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Mesmerize
Mezmerize (album)
Mesmerize, mezmerize or mesmerise may refer to:
The act of hypnosis, Franz Mesmer
Mesmerize (song), a 2003 single by rapper Ja Rule
Mezmerize (album), a 2005 album by System of a Down
Mesmerized (disambiguation)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Mesmerize
Mezmerize is the fourth studio album by Armenian American rock band System of a Down. It is the first half of the Mezmerize/Hypnotize double album. It was released on May 17, 2005, six months before Hypnotize, on Columbia Records.
Mezmerize was lauded by critics, scoring 85 at Metacritic based on 19 reviews. The album debuted at number one in at least 12 countries, including the US Billboard 200, with 453,000 copies, and has since been certified Platinum by the RIAA. It was chosen as one of Amazon.com's Top 100 Editor's Picks of 2005. The hit single "B.Y.O.B." won a Grammy Award in 2006 for Best Hard Rock Performance.
Despite the time difference between releases, the album actually takes its name from the lyrics in the song "Hypnotize"; Mezmerize and Hypnotize were recorded within the same time frame. The album features guitarist Daron Malakian sharing most of the vocal work with vocalist Serj Tankian, splitting the vocals at least halfway on most of the tracks.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Mezmerize_(album)
Mezmerize, System Of A Down
Sweet berries ready for two ghosts are no different than you.
Ghosts are now waiting for you...
Dreaming! Dreaming the night! Dreaming all right!
Do we! Do we know, when we FLY?
When we, when we go
Do we die?
Do we die
LALALALALALLALAALALALALALAALALALALA
Do we, do we know
When we fly
Latest News for: mezmerize
Tiny Bubbles: Playful Penguins Mezmerized by Soap Suds From the Sky
Sputnik 09 Oct 2018
Sometimes, people have to solve really difficult and important questions – like what kind of activities birds prefer in their free time? Singing and flying is good, but what about those feathered-friends who can’t fly or sing, like penguins? ... ....
Stuart from ‘Big Bang Theory’: Riyadh is ‘mezmerizing’
Arabnews 25 Nov 2017
Author. Arab News Sun, 2017-11-26 00.45 ID. 1511635552265209000 RIYADH ... Asked about the differences and similarities between Comic Cons worldwide, Sussman told Arab News ... That would benefit everyone,” he said ... Offbeat Lifestyle Tags. Comic Con Arabia related_nodes....
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Nervous breakdown (disambiguation)
The Nervous Breakdown (magazine)
Paisley (UK Parliament constituency)
Paisley (design)
Brad Douglas Paisley (born October 28, 1972) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Starting with his 1999 debut album, Who Needs Pictures, he has released 10 studio albums and a Christmas compilation on the Arista Nashville label, with all of his albums certified Gold or higher by the RIAA. He has scored 32 top 10 singles on the U.S. Billboard Country Airplay chart, 19 of which have reached #1. He set a new record in 2009 for most consecutive singles (ten) reaching the top spot on that chart.
Paisley has sold over 12 million albums and won three Grammy Awards, 14 Academy of Country Music Awards, 14 Country Music Association Awards, and two American Music Awards. He has earned country music's crowning achievement, becoming a member of the Grand Ole Opry.
Brad Paisley also wrote a few songs for Pixar's Cars franchise ("Behind the Clouds", "Find Yourself", "Collision of Worlds" (along with Robbie Williams) and "Nobody's Fool").
Life and career
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Brad_Paisley
Nervous breakdown, or mental breakdown, is an acute, time-limited phase of a specific disorder that presents primarily with features of depression or anxiety.
Nervous breakdown is a non-medical term and may also refer to:
Nervous Breakdown (EP), extended play by the American hardcore punk band Black Flag
Nervous Breakdown (Fu-Schnickens album), by American hip hop trio Fu-Schnickens
"Nervous Breakdown" (Hawthorne Heights song), by American rock band Hawthorne Heights
"19th Nervous Breakdown", a song by The Rolling Stones
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Nervous_breakdown_(disambiguation)
The Nervous Breakdown (TNB) is an online culture magazine and literary community, founded in 2006 by Brad Listi, author of the bestselling novel Attention. Deficit. Disorder. TNB is also an independent publisher of fiction and nonfiction, having launched its own imprint called TNB Books in June 2010. The site also has its own monthly book club called The TNB Book Club.
The Nervous Breakdown’s Literary Experience
The Nervous Breakdown has its own live reading series called TNB’s Literary Experience, which takes place in cities all over the United States, including New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Denver, Chicago, and Seattle.
The Nervous Breakdown
Los Angeles Times feature on TNB's Literary Experience Los Angeles headliner Janet Fitch
Los Angeles Times interview with TNB founding editor Brad Listi
New York Press interview with TNB founding editor Brad Listi
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/The_Nervous_Breakdown_(magazine)
Coordinates: 55°50′48″N 4°25′25″W / 55.846627°N 4.423636°W / 55.846627; -4.423636
Paisley (/ˈpeɪzli/; Scottish Gaelic: Pàislig) is the largest town in the historic county of Renfrewshire in the west central Lowlands of Scotland and serves as the administrative centre for the Renfrewshire council area. The town is situated on the northern edge of the Gleniffer Braes, straddling the banks of the White Cart Water, a tributary of the River Clyde.
The town, a former burgh, forms part of a contiguous urban area with Glasgow; Glasgow city centre is 6.9 miles (11.1 km) to the east. The town came to prominence with the establishment of Paisley Abbey in the 12th century, an important religious hub in medieval Scotland which formerly had control over the other churches in the local area. It is regularly cited as 'Scotland's largest town' as it has yet to attain official city status.
By the 19th century, Paisley had established itself as a centre of the weaving industry, giving its name to the Paisley shawl and the Paisley Pattern. The town's associations with political Radicalism were highlighted by its involvement in the Radical War of 1820, with striking weavers being instrumental in the protests. As of 1993, all of Paisley's mills had closed, although they are memorialised in the town's museums and civic history.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Paisley
Paisley was a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1832 until 1983, when it was divided into Paisley North and Paisley South. These two constituencies were in turn amalgamated into Paisley and Renfrewshire South and Paisley and Renfrewshire North in 2005.
The constituency covered the burgh of Paisley.
The boundaries of the constituency, as set out in the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1832, were-
Elections in the 1860s
General Election 1914/15: Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;
Liberal: Sir John Mills McCallum
Unionist:
No candidate was officially endorsed by the Coalition Government
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Paisley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)
Paisley or Paisley pattern is a term in English for a design using the buta or boteh, a droplet-shaped vegetable motif of Persian (i.e. Iranian) origin. Such designs became very popular in the West in the 18th and 19th centuries, following imports of post-Mughal versions of the design from India, especially in the form of Kashmir shawls, and were then imitated locally. The pattern is sometimes called Persian pickles by American traditionalists, especially quilt-makers, or "Welsh pears" in Welsh textiles as far back as 1888.
Resembling a twisted teardrop, the fig-shaped paisley is of Persian (i.e. Iranian) origin, but its western name derives from the town of Paisley, in West Scotland, a center for textiles where paisley designs were produced.
Some design scholars believe it is the convergence of a stylized floral spray and a cypress tree: a Zoroastrian symbol of life and eternity. Paisley is the quintessential visual metaphor of Iran’s bifurcated and tormented identity – riven between Arabic Islam and pre-Islamic Persian creeds. It is a bent cedar, and the cedar is the tree Zarathustra planted in paradise. The heavenly tree was “bent” under the weight of the Arab invasion and Muslim conquest of Persia. The "bent" cedar is also the sign of strength and resistance but modesty. The floral motif was originated in the Sassanid Dynasty and later in the Safavid Dynasty of Persia (from 1501 to 1736), and was a major textile pattern in Iran during the Qajar and Pahlavi Dynasties. In these periods, the pattern was used to decorate royal regalia, crowns, and court garments, as well as textiles used by the general population.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Paisley_(design)
Radio Stations - Paisley
Moonshine in the Trunk released: 2014
Wheelhouse released: 2013
This is Country Music released: 2011
Norwegian Favourites released: 2010
Hits Alive released: 2010
Playlist: The Very Best Of released: 2009
American Saturday Night released: 2009
Play: The Guitar Album released: 2008
5th Gear released: 2008
Christmas released: 2006
Time Well Wasted released: 2005
Mud on the Tires released: 2003
Part II released: 2001
Who Needs Pictures released: 1999
Wheelhouse released:
Moonshine in the Trunk
Crushin’ It
You Shouldn’t Have To
4WP
JFK 1962
American Flag on the Moon
Country Nation
Me and Jesus
Southern Comfort Zone
Beat This Summer
Outstanding in Our Field
Pressing on a Bruise
I Can't Change the World
幽 女
Death of a Married Man
Harvey Bodine
Tin Can on a String
Death of a Single Man
The Mona Lisa
Accidental Racist
Runaway Train
Those Crazy Christians
Officially Alive
This is Country Music
Old Alabama
A Man Don't Have to Die
Working on a Tan
Love Her Like She's Leavin'
One of Those Lives
Be the Lake
New Favorite Memory
Don't Drink the Water
I Do Now
Life's Railway to Heaven
Norwegian Favourites
When You're a Celebrity
American Saturday Night
Me Neither
I'm Gonna Miss Her
Waitin' on a Woman
I'm Still a Guy
He Didn't Have to Be
Wrapped Around
Mud on the Tires
Come on Over Tonight
Hits Alive
She's Everything
Letter to Me
Online (reprise)
Playlist: The Very Best Of
New Again
Sharp Dressed Man
The Cigar Song
Chicken Chet (instrumental)
Ode de Toilet (The Toilet Song)
Two Feet of Topsoil
Who Needs Pictures
Two People Fell in Love
We Danced
Time Warp (instrumental)
Everybody's Here
She's Her Own Woman
Welcome to the Future (reprise)
Anything Like Me
You Do the Math
Catch All the Fish
Oh Yeah, You're Gone
The Pants
I Hope That's Me
Then (single edit)
Play: The Guitar Album
Huckleberry Jam
Turf's Up
Start a Band
Kentucky Jelly
More Than Just This Song
Les Is More
Pre-Cluster Cluster Pluck Prequel (Prelude)
Cluster Pluck
Cliffs of Rock City
What a Friend We Have in Jesus
All I Wanted Was a Car
Some Mistakes
It Did
Mr. Policeman
If Love Was a Plane
Oh Love
With You, Without You
Bigger Fish to Fry
When We All Get to Heaven
Throttleneck
Outtake #1
Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy
Away in a Manger
Penguin, James Penguin
Born on Christmas Day
Kung Pao Buckaroo Holiday
I'll Take You Back
You Need a Man Around Here
Out in the Parking Lot
Rainin' You
Love Is Never-Ending
The Uncloudy Day
When I Get Where I'm Going
Cornography
Out Take 1
Shatner Says Goodbye
Ain't Nothin' Like
That's Love
Somebody Knows You Now
Hold Me in Your Arms (and Let Me Fall)
Whiskey Lullaby
The Best Thing That I Had Goin'
Make a Mistake
Make a Mistake With Me (instrumental)
Is It Raining at Your House
Spaghetti Western Swing (instrumental)
Farther Along
Kung Pao
You'll Never Leave Harlan Alive
I Wish You'd Stay
All You Really Need Is Love
Munster Rag (instrumental)
You Have That Effect on Me
Too Country
Long Sermon
It Never Woulda Worked Out Anyway
Holdin' On to You
I've Been Better
Sleepin' on the Foldout
Cloud of Dust
Only Way She'll Stay
She Never Really Got Over Him
Beat This Summer (acoustic)
athingaboutyou.com
chessthing.com
create-thing.com
spanishthing.com
treatingthing.com
thingmanga.com
enginebreakdown.com
breakdownsearch.com
dieselbreakdowns.com
nervousintelligence.com
nervousactivities.com
enginebreakdown.org
motorbreakdowns.com
bradausmus.com
afraidbreakdown.com
enginebreakdowns.org
socialbreakdown.org
nervousactivity.com
systembreakdowns.com
Hard To Be A Husband To Be A Wife, Brad Paisley
Letter To Me, Brad Paisley
She's Her Own Woman, Brad Paisley
Hold Me In Your Arms (And Let Me Fall), Brad Paisley
Time Warp, Brad Paisley
Online, Brad Paisley
Anything Like Me, Brad Paisley
American Saturday Night, Brad Paisley
Breathe In Breathe Out, Brad Paisley
Bigger Fish To Fry, Brad Paisley
Behind The Clouds, Brad Paisley
Be The Lake, Brad Paisley
Cornography, Brad Paisley
Collision Of Worlds, Brad Paisley
Catch All The Fish, Brad Paisley
Camouflage, Brad Paisley
Remind Me, Brad Paisley
It Did, Brad Paisley
Who Needs Pictures, Brad Paisley
Winter Wonderland, Brad Paisley
Nobody's Fool, Brad Paisley
Brad Paisley, Brad Paisley
We Danced, Brad Paisley
Runaway Train, Brad Paisley
I Do Now, Brad Paisley
Facebook Friends, Brad Paisley
Officially Alive, Brad Paisley
I Can't Change The World, Brad Paisley
Two Feet Of Topsoil, Brad Paisley
Too Country, Brad Paisley
The Old Rugged Cross, Brad Paisley
A Man Don't Have To Die, Brad Paisley
I'm Gonna Miss Her, Brad Paisley
I Wish You'd Stay, Brad Paisley
Come On Over Tonight, Brad Paisley
All You Really Need Is Love, Brad Paisley
You Do The Math, Brad Paisley
Mud On The Tires, Brad Paisley
Make A Mistake, Brad Paisley
Love Is Never-Ending, Brad Paisley
Alcohol, Brad Paisley
Whiskey Lullaby, Brad Paisley
Flowers, Brad Paisley
Easy Money, Brad Paisley
That's Love, Brad Paisley
Toothbrush, Brad Paisley
The Cigar Song, Brad Paisley
The Best Thing That I Had Goin', Brad Paisley
You Have That Effect On Me, Brad Paisley
You'll Never Leave Harlan Alive, Brad Paisley
Ain't Nothin' Like, Brad Paisley
Celebrity, Brad Paisley
Famous People, Brad Paisley
Farther Along, Brad Paisley
Is It Raining At Your House, Brad Paisley
Little Moments, Brad Paisley
Two People Fell In Love, Brad Paisley
Wrapped Around, Brad Paisley
Death Of A Married Man, Brad Paisley
Holdin' On To You, Brad Paisley
He Didn't Have To Be, Brad Paisley
...In The Garden, Brad Paisley
I've Been Better, Brad Paisley
Long Sermon, Brad Paisley
It Never Woulda Worked Out Anyway, Brad Paisley
Sleepin' On The Foldout, Brad Paisley
Me Neither, Brad Paisley
Waitin' On A Woman, Brad Paisley
When I Get Where I'm Going, Brad Paisley
The World, Brad Paisley
Time Well Wasted, Brad Paisley
She's Everything, Brad Paisley
The Uncloudy Day, Brad Paisley
Out In The Parkin' Lot, Brad Paisley
Rainin' You, Brad Paisley
Don't Breathe, Brad Paisley
Cloud Of Dust, Brad Paisley
Part two, Brad Paisley
Working On A Tan, Brad Paisley
Welcome To The Future, Brad Paisley
Bonus: Cornography, Brad Paisley
Come On In, Brad Paisley
Then, Brad Paisley
Another You, Brad Paisley
Good Morning Beautiful, Brad Paisley
I'm Still A Guy, Brad Paisley
Part II, Brad Paisley
5th Gear, Brad Paisley
Moonshine in the Trunk, Brad Paisley
Hard To Say Hello, Brad Paisley
Play, Brad Paisley
Wheelhouse, Brad Paisley
Yes, You Will, Brad Paisley
Two Feet Of Top Soil, Brad Paisley
Somebody Knows You Now, Brad Paisley
Let The Good Times Roll, Brad Paisley
Kung Pao, Brad Paisley
I Still Love The Night Life, Brad Paisley
I Drink,swear,steal, And Lie, Brad Paisley
New Again (With Sara Evans), Brad Paisley
New Again, Brad Paisley
More Than Just This Song, Brad Paisley
Little Moments Like That, Brad Paisley
I'll Take You Back, Brad Paisley
Hard To Be A Wife, Brad Paisley
Southern Comfort Zone, Brad Paisley
Kung Pao Buckaroo Holiday, Brad Paisley
I'll Be Home For Christmas, Brad Paisley
Born On Christmas Day, Brad Paisley
