aboard the mystery ship, they're surprised to find it populated by dinosaurs. With time running out before the ship is blasted out of the sky, the Doctor must confront a vicious criminal named Solomon, as the lives of his companions and the dinosaurs hang in the balance...
The Doctor has saved Egypt from giant alien locusts and is trying to return to his TARDIS. However, Queen Nefertiti, attracted to the Doctor, stops him and tries to get his attention. The Doctor receives a message on his psychic paper. Telling her that it is unimportant, he learns that the Indian Space Agency needs his help; he's forced to take "Neffy" with him, as she forced her way onto the TARDIS despite the Doctor's protests. Arriving in the 24th century, the Doctor is informed of a spaceship coming closer to Earth that has failed to respond to any of ISA's attempts to communicate; if it gets within ten thousand kilometres of Earth, they will send up missiles to destroy it.
The Doctor decides he should investigate the ship before the ISA attempt to destroy it, just in case there are aliens that cannot communicate either due to primitive technology or not understanding Earth's languages. Realising this would be too much for just him and Neffy, the Doctor decides to head to Africa in the early 20th century. He meets his old friend John Riddell, a game hunter he left behind after saying he was leaving to get some sweets. Riddell initially refuses to join the Doctor on another trip but gives in when he learns its a mystery to even him.
In 21st century London, Rory has his father, Brian Williams, over to help fix a light bulb. After saying the fixture may be the problem, Brian reminds Rory he is lucky to have Amy; Amy finds this amusing. As Brian continues working on the light, the sound of the TARDIS materialisation is heard. Amy and Rory quietly say that the Doctor picks the worst times to show up and she wants to "kill him"; Brian thinks perhaps they left the door open. The TARDIS materialises around them, shocking Brian in place while the Doctor greets Amy and Rory. They all travel in the TARDIS to the mystery spacecraft. The Doctor tells everyone to grab a torch as they head outside.
As they head out, Amy questions the Doctor about what he's up to this time; the Doctor explains that he decided that he needed a group this time. Brian exits the TARDIS and the Doctor, finally noticing him, questions him with hostility. Rory explains that Brian is his father, whom the Doctor inadvertently brought on board when he materialised the TARDIS around them. This calms the Doctor, whom Brian seems not to have met. The Doctor greets Brian and walks off with Amy, Nefertiti and Riddell; he and Amy tell Rory that the job of telling Brian what's going on is his due to be being the later addition to their TARDIS team. Annoyed that it's always his turn, Rory explains to his confused father that he and Amy honeymooned throughout time and space aboard the TARDIS, not in Thailand as they had previously told him.
In the meantime, the presence of Neffy and Riddell has led Amy to believe that the Doctor has replaced her and Rory as his travelling companions during the gap between his last visit. The Doctor tells Amy that it's not the case, "they're not Ponds"; he cherishes the bond between them, plus they're family. Rory and Brian catch up to the group as the doors in front of them begin opening. Seeing what's coming out of the other side, the Doctor tells everyone to run. However, he has to be pulled away by Amy because he is gleefully surprised to find "Dinosaurs, on a spaceship!"
The gang hide from dinosaurs.
Hiding as the dinosaurs go past, the Doctor keeps Riddell from trying to harm them as they need to be preserved; Riddell sourly jokes in return "who's gonna preserve us?". They run into a Triceratops that sniffs Brian, forcing him to toss away one of the golf balls he keeps in his pocket to make it leave. The Doctor then examines the ship, discovering an interactive monitor. The Doctor asks to be shown where the engines are on the map, saying they need to get to them; he, Brian and Rory vanish in flash of light. Amy is left annoyed; they always get separated at some point during an adventure.
The Doctor, Rory and Brian arrive on the shore of a rocky beach. Seeing "birds" in the distance, Brian wonders if its Kestrels; the Doctor quips "I certainly hope so." Having an epiphany, the Doctor orders them to dig; Brian complies, producing a trowel from his pocket. Rory is surprised, but his dad tells him to put a trowel on his Christmas list; when Rory protests he's too old to have one, the Doctor retorts that he does and he's centuries old. The Doctor runs off to "look at rocks", with Rory calling after him. Elsewhere, someone sees them on a monitor. He becomes interested when he hears one of them referred to as "the Doctor". He orders that they be brought to him.
Brian hits metal while digging, becoming shocked; they're actually still in the ship. The Doctor reveals a monitor in a rock face, explaining the ship's engines are powered by the waves; an endless supply of power. He said they needed to go to the engine room and the ship complied with its short-ranged teleporter. Brian is left dumbfounded, with Rory trying to explain; however, the Doctor cuts them off by asking "What about the things that aren't kestrels?" They turn around to see many Pteranodon flying at them. The Doctor yells that he would be amazed if he wasn't being targeted as food. Brian suggests using the teleport, but the Doctor tells him that it fried out upon their arrival.
Upon entering the cave, they hear heavy footsteps approaching them. The Doctor panics, going back and forth, wondering which threat that they should face. Not having an idea, he asks Brian and Rory if they have any preferences. However, their fears are partially relieved when the footsteps are revealed to belong to two large robots; they seem to have some faulty personalities, as they constantly whine and complain. They demand that the trio come with them
Elsewhere, Amy, Nefertiti and Riddell explore the ship, with Nefertiti questioning Amy about the Doctor, saying she found her husband boring; Amy subtly hints the Doctor is married, but Neffy doesn't seem to catch on. The lack of a crew confuses them all, with Neffy suggesting a plague killed them, while Riddell believes the dinosaurs were responsible; Amy tells the "Chuckle Brothers" to lighten up. Investigating a room, Amy overhears Neffy and Riddell continue arguing; when Riddell threatens to strike Neffy, she responds with the same bravado. Riddell is impressed with the "spitfires" like Neffy in her time. Annoyed, Amy tells the two that she will not be having flirting companions; now she knows what being the Doctor is like.
Amy, Riddell and Nefertiti discover the identity of the ship's builders.
Seeing a computer, Amy begins fiddling with the controls, she finds an orb and inserts it into the computer; the first rule of travelling with the Doctor: see a strange device, start pressing buttons and don't stop until you get results. Getting a fuzzy picture on the screen, Amy smacks the monitor and clears up the image. To her shock, she learns that the spaceship belongs to the Silurians. They launched it when the Moon was coming into alignment with Earth, fearing a cataclysm might result; the ship is akin to Noah's Ark.
In the meantime, the Doctor, Rory and Brian are brought to a smaller spaceship docked with this one; however, only the Doctor is allowed inside. He finds a man named Solomon laying on a bed and listening to Fantasia in F minor; the Doctor brags he was the second set of hands playing the music. The Doctor is briefly startled by a flash of violet light, which Solomon passes off as a malfunction. Solomon explains his legs were badly mauled by raptors, and the robots could only do so much to treat him. Realising Solomon has mistaken him for a medical doctor, the Doctor offers assistance in exchange for being told how he came by the ship's worth of dinosaurs. In response, Brian is given a painful laser burn by one of the robots as a warning. The Doctor proceeds to work on getting Solomon mobile again while Rory tends to his father's burn. Brian is surprised Rory keeps a medical supply pack with him; Rory responds its a habit of their family to keep "tools" with them.
Back in the archive room, Amy asks the monitor to display life-signs of Silurians but gets nothing. Amy then compares this image with one on the day the ship launched, discovering there were numerous Silurians on board. She wonders what happened to them. She then asks the computer to zoom in at the core of the ship, discovering that it's been boarded before by Solomon. Riddell picks up a nearby gun, explaining it's full of tranquilliser; he tells Neffy that she needs a man of action in her life, before taking off to search for the Doctor. Neffy, now infatuated with Riddell, is told by Amy, "Human sleeping potion or walking innuendo; take your pick."
In Solomon's ship, the Doctor finishes adding braces to help with healing Solomon's injuries. He wonders why Solomon is here and learns that he's a trader that wants to sell the dinosaurs, but is heading in the wrong direction. The Doctor then realises that the flash of light was an IV System trying to figure out how much he's worth. To the Doctor's relief and Solomon's confusion, there is no record available to reveal how much he's worth. At that moment, Rory receives a call from Amy and is told to give the phone to the Doctor. Amy informs him the Silurians built the ship, but there are no life signs of them. The Doctor questions Solomon on what happened to them. Solomon explains they rescued his ship, but when he found out there were dinosaurs on board, he attempted to do business. When the Silurians refused, he tossed them into space along with the ones in hibernation.
However, the Doctor quickly deduces that Solomon cannot control this so-called ark of the Silurians and his attempt to do so made its auto-pilot head for Earth, its launching point. The Doctor explains that the ISA will soon be launching missiles. The greedy Solomon believes the Doctor is lying and wants the dinosaurs for himself. Exiting Solomon's cockpit, the Doctor tells the two dim-witted robots that their boss wants to see them. The Doctor tells Rory and Brian to run as the two robots ask Solomon why he wanted to see them. Realising that the Doctor has tricked them, Solomon orders his lackeys to go after them.
The Doctor commandeers unusual transportation.
They soon encounter the same Triceratops from earlier — which the Doctor names "Tricey" — and board its back. The Doctor tries getting Tricey to go by using verbal commands used for horses but fails. Brian quickly deduces the same method they used to get rid of Tricey before can be used again, tossing his remaining golf ball away to make it run. The robots follow after them, unable to go faster than a walking pace, shooting lasers at them until Tricey turns a corner and loses them. The robots are annoyed; they used to be faster, but all this time on the ship has rusted them.
The Doctor then wonders how they are going to stop as Tricey is closing in on a wall; they fall off and have a hard landing. The ISA contacts the ship and the Doctor answers via the monitor; he claims to be able to turn the ship around, with a precious cargo on board. However, the head of the ISA, Indira, refuses to listen to the Doctor and informs him that the missiles will be launched within a few minutes. The Doctor, Rory and Brian try finding the TARDIS so they can collect Amy, Riddell and Nefertiti before coming up with a new plan. However, Solomon finds them with the security cameras and teleports to their location with his clumsy robots. Solomon explains that his ship has detected the missiles, saying the Doctor wasn't lying.
Nefertiti gives herself up to save the others' lives.
Solomon then explains his scanner found something just as valuable as the dinosaurs; he then goes on to say how amazed he is that the Doctor was able to procure this "item". He demands that Nefertiti be handed over to him, as he can't fit a dinosaur in his ship. When the Doctor refuses, Solomon has Tricey shot and killed to prove he's serious. Amy, Riddel, and Nefertiti arrive via the teleporter. Neffy willingly goes with Solomon to ensure the safety of everyone else. Solomon then has them teleported back to his ship, preparing to leave.
The Doctor quickly leads everyone to the control room, explaining that Solomon couldn't control the ship because the Silurians designed it to require two pilots who share similar DNA. Brian offers to pilot the ship with Rory — since they are father and son, they share similar DNA. The Doctor has them sit down in the control chairs and tells them how to work the controls. He orders Riddell to guard the room against anything that might attack them; Riddell complies.
The Doctor then opens part of the console and begins fiddling with the wiring; he asks Amy to talk to him as he works better when multitasking. Amy expresses her fear that his visits are becoming farther and farther apart; one day, he might never show up. However, the Doctor quickly comforts Amy by explaining that he'll always come to see them. He also learns Amy quit her job after their last meeting, in part because she never knows when he'll show up again.
The Doctor takes a glowing green orb from inside where he's been fiddling with the controls, telling Amy he's going to teleport to Solomon's ship to conduct Phase 1, saying Phase 2 has been completed. Amy corrects him, explaining 2 comes after 1, but gets laughter in return. The Doctor says that while humans are always linear about planning, he's not.
Amy and Riddell guard the entrance.
Riddell returns, stating the task is a two-man job; Amy takes a gun, stating that she's easily worth two men, but Riddell can help as well. This is enough to make Riddell smirk as both head outside the room; the Doctor teleports away to save Neffy. Amy joins him as a group of raptors close in. They shoot the electric tranquilliser into the dinosaurs several times, knocking them out. Riddell expresses interest in taking a dinosaur tooth back with him as a souvenir from the adventure as they continue knocking out the dinosaurs.
Back at the Indian Space Agency, one of the staff notices that the ship has turned around. However, Indira doesn't care; the missiles are still going to hit it.
Rory and Brian fly the ark.
In the control room, Brian is laughing with joy as he's piloting a spaceship full of dinosaurs.
In the meantime, Solomon has realised the Doctor magnetised the Silurian ark to prevent his ship from leaving, just as the Doctor appears behind him and short-circuits the robots to prevent them from assisting. Solomon tells the Doctor that he will not let go of such a valuable item, offending Nefertiti, who knocks him down. As Neffy pins Solomon to the ground with his crutch, the Doctor jokes not to mess with Egyptian queens. Preparing to take Neffy back to the ark, the Doctor informs Solomon that he'll receive a consolation prize: the missiles meant for the ark. He places the orb, which emits the signal the missiles are locked onto, in Solomon's ship and teleports away with Neffy.
The ship is de-magnetised. Solomon screams in terror as his ship takes off and is hit by the missiles, exploding. At the same time, Rory and Brian pilot the ship away from Earth and into the emptiness of space.
With the ship safely piloted into an empty area of space, the Doctor has the chance to take it and the dinosaurs to somewhere else in the universe where they can live on a new planet in peace. Preparing to take everyone back, the Doctor is told by Amy and Rory that they wish to return home; he accepts this.
Brian enjoys lunch and the view of Earth.
However, Brian asks the Doctor for a favour before he takes him back home. The Doctor complies. Brian is next seen enjoying lunch, sitting on the edge of the TARDIS doors, looking down on the Earth. Amy and Rory look at him with smiles as the Doctor comes from behind and hugs them. Elsewhen, Riddell has been taken back to the time and place the Doctor took him from, only one thing is different: Nefertiti has decided to stay with him.
Back in London, Rory is checking the light-bulb Brian previously tried to fix, agreeing that his father was right — it might be the fixture. Amy enters, saying they got another bunch of postcards from Brian. She puts them on the fridge, showing that Brian has now taken to seeing the world. Amy and Rory stare at the last postcard before putting it on the fridge; it's of Siluria, the new home of the dinosaurs, which Brian and the Doctor have just visited.
Rory Williams - Arthur Darvill
Riddell - Rupert Graves
Brian Williams - Mark Williams
Solomon - David Bradley
Queen Nefertiti - Riann Steele
Indira - Sunetra Sarker
Robot 1 - Noel Byrne
Robot 2 - Richard Garaghty
Bleytal - Richard Hope
ISA worker - Rudi Dharmalingam
Robot 1 voice - David Mitchell
Robot 2 voice - Robert Webb
Executive Producers Steven Moffat and Caroline Skinner
Chris Chibnall Produced by
Marcus Wilson Directed by
Saul Metzstein Director of Photography
Stephan Pehrsson Production Designer
Michael Pickwoad Visual Effects
Howard Burden Edited by
Tim Porter Special Effects
Original theme music by Ron Grainer • With thanks to the BBC National Orchestra of Wales • Conducted and orchestrated by Ben Foster • Recorded by Gerry O'Riordan • Mixed by Jake Jackson
Line Producer - Diana Barton
Associate Producer - Denise Paul
Production Manager - Phillipa Cole
Location Manager - Iwan Roberts
Unit Manager - Geraint Williams
Production Co-ordinator - Claire Hildred
Assistant Production Co-ordinator - Gabriella Ricci
Production Assistants - Rachel Vipond, Samantha Price
Production Secretary - Sandra Cosfeld
Production Accountant - Jeff Dunn
A/Production Accountant - Rhys Evans
1st Assistant Director - Nick Brown
Assistant Director - Danielle Richards
Script Supervisor - Lindsay Grant
Camera Operator - Joe Russell
Focus Pullers - Steve Rees, James Scott
Grip - Gary Norman
Assistant Grip - Owen Charnley
Camera Assistants - Meg de Koning, Sam Smithard, Cai Thompson
Best Boy - Stephen Slocombe
Electricians - Bob Milton, Gareth Sheldon, Matt Wilson
Supervising Art Director - Paul Spriggs
Art Director - Amy Pickwoad
Assistant Art Director - Richard Hardy
Art Department Co-ordinator - Donna Shakesheff
Production Buyer - Charlie Lynam
Petty Cash Buyer - Helen O'Leary
Set Decorator - Adrian Anscombe
Set Dresser - Jayne Davies
Graphic Artist - Christina Tom
Graphic Designer - Chris J Lees
Standby Props - Phill Shellard, Helen Atherton
Prop Hand - Austin J. Curtis
Standby Rigger - Bryan Griffiths
Prop Master - Paul Smith
Props Chargehand - Bernie Davies
Dressing Props - Mike Elkins, Ian Griffin, Tom Belton
Props Driver - Gareth Fox
Props Makers - Penny Howarth, Alan Hardy, Jamie Thomas
Construction Manager - Terry Horle
Construction Chargehand - Dean Tucker
Graphics - Peter Anderson Studio
Costume Supervisor - Carly Griffith
Assistant Costume Designer - Fraser Purfit
Costume Assistants - Katarina Cappellazzi, Gemma Evans
Make-up Artists - Sara Angharad, Vivienne Simpson, Allison Sing
Prosthetics - Millennium FX
Stunt Co-ordinators - Crispin Layfield, Gordon Seed
Stunt Performers - Will Willoughby, Rob Cooper, Mike Lambert
Casting Associate - Alice Purser
Post-production Supervisor - Nerys Davies
On-line Conform - Mark Bright
On-line Editor - Geraint Pari Huws
VFX Editor - Joel Skinner
Sound Recordist - Deian Llŷr Humphreys
Sound Maintenance Engineers - Jeff Welch, Chris Goding
Dialogue Editor - Darran Clement
ADR Editor - Matthew Cox
Foley Editor - Jamie Talbutt
Uncredited crew Edit
The Mill[2]
VFX Executive Producer - Will Cohen
VFX Producer - Jenna Powell
VFX Supervisor - Murray Barber
Comp Lead - James Moxon
CG Supervisor - Matthew McKinney
Animation Supervisor - David Bennett
VFX Co-ordinator - Anita Emor
VFX Production Assistant - Natalie Reid
VFX Editors - Mark Bright, Robin Hinch
Shoot Supervisor - Jon Brown
Colourist - Mark Vincent
Modeller - Jeff North
Rigger/Creature TD - David Jones
Matchmove Lead - Amy Cuthbertson
Matchmove Artists - Anthony Northman, Kwai Ip, Jacob Flint
Animators - Bob Byrne, Ruth Bailey
FX TD - Nick Webber, Andy Guest, Dominic Carus, James Reid
Lighting Lead - Darren Byford
Lighting TD - Dom Alderson
Matte Painting Lead - Simon Wicker
Matte Painters - Lyndall Spagnoletti, Turlo Griffin, Serdar Sigma
Compositors - Clement Hingrai, Eleanor Sutton, Frank Hanna, Henning Glabbart, Matthew McDougal, Rosemary Chester, Sarah Iduwe, Theajo Nagarajan, Alberto Lara, Greg Spencer, Patrick Altmaier, Sara Bennett, Shizuka Fukuda[2]
Millennium FX[1]
Prosthetics Designer - Neill Gorton[3]
Animatronics Engineer - Pete Hawkins
Animatronics Technician - Adrian Parish
Head Sculptor - Gary Pollard
Moulding - Ian Morse, Nico Zarcone, Charlie Bluett, John Eldred-Tooby
Foam Latex Painting - Anthony Parker, Martha Fein
Foam Technicians - Ian Morse, James Greenwood
Seamers - Vesna Giordano, Martha Fein
Prosthetics Trainee - Niki de Jong[1]
Brian used to be afraid of travelling to different places.
Amy quit her job after the events of Asylum of the Daleks.
Rory states his age as 31.
The Doctor keeps a Christmas list for Santa Claus.
Brian calls the Eleventh Doctor "Arthur C. Clarke".
When the Doctor disables Solomon's robots, they sing "Daisy Bell".
Amy says that Riddell needs a lesson in gender politics.
Solomon plans to sell the dinosaurs at the Roxbourne Peninsula.
Sports Edit
Brian enjoys golf and carries golf balls around with him. Showing his love for more hobbies, he also carries around a gardening trowel.
The Doctor's psychic paper is set to "Temporal News Feed". Its alert noise is a horn honking.
Solomon uses an IV System "Identify and Value: the database of everything across space and time, allocated a market value".
Rory uses an ice patch on Brian's burn.
Brian thinks the pterodactyls are Kestrels.
The Doctor implies that there are several species native to, or at least residing on, the Moon — although he may be joking.
Music Edit
The Doctor recognises that the music being played by Solomon in his spacecraft is "Fantasia in F minor" for four hands, by Franz Schubert. When asked if he knows it, the Doctor claims that he served as hands three and four. He adds that "Schubert kept tickling me to try to put me off."
This episode received an Appreciation Index of 87.[4]
The Doctor claims to be a Sagittarius, but qualifies this statement by adding, "Probably." Interestingly enough, November 23, the first airdate of Doctor Who in 1963 falls during the time that Sagittarius is deemed by astrologers to be occupied by the sun using the tropical astrological calendar. In the sidereal astrological calendar, the sun was on the Libra/Scorpio border at the time of first airing.
The unique logo for Dinosaurs on a Spaceship.
In a moment of excitement, the Doctor kisses Rory on the mouth after Rory suggests checking if the Silurian Ark has defence systems. This is the second same-sex kiss featured in the series and the first initiated by the Doctor. The first kiss was between Captain Jack Harkness and the Ninth Doctor in TV: The Parting of the Ways. Rory previously kissed the Doctor, believing him to be Amy, in COMIC: As Time Goes By. Unlike the previous on-screen same-sex kiss, this one was completely improvised by Matt Smith.
For this episode, the Doctor Who logo's texture resembled scales, like those of a dinosaur. It was also given a green hue.
Mark Williams (Brian Williams) previously played Maxwell Edison in AUDIO: The Eternal Summer.
As is routine for post-2005 Doctor Who, a "NEXT TIME" trailer for the next episode is shown at the end of the episode.
The CGI models of the raptors are the same as those used in the show Primeval.
The costumes for Robot 1 and Robot 2 were remodelled from ones used on CBBC's Mission 2110.
"Dinosaurs on a Spaceship" was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 8 September 2012, and on the same date on BBC America in the United States. Overnight ratings showed that it had been watched by 5.5 million viewers live in the UK. Final consolidated ratings rose to 7.57 million viewers.[5] The episode also received 1.8 million requests during the month of September on BBC iPlayer, placing it second on the chart behind "Asylum of the Daleks". It also received an Appreciation Index of 87, considered "excellent".
In Canada, on Space, the episode was watched by an average calculation of 575,000 viewers, making it the most watched item on the channel that week.
The Doctor's socks constantly change from stripy blue socks to his normal black socks.
On the final postcard sent by Rory's dad, the TARDIS exterior resembles how it looked before the redesign in TV: The Eleventh Hour. However, as it was an illustration, continuity-wise it could just be an artist interpretation.
When they first land the TARDIS on the spaceship, only the windows at the door are lit while the ones at the side are not given any lights.
The flying reptiles identified by the Doctor as "pterodactyls" are actually pteranodons, a distantly related, though distinctly different genus of pterosaur, as noted by the distinctive spike-like crest on the back of their heads. ('Pterodactyl' is a more common vernacular substitute for 'Pterosaur', the class of flying reptiles to which Pteranodon belongs. So the naming is correct.)
Shots of the TARDIS and Solomon's ship next to the Silurian ark show it is nowhere near the size of Canada (10 million square kilometres).
When Amy is at the Silurian console, she picks up a small flat white disc, however, when she inserts it into the console, it is spherical.
The first shot of the Earth (while Brian having lunch at the TARDIS doors) is flipped; Spain is to the east and Saudi Arabia is to the west.
Rory's mobile phone rings on the spaceship and Brian is shocked by how it can work in space. On previous occasions the Doctor has been shown to convert a mobile phone into a "superphone". He has done this for Rose Tyler (TV: The End of the World), Martha Jones (TV: 42) and Donna Noble. (TV: The Doctor's Daughter)
The Tenth Doctor previously took a companion's parent on a TARDIS trip by accident in TV: Army of Ghosts.
The Doctor has travelled with Egyptian royalty before, as his fifth incarnation and Peri Brown shared many adventures with the 14th century BC Pharaoh Erimem. (AUDIO: The Eye of the Scorpion, et. al) As is implied with Nefertiti, Erimem also ultimately ended up staying behind in another time and place, namely Peladon in the 41st century. (AUDIO: The Bride of Peladon)
A photo of Amy and Rory at their wedding appears on their fridge alongside Brian's postcards. (TV: The Big Bang)
The Silurians were previously seen to have dinosaurs, using one to guard their base in Wenley Moor. (TV: Doctor Who and the Silurians)
The Eleventh Doctor accuses Brian Williams of boarding the TARDIS via transmat. (TV: Bad Wolf)
The Doctor says to Rory when talking about Brian, that the TARDIS isn't a taxi service, like the Fifth Doctor said to Adric when he wanted to go back to Alzarius. (TV: Earthshock) The Eleventh Doctor also said this to River Song. (TV: The Time of Angels)
The Eighth Doctor previously expressed an enthusiasm for dinosaurs. (AUDIO: The Resurrection of Mars)
At later points in time, humans would also twice use an ark to preserve Earth life as the planet faced cataclysms. (TV: The Ark, The Ark in Space)
When jumping on the triceratops, the Doctor yells "Geronimo!" (TV: The End of Time, The Big Bang, et. al.)
The Doctor has previously received messages through his psychic paper. (TV: New Earth, Silence in the Library, The Eleventh Hour, Night Terrors)
The Doctor is once again quite pleased that he gets to say "Take us to your leader." (TV: Aliens of London, Voyage of the Damned)
The Doctor opens the TARDIS doors in space so Brian can get a good view of Earth. (TV: The Runaway Bride, The Beast Below)
According to the IV system, the Doctor doesn't exist. We later discover in The Angels Take Manhattan that the Doctor had been erasing any evidence of his existence from databases throughout time and space in his effort to "return to the shadows."
A country was previously used to describe the size of something in TV: Time Crash.
With this story, Rory became the only individual known to have travelled in the TARDIS with both his own parent and own child.
The Third Doctor took great care to avoid the harming or slaying of dinosaurs in the 1970s, a trait that remained with his successor herein. (TV: Invasion of the Dinosaurs)
The approach of the Moon did not actually cause the extinction of life that the Silurians had anticipated, although they were previously known to have believed that it would. (TV: Doctor Who and the Silurians)
The Fifth Doctor witnessed what actually caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. (TV: Earthshock)
Series 7, part 1 DVD cover.
This episode, along with the rest of the first half of the series (episodes one through to five) was released on DVD and Blu Ray on the 28 October 2012.
Dinosaurs on a Spaceship at The Locations Guide
Dinosaurs on a Spaceship at the Doctor Who Reference Guide
↑ Leanza, Andrea (February 2012). Doctor Who 2012 season 7 "Dinosaurs On A Spaceship". Facebook. Retrieved on 6 November 2018.
↑ Doctor Who Season 7 Episode 1: Asylum of the Daleks. Retrieved on 3 November 2018.
↑ Award-winning make-up designer Neill Gorton is master of gruesome creations. Edinburgh Evening News (27 September 2012). Retrieved on 10 November 2018.
↑ Marcus (10 September 2012). Dinosaurs on a Spaceship AI:87. Doctor Who News. Retrieved on 11 September 2012.
Homo Reptilian stories
Doctor Who and the Silurians • Warriors of the Deep • The Hungry Earth / Cold Blood • The Pandorica Opens • A Good Man Goes to War • The Wedding of River Song • Dinosaurs on a Spaceship • Face the Raven
Destiny of the Doctors • Evacuation Earth • The Mazes of Time • Worlds in Time
Blood Heat • Happy Endings • Eternity Weeps • The Scales of Injustice • Cold War • The Silurian Gift
Bloodtide • The Coup • The Wasting • Call to Arms • Tidal Wave • Retrieval • United • The Silurian Candidate
Final Genesis • Twilight of the Silurians • City of Devils • Time & Time Again (cameo) • As Time Goes By • Faster Than Light • The Crystal Throne • Surfshock • Supremacy of the Cybermen • Untitled • The Lost Dimension
The Sea Devils • Warriors of the Deep
The Scales of Injustice • Blood Heat
Devil of the Deep • Under Pressure • Time & Time Again (cameo) • The Forgotten • Clara Oswald and the School of Death • Surfshock
The Poison Seas • Tidal Wave
Mondasian Silurians & Sea Devils
The Cybermen (The Dead Heart • The Flesh Unbound • The Black Sky • The Hungry Sea • The Dark Flame • The Future Perfect • The Ugly Underneath • The Prodigal Returns)
Retrieved from "https://tardis.fandom.com/wiki/Dinosaurs_on_a_Spaceship_(TV_story)?oldid=2648002"
Pages with inline Wikipedia links
Silurian and Sea Devil television stories
Television stories set in Egypt
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Stories set in Paris, Stories set in 1890, Stories set in 2010,
BFI-exhibited television stories
Vincent and the Doctor (TV story)
Vincent and the Doctor
Krafayis
Auvers-sur-Oise, France, 1-3 June, 1890
Richard Curtis
Jonny Campbell
Tracie Simpson, Patrick Schweitzer
1×45 minute episode
Confidential:
A Brush with Genius
Cold Blood The Lodger
The Vampires of Venice Amy's Choice
Vincent and the Doctor was the tenth episode of series 5 of Doctor Who.
It saw the Doctor befriend another famous figure in Vincent van Gogh and, quite darkly, explored the lead-up to his suicide.
In Doctor Who Confidential, it's said that this episode shows how the Doctor Who has heart unlike most science fiction stories, which leave out the compassion/humanity. It was also the intention to introduce the concept of mental illness to a younger audience, so they could grow up with the knowledge that they needed to be patient and understanding with those who were afflicted with it. It also marked another of the few times that the Doctor was unable to save a life; although in this case, it was because Vincent was tormented by inner demons that even the Time Lord couldn't reach. "The Doctor cannot [always] save someone from [themselves]."
Along with Amy's Choice, this story neither features a crack in time, nor does it make any mention to the Silence. However, Rory's absence is alluded to, giving the episode a defined place in the season's story arc.
While taking Amy to several peaceful locations, the Eleventh Doctor's trip to a museum takes turn for the worse: his interest is caught by a painting of a church by Vincent van Gogh. What troubles the Doctor is that there's a face in the church's window; it's not a nice face, it's a curious, shadowed, creepy face with a beak and nasty eyes. The Doctor knows evil when he sees it and this face is definitely evil; it may pose a threat to the one who painted this face into the church. Only one thing will calm the Doctor's nerves: a trip in the TARDIS to 1890 so the Doctor can find out from the artist himself.
The Doctor and Amy visit the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, winter 2010. They walk into the exhibit filled with the works Vincent van Gogh, who is Amy's favourite painter. She thanks the Doctor for bringing her to see the paintings. He accepts the thanks awkwardly. Seeing the Doctor fidgety, Amy asks him why he is being so nice to her, taking her to several places she wanted to visit and other peaceful locations, such as Arcadia and the Trojan Gardens. She jokes that she's suspicious, to which he defensively snaps that he is always nice to her and that there was nothing to be suspicious about. Amy tells the Doctor that she was just joking, but wonders why he's not.
Before she can question the Doctor further, a child says, "It's the doctor," prompting them both to look behind them to see a child looking at the painting of Vincent's doctor. The child reads his guide pamphlet to a friend, explaining Vincent painted it shortly after his mental health started getting worse.
Smiling, Amy resumes looking in her guidebook, spotting The Church at Auvers directly on the wall in front of them. She and the Doctor rush up to it once a group finishes admiring the painting. Amy is excited to see it in person. Likewise, the Doctor notes that he feels like he can actually see the brushstrokes of the artist carving the colours into shapes.
The Doctor and Amy looking at van Gogh's painting The Church at Auvers.
However, the Doctor's smile is replaced by a grim stare. Amy knows that when the Doctor looks like that something is wrong that he can't resist getting involved in; she asks what's wrong. The Doctor points at the windows of the church, telling her to look at what is an ominous face sneering. Amy asks if it's a face, to which he grimly adds that it does not look friendly. "I know evil, and I see it there in that picture."
He immediately stops the curator, Dr Black, in the middle of an explanation, using the psychic paper to pose as an inspector. The Doctor asks to know when The Church at Auvers was painted, asking Dr Black to be specific as possible. Dr Black tells him that it was painted between the first and the third of June 1890, one year before Van Gogh committed suicide. Complimenting Dr Black's bow tie, the Doctor grabs Amy's hand and drags her away. When Amy tells him she wants to see the rest of the paintings, the Doctor tells her that it's a matter of life and death — they need to speak to Vincent Van Gogh!
The TARDIS materialises in Auvers-sur-Oise. The Doctor and Amy begin their search for van Gogh. Finding a café featured in one of his paintings, the Doctor questions two waitresses cleaning the tables outside. They say van Gogh is a mad drunk who never pays his bills, and, when the Doctor says he's a good painter, they laugh heartily. The café owner rushes out, followed by a red-headed man trying to bargain with him. The owner exasperatedly informs him the painting is no good for a trade, given that it will frighten the other patrons; the man must either pay or leave. The Doctor watches Amy look in awe at the painter, to whom the Doctor wordless confirms is indeed Vincent.
The Doctor offers to pay for Vincent; either for the drink or the painting, which would allow Vincent to pay for a drink. Vincent van Gogh turns around and demands to know who the Doctor is. The Doctor tells him that he's new in town. Vincent tells the Doctor that there are some things he needs to know: 1) He pays for his own drinks, which earns more laughter, 2) If the Doctor wants to stay in town, he better not buy his painting, or he'd get laughed out of town, with everyone nodding in agreement; 3) Amy's cute, but the Doctor should keep his big nose out of other people's business. Before the painter can resume haggling with the café owner, Amy offers to buy a bottle of wine which she will share with whomever she chooses, to which Vincent agrees. The cafe owner doesn't have a problem with this, so long as the drinks are paid for.
Inside the café, the Doctor introduces himself properly. Vincent misunderstands the title and believes him a doctor sent by his brother; the Doctor explains that he's not a medical doctor. Trying to make casual conversation, the Doctor learns from Vincent that he has arrived right before he is to paint the church. Amy sees a painting that Vincent has with him and quickly corrects herself when she praises it as one of her favourite paintings. Vincent then wonders if Amy is from Holland like himself, due to her accent; Amy honestly says no, but the Doctor "corrects" her and says "yes." Vincent and Amy begin flirting but stop at a scream from outside.
In the street, they find a young girl has been brutally killed. Her mother pushes her way forward. Upon spotting Vincent, who everyone considers a madman, she takes out her grief on him, blaming him for her daughter's death. The crowd throws stones at him, and the Doctor, Amy and van Gogh leave hastily. The Doctor learns this is the second recent murder. Vincent asks the Doctor and Amy where they are staying, which the Doctor takes as an invitation to stay at Vincent's studio.
At the studio, Vincent apologises for the mess his collective works make and leads them inside. When the Doctor keeps asking about the church, Vincent catches this and begins wondering what he's up to. However, he puts a pot for coffee on one of his works, prompting Amy and the Doctor to tell him to treat them better as they are precious. Explaining how he paints, Vincent tells them that he believes that there is so much more than what the normal eye can see. Having travelled throughout all of time and space, the Doctor says that he doesn't need to be told.
After a bit too much coffee, Vincent begins rambling on about how he hears the colours; the Doctor tries hearing for the voices of the colours as well. Vincent then explains that every time he leaves his home, he can hear the world yelling at him to capture the mysteries on canvas. The Doctor calmly tells Vincent that he has had enough coffee and offers to make some calming chamomile tea. However, he then notices that Amy is not in the room any more, as he hears her screaming from outside.
Vincent and the Doctor find Amy on the ground. She says that something attacked her while she was looking at the paintings. Vincent begins screaming in horror and backs away from them. The Doctor thinks that he is having some kind of fit as Vincent charges past them with a pitchfork; the painter tells them to run as he swings the pitchfork around. The Doctor encourages Amy to take cover while he calms Vincent. However, Vincent yells for the Doctor to duck as he is swept off his feet by something large and invisible. Realising Vincent is not having a fit, but can actually see the beast, he grabs a stick to help fight it. As he cannot see it, the Doctor uselessly swings the stick around to help cover more ground; Vincent wards the creature off. Vincent tells the Doctor, who is still swinging the stick around, that the beast has left. The Doctor asks Vincent what the creature looked like; Vincent says that he'll show them...
Leading them back inside, Vincent whites out a canvas of flowers — much to Amy and the Doctor's horror — and proceeds to draw the creature on it. The Doctor is shocked by what it looks like and decides that something in the TARDIS can help identify what it is. He instructs Amy to look after Vincent and make him as comfortable as possible; he then jokes to her, asking Amy not to "let any invisible monsters in the house". He tells them he'll be back before they can ask where he's gotten to; he then immediately returns to scare them silly, telling them not to ask too fast.
Unknown to the Doctor, the invisible creature hadn't gone too far from the studio and begins stalking him. By the time the Doctor gets back into town and to the TARDIS, the creature attempts to attack. However, the Doctor enters the TARDIS right before it can get to him.
Inside, the Doctor rummages through a drawer full of junk, apologising to the object he is looking for as he thought it was an embarrassing gift from a dull two-headed godmother with bad breath. Pulling out a portable device, the Doctor hooks it to the printer on the console. He smiles at the mirror-like attachment on the device, and it shows his first two incarnations and his personal information. Seeing that it works, the Doctor shows the device Vincent's painting, which it misinterprets as a parrot and polar bear, unable to clearly make out what it is. Annoyed, the Doctor tosses the painting aside; he grumbles that Vincent will have to try painting something better.
It's dawn by the time the Doctor exits the TARDIS. Strapping the device to himself, the Doctor does not notice the creature reflected by the device. Having got a clear image of the creature, the device beeps, giving the Doctor the information about it; he mistakenly believes that it needed some time to get it right. Reading the information, the Doctor feels sorry for the "poor, brutal thing," wishing to see it again soon. Upon seeing the beast's reflection, he calmly says "but not that soon", before running off to escape it. To obstruct the creature's path, the Doctor drops debris behind him to slow the creature as he hides behind a corner. Using the mirror on the device, the Doctor finds that it has left in a different direction. He turns around, only to be scared by Amy; he demands to know why she left Vincent unguarded. Amy explains that though she loves his artwork, she finds it hard to like Vincent's snoring.
The next morning, the Doctor wakes Vincent, who steps into the courtyard to see Amy surrounded by sunflowers; she tells Vincent it's her way of thanking him for saving her yesterday. Amy suggests he paint them, but Vincent explains they are not his favourite; Amy is confused by this, as Vincent will paint a picture of them. Vincent explains he finds them complex, half-living and half-dying, but it would be a challenge, to which the Doctor responds that he believes that he'll rise to the occasion.
Giving Vincent a print-out of the creature, the Doctor explains that it's called a Krafayis. They travel through space in packs, a brutal race of scavengers. This one has apparently been abandoned. It will kill without mercy until it is killed — unlikely, given its invisibility. Nonetheless, he assures Vincent they can stop the killings if he will paint the church. Vincent agrees and the Doctor informs him that, afterwards, he and Amy will leave. Once Vincent has departed, the Doctor expresses concern at putting him in such a dangerous situation; if he is killed, half of the paintings on display in the Musée d'Orsay will vanish.
After a while, the Doctor and Amy have gotten tired of waiting for Vincent getting ready. Wondering what is keeping him, the Doctor finds the painter lying in bed, sobbing. He is devastated the Doctor and Amy are prepared to leave him, like everyone else. The Doctor tries to console and encourage Vincent, whose mood becomes more violent. He orders the Doctor to leave; shocked, he complies. Outside Vicent's room, the Doctor runs into Amy, who wonders what they're doing. The Doctor explains that they're leaving; Vincent has a fragile psyche and will kill himself in just a few short months; trying to force Vincent might accelerate his suicide and cause the disappearance of his final works. They will have to try finding the Krafayis without Vincent's help, hoping it will still arrive at the church without the presence of the painter. However, right before they can leave, Vincent arrives, calmed and ready.
On the way to the church, Amy tries to talk to Vincent about his depression. Vincent explains that his moods sometimes bother him for months at a time, but they got lucky today; he adds if she can "soldier on," then he can too. This confuses her, which prompts Vincent to reveal he can hear her sadness and believes that she has recently lost someone. He also points out she is crying, which she hadn't realised. The Doctor listens in, surprised. They stop in the road as a funeral procession, for the girl who was killed last night, passes; everyone glares at Vincent. Amy questions the Doctor, wondering what his plan is this time. However, the Doctor tells her he's got something like a plan, "only more greatness"; he's armed with overconfidence, a sonic screwdriver and the device in his briefcase.
At the church, Vincent begins to paint. The Doctor spends the time talking to Vincent about his past meetings with Michelangelo, who took the job of painting the Sistine Chapel despite being afraid of heights and Pablo Picasso, who he tried getting to paint normal faces. As it becomes night, the Doctor becomes frustrated as the Krafayis is not punctual, confessing to Amy that something doesn't feel right. Vincent sees the beast in the window. The Doctor goes inside, ordering his companions not to follow. Vincent questions Amy as to if she will follow the Doctor; she responds, "of course," prompting Vincent to tell her he loves her. Inside, the Doctor "fights" the creature, but when his device is destroyed, he prepares to retreat. Outside, Amy and Vincent hear the chaos. Amy runs inside, calling for the Doctor.
The Doctor attempts to exit the church but bumps into Amy. Despite being annoyed that she disobeyed him again, he forces her to hide in the confessional with him. They whisper to each other as the Krafayis attacks them. The Doctor remarks the Krafayis has incredible hearing. As it tears the confessionals apart, Vincent appears, brandishing a chair to distract the beast, allowing the Doctor and Amy to escape. The Doctor tries stunning the beast with the sonic screwdriver, but since he can't see it, he can't tell if he has the right setting; Vincent says the attempt to stun the beast pleased it instead. As a result, the Doctor gives up on the idea of stunning the Krafayis. They take refuge in another chamber; Vincent blocks the door with his chair. Thinking quickly about why the Krafayis was left behind, the Doctor accidentally refers to Vincent as Rory while rambling; Amy is confused by this, but the Doctor quickly covers up his mistake. Vincent tells them to wait there as he has an idea, promptly leaving out another exit.
In Vincent's absence, the Doctor attempts to reason with the creature (thanks to the TARDIS translation circuit), telling it he too is alone and he knows how it feels; he offers to help the creature. However, the Krafayis does not respond, instead, stopping its attempts to break down the door and everything goes silent. After a moment, the Doctor thinks he managed to get the creature to listen to reason. However, this notion is dispelled immediately afterwards as the chamber windows blow out. The Doctor and Amy take over behind a tomb, as they hear the beast enter the room.
Vincent returns with his easel, holding it like a weapon. He says the creature is making its way around the edges of the room. The Doctor calls himself an idiot for not noticing this sooner, saying he is getting old; Amy tells him he can do his self-reflection later as they have a pressing matter. Slapping himself, the Doctor explains that the Krafayis was left behind because it is blind, but he yells his deduction. Vincent points out "that would explain why it has now turned around and is now running right at us!"
As it attacks, Vincent stabs the Krafayis with the legs of the easel. It collapses, badly wounded and dying. It begins crying it is afraid, and the Doctor consoles it as it dies. Vincent mourns he didn't mean to kill it, only wound it, and that he understands its lonely existence. The Krafayis was lashing out in fear, just like the people who hate Vincent for being a madman.
Amy, Vincent, and the Doctor lie in the grass outside the church; Vincent says they are lucky to still be alive to see the wonders of the world. Vincent encourages them to see the world as he does (we see the night sky turn into Vincent's Starry Night painting), saying the blackness of the sky is actually multiple shades of blue. Using his telepathy to briefly look into Vincent's mind, the Doctor sees the sky as the painter does. Smiling, the Doctor admits that he has seen many amazing things in his life, but nothing quite as wonderful as what Vincent sees. Vincent tells his friends he will miss them when they're gone.
The next morning, Vincent attempts to give his self-portrait as a parting gift, but the Doctor, knowing what it will be worth one day, refuses it. The painter takes this in stride; he's used to having his works of art refused. Vincent admits that, despite his experiences over the last couple of days, he won't do well on his own. As the Doctor and Amy depart, he gets an idea, asking Amy if she's had the same one; she doesn't as she's thinking about grabbing breakfast at the café. The Doctor calls to Vincent, who looks out his window, half-dressed, telling him to tidy up as there is something he wants to show him.
They take him to the TARDIS, which is now covered in circus posters; the Doctor slices through them with the TARDIS key and opens the doors of his time machine. The Doctor reminds Vincent about how they talked about the wonders of the universe before showing him inside. Seeing the inside, Vincent examines the outside and returns to the Doctor and Amy. He enters, amused, asking how he's "crazy", while they've managed to remain sane. The Doctor explains some of the buttons on the console, secretly steering the TARDIS. Vincent is amazed by all the Doctor has told him and asks that they come back to the café, and explain more about the wonders of the universe. However, the Doctor tells him that there is something they wish to show him first.
Stepping outside, they reveal to Vincent they're now at the Musée d'Orsay in 2010; the time vortex energy has also reduced the posters covering the TARDIS to cinders. Explaining where they are, the Doctor and Amy lead Vincent into the museum, leaving his hat back in the TARDIS to avoid arousing suspicion of his identity. Led through the building, Vincent looks in awe at the exhibits, then is even more surprised when he is led into the section dedicated completely to his paintings. While Vincent stares at people enjoying his work, the Doctor finds Dr Black again, asking if he can summarise where Vincent stands in history in a hundred words. Dr Black is taken aback, as it's a "big question".
Amy positions Vincent close enough to hear his response, as Dr Black praises Van Gogh for turning his pain into incredible beauty, calling him not only the world's greatest artist but also one of the greatest men of all time. Vincent is reduced to tears by these words and the Doctor starts to apologise, thinking this was too much for him. However, Vincent explains he's crying out of joy; now he knows that people will love his paintings. He hugs Dr Black and thanks him for his kind words before leaving with his friends. Dr Black is confused and suspects the truth before thinking better of it.
Vincent is returned to 1890, where he comments on what has happened and thanks the Doctor for truly helping him where other doctors have not; the Doctor is equally joyous, bidding his new friend farewell. He then tells Amy that should she grow bored of the Doctor, she should return and they will have a big family. Amy tells Vincent that she's "not the marrying type"; the Doctor is subtly distressed to hear this. Leaving for home, Vincent hears the TARDIS leave and turns back to see it gone. He then leaves, happy, and sure he will use his experience to change himself into a new man.
The Doctor and Amy return to the Musée d'Orsay. Amy is certain their time with Vincent changed him. Having seen people's lives turn out better from meeting them, Amy believes that they have prevented Vincent from committing suicide and spending a longer life painting. Ecstatic at the prospect of seeing new paintings, Amy happily skips back into the exhibit. However, to her shock, there are no new works. To her furthering sadness, she overhears Dr. Black still announce to tourists that Van Gogh still went through with committing suicide at the age of thirty-seven.
Amy is heartbroken that they didn't make a difference in Vincent's life at all, but the Doctor rejects this. He says that good things can't remove the pain of bad things, but bad things can't spoil the good things and they certainly added a large amount of good to Vincent's life. The Doctor shows Amy that the face of the Krafayis is no longer visible in the window of the church. Another change becomes evident as they prepare to leave. Amy sees Van Gogh's painting of sunflowers, now dedicated to her. Amy jokes that if she had children with Vincent, they would have had really red hair. The Doctor jokes back, saying it would be the "Ultimate Ginger". Amy cries as they both laugh. The Doctor comforts her. Amy notes that the picture is brighter than real sunflowers.
Vincent - Tony Curran
Maurice - Nik Howden
Mother - Chrissie Cotterill
Waitress - Sarah Counsell
School children - Morgan Overton, Andrew Byrne
Uncredited cast Edit
Dr Black - Bill Nighy[1]
Executive Producers Steven Moffat, Piers Wenger and Beth Willis
Richard Curtis Produced by
Tracie Simpson
Patrick Schweitzer Directed by
Jonny Campbell Director of Photography
Tony Slater Ling Production Designer
Edward Thomas Visual Effects
Ray Holman Edited by
Jamie Pearson Special Effects
Original theme music by Ron Grainer • Title sequence by Framestore • With thanks to the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, Martha Freud
Line Producer - Patrick Schweitzer
Location Manager - Gareth Skelding
Unit Manager - Rhys Griffiths
Production Co-ordinator - Jess van Niekerk
Production Management Assistant - Claire Thomas
Production Runner - Sian Warrilow
Production Accountant - Ceri Tothill
A/Production Accountant - Carole Wakefield
Script Editors - Brian Minchin, Emma Freud
1st Assistant Director - John Bennett
Runners - Nicola Eynon Price, Laura Jenkins
Continuity - Non Eleri Hughes
Camera Operator - Ian Adrian
B Camera Operator - Matthew Poynter
Focus Puller - Steve Rees
Grip - John Robinson
Camera Assistants - Tom Hartley, Jon Vidgen
Boom Operator - Dafydd Parry
Best Boy - Pete Chester
Electricians - Ben Griffiths, Steve Slocombe, Bob Milton, Alan Tippets
Supervising Art Director - Stephen Nicholas
Art Department Co-ordinator - Amy Oakes
Associate Designer - James North
Production Buyer - Ben Morris
Set Decorator - Keith Dunne
Props Buyer - Catherine Samuel
Set Designer - Ben Austin
Storyboard Artist - James Iles
Concept Artists - Richard Shaun Williams, Peter McKinstry
Graphic Artist - Jackson Pope
Standby Props - Phil Shellard, Tom Evans
Standby Art Director - Tristan Peatfield
Standby Rigger - Keith Freeman
Standby Painter - Ellen Woods
Props Master - Paul Aitken
Dressing Chargehand - Matt Wild
Dressing Props - Martin Broadbent, Rhys Jones
Props Fabrication Manager - Barry Jones
Props Makers - Penny Howarth, Nicholas Robatto
Construction Manager - Matthew Hywel-Davies
Construction Chargehand - Scott Fisher
Practical Electrician - Albert James
Scenic Artists - John Pinkerton, John Whalley
Graphics - BBC Wales Graphics
Costume Supervisor - Bobbie Peach
Crowd Supervisor - Lindsay Bonacorssi
Costume Assistants - Sara Morgan, Maria Franchi
Make-up Supervisor - Pam Mullins
Make-up Artists - Abi Brotherton, Morag Smith
Stunt Co-ordinator - Crispin Layfield
Casting Associates - Andy Brierley, Alice Purser
Post-production Supervisors - Ceres Doyle, Chris Blatchford
Post-production Co-ordinator - Marie Brown
On-line Conform - Matthew Clarke, Mark Bright
VFX Editor - Cat Gregory
Sound Maintenance Engineer - Jeff Welch
Foley Editor - Helen Dickson
This was the first episode of the BBC Wales series to have two credited script editors. Oddly, Emma Freud was credited at the end of the roll, suggesting she was considered more "senior" than Brian Minchin. As on The Vampires of Venice, Patrick Schweitzer was double-credited as both producer and line producer.
The Doctor uses crosactic energy to stun the Krafayis.
Among the posters covering the TARDIS are those for the cafe Au Tambourin at 27 Rue Richelieu in Paris, which was the first place to exhibit van Gogh's artwork in Paris.
The Doctor Edit
The Doctor has met Michelangelo and Pablo Picasso.
The Doctor expresses frustration with van Gogh's style, suggesting that this would "never happen with Gainsborough.
The Doctor has to stop Vincent from touching the TARDIS' friction contrafibulator.
The Doctor has brought Amy to visit Arcadia and the Trojan Gardens.
The TARDIS Edit
The paper placed on the exterior of the TARDIS is incinerated once it is brought into the time vortex.
The Retro-version of the TARDIS console has a friction contrafibulator, two switches with a red and yellow head that the Doctor notes are "Ketchup" and "Mustard", and near these two switches is a Type V 310-A AC/DC receiver constructed by Magpie Electricals.
People from the real world Edit
Amy briefly handles a knife in Vincent's rooms but sets it down suddenly, as if recalling the incident where Van Gogh cut off his own ear.
Richard Curtis wanted to call the episode The Eyes That See the Darkness, but Steven Moffat wanted an explicit reference to Vincent in the title. [source needed]
Unlike most stories in this series, this story focuses much more on characters than plot, and has hints and references to van Gogh's struggle with bipolar disorder and suicide, something the series has not explored deeply before. A message and phone number for the "BBC Action Line" was broadcast following the "Next Time" trailer for those wanting more information on "issues raised in this program".
Pictures of the First and Second Doctors are printed on the TARDIS' typewriter.
The accordion player in the café is clearly playing a version of "I Am The Doctor" from the series 5 soundtrack.
This is the second story in the series to lack any cracks, silence, or other foreshadowing of the series finale, the first being Amy's Choice). However, it does tie in to Rory's death and establishes that, on some level, Amy is aware he has died.
Bill Nighy was not credited for his role.
The song used for the scenes of Van Gogh in the museum is "Chances" by Athlete.
This is the only episode since 1963 to end on a cut to black.
Van Gogh works referenced in the episode include: Church at Auvers (1890), Bedroom in Arles (1887), Cafe Terrance at Night (1888), Still Life: Vase with Twelve Sunflowers (1888), Portrait of Dr. Gachet (1890), The Starry Night (1889), Wheatfield With Crows (1890), Vincent's Chair with His Pipe (1888), Self-Portrait with Straw Hat (1887).
Overnight viewing figures were 5.0 million.
Official viewing figures were 6.29 million viewers.
Final UK ratings were 6.76 million viewers.[2]
Myths Edit
The episode was incorrectly entitled Lend Me Your Ear. [by whom?] No mention or reference was made in the episode to van Gogh's ear at all, beside van Gogh holding his self-portrait and covering the ear. [source needed]
National Museum of Wales [3]
Trogir, Croatia [4]
Roald Dahl Plass [5], which is supposed to double for the Musée d'Orsay in Paris
When running through the streets with his mirror, the Doctor screams, "Ahh", but his mouth is not synced with his screaming.
For most of the episode, Amy is wearing tights. During the church scene, when van Gogh starts painting the church, they're gone. Later on, when the group are hiding from the monster, she's wearing them again.
When in the chapel looking for the monster, the Doctor switches the mirror from his left to right side while holding his sonic screwdriver. For each change, the camera angle also changes, and the sonic screwdriver changes from being in closed mode and extended mode.
At the beginning, when looking at the painting of the church, the Doctor scratches his head. When the camera is behind the Doctor, he uses his right hand but when the camera cuts to in front of him, he is using his left hand.
When the Krafayis first appears in the visual recognition system, it is directly behind the Doctor, who is next to the TARDIS. When the Doctor runs away, it is heard chasing him. The Doctor hides behind a wall and using the mirror sees the creature, but it is still beside the TARDIS.
When in the chapel running away from the Krafayis, the Doctor is attacked by the monster, knocking him off his feet and into a nearby wall. For one shot, the wire that lifts Matt Smith off his feet and into the wall can be seen clearly.
When visiting the museum for the final time, the Krafayis is still slightly visible in the painting.
The Doctor and Dr Black compliment each other's bow ties, the Doctor saying again that "bow ties are cool". (TV: The Eleventh Hour, Amy's Choice)
To test the species identifier device, the Doctor uses it on himself. It prints pictures of his first and second incarnations before he stops it.
The Doctor once again mentions that he is ageing mentally, in contrast to his physical appearance. (TV: Time Crash, The End of Time)
The Doctor mentions Rory, to which Amy asks, "Who?" Amy also says that the Doctor is being extra kind to her, as unbeknownst to her he is feeling guilty about Rory's erasure from time. Van Gogh also sees that Amy is crying, although she doesn't know why; he theorises that she has lost someone. After receiving a half-joking marriage proposal from Vincent, Amy tells him that she's "not the marrying kind". (TV: Cold Blood)
Taking a companion to a pleasant exhibit after the death of a fellow companion is something the Fifth Doctor attempted to do earlier for Nyssa and Tegan. (TV: Time-Flight)
Vincent van Gogh has romantic feelings for Amy. Previously, William Shakespeare made advances towards Martha Jones, (TV: The Shakespear Code) and Madame de Pompadour fell in love with the Tenth Doctor. (TV: The Girl in the Fireplace)
Series 5 Volume 4 DVD Cover
BBC Video - Doctor Who Series Five - Volume Four was released on Monday 6 September 2010 (UK Only) on DVD and Blu-ray, featuring Vincent and the Doctor, The Lodger, The Pandorica Opens and The Big Bang.[6]
Vincent and the Doctor at the Doctor Who Reference Guide
↑ The Fourth Dimension: Vincent and the Doctor. BBC One - Doctor Who. Retrieved on 18 October 2012.