Away In A Manger, Brad Paisley
Silver Bells, Brad Paisley
Silent Night, Brad Paisley
Santa Looked A Lot Like Daddy, Brad Paisley
Penguin, James Penguin, Brad Paisley
364 Days To Go, Brad Paisley
You Need A Man Around Here, Brad Paisley
With You, Without You, Brad Paisley
When We All Get To Heaven, Brad Paisley
Ticks, Brad Paisley
Some Mistakes, Brad Paisley
She Said Yes, Brad Paisley
Spaghetti Western Swing, Brad Paisley
Start A Band, Brad Paisley
The Nervous Breakdown, Brad Paisley
Out Take 1, Brad Paisley
P.s. This Is Austin, Brad Paisley
Sharp Dressed Man, Brad Paisley
Shatner Says Goodbye, Brad Paisley
Ode De Toilet (The Toilet Song), Brad Paisley
Out In The Parkin' Lot(feat. Alan Jackson), Brad Paisley
The Pants, Brad Paisley
Mr. Policeman, Brad Paisley
Oh Love, Brad Paisley
This Is Country Music, Brad Paisley
Better Than This, Brad Paisley
Old Alabama, Brad Paisley
If Love Was A Plane, Brad Paisley
One Of Those Lives, Brad Paisley
Oh Yeah You're Gone, Brad Paisley
All I Wanted Was A Car, Brad Paisley
Get Even (Bonus Track), Brad Paisley
When I Get Where I'm Going(feat. Dolly Parton), Brad Paisley
What If She's An Angel, Brad Paisley
You Don't Believe, Brad Paisley
Water, Brad Paisley
Two Tear Drops, Brad Paisley
New Favorite Memory, Brad Paisley
No., Brad Paisley
Life's Railway to Heaven, Brad Paisley
Love Her Like She's Leavin', Brad Paisley
Hard Life, Brad Paisley
I Hope That's Me, Brad Paisley
Find Yourself, Brad Paisley
Half the Man, Brad Paisley
Don't Drink The Water, Brad Paisley
Everybody's Here, Brad Paisley
One Boy, One Girl, Brad Paisley
Hard To Be A Husband To Be A Wife
You wouldn't believe the number of times I've heard somebody say
How come some guy, some handsome prince, hasn't swept you away
But I take off on that tour bus, a different city every night
And doing what I love to do makes it hard to be a wife
You wouldn't believe the number of times I've been asked that myself
Folks can't understand why a heart like mine is still on the shelf
But I'm married to my music and I have been most my life
That makes it hard to be a husband
It makes it hard to be a wife
Cause I'd rather play the Grand Ole Opry
Than go out to dinner and a movie
Right now I'm not thinkin' bout a family of my own
Cause the band's on stage and I'm late for my show
There's folks who think my life is lacking
Cause my time at home is usually spent packing
You might assume that I don't' have a clue what love's about
Oh, but I know love
Of that I have no doubt
Cause you wouldn't believe the way it feels to hear somebody say
Your song sure means a lot to me
It got me through a real tough day
And if hearing words like that means giving up my social life
Then I've got all the friends I need on that front row
And I've got all the friends I need on that back row
And we can't see those folks unless we're never home
And that makes it hard to be a wife
And hard to be a husband
And hard to be a wife
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The two main forms of violence against women in New Zealand are often described as intimate partner violence (sometimes called domestic violence) and sexual violence. Most victim/survivors of both intimate partner violence and sexual violence are women and most perpetrators are men.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a form of family violence. Family violence includes IPV, child maltreatment, elder abuse/neglect, violence among siblings, and children’s violence against parents. IPV involves a pattern of coercion and control that may include physical, sexual and psychological violence, social isolation, and financial abuse. Most female murder victims are killed by male partners or ex-partners, and women are much more likely than men to be killed as result of IPV. Separation is the time of greatest danger. Key risk factors include the perpetrator’s history of violence
There are inextricable links between IPV and child maltreatment. Children whose mothers are victims of IPV are more vulnerable to witnessing or being direct targets of violence. Witnessing or experiencing violence as a child sharply increases the risk of victimisation in later life.
Sexual violence is a broad term that covers a continuum of unwanted sexual acts, from unwanted sexual advances to criminal acts such as rape. Contrary to widespread myths, at least three-quarters of perpetrators know their victims. Many incidents of sexual violence take place in the context of intimate relationships. In the case of single women, perpetrators are often friends and acquaintances.
There are both distinctions and overlaps between intimate partner violence and sexual violence. A critical component of all violence against women is that perpetrators exercise power and control over their victims through fear. It is fear that often distinguishes men’s violence against women from women’s violence against men. Men’s violence against women also tends to be more severe and to have more serious impacts.
Violence against women is prevalent, but not all women are at equal risk. A quarter to a third of New Zealand women will experience IPV or sexual violence in their lifetime. The biggest risk factor for being a victim of IPV or sexual violence is being a woman. The 2009 Crime and Safety Survey showed that women are twice as likely as men to experience IPV at least once in their lifetime.
The 2006 New Zealand Crime and Safety Survey found that Māori women, sole mothers, unemployed women and/or on benefits, single, divorced or separated women and women living with flatmates are at higher risk than other women of partner violence and sexual victimisation. Women in defacto relationships were also at higher risk than other women of partner violence. While we do not have these data for 2009 this is a consistent finding over time and internationally.
A history of victimisation is a key predictor of revictimisation in later life. Some women experience repeated violence across the life course, not necessarily due to revictimisation by the same perpetrator. A history of sexual victimisation – particularly in childhood or adolescence, but also in adulthood – is a key predictor of sexual violence and other forms of violence in adulthood (Figure 1). Overall, victim/survivors of childhood sexual abuse are twice as likely as non‑victims to experience intimate partner violence and/or non-partner violence as adults
Figure 1 Association between childhood sexual abuse and violence against women
Diagram CSA and victimisation across the life course.jpg
Source: Fanslow, J., Robinson, E.M., Crengle, S., and Perese, L. (2007) ‘Prevalence of child sexual abuse reported by a cross-sectional sample of New Zealand women.’ Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 935-945. N=2,855 women in Auckland and Waikato aged 18 to 64 years
Martin, J., and Pritchard, R. (2010) Learning from Tragedy: homicide within families in New Zealand 2002‑2006. Wellington: Ministry of Social Development.
Families Commission (2009), Family Violence Statistics Report. Wellington: Families Commission.Ministry of Justice (2011) Confrontational Crime in New Zealand: findings from the 2009 New Zealand Crime and Safety Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Justice.
Fanslow, J., and Robinson, E. (2004) ‘Violence against women in New Zealand: prevalence and health consequences.’ The New Zealand Medical Journal, 117(1206), 1173-1184.The survey does not include all forms of IPV, such as sexual violence or financial abuse.
Fanslow, J., Robinson, E.M., Crengle, S., and Perese, L. (2007) ‘Prevalence of child sexual abuse reported by a cross-sectional sample of New Zealand women.’ Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 935-945.
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Deputy PM: UK has scrapped plans to reduce immigra...
Deputy PM: UK has scrapped plans to reduce immigration to 'tens of thousands'
Wed, 2014-09-17 11:26 AM
17167053825_872e59f1e3_z.jpg
Photo by Liberal Democrats on Flickr
The UK's Deputy Prime Minister, Nick Clegg, says that the UK coalition government has scrapped plans to reduce annual immigration to below 100,000 annually.
Mr Clegg, the leader of the Liberal Democrat Party which is the junior partner in the UK Coalition government with David Cameron's Conservatives, said that the Conservatives had been 'fixated' on meeting the commitment to reduce immigration to below 100,000 annually and that this had made it harder for the government to tackle problems in the UK's immigration system.
However, he added 'Thankfully the Conservatives have now softened their attachment to the net migration target and backed away from 'tens of thousands' – omitted entirely, for example, from the Prime Minister's immigration article [in The Daily Telegraph] last week.'
The 'tens of thousands' commitment was first made In January 2010 when Mr Cameron was leader of the opposition, when he appeared one Sunday Morning on the Andrew Marr Show on BBC television, a political chat show.
Mr Cameron promised that, if he was elected Prime Minister, he would reduce net immigration into the UK from the then level of over 250,000 per year to 'tens of thousands' a year by the time of the next election in 2015.
However, following the general election of 2010 in which the Conservatives entered into Coalition with the Liberal Democrats, many will be surprised to know, that the 'tens of thousands' pledge was never adopted as Coalition Government policy.
Nick Clegg described the promise as 'a fallacy' which did not provide a proper test of the government's success in limiting immigration.
On Tuesday 5th August, Mr Clegg made a speech in London in which he said 'I made sure the 'tens of thousands' pledge wasn't in the Coalition Agreement because it's unrealistic; because it's based on a fallacy: if a million Brits leave and a million migrants come you get net migration of zero – does that mean you've done the job?'
Net annual immigration is calculated by firstly taking the number of people who arrived in the country as migrants over a given year (immigrants) and then subtracting from this figure the number of people who leave the country as migrants over the same period (emigrants). The difference is the net immigration figure.
So, as Mr Clegg points out, the promise to reduce the net immigration figure does not necessarily mean very much. It does not necessarily mean that you have reduced the levels of immigration into the UK.
Mr Clegg said that the target had actually got in the way of implementing effective immigration reform. However now, with the target being scrapped, Mr Clegg hopes to focus on a more realistic immigration policy.
In fact, until recently, few people realised the distinction between Conservative Policy and government policy. The Home Secretary and the Immigration minister are in the Conservative Party and since 2010 have taken steps to reach the 'tens of thousands' target.
But, last year, the Liberal Democrat Business Secretary Vince Cable said that the 'tens of thousands' policy was a Conservative, not a Coalition, policy. Now, with the next election approaching, Mr Clegg wants to make the distinction clear again in the hope of electoral advantage.
Mr Clegg also attacked the Labour Party's record on immigration. He said that the Coalition had from the previous Labour government inherited an immigration system which was 'in utter disarray.'
Since Mr Clegg spoke, the chairman of the Conservative Party, Grant Shapps MP, has attacked Mr Clegg's 'hypocrisy.' Mr Shapps says that the government does intend to reduce immigration to below 100,000 per year.
He told The Daily Mail paper, 'The surprising thing about it is that he has never raised any of these concerns that I am aware of privately over the last few years. What's more, he has actively blocked several of the common sense straightforward assessments... he's stood in the way of those things happening - for example blocked our calls to rein in EU migration.'
'It's very strange. You would have thought even in the background, in private you might have heard some of these things. I thought it was an extraordinary speech to make.'
If the 'tens of thousands' target remains Conservative (or perhaps government) policy, then things are not going very well. The government has introduced numerous measures over the last four years to cut immigration. By 2013, it had had some success and net immigration had fallen by about 100,000 annually to just over 150,000 annually.
But, since then, immigration has actually risen. The latest figures show that net immigration in the year to March 2014 was 212,000; only 40,000 less than at the last election. Some migration experts predict that the next figures might be even higher, virtually back to the levels under Labour.
Tags: Politics Social Issues Newspaper Publishing Newspaper & Magazine Printing Services Conservative Party Labour government The Daily Telegraph UK Coalition government Liberal Democrat BBC David Cameron Labour Party Vince Cable United Kingdom European Union Nick Clegg London Liberal Democrats Andrew Marr Liberal Democrat Party Conservatives
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UK government split by illegal immigration ad campaign
A recent advertising campaign run by the UK's Home Office has caused a public disagreement between senior ministers in the UK's Coalition government. The campaign, which ran for a week and ended on...
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Row breaks out in UK government over immigration
Open dissent has broken out in the UK's Coalition government over immigration. The UK's political system usually requires members of the government to 'toe the party line'. This means keeping...
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COMMENT – UK's EU dilemma over Romanian/Bulgarian immigration estimates
By Alex Owen The UK government has got itself into trouble over immigration figures again. The UK press has been asking government ministers for an estimated figure of the number of Romanians and...
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Recent epidemiological evidence suggests an association between AD and vascular risk factors such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, general atherosclerosis and arterial fibrillation. Control of vascular risk factors could prevent the development of dementia. Future dementia can be significantly predicted by high age (?47 years), low education (<10 years), hypertension, hypercholesterinemia and obesity.
There is an association of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obesity with dementia. Risk of dementia was generally largest in studies that measured these risk factors at midlife (compared to late life) and had a long follow-up time. At midlife, the population attributable risk of dementia among these cardiovascular risk factors was highest for hypertension. Later in life diabetes appears to convey the highest risk of dementia.
Hypertension has received a lot of attention because it may represent a common and potentially modifiable risk factor not only for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders but also for AD. Long-term population-based follow-up studies have shown that high blood pressure (BP), especially at midlife, is associated with an increased AD risk later in life. Whether low BP accelerates the AD process after onset of the illness is still a matter of debate. Longstanding hypertension may lead to various changes in cerebral arteries and alters the autoregulation of blood flow to the brain. Under these conditions, episodes of hypotension may lead to hypoperfusion and ischemia in vulnerable brain areas. These brain changes may further impair cognition. Some observational studies indicated that antihypertensive medication, especially long-term treatment, may reduce the risk of dementia, including AD. As results are contradictory, more information especially about possible effects of treatment of hypertension at midlife is needed.
High serum total cholesterol (TC) values at midlife increases the risk of late-life AD. Midlife TC has also been related to AD-type brain changes in autopsy studies. The role of high cholesterol later in life and closer to dementia onset is less clear, as some studies indicate either no association or an inverse association of hypercholesterolemia with subsequent AD development. Recent data suggest a bidirectional relationship between TC and dementia; high TC is a risk factor for subsequent AD 20 years later, but decreasing TC after midlife may reflect ongoing disease processes and may represent a risk marker for late-life dementia. Little information is currently available regarding other cholesterol types (LDL, HDL, triglycerides). The brain is the most cholesterol rich organ in the body, and disturbances in brain cholesterol metabolism have been linked with all the main neuropathological changes in AD. Some experimental studies have shown that statins may reduce b-amyloid production in vitro and in vivo. The currently available epidemiological and clinical data on statins and AD give a rather mixed picture
Diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome
Diabetes has been associated with an increased risk of AD in several cohort studies, while others have found no association. In elderly, the true prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is over 30%, and more than half of them are asymptomatic and undiagnosed. In addition, more than 30% have impaired glucose tolerance, which makes more than half of elderly people affected with hyperglycemia. The potential biological mechanisms underlying the diabetes-AD association are many. Diabetes is associated with changes in cerebral microvessels and BBB. Some studies have indicated that higher insulin levels are associated with the risk of dementia/AD. Besides indicators of diabetes and metabolic syndrome, inflammatory markers e.g. high CRP levels have also been suggested as risk factors for cognitive decline and AD. There seems to be an association between HbA1C level, which is a marker of glucose control) and risk of developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia in postmenopausal osteoporotic women primarily without diabetes. These findings support the hypothesis that glucose dysregulation is a predictor for cognitive impairment.
Overweight and Obesity
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) define overweight in terms of the body mass index (BMI). The BMI is a person’s weight in kilograms (kg) divided by their height in metres (m) squared. Overweight is a BMI of 27.3% or more for women and 27.8% or more for men, while obesity is defined as a BMI of 30 and above, according to the NIH. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is more than 50% among adults in Europe and the United States. Obesity is increasing across the world, with severe consequences on cardiovascular health, but its association with the risk of AD has so far been less extensively studied. Weight loss seems to occur during the pre-clinical phases of dementia, and recent follow-up studies have suggested that low body mass index (BMI) could actually be an early sign of dementia. There is increasing evidence from long-term population-based studies that high BMI at midlife, or at late-life 9-18 years prior to dementia is associated with an increased AD risk. The prevention of overweight and obesity, even at greater ages, might be important for the prevention of dementia. Only a few studies have investigated the association between fat intake and the risk of dementia. It has been reported that high saturated fat and cholesterol intakes might be risk factors for Alzheimer disease, particularly among individuals carrying the apolipoprotein E e4 allele. Several studies have shown an association between higher intake of total calories and fats in elderly individuals without dementia and higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease, particularly in carriers of the APOE e4 allele. Central obesity in midlife increases the risk of dementia independent of diabetes and cardiovascular comorbidities. Fifty percent of adults have central obesity; therefore, mechanisms linking central obesity to dementia need to be unveiled. There seems to be a J-shaped relationship between BMI and dementia, such as being overweight and being underweight increase the risk of dementia in late life.
In a Finnish study on obesity at midlife (BMI 30kg/m²) was associated with the risk of dementia and AD even after adjusting for possible confounding factors like sociodemographic status. Midlife obesity, high total cholesterol level, and high systolic blood pressure were all significant risk factors for dementia.
Obesity at midlife is associated with an increased risk of dementia and AD later in life. The role of weight reduction for the prevention of dementia needs to be further investigated.
Last Updated: Friday 14 November 2014
The EuroCoDe project received financial support from the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for any use that might be made of the following information. Alzheimer Europe also gratefully acknowledges the support it received from Fondation Médéric Alzheimer for this project.
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You are here: American University President Diversity & Inclusion AU's Plan for Inclusive Excellence Implementing the Plan
Inclusive Excellence Plan
Goals & Actions
Implemention
DIcouncil@american.edu
4400 Massachusetts Avenue NW Washington, DC 20016 United States
A commitment to change requires a commitment to accountability. Our plan to take actionable steps lays out the timeline of implementation, the resources we have invested and will invest, and how we intend to measure success.
AU believes that the entire university community should be engaged and have shared responsibility in creating an enriching and inclusive experience for all its members. In an effort to ensure the greatest level of accountability for the goals outlined in the plan, each strategic action is assigned to members of the executive leadership team at the vice president/provost level. Each of these team members will work collaboratively to develop an effective method for achieving the goals within each area. For specific information, please see the Action Plan.
The timeline for the most immediate steps of the plan is academic year 2018 through academic year 2020. During this time, we are monitoring and evaluating the plan, and simultaneously developing the longer-term objectives in the five goal areas, that may span over a total of five years.
Resources Invested
AU's plan provides for the investment of over $60 million in FY 2018 for diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives. Approximately $53 million, the majority of these funds, are institutional scholarships (such as Pell, Frederick Douglass Distinguished Scholars, Veteran's Yellow Ribbon Program, and scholarships for graduate students) aimed at increasing diversity and access. The remaining $7 million in the fiscal year is earmarked for the funding of academic initiatives such as the American University Experience Courses (AUx), academic centers, faculty development, curricular enhancements, as well as support services and programs specifically designated to advance access, equity, and inclusion.
In FY 2019, investments in diversity, equity, and inclusion are expected to amount to over $61 million. University leadership has been and stands firmly committed to ensuring that financial resources are properly aligned to support the goals outlined in this plan. We are assessing additional needs in preparation for the next biennial budget process.
University leadership, with the Office of Institutional Research and Assessment, has developed a multidimensional management and measurement tool that simultaneously drives and assesses the organizational change process. Data and metrics are being used to track information in each of the core areas of the plan—training, learning, and development; campus climate, culture, and community; systems, policies, and procedures; access and equity; and curriculum and instruction.
This plan's indicators of success are being evaluated on an ongoing basis using a variety of sources, including but not limited to the following:
Institutional statistics from the Office of Institutional Research and Assessment, including data on the composition of faculty, staff and students, retention rates, graduation rates, and so on;
Institutional and national surveys of faculty, staff, and students can be used to monitor progress, guide continuous improvement, and benchmark, whenever possible;
Focus groups of faculty, staff, administrators, and students.
Examples of success indicators include, but are not limited to the following:
Improved campus climate that provides a sense of belonging and community for all its members as evidenced in surveys/focus groups;
An increase in the compositional diversity (based on benchmarks) found among faculty, students, staff, and administrators;
Student success as measured by indicators such as retention and graduation rates of underrepresented populations at AU;
Evidence of successful completion of training or coursework by members of the AU community.
Under the plan, the administration is to produce, distribute, and discuss an annual progress report, noting accomplishments, deficiencies, and planned adjustments. In addition, AU is making periodic updates on the plan through this website, the AU social media channels, American University News, and periodic communications from the President's Office.
You are here: Implementation
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Faculty Profile: Jeffrey Sosland
You are here: American University School of Professional & Extended Studies Faculty Jeffrey Sosland
Jeffrey Sosland Assistant Professor School of Prof & Extd Studies
School of Prof and Extd Studies
Spring Valley Building - 431
Ph.D. Georgetown University A.B. Harvard University
Areas of Expertise: Water Politics of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Experiential Learning - Internships and Higher Education The focus of Dr. Jeffrey Sosland's teaching is international business, global water scarcity and internship experiential learning. His most recent book is on water politics and the Arab-Israeli conflict, Cooperating Rivals: The Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin (State University of New York Press). Dr. Sosland also coauthored with Dr. Diane Lowenthal journal articles on experiential education and internships, including “Making the Grade: How a Semester in Washington May Influence Future Academic Performance” and “The Forgotten Educator: Experiential Learning's Internship Supervisor” (both in Journal of Political Science Education). This research has received awards from the American Political Science Association (APSA) and the National Society for Experiential Education (NSEE). He was also awarded a Post-Doctoral Fellowship from Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In his non-professional life he has served on the board of directors of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Capitol Chapter (past president), McLean School of Maryland, Camp Ramah in New England and the Milton School in Washington D.C. (past vice president); as well as enjoying long distance running (completed 17 marathons and a 50-mile ultramarathon) and the company of his wife, three children and their dog.
WSEM-020 Economic Policy
WSEM-021 Global Entreprenrshp/Business
CORE-105 Complex Problems Seminar: Quenching World Water Scarcity
Arab-Israeli conflict/cooperation and water scarcity. International politics of water and internships and experiential learning.
AU Media Relations
All AU Faculty Experts
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Tax-Free Health Insurance
Counting Down the Country’s Biggest Tax Breaks, Week by Week
By Seth Hanlon Posted on January 12, 2011, 9:00 am
This is the first in a new CAP series called the “Tax Expenditure of the Week.” The series aims to explain the often-confusing constellation of tax breaks in a way the average taxpayer can understand. Every Wednesday we will focus on one tax expenditure, explaining what it is, what purpose it is intended to serve, and whether it is effective toward that purpose. We will also review any applicable reform proposals.
Subjecting these dozens of tax breaks to greater scrutiny is part of our broader focus on making government work better and achieving better results for the American people, which is the goal of CAP’s “Doing What Works” project.
Tax-free health insurance is the single largest tax break in the United States, estimated to cost the federal government more than $1 trillion over the next five years in foregone revenue.
CAP has argued that tax expenditures are essentially spending programs that are administered by the IRS. They therefore should be evaluated alongside direct spending programs that serve similar purposes.
The tax exemption for employer-sponsored health insurance is a rare example of a tax expenditure that was considered in the context of overall health care reform. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 makes important changes to the tax treatment of health care as part of more comprehensive changes to expand affordable health coverage and slow the growth of health care costs. Below, we will consider the role and effectiveness of the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance in promoting health coverage, as well the effects of the recent reforms.
What is the exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance and why is it a “tax expenditure?”
The federal government generally takes a cut of all employee compensation whether it comes in the form of salaries, wages, bonuses, or valuable perks. But Uncle Sam doesn’t tax health benefits employees receive at their employers’ expense. Employer-provided health insurance is exempted from income and payroll taxes thanks to a specific provision in the tax code. Such special rules are considered “tax expenditures” if they are departures from the general tax rules and result in lower revenues.
Certain fundamental aspects of the tax code, for example the progressive structure of tax rates, are not considered tax expenditures. They are considered to be a normal part of the tax system. Provisions that favor or encourage specific activities, like employer-sponsored health insurance, are tax expenditures, however.
The tax exclusion is a subsidy for employer-sponsored health care, intended to encourage employers to provide health care coverage and make that coverage more affordable. Some tax expenditures serve unclear purposes, but broader health insurance coverage is surely a worthy goal. The tax exclusion should be evaluated based on how effectively it achieves that goal.
The exclusion of employer-provided health care benefits is the single largest tax expenditure. It is estimated to cost the government more than $1 trillion over the next five years.
Is the health insurance exclusion effective?
The health insurance exclusion encourages employer-sponsored coverage.
About 60 percent of Americans under the age of 65 are covered by an employer-provided plan. The tax break for employer-sponsored health insurance is undoubtedly a major reason why most American workers (and their families) receive their health care coverage through their jobs. And tens of millions of Americans pay substantially lower federal income taxes than they would if health benefits were taxed in the same manner as cash wages.
Workplaces are logical settings for people to pool together to share risks, and the tax exemption has been described as the “glue” that holds employer pools together. Insurance pools benefit workers by allowing them to spread risks, combine their purchasing power, and save on administrative costs. But there are also some downsides to employment-based health coverage: It might tie workers to their existing jobs even if, all things being equal, they have better job opportunities elsewhere.
The exclusion is not very effective in targeting the subsidy where it is most needed.
The health insurance exclusion benefits most American workers, including millions of middle-class families. But the tax benefits are distributed unevenly. The health insurance exclusion tends to provide larger tax savings to high-income workers. Most subsidies for socially beneficial things are targeted toward those who are least likely to afford them. For this reason, the health insurance exclusion has been called an “upside-down” subsidy.
High-income workers get more of a tax benefit for several reasons. First, workers in higher tax brackets save more in taxes because their health benefits would otherwise be taxed at higher rates. If an employer pays for $10,000 in family health premiums for an executive in the 35 percent tax bracket, for instance, the tax exclusion saves the executive $3,500. A security guard in the 15 percent bracket with the same health plan only saves $1,500.
What’s more, the executive’s health plan is likely to be more valuable than the security guard’s, magnifying the upside-down effect. “Highly paid employees tend to receive more generous employer-paid health insurance coverage than their lowly paid counterparts,” according to the Congressional Research Service. The more expensive a health plan is, the more valuable the tax exclusion for it becomes.
Finally, the exclusion by definition favors those with employer-provided health insurance, who tend to have higher incomes than people who are uninsured or who have to buy their own insurance. The tax benefits of the health insurance exclusion are not as skewed toward wealthy taxpayers as many other tax expenditures, however, as future installments in this series will explain.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 takes a number of important steps to target health insurance subsidies where they are needed the most.
First, starting in 2014, low- and moderate-income families who purchase health insurance through newly created insurance exchanges will be able to claim refundable tax credits that cover a percentage of the cost.
These refundable credits will be “right-side-up” subsidies that provide greater assistance on premiums for families closest to the poverty level. The new health care credits, like all tax credits, do not create the “upside-down” effect that occurs with exemptions and deductions. That’s because unlike exclusions, credits provide dollar-for-dollar reductions in taxes owed, so that a $1,000 tax credit is worth $1,000 for all households—no matter what tax bracket they are in. The new credits are also refundable, which allows them to benefit even low-income households that owe no federal income taxes at the end of the year.
Second, the tax subsidy enjoyed by people with more generous health plans will effectively be capped starting in 2018. The new health care law levies a 40 percent tax on the value of health insurance that exceeds certain amounts (about $10,200 for individuals and $27,500 for families). The provision is expected to raise revenue to help pay for the extension of affordable care to more families.
The health care exclusion impacts health care costs.
The tax-free status of employer health insurance is often identified as one of the causes of overall rising health care costs. Employers and employees have an incentive to agree to structure compensation in the form of health benefits rather than in cash because health insurance is tax free. Economists generally believe that health plans are more generous than they would be if all compensation were taxed in the same manner.
More expansive health insurance, in turn, means that workers pay lower out-of-pocket costs for health care. And when they are paying less out of pocket they are more likely to consume more health care. Of course the decision to seek medical care is often beyond people’s control. But at the margins the tax exemption likely encourages greater demand for health care.
More demand for health care means higher health care costs. Health care costs in the United States are among the highest in the world. To be sure, the tax subsidy for health care is only one reason for high health care costs. Other significant causes include payment incentives that reward more care and more intensive care, new technologies, demographic changes, unchecked administrative costs, and inefficiencies in health care delivery.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act makes a number of important changes to rein in the growth in health care costs. The tax on high-premium plans is one of those changes. It is generally expected to help slow the growth of health care costs, though there is uncertainty about how big an effect it will have.
The tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health care benefits is the largest tax expenditure and one of the most important. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act takes steps to make it more targeted and cost effective in the context of overall health care reform. Other tax expenditures should be similarly evaluated and considered in the context of the policy goals they serve.
Seth Hanlon is Director of Fiscal Reform for CAP’s Doing What Works project. We hope you’ll find this series useful, and we encourage your feedback. Please write to Seth directly with any questions, comments, or suggestions.