↑ http://www.doctorwholocations.net/locations/nmw#091127
↑ http://www.doctorwholocations.net/locations/trogir
↑ http://www.doctorwholocations.net/locations/roalddahlplass#100106
↑ DWM 421, Page 18
Retrieved from "https://tardis.fandom.com/wiki/Vincent_and_the_Doctor_(TV_story)?oldid=2695227"
Stories set in Paris
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For once I can talk about something and say, “I’m not old enough”. That’s pretty rare, but when it comes to Elite - released in 1984 - I was nine years old and two years away from owning my first computer. Sure, I did play it eventually, on several formats - it even came mounted on a copy of Amstrad Action, way back when - but it wasn’t the space game that gave me the shock and awe feeling that some of my older chums reminisce about. I did stare wistfully at its screenshots, and have vivid memories of Your Sinclair’s monster Hackathon in issue 10, but it was the sequel, Frontier, that got me into the life of the Cobra pilot. Space grinding, gloriously rendered in chunk-o-vision-filled-3D on my A1200, sucked away hours of my life. Just the fantasy of piloting a spacecraft was enough back then, and I’d cruise my way through its galaxy watching re-runs of Lost in Space and Star Trek, as I dumped drugs and slaves at dodgy star ports. Frontier was one of the first games that made me think that digital universes could be massive. It was mind bogglingly cool. For a summer, at least.
Frontier was also one of the few games that was genuinely improved by jumping from the Amiga to PC - Syndicate, X-Com and Grand Prix being the others of note - and I remember falling back in love with it after warezing a copy at Uni. Another summer lost, re-exploring the galaxy. It was always a game where the stories were self-made, almost hard to share.
One of the admirable things about those two original games, at least to the developer side of my brain, is how little they provided, mechanically, for the player. Elite brought the first Open World, and Frontier, basically, expanded it. Sure, there was an economy, and sure, you had the feeling of exploration, but when you pull them apart, they really have very little meat on their gameplay bones. Perversely, that’s probably what got me hooked. For me, Frontier was almost a private thing. Despite knowing a few people that were also playing, we barely shared notes and rarely talked trade routes, there was just an acknowledgement that yeah, this was either something you were into, or something you hated. I didn’t need much meat, because it was the closest I’d ever get to living the life of an astronaut.
Frontier’s galaxy was as much in my imagination as it was in the code Braben and co. compiled. The planets I discovered were mine, no one else had seen them. There’s was just something cool, for a space nerd, about hopping into that cockpit with 100cr in your pocket and seeing what would happen. When I think about it Frontier has a lot in common with real life, really. Most of it’s in your head, there’s a lot of grind, and if you’re lucky you have a company and feel like a slave trader.
So yeah, when Frontier - the company - put up that Elite Dangerous logo on Kickstarter, I backed it without a seconds hesitation. There was a lot of scepticism but I knew that if they only delivered a version of Frontier - the game - on modern hardware, that’d be enough for me. I’d lose another summer to exploring the galaxy. That was 40 quid well spent as far as I was concerned. Obviously I knew that wouldn’t be what they’d aim for, and they didn’t. Eve Online - basically the Elite MMO that Frontier were unable to sell for 15 years - had carved such a path of what was possible that it would be irresistible for any team not to look at it and aim past it. I would. In that context a 3million kickstarter doesn’t look like much, but what I constantly find remarkable is how well Frontier are doing at delivering it. The pragmatism to engineer and deliver a much larger platform - a true MMO - in such a careful, stepwise fashion is difficult to maintain. For anyone.
Elite Dangerous, in its initially released form, was basically what I wanted: Frontier on modern hardware, but my god had the galaxy become a character this time around. The size of the game-world is still mind boggling, 30 years on, and everything I remember is there, only more refined, and a little bit more fun. As I say, that would have been enough for me for a month and I would have had my money’s worth, but Open Play - the MMOness - is the cherry on top. Having a galaxy populated by other players is simultaneously marvelous and awful, and I can’t shut them out. For every griefer, there’s someone to bump into and flash your lights at. Miners to protect. Groups to jump into combat with. Suddenly it’s not so private. It’s reassuring and scary. You’re never quite sure if you should stick around in a system when you’re carrying a cargo of rare goods, or to leg it as fast as possible out of there. My close calls with death may be saved at the last minute by someone jumping in for a bit of a ruck. I’ve lost count of the number of times I’ve seen some laser fire and jumped in to save someone from a pirate. In part, this exposes the incomplete nature of the game: comms are limited and party play is still bare bones, but it’s coming along, step by step and it’s been fun along the way.
My time with Elite Dangerous has already been more varied than my life in Frontier. I’ve had a good career as a miner, racking up enough cash for my first fully outfitted Cobra MkIII. I’ve had an aborted run to Sagittarius A, clocking up 500 systems on my way before a cracked canopy forced a very slow and careful crawl back to civilisation. I’ve done the boring Rares routes. I’ve lost four ships. Right now I’m flitting from community event to community event, hopping into combat zones for a bit of bounty hunting as I go. Once Horizons comes out, it’ll be time to decide on the next career path. Should I kit out for exploration? Or pack another refinery so I can mine all those lovely asteroids and planets? Maybe I could just take screenshots and start a newspaper, or drive around a planet in the buggy?
In all honesty, Elite is still a mind numbingly grindy, almost boring game, at heart. The Galaxy is, well, fucking massive. Frameshift drives may shorten the distance, but there’s plenty of scope to watch a film as you fly about doing trade routes. Unless you get deep into PVP or a more manual profession (like mining) you could probably read a book whilst playing, and I can see why that puts people off. It should. Hell, it kinda puts me off. Even at the best of times I find undirected games - the whole ‘open world’/’sandbox’ thing - to be utterly, utterly shite, and I’ve worked on two of them. Elite saves itself by at least having enough variety, even in its initial forms, to let you chop and change as you see fit. Providing you have the Cr to do a robust generic outfit for your ship you can pretty much sample whatever each system offers. Your play style can change each night. It’s doubling down on that initial vision of Braben and Bell; space is your oyster.
All that being said, I’m not sure I would recommend Elite Dangerous to people that weren’t space nutty to start with, or hadn’t sampled one of the previous games. It’s easy to get lost out there. It can be hard to find the fun, just like every other Open World game. Other players can be cunts. The economy takes a while to work around. The scripted missions are very samey and you can sample them all in a couple of evenings play.
Regardless, I do want to doff my cap to all those guys at Frontier for the quality of their work and for how they’re going about making Elite Dangerous into a much more engaging idea than its predecessors ever were. It’s been nothing but stable for me. It looks and sounds lovely. It’s brought a slice of gameplay from my teens back, and I it turns out that I still enjoy wasting a couple of hours flying about for a million credits. And a couple of years down the road, it’ll have enough variety and options to be a truly compelling MMO for anyone with even a slight Sci-Fi bent.
Love it or hate it, I’m really fucking happy that a UK studio is not only succeeding in the MMO space, but is doing it with such aplomb. Frontier are really executing to a vision and I’m happy to be in the cockpit for the ride. Now give me my fucking space buggy.
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IMBA and the art of the Bait and Switch
And neither does the IMBA.
The International Mountain Bike Association throws the term “singletrack” around in all of their marketing materials, the above photo being just another hilarious example. I’m on their email and direct-mail lists, so every week I get something from the IMBA that says “give us money so we can build singletrack. If you don’t give us money, you hate new singletrack trails.”
In the past five years I’ve seen:
Very few new trails opened by the IMBA, none of them singletrack.
Existing singletrack trails closed or access restricted thanks to bargains or promises with land managers made by the IMBA or it’s affiliates.
IMBA showing up and turning existing singletrack trails into “sustainable” sidewalks “for riders of all abilities.”
Because “Likes don’t help us make boring trails and tenuous and often-times unrewarding agreements with land managers” didn’t have the same ring to it for IMBA’s social media campaign.
I don’t even care about singletrack that much. It’s not my favorite-ist thing to ride, and it’s certainly not my cause célèbre. If it were up to me all trails would be downhill trails, they’d be 20 feet wide, filled with death from start to finish, and you’d be happy to survive. Maybe the climbs would be singletrack, but that’s sort of an afterthought. The climbs could all be gravel roads and that’d be cool too. I like riding singletrack trails I guess, but it’s certainly not my calling in life and not what gets me up in the morning. If I had to choose between snapping my fingers and riding 20 miles of new singletrack or snapping my fingers and having a Taco Bell Beefy Crunch Burrito Box, I’d have to think about it for a while. I’d probably go with the new trail over the Taco Bell, but only because the Five Buck Boxes come with a 20 oz drink, and I need way more than 20 oz of Dew to wash down all that Taco Bell.
So much gastric distress for only five bucks.
The point is that my preference for or against singletrack doesn’t enter into it. And maybe the IMBA does lots of good things for trail advocacy. I don’t really know if that’s true, but lots of people who I trust and respect insist that IMBA’s lobbying efforts in Congress, in state houses, and with local land managers across the nation have done immeasurable good in changing the climate for legitimate trail building in the U.S. And maybe that’s all true, but that’s not what we’re talking about here. We’re talking about the IMBA and the very simple, very tangible idea of singletrack trails. What the IMBA is doing with their singletrack guilt trip campaign is the oldest trick in the book: the bait and switch.
Remember when Discovery Channel went on every talk show and radio show in America to make sure we tuned in to watch some guy get eaten alive by an Anaconda? And you were all, “yeah, I’ll watch that. Homie could die, that would be awesome.”
And he’s going to be covered in pig’s blood too? Put the TV on mute and turn up the Cannibal Corpse.
But then more and more information came out, and it turned out that instead of getting eaten alive and having to Steve Erwin his way out of there with nothing but pure grit and elbow grease, instead he was going to wear some massive zero-risk carbon fiber pressure suit with it’s own oxygen supply, a complete diagnostic kit broadcasting his vital signs to nearby stunt handlers via bluetooth, and probably a shiatsu massage function and foot warmers.
And then you were all, “yeah, that’s kind of weak, but I guess I’ll still watch this spectacle because maybe the snake will die trying to swallow carbon fiber Darth Vader, and then it’ll be great to watch these guys try to justify their excuse of ‘raising awareness for anaconda conservation efforts’ after they just killed one of these great majestic lumbering beasts with a 4th-grade circus act that could have been dreamed up on the back of a napkin while sitting around a table at the Denny’s across the street from Motel 6, probably while eating pancakes at two in the morning after watching cable reruns of the original ‘Anaconda’ starring the great but Cajun-accent-challenged Jon Voight.”
That’s where my brain went, anyways.
Jon Voight had an airtight plan in “Anaconda” and he still died at the end of the movie, so there’s still an outside chance that everything goes horribly wrong on this Discovery special and we have some quality television. I’ll take that chance. So I’m in.
You bought the hype, you made a bowl of popcorn and tuned in to Discovery on December 7 to maybe watch someone die, but probably just to watch an anaconda gag for 45 minutes with commercials, and all you get is an anaconda-sized case of blue balls. The snake constricts Darth Vader for, like, an hour or something, in what uncomfortably reminds me of that one weird aunt of yours hugging you for a little too long as you’re saying your final goodbyes and trying to get out the door on what must have been the longest Thansgiving day of all time. And then once the holiday hugfest is over, right as the snake starts to eat Darth Vader the whole thing gets called off because it’s “endangering Paul’s safety.”
Let me break it down for you:
That’s what we want. That’s why we came here. I did not come to the Discovery channel to watch a guy be safe with a 27 foot 2000 pound killing machine for 45 minutes.
I came here to watch a guy potentially get destroyed, hoping that everything goes wrong and the handlers can’t get to him in time and we have an up close and personal HD view of that regretful look on his face as he realizes “hey, this snake is really trying to kill me right now.” AKA the reason people watched Steve Erwin. AKA the reason people watched Siegfried and Roy. AKA the only reason people have ever watched live acts involving big scary animals in small spaces with unprotected human beings. Because, just in case everything goes wrong, we’d like to have front row seats.
It would be fine if they tried all this snake-eating-a-person stuff in private, and then when it flopped because this Paul Rosolie Herpetologist guy got cold feet at any sign of danger, the head honchos at Discovery said, “damn, that didn’t work, I guess we’ll just throw all this footage out and chalk this one up as a big miss.” But they didn’t do that, did they?
“Paul, our latest numbers show that if we just lie a bunch we can still get people to tune in.”
Who knows, maybe they didn’t think they were lying. That possibility is somehow even worse. Maybe they thought this whole thing would be “educational” no matter what the outcome was. So even though we don’t get to see anything that could even be construed as scary or dangerous, or as I like to call it “interesting,” maybe the bigwigs at Discovery bought their own BS and thought the 4.1 million people who tuned in would learn a lot of useful stuff about snakes and nature and conservation. So Discovery didn’t “lie” (which is such a dirty word anyway) so much as they fudged the truth a little. It may not have lived up to our expectations, but weren’t our expectations a little unrealistic in the first place? I mean, who actually thought that this guy was going to get entirely eaten by a snake anyway? I mean, sure, Discovery’s own marketing materials were constructed in such a way as to lead you directly to that conclusion, but that’s a little naive on your part as the viewer, isn’t it? And really, it was for our own benefit after all, wasn’t it? We all learned something.
Pinocchio never mastered the art of rationalizing and self-deception.
Yes, it’s more disturbing and much more dangerous to deal with people who believe their own BS than people who just lie to your face for their own benefit. If you’re able to lie to yourself, even a little bit, you can justify doing insane things in the pursuit of your chosen cause. The ends justify the means, right? And anyone who takes issue with all those pesky little facts and half truths along the way, well, they’re just standing in the way of progress.
Great examples of little lies and half truths that, unchecked, got way out of control:
The Spanish Inquisition.
The Salem Witch Trials.
The rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, and ultimately WW2 and the Holocaust.
Matthew McConnaughey winning an Oscar. Someone should have said something before it came to this. Someone has to tell him he’s not a real actor, right? Really, nobody’s going to do it?!?
Anyway, that’s what it’s like talking to the IMBA.
December 9, 2014 September 15, 2017
16 thoughts on “IMBA and the art of the Bait and Switch”
Reformed Roadie says:
Well, thanks a lot for ruining “Anaconda” for me…scratch that from Netflix. A-hole.
I never jived well with those imba folk. Shitty trails built for the masses. fuck dat!
In my area the IMBA affiliate club has built around 50 miles of singletrack in the last 6 years. The first round of trails were legit, but as time goes on (and I think the IMBA relationship was sealed) the trails have gotten progressively slower (flat, tight and twisty) and less technical.
Bahahaha. Can't tell if you're more pissed at IMBA or the Discovery Channel.
I wanna like IMBA. I do. Harsh reality is IMBA is out of touch with mountain biking. Every other part of the MTB industry pushes the edge–lighter, faster– crap, we have legit 35 lb. DH rigs now. If IMBA was a bike company, they'd be producing 29er hardtails with 72 degree head angles and canti brakes.
All that for FIVE BUCKS!??
fuk singletrak
http://canyoudigitbmx.com/re-mutiny-catasaqua/
Singletrack is fine as long as you can safely go into the bushes.
IMBA IS A TERRORIST GROUP
I would have thought you needed baja blast rather than the dew.
Gor says:
I agree with everything but the Matthew McConnaughey thing, he was unbelievably good in “True Detective”!
I think all those girly movies just made him look bad ^^
“If it were up to me all trails would be downhill trails, they'd be 20 feet wide, filled with death from start to finish, and you'd be happy to survive.”
You have got this all wrong. IMBA is your best friend! Why? Becuse like it or not this sport is starting to attract a lot of dicks and I mean a lot of dicks! You Don't want these dicks on your buff secret steep loose gnarly loam trails do you? These dicks need a home, an that home is these gravel all weather trails. That what they like, that's what they need. They can all gather there and be unsociable dicks together. Leaving the rad trails for the real riders!
A-men! I've been trying to like imba for a long time, but the truth is they just don't build trails that real mtbers enjoy. They build trails for roadies who think they mtb. WE WANT MORE TECHNICAL TRAILS!!!
Oregontrailape says:
I thought the Mission of the IMBA was to make money? Why else would they take 60% of membership dollars from their chapters and then not support them in any way when their insurance policy gets dropped?
I thought it was a network of contractors in it to make money, not singletrack. Thanks for clearing this up for me.
x2 on Matthew McConnaughey…Wooderson in Dazed and Confused makes up for a lot of bad roles.
Next Next post: Kill list
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Trump joins GOP criticism of Rep. Tlaib over remarks on Holocaust, Israel | TribLIVE.com
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Trump joins GOP criticism of Rep. Tlaib over remarks on Holocaust, Israel
Mon., May 13, 2019 1:05 p.m. | Monday, May 13, 2019 1:05 p.m.
Rep. Rashida Tlaib, D-Mich., questions Michael Cohen, President Donald Trump’s former lawyer, as he testifies before the House Oversight and Reform Committee, on Capitol Hill, Wednesday, Feb. 27, 2019, in Washington.
President Donald Trump on Monday joined prominent House Republicans in condemning Rep. Rashida Tlaib, D-Mich., for recent comments on the Holocaust and Israel that the freshman lawmaker says have been deliberately distorted to ignite attacks against her.
“Democrat Rep. Tlaib is being slammed for her horrible and highly insensitive statement on the Holocaust,” Trump said in a tweet. “She obviously has tremendous hatred of Israel and the Jewish people. Can you imagine what would happen if I ever said what she said, and says?”
Democrat Rep. Tlaib is being slammed for her horrible and highly insensitive statement on the Holocaust. She obviously has tremendous hatred of Israel and the Jewish people. Can you imagine what would happen if I ever said what she said, and says?
The controversy was sparked by an interview published Saturday on Yahoo News’ “Skullduggery” podcast during which Tlaib, one of the first two Muslim women in Congress, was asked about her support for a one-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Tlaib began her response by noting that the United States commemorated Holocaust Remembrance Day two weeks earlier. She then discussed her Palestinian ancestors and the founding of the state of Israel, saying she was “humbled by the fact that it was my ancestors that had to suffer” to create a safe haven for the Jewish people.
“There’s, you know, there’s a kind of a calming feeling, I always tell folks, when I think of the Holocaust and the tragedy of the Holocaust, and the fact that it was my ancestors – Palestinians – who lost their land, and some lost their lives, their livelihood, their human dignity, their existence, in many ways, had been wiped out … I mean, just all of it was in the name of trying to create a safe haven for Jews, post-the Holocaust, post-the tragedy and the horrific persecution of Jews across the world at that time,” Tlaib said.
She added that the events of the past have informed her views on how to approach a solution to the conflict.
“I love the fact that it was my ancestors that provided that [safe haven], in many ways,” Tlaib said. “But they did it in a way that took their human dignity away, right? And it was forced on them. And so, when I think about one-state, I think about the fact that, why couldn’t we do it in a better way?”
Tlaib’s comments were picked up by the Israeli newspaper Haaretz, which published an article with the headline, “Tlaib Says She Is Humbled Her Ancestors Provided ‘Safe Haven’ for Jews After Holocaust.”
On Sunday, two of the top House Republicans criticized Tlaib’s use of the phrase “calming feeling,” falsely accusing her of using the phrase to describe her views about the Holocaust itself.
“There is no justification for the twisted and disgusting comments made by Rashida Tlaib just days after the annual Day of Holocaust Remembrance,” House Minority Whip Steve Scalise, R-La., said in a statement. “More than six million Jews were murdered during the Holocaust; there is nothing ‘calming’ about that fact.”
Rep. Liz Cheney, Wyo., the No. 3 Republican in the House, issued a statement describing Tlaib’s remarks as “sickening.”
“I call on Speaker Pelosi and Leader Hoyer to finally take action against Representative Tlaib and other members of the Democratic caucus who are spreading vile anti-Semitism,” she said, referring to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., and Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, D-Md. “All of us, regardless of party, must stand as Americans against the evil of anti-Semitism. If the Democratic leadership continues to stand by in silence, they are enabling the spread of evil.”
On Sunday night, Tlaib accused the GOP lawmakers of deliberately distorting her words.
“Policing my words, twisting & turning them to ignite vile attacks on me will not work,” she said in a tweet. “All of you who are trying to silence me will fail miserably. I will never allow you to take my words out of context to push your racist and hateful agenda. The truth will always win.”
Denzel McCampbell, Tlaib’s spokesman, condemned Cheney’s statement as “dangerous.” Cheney was the first GOP leader to criticize Tlaib on Sunday.
“Once again, Republican leaders and right-wing extremists are spreading outright lies to incite hate,” McCampbell said in a statement. “Congresswoman Liz Cheney should be ashamed of herself for using the tragedy of the Holocaust in a transparent attempt to score political points. Her behavior cheapens our public discourse and is an insult to the Jewish community and the millions of Americans who stand opposed to the hatred being spread by Donald Trump’s Republican Party.”
McCampbell also maintained that Tlaib “did not in any way praise the Holocaust, nor did she say the Holocaust itself brought a calming feeling to her.”
“In fact, she repeatedly called the Holocaust a tragedy and a horrific persecution of Jewish people,” he said.
Cheney doubled down on her criticism in a tweet on Monday morning that included a truncated quote from Tlaib that made it appear that she said that thinking of the Holocaust gives her a “calming feeling.”
“And her ‘history’ of what happened after is a fantasy based on lies spread to delegitimize the state of Israel,” Cheney added in the tweet.
Categories: News | Politics Election
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Democratic presidential candidates revealed for upcoming debates
Church sign in Virginia proclaims ‘America: Love or Leave It.’
Trump slams Puerto Rico leaders: ‘Under siege,’ ‘despicable’
Trump slams congresswomen; crowd roars, ‘Send her back!’
Daily Gallery
Photo finish decides 10k open water race at world titles
A curated collection of photojournalism from around the region, nation and world.
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Yokohama, Kawasaki30m
Displays materials on Yokohama history from the end of the Edo period/Opening up of the port period to the beginning of the Showa period. The building was formerly used as the British consulate until 1972. There is a historical camphor tree in the courtyard. *Includes a cafe.
3 Nihondori, Naka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken
http://www.kaikou.city.yokohama.jp/
9:30 ～ 17:00 (Last admission 16:30)
Mondays (next day when Monday is holiday), year-end & new year holidays ※May be closed without notice
Adult / 200 yen Elementary / Junior-high school students / 100 yen
Tales of the Yokohama port, past and present
A neighborhood where vestiges of Japan's rapid Westernization still linger
Walk the historic port town of Yokohama in a kimono (hakama)
Road Trip to Yokohama & Ukiyoe Left-Side Mount Fuji (Mt Fuji)
Kaiko Hiroba (memorial plaza to commemorate the opening of the Port of Yokohama)
"Kaiko Hiroba (memorial plaza)" is located at the corner of an intersection of Osanbashi (a large pier) street and Yamashita Park street. It is fam...
Nihon Odori
Nihon Odori is the first western style street in Japan. It was completed in 1870 and designed by R.H. Blanton. The stately historic buildings such ...
This building nicknamed “King’s Tower” stands with an exceptional dignity in an area filled with exotic air. Built in 1928, it was influenced by th...
Memorial to the Origin of Telephone Exchange
The memorial was built to show this is the place where a telephone exchange office started Japan’s first telephone exchange service between Yokoham...
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Sam Allardyce Sends Motivational Postcards To England Squad + Other Football Stories
England squad members received motivational postcards from former manager Sam Allardyce, two days after he left the job over allegations of misconduct. (Daily Mirror)
And the Football Association has had to throw away 4,000 T-shirts due to be given out to fans at the upcoming qualifier against Malta at Wembley, because they featured a quote from Allardyce. (Daily Mail)
Manchester United forward Marcus Rashford is in line for a recall to the senior England squad after temporary Under-21s coach Aidy Boothroyd left the 18-year-old out of his squad for upcoming qualifiers against Kazakhstan and Bosnia & Hercegovina. (Manchester Evening News)
Bournemouth manager Eddie Howe, 38, is likely to be shortlisted for the England manager’s job. The Football Association also wants to speak to Arsenal boss Arsene Wenger and England Under-21s boss Gareth Southgate. (Daily Mirror)
USA national manager Jurgen Klinsmann is on a three-man shortlist to replace Francesco Guidolin at Swansea City, should the Welsh club decide to sack the Italian after a poor start to the Premier League season.(Daily Star)
The FA will meet City of London police next week as it begins its investigation into alleged corruption in the game. (Guardian)
Former Schalke coach Ralf Rangnick, 58, is also in the FA’s sights to replace Sam Allardyce. (Daily Telegraph)
Wenger will revive his interest in Germany and Borussia Dortmund midfielder Marco Reus if his current playmaker Mesut Ozil returns to Real Madrid. (TuttoMercatoWeb.com)
However, German paper Bild reports that Ozil has signed a lucrative new contract at Arsenal and will take Jack Wilshere’s number 10 shirt. (The Sun via Bild)
Liverpool and Leicester are interested in signing Swedish striker Alexander Isak, 17, from AIK. The teenager has been dubbed the ‘next Zlatan Ibrahimovic’. (Liverpool Echo)
The back page of Friday’s Daily Mail reports on Manchester United’s narrow victory in the Europa League
Chelsea manager Antonio Conte has demanded an overhaul of his squad, with the Blues set to revive their interest in Juventus defender Leonardo Bonucci, 29. (Times – subscription required)
The Blues are also keen on recalling AC Milan loanee midfielder Mario Pasalic, 21, back to the club in January. (Calciomercato.com – in Italian)
Everton manager Ronald Koeman says his players have a “mental problem” in playing his energetic style of football. (Daily Telegraph)
Assistant manager Chris Powell is the favourite to take over from Nigel Pearson at Derby County, should Pearson be sacked after being suspended by the club on Monday. (Derby Telegraph)
Arsenal are watching Celtic’s Moussa Dembele, 20, with Real Madrid and Bayern Munich also keen on the French striker. (Sun)
The Sun’s back page on Friday leads on Wayne Rooney’s vote of confidence from England interim boss Gareth Southgate
Manchester City midfielder Fernandinho, 31, says the players are struggling to keep up the intensity that manager Pep Guardiola wants. (Daily Mirror)
Manchester United manager Jose Mourinho attempted to sign midfielder Paul Pogba, 23, from Juventus when he was in charge at Chelsea in 2015.(Daily Express)
Liverpool manager Jurgen Klopp has warned his players about their social media profiles after French defender Mamadou Sakho criticised the club’s “lies” on Snapchat. (Guardian)
Bayern Munich’s Dutch winger Arjen Robben, 33, is hoping to secure a new deal with the Bundesliga champions. (Daily Mail)
Former Arsenal vice-chairman David Dein thinks Arsene Wenger has the “fire in his belly” to continue as Gunners manager. (Talksport)
England and Manchester City goalkeeper Joe Hart, 29, is open to staying at Serie A side Torino after settling in well in Italy. (Tuttosport – in Italian)
Former Manchester United defender Rio Ferdinand was less than impressed with his Fifa 17 rating.
Bournemouth midfielder Jack Wilshere shared this snap of himself and his son, Archie.
And Tottenham welcomed midfielder Eric Dier back to the training ground after he missed their games against Middlesbrough and CSKA Moscow with injury.
Cristiano Ronaldo’s £15m private jet crashed when it attempted to land in Barcelona. The Real Madrid striker was not on board at the time and nobody suffered more than minor injuries. (Daily Mirror)
Bayern Munich have had to relay their entire pitch after the grass at the Allianz Arena was overrun by fungus. (Sun)
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a place to share my thoughts, feelings and faith
Mr. Tanner
April 28, 2009 in Uncategorized | Tags: Harry Chapin, Mr. Tanner
The discussion in my last post about Susan Boyle’s performance caused an old Harry Chapin song to pop into my head. As a lyricist, Chapin was a superlative storyteller, and his song Mr. Tanner is one that stirred my heart and emotions many years ago. The song concerns an amateur singer from Dayton, Ohio, a cleaner by trade, who sang simply for the joy of singing. However, after extensive urging from friends, he agreed to try to launch a professional career by performing in a concert hall debut in New York. I’ll let Mr. Chapin tell you the rest of the story. In the studio recording and live performances, the chorus of O Holy Night is sung in a beautiful baritone as a background to each chorus of Mr. Tanner.
Mister Tanner was a cleaner from a town in the Midwest.
And of all the cleaning shops around he’d made his the best.
But he also was a baritone who sang while hanging clothes.
He practiced scales while pressing tails and sang at local shows.
His friends and neighbors praised the voice that poured out from his throat.
They said that he should use his gift instead of cleaning coats.
But music was his life, it was not his livelihood,
and it made him feel so happy and it made him feel so good.
And he sang from his heart and he sang from his soul.
He did not know how well he sang;
It just made him whole.
His friends kept working on him to try music out full time.
A big debut and rave reviews, a great career to climb.
Finally they got to him, he would take the fling.
A concert agent in New York agreed to have him sing.
And there were plane tickets, phone calls, money spent to rent the hall.
It took most of his savings but he gladly used them all.
The evening came, he took the stage, his face set in a smile.
And in the half filled hall the critics sat watching on the aisle.
But the concert was a blur to him, spatters of applause.
He did not know how well he sang, he only heard the flaws.
But the critics were concise, it only took four lines.
And no one could accuse them of being over kind.
(spoken) Mr. Martin Tanner, Baritone, of Dayton, Ohio made his Town Hall debut last night.
He came well prepared,
But unfortunately his presentation was not up to contemporary professional standards.
His voice lacks the range of tonal color necessary to make it consistently interesting.
(sung) Full time consideration of another endeavor might be in order.
He came home to Dayton and was questioned by his friends.
Then he smiled and just said nothing and he never sang again.
Excepting very late at night when the shop was dark and closed.
He sang softly to himself as he sorted through the clothes.
Music was his life, it was not his livelihood,
Click the link below for a great performance of this song by Harry Chapin less than a year before his death in July of 1981.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=79fkir9alzA&feature=PlayList&p=D354A5EED8D541CF&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=28
Christmas for the Brokenhearted
A Prayer
The Sermon on the Plane
Climatic Craziness & Celestial Glory
Everyone in Particular
Dear Christians: A Postdated Letter
Hill? Duh!!!
I Want to Go to Church
Doubling Down on Level Ground
While Shopping At Target This Week…
Doctors with Nothing to Do
The Face I Don’t Deserve
3 Reminders for Graduates
Refreshingly (If Awkwardly) Old Fashioned
Archives Select Month December 2018 February 2018 August 2017 December 2016 November 2016 October 2016 August 2016 April 2016 November 2015 August 2015 May 2015 February 2015 January 2015 October 2014 September 2014 August 2014 June 2014 May 2014 March 2014 February 2014 January 2014 December 2013 November 2013 October 2013 September 2013 August 2013 July 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 February 2011 January 2011 December 2010 November 2010 October 2010 September 2010 August 2010 July 2010 June 2010 May 2010 April 2010 March 2010 February 2010 January 2010 December 2009 November 2009 October 2009 September 2009 August 2009 July 2009 June 2009 May 2009 April 2009
Had never heard that song before. It’s pretty powerful.
soonerpat
I’m a huge Chapin fan.. Do you recall what the background song is that Mr. Tanner is singing during various parts of the song?
“Fall on your knees.. Oh hear the angels voices…”
Many of his songs were protest songs, or told stories of people in broken situations… you might or might not agree with the commentary but they were well written and effective.
A couple of my favorites.. have you heard them?
— Flowers are Red (which has more meaning now that I’m a teacher)..
— Corey’s Coming
And of course, “30,000 pounds of bananas.”
Tim Pyles
I will have to check those songs out, Pat! Glad to know you are an avid Chapin fan!
« I Dreamed a Dream
Does God Want His Name on Our Money? »
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Australian Bigamy Prosecutions [1849-1999]
The Prosecution Project. Source: https://prosecutionproject.griffith.edu.au/
The Prosecution Project is investigating the history of the criminal trial in Australia. As part of the project a web-based transcription tool for historical court records was created and documents are being transcribed by project team members and trained volunteers.
Case records in this data set have been entered by researchers or volunteer transcribers from scanned images of court registers in the custody of various state archives. Users should be aware that the records may contain transcription errors. Missing data (empty cell) usually indicates that information was missing in the original data source. In a small number of cases data in records have been accessed from additional sources (for example digitised newspapers or police gazettes).
The data sets available in this repository date from 1850 to 1922. The data refers to matters that were prosecuted within the respective jurisdictions of the six states as they currently exist (2018), which may be different from the jurisdiction formally in place for a particular offence in the early part of this period, e.g. prosecutions for Queensland (1850-1859) and Victoria (1850-July 1851) were formally under the jurisdiction of New South Wales during those years, but have been entered for Queensland and Victoria respectively.
The dataset includes data drawn from original court registers, court calendars, trial briefs and police gazettes. The Bigamy dataset is a combination of records drawn from the Victorian Supreme Court only at this stage. Work is underway to expand this dataset to the other States.
It’s Great Because
You don’t have to learn how to use the API, write an extraction program or wait days for a harvest. The file is available to immediately download and use from the Australian Data Archive..
But Watch Out For
Text inaccuracies. The process to convert images of the original handwritten records was to use community transcribers to manually transcribe all records, thus some errors may have occurred. Lookup fields such as drop down selection boxes were also used for common entries to limit the possibility of common spelling mistakes.
Low. CSV file is in human readable form.
How Do You Make Things with It?
Download the data, process it using your coding language or program of choice, then visualise it. Look at the Tinker Recipes for beginner/intermediate instructions.
Formats available
CSV file.
Who Owns/Curates this Dataset?
Prof. Mark Finnane, The Prosecution Project, Griffith University.
How is it Licenced?
Open CC By
What’s the citation?
Short Citation
Mark Finnane, et al. The Prosecution Project Database, https://prosecutionproject.griffith.edu.au/prosecutions (version 1, 17 July 2016)
Subsequent Citations
Finnane et al, The Prosecution Project.
Full Citation
Mark Finnane, Andy Kaladelfos, Alana Piper,Yorick Smaal, Robyn Blewer and Lisa Durnian, et al The Prosecution Project Database https://prosecutionproject.griffith.edu.au/prosecutions (version 1, 17 July 2016).
To cite a Trial
The Prosecution Project Database [PP], https://prosecutionproject.griffith.edu.au/prosecutions (version 1, 17 July 2016), Trial ID #116766, Queensland Supreme Court [QLDSC], Thomas Ward, 1922.
PP, Trial ID #116766, QLDSC, Thomas Ward, 1922.
A detailed description of the dataset including a data dictionary is available here. Further information about this project can be found on Prosecution Project website.
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Is it possible to use Salesforce as a foundation for building an Enterprise Architecture?
Lunch & Learn: How to Succeed in Digital Transformation: Strategies and Practical Steps - Part 2
Artificial Intelligence is a wake-up call for the business
Is Your Culture DevOps Ready?
The Role of Architecture in a Software Organization
To Scrum or Not to Scrum?
Antiquated Technology: Infrastructure from Boon to Bust
How to Escape from a Software Hostage Situation
How Do You Know If You Are in a Software Hostage Situation?
by Alexander Birger
Enterprise Architecture (EA) has gained traction as the disciplined approach for managing complexities in business and IT systems. Essentially, EA helps provide decision support or IT/business alignment (ITBA) to enterprise stakeholders. Salesforce proponents argue that it’s possible to use it as a foundation for building an EA because it provides a single platform that brings together several IT and business components (sales, marketing, customer service, automation, and analytics). It also solves the governance issue by allowing IT and business to speak a common language. The net effect is efficient dialogue and faster decision-making.
Salesforce was built as a CRM first and has indisputable leadership in the CRM space and in many other areas as well. That said, it is just now being adapted as a platform that can be used for EA needs. The recent purchase of MuleSoft has certainly helped Salesforce become a worthy EA platform contender. It is a testament to how Salesforce seeks to expand.
During our 20-year journey of project implementation, we have experienced many different ways of using SFDC in the Enterprise landscape. From our experience, Salesforce is not just a robust CRM platform but is also a worthy option for basing your enterprise architecture. Nevertheless, it is difficult to escape the fact that several other solutions were purpose-built for EA. Ideally, the best EA solution is one that has been built for EA from the ground up.
Question is, can Salesforce be used to instantiate EA with successful results today? Have you witnessed or heard of any successful EA value propositions built on Salesforce that are supported by empirical evidence? If you consider your organization, is the convenience and robustness that Salesforce offers enough to make you use it instead of using a purpose-built EA platform? You are welcome to share your thoughts. I would love to know what you think.
Previous Lunch & Learn: How to Succeed in Digital Transformation: Strategies and Practical Steps - Part 2
Next Why Salesforce may not be a good foundation for building Enterprise Architecture?
Make Your Business Vision a Reality
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WATCH: Arrow Season 7 Episode 1 full episode
By Ibrahim Ismaila October 15, 2018 // 8:13 pm
Arrow Season 7 Episode 1
Arrow makes its long-awaited return on Monday, Oct. 15, with the premiere of season 7. A look at how to watch it online.
Three DC shows on The CW have returned. Two remain, and one of them is Arrow, the longest running of the bench. It’s back for season 7, with no other show above season 5. That means the seventh adventure of Oliver Queen, John Diggle and Felicity Smoak, while newer members of the team continue to make an impression.
Season 6 closed with the reclaiming of Star City, which Ricardo Diaz held for months. Oliver received help from the FBI, but on a deal to place him in prison for being the Green Arrow.
So, to open season 7, Oliver will work through prison life, however many episodes it lasts. What happens to everyone on the outside, though?
Diggle may take the Green Arrow mantle, which places a public target on his back, along with the other team members. They must combat the latest threats to Star City, including the Longbow Hunters.
Diaz remains on the loose—a rarity for any show’s big bad. They usually act as one-and-done’s, but not this time around. How will that impact the return of Arrow? What’s the Dragon’s goal?
Previously, Diaz wanted to make Oliver’s life a living hell. With those plans gone, everything could turn deadly for this deranged villain.
Details on how to watch season 7, episode 1 of Arrow are below. This includes the start time, TV info, live stream and more:
Episode: 1 “Inmate 4857”
TV info: The CW
Live stream: CWTV.com
“Inmate 4857” will return on The CW, while CWTV.com makes a stream available for everyone to view the day after. This is the case for each episode throughout the 2018-19 show season. Before that, let’s see what Arrow offers in its live airing Monday night.
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SIMMONS: Bo Levi Mitchell's legacy on the line in Grey Cup
Steve SimmonsMore from Steve Simmons
Updated: November 24, 2018 5:40 PM EDT
EDMONTON — The loss to the Toronto Argonauts last Grey Cup Sunday in snowy Ottawa made Bo Levi Mitchell physically ill.
He had trouble sleeping after the shocking defeat. He had trouble being awake. He couldn’t stop thinking about the championship the Calgary Stampeders left behind. And, in a way, it consumed him, maybe still consumes him as he approaches the 106th Grey Cup game on Sunday.
This may be his last game in the CFL. This may be his last game with the Stampeders. Mitchell is a free agent and, whatever the future holds, Sunday means everything to him. All week long he has talked about leaving a legacy behind. Whether that means he’s leaving or not, he isn’t clearly saying.
“Three plays,” said Mitchell, looking back at the loss to the Argos. “That was all. Three plays changed everything.
“The fumble. The 100-yard touchdown. The interception I threw. You live with that for a long time,” said Mitchell, who is playing quarterback in his third straight Grey Cup game, the fourth in his career, after winning the Most Outstanding Player for the second time.
“I think about it all the time. We win the Grey Cup except for three plays.”
The year before, they lost to Ottawa in overtime after a series of dubious play calls by coach Dave Dickenson and just an average game from Mitchell. No quarterback has ever lost three straight Grey Cups.
“It’s about legacy,” said Mitchell. “Dave (Dickenson) always talks about that. You have to want more all the time. Every year is a new opportunity. Every year you’re writing a new story.
“Losing in the fashion we lost was hard. I’ll admit it, I was heartbroken. There were a lot of long, sleepless nights. And you’d wake up after a dream, thinking we had won it. I got through that. I wasn’t going to let the storylines or headlines change that. We kept saying, ‘Let’s get back to the Grey Cup.’”
SIMMONS: What is Grey Cup Week and why it still matters
Suspended Redblacks DB Rose will play in Grey Cup: Source
With this Harris at the wheel, Redblacks should be favourites in Grey Cup
No Maple Leaf has ever won the Norris Trophy. Borje Salming finished second in voting twice. The last time was 38 years ago. Tim Horton finished second twice. Morgan Rielly may never win the award, but he’s in the conversation in the early season … Mick McGeough was larger than life and louder than life and usually the funniest man in the room. The former NHL referee passed away on Friday at the very young age of 62 after suffering a massive stroke. The last laugh I had with him was during last spring’s Stanley Cup playoffs when he was working as an NHL supervisor … The Leafs, 8-2 with Auston Matthews in the lineup, have been 7-6 since the centre went down with a shoulder injury. In that time, John Tavares had scored seven goals, Nazem Kadri six and Kasperi Kapanen and Rielly five … The best part about Matthews’ eventual return is moving Kadri back to the third line and finding another place for the rather underwhelming Par Lindholm … The NHL is a better place when Buffalo is winning … You can’t make this up: If the season ended on Saturday afternoon, the Leafs would open the Stanley Cup playoffs in Buffalo … The first sure thing for the 2019 Hockey Hall of Fame class: The induction of Hayley Wickenheiser … It’s Grey Cup Week and that means I’m missing my old friends: Jim Hunt, Pat Marsden, Leo Cahill, Dick Thornton, Ron Lancaster, Jack Gotta and Bob Ackles. All gone, none of them forgotten.
HEAR AND THERE
The Raptors are 16-4. What happens when they start playing well? … I love the C.J. PJs television commercial. I will love it even more if and when C.J. Miles starts hitting threes … It always bugged Dwane Casey when he came up second-best in comparisons to Boston coach Brad Stevens. He had a strong won-loss record against Stevens. This season, Casey’s underdog Detroit Pistons have a 9-7 record. Stevens’ heavily favoured Celtics are just 10-9 … The wonder of watching Pascal Siakam: On his own, he is discovering how special a player he can be … Combined, Danny Green and Kawhi Leonard are plus-310 with the Raptors this season … Jonathan Rose shouldn’t be playing in the Grey Cup. He pushed a game official in the Eastern final. You do that in my league, you don’t play. The CFL needed to find a way to hold an appeal before Sunday’s game … There is a mulligan in the new football operations salary cap in the CFL in that you can use an exemption. That way, the Argos don’t have to count the money from fired coach Marc Trestman against their cap. Argos are going to have difficulty finding a head coach who will accept the assistant coaches already under contract to the team. In past years, you’d eat that money. With the new cap, you can’t.
SCENE AND HEARD
Wildly underrated Mikko Rantanen of Colorado is scoring at a pace the NHL hasn’t seen in years: If he maintains his scoring of 1.64 points per game, or anywhere close to that, he will end the season in the 130-point range, the highest in 22 years … Ken Hitchcock has only had a few days with Connor McDavid, but what impresses him so far is McDavid’s ability to quickly recover after a shift. Hitchcock, who has coached all kinds of Hall of Famers, has never seen anyone like him before … The dumbest of the new mainstream hockey stats: Primary and secondary assists. Often, the secondary assist is more important than the primary one. But it gives people something to talk about … Why can’t the NHL fix the stats issues on NHL.com? … This bites and must be changed: The maximum allowable fine for a player biting another player in the NHL is just $5,000 … Matt Murray is hurt, but the Pittsburgh Penguins goaltending was hurting before Murray went down. The Pens won’t make the playoffs if they don’t find someone to stop some pucks … Brian Burke makes for great television until he talks about fighting. Then he sounds like Clint Eastwood in Gran Torino, without the charm … If you haven’t seen the movie Bohemian Rhapsody, you should … Jon Gott had his 15 minutes of fame and then some when he chugged a beer and slammed the can on his helmet in an Ottawa win late in the season. The clip went viral. What won’t go viral: Gott is a healthy scratch for the Redblacks on Sunday.
This week in As The Ottawa Senators Turn: Owner Eugene Melnyk is suing his partners on the collapse of the downtown arena deal. Stay tuned for next week … It’s almost December and Manny Machado and Bryce Harper remains unsigned. The baseball winter meanders on at its own pace … Why players should never vote for anything in any league: The CFLPA announced its all-stars and didn’t have defensive MVP Adam Bighill or league MOP Bo Levi Mitchell on their all-star team. Other weird thing: They voted a fullback on the all-star team when basically no one starts a fullback anymore … This much is certain: There are more people watching football, CFL and NFL, in Canada than ever before. And that’s without being able to count the numbers who don’t use cable for their television watching …. The best part about the CFL considering an earlier start to its season: That way, Grey Cup Week won’t coincide with American Thanksgiving anymore … I understand and support CFL expansion to Halifax. The Mexico business, not so much … This may be the last CFL game for Stampeders defensive coordinator DeVone Claybrooks, who apparently has an NFL job in waiting for next season … Happy birthday to Oscar Robertson (80), Cris Carter (53), Donovan McNabb (42), Eddie Johnston (83), Bucky Dent (67), Mike Hoffman (29), Todd Brooker (59) and Rowan Barrett (46) … And hey, whatever became of Robert Drummond?
TIME FOR SOME TRADITIONS TO GO
Two Grey Cup traditions we can do without.
The horse in the hotel lobby thing was terrific theatre and excitement when it began in 1948. It was kind of fun, occasionally, over the years. It represented the crazy, wild spirit of those who attended the event.
Now it’s staged and boring and unnecessary. I watched on Friday as the horse was paraded by bagpipers and surrounded by cellphone photographers in the lobby of the Chateau Lacombe hotel in Edmonton. If a horse can look either confused or frightened, this one did.
There was no joy in any of this. It was just theatre of the football absurd. And we should stop doing this. It has no meaning or spontaneity anymore.
The same thing has happened to the annual Jim Hunt Grey Cup question. It used to be funny when the late great Shaky Hunt would ask at the coach’s news conference about their policy regarding players having sex on the week of the game. It isn’t funny or unique anymore, especially to the coaches who know it’s coming and have a staged answer of sorts.
Jim Hunt passed away 12 years ago. His question has lived on until now. It’s time to put the question to rest.
STIEB DESERVES SECOND CHANCE AT HALL OF FAME
Dave Stieb made 115 fewer big-league starts than Jack Morris managed, but in the complicated equation that is Wins Above Replacement, Stieb was the more valuable pitcher.
Morris, after not being elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the traditional vote, got in the first time he was eligible via the Veterans Committee. It was probably the right choice.
The circumstances with Stieb is that he has yet to be a candidate for the Veterans vote, even if he is deserving of consideration.
Statistically, his career WAR is 56.7, almost 13 points higher than Morris, even though he made 115 fewer starts. By that measure alone, and using newer statistical information as evidence, he was more valuable than Morris was, with a lower earned-run average and a lower career WHIP.
Orel Hershiser is a year younger than Stieb and he is on this year’s Veterans ballot. Stieb and Hershiser had almost identical WAR numbers for their careers, even though Hershiser started 54 more games. Stieb’s ERA was 3.44; Hershiser’s was 3.48.
If Hershiser is worthy of getting a second look, which is what the Veterans Committee vote is really all about, then so is Stieb, who only received seven Hall of Fame votes when he was on the traditional ballot.
The original vote wasn’t indicative of the kind of career Stieb had with the Blue Jays. A second look is more than worthwhile in the future.
KAPANEN PUTTING UP BIG TIME NUMBERS
At the highest point of his brief NHL career, William Nylander once scored eight goals in a 21-game period. He is considered supremely skilled.
Kasperi Kapanen, a restricted free agent, has scored 10 goals in 21 games since being elevated to top-six status with the Maple Leafs. Nine of those goals have come at even strength. That is among the best in the league through the first quarter of the season.
The great Patrick Laine has scored six even-strength goals in Winnipeg. The even greater Connor McDavid has just seven even-strength goals in Edmonton. League MVP Taylor Hall has scored seven at even strength. The rookie no one can take their eyes off of, Elias Pettersson, has eight even-strength goals.
Kapanen, known for his foot speed, not his hands, has been the largest of all shocks with this Leafs team. The Leafs knew he could skate. The Leafs knew he could kill penalties. The Leafs knew he was pretty much low-maintenance.
What they didn’t know is that he could produce the way he has playing with either Auston Matthews or Nazem Kadri.
Now, with the Nylander deadline looming, with Jake Gardiner facing free agency, the Leafs have one of those good headaches with Kapanen.
He will cost more than they once thought because he is producing more.
But if this is who Kapanen really is, then both he and the team are the benefactors of the Nylander stalemate.
ssimmons@postmedia.com
Bo Levi Mitchell
Eugene Melnyk
Grey Cup
Mikko Rantanen
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CA-RIBOMIC
17.6.2019 15:17:12 CEST | Business Wire
RIBOMIC Announces Positive Top-Line Results from the Phase 1/2a Clinical Trial of RBM-007 (SUSHI Study) in Subjects with Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration
RIBOMIC, Inc., a clinical stage pharmaceutical company specializing in aptamer therapeutics and traded on the Mothers Market of the Tokyo Stock Exchange (Code Number: 4591), today announced positive top-line results from its SUSHI study, Phase 1/2a single ascending dose clinical study of RBM-007, anti-FGF2 aptamer, in nine subjects with wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration (wet AMD). SUSHI study achieved the primary endpoint of safety and tolerability, and also demonstrated efficacy trends in favor of RBM-007.
Subjects recruited for the SUSHI Study had wet AMD that was poorly responsive to previous intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy. Through the 56-Day exit visit, excluding one uncompleted case in the last cohort, single dose of RBM-007 demonstrated no dose-limiting toxicities, no systemic or ocular serious adverse events. One subject in Cohort 3 showed anterior inflammation, which was resolved after one day of topical prednisolone treatment. Rescue treatment with anti-VEGF therapy was available for those subjects who met criteria.
Secondary outcomes at the primary study endpoint of 28 days showed evidence of bioactivity of RBM-007. Seven out of nine subjects responded to RBM-007, in terms of any vision gain in Best- Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) or ≥50 µm improvement in Central Retinal Thickness on optical coherence tomography (OCT) as reported in case report forms. Vision improved at Day 28 in 2 subjects in Cohort 1, 2 subjects in Cohort 2 and 1 subject in Cohort 3. OCT improvement ≥50 µm at Day 28 was noted in 1 subject in Cohort 2 and all Cohort 3 subjects.
Overall, a single intravitreal injection of RBM-007 in the study eye was well-tolerated and indicated bioactivity in a majority of these wet AMD subjects, who had been poorly responsive to prior anti-VEGF therapy.
Additional data analyses of SUSHI study are on-going and will be presented at future medical meetings. Planning for the next multi-dose Phase 2 clinical trial is underway and enrollment is expected to begin in 3Q of FY2019.
"We are very encouraged by the results of SUSHI study. This was designed as a first-in-human, single-dose safety study and has exceeded our expectations from the standpoint of bioactivity. We will promote the clinical development of RBM-007 to provide wet AMD patients with this new solution as quickly as possible.” said Yoshikazu Nakamura, Ph.D., CEO and president of RIBOMIC Inc.
"SUSHI study has demonstrated that single dose of intravitreal RBM-007 up to 2 mg dose is well-tolerated in subjects with wet AMD. We are pleased to demonstrate evidence of clinical efficacy in several subjects as measured by BCVA and OCT thickness suggesting FGF2 is an important target in the pathogenesis of wet AMD” said Yusuf Ali, Ph.D., CEO of RIBOMIC USA Inc.
"The SUSHI study results demonstrate the ocular safety of intravitreal RBM-007, and the improvements seen in eyes with chronic exudation hold promise for a new therapeutic target in wet AMD” said Robert Bhisitkul, MD. Ph.D., Professor at University of California San Francisco, and an executive scientific advisor of RIBOMIC Inc.
About RBM-007 and development background
RBM-007 is a novel oligonucleotide-based aptamer with potent anti-FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor 2) activity. Currently approved therapies for wet AMD, intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF drugs, have shown dramatic visual benefits for wet AMD patients. However, a significant portion of wet AMD patients exhibit incomplete response to therapy, and over the extended management course can lose vision, with the formation of submacular fibrosis as one risk factor. RIBOMIC investigated a novel therapy for wet AMD targeting fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), which is implicated in not only angiogenesis but also fibrosis in several diseases, and created RBM-007, a novel oligonucleotide-based aptamer with potent anti-FGF2 activity. RBM-007 is chemically synthesized, and pharmacokinetic studies of RBM-007 in the rabbit vitreous revealed high and relatively long lasting profiles, which are superior to the other approved anti-VEGF drugs. The dual action of RBM-007 (anti-angiogenic and anti-scarring) holds promise as an additive or alternative therapy to anti-VEGF treatments for wet AMD.
About SUSHI study
The Phase 1/2a Safety and ocUlar tolerability of a Single intravitreal (IVT) injection of RBM-007 in subjects witH exudatIve age-related macular degeneration (SUSHI) study is an open-label, dose escalation study with 9 subjects who had previously received ≥3 anti-VEGF treatments without resolution of wet AMD. Study eyes received a single intravitreal injection of RBM-007 in 3 sequential dose cohorts (3 subjects/cohort): 0.2 mg (Cohort 1), 1.0 mg (Cohort 2) and 2.0 mg (Cohort 3). The primary study endpoint was at Day 28, with follow-up through Day 56. Study visits included ETDRS best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), complete ophthalmologic exam, fluorescein angiography, spectral domain-OCT, OCT-angiography and PK/PD RBM-007 plasma levels. This is the first clinical study of RBM-007. Currently no other FGF2 inhibitors are reported to be in the clinical stage.
See ClinicalTrials.gov for more information.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03633084
About wet Age-related Macular Degeneration
Wet (exudative) age-related macular degeneration, is the leading cause of blindness in the United States and Europe. It is caused by the formation of abnormal and leaky new blood vessels under the retina, termed choroidal neovascularization. The leakage of fluid from the vessels causes retinal thickening and retinal degeneration including fibrotic scar formation, and leads to severe and rapid loss of vision. While retinal thickening is not the only factor that leads to decreased vision in patients with wet AMD, it is thought to be a contributing factor. In this regard, reduction of retinal thickness is widely used in evaluating efficacy of wet AMD treatment.
ABOUT RIBOMIC
RIBOMIC is a bio-venture company centered on drug discovery. The company is engaged in the field of aptamer therapeutics, which is one type of nucleic acid medicine, a field with much potential for the development of next-generation drugs. The RiboART system, the company’s core drug discovery platform, can be used for the discovery of many types of aptamer drugs. RIBOMIC is dedicated to the discovery and development of drugs that target the broad field of unmet medical needs, which encompasses eye disorders, pain and many other problems.
See RIBOMIC website for more information.
https://www.ribomic.com/eng/index.php
This announcement contains forward-looking statements relating to current plans, estimates, strategies, belief and the future performance of RIBOMIC. These statements are based on RIBOMIC’s current expectations in light of the information and assumptions currently available so that RIBOMIC does not promise the realization and these expectations may differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. These factors include, but not limited to, i) changes in general economic conditions and in laws and regulations, relating to pharmaceutical markets, ii) currency exchange rate fluctuations, iii) claims and concerns on the product safety and efficacy, iv) completion and discontinuation of clinical trials, v) infringement of RIBOMIC’s intellectual property rights by third parties.
Information on pharmaceutical products (including products currently in development), which is included in this press release is not intended to constitute an advertisement or medical advice.
"RIBOMIC," "RiboART system" and the RIBOMIC logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of RIBOMIC Inc. in various jurisdictions.
RIBOMIC, Inc. Shoji Yonebayashi ir.inquiry@ribomic.com
ClickThru
101 California Street, 20th Floor
CA 94111 San Francisco
http://businesswire.com
WA-FLUKE-CORPORATION19.7.2019 12:02:10 CEST | Press release
Fluke Corporation Acquires Industrial Reliability Leader PRÜFTECHNIK
JANSSEN19.7.2019 12:01:09 CEST | Press release
Janssen Seeks EMA Approval for Novel Subcutaneous Formulation of DARZALEX®▼ (daratumumab)
SARTORIUS19.7.2019 07:02:05 CEST | Press release
CA-QUANERGY-SYSTEMS18.7.2019 21:02:06 CEST | Press release
LARSEN-&-TOUBRO-INFOTECH18.7.2019 18:10:08 CEST | Press release
LTI USD Revenue Growth up 11.5% YoY; Digital Revenues at 39%
NY-MOODY’S-ANALYTICS18.7.2019 17:32:06 CEST | Press release
Moody’s Analytics Wins Wholesale Modelling Software of the Year at Risk Technology Awards
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The Search for Indianapolis Hits a Snag
The crew of R/V Petrel has mapped out the area of the Philippine Sea where they will search for the Indianapolis. On the second run of their Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, they discover an object that looks like a ship, but it isn’t clear if it’s Indy. They decide to send the Remotely Operated Vehicle to get a closer look, but run into a potentially mission ending mechanical issue in the process.