Next week: A closer look at the second-largest tax expenditure: tax breaks for retirement saving.
Articles in this series:
New Weekly Series Explains Government’s Biggest Tax Breaks and Giveaways
Get the Latest on the Economy
This is part of a special series:
Tax Expenditure of the Week
For more from this series, click the link above
Allison Preiss
gro.ssergorpnacirema@ssierpa
Ryan Collins
gro.ssergorpnacirema@snillocr
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Ted Hughes Most Famous Poetry
Apr 2, 2019. Ted Hughes was an English poet who was the Poet Laureate of. of the literary circle stifled his creativity and he missed most of the lectures.
Greek Mythology In Modern Literature Out of all the mythologies of the world, Greek mythology has had the most influence on Western culture. Literally thousands of artists and writers have used Greek mythology as their muse–bringing the ancient stories to life through sculpture, painting, poetry, and song. Pegasus’s story was a favourite theme in Greek art and literature; Euripides’ lost
Previous winners of the coveted annual awards – which have been called the “poetry Oscars” – include three UK poet laureates:.
The £30,000 Rathbones Folio Prize has gone to a poet, Raymond Antrobus. The win comes almost two months after Antrobus.
One of the giants of 20th century British poetry, Ted Hughes was born in. To read Hughes's poetry is to enter a world dominated by nature, especially by.
Dec 5, 2011. Page about The Memories & Poems of Ted Hughes. When most memory is out -sourced to hard drive and smartphone, the poem releases in. That is exactly what happens in Hughes first famous poem Thought Fox (1957).
May 13, 2014 · The painter and poet Frieda Hughes, 54, daughter of Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes, has decided to train as a bereavement counsellor following a series of losses -.
Apr 16, 2019 · Ted Kaczynski, also known as "The Unabomber", is a mathematics prodigy who terrorized the nation with a letter bombing campaign spanning 20 years. Learn more at Biography.com.
(Ted Hughes) Conor O'Loughlin explores one of the twentieth century's most. his poems; for example his famous collection Crow symbolises the obscurity,
Shakespeare Got To Get Paid Son Shirt Amazon Fashion. At Amazon Fashion, we believe that Smart is Beautiful. That’s why we offer a vast yet easy-to-shop selection of women’s clothing, shoes, jewelry, watches, handbags, and more that answer women’s fashion needs for the workplace, special occasions, and everyday style. in a quarter—of an hour; paid money that I borrowed, three of. for
Feb 18, 2006. When Ted Hughes died in 1998, he was as valued and admired as at any. To support Hughes's poetry was to support the man himself, a man. he made concerning the poems he believed to be most successful. In fact, right from the appearance of his first book, The Hawk in the Rain, he was famous.
Ted Hughes, one of Britain's most prominent 20th century poets, is known for poetry that explores the natural world alongside human experience.
Search in the poems of Ted Kooser: Ted Kooser is one of the nation’s most highly regarded poets and served as the United States Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 2004 – 2006. During his second term he won the Pulitzer Prize for.
Armitage received The Queen’s Gold Medal for Poetry for the year 2018, awarded for excellence in poetry, on the basis of his.
introduction "Ted Hughes." Poetry Foundation.An encyclopedia-type article on Ted Hughes: biography, list of works and suggested readings, and text for some of his most famous poems.
Constance Stamatiou began her dance training at Pat Hall’s Dance Unlimited and North Carolina Dance and Theatre. She graduated from NorthWest School of the Arts and studied at SUNY Purchase before becoming a fellowship student at The Ailey School.
Jan 11, 2017. The best poems by Ted Hughes Ted Hughes (1930-98) remains one of the most divisive English poets of the second half of the twentieth.
LONDON (Reuters) – A newly discovered poem by Ted Hughes describing his. Your final night” and ends with the moment Hughes is informed of his wife’s death. Hughes and Plath were among the 20th.
Praise Song For My Mother Poem LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings. On the hall-guest she hurled herself, hent her short sword, Somali-British poet and the Grammy-award winning artist adds depth to the already personal songs featured on the potent album. Beyoncé pulls from various of Shire’s works, including her first pamphlet. “My mother. the Psalms, Song of Songs, Job,
Ted Hughes, who is being. is the true test of a poet’s lasting worth. Back then, of course, we knew, as students of literature, what made a writer "great" — it was his or her world view or, to use.
Ted Hughes’ memorial in Poets Corner. creatures of light". The poet laureate died in 1998, one of the most critically admired and popular poets of the 20th century. Members of his family including.
The annual Ted Hughes Festival , organised by the Elmet trust whose patron is Simon Armitage, takes place this weekend, 21-23 October, when the upper Calder Valley village of Mytholmroyd honours its.
Ted Hughes – Edward James (Ted) Hughes was born in Mytholmroyd, in the West. Perhaps the most famous of his subjects is "Crow," an amalgam of god, bird.
The man in question was not, however, fellow poet Ted Hughes, whom she would marry in June that year. from her head and she in turn bit him on the cheek – is one of the most famous in literary.
All of Ted Hughes Poems. Ted Hughes Poetry Collection from Famous Poets and Poems.
Kate Tempest performing Brand New Ancients at Battersea arts centre. Photograph: Tristram Kenton Kate Tempest – one of the few well-known poets to have performed at Glastonbury and with grime MCs –.
Mar 15, 2004. Enormously good, perhaps the best yet”—Ted shocked and terrified Assia. “ The Jaguar,” Hughes' early and perhaps most famous poem,
109 quotes from Ted Hughes: 'The only calibration that counts is how much heart. is the treatment by which the poet tries to reconcile that pain with the world.”
One of Hughes' most famous poems, 'The Thought Fox' demonstrates the inextricable relationship between the poet's imagination and the natural world, the.
Jun 21, 2016 · Plenty of people have had paranormal experiences of some kind, and this is also true for famous figures throughout history. Sometimes, famous figures can have just as many unexplainable experiences as the rest of us or may have dealt with the unknown in some fashion. From UFOs to the supernatural.
The British laureateship is one of the most famous honors in literature. used the cash element of her pay to establish an.
"Wind" is one of the centerpieces of Ted Hughes's first book of poems, The Hawk. "Wind" bears the characteristic markings of Hughes, one of the most famous.
After The Rain Poem By Lee Tzu Pheng Epic International Reading Night On Nov 5 at 8.30pm, eight acclaimed writers from various countries get together to read their favourite poems or prose excerpts on the topic of love. The writers. The characters in New York City-based Singaporean writer Jeremy Tiang’s first short-story collection, It Never Rains On National Day, are running away, in
A List of Famous American Poets includes Poems and Biographical information of the most Famous American Poets. Read and Enjoy Poetry by American Poets.
It was the work of Ted Hughes, Poet Laureate for 14 years until his death. said she was “delighted” at the appointment of.
Poetry manifestos: End Hunger UK. With a free PowerPoint presentation by End Hunger UK and accompanying audio clip, Fran Pridham helps students to respond to food poverty in the UK through poetry.She uses Foyle Young Poet Phoebe Stuckes’ poem ‘Daughters’ as a way into writing manifestos against injustice.
It seemed, in our atomised times, to be the book we most. poems because they are defiant in how they take up space on the.
Ted Hughes lives with his wife, Carol, on a farm in Devonshire. Lupercal, in 1960, Hughes became recognized as one of the most significant English poets to.
Edward James Hughes OM OBE FRSL (17 August 1930 – 28 October 1998) was an English. Hughes was married to American poet Sylvia Plath from 1956 until her suicide in 1963 at the age of 30. Most of the more recent generations of his family had worked in the clothing and milling industries in the area. Hughes's.
In his poetry, Ted Hughes often identifies. Alvarez, then the most influential poetry critic in England and a notable champion of Plath and Hughes. The biographer maintains that Alvarez’s.
LONDON (Reuters) – It may seem like a long 13 years after his death that Ted Hughes was honoured in. caused a scandal though his poetry was much admired, died in 1824 but was only given a memorial.
S ylvia Plath demonstrated a talent for words when she began speaking at a much earlier age than most children and was writing complete poems by the age of five. Her parents, Otto Plath and Aurelia Schober had met when Otto was the professor for one of Aurelia’s courses at Boston University. Aurelia had graduated second in her high school class, was valedictorian of her.
Should boxes containing Ted Hughes CDs. predatory intensity as his when he describes nature’s most ruthless killers – pike, hawk, jaguar. There are dozens of Hughes collections, but these 50 poems.
Ted Hughes is consistently described as one of the twentieth century's greatest. At Cambridge, he he 'spent most.time reading folklore and Yeat's poems,' and.
Definition Of Poetry According To William Wordsworth But what does that mean, really. During this time, Romanic poetry grappled with nature, unadulterated sadness, divinity, the unknown, and the powerful force of one’s emotions. William Wordsworth. English literature – The Romantic period: As a term to cover the most distinctive writers who flourished in the last years of the 18th century and the
Ted Hughes UK Poet Laureates initially served until their death until the rules were changed in 1999. Prime Minister Theresa.
Nov 04, 2012 · .The Violent Energy of Ted Hughes "Poetic voice of blood and guts" (Welsh 1) said one newspaper headline announcing the appointment of Ted Hughes as the new Poet Laureate in November of 1984. It was fairly typical of the surprise with which the media greeted this appointment because Ted Hughes, it seems, is for most people a difficult poet.Hughes is frequently accused of writing poetry.
Sarah Kay has shared her poetry in 30 countries on six continents: in the middle of cornfields in Iowa, an orthodontist office in Nepal, a viking ship on a fjord in Norway, an LGBTQ community center in India, a church in New Zealand, a nightclub in Singapore, the Royal Danish Theater in Denmark, a public square in Estonia, Carnegie Hall in New York City, the back rooms of bars, juvenile.
It has been nearly 35 years since the poet Sylvia Plath put her head in a gas oven, killing herself at age 30 soon after her husband left her for another woman. And for all that time, her widower, the.
According to their website, "The sole criterion for judgment will be excellence: to identify works of literature in which the.
Ted Hughes was an English poet and a prolific writer of children's books. Born on 17th August 1930 in Yorkshire. Read complete biography of Ted Hughes.
LONDON (Reuters) – A newly discovered poem by Ted Hughes describing his first wife Sylvia Plath. Hughes and Plath were among the 20th century’s most famous poets, and their troubled relationship.
Browse through Ted Hughes’s poems and quotes. 29 poems of Ted Hughes. Still I Rise, The Road Not Taken, If You Forget Me, Dreams, Annabel Lee. Ted Hughes is consistently described as one of the twentieth century’s greatest English poets. Born.
CONGRATULATIONS all round must go to rising star Simon Armitage who becomes the nation’s 21st Poet Laureate. As a.
Edward James (Ted) Hughes was born in Mytholmroyd, in the West Riding district of Yorkshire, on August 17, 1930. His childhood was quiet and dominately rural.
James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1901 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri.He moved to New York City as a young man, where he made his career. One of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form called jazz poetry, Hughes.
Dec 12, 2014 · An Introduction” is Kamala Das’s most famous poem in the confessional mode. Writing to her, always served as a sort of spiritual therapy: ”If I had been a loved person, I.
Memorial Tree Planting Ceremony Poems Dickens Pubs In London Pints and poetry. the Marquis of Granby on London’s Rathbone Street is associated with TS Eliot Neither was a famous drinker, but it was in the company of Charles Dickens and Virginia Woolf that the. A Dickens of a Walk at Rochester is an AA-recommend walk with full walking directions and
Free collection of all Ted Hughes Poems and Biography. and later became a shopkeeper, but his disturbed memories of his experiences in World War I, when.
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Government affairs and public policy
FEMA Releases Refreshed National Incident Management System
On October 17, FEMA released the refreshed National Incident Management System (NIMS), which provides a common, nationwide approach to enable the entire community to work together to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from incidents.
The refresh comes after a review of more than 3,000 comments from across the U.S. and incorporates policy updates from lessons learned through exercises and real-world incidents and clarifies the process for qualifying, certifying, and credentialing incident personnel.
According to the FEMA announcement, "This year's active hurricane and fire seasons highlight the importance of working together before, during and after disasters of all types and sizes."
FEMA will be hosting a series of 60-minute webinars to discuss these updates and answer any NIMS-related questions.
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Home > News & Blog > State Legislation > Page 5
Atheists Push NH to End Child Marriage
January 24, 2019 American Atheists State Legislation
Concord, NH—American Atheists, on behalf of its constituents in New Hampshire, thanked the NH House Committee on Children and Family Law for considering HB 378, a bill to end child marriage in New Hampshire....
Atheists: Do Not Subject Nebraska Schoolchildren to “In God We Trust” Posters
Lincoln, NE—American Atheists, on behalf of its nearly 300 constituents in Nebraska, wrote in opposition to LB 73, a controversial bill that requires school boards to display the national motto “In God We Trust” in every classroom and school building....
American Atheists opposes South Dakota’s anti-transgender high school bill
Pierre, SD—American Atheists, on behalf of its constituents in South Dakota, wrote in opposition to SB 49, a controversial bill that would intensify systemic discrimination against transgender students in South Dakota’s high school athletics programs....
Atheists: VA Public Schools Must Warn about Female Genital Mutilation
Richmond, VA—American Atheists, on behalf of its nearly 1,500 constituents in Virginia, wrote to provide testimony in support of SB 1159, a bill which requires public secondary schools to include information in their family life curriculum regarding the harmful physical and emotional effects of female genital mutilation (FGM). Read the…...
American Atheists pushes for Protecting Vulnerable Adults from Conversion Therapy in DC
December 14, 2018 American Atheists State Legislation
Washington, DC—American Atheists, on behalf of its constituents in the District of Columbia, provided testimony supporting B22-0972, a measure that would extend the current protections against conversion therapy to vulnerable adults under conservatorship or guardianship....
American Atheists Speaks out against Female Genital Mutilation in Ohio
Columbus, OH—American Atheists, on behalf of its more than 1,200 constituents in Ohio, provided testimony supporting SB 214, a bill that would protect women and girls in Ohio from harmful practices known as female genital mutilation (FGM)....
American Atheists Submits Testimony Opposing Ohio’s Proposed Six-Week Abortion Ban
December 5, 2018 American Atheists State Legislation
Columbus, OH—American Atheists, on behalf of its more than 1,200 constituents in Ohio, submitted testimony today in opposition to HB 258, a controversial bill that would limit access for millions of Ohio women to reproductive healthcare by banning abortion at six weeks....
ACTION ALERT: We can’t allow the Catholic Church to cover up child abuse
August 22, 2018 American Atheists Action Alert, State Legislation
The Catholic Church is once again in the news in for its systemic, repeated sexual abuse of hundreds of Pennsylvania children....
Your ticket for the: ACTION ALERT: We can’t allow the Catholic Church to cover up child abuse
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BMW i3 Review & Deals
Advantages: The research and development work carried out since 2007 as part of project i has laid the foundations for sustainable mobility solutions influenced by environmental, economic and social change around the world. BMW i3 is the world’s first premium car designed from the ground up to be powered by an electric drive system.