Preview | USS Indianapolis: The Final Chapter
Follow the definitive story of the USS Indianapolis.
Putting All of the Pieces Together
To find the long lost wreck of the Indianapolis, the Petrel crew must weigh all evidence.
Preview | USS Indianapolis LIVE - From the Deep
Take a live tour of the wreckage from the USS Indianapolis, the WWII vessel sunk in 1945.
A Closer Look at the Show
Explore more in photos during the search for USS Indianapolis.
See MoreSee More
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BasketballBasketball
PBA SchedulePBA Schedule
PBA StandingsPBA Standings
Gilas ScheduleGilas Schedule
Rain or Shine ships Raymond Almazan to Meralco
66dJan Ballesteros
LIVE: Alaska, Meralco fight for final playoff spot
Alaska vs. Meralco: Who gets the last playoff spot?
1dEros Villanueva
PSC denies corruption allegations within PHISGOC
6hPhilip Matel
UP stays unscathed in Taiwan tournament
22hYoyo Sarmenta
Yeng Guiao points out problem for Gilas team in World Cup prep
19hCharmie Lising
Is Gabe Norwood's long Gilas ride nearing the end?
21dCharmie Lising
Meralco acquires Almazan from Rain or Shine for two first-round picks
Jan Ballesteros
Rain or Shine has traded Raymond Almazan to the Meralco Bolts in exchange for the Bolts' 2019 and 2021 first-round picks.
The deal was approved by the PBA Trade Committee on Tuesday.
Almazan only played in six games in the 2019 Philippine Cup with averages of 8.0 points and 6.0 rebounds.
The former Letran star was named to the All-Star team twice during his time with the Elasto Painters and won a championship in the 2016 Commissioner's Cup.
Almazan, who was the third overall pick in the 2013 PBA Draft behind Greg Slaughter and Ian Sangalang, has also suited up for Gilas Pilipnas on several occasions.
The deal gives the Bolts much-needed help up front.
"He's a good shot blocker, a good rebounder. He can score around the basket. Those are all the things we need," Meralco head coach Norman Black said on Tuesday after the team beat Alaska, 87-80, in a tune-up game.
Now Meralco has someone who can hold the line against the likes of reigning five-time MVP June Mar Fajardo as well as the Ginebra twin towers of Japeth Aguilar and Greg Slaughter.
But Black insisted he's not downplaying the skills of his other bigs.
"We've gone quite a few years now without being able to man the paint, particularly in the All-Filipino. We have bigs - I'm not downplaying them. Almazan is one of the best bigs in the country. He's a national team player. He gives us some size," he said.
His addition won't immediately turn things around for the team. But the veteran bench tactician said Almazan will definitely make a world of difference for the Bolts.
"I will say he definitely will make us better. let's see what happens about the fortunes," he said.
Almazan is joining a team that will be reinforced by import Gani Lawal in the upcoming Commissioner's Cup. The two will form a solid frontcourt for the Bolts, who are hoping to make a splash in the mid-season conference which starts on May 19.
Meanwhile, Jared Dillinger is out for at least a month with a right quad injury while Ranidel de Ocampo is expected to see action after being bothered by injury last conference.
ESPN5's JC Ansis contributed to this report.
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The Carrie Diaries: Season Two Ratings
Last season, The Carrie Diaries was on the bubble and ended up being renewed. Will the ratings improve so that it’s no longer in danger or could it be cancelled by The CW instead? Time will tell.
The Carrie Diaries follows the experiences of young Carrie Bradshaw (AnnaSophia Robb) as she grows into the New York writer we know from Sex and the City. Others in the cast include Lindsey Gort, Austin Butler, Katie Findlay, Brendan Dooling, Ellen Wong, Freema Agyeman, Stefania Owen, Matt Letscher, and Chloe Bridges.
The ratings are typically the best indication of a show’s likelihood of staying on the air. The higher the ratings (particularly the 18-49 demo), the better the chances for survival. This chart will be updated as new ratings data becomes available — usually the next day, around 11:30am EST/8:30am PST. Refresh to see the latest.
How are your shows doing? Check the season rankings: ABC | CBS | CW | FOX | NBC
5/8 update: The CW has cancelled The Carrie Diaries after two seasons.
Final season averages: 0.3 rating in the 18-49 demographic with 820,000 total viewers.
Note: If you’re not seeing the updated charts, please try reloading the page. You can also see them here.
For comparisons: The first season of The Carrie Diaries averaged a 0.5 rating in the 18-49 demographic with 1.14 million total viewers.
Note: Note: These are the Live + Same Day Ratings which include “live” viewing plus delayed DVR viewing, up until 3am local time that same night. Ratings marked with an “*” are the fast affiliate ratings and will be updated with the Live+SD numbers when they are made available. Typically, networks get paid for C+3 ratings which includes DVR viewing within three days of the original airing when commercials are watched. Those numbers are rarely released to the press.
What do you think? Do you still like The Carrie Diaries TV series? Do you think it should be cancelled or be renewed for a third season?
More about: The Carrie Diaries, The Carrie Diaries: canceled or renewed?, The Carrie Diaries: ratings
The Carrie Diaries: Cancelled, No Season Three
The Carrie Diaries: Season One Ratings
The Carrie Diaries: Season Two Renewal From The CW
CW 2012-13 Ratings Averages [Week 32]
Monday TV Show Ratings: Following, Revolution, Carrie Diaries, Voice, NCAA Basketball
Monday TV Show Ratings: 90210, Carrie Diaries, Bachelor, Rules of Engagement, Deception
Monday TV Show Ratings: Rules of Engagement, Deception, 90210, Carrie Diaries
Monday TV Show Ratings: Deception, Carrie Diaries, Following, Rules, 90210
Monday TV Show Ratings: The Following, Rules of Engagement, Deception, Carrie Diaries
Monday TV Show Ratings: Rules of Engagement Season Debut Deception, The Following, Carrie Diaries
Monday TV Show Ratings: Deception, The Following, Carrie Diaries, Bones, Bachelor, Biggest Loser
Monday TV Show Ratings: The Following, Carrie Diaries, Deception, Castle, Hawaii Five-0, Bones
Thursday TV Show Ratings: American Idol, Parks and Recreation, Last Resort, Scandal, Vampire Diaries
The Carrie Diaries: Premiere Ratings
Monday TV Show Ratings: Carrie Diaries, Deception, Bachelor, Castle, Bones, Hawaii Five-0, HIMYM
WHY????? this show should not have been cancelled! they should still make a third season!
This was one of the best shows out there, this paralleled the real sex and the city authentically! The cast and storylines were great, everything was excellent!!
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http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Film/Secrets1933
Film / Secrets (1933)
Create New - Create New - Analysis Characters FanficRecs FanWorks Fridge Haiku Headscratchers ImageLinks Laconic PlayingWith Quotes Recap ReferencedBy Synopsis Timeline Trivia WMG YMMV
Mary Pickford: still cute
Secrets is a 1933 film directed by Frank Borzage, starring Mary Pickford and Leslie Howard.
Mary Marlowe (Mary Pickford) is a child of privilege, daughter of a wealthy New England banker. She has been pledged by her father into marriage with Lord Hurley, an effete British aristocrat. However, she's in love with John Carlton (Leslie Howard), a clerk at her father's bank. Her father William (C. Aubrey Smith) finds out about this and not only fires John, but says he'll prevent John from getting a decent job anywhere in New England. Meanwhile, Mary's marriage to Lord Hurley will take place in two days.
John and Mary elect to elope. They head out to California and raise cattle. They get rich, and John becomes a prominent man in the new state of California, eventually running for public office. However, John has a wandering eye, and his affairs threaten both their marriage and his political career.
Mary Pickford's last film. 41 years old, she was no longer able to play The Ingenue or Dawson Casting roles, and the public proved uninterested in seeing her tackle adult fare.
Tropes:
Call-Back: The radio in the car at the end plays "Oh, Susanna!", which the pioneers in John and Mary's wagon train sang some fifty years before. The final shot is Mary snuggling up to John in the car, followed by a brief clip of the shot of John and Mary in their pioneer wagon.
Death Glare: Mary shoots a brief but intense one at John after John's lover Lolita shows up at a fancy dress ball being hosted by the Carltons.
Death of a Child: John and Mary's baby dies of a fever as the house is besieged by cattle rustlers.
Distant Finale: A coda has the story leap forward some forty-odd years, from 1888 to 1933 or close to it, showing an elderly John and Mary leaving Washington, DC, upon John's retirement after thirty years as a U.S. Senator.
Elopement: Her father's class snobbery forces Mary to run off with John.
Enemy Eats Your Lunch: Jake Houser and his goons steal John's cattle, but not before barging into the house and demanding at the point of a gun that Mary fix them lunch. It's that, rather than the loss of the cattle, that spurs John to raise a posse and come after them.
Enter Stage Window: John climbs a ladder up to Mary's room and then comes in through the window that he's going to California to make a new life.
Establishing Character Moment: How to demonstrate that Jake Houser the cattle rustler is really really evil? Have him point a gun at a baby while demanding food.
Exact Words: When her father demands she leave her room and come back to the engagement party, Mary says "I'll be out of here in ten minutes." It's true, as she immediately elopes with John.
Fainting: Mary fakes this to escape the engagement party.
Have a Gay Old Time: When John climbs up to Mary's window during the engagement party, he says "Do you expect me to stand outside windows all my life watching British lords make love to you?"
High-Class Glass: Helps to establish Lord Hurley as an effete aristocrat.
Kirk's Rock: Thirty years before Star Trek, John and his ranch hand are riding through the Vasquez Rocks formation when they see Houser headed the other way with John's cattle.
Light Feminine and Dark Feminine: It can't be a coincidence that, for their confrontation at the ball, sweet and nurturing wife Mary is wearing a white dress, while John's fiery mistress Lolita is wearing a dark (red? It's a black-and-white movie) one.
No Peripheral Vision: With her father hammering on the door, Mary hurriedly throws her dress down on the floor (it's a huge 19th century formal dress) for John to hide under. William enters the room, sees the dress on the floor, picks it up, and scolds Mary for not taking care of her dress, while John's legs are in plain view at his feet.
The Rustler: Jake Houser, a super-evil cattle rustler who becomes the antagonist in the second act, attacking the Carlton ranch.
Sexy Backless Outfit: How John's mistress, the sexy Lolita, is dressed for the ball.
Three-Act Structure: Three largely self-contained acts in different locations. Act I is John and Mary falling in love in New England and eloping. Act II is their life as pioneer ranchers somewhere in California, confronting violent cattle rustlers. Act III finds them living in a mansion with John campaigning for governor, only to have his mistress pop up.
Title Drop: While telling their children that they want some time alone in their old age, John and Mary explain that there are certain "secrets" between every married couple that only they know.
Verbal Irony: "She's the weakest and most obedient of women," says William, at the very moment his daughter is eloping out the front gate.
Your Cheating Heart: John has a series of affairs after rising to prominence in California.
Queen Christina
Films of the 1930s
She Done Him Wrong
Scrooge (1951)
Creator/United Artists
Separate Tables
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty
Secrets of an Actress
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MyDefence Introduces Modular CUAS Solution For Airports, Prisons And Military Bases
For the past three years, MyDefence has been hard at work with the development of a new type of anti-drone system that can effectively solve the problem of protecting large scale areas against the threat of drones. The system is named KNOX and is a customizable end-to-end anti-drone solution with purpose-built RF sensors, drone radars, and integrated EO/IR for visual tracking. KNOX is now available for commercial use at airports, prisons, critical infrastructure as well as for military use for base security.
The KNOX anti-drone solution fortifies an area against unauthorized drone flights, providing both passive detection and active defeat solutions to neutralize any small drones in the secured airspace. The name KNOX is inspired from the infamous Fort Knox – one of the most secure locations on earth.
To accomplish the most effective detect-and-defeat solution, KNOX utilizes different sensor technologies, which each serves a purpose in detecting, locating, tracking and defeating a drone threat in the vicinity of the secured area.
The anti-drone system includes RF sensors to detect and ultimately defeat drone threats. For military customers, we supply reactive smart jamming effectors – a next generation jamming technology with the least possible impact on other radio communication. Other sensor technology includes purpose-built drone radars that track the location of drones as well as integrated EO/IR for visual tracking in real-time. The combination of sensor technologies complements each other to provide the best possible protection against unauthorized drones.
“We have always engineered our anti-drone solutions around the tactical requirements of the end-user, and I am proud to announce the release of our newest solution, KNOX, which provides the necessary scalability to accommodate protection of very large sites, modularity to integrate third-party sensors and flexibility to integrate the solution into existing security infrastructure,” says Luke Layman, CEO of MyDefence North America.
KNOX is designed for any scale of installation sites, from prison facilities to large international airports spanning miles across. The anti-drone solution can be utilized to protect critical infrastructure and military bases that require scalable anti-drone solutions, which will fortify and harden the perimeter against unauthorized drones in the airspace.
“Allowing customers the ability to integrate third-party sensors and not being dependent on one type of C2 user interface provides a future-proof system, which can continuously be upgraded as the threat evolves and new mitigation solutions are introduced,” says Layman.
The underlying modularity of the software suite handling inputs from the sensors allows for the anti-drone system to be integrated into a customer’s existing security setup, without the need for a stand-alone system. The seamless integration into a customer’s existing security setup results in less required operational training and for a more open platform that can accommodate current and future requirements of the customers.
About MyDefence
MyDefence is founded by military officers with insight into military operations and advanced radio technology. We are specialized in developing sensors and effectors for military customers to mitigate the threat of malicious drones.
MyDefence protects those who protect us. Our combat proven products provide end-users with state-of-the-art technology for enhanced protection and situational awareness on the battlefield. By listening to our end-users and combining their learnings with our technology, we are producing innovative and versatile Counter UAS solutions for any type of mission.
For more information visit mydefence.dk
Drone Delivery Canada Unveils Its Largest and Farthest Range Cargo Delivery Drone
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The Readdicts Book Blog
We're addicted. To reading!
Authors Corner
Cover Reveal- The Naked Truth by Vi Keeland
Photo/Cover Details
Photo Credits: Mondadori Portfolio/Paolo Stella ARTeProduction/Jonathan Segade
Model: Simone Bredariol - D’men
Cover Designer: Sommer Stein, Perfect Pear Creative
**Watch out for a special excerpt sneak peak of The Naked Truth on July 18th!!**
**No Amazon ebook preorder. Will go live on Amazon on release day. Sign up for Vi’s mailing list and/or text alerts now and be the first one notified when it goes live! Amazon paperback!
- Text the word BOOKS to 77948
About the Author: Vi Keeland is a #1 New York Times, #1 Wall Street Journal, and USA Today Bestselling author. With millions of books sold, her titles have appeared in over ninety Bestseller lists and are currently translated in twenty languages. She resides in New York with her husband and their three children where she is living out her own happily ever after with the boy she met at age six.
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Posted by The Readdicts at 5/31/2018 02:30:00 pm 1 comment: Links to this post
Labels: Cover Reveal, The Naked Truth, Vi Keeland
That's What HE Said Thursday #1
That's What HE Said Thursday is a bookish meme hosted by Lynn at Chapter Break Book Blog, where we share our favourite lines said by our book boyfriend to the heroine!
So my first ever That's What HE Said Thursday book meme is dedicated to my favourite book boyfriend, Travis Maddox from Jamie McGuire's Walking Disaster.
"I just happened to see it one day, and I knew there was only one place it could belong... on your perfect little finger."
an you love someone too much?
Travis Maddox learned two things from his mother before she died: Love hard. Fight harder.
In Walking Disaster, the life of Travis is full of fast women, underground gambling, and violence. But just when he thinks he is invincible, Abby Abernathy brings him to his knees.
Every story has two sides. In Beautiful Disaster, Abby had her say. Now it’s time to see the story through Travis’s eyes.
If you participate in this meme, make sure to link me to your post!
Posted by The Readdicts at 5/31/2018 11:30:00 am 1 comment: Links to this post
Labels: That's What HE Said
Waiting on Wednesday #235
"Waiting On Wednesday" is a weekly bookish meme, hosted by Jill at Breaking the Spines, that spotlights upcoming releases we're eagerly anticipating.
The Raging Ones by Krista and Becca Ritchie
Summary-
I will read anything and everything by KB Ritchie so I'm really looking forward to this one.
What are you waiting on? :)
Posted by The Readdicts at 5/30/2018 11:30:00 am 2 comments: Links to this post
Blog Tour: Promo Post- The Wonder of You by Harper Kincaid
Today we are participating in a promo tour for THE WONDER OF YOU by Harper Kincaid. This is a modern-day, romantic re-telling of Alice in Wonderland. Check out the teasers and blurb below.
Read the book for FREE on KindleUnlimited!
Purchase from Amazon US | Amazon UK | Amazon AU | Amazon CA
The Wonder of You by Harper Kincaid
Modern Alice in Wonderland Re-telling Add the book to Goodreads
Follow Harper's newsletter for exclusive excerpts and giveaways.
What if Alice didn’t fall down the rabbit hole, but instead, traveled through Lincoln Tunnel into another kind of Wonderland: New York City. The best day of twenty-five year old Alice Leighton’s life was the day she got to put her nothing special, lil Southern town in her rear-view mirror. Good-bye to phony ‘bless your hearts’ and ‘I’ll pray for you’ crap, all while talking trash behind her back. She’s New York City’s latest addition and she’s going to work her ass off proving she earned her spot in the country’s top grad program. Never again will she let some jerk derail her future and break her heart. Oh, and no more players. She’s D.O.N.E with the ‘cool guys’. Getting caught up in Dare Grangeworth, the art world’s resident bad boy, was not part of her Alice 2.0 plan, even if he is just her type, with his beard, tats sleeves and intense green eyes. When he’s not dodging the press or his cultish fan base, Dare’s making art that makes a statement. Women seem to lose their heads around him – all the more reason why he finds Alice’s candor refreshing. He’s used to women giving in – not giving attitude. He has to get to know this girl, even if it means allowing himself to be the subject of her research. Before too long, he becomes more than a simple outlier she can explain away. And for him everything starts to feel larger than life and upside down, like a heady rush, all while desperately trying not to lose his heart. Become lost and found in this re-imagined story of Alice and her cast of characters, in a world where Wonderland meets Sex-and-the-City.
What reviewers are saying...
Born in California and raised in South Florida, Harper Kincaid has moved around like a gypsy with a bounty on her head ever since. For years, she was a jill of all trades and a master of none, but is now tickled hot pink to pen stories that break and mend people's hearts for a living. Kincaid believes seduction occurs from the neck up, which is why her characters are smart, sexy, and slightly quirky - and definitely worthy to be your next hard-core book crush.
When not writing, she adores listening to indie, lo-fi, complaint rock played on vinyl, the theater, well-informed optimism, happy endings (both kinds), and making those close to her laugh 'til they snort. She is a self-admitted change junkie, loving new experiences and places, but has now happily settled in the cutest lil' town, Vienna, Virginia.
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Labels: Blog Tour, Harper Kincaid, InkSlingerPR, The Wonder of You
Review- Beautiful Bitch by Christina Lauren
Picking up where Beautiful Bastard left off, Chloe Mills and Bennett Ryan continue their steamy, combative relationship.
Just when Chloe’s career starts to take off, Bennett wishes it would all slow down long enough to spend a wild night alone with his girlfriend. But after he refuses to take no for an answer, Chloe and Bennett find themselves with two plane tickets, one French Villa, and a surprising conversation that, predictably, leaves them wrestling under the covers.
Release date: July 9th, 2013
Published by: Gallery Books
Page numbers: 160
Review-
Beautiful Bitch is a novella in the Beautiful Bastard series by Christina Lauren. This novella is like a follow up to the first couple in the series, Bennett and Chloe. I had found the first book, Beautiful Bastard to be a good enough read so I decided to pick up Beautiful Bitch as well. My feelings towards both the books are quite similar. Beautiful Bitch was good enough.
Bennett and Chloe are now together and have officially been so for sometime. The only problem is that they both have really hectic schedules to maintain and can't find the much needed alone time they want. So Bennett decides to take Chloe for a trip to France. But as fate would have it, the couple is met with a ton of obstacles in their path.
The part I liked best about this novella was how completely open Chloe and Bennett were with each other. They trusted each other and though they still had smokin' hot sex they shared this strong bond between them. Both Chloe and Bennett had some growing up to do since the last book and they both showed a marked improvement in their behaviour.
This book also kind of introduces us to the characters which will show up in the next book which is a full length novel. And I have to say, I am looking forward to reading Beautiful Stranger. Beautiful Bitch was a good addition as a novella to the Beautiful Bastard series.
Labels: Beautiful Bastard series, Beautiful Bitch, Christina Lauren, Contemporary Romance, erotica
Book Beginnings on Friday #8
Please join Rose City Reader every Friday to share the first sentence (or so) of the book you are reading, along with your initial thoughts about the sentence, impressions of the book, or anything else the opener inspires. Please remember to include the title of the book and the author’s name.
I pedal fast. Down Rose Drive, where houses swim in pools of orange streetlight. Where people sit on verandas, hoping to catch a breeze. Let me make it in time. Please let me make it in time.
-Graffiti Moon by Cath Crowley
Lucy is in love with Shadow, a mysterious graffiti artist.
Ed thought he was in love with Lucy, until she broke his nose.
Dylan loves Daisy, but throwing eggs at her probably wasn't the best way to show it.
Jazz and Leo are slowly encircling each other.
An intense and exhilarating 24 hours in the lives of four teenagers on the verge: of adulthood, of HSC, of finding out just who they are, and who they want to be.
A lyrical new YA novel from the award-winning author of Chasing Charlie Duskin and the Gracie Faltrain series.
Labels: Book Beginnings on Friday
Review- The Weekend Bucket List by Mia Kerick
The Weekend Bucket List on Goodreads
High school seniors Cady LaBrie and Cooper Murphy have yet to set one toe out of line—they’ve never stayed out all night or snuck into a movie, never gotten drunk or gone skinny-dipping. But they have each other, forty-eight hours before graduation, and a Weekend Bucket List.
There’s a lot riding on this one weekend, especially since Cady and Cooper have yet to admit, much less resolve, their confounding feelings for one another—feelings that prove even more difficult to discern when genial high school dropout Eli Stanley joins their epic adventure. But as the trio ticks through their bucket list, the questions they face shift toward something new: Must friendship play second fiddle to romance? Or can it be the ultimate prize?
Release date: April 19th 2018
Published by: Duet Books, the YA imprint of Interlude Press
The Weekend Bucket List sounded like a fun read when I first heard about it. I was really looking forward to reading it, so when I finally started the book, I was excited for the journey. The book ended up being fun for sure, but there was so much more to it than just that.
The Weekend Bucket List starts off as a very fun and frolic read with closest friends Cady and Cooper ticking off items of their bucket list the weekend before graduation just because the two nerds want to experience what most high schoolers go through. Completing tasks like skinny dipping, running naked on the beach, sneaking into a movie theatre, conquering a fear and having their first kiss are some of the items of their list which they accomplish in a fun fashion. During this time, they come across hot, mysterious and very humble Eli, who joins them on their journey.
When the weekend of the bucket list is over, Cady and Cooper’s relationship takes a different turn and this is where The Weekend Bucket List goes from being a fun read to a rather intense and realistic read as our main protagonists start figuring out who they are and what they want from life. This is the part about YA novels that I love the most- the discovery of self. And author Mia Kerick did it brilliantly in her book.
I absolutely adored my ride with Cady and Cooper. While I instantly loved Cooper and Eli, Cady was slightly difficult for me to relate to, especially in the second part of the book. I didn’t dislike her and I did understand her situation and everything she was going through, but I felt she could have made better decisions. Nonetheless, I loved getting to know more about her family which again is something that YA novels focus on and I adore.
Overall, The Weekend Bucket List is a very engrossing read. Once your finish part one of the book, it sails very smoothly and you just want to know more. I found myself having a great time with Cady, Cooper and Eli. I don’t normally say this because I’m cool with it, but I would have loved an epilogue for this book as it would’ve given me some more time with the lovely characters whom I could relate to and who made me fall in friendship.
*Note: A copy of this book was provided by YA Bound and author Mia Kerick in exchange for an honest review. We thank them.
Buy the book: AMAZON
Labels: Contemporary, LGBT, Mia Kerick, Review, Romance, The Weekend Bucket List, YA Bound, Young Adult
The Fragile Ordinary by Samantha Young
I am Comet Caldwell.
And I sort of, kind of, absolutely hate my name.
People expect extraordinary things from a girl named Comet. That she’ll be effortlessly cool and light up a room the way a comet blazes across the sky.
But from the shyness that makes her book-character friends more appealing than real people to the parents whose indifference hurts more than an open wound, Comet has never wanted to be the center of attention. She can’t wait to graduate from her high school in Edinburgh, Scotland, where the only place she ever feels truly herself is on her anonymous poetry blog. But surely that will change once she leaves to attend university somewhere far, far away.
When new student Tobias King blazes in from America and shakes up the school, Comet thinks she’s got the bad boy figured out. Until they’re thrown together for a class assignment and begin to form an unlikely connection. Everything shifts in Comet’s ordinary world. Tobias has a dark past and runs with a tough crowd—and none of them are happy about his interest in Comet. Targeted by bullies and thrown into the spotlight, Comet and Tobias can go their separate ways…or take a risk on something extraordinary.
I am a huge Samantha Young fan and I enjoyed her last YA novel so looking forward to this one.
Teaser Tuesday is a weekly bookish meme hosted by Miz B of A Daily Rhythm. Anyone can play along!
"If someone hurts me, I keep my distance from that person. And maybe sometimes I get mad, but I never get even. If I want something to improve in my life, the most I'm willing to do is hope for change."
-The Weekend Bucket List by Mia Kerick
What teaser have you shared from your current read? Let me know!
Labels: Teaser Tuesday
Review- Come to me Recklessly by A.L.Jackson
His heart was turned off…
Until she turned him on…
Christopher Moore gave up on the idea of love years ago. Now, his life is an endless string of parties and an even longer string of girls. Enjoying the physical perks with none of the emotional mess, hes convinced everyone that hes satisfied—everyone but himself.
Samantha Schultz has moved on with her life. Finishing her student teaching and living with her boyfriend, shes deluded herself into believing shes content. But there is one boy she never forgot—her first love—and she keeps the memory of him locked up tight. She will never allow any man to break her the way Christopher did.
When Christopher's sister and her family move into a new neighborhood, Christopher is completely unprepared to find Samantha living at the end of the street. Memories and unspent desires send them on collision course of sex, lies, and lust. But when guilt and fear send Samantha running, Christopher will have to fight for what has always been his.
Release date: April 7th, 2015
Published by: NAL
I had really enjoyed the first book in A.L.Jackson's Closer to You series. Come To Me Recklessly is the third book in the series which is the story of Aly's brother Christopher and Samantha. I have to admit I did not enjoy this book much. I just had way too many issues with it. The only thing good about the book was the writing and what parts we got about Jared and Aly.
So let's start with this. We have Christopher who has given up on love when he was sixteen and he lost the girl he loved. Now his life is filled with parties and hook ups. The only good thing in his life is Aly and Jared and their daughter Ella. But things change when Samantha walks back in. The simplest way to put this would be to say that Christopher was an asshole for half the book. He does improve but he is very much stuck in his spiral of pain.
Then we have Samantha. Samantha was portrayed to be a really nice and innocent person but then she started spewing all these lies and I couldn't see what Christopher saw in her. The worst thing, and this may be a minor spoiler was the cheating. I hated that Samantha cheated on her live in boyfriend. Yes, he may be an ass but I think she could have handled things much differently.
Christopher and Samantha defintiely have chemistry. They had been together in the past despite the odds and they do love each other still. The book goes in the present with flashbacks from the past. But I felt that the misunderstanding between them was quite silly. I felt that the conflict was not strong enough to have kept them apart for seven years.
So, yeah Christopher and Samantha irritated me. But I liked all the bits where we see how Jared and Aly are doing. They have come a long way. I also enjoyed Samantha's younger brother Stewart and how his plot went. Come To Me Recklessly was an okay read for me.
Labels: A.L.Jackson, Closer to You series, Come to me Recklessly, New Adult, Romance
I think I killed a girl who looked like this once.
-Girl of Nightmares by Kendare Blake
It's been months since the ghost of Anna Korlov opened a door to Hell in her basement and disappeared into it, but ghost-hunter Cas Lowood can't move on.
His friends remind him that Anna sacrificed herself so that Cas could live—not walk around half dead. He knows they're right, but in Cas's eyes, no living girl he meets can compare to the dead girl he fell in love with.
Now he's seeing Anna everywhere: sometimes when he's asleep and sometimes in waking nightmares. But something is very wrong...these aren't just daydreams. Anna seems tortured, torn apart in new and ever more gruesome ways every time she appears.
Cas doesn't know what happened to Anna when she disappeared into Hell, but he knows she doesn't deserve whatever is happening to her now. Anna saved Cas more than once, and it's time for him to return the favor.
Grand Finale Blitz- Love, Unexpected by Virginia McCullough
Book Tour Grand Finale for
Love, Unexpected
By Virginia McCullough
We hope you enjoyed the tour! If you missed any of the stops
you can see snippets, as well as the link to each full post, below:
Launch - Note from the Author
Welcome to this book tour for LOVE, UNEXPECTED. I hope you’re happy to be back for the third visit to Two Moon Bay, Wisconsin. Book 3 of my Two Moon Bay series finds us on the waterfront again. Back when I wrote GIRL IN THE SPOTLIGHT, I knew Andi Sterling, Miles Jenkins’ former wife and Brooke’s mom, needed her own story. She told me so many times. You may remember Zeke Donovan and his dad, Art. They own Donovan Marine Supply and they made a couple of appearances in Book 2, SOMETHING TO TREASURE. They’re now front and center is this story, and Zeke gets a chance to expand his world—and his heart...
Heidi Reads... - Drifting Dreams
Like Andi says in LOVE, UNEXPECTED, someone (they don’t yet know who) named the wooden motor yacht Drifting Dreamer for a reason. For me, the name brings to mind the old song “Moon River,” with “two drifters off to see the world.” As Zeke observed, in 1939 no one built a 50-foot yacht if they didn’t have some big dreams.
The Power of Words - Review
"There's a lot to like in this sweet romance by Virginia McCullough, and I thoroughly enjoyed the story of Andi and Zeke in Love, Unexpected...
I loved how everything comes together, making the story’s restoration theme not only about Drifting Dreamer, but Andi’s dreams as well."
Stacking My Book Shelves! - Excerpt
He let Teddy take him to the woman, who was tall and slender, and wore jeans and a red T-shirt. When she saw him coming, she lifted her sunglasses and perched them on her head. In her other hand, she held a giant-size Bean Grinder to-go cup.
“Good morning,” she called out, smiling. “I suppose I’m trespassing.”
He was tongue-tied. By a pretty smile and long legs. He raised his hand in protest. “Probably so, but we won’t call the sheriff, at least not yet.”
“I see. I have to prove myself first.” She held up the cup. “I’m armed only with the Bean Grinder’s morning mix.”
“In that case, we’ll…” Zeke watched Teddy sniffing the woman’s sneakers. “I was going to say we’ll call off the dogs, but, too late.”
I Am A Reader - Does Zeke Keep his Promises?
Early readers have remarked that Zeke is a likeable guy. What’s not to like? He’s very attractive, friendly, a successful owner of a marine supply store, smart, and he even has a sense of humor. But he’s in his late thirties, and he’s never been married and doesn’t have kids. And it looks like he lives with dad. Really? Could be Zeke is a guy afraid to make a commitment. Here are the facts. You be the judge...
Inside the Mind of an Avid Reader - Review
"Love, Unexpected by Virginia McCullough takes us back to two moon bay. I love this little town. I always enjoy each visit. In this visit we get to restore an old yacht as well as get to know the lovely Andi and Zeke. The are both very humbling and sweet. I enjoyed getting to know both of them."
Reading Is My SuperPower - Excerpt
Andi stretched her arm to get deep inside a hard-to-reach cubbyhole behind the navigation table to check for damaged wood. Her hand hit a divider with a finger grip, but the first tug didn’t budge it. The second and third tries didn’t move it, either. Determined now, she took a breath and gave it one more hard pull. Bam…she captured the graying piece of wood, but jerked backward with the force of the movement.
When she righted herself, she shined her flashlight inside to have a look inside the narrow space. The beam caught the corner of something that looked like paper.
“Well, well, what’s this all about?” she said to herself, curious and excited. Secret papers? That could be an overstatement, but these pages weren’t left out in the open. Someone had stashed them out of sight.
Colorimetry - Andi’s Tips for Single Moms
Andi laughed in my ear when I ask her about tips for single moms, but once I got her started, she didn’t hesitate to give me her list, starting with:
Luck out and have a good ex-husband...
Hearts & Scribbles - Excerpt
Andi tilted her head and looked where he was pointing. “Stars. Imagine that. It’s been ages since I’ve seen more than a few of the brightest ones.”
Zeke exaggerated a sweeping gesture to take in the boat. “So happens we have a boat. I guess when we get her put back together some, she could take us far enough out to see some stars, huh? This fall, before it gets too cold.”
Andi responded with a quick slap of her palms. “See? You inherited a floating stargazer. She’s only slightly torn apart.”
Zeke laughed. Drifting Dreamer wasn’t exactly ready for even a short cruise. It wouldn’t be long, though. Andi was making progress.
Hardcover Feedback - Review
"Love, Unexpected was a fun read. I recognized some of the characters, since I'd read the first book in the series, Girl in the Spotlight, last year. I definitely think this book stands on its own, but it was fun seeing how those characters lives have continued...
I definitely recommend this novel to all fans of contemporary romance. I'm looking forward to reading more by this author."
E-Romance News - Excerpt
“I’m probably speaking out of turn,” Joy said, grimacing, “but I had a peculiar kind of bond with Zeke because of his mother.”
“Oh?” Andi’s heart pounded as she waited for the information. She was impatient for it, whether she’d like what she learned or not.
“My mom was a teacher, too,” Joy said. “One afternoon I was waiting outside for her after school. Zeke was there, too. I remember how he was kicking a stone around the gravel schoolyard while he waited for his mom to pick him up.”
Call it intuition or simply picking up Joy’s somber tone, but Andi began to feel a little queasy. “This story ends badly, doesn’t it, Joy?”
“Yes.” Joy paused, but Andi didn’t fill the silence.
Andi's Book Reviews - Review
"Heartwarming is definitely the right category for this sweet romance. It's such a subtle one, which is a breath of fresh air in a market saturated by fast love and lust. Don't get me wrong, I do enjoy a lot of those books as well. But a story like this one feels so much more realistic to me and leaves me feeling a bit more peaceful and nostalgic.
...I have fallen in love with Two Moon Bay and its inhabitants. I hope more stories are yet to come from this beautiful place."
Locks, Hooks and Books - Review
"I thought it was sweet, inspiring and heartwarming. Andi and Zeke had wonderful chemistry and their story were relateable to me. I love the beautiful setting of Two Moon Bay..."
Wishful Endings - What’s So Special about a Wooden Yacht?
Zeke and Andi have become attached to Drifting Dreamer. I understand why. I’ve been lucky enough to own a classic wooden sailboat, and later, a fiberglass boat with gorgeous wood trim. What was the difference between the two boats? Why do Zeke and Andi have such special feelings about the classic wooden motor yacht?...
Bri's Book Nook - Review
"I haven’t read a sweet romance novel in a while, and this was definitely a nice refreshing one. I read this book almost entirely in one sitting even though the book is almost 400 pages long, and was engaged for every single page."
underneath the covers - Restore? Or Accept “as is?”
When Zeke hires Andi to work on Drifting Dreamer, he has no doubt that the boat can be restored, meaning made wonderful and operational again while preserving the original beauty from its era. Zeke’s confident about this because at one time he was well known for restoring many local historical sites...
Nicole's Book Musings - Excerpt
Zeke opened a cabinet where they stored things they almost never used and spotted a couple of vases on the top shelf. He pulled one down and arranged the flowers inside it before adding water.
Art let out a low whistle. “I haven’t seen you bring flowers to a woman in a long time.”
“It’s been a long time. That’s a fact,” Zeke said.
“Look, Zeke, you can tell me if you’re interested in Andi.”
“I know, Dad.”
He didn’t know how to respond. He was getting serious, but he didn’t know about Andi. With his back to his dad, he said, “I like her for lots of reasons, Dad. I think she likes me, too. That’s all I can say right now.”
Rockin' Book Reviews - Review
"In this entertaining new novel by talented Author, Virginia McCullough, a woman and her 10 year-old-daughter move to a new, smaller town to be nearer the girl's father and his new wife...
This is a relaxing read with a few twists. However, it is mostly predictable but written with a flair and well-utilized literary skills. It keeps the reader's interest."
Don't forget to enter the giveaway below, if you haven't already...
(Two Moon Bay #3)
May 1st 2018 by Harlequin Heartwarming
Moving to a new place isn’t easy…
Until a neglected ship and its owner make her feel at home
After spying a boat in need of some TLC, single mom Andi Sterling strikes a deal with its owner, Zeke Donovan, who shares her passion for restoring old things. Uncovering the legendary ship’s secrets draws them closer. Is it too soon for Andi to open her heart to the chance to build new dreams?
Goodreads│Amazon│B&N│Harlequin│iBooks│Kobo│GooglePlay
Other Books in the Series
Girl in the Spotlight
June 1st 2017 by Harlequin Heartwarming
The daughter they never knew
When Miles Jenkins sees the graceful young figure skater on TV, he can't believe how much she resembles Lark McGee, the girl he dated briefly in college. Could this aspiring star be the child Lark gave up for adoption eighteen years ago? He has to find out.
Locating Lark ignites conflicting emotions in Miles—including regrets for what might have been and romantic feelings that take the two single parents by surprise. As they prepare to meet their daughter, this deeper connection between the two just might be the chance at love they never got.
Goodreads│Amazon│Barnes & Noble│Harlequin│iBooks│Kobo│GooglePlay
Something to Treasure
January 1st 2018 by Harlequin Heartwarming
If anyone can save him, she’s the one
Jerrod Walters hopes relocating to the coastal town of Two Moon Bay can be the fresh start he and his young daughter need. But the single dad is caught off guard when a beautiful PR professional offers to promote his diving excursions to legendary shipwreck sites. There’s so much he admires about Dawn Larson, starting with the woman’s upbeat, can-do personality. Dawn’s boundless capacity for joy might be the only thing capable of bringing him back to life after his tragic loss…
A writer all her adult life, Virginia McCullough has had the opportunity to write the stories of her heart in her novels, including Girl in the Spotlight, the first book in her Two Moon Bay series for Harlequin Heartwarming. (Book 2 is scheduled for release in January 2018). Her award-winning romance and women’s fiction titles include The Jacks of Her Heart, Amber Light, Greta’s Grace, The Chapels on the Hill, and Island Healing.
Born and raised in Chicago, Virginia has been lucky enough to develop her writing career in many locations, including the coast of Maine, the mountains of North Carolina, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and currently, Northeast Wisconsin. She started her career in nonfiction, first writing articles and then books as a ghostwriter and coauthor. She’s written more than 100 books for physicians, business owners, professional speakers and many others with information to share or a story to tell.
Virginia’s books feature characters who could be your neighbors and friends. They come in all ages and struggle with everyday life issues in small-town environments that almost always include water—oceans, lakes, or rivers. The mother of two grown children, you’ll find Virginia with her nose a book, walking on trails or her neighborhood street, or she may be packing her bag to take off for her next adventure. And she’s always working on another story about hope, healing, and second chances.
Website│Goodreads│Facebook│Twitter│Bookbub│Amazon│Newsletter
1 winner will receive a $50 Amazon Gift Card and the pictured Handfelted Wool Bowl and Gemstones (US only):
Description: A beautiful handfelted wool bowl filled with colorful gemstones to add a little beauty to your home. The bowl contains a small amethyst cluster from Uruguay which is generally used in rooms where people tend to congregate such as kitchens and family rooms. It is said to bring about peace and open communication. The bowl also includes a pink chunk of rose quartz from Brazil as a reminder of love and healing, a candle quartz crystal crystal from Madagascar said to make anyone who enters your home feel welcome, a pretty piece of blue lace agate from Southwest Africa to help create relaxing and accepting energy near your front door, a deep blue apatite heart from Sri Lanka to encourage the sharing of feelings and tangerine quartz from Brazil for information retention and perfect for your office, study or a student's room.
Ends May 16th
Labels: Grand Finale Blitz, Love, Love Unexpected, Prism Tours, Unexpected, Virginia McCullough
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Corporate// December 14, 2017
Understanding The Psychology Of Goals Will Help You Follow Through On Intentions
It’s surprisingly easy to make your goals a reality.
Thrive Global Staff
Succeeding in work—and life—is ultimately about expanding yourself, and this is what intentions do. This idea of growth is baked into the very origins of the word, combining in—, a Latin prefix for toward, and tendere, meaning “stretch.” When we form intentions, we’re stretching toward our futures, and helping bring the most successful versions of ourselves into the world. This is part lofty, philosophical reflection—what do I really want?— and part grounded, everyday task management—how do I make my schedule reflect my values?
The science of intention setting is interdisciplinary: it involves your personality traits, the mindset you bring to your work, and your relationships, to name but a few factors. The key is to bring your big picture dreams—write a book!— into down-to-earth reality—get up an hour early and type into an empty screen. In a way, intention setting is a mindfulness exercise: you step outside your day for a moment, take account of where you’re at, and where you’d like to go—and it consistently leads to improved performance.
Here are a few of science’s best insights into making that everyday magic happen.
Welcome to The Thrive Guide to Intention Setting
Thrive Global is a behavior change platform focused on lowering stress and burnout while increasing well-being and productivity. The company, founded by Arianna Huffington, creates lasting change in people’s lives by giving them sustainable, science-backed solutions to enhance their performance and overall well-being.
This Thrive Guide will show you how to set intentions, explain why it’s harder to follow through for some people more than others, and demonstrate the changes you can make in your life to make your intentions more like to be realized.
To do that, we’ll outline the latest research on how the best ways to both set goals and follow through on them. Thrive Global is centered around Microsteps — small, science-backed changes you can immediately incorporate into your daily life that will have a big impact. (Want to skip right to those? Here they are.)
Thrive Guides also feature New Role Models Of Success we can look to for inspiration on intention setting: Escada chairman Megha Mittal shares on how Zen Buddhism has influenced her approach to life, MSNBC anchor Ayman Mohyeldin details how empathy helps him understand himself and other, and Under Armour CEO Kevin Plank reveals how Teddy Roosevelt helps him get the right things done.
Our Tech To Thrive section will help you master the daily practice of setting intentions.
And since no one truly gets anything done alone, our Managerial Takeaways lays out what leaders can do to help their teams and organizations get better command of their intentions, and also get everybody on the same page.
But first, let’s dig into what psychology, organizational behavior, and neuroscience know about intention setting.
The personality trait that helps turn intentions into reality.
There’s a word for the personality trait that helps people make a lifelong habit of following through on their intentions: conscientiousness. And it’s been thoroughly studied by psychologists. Brent Roberts, a University of Illinois professor who’s done a lot of research on the trait, says that conscientiousness is the degree to which someone controls their impulses, cares about goals, makes plans, delays gratification, and follows the rules.
Conscientious people are better employed, get better job performance ratings, and have higher overall career success, earnings and life satisfaction than their less conscientious peers. Conscientious managers shield their employees from toxic work environments, and conscientious 10-year-olds turn into healthier adults at age 50.
The daily setting of intentions is a practice of linking your daily activities to your long-term goals. And conscientious people are very attuned to goals: how to set them, how to follow through on them, and what to do if you can’t meet them. (Hint: have a plan.) Conscientious people are on time for things and make deadlines. They’re also organized, so they don’t lose 20 minutes looking for a file that a less conscientious person would have lost. Being conscientious “is like brushing your teeth,” says Brent Roberts, a University of Illinois psychology professor who studies conscientiousness.”It prevents problems from arising.” If you’re the kind of person who sends a calendar invite after asking someone on a date, you might be conscientious. The research has found that conscientious people are orderly, industrious, responsible, self-controlled and tend to follow traditions and norms. (That’s also why, if they want to innovate, which often requires breaking the rules, they may need to act as though they’re not so dutiful.)
Thankfully, your level of conscientiousness isn’t something that’s fixed — it appears to “naturalistically” increase over the course of a lifetime; researchers infer that as life layers on the responsibilities—bigger job, a spouse, possible offspring— you have no choice but to learn to handle them.
But if you’re of the more free-spirited, anti-authoritarian stripe, fret not; Cambridge personality scholar Brian Little has found that people can adopt “free traits” when taking on personal projects that really matter to them, and do the opposite of what comes naturally to them, given that the situation demands it. The procrastinator, upon reflecting on the import of a big project at home, may choose to set careful deadlines for herself and act on them.
As Little outlines in his new book Who Are You, Really?, another way a less conscientious person can borrow a strategy from their more dutiful peers is by spinning mundane tasks into enjoyable ones. “A numbingly boring task can be made more interesting by transforming it into a game where you pit yourself against an imagined opposition or even your previous self of yesterday,” he writes in . “Even if you are not so conscientious, this strategy can help you get through a long to-do list.”
Whether or not you’re naturally conscientious, you can use those strategies: you set standards for yourself, create incremental deadlines, and regularly check-in with yourself along the way to see how you’re doing. Little says can practice with something as simple as doing the dishes: if you are present enough with the process—appreciating the shifting heft of a bowl or plate in your hands as you wash it, the sensation of the water, and the like—you can find something delightful in it. “You can get so absorbed in that fine act of conscientiousness that it becomes meaningful in itself,” he says.
Following through on intentions also means not being afraid of imperfection. (That’s part of why perfectionists are such notorious procrastinators; something can’t go wrong if you never get started.)
Beyond being conscientious—hitting deadlines and the like—we need to adopt a mindset that sees mistakes as challenging, rather than embarrassing. As stepping stones on the road to success. That is the psychology of making intentions happen.
The mindset that helps people follow through—and recover when things don’t go quite right.
Even with your best intentions, you’re not going to get everything perfect the first time; goals are rarely reached on the very first try. So it’s important to take the right attitude toward imperfection. Influential Stanford psychologist Carol Dweck has found that students—and the adults they become—are more able to have sustainable success by having the right “mindset.” She has found that, depending on how parents and other caregivers model and teach kids about achievement, people enter the world with either a fixed or a growth mindset. If kids are told they did well on a test because they were so smart, then they may have developed a fixed view; if they were told their success was because of their effort, then they’ll be growth oriented. “Individuals with a fixed mindset believe that their intelligence is simply an inborn trait—they have a certain amount, and that’s that,” she’s written. “In contrast, individuals with a growth mindset believe that they can develop their intelligence over time.”
Kids—and adults—with a fixed mindset want to look smart, and thus find mistakes embarrassing proof that they’re not perfect. If their success, or lack of it, is solely due to an inborn trait, why try harder next time? Because of that, the fixed mindset steers people away from risk, experiment, and innovation, while a growth mindset sees mistakes as a sign of challenge. To be fixed means that you think effort means you’re just not naturally good at something; growth holds that effort is the only way to improve. The key, Dweck says, is to actually ignore “success” in favor of pursuing challenges: that way, you’re pouring your effort into the task at hand, rather than becoming self-conscious about how it might look to others.
Anne Lamott, the writing sage and author of Bird By Bird, calls on aspiring scribes to write awful first drafts: no successful writer sites down at their desk feeling great, and then neatly unfurls crisp, clear copy. “This is just the fantasy of the uninitiated,” she explains. Rather—whether it’s the great American novel or a client-winning slide deck—they slog through a cringe-worthy, childlike first version and revise from there. “All good writers write” terrible first drafts, she says. “This is how they end up with good second drafts and terrific third drafts.” And so it goes with any other project you take on: get your ideas on the page (or Excel doc), and revise from there. The key is to see the project as a challenge, and not get alarmed if it doesn’t come out perfectly the first time. Trust yourself that you can revise, because you can.
The relationships that shape your goals.
Setting your intentions—and holding to them—isn’t just a matter of what’s in your head. An intriguing line of research shows that our goals aren’t just of our own authorship; they’re drawn from our environments, particularly the people we surround ourselves with. Research indicates that we absorb our goals and expectations from our significant others, lending empirical weight to Sheryl Sandberg’s advice that the biggest career decision you’ll ever make is deciding whom you’ll marry. Similarly, we like people more when they seem relevant to our goals, and the people who are best at sticking to their goals surround themselves with others who are similarly on point. The results indicate that focus involves “positioning oneself in social environments that support goal pursuit and increase one’s chances of success,” writes co-author James Shah, a Duke professor who’s done a significant amount of goal research. Indeed, his work has also found that just hearing about a friend’s deadline will make you more goal oriented.
Commit to making changes right now.
While these might seem like deep-seated character qualities, they’re all things that we can nurture throughout our lives. We can look for ways to be more conscientious in our work and our relationships, and we can try to spot where we still have a fixed mindset about some things — took the wrong exit off the highway, I’m such an idiot! And socially, we can purposefully ally ourselves with people who share our ambitions, and realize our goals together.
Here are some simple microsteps to start on right now:
Write down three things you accomplished at the end of each day.
When you let yourself acknowledge what you have achieved — however small — rather than what you haven’t, you’ll be much more motivated and engaged.
When you wake up in the morning, don’t start your day by looking at your smartphone.
Instead, take at least one minute to breathe deeply, or be grateful, or set your intention for the day.
Do one small thing each morning that brings you joy.
Before diving into your phone, make time for at least one thing that brings you joy – meditating, spending a little time with someone you love, making breakfast, or taking a walk. From this foundation, you’ll be better able to set your intentions and be productive once you get to work.
— Published on December 14, 2017
Here’s a Way Around New Year’s Resolutions
by Diana Raab, PhD
The Power of a Pause
by Patti Clark
Look Back at 2018 & Plan to B.E. — W.I.L.D. in 2019
by Dr. Mara Karpel
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Thyme of the Season
Folk Art Studio & Store
Born in Toronto, Andrea Turnbull graduated from McMaster University before running a successful painting business for three years and becoming a construction site coordinator. Her love of wood and hand tools, along with a natural ability to reshape lumber. led Turnbull to her true passion, woodcarving, and she began creating art pieces in her free time, drawing inspiration from her history studies and from the world around her. In 2001, she said goodbye to the construction industry and moved to Muskoka to practice her art on a full-time basis. Soon she was combining her whimsical wood carvings with found elements such as tin ceiling tiles, rusting bedsprings and vintage magazine advertisements.
With new surroundings so conducive to creativity, Turnbull has flourished, producing ever-evolving work that combines wit and sensitivity with a sure hand. She exhibits her mixed medium figures in numerous art shows in Muskoka, and has had one person exhibitions in many of the Ontario galleries that carry her work. Andrea and her husband Matt also own and operate their home studio and gallery, Thyme of the Season, in Port Carling.
Putting up with the Turnbulls
Emailing List
Gallery of Work
Archive Gallery
Birds on Springs
Vibrant Voyageur
Vintage Fashions
Copyright Andrea Turnbull and Thyme of the Season, 2001-2015. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from Andrea Turnbull and/or Thyme of the Season is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Andrea Turnbull and Thyme of the Season with appropriate and specific direction to original content.
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President Trump receives a piece of American history from the Netherlands
New Zealand, Red Cross at odds over naming captive nurse
By The Associated Press 04/16/2019
This undated photo provided on Monday, April 15, 2019, by International Committee of the Red Cross shows Syrian driver Nabil Bakdounes. (International Committee of the Red Cross via AP)
New Zealand’s government did not approve an aid agency’s decision to release the name of a New Zealand nurse held captive by the Islamic State group in Syria, the country’s foreign minister said Tuesday.
Foreign Minister Winston Peters said an International Committee of the Red Cross official’s claim to have acted with New Zealand’s agreement was “balderdash.” He said New Zealand opposed any steps that might endanger 62-year-old midwife and nurse Louisa Akavi or impede her location and release.
“That’s a very polite way of describing how one person has, in my view, dropped the ball so to speak,” Peters said.
This undated photo provided on Monday, April 15, 2019, by International Committee of the Red Cross shows Syrian driver Alaa Rajab. (International Committee of the Red Cross via AP)
The ICRC said it believed it had New Zealand’s support for its decision to allow the New York Times on Sunday to publish the name and nationality Akavi, who was taken prisoner in northwest Syria in 2013.
Ever since her capture, successive New Zealand governments and the ICRC maintained an agreement with international media to keep secret the nurse’s name and nationality.
New Zealand feared naming Akavi would make her a high profile captive, more likely to be executed by her captors for propaganda. More recently ISIS has vowed to avenge a March 15 attack that left 50 dead at two mosques in New Zealand and Akavi’s nationality could make her a target for retribution.
This undated photo released by International Committee of the Red Cross, the organization’s New Zealand nurse Louisa Akavi. (International Committee of the Red Cross via AP)
ICRC director of operations Dominik Stillhart said he believed the agency had acted with New Zealand’s agreement.
“We would not have made that decision without the support of the New Zealand Government,” he said.
The aid group reasoned that with the collapse of the Islamic State group, naming Akavi would raise the chance of receiving news of her whereabouts and those of the two Syrian drivers kidnapped with her.
The agency said it had received information that Akavi may have been seen alive as recently as December.
New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern on Monday indicated her disappointment with the ICRC’s decision to release the nurse’s name and also said the government had not given its blessing to reveal that information.
Peters said he didn’t want to get engaged in a dispute with the ICRC and have the search for Akavi detoured by it.
He said New Zealand had shared information with the ICRC throughout Akavi’s captivity and there had been times when rescue teams had come close to the location at which she was being held.
“The fact of the matter is we went there looking for someone in the most extremely difficult, changing circumstances and we’ve never given up hope and we’re not giving up hope now,” he said.
Tags:New Zealand Islamic State group New Zealand government Categories: Asia & Pacific World
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in Health, Horoscopes
How Much Do You Know About Your Chinese Star Sign?
Here’s your ultimate guide to your Chinese star sign. Okay, we’re all in the know about our zodiac star sign but how much do you really know about your eastern counterpart?
Legend has it Buddha had reached enlightenment and was ready to leave the Earth. At his farewell dinner he honoured the only 12 animals that joined him by celebrating a new year in their name, each correlating with the order in which they arrived.
If you’re a Rat
Rats were the first ones to reach Buddha’s feast but only through sheer cunning! In fact, the Ox was in first place but the Rat decided to hitch a ride on the Ox’s back and pushed its way into first place. You are, therefore, endowed with ambition, cunning, intelligence, and motivated by the desire to accumulate wealth.
Possessing fine communication skills, an analytical mind, and an abundance of business acumen, you generally make CEO at an early age and reach lofty heights. You’re a sociable critter with a passion for entertaining and feel most comfortable within a group of people. You also have an innate sense of style and elegance that’s reflected in a “less is more” way. When in love, you make a loyal protective and committed partner.
Positive traits: Loyal, thoughtful, charismatic and empathetic.
Negative traits: Highly-strung, critical and possessive.
If you’re an Ox
Strong as an Ox? Indeed, your most noteworthy attribute is a sturdy constitution, so it’s little wonder the Rat hitchhiked on your back! Rarely succumbing to illness, you possess great physical strength and a seemingly endless reserve of energy. Blessed with tenacity, patience, determination and dedication you are able to initiate projects and see them through to the very end. Although you’re by no means narrow-minded you usually prefer the respectable and traditional route, advocating marriage rather than casual affairs. Others are attracted to your wisdom and trustworthiness, often seeking your counsel and sympathetic ear and when giving someone your word you will not let them down. You have a strong appreciation of beauty and the finer things in life and being the consummate gastronome you love indulging your senses. In love you are honest, sensual and romantic.
Positive traits: Responsible, industrious and dutiful.
Negative traits: Conservative, stubborn and intolerant.
If you’re a Tiger
In China it is the Tiger not the Lion who reigns supreme. You are, therefore, endowed with a magnetic personality, charisma and strong leadership qualities. An asset in your workplace, you have the ability to enthuse others with your uplifting and motivating presence. You’re spontaneous, optimistic and a born risk-taker with a lust for life and childlike enthusiasm. With such a pioneering spirit you love embarking on adventures. You have a strong sense of independence and object to limitations of any kind being imposed on you, especially by romantic partners. You have tremendous strength and courage, two attributes that help you overcome most obstacles life throws at you. You love to be in love but live for the chase and are impulsive in your emotions.
Positive traits: Optimistic, generous and passionate.
Negative traits: Reckless, impatient and aggressive.
If you’re a Rabbit (Cat)
You are extremely diplomatic and tactful and tend to manage sticky situations with the greatest of ease. However, being a born mediator doesn’t necessarily mean you enjoy being the middle man/woman. Au contraire – you generally loathe confrontation and desire a harmonious environment. Your home is your castle. It is always tastefully decorated and reflects your sense of style. You’re sensitive and perceptive, preferring to be behind the scenes observing from a safe distance rather than actively participating and being the centre of attention. For all your reticence you are, however, a great networker and a very competent negotiator. In love you are very affectionate and need lots of attention which others can find to be a little on the high maintenance side.
Positive traits: Discreet, intuitive, refined and harmonious.
Negative traits: Aloof, moody, self-absorbed and indecisive.
If you’re a Dragon
As the only mythical creature in the Junishi you are regarded as a somewhat ethereal creature, often serving as a source of great inspiration. Others deeply admire your innate confidence and vibrant personality. Blessed with an infectious enthusiasm and an optimistic disposition you often win the support of others with the greatest of ease, in fact you’re a tonic to have around. You’re a person of action, putting your money where your mouth is and giving 100 per cent of your mind, body and spirit to all of your endeavours. However, you can tend to lack follow-through and if something more appealing comes along, whether a person or a cause, you may ditch the one you were previously enamoured of in favour of pursuing something newer and more exciting.
Positive traits: Inspiring, vibrant, magnetic and dynamic.
Negative traits: Dominating, unpredictable and egotistical.
If you’re a Snake
Snakes may be synonymous with temptation and the Garden of Eden but in China they are symbols of wisdom and beauty. Your serene character and calm approach to life often have others flocking to you to in the hope that your peaceful nature will rub off on them. Although you see little point in getting your knickers in a knot, or rarely display agitation, you are human and have your limits. You love nothing more than reflecting and wallowing in contemplation – however, thoughts only get you so far. Having said that you are disciplined when you need to be and can achieve high positions in work. In love you prefer a safe distance until you’re certain romantic feelings will be reciprocated, in which case you readily commit.
Positive traits: Perceptive, sophisticated and discreet.
Negative traits: Lazy, jealous and possessive.
If you’re a Horse
Wild, agile and full of vitality you are most comfortable in wide-open spaces and when constantly on the move – there’s one thing you detest more than claustrophobia and that’s inertia. Your tremendous energy and adventurous spirit inspire you to explore. Freedom is very important to you in all aspects of life, especially relationships, and you must find a partner who shares your deep love of adventure and independence. Fond of socialising and with an optimistic disposition your company is usually in high demand. In love you can bore easily and need someone to stimulate you physically and mentally.
Positive traits: Gregarious, courageous, enthusiastic and resourceful.
Negative traits: Impatient, hot-headed and irresponsible.
If you’re a Goat (Sheep)
The pacifists of the Chinese horoscope, Goats have a most serene nature. You’re a lover not a fighter and simply loathe confrontation, preferring a harmonious environment where you can be allowed to revel in your quiet thoughts. Friendly, patient and adaptable, others find you easy to get along with. Your sensitive disposition also makes you a very good listener with
friends feeling comfortable to bare their souls in your company only. You have a wonderful imagination and a very artistic side often displaying a flair for music, poetry or art. In love you are deeply romantic.
Positive traits: Compassionate, sincere and considerate.
Negative traits: Self-indulgent, pessimistic and irresponsible.
If you’re a Monkey
Just as the animal suggests, Monkey folk are curious, sociable and fun. Endowed with a great sense of comic timing and a lively way of communicating, you’re a barrel of laughs. Blessed with a gregarious nature and friendly disposition, others are drawn to your magnetism. This is especially true when it comes to romance as you tend to ooze a sexual charisma that others find irresistible. You have a keen intellect and a high level of ingenuity that proves particularly useful when it comes to problem solving. You have a strong aversion to routine and feel that variety is definitely the spice of life. This tends to draw out your inner rebel and you like to take risks and push limits wherever possible. In love you are fun-loving, lively and can’t resist a challenge.
Positive traits: Versatile, witty and brilliant.
Negative traits: Untrustworthy, manipulative and unpredictable.
If you’re a Rooster
As the name suggests, Roosters are known to be cocky and simply smack of confidence! Yes, you’re brash, proud and not in the least bit coy about voicing your strong and often controversial opinions. However, your tremendous backbone matches the attitude and your fearless spirit is indeed admirable. A true individualist, you stick to your guns and will not be swayed by peer pressure or fashion. This strong sense of self is very much reflected in your unique and impeccable dress sense. Not one to shy away from attention, you love the limelight and seize every opportunity to entertain and socialise. Fancy duds aren’t the only thing about you that’s sharp – you have an intellect to match, an insatiable appetite for knowledge and an acute perception. In love you like exerting control but are also generous and romantic.
Positive traits: Honourable, knowledgable, resourceful and expressive.
Negative traits: Critical, selfish, narcissistic and pretentious.
If you’re a Dog
Just like their animal counterparts, Dogs are loyal, protective and trustworthy. Friends often come to you in times of crisis during which you provide unwavering support and comfort, for you have a very altruistic nature and will never turn your back on someone in need. Fighting for the underdog you will often sacrifice your own needs and put the unjust treatment of others first. It is because of such ethical behaviour that others deeply admire and appreciate you. Blessed with patience, diligence and honed instincts you bide your time, successfully seeing projects through to the end and will not succumb to stress or pessimism. In love you are as loyal as you are with the rest of life and take relationships very seriously.
Positive traits: Compassionate, driven, idealistic and loyal.
Negative traits: Judgmental, distrustful and cynical.
If you’re a Pig (Boar)
Carefree, calm and content, you’re generally happier than a pig in a pile of … well, you know. You’re the easiest of all beasts to get along with, undemanding and taking people and situations as they come. The peace lovers of the Junishi, Pig people are thought to be intelligent, gregarious and fun to be with, delighting in indulgence, friends and laughter. You do, however, tend to have an indolent streak and a strong aversion to chores. Life’s too much of a Mardi Gras to worry about silly things like paying the bills, right? In fact you’d just love someone to take care of menial details, not to mention fund your opulent lifestyle. Love is your most prized indulgence and when in an intimate relationship you are demonstrative, tactile, sexy and tender.
Positive traits: Generous, sincere, sensual and warm-hearted.
Negative traits: Self-indulgent, bad-tempered, debauched and excessive.
Find out your animal sign here.
Carrie Webster is a Sydney photographer and artist with a professional background in graphic and web design. Often featuring darker elements in her visual storytelling, her work has drawn comparisons to the filmmaker Tim Burton. Webster’s creative work is highly imaginative and appeals to the young and the young at heart, incorporating digitally altered photographs taken of fruit and vegetables to create her colourful characters and surreal landscapes.
What animal are you? Tell us below!..
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Written by Hedy Damari
Hedy Damari is an astrologer, writer and author. She was the editor and features writer of Your Destiny magazine for eight years and star columnist for Good Health. She is the current astrologer for TV Week, Yours and the online astrologer for Australian Cosmopolitan. Hedy has written three astrology annuals for Woman’s Day and is a regular contributor for Cosmo Pregnancy, New Idea, Woman’s Day and Wellbeing Astrology. Hedy has written two books - Absolute Astro and Absolute Love Astro (Park St Press). Hedy’s monthly stars appear on her website www.absoluteastro.com
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1987 Porsche 928 S4 For Sale
Posted: April 15, 2011 by The Car Spy in Classic Cars, Porsche
Tags: 928, Classic Cars, For Sale, Porsche, porsche 928 s4, s4, The Car Spy, thecarspy.net, www.thecarspy.net
This 1987 928 S4 is fitted with Porsche’s gloriously smooth 320 BHP 5.0 litre V8, quad-cam engine coupled to the very rare 5-speed manual gearbox option. Only around 15% of all 928s had a manual gearbox and are highly sought after today.
This stunning early S4 has the lift-up spoiler and the rare option of a Limited Slip Differential. The car is finished in Rock Green metallic (looks like dark grey) with a beautiful mid green full leather interior. This stunning S4 has covered 114,000 miles with a full and comprehensive service history since new, detailed in the original Porsche pack along with all handbooks and spare keys.
In the last four thousand miles it has received much time, care and a large sum of money lavished on it to make it one of the nicest examples of a 928 available on the market today. The car received a documented windows-out full respray in 2008 at a cost of nearly £6500 and the paintwork remains in beautiful condition.
It also had a full top-end engine rebuild using rebuilt GTS cylinder heads and new cam chain tensioners, chains and a new water pump. A full brake rebuild by GT One costing £1500 was carried out one thousand miles ago and all worn or slightly marked exterior or interior trim items have been replaced with genuine Porsche items.
There are invoices for over £4000 alone for these parts including £500 for new windscreen wiper arms! All recent mechanical servicing and repairs have carried out by RGA Porsche and all bills are included in the file.
The specification of the car includes electric windows and sunroof, electric seats, air conditioning (not tested), and a CD player. The wheels are Porsche Cup items as are the mirrors.
This is a superb, powerful classic motor car that has had no expense spared to maintain its fine condition and is on sale at £SOLD
Click here for a slide show of over 20 images
For further information please call us on 01474 854490 or email sales@thecarspy.net
2010 Audi A7 3.0 Tdi Quattro SE For Sale
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« Well, the Ignobels are probably a lot more fun than the other one... | Main | So I'm driving across the desert and am reminded of Lordi... »
Tripping over facts while drinking your own Kool-Aid...
I've watched a lot of great ideas go south as a result of reality. The eight years between January 2001 and January 2009 are an example; Cold Fusion is another. Tom DeLay's lame imitation of Fred Astair; the Yugo; the Michael Richards' TV show. I think you're getting the picture.
Add the Barrack Obama administration. A lot of the facts come from the Bush Administration, but still -- very disappointing. And, ironic -- I've been preaching in various forums available to me that the jobs data was totally whack, for example. People out of work getting MBAs -- does anyone sense the irony besides me? Sending people back to school who were loggers before to get degrees and certificates in Computer Graphics? Really...the idea that the future of America is virtual is vapor. Pure vapor -- hell, virtual vapor. I was preaching that in 1998! Today, The Times announces that the Bureau of Labor Statistics has consistently gotten in wrong. Hooorah! Defeatists 1, Government Bureaucracy -10000. It's a Pyrrhic victory, of course.
When the United States economy fell into recession at the beginning of 2008, many economists, including those at the Federal Reserve, refused to believe it was happening. They pointed to the employment numbers, which showed only mild job losses for the first half of that year...Recessions, they said, do not come with such mild job losses. ( AXE Comment: If the gas gauge says full, and the car won't move, accept that some goddamn thing is wrong. And, I'd don't know how to make this clearer -- if you've driven your Bugatti Veron flat out for the last hour and suddenly lose power and coast to a stop and the engine won't turn over, bet the gauge is fucked first. The measurement is usually wrong. )They were right. Unfortunately, it was the job numbers that were wrong. (AXE Commentary: Great, I was right. BFD. I'm not Obama, I have no leverage to fix this clusterfuck. Not that he does, but he can bitch about it from the bully pulpit. I have the Defeatists. ) On Friday, the Bureau of Labor Statistics delivered its latest revelation that the jobs picture was far worse than it had previously reported. Using newly available data, the bureau now estimates that during the 12 months ended last March, the economy lost 5.6 million jobs, 824,000 more than the 4.8 million previously reported...(AXE Snark: What's a 824,000 job error to an accountant or a statistician? A rounding error. What is it to a human being? Tragedy.) It now appears that during the first half of 2008, when the recession was getting under way, job losses averaged 146,000 per month. That is nearly three times the average of 49,000 jobs shown in the initial estimates. How did the government get it so wrong?
They got it wrong because they are fucking Hobbits who obtained their positions during the last 30 years, 20 of which were in the control of Reagan and Bush2 and their various advisers. Remember faith-based governance? Laffler Curve? Supply Side Economics? Ketchup is a vegetable? Karl Jaspers Karl Jaspers, the German Existentialist besides Heidigger, the one who wasn't a Nazi, provided an explanation as did Morris Massey, the OD guru about generations and learning. (Only one of these guys is dead, I think. In the 70s, Massey would show up at conferences and people would come up to him and say, "I thought you were dead." He ultimately theorized that they were confused because two important cultural figures had in fact joined the Norwegian Blue in permanently pining for the Fjords...Maurice the Cat, star of 9 Lives Cat Food Commercials and the actor Raymond Massey.) It's actually a pretty straight forward proposition -- everything you do is influenced by everything you've ever done. If for 30 years you've been calling red ambergris, guess what -- to you, red is ambergris.
Going back to my gauge analogy, the measurement can be accurate, reliable and repeatable, but if it isn't measuring the right thing, well, the measurements aren't just meaningless, they are absolutely dangerous. Real people will make decisions on this stuff, and GIGOGIGOGIGO!
Now usually some twinge of optimism sneaks in at this point, but I'm out of it. I don't believe that we can do the fundamental things necessary to fix this mess. I'm enough of a Marxist to believe that systems collapse based on their own internal contradictions. What we observe in so many ways is the triumph of what Teddy Roosevelt called the "malefactors of great wealth." The system can't be changed until we can elect Philosopher-Kings whose only reason for running for office is to do good and do right. Power, ego, and all the perks have no place in governance. Unfortunately, Christ, Socrates and Jefferson aren't available.
Now, I do have some ideas -- confiscatory income taxes, government financing of all campaigns down through junior high student council, execution or exile for corrupt politicians or bureaucrats, mandatory IQ and basic skills tests for government employees and elected officials, and a series of constitutional amendments to "fix" some systemic problems. Little things like mandating marginal tax rates necessary to pay the government's way within 20 years of the expenditure; taxing corporations that lay-off workers; requiring severance, blah blah blah. Not going to happen anymore than the ascendancy of the philosopher kings...time for a defeatist old favorite -- a little Yeats, I think, is appropriate for the moment.
Turning and turning in the widening gyre
The falcon cannot hear the falconer;
Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;
Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,
The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere
The ceremony of innocence is drowned;
The best lack all conviction, while the worst
Are full of passionate intensity.
Surely some revelation is at hand;
Surely the Second Coming is at hand.
The Second Coming! Hardly are those words out
When a vast image out of Spiritus Mundi
Troubles my sight: a waste of desert sand;
A shape with lion body and the head of a man,
A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun,
Is moving its slow thighs, while all about it
Wind shadows of the indignant desert birds.
The darkness drops again but now I know
That twenty centuries of stony sleep
Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,
Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?
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First Newspaper
Daily News From Everywhere
Daniel De Rossi set to leave Roma this summer after incredible 18-year career
May 14, 2019 by jaw zarif
Reports in Italy suggest De Rossi only learned that his time on the Stadio Olimpico pitch was over on Monday, when Giallorossi chief executive Fienga offered him a position as his deputy.
The veteran rejected the offer to become the club’s director as he “still feels like a player”.
The 35-year-old midfielder, who has made 615 appearances and scored 63 goals across his 18-year career with Roma, will leave the capital club this summer after being told his contract would not be extended.
“I realized the decision the club were going to take regarding myself. I’m almost 36 and I know how football is, but I didn’t want to distract from our European race.
“I thank the directors for their offer – I respect it and appreciate it, but I still feel like a player.
“I don’t agree that the decision should have been mine alone. The club exists to make these sort of decisions, alongside the coaches. Someone has to make that ultimate call.
“I’m not over the moon, but I accept the decision. I have no resentment towards that. We never spoke about money: that was not the crux of the matter.
“Eventually I would like to be a coach. At this point, I don’t see myself becoming a director, but at Roma a role like that would have some meaning. I need to go away and study, to learn – it will be a long journey.”
Filed Under: International
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Black Excellence
Regina King Lands First-Look Deal at Netflix, Proceeds to Sit on the Industry's Iron Throne
Filed to: Regina The KingFiled to: Regina The King
Regina The King
Regina been King
Reina King
first look deal
black producers
black creatives
black creators
Best Supporting Actress winner for ‘If Beale Street Could Talk’ Regina King attends the 2019 Vanity Fair Oscar Party on February 24, 2019 in Beverly Hills, California.
Photo: Dia Dipasupil (Getty Images)
Regina (The) King has some prosperous news.
Per an official press release from Netflix:
Netflix has entered into a multi-year first look deal with director, producer, and award winning actress, Regina King. King’s production company Royal Ties is entering into the first-look deal to produce films and series for Netflix. Her sister, Reina King, will serve as head of production of the shingle.
First off, shout-out to the sisterly black excellence. As The Root’s managing editor Genetta Adams pointed out, “Regina” means “queen” in Italian (as well as Latin and Romanian) and “Reina” means “queen” in Spanish. Thus, these two super siblings are “Queen Kings!” [Editor’s note: No, I said that. See below. — Maiysha]
Queen, Meet Crown: Regina King Gets Even More Glorious this Awards Season
Fun fact: Regina King’s name literally translates to “Queen King,” Regina meaning “queen” in Latin. …
“Regina King is a multi-faceted talent both behind and in front of the camera. She’s been a trailblazer for years, with boundless creativity and impeccable taste in projects, and we couldn’t be more thrilled that she will bring her formidable talents to Netflix,” Ted Sarandos, Chief Content Officer of Netflix, said in the press release.
Multi-faceted, indeed. From her beginnings as a talented child star, King has had a rich and robust career. Recently, she enjoyed a triumphant awards season, scoring a Lead Actress in a Limited Series Emmy for her role as Latrice Butler in Seven Seconds and the Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for her stunning portrayal as Sharon Rivers in Barry Jenkins’ If Beale Street Could Talk. Now, this. Clearly, she has no plans to stop this fabulous momentum.
2019 Oscars: Regina BEEN King
There may not have been any Kevin Hart yelling “nooooo, I wasn’t ready!” to any of the nominees,…
“I am beyond thrilled to join the Netflix family,” King stated. “They are at the top of their game and as an artist I am so excited to come play in this wonderful sandbox they have created for storytellers.”
No official word on the deal’s price tag, but I’m sure King is content and smiling from her throne, since she’s certainly not new to the game. King will also be starring in Damon Lindeloff’s upcoming Netflix series Watchmen.
For those of you keeping up at home, Netflix has also scored blackity black huge deals with bigwigs such as Shonda Rhimes, Ava DuVernay and Kenya Barris—oh, and the Obamas. King is in great company.
Regina King Stories
It Takes a (Very Stylish) Village: THR Celebrates the Stylists Behind the Stars
What’s Better Than the Academy Awards? The After-Party!
The Best, the Blackest, and the Ball Gown: The 2019 Oscars Were Full of Stylish Surprises
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Home › Pro Wrestling › 10 Greatest Intercontinental Title Matches Held at Summer Slam
10 Greatest Intercontinental Title Matches Held at Summer Slam
By The Greene Screen on August 25, 2015 • ( 0 )
Another Summer Slam is in the books and overall, I thought it was a good show. One of the matches featured Ryback defeating The Miz and Big Show to retain the Intercontinental title. However, it was a far cry from the classics of yesteryear.
Just like WrestleMania is known for its world title matches, a hallmark of Summer Slam was once the stellar Intercontinental title encounters. They weren’t just great in-ring spectacles, but they often served as a defining moment for a wrestler’s career.
Bret Hart’s impressive back-to-back performances for the coveted title played a large role in ascension to the main event scene while the power of the Warrior nearly blew the roof off of Madison Garden in his rapid pursuit of the gold.
I long for the days when biggest party of the summer produced some of the great I.C. title matches of all time. So, let’s look at ten best held at Summer Slam.
10. Rey Mysterio vs. Dolph Ziggler: Summer Slam 2009
This match happened right around the time where the IWC started getting on the Dolph Ziggler bandwagon. Both men matched each other move-for-move in an exciting opening contest that energized the entire show.
While Mysterio went in and walked out as champion, many people felt this was the time to give Ziggler his first big win. Still, even in losing, it was evident at the conclusion of the match that ‘The Showoff” has the goods to be a star.
9. Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Owen Hart: Summer Slam 1997
The Summer of 1997 was the beginning of a transition period in WWE, and for that matter, the industry at large. The Hart Foundation were the top heels in the United States due to their anti-American agenda, but they were loved everywhere else around the world.
Stone Cold Steve Austin was just starting to find his footing as the anti-hero babyface. Even though his rivalry with Bret Hart is one of his most memorable programs, no one got under the rattlesnake’s skin quite like Owen Hart.
All roads lead to the Continental Airlines Arena for the first ever “Kiss my Ass Match” with the Intercontinental title on the line. Austin would’ve had to pucker up if he failed to wrestle the belt away from Owen.
This match is primarily known as the horrific moment when Owen Hart legitimately spiked Austin on his head with a sit out piledriver. Owen had to stall by parading around the ring while referee Earl Hebner feverishly checked on Austin who went numb. Austin regained just enough feeling to roll up Owen for the 1, 2, and 3 to capture the gold.
Austin nearly having his career ended due to a broken neck was such a big news item, that people forgot that the match before the injury was pretty good. There was heat between the superstars for a while as Owen reportedly never apologized for the injury.
While Austin was able to battle back and become arguably the biggest star in the history of the wrestling business, his first I.C. title win will always be remembered as the moment where his career was irrevocably shortened.
8. Edge vs. Lance Storm: Summer Slam 2001
Despite the utter failure of the Invasion Angle in 2001, it produced a handful of great moments. One of them was the opening contest of Summer Slam pitting the Alliance’s Lance Storm against Edge representing WWE.
Storm was the first WCW wrestler to appear after a surprise run-in during a match on Raw, so it was only fitting that he was the first member of the Alliance to win a major singles title in WWE.
The two Canadians produced a great match that serves as an example of how the first match can set the pace of an entire show instead of simply being a “curtain jerker” affair. Storm played his role very well as the fans really wanted Edge to win, and he did just that.
7. Razor Ramon vs. Diesel: Summer Slam 1994
Summer Slam 1994 is primarily known for the amazing Bret Hart vs. Owen Hart steel cage match and the underwhelming Undertaker vs. Undertaker encounter. A match that gets lost in the shuffle is the Intercontinental title match between Diesel and Razor Ramon.
The two Clique members had been feuding throughout the summer of 1994. Diesel had stolen the gold from Razor, and Da Bad Guy wanted it back. The champ had Shawn Michaels in his corner, and the challenger enlisted the services of NFL Hall of Famer Walter Payton.
Diesel and Shawn Michaels came into Summer Slam riding a wave of momentum as they defeated the Headshrinkers the night prior at a house show in Indianapolis, Indiana to capture the tag team titles.
The 23,000 fans inside the United Center that evening were the first patrons of Chicago’s premiere arena and got their money’s worth. Diesel and Razor played the crowd like a fiddle with every bump of the canvas.
Shawn Michaels got involved and Walter Payton found himself in the unusual role of defense as he eventually shut down HBK as Razor pinned the big man to win his second I.C. title.
6. Rob Van Dam vs. Chris Benoit: Summer Slam 2002
Summer Slam 2002 is considered to be the best incarnation of the event from top to bottom. The Intercontinental tittle match more than did its job in adding to that aura.
The brand extension was only five months old as Chris Benoit had jumped from Raw to Smackdown right after winning the title from Rob Van Dam. RVD’s rematch clause was the only thing that made this inter brand match possible.
Benoit’s intensity coupled with RVD’s high impact athleticism produced a wrestling fan’s delight. In the end, RVD’s recaptured the gold and brought it back to Eric Bishoff’s Raw.
5. Shawn Michaels vs. Razor Ramon Ladder Match: Summer Slam 1995
Sequels often fail to be as good as or better than the original. This rematch, however, is actually really good, it just often gets lost in translation since the first Razor and Shawn ladder match at WrestleMania 10 is one of the greatest matches of all time.
The dynamic was different this time as both men were babyfaces but when the bell rang, Razor played a subtle heel as he turned up the aggression while using the ladder as a weapon.
Shawn Michaels’ push towards the world title was in full swing, and this was not only a win he desperately needed to get back, he needed to pull out a great performance as well. Both men did exactly that as Michaels retain the title.
4. Honky Tonk Man vs. Ultimate Warrior: Summer Slam 1988
Brutus “The Barber” Beefcake was originally scheduled to face the Honkey Tonk Man for the Intercontinental title at the inaugural Summer Slam. Thanks to a sneak attack from “Outlaw” Ron Bass a week before the event, Beefcake was taken out of commission.
The night arrived and Honky didn’t want to know who his opponent was because he didn’t care since he said he would beat any man. The Ultimate Warrior ran down the ring and Honky sold every punch, clothesline, and big splash like he had been shot.
Three slaps of the canvas, and the Warrior wins the I.C. title in thirty seconds, much to the delight of the fans inside the Garden. Later in the evening, Honky proclaimed that he would fight any man, but he never said anything about fighting a Warrior.
Even though Honky Tonk Man lost the title in 30 seconds, it was the way he sold everything that made this such a momentous occasion and help propel the Warrior to greater heights.
3. The Rock vs. Triple H Ladder Match: Summer Slam 1998
WWE was running on all cylinders during in 1998 as the Attitude Era was in full swing. Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Undertaker were the two babyfaces in the company while budding superstars The Rock and Triple H shared the number two spot.
Both men were itching to break through and become the company’s top star. However, while they each held various titles and were very much over with the audience, they were both missing that star-making match to put them over the top.
The Rock and Triple stole what was a tremendous show that evening as they brought their own flair to the ladder match. Triple H won the I.C. title that night, but it was clear afterwards that keeping either man in the mid-card ranks would be a fool’s errand.
The Rock went on to win the WWE title three months later and Triple H would turn on D- Generation X and capture that same belt a year later.
2. Bret Hart vs. Mr. Perfect: Summer Slam 1991
In 1991, Mr. Perfect was one of the top heels in the WWF while Bret Hart was primarily a tag team wrestler who just started to branch out into singles competition. Perfect had battled the likes of Hulk Hogan and the Ultimate Warrior, so it seemed highly unlikely that the “Pink and Black Attack” could dethrone the perfect champion.
Madison Square Garden held another classic as Hart didn’t just hold his own, he matched Perfect move-for-move and hold-for-hold in a thrilling contest. Hart won his first singles title that night and was also made into a star. Perfect deserves a lot of credit for wrestling the match with a hurt back. He could have pulled out, but he respected the” Hitman” too much to do that.
1. Bret Hart vs. British Bulldog Davey Boy Smith: Summer Slam 1992
Summer Slam 1992 was the first and only time a major WWE pay-per-view took place outside of North America. It was also the first and only time that an Intercontinental championship match would headline a pay-per-view as well.
Some wrestlers have great matches that will always be remembered in some way, shape or form. Others have that once in a life time, career defining match that cements your spot in the industry. Davey Boy Smith pinned Bret Hart to win the Intercontinental title in front of 78,927 screaming fans in Wembley Stadium. Hart lost the title, but he gained so much more in defeat.
Bret carried the match from bell to bell in an exciting contest where the fans loved Bulldog ,and booed Hart’s every move, and he didn’t do anything heel-ish. He just worked over a national hero until he made one mistake that cost him the victory. The fans were not smartened up back then so it made Bret Hart’s rise to prominence more intriguing.
I attribute it to subliminal psychology. He lost and yet, fans walked away from that match in this euphoria of awesome wrestling and even though you couldn’t articulate it at the time, our subconscious was saying “Thank you Bret”.
He was untouchable after that match and merely setting him up for a third IC title run would have felt empty and flat because he ascended higher than his perceived destiny of mid-card status. Sometimes a promoter comes to the realization that it’s time to push the guy who everyone on their roster is having their best matches with.
42 days later, Bret Hart defeated Ric Flair to win his first world title. Bret Hart confirmed at his Hall Fame induction speech in 2005 that this was the best match of his career and it’s not hard to understand why.
‹ Krueger vs. Simonetti 2 Headlines ElkMania 3 on September 26th
Hellboy in Hell ›
Tags: Bret Hart, British Bulldog, Intercontinental Championship, Mr. Perfect, Pro Wrestling, Shawn Michaels, Stone Cold Steve Austin, Summer Slam, The Rock, thoughts, WWE
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A Genuine Amy Allan
Posted by The Haunted Librarian in Animals, Famous People, In the News, Pets, Psychics, Reality TV, Scarefest
amy allan, Dead Files, scarefest
Amy Allan & Bella at Scarefest.
Amy Allan stood nervously in front of the 100+ people at Scarefest and was amazed. She was utterly surprised that all of these people wanted to listen to her. She was very popular and her Q & A quite informative.
Amy Allan is the psychic medium star of Travel Channel’s Dead Files. Together with retired police detective Steve DiSchiavi, Amy tours predominately residential houses helping the occupants understand the possible paranormal events occurring. The show is very popular.
Amy Allan comes from a lineage of psychics. Though Amy admits to difficult teen years, she eventually embraced her gifts and studied under Dr. William Roll. Early in her career, Amy apprenticed with Dr. Roll in the Haunting in Georgia case.
Initially approached in 2003, Amy declined an offer for the TV show because of contractual obligations with CBS. However, things changed by 2007 and Amy agreed to join the show…but on her terms. Amy works within a scientific background and demands certain methodology to ensure that the cases are not compromised. She is adamant that the rules be followed so that the results and data are not faulty—basically to preserve integrity.
Walk-through investigations take between 3-6 hours. They are physically draining. Afterwards, Amy meditates, orders a lot of food to help with grounding, takes a bath with oils and salts, and then she sleeps—a lot. Psychic work is tough on the mind and the body.
Amy travels “with a lot of dead people” who surround her and protect her during the walks. Amy calls her spirit guides “amazing,” stating “They have my back.”
Prior to arriving at a location, Amy conducts a partial opening. Understandably, the walk-throughs are edited and pared down.
Some additional factoids:
Ex-husband Matt removes the personal items; however, it takes 3-4 people to reassemble the house.
Amy travels 26 days a month, 8 months a year.
Amy agrees with most of the sketches; however, she prefers to work with a police sketch artist.
The sketches take between 3-4 hours to create with the longest taking 9 hours.
Amy thought the sketch from the Alaska investigation was a practical joke by the crew.
Amy has encountered dead family pets, as well as a cow.
Amy is working on 2 books.
Amy continued the Q & A session by telling the crowd the importance for the living to release the dead, especially children. Amy educates the attendees. Dead Files incorporates skeptics with a psychic medium supported by research. The most important aspect is to isolate the medium from the researcher. This eliminates contamination. Despite Internet gossip, Amy does use paranormal equipment. She would like to see it used more in scientifically controlled environments. Amy encourages paranormal groups to do more than use the tools; incorporate them into longer research endeavors.
Amy Allan was genuine and entertaining. Asked whether Dead Files was renewed for another season, Amy merely smiled. Wink. Wink.
5 thoughts on “A Genuine Amy Allan”
Kedra said:
Did she do any one-on-one readings during Scarefest? Did she comment on the business she’s building according to an interview, a place & verified people with similar skills to hers that will take appointments to help people?
The Haunted Librarian said:
No, she spoke to a packed room. She took all kinds of questions, though. If she couldn’t answer due to contractual obligations with show or network, then she would say that. However, there were very few of those types of questions. She was very candid and humbled by the large crowd. We were in a small room, and it was standing-room only. She doesn’t currently do readings because of the hectic travel schedule.
Thank you. There was mention of raising funds for an animal shelter during Scarefest, so I wasn’t sure if that was by readings, or what.
That was Chip Coffey. He raffles his scarf with the proceeds going to the animal shelters. He lost one of his dogs this week to cancer, by the way. Prayers to him and his 4-legged family.
lynda evversole said:
I have been looking on the computer all day for the answers the the question about her business and books and this one article answered both thank you guess we have to wait until she announces them
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House Dems to focus on gun control, immigration and climate change, Swalwell says
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Rep. Eric Swalwell Eric Michael SwalwellHere are the 95 Democrats who voted to support impeachment Moulton campaign makes formal case to DNC to be added to debate stage Bullock makes CNN debate stage MORE said in an interview that aired Monday on "Rising" that House Democrats will be ambitious on tackling issues such as immigration and climate change when they officially take control of the lower chamber next month.
"To go big," the California Democrat told Hill.TV's Kyrstal Ball when asked what his goals were for the new year.
"I talk to young people across the country, and they say we have consensus on what to do about gun violence. We have consensus about what to do on immigration and the Dream Act," he continued. "We have consensus on what to do to address climate change."
"I don't know if those pieces of legislation will make their way to the president's desk, but once in for all, you're going to see votes in the House of Representatives on issues that the American people have consensus on. So we're going to start to go big," he said.
Various House Democrats, most notably Rep.-elect Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Alexandria Ocasio-CortezTop Missouri newspaper condemns GOP's 'shameful silence' on Trump's 'racism' Restaurant in city where Trump rally held donating profits to immigrants Crowd chanting 'welcome home Ilhan' greets Omar at airport MORE (N.Y.) have rallied around combatting climate change, proposing a "Green New Deal," while likely Speaker Nancy Pelosi Nancy PelosiSally Yates: Moral fiber of US being 'shredded by unapologetic racism' Al Green calls for additional security for House members after Trump rally #IStandWithPresTrump trends in response to #IStandWithIlhan MORE (D-Calif.) has vowed that Democrats will take swift action on gun control.
Immigration has taken center stage this week amid the government shutdown, which extended into its third day on Monday.
President Trump Donald John TrumpAmash responds to 'Send her back' chants at Trump rally: 'This is how history's worst episodes begin' McConnell: Trump 'on to something' with attacks on Dem congresswomen Trump blasts 'corrupt' Puerto Rico's leaders amid political crisis MORE and Democratic lawmakers are digging in their heels over the issue of funding for the president's proposed border wall.
— Julia Manchester
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Rising: July 18, 2019
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Home » Features » How good are your property photos?
How good are your property photos?
Every picture tells a story, says Andrea Kirkby, so make sure yours is the very best.
Andrea Kirkby
6th July 2014 0 576 Views
If there’s one thing you won’t sell a property without, it’s photographs. Whatever agents think of floorplans, videos, or which portals they ought to use, no one in their right mind would try to sell a home without good property photos.
Brian Farrell – Metropix
Brian Farrell of Metropix says, “Good strong photography is worth its weight in gold.” But what makes a good photo? Do agents have what it takes, or should they call in the professionals?
Ray Dowling – Dowling Jones Design
The technology exists for agents to take their own photos, with most smartphones and tablets now including high megapixel count cameras. But Ray Dowling, at Dowling Jones Design, says “Megapixels are not enough. You need good optics, too,” and that’s something most smartphones don’t have. His photographers might use smartphone pictures as a reference, for instance on a building site, but in his view professional cameras are vital for good photos. So is a selection of different lenses. While a 12mm lens is useful for bedsits, for instance, “it would make a big dining room look like a football pitch,” Dowling says, so for that room a 17-18mm lens would be better. But then it’s back to the wide-angle lens for the smallest room in the house. “The bathroom and kitchen are the features that add most value to a house,” he explains, “therefore they need good photos, and a wide angle lens really helps here.”
But just going out and buying a digital SLR and a load of lenses won’t get good photos.
“It’s not just the kit,” Ray Dowling stresses, “it’s the photographer’s nous.”
It’s a difficult balancing act between delivering pictures that are realistic and useful, but it’s also to convey an inviting atmosphere; “You’re trying to sell a lifestyle to somebody, and creating that atmosphere is important.”
Good lighting is also important for bright photos, particularly for throwing light into shadowy areas. Professional photographers will take portable lighting with them, such as remote triggered flash, which (unlike a camera-mounted flash) is capable of being directed wherever the photographer desires; this sets their photographs above what most agents can achieve.
Natural lighting also needs to be taken into account. Andrew Cole, at Floorplanz Ltd, says often, a property will only look its best at a particular time of day – the most convenient time for the client might not be the best time to take photos. His tip? Let the photographer make the appointment.
The Professional Premium
However, better photos do come at a cost, if you outsource. Still, most photographers are efficient in their use of time. Alan Bookless, at Floorplanz, says his company is used mainly for photographing larger properties, which could take half a day in the case of a larger equestrian property; but he’d guess an average might be one and a half hours, down to half an hour for a small flat.
Professional photographers can also deliver services that an agent couldn’t handle viably in-house, such as aerial and mast photography. Mast photography is particularly useful for larger properties, where by using the mast to gain height, it’s possible to give an impression of the whole property including outbuildings and gardens. It sells particularly well to property developers aiming to give an overall view of a site. Alan says the price has more than halved, and as it has got cheaper, more agents have begun to use it. That’s not the case for aerial photography – still a luxury.
While taking a good photo is important, retouching is just as crucial. John Durrant at Doctor Photo has 500 estate agents around the UK using Doctor Photo to smarten-up their photos. Adding blue skies, correcting colour, exposure, distortion etc. and sometimes removing cars and other agents’ boards. “Some might have the skills to do it themselves but most realise they’re better off on the ‘phone selling houses,” says John. “As an ex-agent I know the importance of a fast turn-around so we try to get them back in under five working hours, there’s a speedy facility as well (at a small premium) to get them back in 90 minutes. We are aware that we’re helping to create the best first impression of the houses our agents are selling, so we do our best to make their photos significantly better.”
Retouching might also mean airbrushing out the wheelie bins, or an old car in the drive, or correcting converging verticals in shots of tall buildings – though it wouldn’t be legal to airbrush pylons or wind turbines out of the view. “For taking photos you need a person with the eye for it, the right equipment and time to do a proper job,” Alan Bookless says, “but the retouching takes the photo to a whole new level.”
That level is important for online viewing but it is crucial for printed property details, which need to impress the vendor and the buyers. Ravensworth’s new Photofixr service, allows agents to upload their photos to the website and choose enhancements from a “basic”, to more complex object removal. Ravensworth edits the photographs accordingly and returns them within 24 to 48 hours, depending on the complexity.
Suzie Pattison, Ravensworth’s MD says, “Good photography is imperative, especially as the average dwell time on an internet summary advert is less than three seconds. The quality of images is increasingly important to stand out on both small and large screen formats.
“We design and print thousands of brochures, window cards and canvassing materials for agents, so we see first-hand how dramatically the impact of their brand is affected by the quality of the photos. We wanted to establish a service that gives agents the chance to easily enhance their photos – particularly useful for those who don’t use professional photographers and don’t have the time or ability to amend the photos themselves.”
New technology brings new possibilities, from interactive floorplans and computer generated walkthroughs to full video. Metropix, for instance, offers computer generated 3D video walkthroughs, which can show alternative furnishing ideas for the same property to stimulate viewers’ imaginations. Other firms create 3D walkthroughs by using the agent’s photos together with powerful software. However, James Davis of The Mobile Agent says that so far, 3D walkthroughs haven’t turned up on Rightmove; he thinks they’re more appropriate for developers selling off plan.
Full video, naturally, is more expensive – particularly since it needs professional handling. Brian Farrell says that, “whereas with interactive floorplans, the technology does it for you, video needs a unique human resource,” and the consequent costs are likely to keep video an option only at the top end of the market.
What happens if you don’t get a professional in? Ask Jane Danser of Pure Brand Media, which creates both walkthroughs stitched together from agents’ photos and floorplans, and full video. She’s seen some horrors; wobbly filming, inaudible soundtracks, videos where the agent has taken shots of the floor. Bad scripting is common, such as reading out the property details rather than talking about what the user’s actually looking at. “You have to script to the pictures,” she says, “and you have to make it sound like real speech so that you can engage people.” That’s something her ex-broadcast team can do – and some agents can’t.
Video is proving slow to take off, probably due to cost. Alan Bookless thinks “There’s only a certain budget to spend on a property to put it on the market – when you pass £200, that’s too much.”
Innovation In 3D
And yet video is old hat compared to some of the ideas out there. Google Glass appears to offer the prospect of clients actually looking through an agent’s eyes, or seeing the property in 3D while they are at home. Ben Robinson of ETSOS finds it a fascinating idea. “With a regular viewing, if the viewer doesn’t like the property, you have to make an appointment for them to visit another one another time. With a virtual viewing, you could say ‘do you want to do a virtual tour of this one instead?’ and go straight there.” He points out that unlike virtual tours, this has the advantage that the agent is in control of the interaction. Video provider Vistabee has already started working on an agency application, with agents such as Douglas & Gordon and Aston Chase as early adopters.
Still, Google Glass has only been made available to the public in the last month, and at the crazy price of $1500, and then only if you’re a US resident, so it may not make a huge impact very quickly here.
All these types of technology are getting much easier to use. Most suppliers are willing to provide media in whichever file type is required, including both high resolution photos for print and lower resolution for web use; Andrew Cole says, “We only have one bugbear and that’s WMF [Windows Metafiles, dating from 1990] which are completely outdated.”
Jane Danser – Pure Brand Media
Jane Danser says PureViewPOD produces eight different versions of the video, “so it plays the right type of content for every device.” (something agents making their own videos need to consider; nothing more frustrating than being unable to view a video because you’ve got an iPhone, and the video needs Flash.)
But whether agents are taking still photos or making videos, all that media needs to be integrated into the property marketing campaign. Jane Danser says, “People tend to think that you create a video, put it on your website and instantly you get traffic, but it doesn’t work like that.” Her company has now created an integrated marketing envelope around its videos, creating Youtube channels for clients, putting the videos on portals, and creating text and QR codes to direct potential buyers to the videos. All this marketing activity, she says, generates as much value as the basic creation of the video.
That’s a basic truth that estate agents should bear in mind. However good your photos and however much you spend on snazzy new technology or excellent video production, it’s what you do with it that counts.
Doctor Photo www.doctor-photo.co.uk
DWJ: www.dowlingjonesdesign.com
ETSOS www.etsos.co.uk
Floorplanz www.florplanz.co.uk
Metropix www.metropix.com
Pure Brand Media www.purebrandmedia.co.uk
Ravensworth www.ravensworth.co.uk
The Mobile Agent www.themobileagent.co.uk
property marketing property photography July 6, 2014
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Apple’s Passbook provides massive App Store boost for ticketing apps
by Matthew Panzarino — in Apple
Whatever the concerns have been about Apple’s Passbook and educating customers so far, it’s clear that people really want to use it. The introduction of Passbook support to a variety of ticketing apps has seen their popularity skyrocket in the App Store.
Nearly every ticketing app that has implemented Passbook since Apple released iOS 6 on the 19th of last month has gotten an in-category boost as well as a cross-category boost in its placement on Apple’s charts. The graphs below are from the apps’ entries on the popular App Store tracking service AppShopper.
Each of the vertical growth spikes you see in category positions coincide directly with their Passbook support updates. It doesn’t hurt that Apple has featured these Passbook supporting apps in a dedicated section of the App Store that is accessible via a button directly in the initially empty Passbook app on the home screen of every iOS 6 device.
There are more apps in the category and they all show an increase. Even those that are not about ticketing. The Starbucks app, which is always popular, also got a nice bump up in the standings.
When I talked to the folks at the MLB about their efforts to bring Passbook ticketing to major ballparks, one of the common things I heard was that mobile ticketing is an incredibly untapped market. The flow from purchase to ticketing to mobile browser or into SMS text has been such a turnoff that customers just don’t do mobile ticketing, period. They’d rather print out a ticket on paper than go through all of that stuff.
Tickets.com’s SVP of Client and Consumer Services John Rizzi told me that the numbers for ticketing to mobile phones were so small as to be not even worth counting. They were hoping that the streamlined flow, beautiful tickets and customer interest in Passbook would change the perception of mobile ticketing and turn those statistics upside down.
So far, it looks as if those Passbook enabled apps are off to a decent start. Now we’ll see if that translates into long-term success.
Image credit: John Sullivan / Getty Images
Read next: Can you be sexy and have a startup?
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Filed under: JUSTIN TRUDEAU PM,Liberals,News and politics,PRIME MINISTER,RUSSIA,THE WEST,UKRAINE — thenonconformer @ 7:24 am
Tags: BRUSSELS, DEMOCRATS, Israel, NATO, Putin, Trump, UK
Fake news is a type of yellow journalism or propaganda that consists of deliberate disinformation or hoaxes spread via traditional print and broadcast news media or online social media. The Lying Press, distorted, false information is misinformation in social media, band the mainstream Liberal media as well.
Fake news is written and published usually with the intent to mislead in order to damage an agency, entity, or person, and/or gain financially or politically, often using sensationalist, dishonest, or outright fabricated headlines to increase Liberal support, readership, online sharing, and revenue. Intentionally misleading and deceptive fake news is immoral as it mislead its audience.
Canada is condemning Russia’s seizure of three Ukrainian naval vessels near Crimea, but many are also divided on what this escalation of the conflict will mean.
The Trump-Russia False, negative Liberal news Media explained.
It should be obvious to any news reader there is the truth and the big lies among the news media firms. It is not by any coincidence that the same news media that falsely, clearly hates Trump tends to hate Putin, and one of the reasons is they cannot force them to do what they want done. Trump and Putin are uncontrollable. So the Liberals are continuing “ to lie” to implicate Trump and Putin and clearly show to all what they really are like, “Liars”, “Oppressors”. “The Phony Witch Hunt continues”. “Their stories are totally false and deliberately libelous,” and so we shouldn’t take their words for much of anything.
US President Trump’s “lethal force” authorization at the border could escalate the conflict against migrants at the southern border even more. White House Chief of Staff John Kelly issued a memo expanding the military’s authority to include protecting border agents — even if that means using deadly force. A recent memo states that troops may “perform those military protective activities that the Secretary of Defense determines are reasonably necessary,” if there is “credible evidence and intelligence,” including “a show or use of force (including lethal force, where necessary), crowd control, temporary detention, and cursory search.” Trump has the power to authorize the military to act as law enforcement at the border in case of a violent uprising, under the Insurrection Act, which allows the president to activate the military to act like law enforcement in the case of “insurrection, domestic violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy.” There is a national security threat and full-blown crisis at the southern border.
The Guardian published a stunning report alleging that Manafort had secretly met WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange during the 2016 campaign. But the story been vigorously disputed by WikiLeaks and Manafort, and has not yet been confirmed by any other news outlet. It’s best to treat it with caution for now. it has long been known that Manafort traveled to Ecuador in May 2017 to meet with the incoming president-elect Lenin Moreno. On Tuesday, however, CNN reported that Mueller has been investigating whether WikiLeaks or Assange came up at that meeting — The Phony Witch Hunt continues, but Mueller and his gang of Angry Dems are only looking at one side, not the other. Wait until it comes out how horribly & viciously they are treating people, ruining lives for them refusing to lie. Mueller is a conflicted prosecutor gone rogue.… — Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) November 27, 2018
RUSSIAN armed forces are preparing for the deployment of US nuclear missiles in Europe following Washington’s planned withdrawal from a weapons treaty amid warnings of a dangerous new arms race. Deputy foreign minister Sergei Ryabkov said Moscow did not trust the reassurances of European and US leaders who insist additional nuclear weapons will not be rolled out and confirmed the Russian military was planning for a “worst-case scenario”. He vowed Moscow’s response would be “effective” and “relatively inexpensive.” The Kremlin has previously warned Russia will target any European countries that agrees to host US nuclear missiles. Russia is indeed a democracy that operates with the support and consent of the people. Putin unlike Trump is ready to use his armed forces as well, Putin’s ratings soared with the euphoria over Crimea’s annexation and the success of Russia branding the new Ukrainian government as fascist extremists. Ukraine’s Sunday provocation in the Sea of Azov was a violation of Russian sovereignty in the waters off Crimea despite repeated demands to cease their hostile actions. Russian border forces had no choice but to act, wounding three Ukrainian sailors and commandeering the military vessels. It’s another triumph of Russian forces against the dark forces controlling Ukraine. Putin is not constrained as he has a massive cash flows from energy and minerals to build up a modern army and expand the frontiers of the hybrid warfare of cyberattacks, internet trolling and financial support for Kremlin-friendly politicians abroad.
Ukraine’s Petro Poroshenko in an upcoming election recent polls suggest he will lose. It’s unclear how Ukraine can naively strengthen its defenses against any Russian attack on it’s own, and the West is reluctant to get involved. With the his martial decree curtailed, there’s little political benefit left for Poroshenko. The Kremlin would gain little by invading and, besides, the election provides a much better opportunity for Putin to go on destabilizing and weakening his neighbor. If Poroshenko hoped for a robust international response, he got only a belated and muted reaction from the Trump administration. Trump tweeted Sunday his usual refrain urging European allies to pay more for their national defense. But he has yet to use his preferred platform to condemn Putin. Ukrainians have four months, to pick a more competent leader over Poroshenko.
There is nothing that the control freaks Brussels, NATO, UK, Israel, Liberal News Media, Democrats will not do on behalf of starting trouble. These verbal and mental abusers as well often known as control freaks, is a sign of a mental sickness,a Control freak It is a serious personality disorder and is a derogatory term for a person who attempts to dictate how everything around them Control freaks do often have a terrible personal, social life too and these people manifest Psychological Disorders ,
These Persons who if not in control of many aspects even in other’s lives will go ballistic. This ensues telling, demanding,and a control freak likes to claim the successes of others as their own. These people obsessively try to dictate how you’re supposed to be and feel. They have an opinion about everything; disagree at your peril.
AND WHEN YOU DO NOT DO WHAT THEY WANT YOU TO DO THESE SAME RATHER LITTLE BAD CHILDREN INSULT YOU, SLANDER YOU, DIVORCE YOU, OSTRACIZE YOU, BAD MOUTH YOU.
Control freaks rarely know that they are the sick ones. They believe that they are helping people with their “constructive criticism” or taking over a project because “no one else will do it right.” They spout, dictate unsolicited advice and use anger often to put you in your place. You cannot tell them what to do.; Being a Control freak is a big, bad unacceptable disease.. and it must be treated as such.. Control freaks do often make all life terrible for those they live with, marry, work with, come in contact with.
“Arguing with the control freak seldom works. Why? Because they are an expert at justifying to themselves and everyone else why they are right. They are world authorities in being “right”. Control freaks or Bullies, abusers, wrongfully do cause others stress so they can maintain a false sense of order.
If you are a Control freak you are not only still an unrealistic, immature, immoral person but you have a serious personality disorder.You are a menace, plus a real danger to yourself and to others, for you are an abuser, a human rights violator too. They have spent whole lifetimes practicing “being right”. So trying to out-argue them can be nigh on impossible.”
These bad control freaks and their sad present development it now has too often been a long time in the making now, for they did not arrive to this disturbed state of mind likely even over night,
Do readily now Tell them to get help, and the sooner the better, to deal with their much too many fears due often to their personal unresolved guilt, and/or fears of negative resulting possible consequences, or the fear of dying, getting hurt, being fired, mugged, becoming poor, or whatever..
Is 51:23 ..your tormentors {and} oppressors, those who said to you, Bow down, that we may ride {or} tread over you; and you have made your back like the ground and like the street for them to pass over Is 55:7 Let the wicked forsake his way and the unrighteous man his thoughts; and let him return to the Lord, and He will have love, pity, {and} mercy for him, and to our God, for He will multiply to him His abundant pardon. 8 For My thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways My ways, says the Lord. 9 For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are My ways higher than your ways and My thoughts than your thoughts.
Is 56:10 watchmen are blind, they are all without knowledge;
https://postedat.wordpress.com/2018/08/23/god-does-not-accept-any-abuse/
https://sacredtruths.wordpress.com/2012/02/04/those-unacceptable-persons-bullies-abuserscontrol-freaks-liars-slanderers/
https://postedat.wordpress.com/2018/06/25/they-cannot-face-the-truth-reality/
https://postedat.wordpress.com/2008/07/07/control-freaks/
https://thefocusonthefamily.wordpress.com/2008/08/12/more-about-control-freaks/
https://stayinhealth.wordpress.com/2008/12/04/stressed-out-by-the-control-freaks/
https://stayinhealth.wordpress.com/2018/11/28/the-liberal-control-freaks/
https://putin1hero.wordpress.com/
Comments Off on The Liberal Control Freaks
Ex-Alberta MP Jaffer’s drug, Impaired driving charges dropped
Tags: Alcoholic, alcoholics, Canada, Canadian Courts, Canadian Law, Conservative Party of Canada, Conservatives, Courts, DEMOCRATS, Gilles duceppe, injustice in the courts, Jason Kenney, Jim Prentice, judges, Justice, law & order, leadership, Liberal Party of Canada, Liberals, LOSS OF CREDIBILITY, Michael Ignatieff, new Conservatives, News and politics, No alcohol, Rahim Jaffer, Stephen Harper, TARNISHED REPUTATION, Useless Preston Manning, Useless Vic Toews
Public should know more about Jaffer: Nicholson Globe and Mail Mr. Jaffer is a former Conservative MP from Edmonton. He is married to Harper”s cabinet minister Helena Guergis.
Political stereotypes, joined at the hip National Post What we think is this: that these people enter public life booming their concern for the little guy, the average Joe, the set-upon taxpayer, but as soon as they clip on their MP wings they can’t wait to shake off the dust of where they came from, parade their special status and go full prima donna as a matter of right. Stephen Harper, we all remember, came out of Reform, a populist political movement that very particularly made a point of reminding Canadians how politicians, “once they got to Ottawa,” forgot the people, lost touch with their roots, ignored their constituents.
Politically, the story is toxic. Former Conservative MP, husband of (currently embroiled) Conservative cabinet Minister, gets special treatment because of his status — that’s the line on the street and in every coffee shop in the country. Once again the story, almost immaculately in this case, fits the negative stereotype. Politicians have one set of rules, ordinary people another. Big people get the easy out, the little guy gets whacked on the head. The Jaffer story has the force of a parable. Like his wife’s it is emblematic. It confirms, as that most weary phrase has it, what “everybody knows.”And it cuts right to another core concept of the current administration. They have made law and order, toughening up on criminals, applying the law with its full force, a cardinal element in their appeal to Canadian voters. On a populist understanding, the outcome of Jaffer’s case turns that precisely upside down. One law for “them,” another for “us.”
Guergis, Jaffer at height of hypocrisy TheChronicleHerald.ca IT’S NO WONDER that many young people don’t pay attention to politics. It is a dreary parade of lumpy middle-aged people in suits reading misleading and evasive talking points to one another, projecting emotions they don’t feel as they defend their parties, attack other parties and attempt to attract the attention of tuned-out voters with dim-witted propaganda. Thank goodness, then, for Helena Guergis and Rahim Jaffer, the Tory poster couple for bad behaviour, for offering young people a bit of titillation this week. It has been pretty good theatre — a farce in two acts — wherein they behave badly, with no consequences to themselves beyond public scorn, and we all get to enjoy the spectacle. The Tories look like they are coddling a couple of spoiled brats, and they look like hypocrites. Much of the Tories’ electoral success was based on a simple-minded anti-crime message. They promise to get tough, and pass laws requiring mandatory sentences. They self-righteously and dishonestly bleat at the opposition for obstructing those bills, and then kill those bills by proroguing. The Jaffer case still points to the reality of our criminal justice system. A lot of people get light sentences because of plea bargains.Sad..
Jaffer and Guergis have done us all a favour for drawing attention to the limits of the Conservatives’ crime agenda. Their farcical support of it too.. When it came to appealing the light sentence given to one of their own the Conservatives shut up.
Conservative minister Helena Guergis, minister of state for the status of women, was recently forced to apologize for an angry outburst against airport and Air Canada staff in Charlottetown. She allegedly seethed at being put through airline procedures as she arrived minutes before a scheduled flight, calling the city a “hellhole” and uttering a profanity. Guergis is also dealing with the fallout from husband Rahim Jaffer’s careless-driving charge. Jaffer, a former Conservative MP, saw charges of impaired driving and drug possession dropped – a “break” in the words of the judge who heard his case.
This is the same new Political party that had promised to be good, different from all the others firstly but basically still are the same.
Too many Canadians consider the apparent incompetence, favouritism and indifference exhibited by the Crown in withdrawing the more serious charges, including impaired driving, laid against Jaffer as unacceptable. The former Reform and Conservative MP Rahim Jaffer gets a slap on the wrist. He received what even the judge in the case conceded was a “break”. Next the Law and order Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper, federal Justice Minister, and the federal security minister are not demanding a retrial cause they are happy one of their own got off scott free? Considering Jaffer’s own tough-on-crime messages and the Conservative government’s dim view of lenient sentencing by judges, this all smells of real hypocrisy now to all..