The result is hallmark BMW driving pleasure, delivered with zero emissions and an engaging intensity unmatched by any other electrically powered vehicle.
Disadvantages: The i3 follows an estimated $2.7 billion investment programme by BMW so its recent launch may be a high point for the world’s biggest luxury carmaker and the electric car fraternity but reports indicate that consumers are staying sceptical about electric vehicles due their cost and their driving range.
With the i3 starting at almost €35,000, a considerable sum above the base version of the company’s best-selling 3-Series, this could be a challenging buy for many consumers looking for a long ride on a comparatively cheaper vehicle.
Summary: The BMW i series is being looked at as "a true halo project for BMW," says Henner Lehne, Frankfurt-based analyst with IHS Automotive, as quoted on Reuters. "If it succeeds, it will firm up BMW's lead on innovation." He is spot on.
New BMW I3 Review:
The BMW i3 – the first series-produced model by BMW i – is the first BMW Group model running on electric power encapsulating totally new and groundbreaking ways to experience driving pleasure, sustainability and connectivity on city roads.
The BMW i3’s innovative vehicle concept includes a passenger compartment made from carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP). Its driver assistance systems and mobility services from BMW Connected Drive and the 360° Electric services are all specially developed for BMW i.
The electric motor powering the BMW i3 can generate a maximum output of 125 kW/170 hp and peak torque of 250 Newton metres (184 lb-ft). Its instantaneous power flows to the rear wheels via a single-speed transmission.
The motor sources its energy from lithium-ion storage cells integrated into the car’s underfloor section.
The significantly lower centre of gravity of the i3 – the result of the low, central placement of the battery units – and even weight distribution make an additional contribution to the car’s agile handling.
The battery gives the car a range in everyday conditions of 130 – 160 kilometres (81 – 99 miles) when fully charged from a conventional domestic power socket, BMW i Wallbox or public charging station.
View the latest 2013 BMW I3 Deals
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Preston Accept Bid From Premier League Club For Callum Robinson
Callum Robinson looks set for a move to the English top flight, after Preston North End confirmed that they have accepted a bid from a Premier League club for the player.
The Republic of Ireland international has been strongly linked with a move away from Deepdale over the past few months, with a number of Premier League clubs rumoured to be interested. With the player entering the final year of his contract, Preston were fearful of losing him for nothing next summer.
Those fears have forced the club into action, who this afternoon confirmed they have accepted a bid from an unknown club for the forward.
Preston North End can confirm they have accepted a bid from a Premier League club for forward Callum Robinson.
The player has been given permission to leave the team’s Irish training camp in order to discuss personal terms and undertake a medical ahead of a proposed move.
There will be no further comment from the club at this time.
While the identity of the buying club has not yet been confirmed, we do have some idea as to where he may end up. Norwich City have been the most strongly linked, as they seek to beef up their squad for their return to the Premier League.
Sheffield United are also possibility, with manager Chris Wilder hinting that they were close to a couple of deals in recent days. Burnley are another side credited with an interest.
This will be an exciting move for the player, who was in amazing form in the Championship last season. Despite missing a large portion of the campaign due to injury, he still managed to grab 12 goals and three assists in 24 league starts.
At 24-years old, he is also set to be an important player for Ireland in the coming years. He has impressed during his brief foray onto the international stage, most recently in the win over Gibraltar.
SEE ALSO: Stephen Kenny Outlines Vision For Bright Future Of Irish Football
Steve Bruce Wants To Prove The Doubters Wrong At Newcastle
What If: Jose Mourinho Was Appointed Barcelona Boss In 2008?
All The Official Premier League Jerseys For The 2019/20 Season
Premier League republic of ireland
Gary Connaughton
See more from Gary Connaughton
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Home » Investigations » NV Energy, Inc. Shareholder Alert: Bernstein Liebhard LLP Announces Investigation of Acquisition by MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company, a Subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.
NV Energy, Inc. Shareholder Alert: Bernstein Liebhard LLP Announces Investigation of Acquisition by MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company, a Subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.
Bernstein Liebhard LLP is investigating whether the Board of Directors of NV Energy, Inc. (“NV Energy” or the “Company”) (NYSE: NVE) breached its fiduciary duty to its shareholders in agreeing to sell NV Energy to MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company, a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.
Under the terms of the agreement, NV Energy shareholders will receive $23.75 in cash for each share they own. The investigation is focused on the potential unfairness of the price to NV Energy shareholders and the process by which the NV Energy Board of Directors considered and approved the transaction.
If you are interested in discussing your rights as an NV Energy stockholder, with no obligation or cost to you, please contact U. Seth Ottensoser at (877) 779-1414 or Ottensoser@bernlieb.com.
Bernstein Liebhard LLP has pursued hundreds of securities, consumer and shareholder rights cases and recovered over $3 billion for its clients. It has been named to The National Law Journal’s “Plaintiffs’ Hot List” in each of the last ten years.
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~ read ~ imagine ~ learn ~
ABOUT READING
why reading matters
raising a reader
birth - 18 months
1 - 3 year olds
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You are here: home / children's authors A - Z / John Flanagan
John Flanagan is the Australian author who writes primarily for teenagers. He is the author of two wonderful fantasy series of books: the Ranger's Apprentice series and the Brotherband Chronicles.
John Flanagan lives with his wife Leonie in Manly, a suburb on the northern beaches of Sydney, in Australia. He worked in advertising for 20 years before turning his hand to television script-writing, co-writing a comedy series called Hey Dad! with a friend. The show aired in Australia from 1987 to 1994 and was very popular.
In the 1990s, John's son Michael was a not-very-big twelve-year- old who wasn't all that keen on reading. In an effort to encourage Michael John wrote a series of twenty short stories about a boy called Will who is taken as an apprentice Ranger to the grim and mysterious Halt. As well as encouraging him to read, John also wanted to show his son that heroes didn't have to always be big and strong.
The stories eventually became the first book in the Ranger's Apprentice series - The Ruins of Gorlan.
Michael (and his two sisters) are now, of course, all grown up and Michael is six-foot tall, broad-shouldered and strong.
How great would it be to have a dad who wrote a series of wonderful stories just for you? And I imagine it would be even more amazing to know that those stories are now so loved by so many kids all around the world.
John now writes full-time and still lives in Sydney with his wife. He is working on more books in the Brotherband series and now has four grandchildren.
John Flanagan's Books
John Flanagan has written two series of books: the Ranger's Apprentice series and the Brotherband Chronicles.
The Ruins of Gorlan (2004)
The Burning Bridge (2005)
The Icebound Land (2005)
Oakleaf Bearers (2006)
The Sorcerer in the North (2006)
The Siege of Macindaw (2007)
Erak's Ransom (2007)
The Kings of Clonmel (2008)
Halt's Peril (2009)
The Emperor of Nihon-Ja (2010)
The Lost Stories (2011)
The Royal Ranger (2013)
Ranger's Apprentice: The Early Years
These books are prequels to the Ranger's Apprentice series. They are set before Will's time and deal with Morgarath's coup and Halt and Crowley's counter-plot to save Araluen.
The Tournament at Gorlan (2015)
The Battle of Hackham Heath (2016)
The Brotherband Chronicles
The Hunters (2012)
Slaves of Socorro (2014)
Scorpion Mountain (2014)
The Ghostfaces (2016)
The Caldera (2017)
Meeting John Flanagan
I was lucky enough to meet John when I went to a book signing in 2007 at The Children's Bookshop in Beecroft in Sydney. Paul, the owner of the bookshop is a friend and our sons were at school together so the three boys went to the shop together after school to meet their favourite author. By the time I arrived to pick my two up, only the three boys, Paul and John himself were still there.
John's a lovely man, interested in everyone and very friendly and generous with his time.My boys were heavily into the Ranger's Apprentice books at the time so I brought our collection along for John to sign and we chatted about boys and books and reading as he waited for his taxi. It was a brief meeting and John wouldn't remember it but I'm a huge admirer of his work and I really enjoyed having the opportunity to tell him how much his books meant to my sons.
The Ranger's Apprentice Collection: Books 1-3
© 2010-2018 Best Books for Kids privacy disclaimer site map about
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The Baba and Godman Culture Has to Be Demolished!
We stagger, we fall, we lay there for a while and then we start walking with a limp but eventually we start running again. The cycle of our society is the same too. We see something, we ignore, then we acknowledge, we grapple, we sometimes give up but eventually we do our best to do away with the evil that sits in leisure eating our principles.
From time to time we have heard about people or instances that leave us shaken. One such case that India recently witnessed is the story of self-styled godman Ram Rahim.
Apparently, he has millions of followers around the world, some records on his name and a spurious reputation of being the man of God, who is doing everything he can for the well-being of our society. However, gradually the country is realizing that he isn’t really the man that he is known to be. There are multiple rape charges, murder cases, corruption accusations, castration scandals and other atrocious charges filed against him. In fact, he has just been sentenced to 20 years in jail for two rape cases that have been proved in the court against him.
The court and the Government knew that he is shockingly popular with the masses and it had been suspected that there will be a ruckus to face once he gets declared guilty for the charges that have been registered against him. However, no one had estimated that lacs of people will gather at a location to protest court’s decision. Subsequently, about 30 people lost their lives, more than 250 got injured and the property worth millions got destroyed by the angry mob that violently started protesting the decision of convicting him.
Subsequently, about 30 people lost their lives, more than 250 got injured and the property worth millions got destroyed by the angry mob that violently started protesting the decision of convicting him.
But the question here is that who is at fault for whatever happened? Is it the court that took the right decision? Is it the so-called baba who has brainwashed people in such a manner that they were willing to die for him? Or the real culprits are the people who believe any Tom Dick and Harry that wears white clothes and talks about the God?
Why is this nation with the population in billions so helpless that the so-called Babas or Gurujis manipulate the sentiments of people with such an ease that it makes you feel disgusted? In a way, the people who blindly believe such scoundrels are more responsible for the consequences they face than those who fool them.
It is the weakness of will, wisdom, and rationality in people that they so easily fall prey to anyone talking crap on the name of God. He said that he is god sent, that he is a messenger of God and people believed him. What was so miraculous that he did for them to believe that he was god sent?
In fact, everything about him was so contrary to what has been written in holy books about God and saints. His lifestyle was ostentatious while the God that I have read about gives the message of simplicity, his mannerism was consuming while the god that I have heard about is all about giving, the god that us Indians are taught about is the epitome of sacrifice, love, and sacredness, whereas, this sham baba was anything but righteous or even sane.
The judiciary is incompetent, the system is incapable and the people of this country, well the less is said about them is more. They can lick a stone if they are told that such is the message of the god that one must lick stones to attain salvage.
And then comes the fourth pillar of our society and that is the media. Anytime any such thing happens, they bring four nobs (idiots) from 4 different political parties, who sit in the chat room, not to clarify issues or to shed light on government’s perspective but to prove the impotence of the opposition political party or the ruling party. And what is more frustrating is that the so called representatives, chosen by the media to bring in the news room to divulge some inside news, are not just mundane and stale but even identical in their views. Their only motive is to shut the other person and express their ideology that is nonsensical and regressive.
In the era, where people have reached the moon, where you are connected with the world 24/7, where innovations are redefining the way this world operates, India is falling deeper in abyss bit by bit.
It is painful to see that a nation that has given scientists and researchers to the biggest economies and powers of the world is so helpless, sickening, blind, brainless and appalling at home. In a country where a woman is supposedly worshipped, we let our daughters get raped in the name of God, we let our sons get castrated in the name of God, we let our kids rot in shame in the name of God.
When did God send the message for his daughters to be raped, sons to be castrated and kids to be orphaned, shamed and deprived of love?
If we still do not wake up to what is happening around us, if we still do not actually see what is happening, if we still do not get rid of our superstitions and Orthodox mentality, such people will keep manipulating the weakness of those handful of uneducated idiots who not only get fooled themselves but also subject other innocent to atrocities that ruin their present and future forever.
Tags: Criminal, Fraudster, Gurmeet Ram Rahim, Rapist
Student of life and perpetually lost in words. Writes about life experiences, food, travel, fashion, technology and more!
Have We Made the Right Shift or We Need to Take a Safe UTurn?
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About BJS
The international surgical journal with global reach
Scientific Surgery
Choose a surgical specialty
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Volume 73; Issue 4
latrogenic bile duct stricture: An avoidable surgical hazard?. BJS 1986; 73: 245-247.
Authors: G. W. Johnston
Surgery for peptic ulceration associated with hypergastrinaemia. BJS 1986; 73: 248-252.
Authors: C. G. Clark, N. L. Chowcat, M. R. Lewin, J. M. Gilbert, J. S. K. Gelister, P. B. Boulos et al.
Announcement. BJS 1986; 73: 252-252.
‘Laparostomy’: A technique for the management of intractable intra‐abdominal sepsis. BJS 1986; 73: 253-259.
Authors: M. M. Mughal, J. Bancewicz, M. H. Irving
Daily salivary progesterone levels in cyclical mastalgia patients and their controls. BJS 1986; 73: 260-263.
Authors: S. Kumar, R. E. Mansel, D. W. Wilson, G. F. Read, P. L. Truran, L. E. Hughes et al.
Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in breast cancer. BJS 1986; 73: 264-266.
Authors: C. S. McArdle, D. Crawford, E. H. Dykes, K. C. Calman, D. Hole, A. R. Russell et al.
Prognostic factors in breast cancer and the development of a prognostic index. BJS 1986; 73: 267-271.
Authors: R. M. Bryan, R. J. Mercer, R. C. Bennett, G. C. Rennie
Increased activities of thymidine kinase isozymes in human mammary tumours. BJS 1986; 73: 272-273.
Authors: S. Sakamoto, T. Iwama, M. Ebuchi, K. Tsukada, T. Sagara, T. Kawasaki et al.
Multifactorial study of prognostic factors in differentiated thyroid carcinoma and a re‐evaluation of the importance of age. BJS 1986; 73: 274-277.
Authors: F. Bacourt, B. Asselain, J. C. Savoie, E. D'Hubert, J. P. Massin, G. Doucet et al.
Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma without associated endocrinopathies: A distinct clinical entity. BJS 1986; 73: 278-281.
Authors: J. R. Farndon, G. S. Leightt, W. G. Dilley, S. B. Baylin, R. C. Smallridge, T. S. Harrison et al.
Parathyroid hormone levels, hyperparathyroidism and acute pancreatitis. BJS 1986; 73: 282-284.
Authors: M. G. Shearer, C. W. Imrie
Anorectal function following coloanal sleeve anastomosis for chronic radiation injury to the rectum. BJS 1986; 73: 285-289.
Authors: J. S. Varma, A. N. Smith
Negative effect of Metoclopramide in postoperative adynamic ileus. A prospective, randomized, double blind study. BJS 1986; 73: 290-291.
Authors: S. Jepsen, Anette Klærke, P. H. Nielsen, O. Simonsen
Intragastric bile acids and scintigraphy in the assessment of duodenogastric reflux. BJS 1986; 73: 292-294.
Authors: P. W. J. Houghton, N. J. McC. Mortensen, W. E. G. Thomas, M. J. Cooper, A. P. Morgan, E. R. Davies et al.
Incidence of bile reflux in gastric ulcer and after partial gastrectomy. BJS 1986; 73: 295-297.
Authors: Valerie Poxon, Barbara Hogg, Denise Youngs, D. L. Morris, M. R. B. Keighley
Proximal gastric vagotomy or truncal vagotomy and drainage for chronic duodenal ulcer?. BJS 1986; 73: 298-300.
Authors: C. G. Clark, A. Fresini, J. G. C. Araujo, P. B. Boulos
Metabolic changes in the non‐insulin‐dependent diabetic undergoing minor surgery: Effect of glucose—insulin—potassium infusion. BJS 1986; 73: 301-304.
Authors: J. Thompson, D. J. Husband, A. C. Thai, K. G. M. M. Alberti
Stripping the long saphenous vein: Peroperative retrograde saphenography in patients with and without venous ulceration. BJS 1986; 73: 305-307.
Authors: R. Sutton, S. G. Darke
Radiation‐induced soft‐tissue sarcoma. BJS 1986; 73: 308-309.
Authors: T. Davidson, G. Westbury, C. L. Harmer
New method for assessment of anal sensation in various anorectal disorders. BJS 1986; 73: 310-312.
Authors: A. M. Roe, D. C. C. Bartolo, N. J. McC. Mortensen
Renal parenchymal carcinoma in children. BJS 1986; 73: 313-317.
Authors: C. M. Booth
Vascular surgical society of Great Britain and Ireland. BJS 1986; 73: 318-323.
Local excision of rectal tumours. BJS 1986; 73: 324-324.
Authors: F. Smedley, D. A. Macfarlane, C. V. Mann
Collagen metabolism in experimental colonic anastomoses. BJS 1986; 73: 324-324.
Authors: T. T. Irvin
Chemodectomas of the neck. BJS 1986; 73: 324-324.
Authors: D. East
Frozen section of Tru‐cut biopsies versus cytology. BJS 1986; 73: 324-325.
Authors: J. M. Dixon, E. C. G. Lee, V. Crucioli, J. Bradbeer
Angelchik prosthesis: A modification of surgical technique. BJS 1986; 73: 325-325.
Authors: A. L. Blower, J. F. Clegg
Oxygen tension. BJS 1986; 73: 325-325.
Authors: A. Singer
Testicular torsion does not cause autoimmunization in man. BJS 1986; 73: 325-326.
Authors: P. C. Ryan, C. A. Whelean, J. M. Fitzpatrick
Care of the postoperative surgical patient. J. A. R. Smith and J. Watkins. 240 × 160mm. Pp.273 + x. Illustrated in black and white. 1985. Sevenoaks: Butterworths. £33.00. BJS 1986; 73: 327-327.
Authors: P. D. Wright
A practical guide to operative surgery. S. Das. 250 × 184 mm. Pp.423 + viii. Illustrated. 1985. India: S. Das, 13 Old Mayor’s Court, Calcutta 700 005, India. $10.00. BJS 1986; 73: 327-327.
Authors: J. Dawson
Surgical Diagnosis and Management. D. C. Dunn and N. Rawlinson. 215 × 138 mm. Pp.610 + xi. Illustrated. 1985. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. £14.80. BJS 1986; 73: 327-327.
Authors: M. Pietroni
Intensive care manual. T. E. Oh. 240 × 183 mm. Pp.463 + xvi. Illustrated. 1985. Sevenoaks: Butterworths. £25.00 (soft cover). BJS 1986; 73: 327-327.
Authors: D. Bihari
Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery. J. E. Conte Jr, L. S. Jacob and H. C. Polk Jr. 235 × 155 mm. Pp. 196 + ix. Illustrated. 1985. London: Harper & Row Ltd. £24.75. BJS 1986; 73: 327-327.
Authors: C. S. McArdle
Fundamentals of clinical trials. L. M. Friedman, C. D. Furberg and D. L. DeMets.242 × 160 mm. Pp. 302 + xi. Illustrated. 1985. Littleton, Massachusetts: PSG Publishing Co, Inc.. BJS 1986; 73: 328-328.
Authors: A. V. Pollock
Neurosurgery — the scientific basis of clinical practice. A. Crockard, R. Hayward and J. T. Hoff. 253 × 193 mm. Pp. 647 + viii. Illustrated. 1985. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. £65.00. BJS 1986; 73: 328-328.
Authors: G. M. Teasdale
The pancreas. Principles of medical and surgical practice. L. H. Toledo‐Pereyra. 240 × 165 mm. Pp. 496 + xvi. Illustrated. 1985. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. £63.60. BJS 1986; 73: 328-328.
Authors: M. J. Cooper
Lasers in urologic surgery. J. A. Smith. 235 × 156 mm. Pp. 183 + x. Illustrated in black and white. 1985. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications (Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc.). £43.00. BJS 1986; 73: 328-328.
Authors: J. C. Smith
Alternatives to conventional ileostomy. R. R. Dozois. 260 × 183 mm. Pp. 454 + xvi. Illustrated. 1985. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. £47.50. BJS 1986; 73: 328-328.
Authors: P. F. Schofield
An environment for healing: The role for occlusion. T. J. Ryan. 237 × 158 mm. Pp. 158 + xi. Illustrated in black and white and colour. 1985. Oxford University Press for the Royal Society of Medicine. £16.00. BJS 1986; 73: 329-329.
Authors: D. Leaper
Operations in urology. P. Clark. 285 × 225 mm. Pp. 446. Illustrated. 1985. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston. £35.00. BJS 1986; 73: 329-329.
Authors: C. A. C. Charlton
Management of vascular surgical problems. W. A. Dale. 243 × 190 mm. Pp. 601 + xiii. Illustrated. 1985. Maidenhead: McGraw‐Hill Book Co. Ltd. £68.75. BJS 1986; 73: 329-329.
Authors: J. N. Wolfe
Current operative surgery: General surgery. A. Cuschieri and T. P. J. Hennessy. 260 × 192 mm. Pp. 148. Illustrated. 1985. Eastbourne: Balliere Tindall. £19.50. BJS 1986; 73: 329-329.
Authors: J. Bolton
Advances in surgery. Volume 18. G. T. Shires. 235 × 157 mm. Pp. 263 + xii. Illustrated. 1984. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. £44.00. BJS 1986; 73: 329-329.
Authors: R. M. R. Taylor
Abdominal pain in children. B. O’Donnell. 212 × 138 mm. Pp. 138 + xiv. Not illustrated. 1985. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. £8.50 (soft back). BJS 1986; 73: 329-329.
Authors: A. J. L. Brain
Notices and announcements. BJS 1986; 73: 330-330.
Masthead. BJS 1986; 73: fmi-fmi.
Copyright © 2019 John Wiley + Sons Inc
Content © 2019 BJS Society Ltd
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Irish pub complete with huge Blackpool Tower replica officially one of the best... SHEDS!
O'Smither's was built in the back garden of Doug Smith's home in Carr Lane, Hambleton
An Irish ‘pub’, complete with 20ft tall Blackpool Tower replica, is officially one of the UK’s best... sheds!
O’Smither’s, in the back garden of Doug Smith’s home in Carr Lane, Hambleton, won the ‘Pub/Entertainment’ category of the 2018 Shed of the Year competition.
Doug and his new wife Caroline
He said: “I’m absolutely delighted. It was never done for [awards] but to be recognised is fantastic. I’m chuffed.”
Two years ago, Mr Smith’s creation, which contains a fully-stocked bar, rugby theme, tables ands chairs, Irish signs and flags and even a fruit machine, also won the Pub Shed UK competition.
“I’ve the two biggest pub shed accolades available, which is nice really,” he said. He now plans to hold a celebratory party – as well as host charity events.
The pub is hard to miss when driving through the Over Wyre village, because the replica Tower – built by Vickers Armstrong apprentices during the Second World War– sits atop it.
The shed bar can fit 34 people in at once
The bar has three metal shuttered sides which can be opened during nice weather, and replicated the bricks of the historic Tower building at the back.
The overall winner of this year’s competition was George Smallwood’s Bee Eco Shed – a self-watering and self-sufficient space where vegetables, herbs, bugs, and bees can thrive.
George said: “When we started the project we never could have dreamed we’d be here now.
“We hope our shed will inspire others around the UK to create spaces for wildlife in their gardens.”
O’Smither’s was borne out of a bet with a friend, retired sales manager Doug, 59, said.
It was made over a meal several years ago – and the friend has still yet to start his, Doug (inset) said. “It’s one of those things that never gets finished. We’re always adding to it.
“I can sit 34 people in the pub. Everybody loves it and can’t believe how authentic it is. It’s got the wow factor.”
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Jaeger-LeCoultre Master
Jaeger-LeCoultre Master Extreme
Jaeger-LeCoultre Duomètre
The problem with some chronographs is that by actuating the stopwatch function, part of the energy from the mainspring is diverted from powering the time indications. The result of this is the accuracy of the watch can be adversely affected. This is not the case with the Jaeger-LeCoultre Duomètre. In 2007, Jaeger-LeCoultre, a watch company with an enviable reputation for crafting ingenious, Manufacture movements par excellence, conceived a wonderful solution to this problem in the form of the Duomètre à Chronographe.
The ‘dual-wing’ movement consists of two independent barrels, each with its own gear train but sharing a common screwed balance. The Calibre 380 was the first movement to be housed in a wristwatch with no coupling-clutch, typical of many chronographs. The winding crown is turned in one direction to energise the mainspring for the chronograph and the opposite direction to power the mainspring responsible for the time indications.
Positioned at 6 o’clock on the dial of the Duomètre à Chronographe is a foudroyante, or a jumping seconds hand, displaying 1/6 of second integers.
The Duomètre à Quantième Lunaire forgoes the chronograph complication in favour of a date display and a strikingly attractive moon phase indication. In 2012, the model received a mild makeover, including an updated dial design featuring open-worked sections in the lower portion of the dial and a new smaller case size of 40.5mm (formerly 42mm). Also in 2012, Jaeger-LeCoultre released probably one of the most fascinating iterations of the Duomètre family, the Duomètre Sphérotourbillon.
When Abraham-Louis Breguet patented his invention, the tourbillon, in 1801, it was intended for use within a pocket watch. This device proved ideal or a timepiece held in a vertical plane, typically in a waistcoat pocket. By placing the escapement within a rotating cage, turning in one, vertical plane, it made absolute sense, countering the adverse effects of gravity on the balance and conferring greater accuracy.
However, with the advent of wristwatches, the enhanced accuracy proffered by a tourbillon is less obvious. For example, a wristwatch will be held in a myriad of angles relative to the ground, mitigating the rationale for rotating the escapement within a cage in one vector.
The Duomètre Sphérotourbillon places the escapement within a cage which rotates on the same axis. A second cage surrounds the first, is inclined at a 20° angle, turning at a different rotational speed. This combination of different angles and speeds ensures the Calibre 382, housed within the Duomètre Sphérotourbillon, compensates for the effect of gravity in all positions.
In keeping with other members of the Duomètre collection, the Sphérotourbillon features ‘two lungs’, one powering the tourbillon and a one powering the timekeeping indications. Another key aspect of the Duomètre Sphérotourbillon’s specification is a flyback seconds function, allowing the wearer to precisely synchronise the small second’s display, positioned in the lower region of the dial, with a reference clock.
While the Duomètre Sphérotourbillon confers benefits in terms of accuracy, single axis tourbillons continue to prove popular with the cognoscenti. Firstly, they often deliver a captivating spectacle of the escapement rotating within a cage, invariably revealed via an aperture on the dial. Secondly, the level of craftsmanship and expertise needed to bring them to fruition draws on the skills of the most accomplished watchmakers, a select few capable of working at this elevated level. Indeed, owning a tourbillon represents the pinnacle of watch ownership.
Duometer
February 2012 £20,950.00
Blowers Jewellers July 6th, 2015 February 27th, 2019 Jaeger-LeCoultre Duomètre
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Hum Chaar Reviews (Top Critics)
By Ramesh S (2.5/5)
The Rajshri banner has always given a boost to young talent. From Dosti (Laxmikant Pyarelal), Geet Gaata Chal (Sachin), Chitchor (Amol Palekar), Akhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se (Ranjeeta), Abodh (Madhuri Dixit), Maine Pyar Kiya (Salman Khan and Bhagyashree) and so many more, the films made the right mark for many budding talents.
By Kennith Roasario
Rajshri Productions, known for its sanskari family dramas, is trying to keep up with the millennials in Hum Chaar. Family has given way to friends, characters (including women) consume alcohol, emojis and social media interface float onscreen, the female lead is (somewhat) feisty and the word 'sex' is uttered (although cloaked as 'sexpheare'). But the structure and tone of storytelling remain the same old - a classic linear narrative, predictable turn of events, over-established situations and stilted character arcs.
By Reza Noorani (2.5/5)
Given the hectic lives of medial students, it is a bit odd that the four protagonists in Hum Chaar rarely are worried about their grades. But that's okay, because they are there to entertain the audience. But do they manage to do so? Not all the time. In fact, just as we start witnessing the bonding between the four, the first half is over, which is also the best half of the film. The second half drags on for a good one hour, and there is not a lot to learn there.
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Fending off foreclosure: You don’t have to lose your home
April 27, 2001 in Mortgages
Curing a foreclosure is a little like curing cancer — the sooner you catch it, the better your chance of survival.
Early on in the default process, consumers can still come back from the brink because they haven’t missed more than one or two monthly payments and their lenders haven’t spent too much trying to get them back in line. But as the foreclosure process moves along, the size of the delinquent debt owed and the bank legal costs that customers are usually charged mount. Borrowers who try to ignore their financial problems — and their lenders’ phone calls — will likely lose their homes.
“As soon as you know you’re going to miss your first mortgage payment, that’s when we need to be notified. We can explain to the consumer what to expect throughout the process,” says John Lawrence, manager of borrower counseling services with Wells Fargo & Co.’s mortgage division. “Say they’ve lost their job or some other type of hardship has gone on. We can give them time to help get their lives back in order.
“The longer that you go — and if you’re going into a foreclosure process, there are other fees and costs involved in that — it does make it more difficult to ultimately get the problem solved.”
Lenders looking to help
Solving foreclosures is what companies want to do these days, too, according to lending experts. Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the mortgage servicers responsible for administering borrower loans have all attempted to boost loan “workouts” or “cures” and reduce the number of homes that end up in the dreaded “REO,” or “Real Estate Owned,” category.
“Servicers should be solicitous at every step of the process to try to help the borrower stay in the home,” says Danny Smith, manager of loss mitigation at Fannie Mae. “The sooner that there is a connection there between the two of them to work something out on the loan, the more likely the borrower is to stay in the home.”
Mortgage banks and investors aren’t just doing this out of the kindness of their hearts. Workouts look better from a public relations standpoint and usually cost thousands of dollars less than full foreclosures and home repossessions. They also keep lenders from having to slog through the foreclosure process, which in some states can drag on for a year and a half or more. Regardless of lenders’ motivations, the trend toward increased workouts means borrowers have a much better chance today of avoiding eviction than in the past.