The $500 fine given to former Conservative MP Rahim Jaffer for careless driving by an Ontario judge on March 9, after he was initially charged with cocaine possession, impaired driving and speeding, hardly sends a message as a deterrent. This case raises the question, Can influence, money and a good lawyer sway the course of justice? Most Canadians will consider the penalty handed out to Jaffer to be unreasonable. http://www.edmontonjournal.com/news/Jaffer+sentence+laws+jeopardy/2669583/story.html
Former Conservative MP Rahim Jafferwas stopped for speeding north of Toronto last September. Provincial police from the Caledon detachment arrested him after he admitted to having consumed two bottles of beer and he failed a breath test.Police laid three charges against Jaffer – possession of cocaine, drunk driving and speeding – for doing 90 kilometres an hour in a 50 km/h zone. The advocacy group Mothers Against Drunk Driving has written to Ontario’s attorney general, demanding to know why the drunk driving case against Jaffer fell apart. “It is critical that answers be provided as to why the case did not proceed with the original charges, given that the evidence appeared to warrant and support the charges,” wrote MADD Canada’s National President Margaret Miller in the letter. The NDP’s justice critic, Joe Comartin, said he wants both the provincial attorney general and Justice Minister Rob Nicholson to explain to Canadians why very serious charges against Jaffer were dropped, because there’s a “perception” of a double-standard.
Former Conservative MP Rahim Jaffer pleaded guilty today in Orangeville, Ont., to careless driving. Charges of cocaine possession and drunk driving were withdrawn. Jaffer, who is married to junior federal cabinet minister Helena Guergis, was fined $500. Jaffer, 38, was arrested last Sept. 10 after police stopped him for speeding in Palgrave, Ont., north of Toronto. The judge said he hoped the former politician recognized the break he was getting. Jaffer was first elected as an Alberta Conservative MP in 1997 but lost in his riding in 2008.
“WHAT?!!! What a joke. How in the hell do you plead coke possession and impaired driving down to careless driving? This slimeball should be in jail. THIS IS AN OUTRAGE.”
Sadly this is a crappy judgment.. a poor ordinary fellow would get no breaks like this.. Our Conservative government law and order, accountability falsely does not apply to one of their own..
The decision drew howls of outrage from government critics, who accused the Conservatives of gross hypocrisy for promoting an aggressive “tough-on-crime” agenda but remaining silent when the mantra was not applied to one of their own. Conservatives, up to and including the prime minister, have publicly criticized judges for sentences they deemed too light. Harper, unsolicited, publicly questioned the sentence handed to a Toronto terrorism convict in January. But on Tuesday several Conservative MPs stressed that the Jaffer court proceedings were in Ontario jurisdiction and had nothing to do with the federal government. Yet political intervention is precisely what the Conservatives are pushing when they enact mandatory minimum sentencing laws, said several experts. “Prosecutors and judges strike deals to preserve proportionality. But because they can’t do it in public, they do it behind closed doors.” And a well-recorded history of increased plea bargains in areas of mandatory minimum sentences suggests it is people like Jaffer – connected, educated, wealthy – who benefit most, said criminologist Neil Boyd of Simon Fraser University in Burnaby. B.C. http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/capress/100309/national/crime_jaffer_tory_justice
Judge gives former Tory MP $500 slap on wrist Toronto Star When he was re-elected in 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper named him chair of the Conservative caucus.
Tories bristle when asked to explain Rahim Jaffer’s ‘slap on the wrist’ Globe and Mail (blog)
Tories should take Jaffer lesson to heart, dump minimum sentences: experts The Canadian Press
Poor optics on Jaffer sentence Ottawa Citizen
Edmonton Journal – iNews880.com
so next the drunk cops will be let of the hook too ehhh
Rahim Jaffer and Helena Guergis have become the poster couple for political entitlement. Jaffer, a former MP and one-time chair of the Conservatives’s national caucus, was under intense pressure Wednesday to explain how he dodged impaired driving and cocaine possession charges in a plea bargain that earned him a $500 fine for careless driving. And the appearance of preferential treatment in his case was linked to that of his wife, the junior status of women minister who was allowed to board a plane last month despite throwing a public, obscenity-laced tantrum at Charlottetown airport. Guergis issued a written statement apologizing for speaking “emotionally” to airport and airline staff while catching a plane. She conceded her conduct — allegedly yelling at employees, trying to force her way through a security barrier and grousing about being “stuck in this hell hole” — was inappropriate. Get rid of this couple they are an embaressement to all Canadians!!
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2009/12/03/now-there-are-good-and-bad-laws-too/
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2010/02/28/pm-stephen-harper-does-drink-alcohol/
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2010/06/25/we-need-more-red-light-cameras-elsewhere-too/
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2010/02/04/our-politicians-file-excessive-and-unreasonable-claims-canada-wide-now-too/
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2009/11/16/another-typical-unacceptable-canadian-perversity/
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2010/06/16/we-need-full-accountability-transparency-audits/
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/alleged-conservative-mis-spending-and-influence-peddling/
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Welcome to not one big Canada but too many seperate parts..
Tags: Alcoholic, alcoholics, Canada, Conservative Party of Canada, Conservatives, CRIME, DEMOCRATS, Gilles duceppe, Health, health care, Jason Kenney, Jim Prentice, Justice, law & order, laws, leadership, Liberal Party of Canada, Liberals, LOSS OF CREDIBILITY, Medicare, Michael Ignatieff, new Conservatives, News and politics, No alcohol, police, regulations, Stephen Harper, TARNISHED REPUTATION, Useless Preston Manning, Useless Vic Toews
New Canadians , new immigrants to Canada are often really surprised to find out that next in reality, in fact , unlike the lies too often conveyed to them , that Canada in reality is not one big country with the same equal rights, the same equal services available in all the parts of Canada. They are not only to surprised that the type of supposedly universal Medicare services available in Canada actually seriously differs from province to province, since Health and social welfare are provincial issues under provincial registrations, but so do many of the laws, and related penalties, such as the penalties for drunk driving as well differ from province to province, so does the quality and the type of police services, social services now offered to all as well. https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2009/10/03/insuring-adequate-consumer-protection/
AND WHAT ELSE?
Food, Health, Medical Standards and professional standards and their enforcements vary often even from province to province too. University Education fees now also differ now too. When the governments lie and say they are looking after the good welfare of all of the citizens, it even seriously now depends where you actually do live in Canada.
OTTAWA – Canadians have universal health care, but a new study shows big differences in health spending across the country, suggesting there may also be inequalities in the quality and quantity of medical care people receive.The analysis of health-care spending by Toronto-based Dale Orr Economic Insight shows that some provinces spend hundreds of dollars more per capita than others.The breakdown in medicare expenditures shows Newfoundland spends $1,000 more per person – or about 30 per cent more – than Quebec, which has been consistently near the bottom on spending on health care over the last decade.Ontario, Canada’s most populous and second most prosperous province in terms of per capita income, is surprisingly near the bottom on health-care spending at $3,712, higher only than Quebec’s $3,419. The highest per capita health-care spenders are Newfoundland at $4,490 and Saskatchewan and Alberta at just over $4,400 each. The amounts are forecasts for the year 2009 from the Canadian Institute of Health Information.
Here is what I at least have found amazing about real life, the amount of evil, wrong doings does depend on the actual places you go to. In Canada I have found some cities are worse over others. I have also found that some banking institutions, governmental offices are better over others. The same truth applies to hospitals, schools or what ever. Needless to say all this depends on the local management styles, policies or actually too often the lack of it.
http://postedat.wordpress.com/2010/02/17/local-medical-services-fall-drastically-short-of-what-it-should-be/
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2009/11/13/unproportional-prison-representation/
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2010/02/19/we-cannot-trust-the-rcmp-or-the-military-too-now/
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2010/02/24/a-reminder-that-the-dysfunction-inside-the-rcmp-continues-despite-promises-of-reform/
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2009/02/15/canadian-editorial-cartoons/
PS: The amount of money spent does not necessary mean quality care.. they the governments are merely putting more money into pails full of holes merely.. There generally is still no real personal management of the quality of medical services provided by doctors and nurses anywhere in Canada.. thus the medical workers they still do tend to do their own thing which most of the time still seems to be coffee breaks, etc., as i have detailed elsewhere often too…
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Leg and Heart surgery
Tags: Alcoholic, alcoholics, Canada, Conservative Party of Canada, Conservatives, DEMOCRATS, Gilles duceppe, health care, heart attack, heart surgery, Jason Kenney, Jim Prentice, Justice, law & order, leadership, Liberal Party of Canada, Liberals, LOSS OF CREDIBILITY, Medicare Alcohol, Michael Ignatieff, new Conservatives, News and politics, No alcohol, Stephen Harper, TARNISHED REPUTATION, Useless Preston Manning, Useless Vic Toews
Firstly all of the governments need to allot a lot more money for Medicare, heart and leg surgery and for decades now too as well .. and likely this money will be partially abused again as well.. some thing I still do see too often now too.. doctors and nurses even not properly supervised..
Quebec to address heart surgery delays Quebec Health Minister Yves Bolduc is promising to reduce the waiting list for heart surgery in the province after a 65-year-old patient died while on the waiting list for a relatively straightforward procedure. Jean-Guy Pitre, a retired police officer, died Friday after waiting more than five months for the operation to repair a blocked aorta, which was to take place at Montreals Hotel Dieu hospital. Officials at the University of Montreal Health Centre (CHUM), said it was forced to postpone Pitres surgery because of a lack of beds in the intensive care unit
http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/cbc/100308/canada/canada_montreal_mtl_quebec_heart_surgery_wait
Anyone stupid to say that the main problem is due to the lack of nurses is a fool.. for the root problem is the fact the Hospitals have a limited annual budget for heart surgery teams overall and for decades now as well, and not just in Quebec. heart surgery at $50,000 plus is a costly undertaking.. so only about 10 percent of the people who need it get it.. and I have been writing that truth now for 15 years now too. In Quebec and in many of the other provinces they do often practice pretentious, token Medicare.. they in the pretentious McGill West Island Health Social Services Centre, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC) and in the University of Montreal Health Centre (CHUM), allow the public to think they have adequate medical services only.. but do not have the staff, equipment, resources for it.. especially now for both heart and leg surgeries now.. and as the population in Canada gets older this is becoming even more obvious too.
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2009/12/11/hospital-deaths-account-for-half-of-deaths-annually/
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2008/12/30/death-in-hospitals/
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2009/12/03/most-canadians-get-uneven-inadequate-diabetes-test-care/
http://stayinhealth.wordpress.com/2008/12/10/the-important-issue-of-our-personal-health/
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2009/08/29/unacceptable-a-year-after-listeriosis-our-food-is-no-safer/
The reality also is that a God/faith based forgiveness approach still works only if one admits that one lies, one has to first admit he has sinned before he or she can receive help, forgiveness for it.. like it or not.
Useless Watchdog ready to handle ER probes.
It is misleading to say that the lack of Hospital beds is the sole problem..
Do you even know what the actual patient waiting time is to see a cardiologist for example outside of the hospital, or an eye doctor, or a skin specialist, a knee specialist for a start?
Having been to the emergency about 7 times at least this year alone with my senior father there are 3 things essential for all for a start to note..
1 People who are seriously ill cannot generally be helped by their family doctors, cause they still generally do not have the essential medical skills or even access to the essential medical tests..
Only hospital tend to have the best, essential testing equipment, medical personnel .. so the lack of emergency room or hospital beds here now is not the sole problem..
in reality rather the root problem is the lack of hospital staff to test the sick people 24 hours per day and seven days a week since the good hospital staff, medical technicians and doctors tend to work 9-5 and five days a week only.. and this is the root problem
Generally too many inadequate, pretentious medical test are also still being done initially too by the family doctors and emergency rooms one too.
2 What the lack of emergency and hospital beds now also means though is that the patient cannot firstly get medically diagnosed and get get their blood tests done within the first 4 hours..
so they can if needed be put into an emergency bed for 48 hours and next if needed.. transferred to the Hospital bed for 10 days at the most where more medical tests can be done…
what we here also really still do need is not more beds.. but hospital medical testing facilities to be available 7 days a week, 24 hours per day..
3 The lack of proven, skilled medical personnel is still problem especially, especially in emergency rooms and elsewhere..
for instance inexperienced, nurses and inexperienced doctors should not be allowed to look after the patients in the emergency room.. Reality rather here we need qualified and experienced medical personnel here and 24 hours per day and seven days a week here.. which too often is not the case too…
4 Now I myself have been to the emergency room at least 5 times the last few years..
Note this I had 5 different doctors at the same hospital give 5 different reason for my sickness initially and none of them were right.. the actual sickness was determined only after I was admitted and serious testing done..
In many other instances the emergency room could not help me or others cause they did not have at all the proper medical experts available at all in the emergency room.. since they tend to too often concentrate, specialize in recognizing heart attacks, cancer , broken bones mainly it seems.
Oh well if you cannot get good medical servcie in Canada you can go to the states if you are rich..
$5M project targets heart failure Calgary Herald – Scientists and physicians have launched an Albertawide research project to better identify and treat heart failure, a condition that affects 80000 Albertans. Across Canada, the figure swells to over 500,000. Symptoms of heart failure include shortness of breath, chest pain, difficulty exercising, and swelling of the ankles.
Notice the spin doctors do not deal truthfully or specially with how many people who have been diagnosed with serious heart problems got treated within 6 months to 2 years at the most and why was that? Reality heart treatment is done at major hospitals only who do not get paid on a per patient basis, but only get an annual budget to work with, a budget which varies with each city, province now too, so they firstly do not treat all the serious heart patients. https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2010/05/12/canadian-mortaility-rate-death-health-heart-disease-cancer/
copy to PM@gc.ca :Nicholson.R@parl.gc.ca ; Day.S@parl.gc.ca ; Abbott.J@parl.gc.ca ; allenm@parl.gc.ca ; Ambrose.R@parl.gc.ca ; Anders.R@parl.gc.ca ; Baird.J@parl.gc.ca ; Bernier.M@parl.gc.ca ; Blackburn.J@parl.gc.ca ; Cannon.L@parl.gc.ca ; casson@rickcasson.com ; Chong.M@parl.gc.ca ; Clement.T@parl.gc.ca ; Davidp@parl.gc.ca ; delmad@parl.gc.ca ; DevolB@parl.gc.ca ; Faille.M@parl.gc.ca ; Finley.D@parl.gc.ca ; Flaherty.J@parl.gc.ca ; Fletcher.S@parl.gc.ca ; Goodale.R@parl.gc.ca ; hawnL@parl.gc.ca ; Holland.M@parl.gc.ca ; info@dickharrismp.ca ; Kenney.J@parl.gc.ca ; Layton.J@parl.gc.ca ; Lukiwski.T@parl.gc.ca ; Lunn.G@parl.gc.ca ; Mackay.P@parl.gc.ca ; MacKenzie.D@parl.gc.ca ; mathyi@parl.gc.ca ; Mayes.C@parl.gc.ca ; Moore.J@parl.gc.ca ; Obhrai.D@parl.gc.ca ; OConnor.G@parl.gc.ca ; Oda.B@parl.gc.ca ; ottawa@larrymiller.ca ; pepinl@sen.parl.gc.ca ; Prentice.J@parl.gc.ca ; rajotte.j@parl.gc.ca ; sgroj@parl.gc.ca ; silva.m@parl.gc.ca ; simmssc@parl.gc.ca ; Russell.T@parl.gc.ca ; McKay.J@parl.gc.ca ; sorenson.k@parl.gc.ca ; Toews.V@parl.gc.ca ; Verner.J@parl.gc.ca ; volpej1@parl.gc.ca ; warkentin.c@parl.gc.ca ; Yelich.L@parl.gc.ca ; St-Cyr.T@parl.gc.ca ; Fry.H@parl.gc.ca ; ministre@finances.gouv.qc.ca ; ministre@justice.gouv.qc.ca ; Ignatieff.M@parl.gc.ca ; Bennett.C@parl.gc.ca ; Aglukkaq.L@parl.gc.ca ; calgary@ablonczy.com ; Jennings.M@parl.gc.ca ; communications@Ville.lasalle.qc.ca ; services@rdprm.gouv.qc.ca ; informations@justice.gouv.qc.ca ; Luciana.Evangelista@mdeie.gouv.qc.ca ; yolande.james@micc.gouv.qc.ca ; julie.brisson@micc.gouv.qc.ca ; cdufour.lgh@ssss.gouv.qc.ca ; minister_ministre@hc-sc.gc.ca ; Oliphant.R@parl.gc.ca ; ministre@msss.gouv.qc.ca ; fouimet-marq@assnat.qc.ca ; medicare.hc@hc-sc.gc.ca ; nc-isp-psr-gd@hrsdc-rhdcc.gc.ca
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Wait till the reality sets in on PM Stephen Harper
Tags: Canada, coalition, Conservative, Conservative Party of Canada, Conservatives, DEMOCRATS, ignatieff, Jim Flaherty, Jim Prentice, Liberal Party of Canada, Liberals, Michael Ignatieff, NDP, new Conservatives, New Democrat Party, News, News and politics, News- Politics, Politics, Quebec, shit diseases, Stephen Harper, Useless Preston Manning
National coalition thin and fractured, says PM
Coalition ‘best solution,’ says Bloc Leader duceppe
Calgary Herald, Canada – 9 hours ago
The Bloc Quebecois-supported Liberal-New Democrat Party coalition in the House of Commons remains solid and still makes sense for Quebec, Bloc Leader Gilles …
Coalition can deal with crisis, Duceppe says
Globe and Mail, Canada – 12 Jan 2009
MONTREAL — Gilles Duceppe says the coalition remains the best option to deal with the economic crisis, even if the Liberal-NDP alliance supported by the …
Duceppe doubts budget will deliver for Quebec
CBC.ca, Canada – 20 hours ago
Bloc leader Gilles Duceppe, front, speaks to reporters with the party’s chief organizer Mario Laframboise. (CBC) Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe says …
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AND WHO IS PAYING FOR THIS
Tags: ACCIDENTS, alcoholics, Bad Cops, Bad RCMP, Canada, Canadian Law, Conservatives, cops, DEMOCRATS, federal, government, ignatieff, Jim Prentice, Julian Fantino, Justice, law & order, leadership, liars, Liberals, Michael Ignatieff, municipal, News and politics, Ontario, police, Politics, Public Safety, RCMP, RCMP police commission, Roads, safety, Security Minister, Snow, snow removal, Speeding, Stephen Harper, Useless Preston Manning, Useless RCMP police commissions
Ontario Provincial Police Commissioner Julian Fantino DEFENCE, COURT ACTIONS, THE CITIZENS AGAIN?
“The Canadian Press TORONTO – An adjudicator had every reason to feel he was being threatened by an experienced lawyer acting for Ontario Provincial Police Commissioner Julian Fantino, and his reaction did not indicate bias, a court heard Thursday. Lawyer Julian Falconer, who represents two officers charged by Fantino with professional misconduct, told Divisional Court the adjudicator’s anger at being told he would be appealed if he didn’t step down was perfectly understandable. “It was an extraordinary submission to make to an adjudicator. It was unnecessary. It was offensive.” At issue is whether Leonard Montgomery is unfit to continue hearing a disciplinary case against the two senior officers, as Fantino contends. In November, Fantino’s lawyer Brian Gover asked Montgomery to step down and said he would take the matter to court if the retired justice did not do so. Gover also insisted he had the full support of the province’s attorney general – something the ministry immediately disavowed. Montgomery refused to step down. Gover’s comments, Montgomery said, amounted to a “highly improper” attempt to intimidate a judicial officer. He also complained about apparent political interference and conflicts of interest related to the Ministry of the Attorney General’s involvement. Fantino HAS A new lawyer Tom Curry . At several points, Justice James Carnwath challenged Curry’s assertion that Montgomery had shown bias rather than a normal reaction to Gover’s announcement he would go to court if not satisfied. “This kind of statement leads to some pretty harsh responses from the bench,” Carnwath noted. “(Montgomery) was pretty constrained.” Montgomery had called Fantino’s credibility into question when the commissioner changed his testimony during the disciplinary hearing in October. The labyrinthine disciplinary hearing involves two former members of the provincial police internal standards bureau. They are accused under the Police Services Act in relation to an investigation they did into how officers responded to a domestic violence complaint involving an officer and his estranged wife more than four years ago. But the case has ensnared Fantino, with the defence accusing him of petty vindictiveness and witness tampering. The judges reserved their decision. ” http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/capress/090108/national/fantino_hearing
AND WHO IS PAYING FOR THIS Ontario Provincial Police Commissioner Julian Fantino DEFENSE, COURT ACTIONS, THE CITIZENS AGAIN?
see the other posts here about him too.. https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2009/01/06/safety-and-snow-removal-services/
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Conservative Myths
Tags: Canada, Conservative, Conservative Party of Canada, Conservatives, DEMOCRATS, hospital infections, Hospitals, hygiene, ignatieff, Jim Flaherty, Jim Prentice, kills, Liberal Party of Canada, Liberals, Manitoba, Martimes, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Michael Ignatieff, MRSA, NDP, new Conservatives, News, News and politics, News- Politics, Ontario, Politics, Quebec, Republicans, Saskatchewan, Senate Bill 1058, shit diseases, Stephen Harper, Useless Preston Manning, Yukon
“Prime Minister Stephen Harper’s inaction on a promised investigation of the death confirms that that the government is not particularly interested in identifying the problems that led to the listeriosis outbreak. Harper ruled out a public inquiry into the outbreak, which was traced to a Maple Leaf Foods plant in Toronto. Days before the last election, he did promise an “arms-length investigation” to establish whether there were problems with the food inspection system. The day before the vote was called, Harper announced the terms of reference and set a reporting deadline of March 15. But four months later, Harper has still not named a lead investigator to conduct the investigation. The March reporting deadline will not be met; at the current rate of progress, it’s reasonable to wonder if there will ever be an investigation of any kind. The government’s inaction will raise concerns — that it has something to hide, or simply doesn’t believe in the importance of appropriate regulation, even in such a critical area. That is especially true given the large number of questions about the government’s general handling of food inspection and this specific case. Canadian Food Inspection Agency inspectors, for example, say a system introduced last year left them overloaded with paperwork, responsible for too many different facilities and unable to ensure safety. The government has also moved toward shifting responsibility for inspections to industry, arguing companies have an interest in safety. The outbreak is estimated to have cost Maple Leaf Foods about $75 million. Questions remain about the response to the problem between June, when Ontario public health units began to notice an unusual number of listeriosis cases, and eventual product recalls in mid-August. Similarly, Health Canada had warned in 2005 about the risk of listeriosis from sliced lunch meats and advised that pregnant women, the elderly and those with weakened immune systems should not eat the products. Yet hospitals and seniors’ care facilities in B.C. and other provinces were serving the deli meats to patients at the time of this outbreak. And a Canadian Medical Association Journal editorial charged that “government policy errors” contributed to disaster and called for a full public inquiry into Canada’s food inspection system. Those are among the serious, credible questions about Canada’s food safety that Harper appears uninterested in seeing answered.”
I remember hearing about that great Conservative myth on promised full accountability, governmental transparency, a better form of governing, and the Harper- Conservative government lies go on and on, fooling only the Conservatives as to who they really are still, liars..
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Harper stays silent on Gaza
Filed under: Christianity,News and politics — thenonconformer @ 12:12 am
Tags: alcoholics, Canada, Canadian Law, Canadian leaders, Conservative, Conservatives, DEMOCRATS, Gaza, Hamas, ignatieff, Israel, Jim Prentice, Justice, law & order, leadership, Liberals, Michael Ignatieff, News and politics, Palestinians, Politics, privacy, Privacy Commissioner, Public Safety, Security Minister, Stephen Harper, Useless Preston Manning
Waves of anger sweeps across the World. Hundreds of Thousands call for Mid-East peace, call for peace in Israel and Gaza, as well as recognition of the citizen’s view of the conflict there, and they want both Gaza and Israel to be free, calling called for a sustained ceasefire and an end to all violence in the region. ” We look upon the increasing loss of life on both sides of the Gaza conflict with horror ” . “We have no doubt that these conflicts by Israel, and by Hamas and other militant Palestinian groups, are war crimes against the innocent citizens. “No sovereign state should, or would, tolerate continued attacks and the deliberate targeting of civilians. We all must demand an immediate ceasefire in Gaza. WASHINGTON: Several thousand protesters – 10,000 according to organizers – descended on the White House in support of Palestinians in Gaza, on the heels of other protests across major world capitals. The two biggest protests calling for an end to Israel’s military offensive in the Gaza Strip took place in London and Paris, and elsewhere..
As far as I am concerned both sides are really not interested in any real peaceful settlements, negotiations, as History has clearly shown the last 50 years too.. both sides here tend to be really imperfect, have done many wrongs, are often equally guilty thus.. so you cannot really ask me to take one or the other sides .. An Impossible Peace: Israel/Palestine
“When the world community at the UN tried to stop the violence, the call for a ceasefire was blocked by the U.S., and Canada, to its shame, has fully supported the U.S., actually opposing the call for an immediate ceasefire,” “These actions by Canada and the U.S. amount to a green light for the killing to continue, and they make our governments complicit to the crimes being waged in Gaza.” – David Orchard. David Orchard who entered the Israeli consulate said people in that the city of Montreal could not support the continued bombing in Gaza. He also called for the federal government to break off relations with Israel until the military action stops. http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/capress/090108/national/gaza_canada_reaction
Latest update Jan 9, 2009 “.MONTREAL – Prime Minister Stephen Harper is echoing previous assertions that Canada supports an “effective and durable” ceasefire in Gaza. His comments in Montreal today come a day after the UN Security Council approved a resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire and the full withdrawal of Israeli forces from Gaza. Harper says the Canadian government has been clear on its position. He says both parties, Israel and Hamas, are responsible for coming to such an agreement. ” BUT Israel and Hamas ignore UN call for cease-fire.
” Who will save Israel from herself? Not the UN, Canada, US, or Middle East Quartet, the European Union, the United Nations, or the Arab League. Oxford University professor Avi Shlaim, Sees Israel today as a “rogue” and gangster” state led by “completely unscrupulous leaders”. Neve Gordon, a politics professor at Ben Gurion University, has declared that Israel’s actions in Gaza are like “raising animals for slaughter on a farm” and represent a “bizarre new moral element” in warfare.”The moral voice of restraint has been left behind … Everything is permitted” against Palestinians, writes a disgusted Haaretz columnist, Gideon Levy. Fellow Haaretz columnist and daughter of Holocaust survivors, Amira Haas writes of her late parents disgust at how Israeli leaders justified Israel’s wars with a “language laundromat” aimed at redefining reality and Israel’s moral compass. “Lucky my parents aren’t alive to see this,” she exclaimed. Around the world people are beginning to compare Israel’s attack on Gaza, which after the 2005 withdrawal of Israeli forces and settlers was turned literally into the world’s largest prison, to the Jewish uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto. ”
“One by one the justifications given by Israel for its latest war in Gaza are unravelling.The argument that this is a purely defensive war, launched only after Hamas broke a six-month ceasefire has been challenged, not just by observers in the know such as Jimmy Carter, the former US president who helped facilitate the truce, but by centre-right Israeli intelligence think tanks. The Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, whose December 31 report titled “Six Months of the Lull Arrangement Intelligence Report,” confirmed that the June 19 truce was only “sporadically violated, and then not by Hamas but instead by … “rogue terrorist organisations”.Instead, “the escalation and erosion of the lull arrangement” occurred after Israel killed six Hamas members on November 4 without provocation and then placed the entire Strip under an even more intensive siege the next day. According to a joint Tel Aviv University-European University study, this fits a larger pattern in which Israeli violence has been responsible for ending 79 per cent of all lulls in violence since the outbreak of the second intifada, compared with only 8 per cent for Hamas and other Palestinian factions. Indeed, the Israeli foreign ministry seems to realise that this argument is losing credibility… the claim that the Israeli forces have gone out of their way to diminish civilian casualties – long a centre-piece of Israel’s image as an enlightened and moral democracy – is falling apart. Anyone with an internet connection can Google “Gaza humanitarian catastrophe” and find the UN’s Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in the Occupied Territories and read the thousands of pages of evidence documenting the reality of the current fighting, and the long term siege on Gaza that preceded it. The Red Cross, normally scrupulous in its unwillingness to single out parties to a conflict for criticism, sharply criticised Israel for preventing medical personnel from reaching wounded Palestinians, some of whom remained trapped for days, slowly starving and dying in the Gazan rubble amidst their dead relatives. Meanwhile, the United Nations has flatly denied Israeli claims that Palestinian fighters were using the UNRWA school compound bombed on January 6, in which 40 civilians were killed, to launch attacks, and has challenged Israel to prove otherwise. Additionally, numerous flippant remarks by senior Israeli politicians and generals, including Tzipi Livni, the foreign minister, refusing to make a distinction between civilian people and institutions and fighters – “Hamas doesn’t … and neither should we” is how Livni puts it – are rightly being seen as admissions of war crimes.As Richard Falk, the UN special rapporteur, declared in his most recent statement on Gaza: “It should be pointed out unambiguously that there is no legal (or moral) justification for firing rockets at civilian targets, and that such behavior is a violation of IHR, associated with the right to life, as well as constitutes a war crime.” By the same logic, however, Israel does not have the right to use such attacks as an excuse to launch an all-out assault on the entire population of Gaza. “
“Canadian leaders back Israel as Harper stays silent on Gaza By Shadi Elien
In the nearly two weeks since Israel began its latest air strikes in Gaza, humanitarian groups and activists around the world have condemned Israel’s actions and called for a ceasefire. Meanwhile, many Canadian politicians appear to condone the offensive route being taken by Israel.
Foreign Minister Lawrence Cannon has spoken on behalf of the Conservative government in regards to Canada’s position on the conflict. In a statement released on December 27, Cannon said: “Israel has a clear right to defend itself against the continued rocket attacks by Palestinian militant groups which have deliberately targeted civilians.” He urged both sides to create conditions that would allow humanitarian aide to be accessed by those who need it in Gaza but insisted that “first and foremost those rocket attacks must stop”.
Israel’s attacks on the densely populated Gaza Strip began on December 26, and escalated into a ground offensive on January 3. The number of Palestinians killed and injured continues to grow each day. According to BBC News, at least 683 have been killed and more than 3,085 injured.
Forty people were killed and 55 were injured yesterday (January 6) when Israeli mortar fire struck the UN-run al-Fakhura school in the Jabaliya refugee camp.
Canada’s junior foreign minister, Peter Kent, commented on the strike in an interview this week with the Globe and Mail, stating that Hamas “bears the full responsibility for the deepening humanitarian tragedy”. Despite the lack of information available from Gaza, due to an Israeli ban on journalists entering the war-torn territory, Kent insisted that Hamas is the root cause of the civilian fatalities.
“We really don’t have complete details yet, other than the fact that we know that Hamas has made a habit of using civilians and civilian infrastructure as shields for their terrorist activities, and that would seem to be the case again today,” he said.
Some members of Parliament have not been as quick to blame Hamas for the deaths. In an open letter to Prime Minister Stephen Harper dated yesterday, Vancouver East MP Libby Davies urged the Canadian government to condemn the attacks and demand an immediate ceasefire.
“The lack of leadership from the Canadian government is shameful in the face of such events,” Davies stated.
Davies said she has received many messages from her constituents who were “outraged that Canada has done nothing”.
The Foreign Affairs Department had tried to help 36 Canadians leave the region on January 5, but the Israeli Defence Force, which controls movement in the area, stopped the operation. Speaking after a government caucus meeting, Cannon stated that security measures prevented them from helping those who wanted to return to Canada safely, according to the Canadian Press.
Today, Canada donated $4 million toward the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, giving $3 million to the United Nations relief effort and another $1 million to the Red Cross, according to CP.
The leader of the Opposition, Michael Ignatieff, also released a statement concurring with the view of the Conservatives and the majority of western politicians.
“The Liberal Party of Canada unequivocally condemns the rocket attacks launched by Hamas against Israeli civilians and calls for an immediate end to their attacks,” Ignatieff stated on December 29.
He called for Canada to provide humanitarian aid but held firm on his stance that Israel has the right to defend itself against the attacks.
As of today, no official statements have been made by Harper on the matter, who has remained quiet on the conflict in Gaza.
However, Harper found time to express congratulations to Canada’s World Junior Hockey team in two separate news releases on the Conservative Party of Canada Web site.” http://www.straight.com/article-179114/canadian-leaders-back-israel-harper-stays-silent-gaza
Many true evangelicals do now support a two-state solution and creation of a new Palestinian state that includes the vast majority of the West Bank. They support justice for both Israelis and Palestinians. If all of the learned men are going to be truly historically honest, surely they must admit that the Jews have every right to inhabit the land of their fathers, the covenant land given to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob by none other than God himself and admit that right was the same God who took them next away from that land now twice too… THE NEW TESTAMENT DOES NOT talk about the Jews return next to it too. But God still wants the Jews and Palestinians brothers to live in peace together.
“THE CHRISTIAN AND MISSIONARY ALLIANCE, Update from Dr. Benedict – By Gary M. Benedict – August 16, 2007 I recently joined other evangelical leaders in signing a letter to President Bush concerning peace in the Middle East. The letter represents my personal conviction and does not represent the official position of The Alliance or the Board of Directors of the C&MA. The Christian and Missionary Alliance has been ministering in the Arab lands since 1890. For more than 110 years, we have been working among Israelis and Palestinians. We are seeking to fulfill Jesus’ Commission to take the gospel to people in all nations. The letter I signed encourages President Bush to continue to pursue a peaceful solution to the conflict in the region. We are instructed in the Bible to “seek peace and pursue it,” yet I understand that the only true and lasting peace will come when the Prince of Peace returns. Please join me in praying for the peace of Jerusalem and that many will find the peace that passes all understanding through Jesus. We share a common concern for peace in the region and the commitment to obey Jesus’ command to spread the gospel to all people. May God be pleased to reach many and bring glory to our Lord. Living the Call together, Gary M. Benedict President U.S. C&MA ” http://www.cmalliance.org/peaceLetter.jsp
The C&MA is the professing Evangelical Stephen Harper’s own church The CMA should practice what it preaches to others, and return the churches it stole from the others too. http://anyonecare.wordpress.com/2008/05/13/christian-missionary-alliance/
Also in Reality Conservatives need firstly to practice peaceful coexistence in Canada! . In my 20 years of posting on the net in Canada the biggest immoral human rights violators, abusers have been the Conservatives of Alberta who clearly do not tolerate free speech, the difference of views, and they next tend to lie about, slander, delete unwanted non conforming posters who do not go along with their too often immoral, redneck views. http://thenonconformer.blogspot.com/2006/08/non-conformer.html
>– I have often been wrongfully abused on Alberta’s immoral conservative blogs too.. as I have detailed on the net fully too now.
Like I had posted on the net a long time ago too “Reality In my 20 years of posting on the net in Canada the biggest immoral human rights violators, abusers have been the Conservatives of Alberta who clearly do not tolerate free speech, the difference of views, and they next tend to lie about, slander, delete unwanted non conforming posters who do not go along with their too often immoral, redneck views. – Here is a great example of what the Democratic Conservatives are really still like in Canada.. They still do immorally, wrongfully delete all my posts at http://www.freedominion.ca/phpBB2/index.php and their clearly hypocritical pretense of freedom of speech is appalling All the BS about democracy, still next indicates that the Conservatives are the biggest liars and abusers of other’s human rights. Simply just try to post disagreeing messages on the Conservative sites such as http://canadiancoalition.com/forum/ccd-forum.shtml or the Western Standard Blog http://westernstandard.blogs.com dominated by a minority of self centered, abusive rednecks and you for sure next will be firstly abused, slandered, personally bashed, attacked and next cut off, denied access to it. The self proclaimed Conservatives posters there in Alberta are still some of the biggest liars, human rights abusers even if they lie and claim they are Christians now too. It has been that way for the last 25 years in my real Albertan experiences now too. Even an Ostrich cannot hide from the realties of life forever. When you access the supposed free speech, democratic site of http://canadiancoalition.com/forum/ccd-forum.shtml the sysop accesses your own personal computer to find all of the personal information about you, an unlawful invasion of privacy without ones prior permission, and this the federal Conservative government and it’s Justice Minister, the RCMP should look into. The same sysop who himself is not impartial, but another one of these self proclaimed Conservative supporter, a basher and abuser, who makes slanderous personal attacks on the posters rather than deal with the facts presented, he even has admitted to spying now on others in one of his post too. I rightfully would like Alberta’s human rights also to review these matters too as well as the Justice department PS He had deleted my reply to him on this on him being an unlawful voyeur and other messages that were unfavorable to Alberta and it’s hypocritical democracy. I clearly had supported the Western Standard right of printing the cartoons under their right of free speech. But now I personally find out that their Internet site deliberately not only promotes hatred towards Canada, specially easterners but in an unfair and undemocratic process it deletes the unfavorable messages, towards Alberta too, such as this own below. This is both hypocritical and unacceptable on their parts. Please do Deal with it properly now. ” Western Standard’s invasion of other people’s computer is an illegal invasion of one’s personal privacy. – Comcast High-Speed Internet Acceptable Use Policy http://www.comcast.net/terms/use.jsp .. we will “access any other person’s computer or computer system, software, or data without their knowledge and consent; breach the security of another user; or attempt to circumvent the user authentication or security of any host, network, or account. This includes, but is not limited to, accessing data not intended for you, logging into or making use of a server or account you are not expressly authorized to access, or probing the security of other hosts, networks, or accounts; ” Scary scary stuff. Let the Alberta Human rights commissioner, Justice department also know that know this is illegal now for the other parties did not consent to this in writing. ” http://westernstandard.blogs.com/shotgun/2006/03/an_immense_and_.html# Clearly here too the Conservatives are still the big hypocrites who themselves do not keep the laws they preach to the others. ” http://westernstandard.blogs.com/shotgun/2006/03/alberta_leaders.html#comment-15217299 ” and next July it will be the Conservative Stephen Harper’s turn to lose face and face a reelection, and likely only another minority government.” http://thenonconformer.blogspot.com/2006/08/non-conformer.html
So why is it some people still do think they can get away with any of it when clearly they cannot.
http://postedat.wordpress.com/2008/12/09/the-bible-and-the-jews/
http://postedat.wordpress.com/2008/08/02/zionism-zionists/
http://anyonecare.wordpress.com/2008/07/15/israel-and-palestine/
http://witnessed.wordpress.com/2008/07/28/john-hagee%e2%80%99s-israel-heresy/
http://anyonecare.wordpress.com/2008/07/29/the-2-promised-returns/
– the dispensationalist reality
http://postedat.wordpress.com/2008/09/28/dispensationalist-plymouth-brethren/
http://postedat.wordpress.com/2008/09/19/dispensationalists-it-seems-to-compensate-for-their-often-rejections/
http://postedat.wordpress.com/2008/12/09/what-the-bible-says-about-israel-and-the-church/
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Hospital administrators
Tags: administrators, Alberta, British Columbia, Canada, Conservative Party of Canada, Conservatives, Costs saving, Death i, DEMOCRATS, germs, Hospital administrators, Hospital hygiene, hospital infections, Hospitals, hygiene, ignatieff, Jim Flaherty, Jim Prentice, kills, Liberal Party of Canada, Liberals, Manitoba, Martimes, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Michael Ignatieff, MRSA, NDP, new Conservatives, News, News and politics, News- Politics, Ontario, Politics, Quebec, Republicans, Saskatchewan, Senate Bill 1058, shit diseases, Stephen Harper, Useless Preston Manning, Yukon
All Hospital administrators really still do need to do a much better job at administrating the cost effectiveness of all subordinates, dealing continually with the adequacy of the hospital hygiene, as well as managing, supervising the Doctors better now too..
The dirty hands that I’ve seen
The Gazette (Montreal) – It does not surprise me to learn that the latest MUHC study found that in some situations only one in four doctors wash their hands between seeing patients.
Some Montreal doctors treat patients without washing hands: audit CBC.ca
Hand washing an issue in Montreal hospital Vancouver Sun
Canada.com – CJAD
Winnipeg hospital review finds 27 deaths due to medical errors
National Post, Canada – 7 hours ago
WINNIPEG — Winnipeg health officials have disclosed scant details of a special investigation that uncovered an additional 27 patients who died of medical …
CP ‘Unintended events’ found in 32 deaths at Winnipeg hospitals last year: review
“WINNIPEG — The Winnipeg Regional Health Authority says 32 deaths in city hospitals last year had nothing to do with the underlying health condition of the patients. The authority says the deaths were due to “unintended events” resulting from treatment. The health authority reviewed more than 2,500 deaths last year. Dr. Brian Postl, president and CEO of the authority, says it’s a big step for health professionals to say they made a mistake. Postl says the reviews will make the health-care system safer. ” and only if they are ebforced, not neglected again rather..
do see also https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2008/12/30/death-in-hospitals/
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PM Stephen Harper the Pretender
Tags: alcoholics, Canada, Canadian Law, Conservatives, DEMOCRATS, federal, government, ignatieff, Jim Prentice, Justice, law & order, leadership, liars, Liberals, Michael Ignatieff, News, News and politics, News- Politics, Ontario, Politics, Pretender, problem, Public Safety, Stephen Harper, Useless Preston Manning
Clearly a Loser Stephen Harper the unprofessional, the addicted gambler, so whatever happens next will mainly be a direct result of Stephen Harper’s arrogance, blind partisanship, poor judgment calls.
Canada’s Stephen Harper Conservatives lost parliament’s confidence and to avoid defeat, prorogued the house when action was desperately needed on the economy. Toward the end of January, he will return with a budget full of goodies Canadians will pay for with our tax dollars in an attempt to bribe enough opposition members to allow his government’s survival. If he fails, we will either have a coalition government or another unnecessary election, wasting both time and money.
“It seems there is no conservative principle that Stephen Harper isn’t willing to sacrifice. The conservatives promised a more transparent government, but have run the most closed, hidden government in Canada’s history. The conservatives promised to decentralize power from the Prime Minister’s Office, but we all know how that turned out. Harper is the Minister of Everything; rarely allowing fellow caucus members to choose how much sugar to put in their Timmies.Harper promised not to tax income trusts, but taxed them as soon as he won power. Harper promised to reform the senate, but decided instead to appoint 18 cronies. Harper decided to run a more open selection process for judges to the Supreme Court of Canada, but decided to appoint his hand-picked candidate when the process started taking longer than he anticipated. There doesn’t seem to be a single principle that Harper isn’t willing to sacrifice. Everyone should remember this when it comes time to vote. Don’t trust what your local conservative candidate tells you, because what you’re going to get is whatever Harper thinks is the flavour of the month”
http://blogs.mississauga.com/blogs/misslib/2009/01/05/harper%2526%2523039%3Bs-principles
The outbreak of listeriosis killed 20 Canadians last year. It is in ours and in the GOVERNMENTS interests, after all, to ensure that no similar tragedies occur under ALL of their watch. . On Sept. 3, 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper had announced that there would be “an arm’s-length investigation to make sure we get to the bottom, on the government side, on the bureaucratic side, of exactly what transpired” in the fatal outbreak of bacteria in Maple Leaf Foods luncheon meats, “and to make sure as we go forward and we make changes to our system that this kind of thing can’t happen again.” Specifically on Sept. 6, the day before the election was called, Mr. Harper announced the terms of reference – including a reporting deadline of March 15, 2009. That deadline may have been a little ambitious, since an investigation of complex regulations and their enforcement could take longer than a few months. But yet now the same federal government does not appear to be making an effort to meet it – or to treat the matter with any degree of urgency. Even Four months later, and nearly two-thirds of the way through its self-imposed time-frame, it is now still being reported that the government has not yet even named a lead investigator. At this rate, it unlikely that the investigation will even be completed this year. Stephen Harper’s government’s apparent failure to launch an investigation it promised early last fall raises the unsettling thought that its pledge was made largely to prevent the issue from jeopardizing its prospects in the election campaign. There is no plausible justification for this delay. Parliament need not be sitting for the government to appoint investigators; it requires no legislation. If Mr. Harper was comfortable appointing 18 senators while Parliament is prorogued, he should have no qualms about naming someone to help protect. With the exception of the controversy surrounding some ill-advised jokes made by Agriculture Minister Gerry Ritz, the listeriosis outbreak played little role in the fall campaign. Canadians did not have much reason to believe the Conservatives bore responsibility for it, and were led to believe the government took the matter seriously. ALL Canadians should now feel differently knowing that the issue would not be attended to promptly once the federal lection campaign was over. Once again Stephen Harper THE PRETENDER does not keep his promises.
The Canadian Conservative Party Headquarters asks it supporters to write, phone news editors, TV and radio stations to tell them that they do support the too often now bullying, immoral acts of the prime minister Stephen Harper.. but foolishly for them that is a war they cannot win for 60 percent of the citizens did not support, vote for the Conservative Party in the last federal election as well.. and they are not about to change their views on this still too.
“Since Harper was elected as Prime Minister he has failed miserably. He has probably destroyed every good thing that Canada’s former Prime Ministers have done to make Canada a good place to live in.
All the money Paul Martin had put aside is gone because Harper went and spent it all. Maybe we need an inquiry into where the money went.
Harper has repeatedly lied about changes he promised to make, such as tougher penalties for sex offenders. Well, guess what? There are about 1,200 or more sex offenders that are not registered under the National Sex Offender Registry and are running around free as birds.
Then, Harper refused to see the truth about Canada heading into a recession. Hey Harper, instead of spending billions of dollars on your stupid wars, why don’t you help the Canadian economy or help college and university students pay their tuition.
I am really disappointed that Michaelle Jean would allow Stephen Harper to remain Prime Minister when Canada is in a crisis. The coalition has Canada’s best interests in mind more than Harper does.”.. Sarah Connell Wiarton
“Leadership? Strong voice in Ottawa? Not to spoil Mr. Phil McColeman’s extended winter vacation, but I believe that writer Andrew Hunter raises a solid point in his recent letter which was titled: “MP’s mail out proves he’s just being muzzled.” A friend of mine once said if McColeman couldn’t possibly get things done under the control-freak Stephen Harper, he should not have promised “leadership” or a “strong voice in Ottawa” during his electoral campaign and on his website.
During the past election, former prime minister Jean Chretien stated that “if (former prime minister Pierre) Trudeau had treated him the way Harper treats his ministers, I would have resigned.”
That boils down to the classic dichotomy of our MP being clueless or dishonest.
Mr. McColeman has fulfilled the negative and unfortunate stereotype of politicians who will say anything to get elected. This is very lamentable, considering rising antipathy in voters and the fact that our riding has been fortunate to have had classy and consistent MPs such as Lloyd St. Amand, Jane Stewart and Derek Blackburn. ” Jorge Gomez
Do see also http://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2009/01/04/up-to-no-good/
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Safety and snow removal services
Tags: ACCIDENTS, alcoholics, Bad Cops, Bad RCMP, Canada, Canadian Law, Conservatives, cops, DEMOCRATS, federal, government, ignatieff, Jim Prentice, Justice, law & order, leadership, liars, Liberals, Michael Ignatieff, municipal, News and politics, Ontario, police, Politics, Public Safety, RCMP, RCMP police commission, Roads, safety, Security Minister, Snow, snow removal, Speeding, Stephen Harper, Useless Preston Manning, Useless RCMP police commissions
THE POLICE SAY THAT Slippery roads, thousands of traffic collisions are fuelling the car insurance business where many of these drivers will face significant insurance rates increases next as a result..
BUT WHY ARE THE ROADS NOW VERY SLIPPERY? It is cause no one cleans the snow on roads fast eneough or what jet fuel is still being dumped by the planes on highways near airports ?
“There’s been more snow and more accidents through the month of December. The Calgary Police Service recorded 6,158 collisions in December, 605 of which involved injury. That’s a significant jump from 4,574 collisions in December 2007.”
YES THE CITY HALL CUTBACKS HAVE REDUCED SNOW REMOVAL SERVICES FIRSTLY
While SUVs and minivans being the most popular rental choices for winter driving.. However, once you’re behind the wheel of a rental vehicle, you may want to drive cautiously, given that you’ll likely be driving on all-season radials, not snow tires. Few, if any, car rental companies offer winter tires in Calgary. “Snow tires are mandatory only in Quebec due to a new law there that required motorists to install snow tires by Dec. 15 or face fines of up to $300. The Quebec law has resulted in a shortage of snow tires across Canada.
Note this important brief introduction to road safety and the police .. Yes you always do have to drive safely, in control, not impaired as well and yes there are many, many different factors that now can cause a vehicular, automotive accident, including but not limited to the actual daily road conditions, even the type of tires you have .. for it is a fact that good tires lead to a safer drive, and so does a 4 wheel drive. Next when you start to first drive at any day do first immediately test the road condition by coming to a planned sudden stop , and see firsthand how your car reacts accordingly.. then next do use this experience to set how you will drive the rest of the day too. And no matter what car, or tires you have, or who is the driver, if you do hit a patch of black ice, due clearly to the failure of others, such as the Governments, municipalities, to apply salt and gravel on the icy / snowy road, to falsely try to save money here, it can be very, very hazardous now too. Give them the governememts firstly, municipalities, a fine, ticket, they firstly do deserve it too.
Now hypothetical if you do not drive at all you are less likely to have an accident, OF COURSE assuming another driver does not hit you while walking.. BUT why bother to have cars if you are not to use them?
AND THEN WHAT THE TOO OFTEN LYING, NO GOOD POLICE BLAME THE CITIZENS FOR DRIVING TOO FAST IN POOR WEATHER CONDITIONS, WHEN IT IS THE FAULT OF THE PROVINCIAL, MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS FIRSTLY FOR NOT KEEPING THE ROADS ADEQUATELY CLEANED, SALTED, GRAVELED https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2008/12/22/cops-lie-too/
CP “VANCOUVER, B.C. – Residents and officials are struggling to deal with that most Canadian of inconveniences – snow – following near-record snowfall in this West Coast city in recent weeks. And one senior who spent a week stuck in her home because she couldn’t get around the piles of snow in Vancouver says she’s disgusted that the city hasn’t done a better job clearing the streets. Florence Corbett, 68, said she was finally able to get out Monday morning after her landlord arranged for someone to give her a ride to a bus stop so she could make it to the bank to pay her rent – five days late. “I was able to take the bus but when I got off the bus I fell down because of the snow bank,” said Corbett, who uses a scooter to get around. “It’s disgusting, no other words to describe it.” Corbett said she’s been lucky because someone from the B.C. Coalition of People With Disabilities, where she volunteers, delivered groceries to her home. Others who’ve been left to fend for themselves haven’t fared so well in a city unused to dealing with snow that sticks around. While Vancouver does get some snow, it usually melts almost as quickly as it falls. “The city sure doesn’t look after us as far as cleaning the streets,” Corbett said. “You can’t walk through the snow. What if you fall down? I’m a senior and if I fall down I don’t want to be breaking anything.” Corbett, whose husband drove her around before he died 10 months ago, said she’s never experienced such isolation. “What about people who are in wheelchairs, permanently, and they can’t get out? They’d love to go to the mall and see their friends,” she said, adding even a bus ride can be dangerous. “It’s ridiculous the way they’ve cleared the streets because (bus drivers) can’t even lower the ramp so that you can get on the bus. And when you get off the bus, even when you’re an abled person, you can fall down because of the snow banks. It’s the way the snow is piled up on the curbs. “I’ve seen many people fall when they get off the bus.”
Vancouver’s snowfall for December was just .7 centimetres shy of the December 1964 record, only because yet another dump of snow didn’t arrive until a few hours into Jan. 1. The snow and cold weather caused at least three deaths in the Vancouver area and left emergency vehicles, including a fire truck and ambulance, stuck in the white stuff. City spokeswoman Jennifer Young said this year’s snow removal budget was $1.4 million, but the total cost is expected to reach double that. Mayor Gregor Robertson said crews have made an extraordinary effort to keep up, although Coun. Suzanne Anton will introduce a motion on Jan. 20 about whether the city can do a better job in the future. “There’s some people who have been stuck in their homes for three weeks with no city services. They cannot get in, they can’t get out, they can’t get a taxi to come in, they can’t get garbage pickup, they can’t get grocery delivery.” Anton said the city needs to be prepared for the next time. “We have some very significant gaps in our service delivery in this kind of snow event and I think we need to hear from the public about that.” In 1999, then Toronto mayor Mel Lastman became the butt of jokes when he called in the army to help clear the snow in that city so people could get to buses and streetcars, saying the city would otherwise have been at a standstill. But Shelley Hourston, program director at the B.C. Coalition of People with Disabilities, said she will be speaking to city officials about providing resources for people who become isolated in their homes during massive snowfalls. “It’s been horrendous for people,” she said. “Their community is when they go for their walk to go get their loaf of bread or their litre of milk. I think this has really raised some issues for Vancouver.” http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/capress/090105/national/wea_disabled_snow
and how is the snow removal services , road CLEARING services in the rest of Canada, pretentious? in Alberta and in Ontario now too?
CALGARY COPS LEAD THE COUNTRY IN GIVING OUT TRAFFIC TICKETS PER CITIZENS AND YET SPEEDING IS NOT THE MAJOR CAUSE OF DEATHS, BUT DRUNK DRIVERS ARE. AND NOT ENOUGH IS DONE BY THE POLICE IN THIS AREA OF CATCHING DRUNK DRIVERS. BUT IT IS EASIER TO COLLECT REVENUE FROM SPEEDING THAN IT IS TO CATCH A DRUNK DRIVER FOR THE POLICE. SPEEDING TICKETS ARE MORE OF A FINANCIAL GIFTS TO THE COURTS, JUDGES, LAWYERS, INSURANCE FIRMS.
In realities the number of vehicle accidents STILL have been increased, but statistics show also so did the number of drunk, impaired drivers too.
Drunk driving arrests jump. Calgary Herald February 6, 2009 – More than 65 people –three times as many as last year –were arrested in January for drunk driving in red deer as part of a stepped-up check stop program. From Jan. 1 to 31, Red Deer RCMP, along with Alberta sheriffs and the Alberta office of traffic safety, arrested 65 people, compared with 20 people in 2008. Const. Sabrina Grunow says the difference in numbers is due to increased funding for check stops. http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Drunk+driving+arrests+jump/1259164/story.html
It is estimated that 70 percent of adults drink alcohol and at least 15 percent of Canadians are alcoholics. According to the 2004 Canadian Addiction Survey, 79.3% of the Canadian population aged 15 years and older consumed alcohol in the year prior to the survey. Most Canadians drink17% of current drinkers were considered high-risk drinkers. According to the study on the costs of substance abuse in Canada, it is estimated that alcohol abuse accounted for $3.3 billion in direct health care costs in 2002.(18) Hospitalizations and deaths are two key indicators that show the toll of alcohol abuse on Canadian society.http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/prb0620-e.htm#aconsumption
Drunk driving check stops thus should be enforced all year Drunk driving check stops thus should be enforced all year not just during December and January. Increased funding for check stops is not required also, merely reduce the number of speeding/traffic cops and put them mostly rather on drunk driving detail. Since we know that most of accidents are not even caused by speeding now in the first place too. Speeding tickets and related quotas tend to be a false revenue generating items . Installing a 15-hundred-dollar breath-sampling device and ignition interlock on vehicles seems to be not totally effective since it seem many now have learned how to by pass it.. by having someone else breath into it, or ..
The effective job creation programs should rather be done through the established job creation progrmas and not by the police for the police..
OPP says highway crash numbers up this winter Sunday, February 8th, 2009 9:25 am ( but they lie as to the reasons) If you have been stuck in more closures on the highways this year because of crashes, you’ve been part of a growing trend. Crashes on OPP highways have been skidding out of control this year, topping last years list. The OPP is reporting an increase in crashes this winter compared to last. OPP Sgt. Dave Woodford says that during the months of December and January the number of collisions has risen. The OPP responded to over 17,000 crashes on OPP patrolled highways in the last two months. Sgt. Woodford ( Falsely) says not to blame the weather for the collisions, but drivers not driving according to road conditions, such as speeding and following too closely. While the number of crashes are up, there has been a slight decline in automobile deaths and serious injuries. 47 deaths occurred on OPP patrolled highways compared to 48 last year and 65 two years ago. Sgt. Woodford says this means most crashes are preventable. While the weather may now be getting warmer, the OPP is telling drivers to pay more attention to the roads. http://www.680news.com/news/more.jsp?content=20090208_091710_46752
Beware. Lying spin doctors at work.. especially by the cops, RCMP too it seems.. Even a chief of police mostly lies about the causes of accidents.. firstly you cannot takes these police facts as reliable statistics even.. they are just one person’ s opinion as to the cause of most of the accidents, they are not the actual facts….
IN FACT POLICE ARE TO LAZY TO COLLECT, COMPILE, ACCURATE DETAILED STATISTICS.. THE CALGARY CHIEF OF POLICE ONLY GETS A COMPUTER PRINTOUT OF HOW MANY MORE TICKETS WERE ISSUED THIS YEAR OVER LAST YEAR PER AREAS..
Accident -Traffic Ticket Facts. Less than 10% of all police officers in Ontario receive specific, detailed accident investigation training. NEVER MIND IN ALBERTA. The failure of others to clear the highways adequately has contributed to the poor driving conditions firstly. Secondly the lack of winter tires does not help. Most of the car accident deaths were likely related to impaired drivers now too. https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2009/02/11/the-whole-truth-comes-out/
You also did notice the cops do too often still not practice what they preach to others they themselves still do like to speed, and how many like to drink ALOCHOL and drive still too?
Do see also https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2008/12/22/in-for-an-inch/
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2008/12/22/cops-lie-too/ https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2008/12/17/where-there-is-alcohol/
http://thefocusonthefamily.wordpress.com/2008/11/15/more-booze-taxes-lower-alcohol-linked-deaths/
http://stayinhealth.wordpress.com/2008/11/21/anti-suicide-watch/
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2009/02/12/prime-minister-stephen-harper-let-me-repeat-myself/
http://postedat.wordpress.com/2008/11/04/politics-political-corruptions-inducements-christians-alcoholics/
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2009/02/03/known-alcoholics-on-the-job/
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Up to no good even in 2009
Tags: alcoholics, Bad Cops, Bad RCMP, Canada, Canadian Law, Conservatives, cops, DEMOCRATS, ignatieff, Jim Prentice, Justice, law & order, leadership, liars, Liberals, Michael Ignatieff, News and politics, Ontario, police, Politics, Public Safety, RCMP, RCMP police commission, Security Minister, Speeding, Stephen Harper, Useless Preston Manning, Useless RCMP police commissions
Do I really believe that our bad Conservative Prime Minister will change for the good? NO. Now how clearer can I be about that too.. Zebras do not change their stripes as well.. Where also is the promised Conservative accountability, transparency, a conservative government with higher moral standards, that does not lie, break promises? Justice for all.. What non existent?
“He will say anything to retain power.” “I don’t have confidence in him to deliver what he says now, because what we have experienced with Mr. Harper is that he will say anything and then reverse himself,” When it comes to politics, NDP Leader Jack Layton also says 2008 taught him one certainty: don’t trust the prime minister. , Layton also now says that all hope that Stephen Harper’s minority Conservative government was willing to work with other parties to get things done has died.
Who on earth would dream Stephen Harper would now choose to ‘retire’, and why would the Conservatives want to subject themselves to a leadership review? Is anybody paying attention out there?
In spite of the Conservative spins the new Liberal leader really cannot be seen as another identical indecisive weakling as Stephane Dion was, he was all talk but not action, therefore the new Liberal leader with quite certainly will next kick Stephen Harper OUT OF OFFICE and be forced to go along with the coalition
Harper and the Conservatives are overwhelmingly popular compared to any other party in Canada but only in the mid west and Quebec, not in the East , so he Harper can never hope to have a majority government without the Quebec support, which for sure he never will get as an Anglophone, and that province also next cannot be purchased at any time for any relatively small outlay. Three strikes and you are out anyway..
So who is it that wants’ Harper to go? Not the Conservatives Party, certainly.. but likely Stephen Harper himself and the coalition, and Harper does not want to be an opposition leader after he has been a Prime Minister. Harper he knows the chance of him next being reelected as Prime Minister once he has been removed is non existent as well
I have to admit I am surprised as to how many persons have not seen from the start what a bad person, unacceptable one, an unacceptable bully Stephen Harper really is. Surely they cannot all be that dumb, inexperienced?
Hey Stephen Harper he is just classical psychology study now too of an abuser, including his rivalry, abuse, and likely violence next. If you notice the following warning signs in a person over a period of time, the potential for increased unacceptable physical violence by them next also exists:
The Classical symptoms :
a history of aggressive, abnormal, offensive behavior
serious drug or alcohol abuse
gang membership or strong desire to be accepted by the gang, to be in a gang
threatening others regularly
trouble controlling feelings like anger
withdrawal from good friends and from the normal, usual, acceptable activities
visibly feeling rejected or alone
having been a victim of bullying, or now being a bully themselves
poor school or job performance
history of discipline problems or frequent run-ins with authority
feeling constantly disrespected
failing to acknowledge the feelings rights of others
or failing to acknowledge the abuse of others
access to or fascination with weapons, especially guns
When you recognize these unacceptable future increased violence warning signs in someone else deal with it. Hoping that someone else will deal with the situation is still false way out.
So the still mostly useless Albertan Prime Minister Stephen Harper and federal Justice Minister Rob Nicholson MP want to get tough on the young offenders, instead of on the parents, show to us all how ignorantly they are and very poor parents now too.. They clearly themselves firstly need to be educated.
If you are being verbally, physically, sexually abused do not hesitate to bring the matter into the open, tell your colleagues, friends and neighbors about it, your church pastors, elders too, congregation members, ands even do call the police. Public exposure and prosecution of the guilty persons always serves everyone’s best interests.
http://thefocusonthefamily.wordpress.com/2008/12/29/coping-with-personal-unresolved-stress/
Get educated now, and know more on how to effectively deal with abuses, Bullies and abusive persons today.
What the bad guys still do not like the honest, decent guys to use their own right of free speech to all too?
and what are you going to come after me next too again?
“MP’s mailout proves he’s just being muzzled
Our Conservative MP has sent to all households, at taxpayers’ expense, a so-called newsletter (trimmed in the Conservative colour of choice, blue), which mentions virtually nothing about Brant, the riding he represents.
Like all Harper MPs, he is told what to say and write and, as the message from Conservative Party headquarters must be applicable to all parts of Canada, little mention is made of an MP’s riding or the MP’s constituents.
The content of the newsletter, apart from a generic piece about Remembrance Day, is simply Conservative Party propaganda with, most oddly, no mention at all of the Prime Minister’s decision to prorogue Parliament after sitting only 12 days.
A shaky start for an MP who said he wouldn’t be muzzled — all Conservative MPs are muzzled by Stephen Harper and our MP is clearly no exception.
Andrew Hunter Brantford ” http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=1372571
We the citizens still do have our right of free speech to complain even in writing about all perversity, injustice and have the rightful expectations to insure all of our elected members act immediately, properly on it too. Even in Canada the right of free speech is a myth.. and this really is not a funny joke..
Public exposure and persecution of the guilty persons serves everyone’s best interest still too..
– I have often been wrongfully abused on Alberta’s immoral conservative blogs too.. as I have detailed on the net fully too now.
– I have had even Conservative MPS trying to shut me up, falsely telling me not even to write to them anymore such as Moore and Kenney as I next detailed and posted on the net too.
As to “Is Rob a party leader in waiting? Gazing into the future of our MP, and other Niagara prognostications” http://www.niagarafallsreview.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=1371495
and while some others may write about the supposed virtues of Hon. Rob Nicholson, M.P. as the new POSSIBLE PM replacement still when Richard Johnson Parliamentary Assistant to Hon. Rob Nicholson, M.P. Minister of Justice & Attorney General of Canada he writes back to me for the first you know I have struck a key chord.. or it is campaign time?
Since he has been in the federal office in Ottawa this is the first time Rob Nicholson MP that he has acknowledged any letter of mine ,, you can tell it’s re-election time thus?
Canada’s too often bad cops, for real actions speak louder to me than any words.
When even the police chiefs, police personnel even are also known to play dirty politics, who can you trust then?
” CP TORONTO – Accusations of high-level political interference, petty vindictiveness and tarnished reputations will be on public display this week as Ontario’s top cop heads to court to force an adjudicator he accuses of bias to step down from a police disciplinary hearing. The Divisional Court case Thursday that has entangled Ontario Provincial Police Commissioner Julian Fantino comes years after an act of domestic violence that, at most, would have been a media footnote. Instead, a years-long process was set in motion that has raised troubling questions about the politics of justice in Ontario. A dust storm of allegations – witness tampering, personal reprisals, professional wrongdoing, legal chess games and judicial intimidation and judicial bias – still swirls. Court files and hearing documents show it all began when a frightened Susan Cole called 911 one evening in April 2004. She said her estranged husband, provincial police Const. Robert Alaire, had taken a baseball bat to her car at their home in Gananoque, Ont. Det.-Sgt. Mark Zulinski and other officers responded. They asked her to leave her home. They did not arrest Alaire. Cole complained. Her husband, she said, should have been arrested. “It should have been a slam dunk,” Cole said in an interview. “(Instead) it’s a nightmare. It’s just not right.” Cole’s complaint reached the civilian agency that oversees the province’s police. It asked for an investigation. Two senior officers in the Ontario Provincial Police’s professional standards bureau – Supt. Ken MacDonald and Insp. Alison Jevons – eventually concluded proper procedure had not been followed. They recommended “education” rather than sanctions. The union that represents provincial police officers was outraged. “We may have the ammo to take down MacDonald,” the union’s lawyer, Gavin May, wrote in an email to Karl Walsh, the president of the Ontario Provincial Police Association, in August 2006. “We may get two for the price of one.” The association formally complained about the two officers two weeks later. The complaint landed on the desk of Ontario’s top cop – freshly appointed Commissioner Julian Fantino. Fantino was also dealing with fallout from his plans to restructure the 6,000-member police force he now headed. Someone was leaking the plans to town council in Caledon, northwest of Toronto, and some local politicians didn’t like what they were hearing. Fantino concluded the leak must have come from MacDonald, witnesses testified. In a parking lot on March 1, 2007, Fantino said to another senior officer: “Will you execute the disloyal one, or should I?” Fantino later explained the comment as humour, or “appropriate” police speak, a way of saying he wanted the leak stopped and an end to the distractions it was causing. What he didn’t know was that Chief Supt. Bill Grodzinski made notes of the conversation. Fantino charged MacDonald and Jevons, both of whom he transferred out of the professional standards unit without speaking to them or their supervisors, under the Police Services Act. The two officers stood accused of misconduct and deceit related to their investigation of the response to Cole’s 911 call. Any suggestion he laid the charges to appease the police union or to get back at MacDonald for the leak were “hysterical nonsense,” Fantino has said. The first two associates Fantino appointed to preside over the hearing against MacDonald and Jevons both stepped down over issues of potential bias. Months passed before Leonard Montgomery, a retired Superior Court justice with 33 years on the bench, would step into the increasingly mucky swamp as adjudicator. Called to testify, Grodzinski produced his notes, including those of Fantino asking about executing the “disloyal one.” The next morning, the officer found out he was being transferred. Fantino later said he thought he was doing Grodzinski a favour, although he expressed disdain about the “cheat notes.” “People who know me do not hold onto these notes for later retribution,” he said. Grodzinski was blunt. “I viewed the transfer . . . as an immediate punishment, sanction, reprisal – use what word you wish,” Grodzinski said. Intervention from Deb Newman, deputy minister with the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services, undid the forced transfer. Julian Falconer, acting for Jevons and MacDonald, denounces the transfer threat as nothing short of witness tampering. The hearings against MacDonald and Jevons proceeded amid increasing acrimony between the prosecution led by Brian Gover, a well regarded, experienced former Crown lawyer acting for Fantino, and the defence. The defence argued to have the case thrown out as an abuse of process. During hearings in October in which Fantino insulted Falconer and tensions ran high, Fantino changed some of his testimony. The notion that someone had tipped him off during a lunch break led Montgomery to remark that he was “upset.” Gover filed a motion – Fantino was in the middle of being cross-examined – asking Montgomery to step down as biased. He would take the matter to court if Montgomery refused, Gover said, adding the attorney general backed his position. Within a few hours, the ministry disavowed any such backing and said Attorney General Chris Bentley had not been involved. A stunned Montgomery branded Gover’s comments as attempted judicial intimidation and refused to step down. If the ministry had indeed said it wanted him off the case, the political interference was astounding and the conflicts of interest “endless,” Montgomery wrote. Gover remained adamant the attorney general wanted Montgomery gone and had pledged its support. Falconer, in the interim, demanded his interrupted cross-examination of Fantino go ahead. Fantino’s new lawyer, Tom Curry, asked Divisional Court to stay the proceedings until the recusal motion was decided. The court refused to interfere. Montgomery was perhaps just “calling a spade a spade,” the judge said. Fantino appealed. A three-judge panel split in his favour, staying his cross-examination until after the recusal motion is dealt with on Thursday. In the interim, MacDonald and Jevons sit quietly through hours of hearings, seemingly no closer to having their case decided. Cole, who said the two officers were the only ones who ever helped her, said she was dumbfounded at what her complaint unleashed almost five years ago. All she ever wanted, she said, was for provincial police to implement a sensible policy when officers are involved in domestic violence. “It’s gone on to actually hurt some really good people. Like it’s just endless.”” Nasty Fantino battle started with baseball bat, winds through courts
Here are other interesting blogs about the bad police in Ottawa and in Ontario you can look into more further too.
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2008/12/16/losers/
OPP Commissioner Julian Fantino has lost an attempt to remove a retired judge presiding over a high-profile disciplinary hearing. The Ontario Divisional Court ruled yesterday that Justice Leonard Montgomery did not show bias against Commissioner Fantino in comments made as the adjudicator of a sometimes fractious hearing. “The matters complained of do not give rise to a reasonable apprehension of bias,” said the Divisional Court panel in a 3-0 decision. The court ordered the disciplinary hearing to resume in front of Judge Montgomery and indicated that it would be “conjecture” to suggest he would not act properly in the future, given the removal attempt by Commissioner Fantino. Otherwise, any side unhappy with a judge “could attempt to remove an unwanted judicial officer simply by bringing a complaint of bias against the officer,” the court said. “That would be inimical to the proper working of the justice system.” Julian Falconer, who represents Supt. MacDonald and Insp. Jevons, said his clients want to resume the hearing and the cross-examination of Commissioner Fantino as soon as possible. “This has been hanging over their heads for years. Apparently limitless (taxpayer’s) resources have been poured into delaying this matter,” Mr. Falconer said, noting that there have been three separate court hearings related to the attempt to remove Judge Montgomery.http://www.nationalpost.com/news/canada/story.html?id=1375420
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Home Smartphones and Tablets Android Best Android launchers to try in 2018
Best Android launchers to try in 2018
Launcher is the most fun launcher for Android devices: just install an application and that’s it, the whole interface and the way we interact with the smartphone can change completely, giving a new face to the phone. Below we draw up a list of the “20 best Android launchers” with the aim to try and see closely what you can do when developers work on such an open platform as Android.
The 20 best Android launchers to try
Buzz Launcher
Buzz Launcher is a good option for those who have very personal tastes, as the application allows sufficient customization. It offers several initial options, which you can select based on your preferences, you can also create your own layout. Buzz Launcher is free and full of good options.
Lawnchair Launcher
This launcher has not yet been released, but has already been quite successful. This is an open source project developed by volunteers, so new features are always up to date. Although still under test, the application already works very well and boasts a very clean and friendly configuration. It’s free and promises that it will always be like this.
Launcher <3
It is a Launcher that promises to offer features like Pixel Launcher to everyone. The features are quite simple and clean, giving the device a friendly and easy-to-use interface. Moreover, the application is quite light and functional, in short, the treasure of many people.
ADW Launcher 2
ADW allows you to choose between different interfaces, since the same startup program refers to different versions of Android. You can also switch between these different options in the system settings. The launcher gives the smartphone a new face, nothing heavy. The interfaces are friendly and clean.
OF Launcher
Like Lawnchair, this app has not been released yet. The trial version, however, works very well and has already been downloaded by hundreds of thousands of people. OF Launcher gives the phone a different aspect from other smartphones, a certain “futuristic” aspect. The backgrounds are very interesting and combine with each other with the layout of the icons.
Next Launcher
For those who like more futuristic layouts, this launcher is ideal. It boasts 3D icons, all of them with a certain depth. When you click on one of them, the icon appears to “jump” on the screen. Overall, the appearance may seem a bit ‘polluted for users particularly related to the traditional, but for those who instead love this type of futuristic design, the Next Launcher performs very well his work.
The best Android launcher to try, Microsoft Launcher
The Microsoft launcher from the beginning had a close but faithful circle of “fans”. That’s why the company decided to revise its Android interface and reposition itself as “Microsoft Launcher”. The boot interface is modern and easy to use.
The folders are displayed in squares, and within them are always highlighted four icons, so you can glimpse an example of what you have in there without having to open the folder. Android notifications do not interfere with startup operations: just slide your finger up and down, just like on an iPhone, to display the notification bar.
The two main features of Microsoft Launcher are the feed, located on the left of the main screen, and the shortcut menu, which can be pulled from the bottom up. In the feed, which is almost identical to the iOS system, there is a lot of information, such as news and frequently used applications. The user can select the content to view.
The shortcut menu is dragged from the bottom, just like on iPhone.
Includes a second set of five shortcuts, five important system settings and a screen brightness slider. Bad news: the pull-in function, from pull to upgrade, works only on the main screen, not as iOS that makes this feature available on the entire system.
Good news: on request, the launcher can be compiled with background images of Bing, the search engine.
Pixel Launcher
Pixel Launcher is the new Google launcher for Pixel smartphones (from Google). You can also use this option on Android, but features vary depending on the version of your system. Pixel Launcher is not available for download on Google Play for all devices, so we recommend that you perform the manual installation by downloading the APK.
Evie Launcher
Evie Launcher is one of the favorite languages of Friends Reader. Besides having a friendly logo, it is also light and minimalist, known for its speed. Simplify your home screen by summarizing everything in the top search, showing the apps you use most frequently when scrolling down, the app drawer opens up and can be organized in a grid or alphabetical list. It also allows you to customize icons, folders, gestures and even unread messages.
The best Android launcher to try, Nova Launcher
What is there to say about Nova? Simple, it shows the structure and the user interface of Android, but at the same time allows many configurations, such as grid layout, icons, icon packs, margins, search bar, scrolling, colors, transparencies and more. In short, Nova is almost completely customizable. It’s one of the most popular startup programs nowadays exactly because it works great on virtually any Android phone. Lightweight, fast and very fluid.
Apex Launcher
It is very similar to Nova, simple, light, fluid, compatible with Android, and also customizable. It has more customizations than the previous launcher, but also has some minority compared to it. The big difference could be with the Apex menu and the Apex actions.
Computer Launcher
The Computer Launcher is a boot option for fans of Windows 10, since you can try the experience of using the Microsoft system in Android quite comprehensively and, in addition, free. The idea of the app is to turn the operating system into a PC environment, with a similar file management, including a new notification center and the start menu. The most interesting thing is that you can use all the features without leaving the main screen, through Windows.
ZenUI Launcher
How about experiencing the appearance of Zenfone devices on your Android? ZenUI Launcher is developed by Asus and allows any user to know the customization features of the Taiwanese manufacturer. The app is one of the most customizable and also themed options to block apps with a password, there is also support for icon packs, transition effects and other features.
The launcher has a minimalist appearance, despite the excess resources. The taskbar has an interesting effect and differs somewhat from other versions of ZenUI that work on previous models of the same brand. It is definitely worth downloading it!
The best Android launcher to try, ASAP Launcher
ASAP is a favorite of Bruno Salutes, mainly because it offers good customization options in the free version and presents a minimalist and intuitive graphics. The app transforms the initial system screens into options to request information, such as a screen with only weather forecasts and another with calendar events. Everything can be customized by the user.
With the cursor on the left, a small menu with shortcuts is displayed, while the backward movement opens the apps installed on the system. The main widget, which is displayed as a default on the first screen, displays the Google search bar and attaches other information that the user performs at a given time, such as songs or Drive documents. It’s a very smart widget, try it the most caught!
Z Launcher
Z Launcher is an option for anyone who wants to get away from the basic system model, consisting of screens, an icon bar and widgets. All that this launcher does is create a screen in which the applications installed on the device are arranged, allowing the user to perform searches by typing a letter with his finger. For example, if you write the letter M, all the apps starting with that letter will be displayed. It’s a great and functional app.
Action Launcher
The main feature of Action is the sidebar, which starts from the left and shows all installed applications. Furthermore, there is a bar on the right where the user can place their favorite apps. The launcher also brings control through gestures, which can be customized.
You can customize the size of the grids, create different shortcuts and folders. The Google search bar can also be customized with application shortcuts. The Action Launcher has a free version (which has no features) and a paid version of $ 15. Yes, it’s a little expensive, but it’s worth every real investment.
C Launcher
For those looking for a lightweight and easy-to-use launcher, C Launcher is one of the best candidates. Use contextual information based on using the phone to suggest applications and features based on location. C Launcher has thousands of themes available and you can easily create your own in the app itself. In addition, it has an app store, a system cleaner and many other integrated features.
Launcher only
Only it’s quite simple and intuitive, it comes with a permanent notification that brings with it the shortcuts to search, WiFi, data, flashlight and Impulse, which is nothing but another shortcut to clear the system memory. It brings an icon called Random, which changes the background with random images. “Only” uses a few gestures: by sliding your finger from top to bottom, the notifications open, in the opposite direction, a search page.
FastKey Launcher
FastKey Launcher is very interesting and is an unusual and innovative proposal in the world of launchers (startup programs). By default, an additional screen is displayed on the home screen where the user can search for applications or some commands, such as “Call Camilla Rinaldi”.
When you type this type of command or another similar one, the actions are performed automatically by the system. FastKey also has some backgrounds and few customization options, as its main function is the tasiera. Those who love to try new ideas will surely appreciate this proposal.
ZERO Launcher
For those who like icons with multiple colors, three-dimensional effects, including transitions between the screen, will appreciate Zero Launcher. It overcomes the standard of today’s launchers, which always invest in something flatter and closer to Material Design.
Another strong point here is customization, since ZERO comes with additional themes, backgrounds, icon packs and various options to customize the appearance of the interface.
We hope to help you find the most suitable Android launcher for you. Tell us about your experience by leaving a comment below!
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Housing squeeze tightens as ACT vacancy rates keep falling
Ian Bushnell 19 August 2018
Canberra has the second lowest vacancy rate and second highest rents in the country.
The squeeze on Canberra’s rental market is continuing with the ACT’s vacancy rate falling to the second lowest in the country, and rents only surpassed by Sydney.
Data released by SQM Research this week shows a vacancy rate of 0.8 per cent in July, down from 0.9 per cent in June and 1.1 per cent a year ago. Only Hobart has a lower vacancy rate at 0.7 per cent.
Out of 72,623 properties across Canberra, there were only 687 listings.
The data also shows Canberra’s asking rents for a three-bedroom house standing at $626 a week and $437 for units, compared with Sydney, the nation’s highest, at $707 a week, although that represents a fall of 0.3 per cent over the month to 12 August. Asking unit rents in Sydney are $515, down 1.2 per cent.
Canberra’s house rents are up 11.7 per cent over the year, the highest rise in the country, although the data shows a slight 0.8 per cent rolling month fall since June. Units are up 4.3 per cent over the year and down 0.6 per cent on the monthly figure.
This comes after last month’s Domain Rental Report showed the ACT had the equal highest rents in the country on a par with Sydney, with the median weekly rent for a house in Canberra at $550, up 3.8 per cent over the three months to June. The median unit rental price was $450, the second highest in the nation behind Sydney’s $550.
Nationally, the number of vacancies Australia-wide sat at 72,458 properties. Sydney’s vacancy rate was unchanged at 2.8 per cent from June, the highest level since SQM started recording the data in 2005, and well up from 1.9 per cent a year ago with 19,114 properties available for rent.
In contrast to Sydney, Melbourne’s vacancy rate is much lower, just 1.6 per cent in July, though unchanged from June and a year ago.
Capital city asking rents for houses fell over the month to 12 August 2018 by 0.2 per cent to $548 a week. Unit asking rents dropped 0.9 per cent to $440 a week. Over the year, asking house rents rose just 0.2 per cent and unit rents rose a modest 0.5 per cent.
But Canberra’s rents are way out in front of Melbourne where landlords are asking $523 for houses and $411 for units.
Director of Independent Property Management Hannah Gill said the data was good news for landlords, with rents continuing to climb, but bad news for tenants who are struggling to find a property they can afford.
She said this had been the pattern for the past 12 months, and Independent had not seen a decrease in rents across its rent roll since September 2016.
While there was a lot of apartment and unit development in Canberra, not much was market ready, and a growing population of job seekers and students was putting increasing pressure on the rental market.
“We’ve also seen in the last couple of years a decrease in the number of investors buying into developments, resulting in a smaller percentage of properties being available to tenants,” Ms Gill said.
She said that in the short-term the Government’s still-to-be-announced affordable housing strategy might alleviate the situation but longer term Canberra needed a more diverse range of housing.
“Even if we had 100 apartments hit the market that’s only going to suit a certain demographic. We need to see a range of housing available, different types of housing in different locations to meet the needs of our changing population,” she said.
“That’s not just families, but people with pets. More and more tenants want to secure properties where they can have pets and where they’re not having to hide pets at inspections, or having to give pets up, and we don’t want to see that happen,” he said.
Across Canberra’s regions, Tuggeranong has the lowest vacancy rate of 0.3 per cent down from 0.5 per cent in January, while the South has the highest at 2 per cent and was the only one to show any real increase from January when it recorded 1.4 per cent.
But the areas with the biggest number of properties such as Belconnen (0.7 per cent down to 0.5 per cent), the Inner North (1 per cent to 0.9 per cent) and Inner South (1.7 per cent to 1.4 per cent) all tightened.
Gungahlin (0.7 per cent), Weston Creek (0.6 per cent to 0.8 per cent) and Woden (1 per cent to 1.1 per cent) remained relatively steady.
The small North area tightened from 1.4 per cent in January to 1 per cent in July, but in March, out of 1137 properties there were only eight listings.
Last month, in Belconnen, out of 12,783 properties there were 64 listings. In Gungahlin there were 65 listings out of 9857 properties; the Inner North, 131 out of 13,920; Inner South, 181 out of 12,693; North, 11 out of 1147; South, 128 out of 6430; Tuggeranong, 25 out of 7677; Weston Creek, 22 out of 2780; and Woden Valley, 60 out of 5336.
Elsewhere, Brisbane is also experiencing a sustained reduction in its vacancy rate, falling to 2.9 per cent in July, down from 3.0 per cent in June and 3.6 per cent in July 2017. This follows five straight monthly declines in rental vacancies in the first half of 2018.
Boom town Hobart’s vacancy rate was steady at 0.7 per cent in July, but up from 0.5 per cent a year ago.
Adelaide’s vacancy rate fell to 1.3 per cent from 1.5 per cent, and down from 1.8 per cent a year ago.
Darwin’s vacancy rate fell to 3.4 per cent from 3.5 per cent in June, while Perth’s slipped to 4.0 per cent, and is well down from 5.2 per cent a year earlier as the oversupply of rental properties eases there.
Managing Director of SQM Research, Louis Christopher, said that asking rents had eased in Sydney given the greater supply of rental accommodation – and he expected rents to keep falling.
“The supply of rental accommodation, especially of new units, has jumped following the building boom in the city. Sydney has also experienced slowing population growth, which has helped to push asking rents lower, as landlords increasingly struggle to fill properties. In contrast, the tight rental market in Hobart is continuing to push rents higher,” he said.
Tags belconnen gungahlin Louis Christopher SQM Research tuggeranong weston creek Woden Woden Valley
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Entire Site 2018 in ReviewAnalysisAngels AppraisalNewsRetrospectivesSeries Previews
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NextAngels Appraisal: On Matt Harvey and Trevor Cahill
The Angels might have found something in Hansel Robles
It’s a possibility.
Chad Stewart on January 15, 2019
The Angels’ bullpen was a mostly unremarkable bunch in 2018, with the group finishing 20th in the majors in Wins Above Replacement. That explains why the team has been searching for bullpen help this winter. According to reports, for instance, the Angels were “runners-up” in the Zach Britton sweepstakes and have been exploring trades for the Giants’ Tony Watson and Will Smith. They were also reportedly involved in the markets for David Robertson and Joakim Soria.
Given the bullpen’s forgettable overall results, the Angels are, of course, right to prioritize relief upgrades. Fortunately for the club, though, its bullpen is only in need of reinforcement rather than a complete makeover, as the Angels now have a solid base of relief talent to build upon that includes players like Hansel Robles.
After spending the entirety of his career with the Mets organization, Robles, now 28 years old, joined the Angels on a mid-season waiver claim. Robles was a useful reliever for New York for the first two years of his big-league career, posting a 3.55 ERA and 146 strikeouts across 131 2/3 innings from 2015 to 2016. However, he regressed greatly in 2017 and even further in early 2018. Ultimately, he compiled -1.1 WAR over his final 76 1/3 frames with the Mets.
Once he got to the Angels, though, Robles managed to rekindle some of his early career success. Whereas Robles permitted seven home runs in 19 2/3 innings with the Mets in 2018, he gave up just two in 36 1/3 frames with the Angels. Furthermore, he dropped his walk rate from 11.4% with the Mets to a more manageable 9.7% with the Angels and increased his ground-ball rate from 26.9% to 38.6%, which is four percentage points better than his career-high. The result was a solid 2.97 ERA and 3.22 FIP in an Angels uniform.
More than anything, Robles benefitted from a major spike in velocity when he got to the Angels. In fact, from the day he made his first appearance with the Angels (June 24) to the end of the season, no relief pitcher added more velocity to his four-seam fastball than Robles.
Biggest gains in average four-seam velocity among the 61 RP who threw at least 200 four-seamers in each time frame. Source: Baseball Savant.
In 2015, Robles’ fastball averaged 96.4 mph. In 2016, it fell to 95.7. In 2017, it dropped to 95.0. And, as seen above, it tumbled even further in the early part of 2018 to 94.7. But Robles’ four-seam velocity steadily improved throughout the season, and, as seen below, it really took off near the end of the season.
July 2018, when his four-seamer averaged 96.9 mph was the second-hardest-throwing month of Robles’ career, and September 2018 is tied for the hardest-throwing month of his career, with his fastball averaging 97.1 mph.
Moreover, in terms of fastball velocity, his last two outings of 2018 were his best. His four-seamer averaged 98.5 mph or better in both, which is something he had done in only three of his previous 222 career appearances. Of the 15 four-seam fastballs Robles threw in those final two outings, all were between 97.6 mph and 100.2 mph. Across the two outings, he retired six of the eight batters he faced and, as he did in 12 of his final 13 appearances of the season, allowed zero runs.
Oddly, the increased fastball velocity did not help Robles generate many more swinging strikes with the pitch. However, opposing batters had much more trouble squaring it up. Prior to June 24, only one reliever allowed a higher slugging percentage against his four-seamer than Robles’ .680 figure.
From June 24 to the end of the season, though, only eight relievers permitted lower slugging percentages against their four-seam fastballs than Robles’ .329 mark. To put that contrast into perspective, Mookie Betts led all qualified hitters in 2018 with a .640 slugging percentage, and Billy Hamilton finished third-to-last with a .327 figure.
In addition to his four-seamer, Robles throws a slider, which, like his fastball, saw a considerable velocity bump when he joined the Angels. With the Mets in 2018, the pitch averaged 86.9 mph. With the Angels, it jumped to 88.6 mph, which is more than two mph faster than it averaged over the previous two seasons and placed 18th out of 171 pitchers who threw at least 150 sliders from June 24 to the end of the season.
In that span, opposing batters managed just a .249 expected weighted on-base average versus Robles’ breaking ball, a significant improvement over 2017’s .319 mark. Additionally, with the Angels, opposing batters chased Robles’ slider 22.2% of the time it was not in the strike zone, up from 16.7% with the Mets earlier in the year. Exploiting this tendency, Robles threw far fewer sliders in the zone with the Angels than he had with the Mets during the first few months of the season (41% Zone% vs. 47.3%), which helped him generate a 33.3% whiff rate against the pitch, an in-season bump of nearly seven percentage points.
We can see how deadly this fastball/slider combination can be by taking a look at how quickly Robles put away Rangers slugger Joey Gallo in a September outing.
First, although he missed his spot, Robles jammed Gallo with a 98-mph fastball that resulted in a weak fly ball that landed in foul territory.
Robles then locked Gallo up with a 90-mph slider that just caught the bottom of the zone for strike two.
Gallo has struck out more times than any other hitter since 2017, so punching him out is not the most impressive feat. But in that same period, Gallo has slugged .632 against fastballs, which ranks in the top three percent of players. Thus, blowing one by him like this is not terribly easy.
Robles has mostly stuck with that two-pitch mix throughout his career, but he reintroduced a changeup late last season. He never had much success with the pitch when he threw it intermittently in prior seasons, and he did not throw it enough last year to be able to gauge whether it is any better now. But it is worth noting that Robles’ changeup averaged over 90 mph in 2018 for the first time in his career and that it’s possible that the strengthening of his other pitches positively affects it.
Bullpens are weird and unpredictable, but the Angels just might have quietly pieced together a strong one. There’s Justin Anderson, whose wipeout slider made him one of the Angels’ top relievers as a rookie last year. There’s Ty Buttrey, who made an excellent first impression in his brief late-season debut in 2018. There’s Luis Garcia, whose intriguing peripheral numbers led the Angels to acquire him last month.
There’s also Taylor Cole. And Keynan Middleton. And Williams Jerez. And you can add Hansel Robles to that list. For him, maintaining his velocity will be key to repeating his 2018, and improving his changeup will be crucial to taking another step forward. The Angels still need to bolster their bullpen for the 2019 season, but one can at least understand why, with Robles and others already in the fold, the team has not been overly aggressive in the relief pitching market this offseason.
Featured image via MLB.com.
Posted in: Analysis
Tagged in: baseball, Hansel Robles, Los Angeles Angels, MLB, sports
Posted by Chad Stewart
Twitter: @Chad13Stewart Instagram: @theangelsavenue
Baseball Blogs Weigh In: Realmuto, Manny, Bucs, Zaidi, Angels, Keuchel | The baseball bats fanatic January 20, 2019 at 10:50 pm
[…] Angels Avenue breaks down Hansel Robles’ 2018 turnaround. […]
Baseball Blogs Weigh In: Realmuto, Manny, Bucs, Zaidi, Angels, Keuchel – mrwilliamjobrien January 20, 2019 at 10:50 pm
Carl Rock January 21, 2019 at 3:07 pm
I’ve seen this guy pitch and you’ll think he’s good then when you need it the most a HR will sail over the wall. The stats mean nothing watching him and seeing him is everything
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Angels Appraisal: On Matt Harvey and Trevor Cahill
Trevor Cahill, fly-ball pitcher?
2018 Angels in Review: The Starting Pitchers
Shohei Ohtani just keeps adjusting
2018 Angels in Review: The Infielders
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BUT COLIN KAEPERNICK REMAINS UNSIGNED…
I had been planning on writing this post for a while. But deep down I always hoped that I would never have too. But with word that Blaine Gabbert had been signed by The Arizona Cardinals today (yep, the same Blaine Gabbert that lost his starting job to Colin Kaepernick), reality has now truly set in…
For months now, story after story has been written about WHY teams were allegedly reluctant to sign Colin Kaepernick. “Sources” cited everything from an alleged drop off in skill, to his body being too beaten up, to feared backlash from fans, to even the idea that his vegan diet would make him too susceptible to injury. And to be clear, up to this point the propaganda has obviously worked. To date, Kaep has received few-if any calls at all.
Sadly, none of those justifications presented so far carry any weight. Already having played through a full season since his refusal to stand for The National Anthem was first noticed in a Twitter Pic by Niner’s Nation reporter Jennifer Lee Chan, and later reported on by profootballtalk.com. Of course there was a huge backlash, but Kaep’s stance was also supported by a larger majority of fans, fellow athletes, celebrities, and even veterans. By week six of the 2016 season, Kaep had regained a starting QB role that he had previously lost while playing with an injured arm-and while his numbers were far from elite, they were far better than any of the quarterbacks that have signed with new teams so far in 2017. Playing on the numerically second-worst team in The NFL, Colin Kaepernick had a 90.7 QB Rating and threw for 2,241 yards. He also threw 21 touchdowns-versus only four interceptions. These stats were amassed in only 12 games, and on one of the weakest rosters in all of The NFL (go ahead, name three players without using Google).
“I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color,” Kaepernick said. “To me, this is bigger than football and it would be selfish on my part to look the other way. There are bodies in the street and people getting paid leave and getting away with murder.”
And with little fanfare, Colin Kaepernick consistently put his time and money into multiple charities & causes. Kaep donated to Meals on Wheels, homeless shelters, recent parolees, youth job readiness programs, and helped get aid to Somalians suffering from a devastating drought/famine. Even if just from a PR standpoint, one would think that multiple teams could use Kaep’s charitable profile to distract fans away from the woefully bad football product that they are putting out on the field-but all of these teams instead gave away millions to other quarterbacks that have NEVER won anything on the pro level. The New York Jets chose Josh McCown, the 49ers moved on with Brian Hoyer, The Chicago Bears gave away an insane amount of money and draft picks for Mike Glennon & Mitch Trubisky, The Jacksonville Jaguars/Denver Broncos/Cleveland Browns stuck with what they had, and The Arizona Cardinals chose to secure a fragile spot with the QB that was benched in favor of said Colin Kaepernick. Smh.
Brian Hoyer has never played a full season, and only played in six games last year.
Mike Glennon was benched, in favor of Jameis Winston, and only threw 11 passes in two seasons. Still he received a three-year, $45 million deal from Chicago (with $18,500,000 guaranteed). Career-wise, Glennon only completed 59.4% of his passes and averaged an 84.6% passer rating.
Josh McCown will be 38 when the season starts, has been previously discarded by seven other teams, and only won 18 out of the 60 games he started under center. He has only won two games in the last three years, and threw six interceptions to match the only six touchdowns he threw in route to a 0-3 record in 2016.
Blaine Gabbert failed miserably in Jacksonville, and again in San Francisco (15 touchdowns versus 13 interceptions in 13 starts).
Previous failures Mark Sanchez, Nick Foles, EJ Manuel, Matt Barkley, and Geno Smith were all signed into backup roles with teams that knew that they needed varying upgrades depth-wise.
But yet Colin Kaepernick remains unsigned… #StandUp #SpeakOut #SupportOurBrother
Freedom Of Speech Does Not Just Apply When Those In Power Agree...
http://knowyourrightscamp.com/
http://kaepernick7.com/
http://www.sbnation.com/2016/9/11/12869726/colin-kaepernick-national-anthem-protest-seahawks-brandon-marshall-nfl
http://blogs.mercurynews.com/49ers/2016/08/27/kaepernick-doesnt-stand-national-anthem-49ers-issue-statement/?source=rss
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Home The Washington Diplomat December 2012
Geoff Tracy Applies Statistician’s Eye To Replicate Success of Chef Geoff’s
Uploaded on November 28, 2012
Chef Geoff's Rockville is the latest addition to Geoff Tracy's expanding culinary franchise in the Washington area, built around his business-oriented model of efficiency, precision and consistency.
In September, Geoff Tracy expanded his growing culinary imprint with Chef Geoff's Rockville, bringing his hard-nosed business approach that has built up a string of successful area restaurants to a location that could use it. Chef Geoff's Rockville fills a void in the old space that once housed Houston's restaurant for many years, and more recently was the site of the defunct British gastro pub Againn Tavern.
The expansion of Tracy's evolving dining empire to the Maryland suburbs (there are two other Chef Geoff's in Washington, D.C., and one in Tysons Corner, Va., as well as Lia's in Chevy Chase, Md.) will introduce Rockville diners to the casual-fine dining formula, dictated by exacting standards, that has made his other restaurants popular hotspots.
Located on Rockville Pike, the formerly dark space has been transformed with a soothing cream-and-gold color scheme that is brightened by white tablecloths and whimsical mason-jar light fixtures. The rectangular bar has been reconfigured to run the full length of the bar area, offering plenty of seating. The rest of the space is equally comfortable, with booth and table seating, though the tables are a bit crammed together.
As with the other Chef Geoff's, the menu is extensive and eclectic, accommodating those looking for a quick snack as well as diners seeking a formal multi-course meal, a hallmark of the Chef Geoff's brand. Snacks and appetizers, burgers and sandwiches, soups, big salads, pizzas, elegant entrées, and a nice list of vegetable sides vie for attention and can make choosing difficult.
Tracy and executive chef Santos Fuentes have rounded up the most popular dishes from the other Chef Geoff's in creating the Rockville menu so diners who've visited the other locations will be on familiar ground. Because consistency is one of the values that Tracy works hard to achieve, preparations for shared dishes do not vary from location to location — except when it is on purpose. The Chef Geoff burger, one of the signature dishes that helped establish the reputation of the first Chef Geoff's, is done differently at each location. In Rockville, the burger is an excellent variation, prepared with cheddar, bacon and green chili aioli, as well as horseradish havarti, frizzled onions, and steak sauce.
Tracy's underlying concept for all of his restaurants veers from the heavy focus on innovation that dominates D.C.'s dining scene. Despite the fact that Tracy finished first in his class at the Culinary Institute of America, he is not driven by the creative side of the business, but rather by the understanding that at their core, restaurants are profit-driven ventures. Unlike many newly minted chefs, Tracy has said he was not motivated by the desire to display his culinary talents, but rather by the challenge of maintaining quality in all aspects of an operation, even in a high-volume business.
He set that as a goal with his first restaurant, and it has intensified with the addition of each new location. Tracy's program to ensure quality throughout his restaurants is comprehensive and impressive. Performance data is derived from customer satisfaction surveys, reports of anonymous reviewers provided by a New York-based firm who visit each location monthly to assess of adherence to quality standards, and regular internal reviews. This is compared against a list of 800 — yes, 800 — performance standards that address practically every conceivable aspect of restaurant operations from the quality of each dish, to the table setting, to the exact temperature of the food going into the refrigerator.
In "Everywhere at Once: Chef Geoff Tracy's Data-Driven Empire," Todd Kliman of Washingtonian magazine wrote that "unlike most restaurateurs, Tracy places his faith in a highly unorthodox system that confounds many of his brethren in the business, a system that invites comparisons with the corporate tech world in its devotion to data collection and with baseball's current crop of Moneyball GMs in its reliance on metrics and efficiencies. You've read about artist chefs, businessmen chefs, and even CEO chefs. Meet the chef as engineer."
Tracy, in fact, engineers detailed rules such as the time it should take to relight a candle when it goes out (two minutes). Much of this minutiae is invisible to diners, but Tracy and his staff say the rigorous approach ensures the uniformity, efficiency and customer satisfaction that characterizes Chef Geoff's.
While some may see Tracy as more control freak than chef, he created this business model in part to alleviate the need for micro-managing after realizing that he couldn't be everywhere at once.
To that end, Chef Geoff's provides extensive and ongoing training to staff as a key part of its quality control program. As Kliman wrote in his profile, "Most restaurants train employees for two weeks. At Tracy's restaurants, education is constant. Every dish at every restaurant — more than 1,685 items — is digitized, with links to recipes and information for servers. There are custom-made training videos on everything from how to tourné a potato to how to enter an invoice. The emphasis on doing things precisely is one reason you'll never hear a server say, 'Are you finished with that?' The gracious 'May I clear the plate?' is drilled into all waiters."
But even the most well-oiled machines get clogged every once in a while. Recent experiences at the Rockville location suggest the training hasn't sunk in yet with all the staff. While waiters are uniformly agreeable, they are not all equally skilled. Switched orders, spilled drinks, plate stacking and other small missteps may simply be the result of having to bring on many new employees to open the Rockville location who are not yet fully trained. Time will tell.
Tracy's approach is somewhat of a novelty for independent restaurants of this caliber (many of which tend to be more free form in operation and seem to leave success to chance rather than control). However, similar data-driven approaches are the basis of many successful commercial chain restaurants. With his current plans to open five more venues in the area before 2020, Tracy will face an even greater test in maintaining both the precise standards and unique character of his brand.
With such a tightly controlled ship, one might expect Tracy's restaurants to feel constrained, robotic and unoriginal, but that is not the case. While Tracy is not trying to attract the narrow segment of the dining population that seeks out the newest and the best, many of his dishes would surprise even those discerning, demanding palates.
The pear and gorgonzola agnolotti ravioli, swimming in a bath of amaretto butter sauce and sprinkled with almond cookie crumbles, is on par with dishes coming out of even one of Roberto Donna's kitchens. Interestingly, Tracy did an externship at Donna's former flagship restaurant Galileo while at the Culinary Institute of America, an experience he says provided him with an example of how not to run a business. (The gifted but financially inept chef's comeback restaurant, Al Dente — which opened as La Forchetta some months ago — is next door to the original Chef Geoff's, which opened in the space vacated by of one Donna's earlier ventures.)
Other highlights at Chef Geoff's Rockville include the shrimp and Gouda grits, prepared with andouille sausage, tomatoes, peppers and onions — a guest favorite, for good reason. Meanwhile, the Chesapeake stew, a seafood medley served over finely textured cornbread with a sherry cream, is an inventive, refined take on more traditional seafood stews. On the other hand, the meatballs, served over nicely chewy spaghetti with a dollop of ricotta, basil and grana padano, taste strikingly like the little meatballs in a can of Campbell Soup's Spaghettios. It's comfort food that's perhaps a little too comfortable.
Tracy is not above capitalizing on dining fads when they make sense for his operation. He's responded to the recent resurgence of pork by creating a Bacon Bar, a special pork-laden menu available at certain times during the week. In Rockville, the menu sports such delights as bacon-wrapped, crab-stuffed shrimp served with poached pear relish, fennel and a syrah reduction. For the adventurous, the bacon and banana cream tart accented with bacon and macadamia brittle is an interesting salty-sweet dessert.
Tracy in fact gives serious attention to dessert at Chef Geoff's. The tiramisu is intensely flavored with coffee liqueur, though it's still less rich than some versions. The lemon cake, served with ginger raspberries and lemon ginger sorbet, is decidedly tart. And in an interesting take on carrot cake, the dish is "deconstructed" with the raisins and walnuts served on the side of a carrot spice cake and superb cream cheese ice cream. In fact, the ice creams and sorbets that are paired with the main attractions are high points on the dessert menu.
Chef Geoff's is noted for its happy hours, so the beverage program is a vital part of its success. The new location carries on that tradition. Bar manager Nick Goldman has put together an extensive beer selection, with more than 25 varieties on tap, as well as a sampling of distinctive, tropical-themed cocktails crafted from juices and syrups made fresh daily using seasonal fruits and herbs. An international wine list of more than 80 mid- to higher-priced labels rounds out the menu. And for the nondrinkers, the menu offers intriguing house-made sodas, including cherry-almond, spiced pineapple, orange creamsicle, and grapefruit-rhubarb.
The motto at Chef Geoff's is "Great Food, Libation, and Merriment," which gets to the heart of its broad appeal. The menu can get a bit pricey despite Tracy's desire to make his food widely accessible, but all-day happy hour specials in the bar areas on Mondays and Tuesdays and daily early-evening three-course sunset specials take the edge off some of the higher prices.
The wide-ranging appeal that has propelled Chef Geoff's so far is likely to remain intact with his foray into the suburbs. Through extensive menus that offer something for almost everyone, consistently well-prepared and at-times innovative food, comfortable space and approachable service, Chef Geoff's has become a favorite for professionals, students and families alike. Judging by the recent crowds converging on the Rockville location, the new Chef Geoff's is destined to become another neighborhood favorite — offering a laid-back experience backed by an approach that's anything but.
12256 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Md.
Web: www.chefgeoff.com
Lunch: Mon.- Sat., 11:30 a.m. - 4 p.m.
Brunch: Sun., 10:30 a.m. - 3 p.m.
Dinner: Daily, 4 - 10 p.m.
Starter plates: $3.95 - $14.95
Burgers, Sandwiches, Pizza: $11.95 - $18.95
Main Plates: 16.95 - $29.95
Desserts: $6.95 - $7.95
Dress: Casual
Last Edited on November 28, 2012
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Homeland Watch in brief
By Alice Lipowicz
Lobbyist Ashcroft Wins IT Clients
Former U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft has picked up several IT companies as clients since he opened his lobbying firm, the Ashcroft Group, last year. Oracle Corp. hired Ashcroft in October 2005 and paid his firm $220,000 through December 2005, according to federal lobbying disclosure reports.
Oracle listed Ashcroft and David Ayres, former chief of staff at the , on its registration form and said it is seeking representation for computer industry, foreign affairs, labor, science, trade and anti-trust issues.
ChoicePoint Inc., a data management company, also spent $15,000 with Ashcroft's firm, and video software company LTU Technologies Inc. spent $20,000, during the last half of 2005.
Who's Running the ISE?
Following John Russack's abrupt departure as program manager of the Information-Sharing Environment at the office of the Director of National Intelligence, some observers are wondering whether some of the project's authority may go to the DNI's newly confirmed CIO Gen. Dale Meyerrose.
National Intelligence Director John Negroponte recently told a Senate Select Intelligence panel that the environment is a team effort. "We also have now got a senatorially confirmed CIO and also an information-sharing executive. And those officials are working together to improve the information-sharing environment across the intelligence community," Negroponte said.
Russack announced his resignation Jan. 26, but will stay until a replacement is found.
Meyerrose backs COTS tech
The IT industry is buzzing about National Intelligence Department CIO Dale Meyerrose's recent comments favoring commercial technologies for the intelligence community, over the more typical specialized and customized software.
Meyerrose urged the intelligence community to change its procurement habits to buy more off-the-shelf products. "Every line of local code is a stovepipe," Meyerrose said in a Feb. 7 speech to the Armed Forces Communications & Electronics Association.
Alice Lipowicz is a staff writer covering government 2.0, homeland security and other IT policies for Federal Computer Week.
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Itzhak Perlman and Alan Alda’s Friendship
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Itzhak Perlman Plays "Theme From Schindler’s List"
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Basquiat: Rage to Riches
He lived fast, died young and created thousands of drawings and paintings.
Wyeth tells the story of one of America’s most popular, but least understood, artists.
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An intimate portrait of maverick painter and printmaker Elizabeth Murray.
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Lorraine Hansberry: Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart
Explore the life of activist and playwright Lorraine Hansberry.
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Learn more about Chevy Chase
The Neighborhood:
Chevy Chase MD is a unincorporated census-designated place (CDP) in Montgomery County, Maryland. It is primarily a residential suburb with many sizable historic and mid-century homes. It is also known as a “Country Club” town that borders a popular shopping district, Friendship Heights, featuring several malls and a variety of shops and restaurants. Chevy Chase is home to the National 4-H Center, where the National Science Bowl is held annually in either late April or early May.
In addition, a number of villages in the same area of Montgomery County include “Chevy Chase” in their names. These villages, the town, and the CDP share a common history and together form a larger community colloquially referred to as “Chevy Chase”.
Chevy Chase MD is served by the Montgomery County Public School system: One of the strongest in the entire nation.
This community is roughly centered on Connecticut Avenue north of the District of Columbia and also includes a neighborhood of Washington, D.C., called Chevy Chase.
Initially, Chevy Chase was a unincorporated farmland before 1890, during the development of a residentialstreetcar suburb for Washington, D.C.. (See Washington streetcars). The Chevy Chase Land Company was founded in 1890 covering over 1,700 acres of land (present-day Connecticut Avenue from Florida Avenue north to Jones Bridge Road.) The name “Chevy Chase” can be traced to the larger tract of land called “Cheivy Chace” that was patented to Colonel Joseph Belt from Lord Baltimore on July 10, 1725. Historically, it is associated to a 1388 battle between Lord Percy of England and Earl Douglas of Scotland, which was portrayed in a ballad entitled “The Ballad of Chevy Chase“. At issue in this “chevauchée” (a French word describing a border raid) were hunting grounds or a “chace” in the Cheviot Hills of Northumberland and Otterburn.
WMATA Metro Bus
Friendship Heights Metro Station (Red Line)
Bethesda Circulator
Inside Chevy Chase
Check out the latest demographic information available for Chevy Chase.
Visit Chevy Chase
Get to know Chevy Chase better with our featured images and videos.
Chevy Chase Schools
Learn more about schools near Chevy Chase complete with ratings and contact information.
Lafayette Elementary School
Mann Elementary School
Janney Elementary School
The Episcopal Center for Children
St Anns Academy
Montessori School of Chevy Chase
Psychiatric Inst of Washington (Sped)
Beauvoir the National Cathedral Elementary School
National Presbyterian School
Deal Middle School
National Cathedral School
St Albans School
St Johns College High School
The Best in Chevy Chase
Browse through the top rated businesses in the most popular categories Chevy Chase has to offer.
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Read Next: Time Immersive App Launches With Moon Landing AR Experience
February 15, 2019 6:24AM PT
Netflix Gooses Movistar + Uptake in Spain
By John Hopewell
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MADRID — Telefonica’s Movistar +, the biggest pay TV-SVOD service in Spain, is feeling the Netflix effect. And for the good.
Following Netflix’s launch on Movistar + on Dec. 11, more than one third of new subscribers to Movistar, Telefonica’s telephony, internet and TV service, have taken the new Netflix option. 35% of established clients with access to packages now offering Netflix for a mark-up – €10 ($11) for clients to the Movistar +’s Fusion Total + package, for example – have also opted for Netflix.
Unveiling the statistics, Movistar and Netflix made no indication of just how Netflix carriage is accelerating subscriber growth at Movistar +.
But, announced memorably May 24 by Telefonica CEO José María Alvarez Pallete and Netflix CEO Reed Hastings, the latter hidden behind a Salvador Dali mask and “Casa de Papel” outfit, the Telefonica-Netflix deal still looks like a win-win situation.
The Movistar + carriage deal comes late in the day, five years after Netflix signed its first carriage deal with U.K. cable operator Virgin Media.
Since then, Netflix has signed a total 51 carriage deals with operators around the world, from 2013 through 2018, according to IHS Markit.
“At the beginning, Telefonica and many pay TV players saw Netflix as a threat to pay TV, cannibalizing its movie and series packages,” said María Rua Aguete, executive director, technology, media & telecom at IHS Markit.
She added: “Five years later, there’s a general realization that that’s not the case. Telefonica as a telco gets revenues not just from video but also from broadband, telephony and mobile. For them, Netflix represents another channel with movies and series that consumers want to watch.”
Launching in 2015, Netflix has seen robust growth in Spain, hitting 2.2 million video subscribers by year-end 2018. Only Telefonica, with 4.1 million, is bigger.
“People want to watch Netflix. Integrating Netflix on the Movistar + platform can only be positive,” Rua Aguete observed.
Having Netflix on board also gives Telefonica valuable insight into customer behavior as it repositions as an avant-guard, high-tech home entertainment and communications one-stop shop, Rua Aguete argued.
For Netflix, the carriage deal allows subscribers to Spain biggest pay TV platform to catch Netflix on their TV sets. That mixed model – OTT viewing on TVs, can prove attractive alike to millennials – the picture’s far better – and parents who’d like occasionally to watch TV with their at home but rarely seen offspring.
Movistar +
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Vobile Group, a video protection and measurement company, announced a deal to acquire Zefr’s RightsID copyright-management and ChannelID YouTube channel-management businesses for about $90 million. According to the companies, Zefr’s RightsID and ChannelID together generated over $40 million in revenue in 2018 and were profitable. The deal stands to more than triple the revenue for [...]
Disney Merges All Media Sales and TV Channel Distribution Under Justin Connolly
Disney promoted longtime ESPN exec Justin Connolly to the new role of president, media distribution, overseeing a single organization that combines all of the company’s media sales and TV channel distribution operations. Connolly previously served as EVP, affiliate sales and marketing, Disney and ESPN Media Networks. Based in New York, he will report to Kevin [...]
Hulu Is Getting NASA TV in Time for the Moon Landing Anniversary
Hulu’s live TV service is getting NASA TV just in time for the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission. In addition to a live feed, which is available only to subscribers of Hulu’s live TV tier, Hulu is also gaining access to select NASA TV series on demand. The live TV deal was announced [...]
iHeartMedia Stock Drops in NASDAQ Debut
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iHeartMedia, Pride Media to Co-Produce Slate of LGBTQ+ Podcasts
iHeartMedia is teaming with Pride Media, the media company whose brands include Out, The Advocate and Pride, to co-produce a slate of LGBTQ+ podcasts in 2019-20. The partnership will kick off with “The Outcast,” an iHeartRadio original podcast co-produced with Out Magazine. Hosted by Out Magazine deputy editor Fran Tirado, the weekly podcast will explore [...]