“Put yourself in the bank’s shoes,” says Mory Brenner, a Pittsfield, Mass. attorney who works with borrowers in foreclosure. “The person has missed one payment or two payments and you know in your state that if the thing goes to foreclosure, you’re going to be looking at getting no payments for a year and a half and at the end of the year and a half, now you’re going to have to market a distressed property.
“Are you going to want to help the borrower make their payments? Absolutely.”
The workout wheel starts turning once a borrower payment becomes 16 days late. The servicer will try to get in touch with the customer at that point and figure out a way to bring the payment current. After the first payment becomes 30 days delinquent and the next month’s payments look to be in jeopardy, collection attempts get more and more serious. By about 90 or 100 days, the servicer will refer the mortgage to an attorney or other representative, who will initiate the formal foreclosure process.
During these few months, the servicer will offer the borrower two primary options to cure the mortgage — a repayment plan and a loan modification. With a repayment plan, the company agrees to tack, say, half the amount of the first missed payment onto each of the next subsequent two payments. These plans provide some breathing room for borrowers with short-term financial problems, such as expensive car repairs that make it too difficult to pay the mortgage for one month.
In a more serious case, the customer may have already missed two or three payments and owes a couple thousand dollars in lender legal fees. The servicer will still try to arrange a repayment schedule. But the borrower will likely have to pay a third to a half of the delinquent amount upfront, and then pay off a portion of the remaining balance each month for a year or more.
“In a repayment plan, the borrower agrees to do a payment and a half, a payment and a quarter, etc., for whatever number of months is needed to make that loan current,” says Fannie Mae’s Smith.
Loan modifications go a step further and they’re designed for customers that can’t afford repayment plans. In a modification, the servicer actually adjusts the terms of the loan to make it affordable. It may lengthen the amortization schedule or lower the interest rate to cut the monthly payments, or roll the past due amount into the loan and re-amortize the new balance so the borrower can pay the additional debt back over time.
If the customer has a more serious financial problem, such as a longer-term job loss followed by rehire at another company that pays much less, alternatives still exist. The servicer may agree to help the borrower get rid of the house via a pre-foreclosure sale. In more dire circumstances, the servicer will agree to a “short sale.” In such sales, the lender lets the borrower sell the house for less than the outstanding loan amount, takes the proceeds and forgives any remaining overage. Banks are willing to do so because they often lose less on these deals than they do in foreclosures.
Some companies may consider a “short refinance,” too. With these, the lender agrees to forgive some of the debt and refinance the rest into a new loan. That way, it still gets more money than it would by foreclosing. One last way to bail out of a home before things get really ugly is a “deed in lieu of foreclosure” agreement. The borrower surrenders the property deed to the bank and it sells it.
“If he has no prospects and there’s no way he can save his property, getting with someone who can help him sell it as quickly as possible” is the best choice, says Michael Drawdy, first vice president at Countrywide Credit Industries Inc.’s mortgage division.
If all else fails …
Consumers who can’t use any of these methods still have some choices. A debtor who can afford the normal monthly mortgage payment, but can’t afford to make up the delinquent amount and legal fees because the lender is proposing a relatively stringent repayment plan, may want to consider filing Chapter 13 bankruptcy. Doing so temporarily halts the foreclosure process and can force the mortgage lender to accept a more borrower-friendly repayment plan, such as one that grants five years to repay the amount in arrears rather than one or two.
Borrowers who just need some extra time to sell their homes, on the other hand, should consider refinancing via a “hard money” loan. While they have very high rates and fees, the loans, usually from private individuals, can give people the couple extra months they need to find buyers. Most banks will be more than happy to take cash no matter how close it is to the foreclosure sale too. If a relative steps in with $10,000 to bring the loan current, a borrower can usually just hand it to the lender and go back to business as usual.
“The banks are happy to do it,” says Brenner, the attorney. “Remember, they don’t want your house. The bank just reinstates the loan back to the old terms, takes all the arrearage, all the legal fees, all the late fees and they pay it off and you get back on track.”
While all this sounds simple, borrowers shouldn’t be lulled into complacency. Lenders want your money. Just because they’re negotiating with you, it doesn’t mean they won’t turn around and foreclose if that’s the way they lose the least money.
“Around the 90th to 120th day is when the loan is reported to foreclosure and from that point on, two things are going on simultaneously. It’s sort of a ‘good cop, bad cop’ ” routine, says Phil Comeau, vice president for servicing and billing operations at Freddie Mac. “The foreclosure department is moving as quickly as possible to get to the foreclosure sale and the loss mitigation department is working with the borrower to try to do a workout. If the workout can be done before the foreclosure sale takes place, then everybody wins and the workout is done. If that can’t be done, the foreclosure sale is held.
“It’s sort of a race to the finish line.”
Following the same logic, customers should try to negotiate the best deal they can get without feeling guilty. Someone whose property has fallen in value below the mortgage amount because of a neighborhood decline, for example, should consider pushing for a short sale or short refinance rather than a repayment plan. That way, the borrower doesn’t pay more money than necessary. Nevertheless, the best way for consumers to get out of foreclosure without racking up extensive legal bills and ruining their credit histories is to start working on a solution before their problems get out of hand.
“In no case should people take the step that is most often taken in this situation,” Brenner says. “That is to stick your head in the sand and ignore it.”
— Updated: July 18, 2003
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Theresa M. (Daisy) Smith
May 1, 1923 ~ July 30, 2018 (age 95)
Theresa M. (Daisy) Smith, 95, of Guy & Mary Felt Manor, Emporium, PA formerly of Lindenwood Dr., Emporium died at the Manor on Monday morning. (July 30, 2018) She was born May 1, 1923 in Clermont, PA a daughter of the late Carmine A. and Mary Falbo Grillo. On April 20, 1974 in St. Elizabeth of Hungary Catholic Church, Smethport, PA she married the late Carl E. Smith.
Daisy was a 1941 graduate of the former Mt. Jewett High School. She was employed at Sylvania for over 45 years. While working at Sylvania she was an avid bowler, bowling on the Sylvania teams for many years. She was a lifetime member of St. Mark Catholic Church in Emporium, a member of the CD of A, and served many years as a Eucharistic minister. Daisy was an avid artist specializing in oil and watercolors. She loved to travel, was a prize-winning quilter, enjoyed square dancing, and was an avid reader.
She is survived by three children; Joann (Jack) D'Ambrosio, Pittsburgh; Susan (Arthur) Beidler, Hedgesville, WV; Steve Smith, Bunola, PA; seven grandchildren, and nine great grandchildren; one brother, John (Frances) Grillo, Crystal City, MO and many nieces and nephews who were very special to her. In addition to her parents and husband she was preceded in death by a daughter-in-law, Lori Smith, two brothers, Joseph and Anthony "Tony" Grillo, one sister, Sarah DeLucia.
Visitation will be at the Barnett Funeral Home on Friday from 6-8 PM. Mass of Christian Burial will be Celebrated at the St. Mark Catholic Church, 235 East Fourth Street, Emporium, PA on Saturday (August 4, 2018) at 10:00 AM with Rev. Paul S. Siebert, Pastor, as Celebrant. Burial will be in the St. Mark Catholic Cemetery, Emporium, PA
Memorial Contributions may be made to the Guy & Mary Felt Manor, 110 East 4th Street, Emporium, PA 15834 or to St. Mark Catholic Church, 235 E. Fourth St., Emporium or to the Barbara Moscato Brown Memorial Library, 27 W. 4th St., PO Box 430, Emporium, PA 15834-0430
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1/4 corner common to Sections 30/29 of 1N10W on Bayocean
On January 1, 1987 a Tillamook County survey crew made up of Al Duncan, Al Dvorak, and Dan McNutt "rewitnessed" the monument for the quarter corner common to Sections 29 and 30 of Township 1 North, Range 10 West of the Willamette Meridian. On February 24, 2015 I found and photographed the brass cap they had set in concrete to replace a wood post Samuel Snowden and his crew had placed there April 1, 1857 as part of the first General Land Office (GLO) survey of Tillamook County. It's the GLO monument that remain on Bayocean Spit.
This monument survived, while the others did not, because it served as the "Initial Point" for Bayocean Park. When the Potters drew up their subdivision plat in 1906, this was the place from which all lots were surveyed. If you download the plat map, and zoom in, you'll see it at the far west end of 22nd Avenue. The Government Reservation border is the line dividing Sections 29 and 30.
Samuel Snowden GLO Field Notes April 1, 1857
In 2008, Terry Jones, of Bayside Surveying, surveyed the property discussed in my post Bayocean Eco-Park Rejected. His report refers to Rewitness Card # 56, which details the 1987 event discussed above. Jones also provided Oregon State Plane Coordinates for the monument, which Dan McNutt (now Tillamook County Surveyor) kindly converted to latitude/longitude (N 45.5442559 / W 123.9471265) so that I could find it.
Rewitness Card #56 discusses the conditions relative to what deputy surveyor Snowden wrote in his field notes on page 43 of OR-R0053. Snowden and the five other members of his crew hiked the entire length of Bayocean in one day, setting posts on dunes and in the hills along the way. He noted salal underbrush and forests, so this involved some serious bushwhacking. Snowden reported earlier in his notes that one crew member had quit because "he could not stand the thick brush and wading the swamps."
Diane Cain August 10, 2015 at 2:41 AM
Thank you so much for sharing all of the good info! I am looking forward to checking out more posts!
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Cardiff City FC & USW launch international degree
Historic partnership launched ahead of Villa game...
TAN SRI VINCENT TAN WINNING RETURN TO 'CITY STADIUM
Duration: 4 minutes
Bluebirds and USW will be helping to develop football in China with the launch of a new international degree.
Cardiff City FC and The University of South Wales (USW) have joined forces to develop the next generation of football experts in China.
Tan Sri Vincent Tan and Professor Helen Langton, USW’s Deputy Vice-Chancellor, announced the partnership at Cardiff City Stadium before the Bluebirds’ first home game of the 2017/2018 season, against Aston Villa.
The agreement will see Cardiff City FC staff assist in the recruitment of students in China, who will then study the BSc Football Coaching Development and Administration degree at USW’s Pontypridd Campus.
During the three-year full-time on-campus course, Cardiff City FC will also provide work-based learning placement opportunities for the students. Those on the course will benefit from USW’s expertise in both football and business.
Tan Sri Vincent Tan said of the collaboration: “I’m very pleased that Cardiff City FC is helping to develop football in Asia, particularly now in China and in partnership with USW. We hope to be able to do the same in other countries in the future.
“The launch of the degree is good for Cardiff City FC but also for Wales. Wales having a friendship and relationship with China and Asia is great and something that we will nurture.”
Cardiff City FC Executive Director & CEO, Ken Choo, added: “The International Development project at Cardiff City FC is something that’s very important to us and I’m delighted that Tan Sri Vincent and Professor Langton were able to officially launch it ahead of our fantastic win on Saturday.
“Our coaches have been based in Beijing for the past academic year, engaging with many children in our partner schools. They’ll be returning in September as part of the staff running and recruiting for the degree.
“Welcoming international students to Wales to aid their development thereafter will be very rewarding as they’ll be able to witness how we operate and hopefully transfer it in their future careers. We will work closely with USW and Welsh Government officers in Beijing to help promote the offering and ensure its success.”
Prof Langton said: “USW has become renowned worldwide for the expertise that this course offers, and how it is developing the football specialists of tomorrow.
“It gives students the skills to work in roles such as coaching, development and management, and focuses on both the football and business-related knowledge needed to develop professionals for the football industry.
“It has been developed in partnership with professional coaching organisations, and we already work with a partner in the USA, which has allowed us to further develop sector-leading skills.
“What we have found is that the array of subjects that are covered, from coaching to business management and sports development, give the graduates some excellent employment prospects in a range of professions, and the chance to achieve UEFA-level licences.”
For more information, please visit southwales.ac.uk
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CAROLINA WELLNESS PSYCHIATRY, pllc
Elizabeth S Bullard, MD
Providing comprehensive psychiatric services
Elizabeth Bullard, MD
owner/Medical director
Dr. Bullard, MD, completed medical school at Texas Tech School of Medicine, and served as chief resident during her psychiatry residency at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Prior to her medical training, she also earned a Master of Science degree in biology. During her six year academic career at the University of North Carolina Hospital System, she served as medical director of two adult psychiatric inpatient units while supervising residents and medical students. Additionally, she served as the first medical director of the UNC Perinatal Psychiatry Inpatient Program. She founded Carolina Wellness Psychiatry in 2013 to provide comprehensive outpatient care promoting overall psychological and physical wellness. She has specialized expertise in women's mental health and perinatal psychiatry.
Brian Moore, MD, MPH
Dr. Moore, MD, completed medical school and his adult psychiatry residency at The University of North Carolina School of Medicine. During his medical training, he also earned his Master of Public Health degree. He has also received advanced training through the Psychoanalytic Center of the Carolinas. His treatment philosophy centers around partnering with patients to consider both biological and psychological facets of experience. His treatment aims to promote self discovery and insight, explore barriers to wellness, and use psychotherapy with or without medication to achieve treatment goals. He treats a diverse population from college students to older adults. He has particular interest in mood disorders, anxiety disorder, relationship struggles, and working through difficult life transitions.
Allison Foroobar, MD
General and Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Dr. Foroobar, MD, completed medical school at Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine. She served as chief resident during her Triple Board Residency in general pediatrics, child and adolescent psychiatry, and adult psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. She provides comprehensive care for children and adolescents while partnering with their families, teachers, and other specialists to promote overall wellness. Areas of expertise include depression, anxiety, OCD, bipolar disorder and ADHD. She treats school aged children to young adults. She specializes in the behavioral health needs of children and adolescents also suffering from medical disorders including but not limited to epilepsy, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and congenital heart syndromes.
copyright 2019 Carolina wellness Psychiatry, pllc, all rights reserved
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The billionaire founder of Chinese tech giant JD.com is locked in a bitter lawsuit over a rape allegation by a college student: Here's everything we know about the case
Alexandra Ma
A composite image of a screengrab from leaked videos JD.com CEO Richard Liu and his rape accuser Liu Jingyao going to her apartment together, and Liu at another event.
Mingzhou Events/Weibo via YouTube; Bobby Yip/Reuters
Richard Liu, the billionaire founder of China's JD.com and one of the richest men in China, is facing a rape accusation in a civil court from a University of Minnesota college student.
He denies the allegations.
Liu was arrested last summer but was released shortly after. Minneapolis prosecutors also decided not to launch criminal charges against Liu last December, citing insufficient evidence.
But in April, the student Liu Jingyao filed a civil lawsuit against the tech CEO detailing the alleged rape, and a mysterious social media account leaked videos from the night of the alleged incident.
JD.com's stock has reacted swiftly to each twist and turn of the saga.
Here's everything we know about the allegation and lawsuit.
Richard Liu, the billionaire founder and CEO of JD.com, the Chinese e-commerce giant, faces a rape accusation in civil court from a college student in Minneapolis. The case has roiled his company's share price, called into question his squeaky-clean reputation, and led him to miss numerous high profile gatherings of China's business elite.