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Chiral: Abisso: 50%
September 12, 2014 starryeyedlizard Leave a comment
There is a wide landscape dominated by single people who create music by their own and it definitely belongs to black metal. For instance, Chiral is a project of this kind, coming from Italy. The music is described as progressive black metal and actually, it can be regarded like that, considering the various influences included there. The latest release of Chiral is the Abisso EP, basically the second material after a first demo released this year as well.
The EP starts with a windy intro, thunders and rain sounds and continues with „epic” keyboards. Then you can hear that so-called melancholic and atmospheric part and then that so-called nostalgic black metal riff and then some nasty doom death vocals and I honestly had enough of this during my lifetime. But let’s have faith for the second song, Atto I: Oblio and its nice raw black metal approach. Unfortunately the sound is awful especially because of those programmed drums. Otherwise, the guitar tone is quite bad even though the riff from the beginning is classic and good. The song comes with some acoustic breaks and this way of combining opposite dimensions gives power to the music, but I cannot say good things about the final part of the song that brings a non-musical chaos. At least the vocals became tolerably harsh. The piano from the following track is okay, but still I cannot find the purpose of the solo guitar that comes next. Anyways, things would have been great if only the drums have not started. But they did it again and after I forced myself to ignore their sound I could discover the best song of this material. It was the first time when I could notice the influences mentioned in the project’s description, like something from Dissection or Sacramentum, especially in the second half of the track. The final part of the record is a short and nice piano outro that uses again the windy sound in order to complete the circle in a classical manner.
Improvements are for sure needed when it comes to Chiral’s music, both in songwriting and musical production. People these days are making haste to release a record and that’s why they forget how to reach the essence of music and so they focus on creating a copy-cat material or music in general that brings a wide range of transiently influences. The musical market is very crowded, to put it like that, even if it’s all about metal music. I hope one day some musicians will be aware of that in order to make any kind of difference.
Release date: June 21st, 2014
1. Atto I: Disceso Nel Buio 04:04
2. Atto I: Oblio 05:20
3. Atto II: Abisso 11:42
4. Atto II: In Assenza 01:11
Chiral Voice, All Instruments, Programming
Ludovico Cuoghi Guest on Atto II: Abisso, guitar solo
Homepage: http://chiralitaly.wix.com/chiral
Facebok: https://www.facebook.com/ChiralItaly
Bandcamp: https://chiral27.bandcamp.com/
By: Gina Sandulescu
abissoBlack MetalBlack/DeathchiralChiral Abisso Reviewdeathdoomitaly
Previous PostSturmtiger – World at War 1914-1918 : 78%Next PostInterview : Nightbringer (Naas Alcameth)
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Dow Jones Digital Audio Producer in NEW YORK, New York
The Wall Street Journal is seeking a New York-based digital audio producer for its podcasting team. The audio producer will work with newsroom reporters and editors, as well as video colleagues, to develop and produce exploratory, narrative, magazine and subject-specific feature podcasts. Top candidates for this position will have a professional background in audio journalism, top-notch writing skills, and have strong experience producing in the studio and the field.
Researching topics of interest to The Wall Street Journal’s audience, with a particular focus on tech and science
Sourcing timely news and archival audio
Recording studio and field interviews
Cutting tape and editing full episodes
Booking interview guests, as well as planning and executing remote interviews
Partnering with news reporters and editors to share their reporting in audio form
Proposing new and original ideas for timely and relevant programming
Managing multiple projects in various stages of production
Fact-checking and ensuring that all journalistic and legal standards are followed
Ability to work late hours and weekends both as part of a regular weekend rotation and as news developments may warrant
Completing additional duties as assigned
Key candidate requirements:
At least three years’ experience serving as an audio producer in a daily news environment, preferably at a global news organization
Ability to tell business, markets, tech and science stories in creative ways
Demonstrated experience working on narrative and magazine podcasts
Track record of producing quality audio content efficiently under tight deadline constraints
Professional-level understanding of Adobe Audition and Pro Tools software
Clear communicator with exceptional written and collaboration skills
All interested candidates should submit a cover letter clearly outlining how their skills and experience meet or exceed the key candidate requirements, along with links to five podcasts that represent the type of work described.
Digital Audio Producer
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Matheson scores in OT to lift Panthers over Penguins 3-2
SUNRISE, Fla. (AP) — The Florida Panthers didn’t lose their composure after giving up the lead late in the game.
Mike Matheson scored 4:14 into overtime to lift the Panthers over the Pittsburgh Penguins 3-2 on Thursday night.
Matheson tipped in a pass from Jonathan Huberdeau from the slot, saving Florida after the Panthers let in the tying goal midway through the third period. That came two nights after allowing three third-period goals in a 3-2 loss to the Blues.
“That’s the biggest difference between this game and last game, compete and composure, both those things were missing against St. Louis,” coach Bob Boughner said. “Even when they got that last goal, we turned it up and played in their end and didn’t get rattled.”
Evgenii Dadonov had his first goal in nine games and Colton Sceviour also scored for the Panthers, and Aleksander Barkov had two assists. Roberto Luongo made 29 saves to help Florida win for the seventh time in nine games.
Marcus Pettersson and Jared McCann scored for the Penguins, and Casey DeSmith stopped 39 shots. Kris Letang had two assists.
Pittsburgh lost its fifth in seven games.
“We didn’t execute tonight,” Sidney Crosby said. “We want to make sure we’re playing the same way every night.”
The Penguins tied it at 2 when Pettersson’s shot from the blue line got through traffic at 8:17 of the third. The goal was Pettersson’s first of the season and second in his career.
“We’ve done that in past games this year,” Matheson said. “We’ve given up a goal and sat back and kind of been scared to not lose.”
This time, the Panthers got the extra point.
“It’s a big point,” Penguins coach Mike Sullivan said. “We’re disappointed we didn’t earn the extra one in the overtime because we’re capable in that situation.”
Sceviour made it 2-1 when he took a drop pass from Barkov and poked in the puck from the slot with 2:28 left in the second. Barkov’s assist was his 300th NHL point.
Dadonov’s power-play goal gave the Panthers a 1-0 lead. Dadonov grabbed a rebound off the end boards and backhanded the puck between DeSmith’s pads at 5:22 of the first.
McCann tied the game at 1 with a short-handed goal against his former team. McCann’s shot from the right circle beat Luongo on the stick side with 6:09 left in the second period. The Panther have given up 10 short-handed goals this season.
The Panthers killed off a 58-second 5-on-3 in the second.
Notes: Penguins C Sidney Crosby tied Mario Lemieux’s team record of 915 games played. … G Matt Murray missed the game with an upper-body injury. … Fs McCann and Nick Bjugstad faced their former team for the first time since being traded for Derick Brassard and Riley Sheahan on Feb. 1. The Panthers offered a video tribute to both players on the scoreboard. … Luongo played his 1,028th game and move one behind Patrick Roy for second place on the career list for goalies. Martin Brodeur is first with 1,266.
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A Thousand Faces of Adventure - The Roleplaying Game
Like Board Games? Played Dungeons & Dragons Once? Want To Try Improv?
A Thousand Faces of Adventure Is a Narrative Board Game...
...about gathering at a table with your friends and creating an improvisational story, where one of you plays the GM, who has narrative authority over the world and events, and the rest of you play characters being challenged by and exploring this world, even creating parts of it!
GMs Needed!
Are you a GM interested in playtesting a new RPG?
Get a printed playtest copy by tweeting a tweet
The players' goal is to build their characters from scrappy adventurers into heroes with the courage to trigger world-saving change, while the GM earns points by walking the story through each step of The Hero's Journey.
A Role-Playing Game That's a Board Game
A Board Game That's a Role-Playing Game
Try it today
Download the playtesting kit
A Thousand Faces of Adventure takes the deck-building and set-collection mechanisms of modern board games like Gloomhaven and marries them with the innovation blossoming in indie role-playing games like FATE and Dungeon World.
Are you a fan of RPGs and your friends are all board gamers? Looking for the right RPG to introduce them to the world of play-to-find-out-what-happens? A Thousand Faces of Adventure was designed for you.
When new players sit down to play, there's no hundred-page tome they're expected to navigate, just familiar-looking board game components. The GM can walk the players through a well-tested ten-step process that creates the characters and their world in 45 minutes.
Furthermore, all the math is baked-in. The probability curves are carefully designed and distributed into a 20-card deck, so players only need to flip a card and see the result on the face.
What does it play like?
Listen to examples of play
A Thousand Faces of Adventure is a game about a party of fate-tempting adventurers becoming champions of their own Hero's Journey, in the dangerous kingdoms of a swords-and-magic fantasy realm. There are castle infiltrations, earthshaking discoveries, monster battles, sinful indulgences, secret loyalties, promises, paybacks, and deaths.
Unlike other swords & sorcery role-playing games, it...
...challenges players to master its system not by reading hundreds of pages, but by exploring its board game dynamics
...softens the learning curve by splitting the rules across 3 sessions
...uses blanks as a design element to let players know where they have full control
...encourages improvisation by specifically instructing the GM to ask questions of players
...reduces player components down to just a deck of cards and some tokens
What's Role-playing?
Like a board game, a role-playing game is played by sitting around a table with your friends. But, as a role-playing game, A Thousand Faces of Adventure is a little different.
It's asymmetrical. One friend plays the "GM" role and is playing with different rules from the others
The action takes place in a shared, imagined world. It's like collaborative group storytelling
Like a "legacy" board game, the state of the game changes by playing it. Players change their characters from one session to the next, and the entire fantasy world changes too
The story and challenges are improvised! A Thousand Faces of Adventure lays out a series of milestones and prompts, but you need to play to find out the details of what happens
Follow the development
streamlined Player rules
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Great Places to Stay in Canterbury - City Inns, Country Houses, Seaside Hotels
In Canterbury, in nearby country villages, and in lively coastal resort towns, you can stay in boutique townhouses, village inns, and seaside hotels. You'll also find a range of guesthouses and bed and breakfasts offering friendly Kentish hospitality.
Canterbury's historic and cultural attractions are clustered in the city centre, within easy walking distance of Canterbury Cathedral. You'll also find plenty of places to eat, drink, and enjoy yourself in the compact heart of the city. It's a short walk from either of Canterbury's 2 rail stations to sights and cosy guest rooms in this part of town.
You'll find boutique hotels, B&B rooms, and old-style inns in the city centre. Some are within sight of Canterbury Cathedral's soaring spires, which makes it easy to get your bearings and find your way around.
Search for Canterbury hotels
Canterbury countryside
Canterbury's rural hinterland is a big attraction for many visitors to the "garden of England," as Kent is sometimes known. You'll see apple and cherry orchards here, around villages where whitewashed cottages stand next to Norman churches. Top attractions in this part of the world include country mansions with flower-filled walled gardens and immaculately trimmed topiary. If you're travelling by car, you'll find places to stay just off the motorway. Local bus and train services make it easy to stay in the Kent countryside while enjoying Canterbury's urban heritage.
If you're looking for a quiet place to stay in the Kent countryside near Canterbury, you'll find village inns and B&B establishments in sleepy spots like Faversham. Drivers might prefer to stop at one of the local hotels or guesthouses that offer private parking.
Search for Canterbury countryside hotels
For sea views and restaurants or gastropubs that serve locally caught seafood, seek out a hotel, B&B or guesthouse in or around Whitstable. Famed for its oysters, this harbour town has attracted visitors since the 17th century. Local buses and trains take you to Canterbury in less than an hour.
You'll find some appealing places to stay in and around Whitstable, including old-school seaside hotels where facilities have been brought up to 21st-century standards. You can also stay in family-run B&Bs and guesthouses all over town.
Search for Whitstable hotels
With its long seafront lined with brightly painted beach huts, ice-cream parlors, and fish and chip shops, Herne Bay is a postcard-pretty small resort. It's less than an hour from Canterbury by road or rail. Within walking distance of the harbor, you can visit a picturesque medieval abbey and the remains of an ancient Roman fort.
Herne Bay has attracted weekend visitors and summer vacationers from London since the 18th century. You'll find a choice of B&B and guesthouse accommodation here, as well as some small and stylish independent hotels.
Search for Herne Bay hotels
If you're planning to visit Canterbury as part of a rail trip combining cities like London, Brussels, and Paris, considering staying in Ashford. High-speed Eurostar trains speed beneath the English Channel to France from this Kent town, and zip into the heart of London in less than an hour.
You'll find chain hotels, family guest houses, and comfortable B&B accommodation in Ashford, within a short walk or drive of the international station.
Search for Ashford hotels
Canterbury Guides
Travel Tips - The Insider's Guide to Canterbury
From Orchards to Oysters - Where to Eat around Canterbury and the Kentish Coast
Fashionable Shopping Centers and Funky Historic Neighborhoods - Where to Shop in Canterbury
The Charms of Canterbury - Cathedral, Coast and Countryside
What to See and Do in Canterbury - Walks and Tours Through a Medieval City
Canterbury Hotel Deals
Petros Court3 stars£71
ABode Canterbury4 stars£99
George House3 stars£76
View all Canterbury Hotel Offers
Average hotel prices
3 stars£165
The King's Mile
Search for The King's Mile hotels
Mystole
Search for Mystole hotels
Find your perfect holiday in Canterbury
From 100 hotels.
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September 21, 2018 / 3:08 PM / 10 months ago
Google tweaks privacy policy for Indian payment app after rival complaint
Aditya Kalra, Sankalp Phartiyal
NEW DELHI/MUMBAI (Reuters) - Google has tweaked the privacy policy of its Indian digital payments mobile application, days after local rival Paytm complained that the U.S. tech giant’s platform allowed disclosure of customer data for advertising and other purposes.
FILE PHOTO: A Google logo in an office building in Zurich September 5, 2018. REUTERS/Arnd WIegmann/File Photo
The row has erupted amid heightened debate about user privacy and how technology firms treat data in India and abroad. India is developing a new data protection law which could force companies to change how they transfer or store customer data.
In a letter to the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), dated Sept. 13, Paytm complained that Google Pay’s privacy policy amounted to “clear disregard for a consumer’s need for privacy”.
Google Pay’s privacy policy had said it could “collect, store, use and/or disclose” personal data and “any communications made through Google Pay”.
A Reuters review of Google’s privacy policy that was updated on Thursday showed the company had dropped the word “disclose” from its privacy clause.
Google told Reuters in a statement that the changes were made to make it easier for customers to understand their monetisation and data usage policy.
It declined to comment on whether they were made due to Paytm’s letter or any subsequent communication from the NPCI.
“These changes are done from time to time and are based on product features and development,” a Google spokesman said.
Dilip Asbe, the chief of the NPCI which oversees the payments services in India, declined to comment.
Paytm, which is backed by China’s Alibaba and Japan’s SoftBank, also declined comment.
Paytm’s letter to NPCI indicates the increasingly fierce competition in India’s digital payments market, which is expected to grow five-fold to $1 trillion by 2023.
Other companies vying for a bigger share of the market include PayPal and Facebook’s WhatsApp.
Paytm gained traction in India after Prime Minister Narendra Modi banned high-value notes in November 2016, boosting digital payments. It has 95 million active monthly users, compared to Google Pay’s 22 million.
Both apps offer payment services using NPCI’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI) system that allows instant money transfers and merchant payments.
Google Pay’s new privacy policy stated that UPI transaction data could be used for monetisation purposes only by the platform itself. But the company said it did not do so now.
Reporting by Aditya Karla and Sankalp Phartiyal; Editing by Edmund Blair
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Social Media and Comment Moderation Policy
UK Defence Journal
Home News The future of UK aerial refuelling needs – Part 1
The future of UK aerial refuelling needs – Part 1
The Falklands conflict of 1982 highlighted the necessity for air-to-air refuelling, particularly for the successful prosecution of an air war at long range.
This article aims to discuss the future of UK aerial refuelling needs.
This article was submitted to the UK Defence Journal by Kelvin Curnow. Kelvin’s particular area of interest is naval aircraft and aircraft carriers. He is a keen writer and over the past fifteen years he has had a number of articles published in different journals.
By October 1993 the last of the Victor K2s which had proved so essential in the conflict had been retired. Their replacements included an eclectic array of aircraft some of which had only a short service life. Among the latter included six Hercules C-130Ks converted to single point tankers by Marshalls of Cambridge and six Vulcans converted to K2 configuration.
The principal replacements for the Victors, which began their service lives in the late 1980s and early 1990s, were no fewer than twenty-seven Bae/Vickers VC-10 C1K/K2/K3/K4 tankers. The VC-10s were supplemented by six ex-British Airways Lockheed L1011 TriStars purchased in 1982. Outside of the USA the VC-10/Tristar squadrons formed the largest tanker fleet in the world.
By March 2014 all these aircraft had been withdrawn from use, replaced by fourteen Airbus A330 MRTT (Multi-Role Tanker Transport) aircraft under the Future Strategic Tanker Aircraft (FSTA) programme. The programme was a Private Finance Initiative (PFI) deal awarded to the AirTanker consortium owned by Cobham plc, EADS, Rolls-Royce plc, Thales UK and VT Group plc. Based on the Airbus A330-200 airliner the Voyager is a modern design with inherent low operating costs, a vast pool of available spares and an enviable availability rate of 90%+.
It is capable of carrying a maximum payload of 245,000 lb (111,000 kg) of fuel, an additional 99,000 lb (45,000 kg) in non-fuel payload and 291 passengers. The growing number A330 MRTT operators, including Australia, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, France Spain and the Multinational Multi-Role Tanker Transport Fleet (MMRTTF) ensures that the RAF will have a supportable aircraft over the lifetime of the AirTanker contract.
The AirTanker Contract
The AirTanker contract has proven deeply controversial. Worth £10.5 billion, the contract runs until 2035, and is worth £390 million per annum. Of this amount running costs are £80 million while the remaining £310 million covers the consortium’s financing and profit together with the capital cost of the project which includes aircraft and infrastructure. The exclusivity clause in the contract specifies that AirTanker will be the sole supplier of air-to-air refuelling services to the UK armed forces. In March 2010 the National Audit Office (NAO) declared that the PFI was not value for money.
In May 2012 an investigative piece by the BBC Newsnight programme revealed that according to AirTanker the cost of each Voyager is £152m. Newsnight reported that the Aviation Valuation Company deduced that the purchase of a fleet of fourteen aircraft would mean the list price per aircraft should be closer to £50m. As a comparison the purchase price of two additional KC-30As (Australian designation for the A330 MRTT) for the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) is £226m at 2012 prices. In a further comparison, the Armée de l’Air’s (AdI’A’s) fifteen aircraft A330 MRTT (French designation Phénix [Phoenix]) programme will cost £2.6B, approximating to £142M per example. In both instances the Australian and French air forces have purchased their aircraft outright, there are no ongoing costs of the kind associated with the AirTanker contract.
Current RAF Aerial Refuelling Capability
Of the fourteen Voyagers accessible only nine make up the ‘core fleet’, the remaining aircraft are the ‘surge fleet’. When not required by the RAF, these ‘surge’ aircraft can be leased to airlines (minus their military equipment), or to allied nations with the agreement of the Ministry of Defence (MoD). Of the five ‘surge’ aircraft only one was leased out for a period of three years via a June 2014 agreement with Thomas Cook Airlines. Of the ‘core fleet’ one is a civilian registered aircraft operated by AirTanker which is available to the MoD as a passenger and cargo transport on a charter basis flying the Falklands/UK air bridge. The eight in service refuelling aircraft consist of two Voyager KC2 and six Voyager KC3 variants.
The former are fitted with two Cobham 905E under-wing refuelling pods, the latter add a Cobham 805E Fuselage Refuelling Unit (FRU) in addition to the pods. Eight aircraft is a woefully small number for the RAF’s refuelling commitments. At any one time single aircraft are: based in the Falklands supporting Quick Reaction Alert (QRA); providing QRA tanking to UK based fighters; and, supporting Operation Shader against Islamic State (ISIS). This leaves spare capacity of just five Voyagers to meet all other refuelling needs. The fact is that there are inadequate numbers of tanker aircraft available to the RAF on a day-to-day basis is palpable, particularly given the heightened tensions between NATO and Russia, the ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, and escalating Chinese hegemony in the South China Sea. The lack of numbers is further exacerbated because the Voyagers are also employed on transport tasks including one which has been modified to VIP configuration.
Future Aerial Refuelling Needs
Leaving aside the cost of the AirTanker contract, there are three major issues facing the RAF. First, the Voyager is the only version of the A330 MRTT to not be equipped with the Airbus Aerial Refuelling Boom System (ARBS). Second, the Voyager is not capable of refuelling the growing number of helicopters in both RAF and Royal Navy (RN) service which can be probe equipped. Third, the exclusivity clause prevents the RAF using its own aircraft such as the Lockheed C-130J Hercules which can be equipped to provide air-to-air refuelling.
The first issue is easily resolvable with relative ease and little cost. The then Deputy Commander of Operations, Air Marshal Greg Bagwell, said at the FIDAE Airshow in Santiago Chile in March 2016 that the operational case for equipping at least some of the UK’s Voyagers with the ARBS had already been accepted. The ARBS would allow tanking of the growing number of aircraft in the RAF equipped with the Universal Aerial Refuelling Receptacle Slipway Installation (UARRSI). These are the Boeing C-17A Globemaster III, Boeing RC-135 Rivet Joint, and the forthcoming Boeing P-8A Poseidon and Boeing E-7A Wedgetail. The mooted purchase of the Lockheed Martin F-35A for the RAF would see the need for boom equipped tankers increase exponentially. An excellent example of the flexibility offered by a drogue and boom equipped tanker comes by way of the RAAF.
In operations against ISIS over Syria and Iraq a single KC-30A proved capable of tanking a wide variety coalition of assets. These included F/A-18F Super Hornets, other KC-30As (Australian MRTTs are equipped with the UARRSI), E-7A Wedgetails, C-17 Globemaster IIIs, AV-8B Harriers, Eurofighter Typhoons and Dassault Rafales. The flexibility of the KC-30A was demonstrated when in November 2015 a Boeing E-7A Wedgetail Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) aircraft performed its longest mission over Iraq lasting 17 hours and 6 minutes requiring two aerial refuellings. Arguably this mission could not have been accomplished with a Voyager and E-3D Sentry combination given the inordinate amount of time required to pass fuel using the FRU (2,650 l/min as opposed to 4,542 l/min for the ARBS). Additionally, the greater fuel load and higher fuel burn of the Sentry would have inevitably required more air-to-air fuel transfers.
Above all else aerial refuelling aircraft are force multipliers and enablers. Voyagers supporting the UK QRA permit the Typhoons to stay in the air for longer periods of time. This circumvents the need to scramble additional aircraft. For Tornados and Typhoons striking ISIS targets, aerial refuelling from Voyagers has allowed the fighters to stay on mission for anything up to 8+ hours. This has the consequence of providing unbroken over watch of embattled allied ground forces.
Another excellent example of how the A330 MRTT is both a force multiplier and enabler comes by way of the AdI’A’s Phénix aircraft. Prior to the introduction into service of the Phénix, the deployment of four fighters to Afghanistan would have required the support from one Boeing C-135FR to refuel the fighters, and two Hercules to transport 50 personnel and 12 tonnes of freight. This operation now requires only one Phénix. In another instance where the aircraft is both force multiplier and enabler, the RAAF intend to employ their KC-30As to refuel their Boeing P-8A Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft giving them the ability to range further out to sea and/or stay on station longer.
Given that the E-7A and P-8A are basically the same aircraft, 17 hour maritime patrol missions are quite possible. With the small number of P-8As and E-7As being procured for the RAF, the ability to fly longer missions would permit a more effective and efficient use of the two fleets.
Part 2 coming soon!
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Daniele Mandelli
Excellent article, thank you.
As always, numbers.
Wasn’t this programme a Gordon Brown job? Not wanting to pay up front so pays out more long term over instalments?
I have never been happy that the RAF do not own their AAR assets.
Can the clause in this contract be changed? If not. Who are the clowns that signed it?
Aircraft was chosen in 2004, leasing agreement was signed in 2008. In other words, it’s the clowns who managed and agreed to all the other ridiculously one sided contracts and development programmes in the 2000s.
Geoffrey Roach
Hi Daniele,
With you on this one. Our age old bind. We seem incapable of buying a ship or a ‘plane or probably a rowing boat that is not fitted for but actually hasn’t got or why spend 100 % and get everything when you can spend 98% and leave something off. Rowing boats need rollocks. This seems more like a load of b…….!
Geoffrey. Nice to see you post.
Just say it. Get it out the system. I was told yesterday a rant can be good for you!
TwinTiger
If the financial case has been made to equip at least some Voyagers (and if some, why not all) with ARBS booms given the value-add to existing and imminent future aircraft that will require it, can it be achieved in short order under the existing FSTA agreement, or is there an extended timeframe? What might be holding this up?
Harry Bulpit
Can the KC3 carry passagers and cargo as well? As if its only the kC2 it means we only have one transport taking in to account the one designated for vip transport.
Fedaykin
Yes it can, the A330 MRTT uses fuel from its own fuel-tanks for the air to air refueling tasking. There are no extra tanks fitted in the cargo or passenger holds meaning passengers and cargo can be carried even on an air to air refueling tasking.
Rather shows how much potential range a modern twin engine wide body has when it can sacrifice its own fuel for tanking!
That’s ridiculous. Impressive for the aircraft, but think of the potential. I knew the kc2 used its own tanks but I thought the kc3 had a large one in the cabin.
No, there isn’t any need for internal tanks in the passenger cabin or cargo hold. It isn’t ridiculous as well, the A330 MRTT has a MASSIVE internal fuel payload and a 9000+ mile range. For normal tanker taskings the internal tanks have more then enough fuel to give away and still stay many hours on station. Adding extra fuel tanks in the cargo hold or passenger cabin isn’t necessary. It is a major selling point over the Boeing 767 derived alternative that does need extra fuel tanks installed to perform its taskings. Arguably a number of international sales have been… Read more »
There is a massive trade off though. Ferry range is 9,200 miles, but combat radius is 1,116 miles.
Makes you wonder what capability it would have if it had additional tanks, but then passenger and cargo capability would be compromised, not that freight, passengers and AAR would be on the same mission. Value for money though.
Certainly on a normal tanker trail over the North Sea Voyager isn’t going to be lugging passengers or cargo about but they have used the capability when ferrying Tornado, Typhoon or Lightning. Certainly a nice feature to have.
The amount of fuel that a Voyager can give away on a tanker trail or ferry is a quantum leap over anything we have had before. The only thing that beats it for fuel offload is the KC-10A Extender (and maybe the Iranian KC-747) and that is far more costly to operate.
William Franklin
A very intresting article, I have always felt that the number of AAR equipped A330-200 are inadequate for the RAF’s requirements. All of the fourteen should be in service as tanker transports and all should be fitted with the boom for refueling US built aircraft. Another point is how long will it take to add AAR capabilities to those aircraft currently in the surge fleet? In my view if we had to fight another Falklands type war how long would it take to modify the surge fleet? A week, a month, six months or longer for each aircraft, the war… Read more »
Good interesting article about a subject that doesn’t often get much of an airing.
And we still have a few older RAF tankers lying around, I think we are giving them to nato if I remember correctly! Dam shocking state of affairs. I hate what re ent governments have done to our once world class millitary assets and world class numbers of millitary assets! We still have the second largest number of chinooks on earth… unfortunately the japs are buying more F35s so won’t be second there anymore. Not sure where else’s we come behind USA on? IStar?
Of those in flyable condition there is a small number of ex RAF L-1011 Tristar sitting at Bruntingthorpe but they are being made ready to fly out to the US as they have been purchased by an American Defence Contractor offering tanking services.
The remaining VC-10 have been scrapped and there is a single Victor in a taxiable condition….that is it.
Why is it unfortunate for Japan to be buying more F-35? They are a democracy and a sovereign nation with its own defence needs.
Because it’s nice when the UK has second most of something after USA.
JohnHartley
Well I have been critical of this PFI since day one. Sadly New Labour could not tell the difference between a military tanker & a budget carrier airliner. A budget carrier cannot afford to lug about heavy military kit. So the taxpayer forked out to convert them to AAR, only to pay another fortune to de equip them for airliner charter work. If we needed them back in the RAF, we would have to pay the re equipment costs again. I think PFI contracts should be subject to the Unfair Contracts Act. That was brought in by the Labour government… Read more »
Has the surge fleet actually been used to assist core, excluding the single leased example? The article is not clear unless I’m missing a detail.
Does the RAF even have the crews for it?
Or is it sitting at Brize un used?
Yeah, I find this article slightly puzzling. By all accounts there has been a surplus of tanking availability from the Core fleet and not a shortage as this article infers. That is one of the reasons why one was converted into a VIP configuration for Government and Royal use. Also the article misses a key point, the PFi contract with the MOD sets out that the consortium must provide a certain amount of ‘Availability’ every year. It is not the MOD’s problem how that ‘availability’ is delivered, if there is not enough availability from the core fleet then the surge… Read more »
George Allison
Hi, we accept submissions so if you fancy putting something together that better discusses this topic then please feel free.
I want to see part 2 of this article before passing any serious judgement.
Humphrey has a pretty good article about the PFi side of things, I would only be covering the same ground. Put simply the RAF is buying a service not an aircraft and if there isn’t airframes available for taskings that is the consortiums problem to solve.
https://thinpinstripedline.blogspot.com/2018/07/what-lot-of-hot-air-mail-on-sunday.html?view=classic
Helions
I would add an additional requirement: V-22 – for obvious reasons…
I wish all of you a good Memorial Day and please remember those who have made the ultimate sacrifice for our countries.
Crabfat
I suppose, if we did go for MRTTs with booms, then we would have to train aircrews as boom operators. Another aircrew category and another expense, which the MoD can say they cannot aford…
Its an added skill for existing aircrew and refuelling operators.
Thanks TT – that did occur to me after I’d sent my post…
Jorge Marujo
Can the A330 MRTT operate simultaneously with ARBS and FRU systems. Or each aircraft can have one of both probe systems?
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MoD deny UK ‘military escalation’ in the Gulf
Russia unveils yet another new aircraft carrier design
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Telegraph claims Nice terror is first such attack on kids: forgets about Toulouse (Update)
By Adam Levick on July 19, 2016 • ( 31 Comments )
Telegraph columnist Bryony Gordon penned an op-ed (Now they have come for families, July 16) on the Nice terror attack suggesting that the truck-ramming assault that claimed at least 84 lives represented the first time in the West that jihadists have targeted children.
In noting that at least 10 children were killed by the Tunisian-born terrorist, named Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel, Gordon makes the following point:
There is nothing more innocent than a child. Nothing. That is not to say that the deaths at the Bataclan or in Brussels were any less tragic than those that occurred on Bastille Day; or that the 84 adults who were killed on Thursday night in Nice should be grieved less than the ten children who found their lives cut short just as the holidays were beginning. It is not at all. It is simply to say that the attack in Nice has shown that nothing is sacred any more. Nothing. Men, women, children… to fanatics like Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel, we are no more than human bowling pins.
This September, it will be 15 years since we entered the murky world of modern terrorism: suicide bombers with scant regard for their own lives let alone anybody else’s. First they came for the businessmen and women. Then eventually they came for the young, carefree concert goers.
Now they have come for the families. For the children. Perhaps this should not be a surprise given they have been doing it for years in Syria and Iraq. But in the western world, it is a monstrous first.
However, even if we were to ignore attacks on children in Israel, Nice did not represent a monstrous “first” in the West.
In 2012, three Jewish children and one adult were murdered by a jihadist named Mohammed Merah in an attack on a Jewish school in the French city of Toulouse.
Here’s the Telegraph’s chilling account of the attack:
The dark motor scooter pulled up and a man described as “determined and athletic” dismounted. Without removing his helmet or saying a word, he opened fire.
Witnesses described how the gunman aimed at whoever was in his path, first shooting Jonathan Sandler, 30, a rabbi and teacher, along with his two sons, Aryeh, six, and Gavriel, three, as they waited for a minibus to take them to their nursery. All three are dead.
Then, when his 9mm weapon jammed, the killer switched to a .45-calibre gun, entered the school gates and chased children as they fled for cover.
He shot a 17-year-old pupil, who is now fighting for his life in hospital, and then cornered eight-year old Miriam, the daughter of the school principal, Yaacov Monsonego. He put the gun to her head and shot her.
It’s hard to imagine how, when writing her op-ed, Gordon could have forgotten about the Jewish children targeted in Toulouse, an attack accurately characterized as the “worst antisemitic atrocity on French soil in decades”.
The journalist responded to our tweet, apologizing for the omission:
UPDATE 2: The Telegraph responded to our complaint and removed the false claim.
Jew hatred? What Jew hatred? Tolouse and a tale of two Guardian editorials on Toulouse(UK Media Watch)
Categories: Telegraph
Tagged as: Telegraph, Terrorism, Toulouse Massacre
Breaking the Silence Gets Failing Grade in Channel 10’s Fact-Check
Telegraph journalist apologizes for omitting Toulouse massacre in her op-ed
peterthehungarian says:
However, even if we were to ignore attacks on children in Israel,…
…and why should anyone ignore the Israeli terror attacks against children? Israeli lives don’t matter?
Adam Levick says:
I was pre-empting a possible reply by the writer that she was narrrowly referring to Europe and the US
From the article you quote it is very clear that the author intentionally disregards Palestinian terror. He wrote: “This September, it will be 15 years since we entered the murky world of modern terrorism”. Meaning the victims of Arab terrorism in Israel don’t count. Only one example the Ma’alot massacre with its 22 children victims in 1974 is certainly not terrorism? Or the victims of Oslo? The exploding buses and pizza parlors? The Dolphinarium disco with 21 teenager victims?
Gordon obviously don’t consider Israeli children as humans. He is just a loyal spiritual offspring of the good old European Jew-killers.
koufaxmitzvah says:
I believe most people in the US military consider the War on Terror beginning with the Munich Games, September 1972.
Utilizing an international audience to carry out systematic murder for political purposes. The world was shocked back then. Totally stunned that this could possibly happen. People watched the Arabs celebrate in the streets, for crapsake, and the IOC wanted everyone to forget it had ever happened.
Yup…. Nothing better than Westerners and their Journalists.
gee59 says:
As usual selective history is the norm
leah27z says:
You are not getting it. To modern British ‘journalists’ – or rather, the vile dreck pretending to be ‘journalists’ – Jews do not count.
Ayatollah Ghilmeini DD says:
The point is the press is the problem- they have misreported on the war against the west by radical Islam since Khomeini in 1967. They saw terror against Jews as no problem; Khomeini was some kind of Buddhist, Saddam was harming no one, the Rushdie Affair a trifle, and then asked why do they hate us after 911.
Any thinking person should have seen that mass immigration of mostly unemployable Muslims from tribal-honor based societies was a formula for disaster and that was before 911.
The Islamic world is imploding and one should not bet on any of the countries on the Islamic map surviving with the same borders twenty years from now. The Saudis look like they are on their last legs and even Iran is not safe.
We have fought the wrong war against the wrong enemy since 911- the enemy is the ignorance and unreformed radical Islam, especially the Muslim Brotherhood. We will win when we turn our guns on their legitimacy- the notion that they speak for anything other than unmodern unreconstructed backward ignorance and oppression. It will still take 30 years but the moment they touch a phone and the internet, the old Islamic world crumbles. When we force the institutions of Islam to modernize and reform themselves, we will be on the path to victory and our children will be safe.
Some pinhead Muslim on CNN also had a show titled “Why They Hate Us”
http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/08/opinions/why-they-hate-us-zakaria/
Muslims should ask why Infidels hate them.
Consider 9/11, Londons 7/7, Paris Charlie Hebdo, Bataclan, Nice, Pan Am 103, Metrojet, San Bernardino, Orlando, Boston Marathon, Beslan, Moscow, Bali, Mumbai, Nairobi, …
Ayatollah, Why does the Left come to the defense of Right Wing, Ultra Conservative Islamists???
Crazy Eddie-
How could Right Wing Goddess Melania Trump steal her life story from the Socialist Kenyan’s Wife, aka First Lady Michelle Obama?
Also, what’s up with that logo, bro? Do you need thigh high boots to vote for Drumpf?
P.S. I’m loving the convention!
https://www.rawstory.com/2016/07/american-anti-semitism-is-nothing-new-but-donald-trump-gave-the-jew-haters-newfound-courage/
Why don’t more Jews join the GOP? After all, the Republicans LOVE US!
http://www.rawstory.com/2016/07/rnc-forced-to-close-online-convention-chat-after-anti-semites-turn-it-into-a-jew-bashing-hatefest/
socialistnakba, Don’t move to Canada. Move to Mexico.
Crazy Eddie. Why do you love Jew Haters? And by Love, I mean, vote for them to be president? Drumpf=Hitler, Eddie.
jeff21st says:
Not so fast. It’s not quite that simple.
http://israel-thrives.blogspot.com/2016/07/pew-poll-results-liberal-democrats.html
Actually, Jeff, it sort of is:
http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2016/07/19/3800078/david-duke-jewish-sabotage/
“After Melania’s speech, Duke concluded in a blog post that there was ‘inescapable logic that this was intentional sabotage and treachery’ by Trump’s speechwriter, who Duke assumes must be Jewish.
‘Nobody could have been so stupid as to make about five or six common quotes out of Michele Obama’s Demo convention speech just a few years before and put it Melania Trump’s speech and not think it would get exposed!’ Duke wrote. ‘…..Zio fingerprints are all over this one.'”
No. That’s not simple, just simplistic.
David Duke is doing what David Duke has been doing for 40 years or more. Personally, I feel sorry for anyone who has such low brain power that they would use this marginal character with his surgically enhanced “Aryan” features as a political barometer for as to how they cast their vote either way.
John Kinory says:
“Drumpf=Hitler”
You are a moron.
KKKrazy Eddie-
David Duke is willing to bet a gefilte fish that Melania was set up by Jews. Can you interpret that for me, Ed?
> David Duke is willing to bet a gefilte fish that Melania was set up by Jews. Can you interpret that for me, Ed?
You calling others Crazy? LOL! LOL! LOL! Try Prozac or a cold wet washcloth on your forehead.
Straight from the horse’s ass:
“Also, it seems as though the operative set up Melania, by leaking it to other Jewish media insiders who repeatedly asked her about the speech before she gave it prodding her to suggest that she came up with most of it but was helped a little by the speechwriter.
I would bet a gefilte fish that this was sabotage. I would also bet a bagel it was orchestrated by an Israel Firster who wanted to damage the American Firster.
This is no accident and certainly nothing that Melania did intentionally.”
http://davidduke.com/jewish-neocon-speechwriter-sabotage-melania-trumps-big-speech/
As additional evidence that Jewish lives don’t matter, Gordon also states that suicide bombings started 15 year ago; she presumably refers to 9-11.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks
A total of 175 bomb attacks had been carried out by Palestinian terrorists prior to 9-11. the vast majority of which resulted in casualties, 804 people in total and yes, among them children.
JLM is often used as an abbreviation for Jerusalem. It should also mean “Jewish Lives Matter.”
I seem to remember terrorist attacks on European soil in the 1970’s. Perhaps the author of the article is young and ill-prepared to be a journalist.
teddymcnabb says:
Reblogged this on teddymcnabb.
Regarding the update – according to it Gordon says that she just made a mistake.
Poor lady – working under pressure she is making mistakes….
My bullshit meter went out of range.
Independent Observer says:
She sounds sincere. I’m surprised the journal didn’t have fact-checkers who could bring the omission to the attention of the author.
But certainly dumb.
Correction to my earlier post: 223 dead prior to 9-11.
Pingback: 07/20 Links Pt1: Glick: Who speaks for America’s Jews?; Pipes: I rooted for the Turkish coup – 24/6 Magazine
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07/18 Links Pt2: Car… on ITV News report on Israeli sec…
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Billions Are Flowing Into The Logistics Industry To Solve Today’s Delivery Issues
Latest NewsPosted on November 28, 2018 weekendcrypto
Meet LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT), Creator of the Most Comprehensive Logistics Solution The Sector Desperately Needs
Hidden beneath the booming retail economy that’s seen e-commerce sales double over the last five years is what some call the lifeblood of the economy—LOGISTICS.
Shipping products to customers, while tracking the shipments, monitoring inventories, and minimizing losses and disruptions is big business. Last year, the third-party logistics (3PL) market grew 10.5% to $184.3 billion in the US alone[1].
At the forefront of the next industrial revolution in logistics management is LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT), which is aiming to capture 1% of this massive 3PL market. The company is making its move on the sector through its disruptive and innovative software platform 1Shift, which is designed to benefit brokers, shippers, and carriers.
The industry is changing rapidly, with plenty of new entrants trying to “uberify” trucking.
The result has been a flood of investment into the sector to the tune of over $1 billion in 2017.
Start-ups such as Convoy have already reached billion-dollar valuations in a short-time span. In order to remain competitive, many of the sector’s traditional players are also attempting to digitize their operations. The result has been a fragmentation, with 23% of the market now using brokers to manage their freight.
Targeting this opportunity, LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT) has developed a simple, powerful and painless solution with 1Shift to drive just-in-time supply chains and create end-to-end efficiency. The company’s ultimate goal is to enable brokers, shippers, and carriers to manage their loads, bill of ladings, contracts, disputes and support all through a single unified platform with artificial intelligence and biometric technology.
There’s a great need for solutions in the logistics industry, as the growth of the sector has also presented a series of “pain points” that need to be resolved.
Rescuing Manufacturers and Retailers From ‘Delivery Logistics Hell’
Sorry, we’ve gone from production hell to delivery logistics hell, but this problem is far more tractable. We’re making rapid progress. Should be solved shortly.
— Elon Musk (@elonmusk) September 17, 2018
Connecting manufacturers and retailers to their customers is crucial to keeping businesses across the continent thriving.
However, the reality is that something as simple as getting a load from Point A to Point B, can and does go catastrophically wrong.
One doesn’t need to look further than the woes of Tesla Motors. Chairman and CEO, Elon Musk has dubbed his company’s latest speedbumps as “delivery logistics hell”.
Nightmares have begun to surface, with customers seeing their purchases sitting idle on train station platforms—All while giving the competition a chance to catch up on market share, and damaging the delayed company’s reputation.
These disruptions trickle all the way down through the transaction line. Online sellers stand to potentially lose nearly $7,000 per customer that defects to another site.
These problems also harm drivers, as disputes over arrival times, shipment quantities and many other factors harm their bottom line as well. For instance, a truck waiting in line to drop off its load at a major store can get penalized heavily for lateness, all because its loading door is occupied. The system requires more transparency, and honesty on all sides to help reduce losses and confusion.
Frustration causes many of the bigger players to try and take the problems in-house—complete with costly and time-consuming setbacks and challenges.
Players big and small in the market are waiting for an answer, and LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT) appears to have a solution that could help them all.
LiteLink Has FIVE Strategic Advantages That Set It Apart Amid a Massive Logistics Sector
If LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT) comes close to its target of capturing 1% of the 3PL market, the projected revenues are potentially massive. By utilizing state-of-the-art A.I. and Blockchain components of in its signature 1Shift platform, the company has a serious chance to disrupt the sector and achieve its goals.
LiteLink’s goal is to put transparency back into software, allowing users everywhere to cut out middlemen, saving margins in the process.
The 1Shift platform gives LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT) a significant investment proposal available to a market that’s paying attention to the massive 3PL market in play.
STRATEGIC ADVANTAGE #1:
1Shift Provides A Sleek Solution To One Of The Biggest Economic Problems Today
Many headaches are incurred between a warehouse and customer, especially for drivers.
In the case of brick-and-mortar giant Walmart, drivers are fined whenever they are deemed as “late”. However, in many cases, drivers lose time and income when they have to dispute these lateness penalties, regardless of truth or fault—drivers are often stuck behind another truck.
The costs of these disputes, delays, and penalties effects everyone down the line, right to the customer.
LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT) has the potential end these disputes with 1Shift, thus alleviating much of the tension between carriers and receivers.
1Shift enables trustless interfacing between shippers, truckers, and 3rd party logistics companies. By implementing its A.I. “brain” 1Shift reduces human error, paperwork, and downtime involved in the logistics industries.
By collecting and validating data on a blockchain, 1Shift enables trustless business to take place. It focuses on offering a “load management system” rather than a full “transportation management system”.
Not only can 1Shift reduce tension, but it perhaps, more importantly, can help plan routes and shipments in perhaps the most convenient method available. 1Shift gives future truckers and shippers the ability to process and optimize data points, which can optimize their deliveries, saving on fuel and choosing the most affordable option.
The system is based on 1Shift’s A.I.-based data collection that combines multiple data points, including: drive time, location, bill of lading details, receiving bay details, weather, and more.
With $195.8 Billion Yearly Revenues in 3PLs Alone Logistics is HUGE Money
For its size, the logistics industry is grossly overlooked by many in the market—However, it’s an industry you’ll want to familiarize yourself with and be a part of.
With magnates such as Elon Musk bemoaning the reality of how complicated shipping products to customers can be, investment is pouring into the sector to alleviate the problem.
There’s plenty of market to share. Last year, the third-party logistics (3PL) market grew 10.5% to $184.3 billion in the US alone.
With 1Shift, LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT) is bringing technical solutions to a non-technical industry—revolutionizing the logistics industry in the process. Given its ease of use, and low-cost implementation, 1Shift has a shot at widespread adoption.
There is MASSIVE DEMAND in the logistics industry for this solution.
1Shift Is THE MOST Comprehensive Logistics Solution Available
Perhaps the biggest advantage that LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT) has over its competition, is its complete package of features on 1Shift. By combining all of them together, the platform is a GAME CHANGER for 3PLs, shippers and brokers.
1Shift is a unified app that benefits both shippers and brokers. Backed by innovative A.I.-Driven analytics, the platform excels in solving issues others aren’t even trying to address.
Perhaps one of the fanciest and most unique features is that of its A.I. document recognition. Many receiving transactions such as a bill of ladings involve signatures, and handwritten notes upon delivery. With 1Shift the user can input handwritten notes, which the system can read, and translate into regular text.
By utilizing a blockchain data sharing system, disputes will become a thing of the past. All parties will be able to see what’s happening in real-time, with immutable accuracy.
But ultimately, the most impressive features for the user will come in the analytics. Getting feedback on routes, warnings on delays, and being able to share data between all parties is beneficial to everyone involved. The result should be a heightened interest in adoption—which results in more revenue for LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT).
1Shift is projected to start generating revenue in March 2019. More importantly, the platform is expected to hit its cash-flow inflection point in November 2019—marking what could be seen as a rapid turnaround time within an industry used to high input costs.
Once that point is met, 1Shift is projected to truly take off—more than quadrupling its gross profit from under $4 million in 2019, to nearly $16.5 million in 2020, before ballooning to nearly $134 million by only 2023.
Rockstar Management Team
Ashik Karim, CEO
Since the addition of its CEO Ashik Karim to the head of the team, LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT) reached a new level of technical expertise. Karim heads a very deep roster of tech-savvy heavyweights, with backgrounds that all point to LiteLink’s strategic advantages.
LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT) is equipped to handle all of the challenges presented in need of solutions for their clients, all while rising through the ranks of a rapidly growing class of top-tier logistics companies:
CEO Ashik Karim’s career has taken him all over the world, and into space, starting with building mission-critical software for the International Space Station for NASA and the Canada Space Agency. For McDonald Dettweiler, Karim delivered one of the world’s largest online national land management platforms. His expertise has delivered pivotal technology product consulting for TELUS, Vodafone, Wind Mobile, and MDA. Ashik Karim’s already been a key leader in two successful startups in Canada, and is looking to repeat and exceed those successes now with LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT).
On top of the in-house management team, LiteLink boasts a Logistics Executive Advisory Team stacked with logistics sector all-stars Gary Sooch, Tyson Smith, and Gurj Basi. The trio brings a wealth of industry expertise, including coordinating shipments for one of North America’s largest producers and global suppliers of steel wire and wire products; creating and designing innovative Supply Chain Solutions across all modes of transportation (OTR, Rail, Air, Ocean etc); and transportation & logistics experiences with Fortune 500 company, C.H. Robinson.
Gurgjeet Basi, Logistics Advisor
Mr. Basi encompasses over 15 years of proven experience in the transportation and logistics industry. He comes to LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT) with a pedigree career track record, from his tenure at C.H Robinson, a fortune 500 company, to his current role as the Co-Founder and Managing Partner of Playbook Logistics. Gurjeet recognizes the need to adapt to cutting-edge technologies on the horizon, in order to maintain competitiveness in the current market-place and continue to improve the customer experience. Having a platform that utilizes blockchain technology and artificial intelligence is key to providing the value-added service that our customers desire.
Gary Sooch, Logistics Advisor
Mr. Sooch has over 12 years of experience within supply chain management. Gary has developed vast experience with all modes of transport overseeing complex logistical requirements. Mr. Sooch is a Partner and Co-founded Peak Logistic Solutions in 2010. As a member of the Strategic Advisory Board, Mr. Sooch will bring leadership, industry knowledge, and growth strategy to 1Shift.
Shoukri Kattan, Head of A.I.
Mr. Kattan leads the Artificial Intelligence division of LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT). Previously, Mr. Kattan served as Director of Technology at Ericsson. He also Founded two startups, leanSPRINT and Success.AI, an instant, intelligent, interactive and context-sensitive conversational platform that automates the way customers interact with companies through digital messaging channels.
Robert (Bob) Cross, Capital Markets Advisor
Mr. Cross brings 25 years of capital markets experience as a financier and advisor. Mr. Cross served as Chairman and CEO of Yorkton Securities between 1996 and 1998. He is the co-founder and non-executive Chairman of B2 Gold. B2 Gold is a multi-billion dollar gold producer. Mr. Cross also is currently serving as Non-Executive Chairman for Standard Lithium which had recently raised $21.6 million in a bought deal in February 2018.
Investors Are Already Pouring Millions Into Logistics Startups
CapitalG, the growth equity arm of Alphabet Inc. (NASDAQ: GOOG), recently led a $185 million round in tech-enabled trucking network Convoy. With that round, Convoy’s total raised to $265 million and values the company at $1 billion.
Another popular app in the driver community is Trucker Path, which was purchased in January 2018 by Chinese social media site Renren. After a series of funding round with Renren contributing, the CEO of Trucker Path stated the value of the company at more than $100 million.
Uber Freight’s run rate will hit $500 million in 2018 with a valuation sitting at $72 billion back in February.
There is a growing desire to “uberify” the freight industry.
Technology is where LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT) has an overwhelming advantage over its competitors. Compared to competition such as Cargo Chief, or Freightera, 1Shift offers so much more. Among the exclusive features that 1Shift brings which the others don’t are A.I. Document Recognition; Blockchain Dispute Resolution, Biometrics, and are deliverable on a Mobile App.
Cargo Chief has ELD Integration (which Freightera doesn’t), and Freightera has Ratings and Real Time Payments (which Cargo Chief Doesn’t).
Source: LiteLink Technologies Inc (Based on website analysis conducted on October 31st, 2018)
Where the most attention should be given, is the current valuation of LiteLink Technologies versus some of its competitors who are either private, or are valued at much, much higher market caps, despite not bringing the same benefits to the table:
Feature Company
LiteLink Technologies Inc. (CSE:LLT)
Mkt Cap: CAD $28.42 million
LiteLink’s goal is to put transparency back into software, allowing users everywhere to cut out middlemen, while saving margins in the process. The vast array of features on the company’s signature 1Shift product outweigh their competitors. By focusing on a load management system, rather than a full transportation management system. The block-chain based logistics software is designed to enable trustless interfacing between shippers, truckers, and 3PL companies.
Positive Comparables
Convoy (Private)
Mkt Cap: More than $1 Billion
Convoy’s valuation crossed $1 billion, after receiving significant investment from Alphabet Inc. in September 2018. The Seattle-based company was founded in 2015, and connects shippers with nearby carriers in order to book jobs in real time. Total funding to date is $265.5 million.
J.B. Hunt Transport Services, Inc. (NASDAQ: JBHT)
Mkt Cap: $11.881 billion
JB Hunt is the second largest trucking company in the United States with more than 100,000 trailers, over 12,000 tractors, and employs 22,000 people. Due to its large size, JB Hunt has a lot to offer truckers and shippers with their new 360 app. While not as fancy as many others in the space, the advantage of the 360 app comes from sheer load volume.
Mkt Cap: Private
Taking the popular Uber app’s algorithm, Uber Freight books freight by pricing out routes, and allows companies to pay for shipping through the app. Given the name notoriety, Uber has attracted small carriers, individual truckers and owner-operators to pick up freight and run their business.
C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc. (NASDAQ:CHRW)
Mkt Cap: $12.21 billion
This massive 3PL has created two apps to help its carriers: a fleet management app; and an app for drivers. C.H. Robinson offers what they call their Carrier Advantage Program, but the rewards for carriers that haul with them regularly are not very significant. What they offer are slightly lower fees for quickpay, getting access to loads sooner than others. The company is more focused on being a regular 3PL, rather than a digital freight broker (DFB).
Top 5 Reasons Why LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT) Is The One To Watch:
1Shift Provides Real Solutions: Delays, disputes, and other headaches are causing major economic repercussions that are passed on to the consumer. LiteLink’s system enables trustless interfacing between shippers, truckers, and 3PLs.
Logistics is HUGE Money: With one of the most advanced platforms in 1Shift, LiteLink Technologies Inc. CSE:LLT is aiming for a 1% market share of the massive $195.8 billion annual 3PL market.
The Most Comprehensive Logistics Solution Available: Scanning over the comprehensive features list for 1Shift versus its competitors shows it’s not even close. Users gravitate to platforms that are easy-to-use, affordable to integrate, and that increase their margins.
Rockstar Management Team & Advisory Board: Led by technology product heavyweight, CEO Ashik Karim, LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT) has amassed a top-tier team to oversee its growth. Beyond the management team is also a Logistics Executive Advisory Team that includes Gary Sooch, Tyson Smith, and Gurj Basi, who bring an array of experience across the logistics industry with some of the sector’s biggest players.
Investors Pouring Millions Into Logistics Startups: When the market is throwing hundreds of millions of dollars at platforms like Convoy and Trucker Path, it’s becoming apparent that LiteLink Technologies (CSE:LLT) has the tools to attract similar attention, and a strategy to grow to hundreds of millions in revenue by 2023.
Click Here To View The Investor Presentation
1. https://www.3plogistics.com/bulls-lead-third-party-logistics-market-results-and-trends-for-2018-including-estimates-for-190-countries/
Blockchain and Social Media | A Match Made in Heaven?
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Trump Administration Invokes Executive Privilege Over Mueller Report
By Brian Naylor, NPR
Photo: Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images
Updated at 11:16 a.m. ET
The Trump administration has invoked executive privilege over the contents of the Mueller report, escalating the confrontation between congressional Democrats and the White House over documents related to the investigation of President Trump and the Russian interference in the 2016 election.
Assistant Attorney General Stephen Boyd released a letter to House Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerry Nadler, D-N.Y., “to advise you that the President has asserted executive privilege over the entirety of the subpoenaed materials.”
The letter called it a”protective assertion” to ensure “the president’s ability to make a final decision whether to assert privilege following a full review of these materials.”
The assertion came as the House Judiciary Committee debated whether to hold Attorney General William Barr in contempt of Congress for refusing its demands to turn over an underacted version of the report.
The dispute centers on congressional Democrats’ demands to see the entire version of special counsel Robert Mueller’s report into Russian interference in the 2016 election, and within a broader effort by the House to investigate Trump.
A redacted version of Mueller’s report has been made public, and a select group of lawmakers has been offered the chance to view a less-redacted version.
But Democrats want a wider circle of lawmakers, including all members of the judiciary and intelligence committees, to see the complete report as well as the underlying evidence, including the investigative files that Mueller collected.
A Justice Department letter sent Tuesday night said releasing that information “would force the department to risk violating court orders and rules in multiple ongoing prosecutions, as well as risk the disclosure of information that could compromise ongoing investigations.”
White House press secretary Sarah Sanders also tweeted that “Faced with Chairman Nadler’s blatant abuse of power, and at the Attorney General’s request, the President has no other option than to make a protective assertion of executive privilege.”
Sanders called it “sad that Chairman Nadler is only interested in pandering to the press and pleasing his radical left constituency.”
Statement on Executive Privilege pic.twitter.com/6ujCZDnMC0
— Sarah Sanders (@PressSec) May 8, 2019
It’s not clear how the Trump administration can argue that the contents of the Mueller report can be subject to executive privilege as the vast majority of it has already been made public and a published version is in fact a best-seller.
Administration officials connected with the Russia story also have spoken to Congress in open hearings, including then-Attorney General Jeff Sessions, intelligence community leaders and others.
Nonetheless, Barr and the Justice Department now say that the privilege shields the material that Nadler wants, one day after the White House threatened to invoke it to block former White House counsel Don McGahn from turning over documents in answer to a committee subpoena.
McGahn’s attorney said on Tuesday that he would stand fast and do nothing — comply with neither the White House instructions nor the committee subpoena — until the legal questions surrounding the dispute have been resolved.
congress donald trump executive privilege Robert Mueller Russia Investigation
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Bachmann’s Presidential TEA Party is Over
Posted on January 4, 2012 by Kempite
After canceling a planned campaign swing to South Carolina, Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann scheduled a press conference in which she announced that she was suspending her campaign.
Bachmann who won the Ames Straw Poll several months ago, lost the state in it’s first in the nation caucus to all of her rivals except for one, Jon Huntsman, the one candidate who did not campaign in Iowa.
Bachmann began the announcement to suspend her campaign by discussing the great responsibility to defend our republic is and explained that she decided to take responsibility by running for President and that her decision was made on the day that Obamacare was passed. She described Obamacare as one of the greatest threat to the very foundation of our Republic and that its repeal is her greatest goal.
She promised to consider to fight against President Obama’s socialist agenda, as well as capital cronyism, family, life, and religious liberty.
But Bachmann said that on Tuesday, the people of Iowa spoke loudly and as now she will step aside and support the Republican whom we must all unite behind in order to defeat Barack Obama in November.
What Bachmann did not do is throw her support behind any particular candidate yet. However her departure from the presidential race begins to cut down on a critical factor behind Mitt Romney’s success in the Republican contest. With her in the race, Bachmann helped divide the social conservative voting bloc among at least 4 candidates. That dilution of the vote helped Romney hammer together his frontrunner status. But now with her out, a candidate like Rick Santorum who essentially tied with Mitt Romney in Iowa, may benefit the most as he begins to become the candidate that social conservatives begin to coalesce around.
While Bachmann may not immediately throw her support behind a single candidate right now, her own future will probably consist of her filing the paperwork that will make her a candidate for reelection to her Minnesota congressional seat.
While a prospective Republican candidate to replace Bachmann in the House did step forward, Bachmann supporters and the Minnesota G.O.P. have largely been anticipating a Bachmann reelection effort. According to the deadlines established on the Minnesota Secretary of State’s website, the filing deadline for Bachmann is May 5, 2012, a date that gave Bachmann plenty of time to pursue her presidential ambitions and still file her candidacy for reelection to Congress if that pursuit failed. That scenario was predicted by White House 2012 back in October of 2011.
Last night it became clear to Bachmann that her pursuit for the White House did fail, but you can rest assured that Bachmann will not fail the conservative cause as she moves forward. While her campaign may not have been a been a big success from a strategic standpoint, she performed valiantly and was a ferocious defender of our founding principles who most definitely kept the other candidates on their toes and deserves credit for a job well done.
Bachmann now becomes the second Republican presidential candidate from Minnesota to fall victim to the voters of neighboring Iowa. Back in August, when Bachmann won the Ames Straw Poll, former Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty’s own poor showing led him to end his presidential campaign a day later.
Filed under: Iowa, Michele Bachmann | Tagged: 2012 Presidential Election, Bachmann suspends her campaign, conservative blogs, election blogs, Michele Bachmann, Michele Bachmann drops out of the presidential race, Michele Bachmann drops out of the race, Michele Bachmann on the issues, Michele Bachmann speech, Michele Bachmann suspends her campaign, Michele Bachmann voting record, re3publican blogs, the 2012 republican presidential caucus, the race for the white house, The White House, top ten conservative blogs, WH12, White House 2012, will bachmann run for congress, will bachmann seek reelection to her minnesota congressiona seat, will michele bachmann run for congressional seat, will Michele Bachmann run for reelection, wordpress political blogs | Leave a comment »
Has Michele Bachmann Tipped Her Hand Concerning a Run for President?
Posted on March 8, 2011 by Kempite
Congresswoman Michele Bachmann, the leader of the House TEA Party Caucus and darling of the TEA movement has told CNN that she will make a decision regarding a run for President early this summer.
Figuring in to Bachmanns decision will be her contention that the Republican presidential nominee will be decided by voters in four early-primary states. That thinking is a little ambiguous because it fails to specifically address the early caucuses of Iowa and Nevada, tow of the first of four nominating contests. Iowa, the very first contest in the nation, is fertile ground for Bachmann. She is a native of the state and has regional appeal with conservatives and loyal followers in the evangelical base that strongly influences its caucus contest.
Since raising the prospects of running for President, the Congresswoman has swung by Iowa for a speaking engagement before that base. But she has also ventured into South Carolina, the second primary to be held in the nation, and plans on a few engagements in New Hampshire where the first in the nation primary contest is held. So Bachmann is surely testing some of those early four primaries.
Bachmann tells CNN;
“We need a nominee who really understands the times that we live in, who knows what to do in response to that, and has the political courage to do what has to be done,”
She adds;
“Very tough decisions will be made, and I think our nominee needs to be willing to be a one term president if that’s necessary to get the job done.”
So is Michele willing to run for President on a “one term and do what needs to be done campaign platform? If anyone has the chutzpa to do so, its here. And the thought of having a President who is not concerned about reelection, is a thought that will certainly excite her TEA Party supporters. It may also appeal to Independent voters. The question is, will it be enough to convince Republican primary and caucus goers that she is can be an electable nominee for President.
Filed under: Michele Bachmann | Tagged: #tcot, 2012 caucus schedule, 2012 election sites, 2012 election strategy, 2012 Presidential Election, 2012 primary schedule, 2012 race for president, 2012 Republican caucuses, 2012 Republican Presidential Primaries, 2012 republican primary, about the republican presidential candidates, Ames, Anthony Del Pellegrino, Bachmann 2012, Bachmann campaign, Bachmann for President, Bachmann on the issues Michele Bachmann�s record, bachmann says the republican nominee will be chosen in four early primary states, Bachmann �12, biographies, bios, campaign 2012, campaign tactics, candidate bios, digg, election 2012, G.O.P., GOP, gop12, Iowa, Iowa Caucuses, Iowa Republican Caucus, Is Michele Bachmann running for President in the Republican primary, Is Michelle Bachmann running for President, kempite, Michele Bachmann, Michele Bachmann for President, Michele Bachmann Iowa Michele Bachmann TEA Party Caucus, Michele Bachmann on the issues, Michele Bachmann Political Action Committee, Michele Bachmann speeches, Michele Bachmann TEA Party, Michele Bachmann to make a decision this summer, Michele Pac, Michelle Bachmann, Michelle Bachmann bio, Michelle Bachmann biography, Minnesota, Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann, New Hampshire, political strategy, politics 24/7, Politics 247. U4Prez, presidential commercials, race for the white house, reddit, Republican caucuses, Republican presidential candidate biographies, Republican Presidential Primary, Republican primaries, republicans running for president in 2012, StumbleUpon, the 2012 presidential campaign, the 2012 presidential election, The presidential election, the republican race for President, Waterloo Courier, Waterloo Iowa, White House 2012, White House 2012 on Twitter, whitehouse12, whitehouse2012, Who is running for President, Who will win the presidential election, Will Bachmann run to be a one term President? | Leave a comment »
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july 2019, arsenal cinema
Female Film Noir Pioneers –
Muriel Box, Edith Carlmar, Bodil Ipsen, Ida Lupino, Wendy Toye
The 1940s and 1950s experienced a blossoming in female filmmaking worldwide, with numerous female filmmakers starting their directorial careers in the film noir genre. This program brings together 13 features and three shorts by five film noir pioneers: Muriel Box (United Kingdom), Edith Carlmar (Norway), Bodil Ipsen (Denmark), Ida Lupino (USA), and Wendy Toye (United Kingdom).
Often subtly subverting the rules of the genre, these filmmakers created enduringly fascinating films that carry an individual signature and often pursue matters of feminism. Alongside the focus on their film noir works, the program also includes selected works from other genres, primarily the comedy, but also the spy film and war movie, which emphasize these filmmakers’ directorial versatility.
The series examines a chapter in female filmmaking that has thus far gone largely unwritten and throws up several mysteries: with the exception of Lupino (who made films between 1949 and 1966), the directorial careers of the other four filmmakers lasted almost exactly ten years before abruptly ending. From an archival point of view too, accessing their respective oeuvres is no easy task: several films from the filmographies of Carlmar, Ipsen, Box, and Toyes, including ones very much relevant for this program, are unable to even be shown in digitally restored form. Toyes’ feature debut, for example, the thriller The Teckman Mystery (1954), would have been a central film for this program, but there is no screenable print of it available worldwide; the same applies to Muriel Box’’s only film noir Eyewitness (1956). This series is thus also to be grasped as providing the impetus for a more comprehensive rediscovery of these cinema pioneers.
Berlin Premiere: "La flor"
LA FLOR (The Flower, Mariano Llinás, Argentina 2018) is an outstanding contemporary film project: a director and his four actresses play around with cinema, with their playful urges knowing no bounds. They create fantastical spaces and couldn’t care less about sense, logic, and dramatic structure, even forgetting time in the process. Film history is their adventure playground, where they spent over ten years completing a nearly 14-hour work. Yet one can hardly speak of a closed story. LA FLOR is an open work in the very best sense, continually sprouting new images and blossoming afresh, a wander through genre cinema, divided into three chapters, six episodes, and eight acts.
Mariano Llinás from the El Pampero Cine film collective and the acting troop Piel de Lava invite the audience to follow their intertwining narratives, which sometimes cross, but equally digress or simply peter out completely. A B-movie doesn’t necessarily have to end in a thundering showdown. The numerous voiceovers in the spy thriller contradict one another and deliberately lead the viewer up the garden path, while the images keep a further version of the story ready. Musical intermezzi recall the classic screenings of the magnificent cinema palaces of the 30s and 40s. The acting also involves a certain seriousness, which actresses Elisa Carricajo, Pilar Gamboa, Valeria Correa, and Laura Paredes perform with beautiful dedication, reflecting in the process both on their own roles as actress well as more traditional ones. While the work and its actresses are permanently reinventing themselves and shifting locations, one can practically see oneself watching and marveling.
LA FLOR was received enthusiastically at numerous festivals. Now Arsenal is showing the work as a Berlin premiere in compact form across three evenings (July 12 - 14), followed by screenings of the individual acts.
Two or Three Things I Know About Latin America
The porous and shifting understanding of film forms in Latin America has continually blended with other unstable categories such as “avant-garde,” “experimental,” “militant,” “documentary,” and “Third Cinema.” Glauber Rocha, filmmaker and theorist of the cinema novo, wrote in a 1971 manifesto that “a work of revolutionary art should not only act in an immediately political way, but should also promote philosophical speculation, thus create an aesthetic of eternal human movement towards cosmic integration.” What sort of cinema might complete this tall order remained (and remains) an open question.
Exploring the extensive collection of Latin American films in Arsenal’s archives, this five-part program is cross-pollinated with selections from Ism, Ism, Ism, Jesse Lerner and Luciano Piazza's previous curatorial collaboration. It aims to respond to Rocha’s call, offering some possible paths to a revolutionary, speculative cinema of “cosmic integration,” in some of its more expansive, militant, psychedelic, ironic, playful, formalist, and contemplative modes. (July 10-16)
Magical History Tour
– Color in Film
The introduction of color film in the mid-1930s and subsequent developments in this area are some of the most significant aesthetic innovations in cinematography. Color in film is an important component of image composition and dramatic structuring, as well as of fundamental significance for the perception of film.
Across 13 films, this month's Magical History Tour takes a look at the range of approaches applied to color and the different ways it can be used, running the whole gamut between obvious narrative connection and autonomy.
arsenal cinema: Magical History Tour
– Color in Film
07:30 pm Cinema 1
Lola R.W. Fassbinder FRG 1981
With Barbara Sukowa, Armin Mueller-Stahl,
Mario Adorf, Rosel Zech, Ivan Desny
35 mm 113 min
: Cimatheque – Alternative Film Centre Presents: Atteyat Al Abnoudy
The Sandwich
Rhythm of Life
The Sandwich Egypt 1975
Digital file OV (without dialogue) 12 min
Rhythm of Life Egypt 1988
Digital file OV/EnS 58 min
Introduced by Tamer El Said
»1arsenal 1 | »2arsenal 2 | OV Original language version | GV German dubbed version | OV/GeS Original language version with German subtitles | OV/EnS Original language version with English subtitles | OV/GeT Original language version with German voice-over translation | OV/FrS Original language version with French subtitles | OV/SpS Original language version with Spanish subtitles | ItIntertitles | Repeat screening | Event with guests | For members only. Membership can be obtained at the box office | The film lengths listed in the program relate to the duration of the film only | *From the collection of the Deutsche Kinemathek – Museum für Film und Fernsehen | *From the collection of the Arsenal – Institute for Film and Video Art
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World, Africa
28 killed, 82 hurt in suicide bombing at Nigerian camp
Published : Aug 16, 2017, 4:44 pm IST
Updated : Aug 16, 2017, 4:44 pm IST
Ibrahim Liman, the head of a local anti-jihadist militia force, confirmed the details of the attack.
Northeast Nigeria is a hotbed of activity by the Boko Haram jihadist group, involving shootings, bombings and kidnappings. (Photo: AP)
Kano (Nigeria): Three women suicide bombers blew themselves up at the entrance to a camp for displaced people in northeast Nigeria on Tuesday, killing 28 people and wounding 82, local sources said.
The attack -- the latest in a string of assaults in the troubled region -- took place in the town of Mandarari, 25 kilometres (15 miles) from Maiduguri, the capital of Borno state, said Baba Kura, a member of a vigilante force set up to fight jihadists.
Read: Suicide bombers kill 16 in northeast Nigeria: emergency services
"Three female bombers triggered their explosive outside of the IDP (internally displaced persons) camp... killing 28 people and wounding 82 others," Kura said.
The first assailant blew herself up, triggering panic, Kura said.
"People were trying to close their shops when two other female bombers triggered their explosives, causing most of the casualties," he said.
Read: Gun attack in Nigeria market kill 17, says police
Ibrahim Liman, the head of a local anti-jihadist militia force, confirmed the details of the attack, and said that more than 80 injured had been taken to Maiduguri hospital.
A source at the hospital said a "huge number" of patients had arrived.
Northeast Nigeria is a hotbed of activity by the Boko Haram jihadist group, involving shootings, bombings and kidnappings.
It launched an insurgency in 2009 that has killed about 20,000 people and displaced around 2.6 million others, creating one of the world's biggest humanitarian crises.
Read: At least 8 killed after suicide bombers hit camps in Nigeria
Nearly two million are suffering from acute malnutrition, according to UN figures.
After being elected to power in 2015, Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari made tackling the insurgency a priority, winning back swathes of territory and declaring that Boko Haram is "technically defeated".
But this year has seen a surge in attacks, including an audacious assault on an oil exploration team that killed 69 people in Borno in July, raising fears that Boko Haram is regaining strength.
That attack prompted Vice President Yemi Osinbajo -- standing in for President Muhammadu Buhari who is on indefinite sick leave -- to tell the millitary to step up its response.
Osinbajo issued "fresh directives... to immediately scale-up their efforts and activities in Borno state... to maintain a strong, effective control of the situation", his spokesman Laolu Akandehe said.
In August, however, 72 people have been killed in northeastern Nigeria, including 31 fishermen on islands in Lake Chad, according to an unofficial toll compiled from news reports.
Tags: bomb attack, mandarari suicide bombing, suicide bombers, displaced persons camp
Location: Nigeria, Kano & Jigawa, Kano
At least 8 killed after suicide bombers hit camps in Nigeria
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Ripples and tails in the compact group of galaxies Hickson 54
L. Verdes-Montenegro - A. Del Olmo - J. I. Iglesias-Páramo - J. Perea - J. M. Vílchez - M. S. Yun - W. K. Huchtmeier
3 - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Traverse du Siphon - Les Trois Lucs, 13376 Marseille, France
6 - Astronomy Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
Received 16 May 2002 / Accepted 25 September 2002
HCG 54 has been classified as a compact galaxy group by Hickson, but its nature is uncertain because of its unusual properties. We present here a study of HCG 54 based on deep optical images and spectroscopy as well as high spatial and spectral resolution HI observations obtained at the VLA. Both optical and radio data indicate clearly that HCG 54 is a product of a recent merger involving at least two galaxies. Our optical images have revealed a blue elongated structure associated with HCG 54a embedded in a rounder and redder stellar envelope. Several ripples or shells whose center is located near HCG 54a and b are also detected. These observed features are similar to those found in the numerical simulations of tidal interactions involving two equal mass disk galaxies. This system is embedded in an HI cloud 12 kpc in diameter, and a 20 kpc HI tidal tail emerges from its western edge. Both the HI distribution and kinematics are consistent with a recent history of a deeply penetrating interaction or a merger. Based on the analysis of our new data we propose that HCG 54 is the remnant of a merger in an advanced stage, whose main body is what has been called HCG 54a, while HCG 54b marks the location of a strong starburst induced by the interaction, as evidenced by the Wolf Rayet stellar population that we detect. Optical spectra of HCG 54c and d show HII region features and are interpreted as tidal debris of the collision undergoing active star formation.
Key words: galaxies: interactions - galaxies: kinematics and dynamics - galaxies: evolution - galaxies: structure - radio lines: galaxies - galaxies: individual: HCG 54
Hickson Compact Groups of galaxies are defined as aggregates of four or more galaxies with high galaxy densities similar to cluster cores (Hickson 1982) and low velocity dispersions (< km s-1, Hickson et al. 1992). The original catalog, composed of 100 groups, was produced without kinematical information, and was later revised by Hickson et al. (1992) on the basis of redshifts obtained for most of the members of the groups. When chance projections of pairs and triplets with discordant galaxies were removed, the catalog was reduced to 69 groups. Still, reality of some of the proposed groups are questioned. For example, detailed investigations suggest that HCG 18 is probably a single knotty galaxy based on the HI and optical data (Williams & Van Gorkom 1988; Plana et al. 2000).
HCG 54 was proposed by Hickson (1989) to be a small group composed of four dwarf galaxies, named a through d. The brightest galaxy has a "Sdm'' morphological type while the rest are classified as "Im''. Some authors have later claimed (e.g., Arkhipova et al. 1981) that HCG 54 is in fact a single galaxy composed of several bright HII regions. Vílchez & Iglesias-Páramo (1998) found multiple emission knots in H . HCG 54 occupies the lower end of the total luminosity, velocity dispersion and optical diameter distributions of the HCGs sample, with , and kpc.
We were motivated to study HGC 54 in the context of our ongoing studies of HCGs (e.g. Verdes-Montenegro et al. 2001; Vílchez & Iglesias-Páramo 1998) in order to confirm or discard its compact group nature based on optical images and spectra, together with HI VLA data. A large HI tidal tail, clear signature of a tidal interaction, as well as the presence of multiple optical ripples or shells, added new motivations to this study. In particular, the presence of ripples/shells and the apparent Sdm morphology pose an interesting theoretical problem, since the formation of these features has been generally attributed to a bright elliptical accreting a small companion (see e.g. Hernquist & Quinn 1987). The observations are presented in Sect. 2, the results discussed in Sect. 3 and we present possible scenarios in Sect. 4. A distance of 19.6 Mpc ( ) is assumed throughout this paper for HCG 54.
2 Description of the observations
2.1 Optical imaging
We have imaged HCG 54 in the Johnson R band at the 2.5 m NOT telescope at el Roque de los Muchachos (La Palma) using the ALFOSC spectrograph during the nights of March 21st and 27th and May 16th 2001. The main characteristics of the observations are given in Table 1. The detector was a Loral/Lesser (CCD#7) , with a spatial scale of 0.189 /pixel, which gives a field of about . In order to cover a larger field (16 6 16 7) tracing the direction of the HI tail (see Sect. 3.3), a total of 10 shifted exposures were taken during the 1st run for 600 s each. The seeing was varying between 1 1 and 1 4 during the observations. Ten bias exposures were taken through this run and were used to construct a median bias which was subtracted from each image. Pixel-to-pixel variations were evaluated with a median normalized twilight flat-field. Then a bidimensional fourth order Legendre polynomial was fitted using IMSURFIT task in IRAF. Images were divided by this flat field. After correction of instrumental effects, the atmospheric extinction was determined and corrected from observations of selected fields from Landolt list of standard stars (PG0918 and PG1047). The rms errors of the standard stars in the final calibration are smaller than 0.07 mag. Finally all individual images were combined in a mosaic by using the IRAF SQIID package created by K. M. Merrit at NOAO, and using SQMOS, XYGET and NIRCOMBINE routines, together with a mask built for each frame that prevented the mean of the frame edges, as well as bad CCD lines. The resulting image is shown in Fig. 1, where three previously unclassified galaxies A1126+2051, A1127+2054 and A1127+2057 are also identified (see Sects. 3.1 and 3.2).
Figure 1: Full field of the R-Johnson band optical image of HCG 54 obtained as explained in the text (Sect. 2.1). The dotted lines delineate the HI integrated emission at a level of 0.5 1020 atoms cm-2. We have labeled the three dwarf galaxies discussed in the text (Sect. 3.2).
Figure 2: Combined frame of B, R and r' bands in order to better recover the faintest emission. Contours are shown for the central part that appears saturated in our greyscale. The objects identified by Hickson et al. (1989) as the members of HCG 54 are indicated with letters a to d. We also mark the tidal optical features described in Sect. 3.1 t1 to t4, and an example of the unresolved knots (k) that we detect close to HCG 54.
Figure 3: B-R map of HCG 54. Averaged colors of different regions are indicated by arrows, and the displayed range goes from 0 (white) to 0.8 (black). We have superimposed two R band isophotes as a reference.
Figure 4: R band image of HCG 54 showing the direction of the slits used for the spectroscopical observations in the main body of HCG 54 (see Sect. 2.2), and the sections indicated in Tables 3 and 4.
Figure 5: a) Up: spectrum in the direction joining HCG 54a and b (sp3), where the position is given in offsets with respect to the peak of emission of HCG 54b. The indicated regions are described in Sect. 3.2. Bottom: R band profile along the slit.
Figure 5: b) Up: spectrum in the direction joining HCG 54c and d (sp4), where the position is given in offsets with respect to the peak of emission of HCG 54c. Bottom: R band profile along the slit.
Figure 5: c) Spectrum in the direction joining HCG 54d and A1126+2051 (sp1, Fig. 4), for the sections where emission was detected. Positions are given in offsets with respect to the continuum peak of HCG 54d along the slit.
Figure 6: Full spectrum of HCG 54a.
Figure 7: a) Full spectrum of HCG 54b.
Figure 7: b) Selected range of the same spectrum shown in a).
In the second run, a deeper red band exposure was obtained for the central part in order to better define the faintest optical structures. The red image is a composition of six 1200 s images with the Sloan-Gunn r' filter. A blue image was also obtained in order to be able to derive colour indices of the different components of the group. The Johnson B filter image taken in the 3rd run is a composition of four 1200 s frames. Slight dithering was applied between successive frames for both filters, in order to avoid cosmic rays and bad pixels. All frames (R, r' and B band images) were finally combined in a search for the best definition of the weakest structures (Fig. 2). None of the nights of these two last runs were photometric, so no calibration was obtained for the r' and B band images. Instead we adopted the one proposed by Hickson et al. (1989) for the (B - R) color map (Fig. 3), using the integrated B-R color of HCG 54b as a reference.
Table 1: Photometric observations.
Image Date Filter
Mosaic 21/03/2001 6000 R-Johnson
Center 27/03/2001 7200 r' Gunn
Center 16/05/2001 4800 B-Johnson
Figure 8: a) Left: HI column density contours 0.5, 0.7, 1.2, 2.0, 2.7, 3.4, 4.4, 6.7, 8.4, 10.1, 13.5, 16.9, 20.2 to 22.6 atoms cm-2 overlapped on the R image of HCG 54. The atomic emission has been integrated in the velocity range 1334-1490 km s-1. The synthesized beam is 20 16 . b) Right: map of the first-order moment of the HI radial velocity field. The scale goes as in the wedge where the numbers indicate heliocentric velocities in km s-1. The contours go from 1340 to 1490 km s-1 with a step of 10 km s-1. The beam size is 20 16 .
Figure 9: Channel maps of the 21 cm line radiation superimposed on the R image of the group. Heliocentric velocities are indicated in each panel. Contours correspond to 2.4, 4.0, 5.6, 7.3, 8.9, 10.5, 12.1, 13.7, 15.3 K, and the rms noise of the maps is 1.2 K. The synthesized beam (15 8 14 5) is plotted in the upper left panel.
Figure 9: continued.
2.2 Optical spectroscopy
The spectra were also obtained with ALFOSC at the NOT 2.5m telescope, with the same detector used for the images and using Grism#4, 7 and 8, during April 2000 and March 2001. Table 2 summarizes the long-slit spectra taken for this study. The format is as follows: Col. 1 spectrum identification, 2 direction through which the spectrum was taken, 3 date of observation, 4 Grism used, 5 spectral dispersion, 6 number of exposures, 7 duration of each exposure in seconds, 8 spectral range, 9 position angle of the slit in degrees measured from N to E, and 10 width of the slit. The slit widths were chosen to match approximately the seeing of the nights. The direction of the slits listed in Table 2 as well as the different zones from which the spectra have been extracted along the slits are marked in Fig. 4. Observations with Grism#4 were performed in order to derive general spectral characteristics and kinematics of the galaxies, and to determine redshifts for possible satellite galaxies in the field. Grisms#7 and #8 were used to characterize the kinematics with a higher spectral resolution than for Grism#4. Observations with Grism#7 covered with good spectral resolution the range including [OII]3727 and [SII]6717/6731. In the observations performed with Grism#8 the [NII], H and [SII] lines were detected and used to characterize the kinematics.
The spectra were reduced according to the usual methods, including subtraction of a mean bias calculated for each night, division by a median flat-field obtained for each configuration, as well as wavelength calibration based on HeNe calibration lamp spectra obtained after and before each exposure. The rms of the bidimensional calibration was 0.4 Å for Grism#4 and 0.1 Å for Grism#7 and Grism#8. A mean sky was obtained from object-free sections of each spectrum. In all cases several exposures were taken in order to increase the signal to noise ratio and to remove cosmic rays. The derived physical parameters described in Sect. 3.2 are given in Tables 3 and 4.
In order to obtain redshifts and velocity dispersions we used the cross-correlation technique derived by Tonry & Davis (1979). The templates used for the spectra showing emission lines were: the brightest spatial section of HCG 54a and HCG 54c for the Grism#8 and Grism#7 spectra respectively, together with a synthetic spectrum built from the rest frame wavelengths of the emission lines. In the case of the absorption line spectra, where our goal was to determine the redshift of A1126+2051 and A1127+205, we used as template the spectrum of the radial velocity standard giant star HD186176 obtained with the same configuration. In order to improve the signal to noise ratio of the derived curves a binning of 2 pixels (0 38) has been applied to the spectra sp5 and sp6 in the spatial direction and of 3 pixels (0 57) to sp1 (Fig. 4). The radial velocity data in the direction joining HCG 54a and b are shown in Fig. 5a, in the HCG 54c - d direction in Fig. 5b together with the section of sp1 corresponding to HCG 54d, and in the HCG 54d - A1126+2051 in Fig. 5c. The spectra for HCG 54a and b taken with Grism#4 are shown in Fig. 6 and 7 respectively. Spectrophotometric standard stars were observed in order to get a proper calibration of the line fluxes in sp3 and sp4 (Fig. 4). However, since the nights of April 27 and 28 were non-photometric, only the relative fluxes of the emission lines are reliable. The rest of spectra were taken under photometric conditions.
Table 2: Spectroscopic observations.
Name Direction Date Grism R(Å/px) N (s) Wav.-range (Å) PA (deg) Slit width ( )
sp1 HCG 54d-A1126+2051 21/03/01 GR4 3.0 3 1800 3018-9006 86 1.2
sp2 A1127+2057 21/03/01 GR4 3.0 2 1200 3018-9006 115 1.2
sp3 HCG 54a-b 27/03/01 GR4 3.0 3 1200 3018-9006 65 1.0
sp4 HCG 54c-d 28/03/01 GR4 3.0 3 1200 3018-9006 20 1.0
2.3 VLA HI observations
We have mapped HCG 54 with the VLA in the C array in August 1997. The synthesized beam is 20 16 (1.9 1.5 kpc at a distance of 19.6 Mpc) after natural weighting of the data. A velocity range between 1085 km s-1 and 1730 km s-1 was covered with a velocity resolution of 10.4 km s-1 . The rms noise is 0.33 mJy/beam corresponding to a column density of 1.2 1019 at cm-2. Assuming an HI linewidth of 30 km s-1, the achieved HI mass detection limit is about 106 .
We have detected emission above 3 in the velocity range 1334.2 to 1490.2 km s-1 . The integrated emission is presented in Fig. 8a superposed on the R-band image, and the velocity field is presented in Fig. 8b. The velocity channel maps are shown in Fig. 9. The total spectrum has been obtained by integrating the emission in the individual channel maps (Fig. 10, solid line). The total HI line flux detected, 6.23 Jy km s-1, is in good agreement with the single dish measurement by Huchtmeier (1997; Fig. 10, dotted line). The total HI mass derived is 5.6 108 .
Table 3: Line fluxes relative to H and abundances1 across slit position through HCG 54a-b.
ION (HCG 54b) (HCG 54a)
[OII] 3727
[NeIII] 3869 - - - - -
H8+HeI 3889 - - - - -
H +[NeIII] 3970 - - - - -
H 4100 - - - - -
H 4340 - - - 0.43 0.04
[OIII] 4363 - - - -
HeI 4472 - - - - -
[OIII] 4959
HeI 5876 - - - -
[OI] 6300 - - - - -
H 6563 2.81 0.15
[NII] 6584 - - - - -
[SII] 6717,31
[AIII] 7136 - - - - -
1.3*I(6584)/I(3727) - 0.07 0.10 - - -
log 0.90 0.87 0.85 0.98 0.76 0.89
P = [(1.3*I(5007)/I(H ))/ ] 0.79 0.36 0.35 0.52 0.33 0.34
log[1.3*I(5007)/I(3727)] 0.58 -0.24 -0.26 0.04 -0.31 -0.28
t[OIII] (104 K) 1.05 - - - - -
t[OII] (104 K) 1.14 - - - - -
104 O2+/H+ 1.46 - - - - -
104 O+/H+ 0.36 - - - - -
12 + Log O/H 8.26 8.30 8.30 8.20 8.10:, 8.60: 8.25:
LogNe2+/O2+ -0.67 - - - - -
1 Uncertain values are indicated with ":''.
Table 4: Line fluxes and abundances across slit position through HCG 54c-d.
H 4340 - -
log 0.82 0.99 0.77
P = [(1.3*I(5007)/I(H ))/ ] 0.51 0.54 0.43
log[1.3*I(5007)/I(3727)] 0.01 0.07 -0.12
12 + Log O/H 8.10:, 8.40: 8.20 8.10:, 8.45:
Uncertain values are indicated with ":''.
Figure 10: Integrated HI emission as a function of the heliocentric velocity for the range where we detect emission. The solid line corresponds to our VLA data, while the dashed ones are single dish data from Huchtmeier (1997).
Figure 11: a) Upper-left: R band emission of A1127+2054 in greyscale with overlapped isophotes 22.6, 22.9, 23.3, 24.1 mag arcsec-2. b) Upper right: light profile of this galaxy in the R band as a function of the equivalent radius. c) Lower left: integrated HI emission of this galaxy where the contours correspond to 3.3, 6.6, 10.0 and 11.6 1020 atoms cm-2, and overlapped on the R image. d) Lower-right: map of the first-order moment of the HI radial velocity field. The scale goes as in the wedge where the numbers indicate heliocentric velocities in km s-1.
3.1 Optical images
The brightest central part of HCG 54 (Fig. 2) shows a dominant knot (HCG 54a) embedded in an elongated feature visible in the blue and red bands at a PA of 65 . It is more extended to the SW, where a very compact bright knot is located (HCG 54b) which is even more prominent in H (see Vílchez & Iglesias-Páramo 1998). The elongated area defined by HCG 54a and b is connected to the NE with the weaker but still prominent knots HCG 54c and d.
Large variations in the B-R color index are apparent throughout the whole system (from 0.15 in HCG 54d to 0.70 around HCG 54a, Fig. 3). The elongated structure centered in HCG 54a has a blue color (0.5), likely a signature of a recent star forming episode, and is embedded in a rounder region that shows the reddest colours in HCG 54 (B-R = 0.7).
The B-R color index for HCG 54b is surprisingly red for a strong star formation burst like the one hosted by this galaxy. However, we argue that this is due to the contamination by the H , [O III] and H emission lines. After computing the equivalent widths of these lines Å, Å, Å, Å), we estimated that the corrected B-R color should be 0.46 mag bluer than the one measured directly from the color map. Thus, we would obtain B - R = 0.20, which is more consistent with a very young stellar population.
Three shell-like structures are found (noted as t1 to t3 in Fig. 2), centered roughly on HCG 54a and b. A fourth optical feature is located to the SW and marked as t4. We detect all of these features in a R-band surface brightness range of 24 to 27 mag/( )2. The outer shells (t2 and t3) although redder than the internal knots, have blue colours ( 0.5) typical of irregular galaxies (see Fukugita et al. 1995). The inner shell (t1) is slightly redder (0.60), probably due to contamination from the central parts of HCG 54. Numerous unresolved knots are detected everywhere in the area, such as the one marked in Fig. 2 with a "k''. No stellar counterpart to the HI long tail is detected down to 27 mag/( )2 in R.
We found three faint galaxies in our large R-band frame (Fig. 1), that are named A1126+2051, A1127+2057 and A1127+2054. The first two are background galaxies (Sect. 3.2) while the last one is at the velocity of the system according to the HI data (Sect. 3.3). The optical image of this galaxy shown in Fig. 11 reveals that the inner and the outer isophotes are off-centered. When measured at an R isophote of 26 mag/( )2 the optical size is 2.6 kpc and the total magnitude in R is MR = -14.2 mag. The surface brightness derived as a function of radius is exponential, consistent with that of a disk system (see Fig. 11b).
3.2 Description of the spectra
From the Grism#4 spectra sp1 (Fig. 4) and sp2 (Table 2) we have determined that A1126+2051 and A1127+2057 are not at the group redshift. A1126+2051 shows absorption lines of CaII, G band, Mg I and Na lines and has a redshift of z = 0.15 (see also Sect. 3.3). A1127+2057 also shows an absorption spectrum typical of early type galaxies and gas at a redshift of z = 0.052.
We have studied the kinematics of the central parts of the group with the spectra obtained with Grism#7 and #8. The spectrum along the HCG 54a-b direction (sp5, Fig. 4) shows emission lines along the 249 spatial sections (47 ), and the obtained velocity curve is plotted in Fig. 5a, where the zero position corresponds to the center of HCG 54b. We mark in the figure the continuum extent of HCG 54a and mark with an arrow the position of the emission line maxima. The spatial sections closer to HCG 54a (5 diameter) traces a distorted rotation curve with an amplitude of 45 km s-1. At both sides of the center of HCG 54a we find discontinuities in the velocity that correspond in the R band to distorted isophotes. The sections in the direction of HCG 54c (R1 in Fig. 5a) have three well differentiated knots with emission lines, whose left end is the external part of HCG 54c. The strongest knot presents a velocity gradient of 50 km s-1 in 4 that corresponds to the contact area between HCG 54a and HCG 54c (R3). The velocities in the direction of HCG 54b show irregular changes of up to 70 km s-1, as is the case of R2 (Fig. 5a) that appears to be an HII region detached from the general trend of the velocity curve. The area of HCG 54b has a peculiar kinematics (Fig. 5a) that could be consistent with infalling gas, in the case that the background emission is hidden by extinction so that we are only observing the motions of the foreground component. In Fig. 5b we show the velocities in the slit through HCG 54c-d (sp6, Fig. 4), and the regions corresponding to HCG 54c and d in the R image are also marked. These regions have a weak continuum, and none of them show a rotation curve. HCG 54d has irregular motions, while HCG 54c shows a nearly constant velocity following a U-shape with an amplitude 30 km s-1. We do not detect continuum emission toward the third emitting region in the direction of HCG 54a (Fig. 5b), while the velocities increase continuously until it reaches the values characteristic of HCG 54a. Finally we find a region with a decoupled velocity (R4) that is located between HCG 54c and d
In the lower resolution spectrum crossing HCG 54d (sp1, Fig. 4) we detect a velocity gradient of only 70 km s-1 within 7 . In Fig. 5c we show the sections where we have detected emission, where the center corresponds to the continuum peak of HCG 54d along the slit. The presence of several knots in our R band image along the slit direction suggests that the continuity of the observed velocity gradient might be due to smearing of individual components.
We have extracted individual spectra for 9 zones from the data taken with Grism#4 (sp3 and sp4, Fig. 4). Six of them are along the slit position joining HCG 54a-b and three along the HCG 54c-d direction (Fig. 4). The spectrum of HCG 54a (sp3, Fig. 4) shows strong Balmer absorption lines as well as lines of CaII, Gband, and possibly MgI, while Mg is barely detected. The spectrum shows a blue continuum, characteristic of a post-starburst population (Fig. 6). The spectrum corresponding to knot b is remarkable (Fig. 7), with a high excitation and the presence of WR features at 4650 Å over a flat continuum, indicative of a young and strong burst of star formation. Figure 7a shows the full spectrum of HCG 54b, while Fig. 7b shows a detail of the spectrum around the Wolf-Rayet (WR) feature. The temperature sensitive [OIII] line at 4363 Å was measured in this spectrum, giving a t([OIII]) temperature of 10 485 K, implying an oxygen abundance of (see Table 3). According to Schaerer & Vacca (1998), the measured equivalent width of the WR 4650 Å feature in knot b, Å, implies an age of the burst between 3 and 4 Myr.
For the zones showing emission line spectra (sp3, sp4, Fig. 4) we present in Tables 3 and 4 their fluxes relative to H as well as the derived physical conditions of the ionized gas. Reddening corrected line fluxes relative to H are presented for the 9 individual spectra extracted along slit positions sp3 and sp4 (Table 2, Fig. 4). For each zone given in Tables 3 and 4 the following ionization structure parameters have been derived in order to perform the abundance analysis (as detailed below): , denotes the abundance parameter after Pagel et al. (1980) which is defined as [I(3727) + I(5007) + I(4959) ]/I(H ), P denotes the abundance parameter defined by Pilyugin (2000), as quoted in Tables 3 and 4, . The excitation, defined as , and the nitrogen to oxygen abundance indicator, , are also quoted in Table 2. Note the small range of variation of in contrast with the large variations shown by the excitation along the slit. The electron temperatures t[OIII] and t[OII], corresponding to the ionization zones of [OIII] and [OII] respectively, have been derived for region 1 and listed in Table 3. For this region the ionic and total abundances of oxygen, O2+/H+, O+/H+ and O/H respectively, as well as the abundance ratio of neon to oxygen, Ne2+/O2+, have been calculated and are presented in the table. For the rest of the studied regions, only the total abundance of oxygen has been estimated (see Tables 3 and 4).
Given that the temperature sensitive line [OIII]lambda 4363A was measured only for knot b, we have to rely on the empirical calibration in order to derive their abundances. We have used the calibration of the oxygen abundance versus (cf. Pagel et al. 1980) as parameterized by McGaugh in Kobulnicky et al. (1999), and following the P-method (Pilyugin 2000), in order to provide an estimation of 12+Log O/H. The [NII]/[OII] line ratio, when observed, was used to discriminate between the lower and upper branch, though often the 6584 line was severely blended with H and was not measured. For those zones with we have assumed an average abundance of 12+logO/H = 8.2 as indicated by the calibration. All the zones selected are consistent with 12+Log O/H = 8.2, within the errors of the empirical calibration. This abundance is typical of galaxies like the Large Magellanic Cloud and the outer disks of late type spirals.
3.3 Neutral hydrogen
The integrated emission of neutral hydrogen (Fig. 8a) shows a NE-SW distribution with extensions to the SE and SW, and a long tail with a projected size of 20 kpc to the NE. The velocity field is quite perturbed, but still shows a velocity gradient similar to a rotating disk with a twisted major axis (Fig. 8b). This reflects itself also in the asymmetry of the HI line integrated profile (Fig. 10).
The situation is more complex when the channel maps (Fig. 9) are examined. The sizes of the optical knots are small compared with the VLA synthesized beam, and tracing the HI kinematics with respect to the optical features is difficult. Nevertheless these channel maps reveal the details that are lost in the integrated emission image shown in Fig. 8a. Except for the large HI tail to the northeast, most of the HI emission arises within the faint optical extent of HCG 54. Bright HI features directly associated with the bright optical ridge of emission are seen in the channel maps with velocity range between 1365-1490 km s-1. The overall velocity field is along the length of the bright optical ridge in a manner consistent with that of rotation, but clear evidence for a velocity gradient in the perpendicular direction is also present, increasing in velocity from NW to SE. Since stars and gas inside the tidal radius are generally unaffected by a tidal interaction, the observed kinematic disturbance suggests an involvement of a deeply penetrating interaction or a merger.
Most of the high surface brightness HI features associated with the fainter outer optical envelope occur on the west side of the optical galaxy, closely associated with the optical tidal features t1, t2, and t4 (see Fig. 2). Both the Y-shaped HI morphology in Fig. 8a and the shifting of the focus of the iso-velocity contours to the west of the optical peaks in Fig. 8b are direct results of the large amount of HI associated with these tidal features. This one-sided appearance may indicate that only one of the progenitor systems was HI-rich if HCG 54 is mainly a product of a merger involving two late type galaxies - i.e. the progenitor responsible for the tidal feature t3 had relatively little HI associated with its stellar disk. The HI extension to the southwest, closely associated with the optical feature t4, occurs mainly in the velocity ranges of 1334 to 1428 km s-1 and contains of HI. The long HI tail associated with either t1 and/or t2occurs in the velocity range of 1376 to 1459 km s-1 and contains about of HI. Combined together, these two outer HI features account for more than 40% of the total HI detected in this system.
Several HI clumps that are detached from the main body of HI are also seen at levels in these channel maps, and they indicate a more extensive debris field associated with this system. A velocity coherent string of HI clumps forming a nearly complete loop or a ring is seen in the channel maps within the velocity range of 1438 to 1469 km s-1, largely to the northeast. Some of these features make up part of the 20 kpc long HI tail to the north, but their appearance in the channel maps, particularly at 1438 km s-1 and 1448 km s-1, suggest a more ring-like morphology, similar to those seen in collisional ring galaxies (e.g. Higdon 1996). The stream of HI clumps extending to the west of the main body seen in Fig. 8a form a second distinct, velocity coherent structure appearing at velocities of 1386-1407 km s-1, and these channel maps suggest its origin being more to the south of the main body rather than a linear east-west structure. The total HI mass associated with this feature is about .
The overall velocity field of the bulk of HI delineates an elongated structure with an axis ratio that would correspond, if intrinsically circular, with an approximate inclination of 50 and a position angle of 70 , similar to the one traced by the direction of HCG 54a-b ( ). The amplitude derived from the velocity field (140 km s-1 ) and deprojected according to this inclination gives an overall velocity gradient of 183 km s-1. If this is interpreted as a Keplerian rotation, we estimate a dynamical mass for the system of .
A dwarf companion galaxy A1127+2054 is found at a projected distance of 27 kpc northeast of HCG 54a (see Sect. 3.1, Figs. 1 and 11). Its location also corresponds to a distance of 8 kpc from the tip of the 20 kpc long HI tail, in the same projected direction. The HI channel maps show associated emission in 3 channels covering velocities of 1386-1407 km s-1. A close examination suggests a central depression in the integrated emission (see Fig. 11c). The velocity field is consistent with a slowly rotating disk with a velocity amplitude of 30 km s-1 (Fig. 11d). The HI extent at 3 1019 at cm-2 (3 level) is 45 25 (4.3 kpc 2.4 kpc) and contains of HI. The atomic component seems to be perturbed since it is not well centered on the optical component.
In the superposition of the integrated HI emission over the deep optical image shown in Fig. 8a, the HI isolated peak located about 2 east of HCG 54a appears to have an optical counterpart in a bright, compact galaxy. From the optical spectrum we obtain, however, that this is a chance superposition as this galaxy A1126+2051 is found to be a background object with z=0.15 (see Sect. 3.2). At the position of this galaxy we find HI emission in two channel maps, with no signature of systematic motions. Since the gas is located close to the center of the group, it is possibly part of the tidal debris. This is supported when a sharpening of the optical image of A1126+2051 is performed, suggesting the existence of two objects, a symmetric disk structure whose peak is located in the slit, and then corresponds probably to the background galaxy, plus a blob that might be a stellar counterpart of the HI emission.
3.4 Radio continuum emission
Using the data from the line-free channels, a 1.4 GHz continuum image was constructed. No significant continuum emission associated with the optical galaxy is detected at the limit of about 0.5 mJy beam-1. The New VLA Sky Survey image also gives a comparable upper limit of about 1.5 mJy for about a 3 times larger beam. HCG 54 was detected by IRAS in the 12 m, 60 m, and 100 m bands with flux densities of 0.24, 0.50, and 0.84 Jy, respectively, with the derived FIR luminosity of (Verdes-Montenegro et al. 1998). The upper limit of 1.5 mJy for 1.4 GHz radio continuum makes this object slightly underluminous in the radio with a lower limit on the q-value of about 2.7 (see Yun et al. 2001). The enhanced IR luminosity resulting from the relatively high dust temperature, inferred from the FIR ( ) and mid-IR ( ) color, offers a natural explanation for the relatively weak radio continuum. These warm infrared colors are also consistent with the evidence for significant WR activity detected in the optical spectra (see Sect. 2.2).
We have identified clear signs of tidal interactions and possibly a merger toward HCG 54. The morphology and kinematics of the atomic gas, a sensible tracer of interactions, is strongly perturbed, including a long (20 kpc) HI tidal tail, plus two more HI extensions that emerge from the main body. The stellar component also shows features that are characteristic of interactions or mergers, in particular several shells around the bright central area. We propose here that the formation of the HI tail and the optical ripples involved interactions and a merger of at least two galaxies.
4.1 The isolated environment of HCG 54: only one (dwarf) companion
The proximity of HCG 54 to our Local Universe (v = 1470 km s-1) makes the study of its large scale environment difficult. We find in the NASA Extragalactic Database (NED) that all galaxies with measured redshifts in a square of 1 Mpc radius centered in HCG 54 have velocities larger than 4000 km s-1. Within a distance of 500 kpc none of the galaxies without redshift determination have a similar size or magnitude as the HCG 54 members. In fact, the closest and brightest galaxy to HCG 54, A1127+2057, is a background galaxy (see Sect. 3). Similarly, another optically selected potential neighbor A1126+2051 is also shown to be a background galaxy.
The VLA primary beam (30 ) covers a diameter of 170 kpc at the distance of HCG 54, and we found only one object (A1127+2054, see Sect. 3) in this area at the group redshift in HI emission, within the observed range of 645 km s-1. The dwarf disk galaxy A1127+2054 is the only identified companion in the environment of HCG 54 and is located at 20 kpc from its center.
4.2 Origin of the stellar ripples/shells
Shells are usually thought to form in unequal mass interactions involving a bright elliptical accreting a small companion (see e.g. Quinn 1984; Hernquist & Quinn 1987). The work by Schweizer & Seitzer (1988) showed that a smooth triaxial potential, or even a disk, can also give rise to the formation of shells and ripples in the stellar component of an interacting smaller companion. It does not seem to be the case in HCG 54, where we do not detect a large bulge component nor any other massive system. The two galaxies should have been most probably late-type systems, judging from the post-starburst nature of the spectrum shown by HCG 54a (without clearly detected features typical of early type systems) which could be invoked as the possible nucleus of the system. Furthermore, the low chemical abundance derived from the ionized gas, 12+log(O/H) 8.3, is more typical of irregular galaxies. Few examples of shells around low mass late type galaxies are found in the literature, as NGC 7673 (Homeier & Gallagher 1999). If we relax the low mass criteria there is also NGC 3310 (see Mulder & van Driel, 1996) which is a peculiar Sbc. In both cases a tidal interaction origin has been attributed to the shells. In general, little observational evidence exists for ripples in disk-disk interactions, (see e.g. Homeier & Gallagher 1999; Charmandaris & Appleton 1996; Kemp & Meaburn 1993 or Schweizer & Seitzer 1988). Probably for this reason few models are found focused on reproducing HCG 54-like systems. In this sense, the simulations presented by Hernquist & Spergel (1992) seem to provide with a more suitable model to describe the system. The model represents a merger of two equal disks galaxies in a close collision from a parabolic orbit. At the final stages the remnant has a central bar-like structure embedded in a disk like envelope, together with several shells at different radii. This resembles quite well the optical structure of HCG 54, centered on HCG 54a, with an associated bar-like bluer structure, whose colours are suggestive of star formation, in the middle of a red disk-like component and surrounded by 3 shells. The shells are centered somewhere close to HCG 54a and b, but the data do not allow a determination of the precise location of their focus (Sect. 3.1). The outer shells (t1 & t3, see Fig. 2) have bluer colors, consistent with an origin in the late type progenitor disk. The inner one (t2) is slightly redder, and this might be due to contamination by the population of the disk-like component associated with HCG 54a. Therefore the morphology of HCG 54 can be well explained by the collision of two similar mass disk systems. The model does not allow further test or comparison, since no prediction is given neither for the kinematics nor for the stellar populations/colors of the colliding systems. Here we will try to shed more light in the identification of the involved systems based on the rest of the information provided by our optical and HI data.
We have tried to determine the number of present galaxies using the observed HI mass ). We have calculated the expected mass as a function of optical luminosity and morphological type via the relationships obtained by Haynes & Giovanelli (1984). Assuming that HCG 54 is composed of 4 irregular galaxies as classified in Hickson catalog, we predict a mass of , but for a single irregular galaxy the expected mass would be . Unfortunately these cases are indistinguishable since they are within one sigma, and all we can conclude is that the HI content of HCG 54 does not deviate significantly from normal.
HCG 54a is the best defined object of the system, with a defined nucleus, embedded in a very elongated blue component and surrounded by a rounder and redder stellar envelope. This ensemble seems to be aligned with a perturbed but still visible HI velocity gradient. This might indicate that HCG 54a is one of the interacting galaxies, whose disk is a red round component that still keeps memory of the original rotation according to the HI kinematics (Fig. 7b). We find however several arguments against this hypothesis. The atomic gas is decoupled from the stellar component both in morphology and kinematics. The optical emission is displaced to the north by 1 kpc with respect to the atomic gas, and this shift is too large to be explained only by stripping of the northern HI into the long tail. Furthermore, the HI velocity gradient does not have a counterpart in the optical velocities. The signature of a rotation curve is not found along any of the observed directions, except for a small velocity gradient of 50 km s-1 in the inner 5 of HCG 54a (see Sect. 3.2). The HI radial velocities along the direction of the optical spectra differ from the optical ones by 30 km s-1, also consistent with a decoupling between the stellar and gaseous components. Finally, since the HI velocity gradient is the only trace of a possible disk system in the central part of HCG 54, then the second disk would be a minor body when compared with HCG 54a, in contradiction with the equal masses involved in the simulations. Furthermore, if the observed HI velocity gradient of 180 km s-1 had to be attributed to a single galaxy, it would be more characteristic of an Sb type system, which is not observed here.
A more plausible scenario is that we are observing a mix of the two components of the original systems, that have almost coalesced and now present a similar distribution as found in the simulations. The irregular shape of the optical velocity curve supports an advanced merger stage. HCG 54b shows a clear WR feature in the spectrum, indicative of a recent and strong burst of star formation that was possibly triggered by the interaction, while the underlying population, if present, is negligible, as suggested by the very high equivalent widths of the brightest emission lines (see Sect. 3.1.). In fact we found a possible signature of gas infall in our spectra (see Sect. 3.2) that would be feeding the recent violent star formation observed. HCG 54c and d do not have a well defined photometric structure, but consist of an aggregate of knots, and have HII regions features in their spectra. The very blue color of HCG 54d suggests a pure star formation episode younger than several million years old. They plausibly constitute the debris of the interacting systems. The HI component of the kinematics we observe might be the relic of the orbital motions of the interacting systems. However projected radial motions cannot be negelected and detailed numerical simulations including a kinematical study are needed to interpret the data.
In summary, no clear individual galaxies could be identified toward HCG 54 while strong signs of interactions and a merger are found. The overall morphology is in good agreement with the model by Hernquist & Spergel (1992), and we propose that HCG 54 is in the final stages of a merger of two similar mass disk systems.
4.3 Formation of the HI tidal tail
While a chance projection is possible, the location of A1127+2054, a dwarf galaxy at the redshift of the group, closely aligned with the large HI tidal tail is strongly suggestive of its role in shaping the appearance and the extent of the HI tail. A tidal tail pointing back at the responsible intruder is a commonly observed generic feature, particularly soon after the closest approach, as the exchange of momentum between the intruder and the tidally disrupted material tends to bring them close to the common area in the phase space.
A1127+2054 is not likely to be a tidal dwarf since it is not located within the tail and has its own rotating HI disk or cloud. The fact that the associated HI feature is not well centered on the stellar body is consistent with the tidal disruption scenario. No stellar counterpart to the HI tail is detected down to a surface brightness level of 27 mag/( )2 in R along its length.
This tidal disruption scenario has some potential difficulties however. Assuming an inclination of , the estimated dynamical mass for A1127+2054 inside 2.1 kpc radius is only about , which is about 4% of the dynamical mass of HCG 54. On the other hand, the estimated HI mass alone for the 20 kpc long tidal tail is about (see Sect. 3.3), and raising such a massive tidal tail from the gravitational potential of HCG 54 may require a far more massive perturber.
An alternative scenario for the formation of the large HI tail is the merger of two equal mass progenitors as we have already proposed in the previous section in order to account for the disrupted stellar features around HCG 54. In numerical simulations of galaxy mergers including gas particles such as by Mihos & Hernquist (1996), formation of one or more massive gaseous tails is commonly seen. For example, the projected appearance of the HI tail with respect to the stellar remnant in HCG 54 is similar to the " '' stages shown in Figs. 1 and 2 of Mihos & Hernquist (when mirrored about the vertical axis). This corresponds to a late stage in this particular simulation where the stellar cores finally merge, similar to what we infer in HCG 54. If we are allowed to press this comparison a little further, the extended HI structures seen to the south and southeast of the stellar body may be interpreted as the tidal tail emerging from the second progenitor, as seen in the simulation. Of course, these inferences are qualitative at best since the initial conditions of the Mihos & Hernquist simulation are likely to be different from those of the merger involved in HCG 54.
In this scenario, an active role of A1127+2054 in shaping the appearance of the large HI tail is still allowed. For example, a dwarf companion UGC 957 is found within one of the large HI tails resulting from the merger of two massive disk galaxies in NGC 520 (see Hibbard & van Gorkom 1996) even though UGC 957 may be only a third party to the ongoing or recent merger.
We propose that HCG 54 is a system that consists of at least two late type galaxies plus a dwarf companion involved in recent tidal interactions and a merger. Two low mass disk systems merged and induced the formation of a central blue, bar-like structure embedded in a red, round stellar envelope, outside which lies several stellar shells. A luminous starburst is associated with HCG 54b while HCG 54c and d are the remnant debris of the recent merger undergoing modest star formation activity. This merger is probably in a very advanced state. The 20 kpc long gaseous tidal tail discovered in HI may be a result of the same merger or driven by the dwarf galaxy A1127+2054 found at a projected distance of 8 kpc from the tip. In either scenario, it is likely playing a role in shaping the appearance of this tidal tail. Unfortunately current theoretical or numerical models do not provide information on the kinematics or the distribution of induced star formation in low mass disk mergers. Few similar systems have been discussed in the literature, and the present data should provide valuable inputs for future modeling of mergers involving low mass galaxies.
We wish to thank Dr. Masegosa and Dr. Márquez for the help with the R observations at the NOT and their valuable comments. LV-M, AO and JP are partially supported by DGI (Spain) Grant AYA2000-1564 and Junta de Andalucía (Spain). JMV is partially supported by DGI (Spain) Grant AYA2001-3939-C03-01 and Junta de Andalucía (Spain).
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