Liu is accused of assaulting Liu Jingyao, then a 21-year-old undergraduate at the University of Minnesota, while he was attending a business program there last summer.
He was arrested on the night of the alleged incident, but was released the next day and permitted to fly home. State prosecutors also dropped charges against him, citing insufficient evidence, last December. As far as the criminal justice system is concerned, Liu is free to go about his business as before.
Representatives of Liu and JD.com have repeatedly denied the sexual allegations, and vowed to fight them.
Liu's mugshot, which was taken shortly after his arrest in Minneapolis in August 2018.
Hennepin County Sheriff’s Office via AP
But the saga didn't end there. Last month, Liu Jingyao filed a civil lawsuit against the tech CEO, accusing him of plying her with so much alcohol that she couldn't walk properly, assaulting her in a company limousine, and then raping her in her apartment.
A week later, a mysterious Weibo account uploaded surveillance footage of the two drinking at dinner and going home together. Both sides say the clips vindicate their position.
Scroll down for a full timeline of the case.
This is Liu Qiangdong, also known as Richard Liu. The 46-year-old is the founder and CEO of JD.com, the biggest e-commerce company in China. As of May 2019, he has a net worth of $6.2 billion and is the 30th-richest person in China.
Richard Liu in 2014.
REUTERS/Shannon Stapleton
He was born in 1973 to a poor family in Suqian, Jiangsu, where his family often ate sweet potatoes and corn as dinner because they couldn't afford meat, The New York Times reported.
He first established the company as a small electronics stall in Beijing in 1998, but closed it six years later to focus on online retailing.
The company listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange in May 2014.
He is the 272nd-richest person in the world, according to Forbes.
Source: Forbes, JD.com
Over the years he gained a reputation as a workaholic and a family man. He's married to Zhang Zetian, the 25-year-old youngest female billionaire in China, with whom he has one daughter.
A composite image of Liu and his wife Zhang Zetian.
Lintao Zhang/Getty; Pascal Le Segretain/Getty
He has said that he often works 16-hour days because he doesn't like relaxing too much, Reuters reported. Once a year, he also wears a JD.com messengers' uniform to deliver packages himself.
"For my parents I want to be a good son, for my wife a good husband, and for my daughter I want to be a good father," he said this January, according to Reuters.
"I hope that one day when I retire that my workers will all be able to say: 'He was a good guy,'" he added.
Read more: The fabulous life of Zhang Zetian, the youngest female billionaire in China
In August 2018, he was arrested in Minneapolis following a rape accusation. He was released the next day and he returned home to China shortly after.
Liu's mugshot, taken in August 2018.
He had been in town at the time to attend a business administration course at the University of Minnesota, a program attended by many foreign CEOs.
JD.com's stock dropped 4% after the arrest and allegation were made public. Liu's standing in China's rich list also plummeted from 16 to 30.
Read more: Investors betting against JD.com made $153 million after the company's CEO was accused of sexual misconduct
Chinese social media users also "obsessed" over the case, with many of them learning about the American legal system — like what mug shots are — to follow along with the case, The New York Times reported.
That didn't end the media scrutiny of the incident. In September 2018, Reuters reported that the accuser sent WeChat messages to her friends after the alleged incident saying that the CEO pressured her into drinking and forced her into sex.
Logos of Chinese instant messaging apps WeChat and Bullet Messenger as taken in September 2018.
Florence Lo/Illustration/Reuters
According to Reuters, she described the alleged forced drinking as "a trap." She also discussed Liu's powerful position in China, saying: "You underestimate his power."
Though the report didn't name the accuser, it identified her as a student from China attending the University of Minnesota.
Jill Brisbois, Liu's lawyer in Minneapolis, told Reuters that the "allegations are inconsistent with evidence that we hope will be disclosed to the public once the case is closed."
Two months later, the Minneapolis Star Tribune published a long account of the night, including explicit details of the alleged rape. The newspaper also identified the accuser as a 21-year-old college student, but did not name her. (Warning: Graphic details below.)
Damir Sagolj/Reuters
Here's what the Star Tribune said:
"Inside the apartment, she told police, he pulled off her sweater over her protests. She said that Liu told her she could be just like Wendi Deng, the Chinese-born ex-wife of Australian media executive Rupert Murdoch.
"'I told him "no" several times,' she told police. She also told police that he tried to pull off her skirt and bra, held her arms and tried to throw her onto her bed.
"'We were battling against each other on the bed and finally I escaped from him and went back to the living room and put the bra back on again,' she said in the interview. 'Finally, he just threw me onto the bed. He was on me. He was heavy. I tried to push him away. But he was on top of me … and then he raped me.'"
Brisbois, the tech CEO's lawyer, told Business Insider that her client "maintains his innocence" and called the Star Tribune's story "one-sided."
Read more: A Chinese tech billionaire has been accused of plying a student with drink and then forcing himself on her during a trip to the US
Since the arrest Liu has not attended any high-profile tech events in China, which are frequently attended by fellow founders and CEOs of tech giants like Alibaba, Tencent, and Baidu.
Chinese President Xi Jinping at the Great Hall of the People, Beijing, in November 2018. Liu missed out on a private symposium with him in October.
Thomas Peter/Getty
Here's a list of events he missed between August and November 2018, according to Markets Insider.
The AI World 2018 conference in Shanghai in late September.
A business symposium with Chinese President Xi Jinping in Beijing in October, to which he was not invited, according to the South China Morning Post.
The World Internet Conference for Chinese tech leaders in Wuzhen in November.
He made his first public appearance since the rape accusation outside of China, however, when he and his wife attended the wedding of Britain's Princess Eugenie to Jack Brooksbank in October 2018.
Liu and his wife, Zhang, arrive at St George's Chapel in Windsor, England, for the royal wedding in October 2018.
Max Mumby/Indigo/Getty
This was the first time Liu and Zhang had been seen in public together since Liu's arrest, the South China Morning Post and Shanghaiist noted.
It's not entirely clear how the Chinese couple know the royal couple. The Times of London reported that Liu was friends with Prince Andrew, the Queen's third child and Eugenie's father.
In December 2018, state prosecutors decided not to pursue Liu's case, citing insufficient evidence.
Richard Qiangdong Liu, founder, chairman and CEO of JD.com celebrates after JD.com has it's initial public offering (IPO) on the Nasdaq exchange.
Andrew Burton/Getty Images
"It was determined there were profound evidentiary problems which would have made it highly unlikely that any criminal charge could be proven beyond a reasonable doubt," the Hennepin County Attorney's Office said in a statement.
JD.com's stock jumped after the prosecutors' announcement. The company said it was "pleased to see" the decision, according to the Associated Press.
But the saga continued. In April 2019, his accuser filed a civil lawsuit against him and JD.com, which included graphic details about the alleged rape. The accuser also identified herself for the first time as Liu Jingyao, a college student at the University of Minnesota.
Here are some key points from the lawsuit, which Business Insider has seen.
Richard Liu pressured Liu Jingyao to drink excessive amounts of alcohol at a networking dinner, which was attended by more than a dozen Chinese executives, the document alleged.
Liu Jingyao, "as was intended by Defendant Liu, became impaired as a result of coercive actions of Defendant [Richard] Liu and his business friends and colleagues," the suit claimed.
After the dinner, Richard Liu took the student into a limousine, "began to grope and physically force himself upon the plaintiff," and ignored her pleas to stop, according to the suit.
The car eventually took Richard Liu and Liu Jingyao to the student's apartment complex, and when they got to their apartment, he took off his clothes, lay on her bed naked, and raped her, the lawsuit claimed.
Richard Liu was arrested on the same night. According to the lawsuit, he angrily said "What the hell?" in Mandarin to the student as he was arrested and detained.
Liu Jingyao accused Richard Liu and JD.com of a combined six counts of false imprisonment, civil assault and battery, and sexual assault or battery. She seeks at least $50,000 in damages.
Richard Liu's lawyers called the lawsuit "meritless" and said they would contest it vigorously.
Florin Roebig, one of the law firms representing Liu Jingyao, said in a statement cited by Reuters: "We are proud of the incredible courage our client has shown revealing her name for all the world to see, so that justice may be done."
Read more: College student files lawsuit against the Chinese billionaire founder of JD.com after US prosecutors declined to charge him over rape accusation
The accuser garnered widespread support, with at least 500 people signing an online petition — hashtagged #HereforJingyao — shortly after she filed the civil lawsuit.
The University of Minnesota, where Richard Liu and his accuser Liu Jingyao were studying at the time of the alleged rape.
Ken Wolter/Shutterstock
The petition, which circulated on popular Chinese messaging app WeChat, said according to Reuters: "To Liu Jingyao: You are not alone. We believe in survivors, we believe in your bravery and honesty, we will always stand with you."
"We must join hands and march together in the face of the challenge of a culture of blaming the victims of rape," it added.
It's not clear who launched the petition. Signatories included Chinese students at foreign universities as well as in China, Reuters reported.
Read more: Hundreds sign online petition supporting woman suing JD.com CEO in rape case
A week after Liu Jingyao filed her lawsuit, a mystery account leaked surveillance footage from the night of the alleged assault on the microblogging platform Weibo. It showed the student and the CEO drinking at dinner and going home together. The screenshot here shows them sitting apart at the dinner mentioned in the lawsuit.
Mingzhoushiji/Weibo via YouTube; Business Insider
Though the clips were edited to show only parts of the evening, an attorney for Richard Liu told Business Insider that his legal team had confirmed the footage's authenticity.
Read more: Leaked surveillance video shows the Chinese billionaire founder of JD.com drinking and going home with the woman accusing him of rape
The leaked videos also showed Liu Jingyao and Richard Liu walking around the student's apartment building ...
Mingzhoushiji/Weibo via YouTube
Source: Business Insider
... taking an elevator to her apartment ...
Surveillance camera footage shows Liu Jingyao holding her arm out to Richard Liu as the elevator doors in her apartment block opened.
... and walking back to her apartment. Her arm appeared to be looped around him in several of the shots.
You can watch the clips here and here.
Representatives for both Richard Liu and Liu Jingyao say the footage supports their version of events. The billionaire's lawyer said the video undermines the student's allegations that she was forced to drink, and was so drunk she was unable to walk.
Richard Liu In Beijing in June 2014.
Jason Lee/Reuteres
Brisbois, Richard Liu's lawyer, said the video release "can serve no purpose other than to damage his reputation."
She has also called for the release of more surveillance videos and evidence "because they will demonstrate that my client is innocent."
Liu Jingyao's lawyers have not responded to Business Insider's request for comment on Brisbois' remarks.
Read more: Lawyer for JD.com billionaire accused of rape argues that leaked footage undermines his accuser because it shows she wasn't that drunk
It's not clear how Liu will fight the case, or how much his reputation in the business world has been affected. His lawyers have continuously denied sexual misconduct allegations and vowed to fight them.
Richard Liu leaves the Great Hall of the People in Beijing after the opening session of the National People's Congress, a high-profile political event, in March 2018.
Lawyers for neither Richard Liu nor Liu Jingyao have responded to Business Insider's questions on how they plan to proceed with the case.
More: Features Richard Liu JD.com rape allegation
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Grow Your Business Security
How Call Centers Keep You Connected During (and After) a Natural Disaster
By Adam C. Uzialko, Writer July 17, 2019 09:00 am EST
SpeedKingz/Shutterstock
Natural disasters are unpredictable. Whether it's a storm, earthquake or other disaster, the impact on the surrounding area and the telecommunications infrastructure can have serious consequences for a small business. While there's only so much you can do to prepare for and avoid the effects of a natural disaster, call center services can ensure your phone lines stay operational and your customers can reach your business.
In the best of times, call centers are professional and friendly points of contact for your customers. They handle phone calls so you don't have to, whether that entails fielding common questions, taking orders or even conducting telemarketing campaigns. During a major disaster, call centers become an emergency lifeline, keeping your business in contact with its customers even while you're scrambling to protect both your company and yourself as the natural disaster rages on.
How do call center services help your business operate during a natural disaster, and how do they stay operational under the same conditions? Better yet, how can they help you get back on your feet when the storm settles? Here's a look at how call center services can help you during and after a natural disaster.
Editor's note: If you're looking for information to help you choose the call center that's right for you, use the questionnaire below to have our vendor partners provide you with free information.
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The threat of natural disasters to small businesses
Natural disasters occur in many different forms in all geographies. Hurricane, tornado, earthquake or fire – no small business is immune to the fury of Mother Nature when it strikes. Unfortunately, many small businesses don't think about the possibility of natural disasters or establish a business continuity plan, even though 40% of small businesses never recover once a natural disaster strikes.
From Hurricane Florence and Texas flooding in 2018 to California's fires and earthquakes this year, natural disasters are prominent occurrences that can severely disrupt business. Unfortunately, scientists believe the rate and severity of natural disasters are increasing due to climate change. On tap for the future are likely more droughts, hurricanes, floods, earthquakes and fires throughout the U.S.
"We see disasters across all geographic areas, and the vulnerability [to small businesses] is always on keeping support services up, telephone services especially," said Kathy Gray, business development director for Xact Telesolutions. "Every area has vulnerabilities, but if you're wise, you're preparing for it."
Preparedness for a natural disaster is critical, and that includes ensuring your call center or answering service stands ready to field any incoming calls. Call center services often handle after-hours and weekend calls for small businesses, as well as any overflow when call volumes spike during business hours. However, even if your small business doesn't use a call center, you can contract with one to manage your phone lines if a natural disaster occurs.
"We have a client in Fayetteville, North Carolina, whom we support, but we don't usually handle their main line," Gray said. "They routed their main line to us to direct calls to other call centers in the country in preparation for [Hurricane Florence]."
While a lot more goes into disaster planning than simply making sure the phones keep ringing, it's an important aspect all the same. Customers outside the affected area (or, depending on the nature of your business, within the affected area) will continue trying to reach your business while you have your hands full protecting your assets and yourself. While business might be the last thing on your mind as nature wreaks havoc all around you, many customers won't consider that when they are unable to reach you. Having a call center service at the ready to keep your phones running and a friendly receptionist on the other side is key to retaining their business and keeping them satisfied.
Call centers and disaster recovery services
It's not just during a natural disaster that a call center service comes in handy. Following any kind of natural disaster, small businesses will have to contend with a lengthy and arduous recovery process, just like the residents of the affected area. Call centers are useful partners when you're busy picking up the pieces and returning to normalcy.
"Should [a small business] be away longer than they imagine, they need to have a plan in place with a call center to be supported by that partner while they're away," Gray said.
You can retain a call center to act as short-term customer service staff if you or your employees are unable to work, or if you're preoccupied with the recovery efforts underway in your area. For particularly large disasters where an area is thrown into disarray for a long time, small businesses can rest assured that their call center partners are continuously delivering customer service to anyone who calls in.
"After Hurricane Katrina, for example, people were out of work for months at a time," said John Coulter, director of business development for Five Star Call Centers. "We staffed up so that we could handle our clients' customer service while their employees got back on their feet and returned to work."
There's a lot to do in the wake of a natural disaster, such as filing insurance claims, cleaning up physical locations and getting any disrupted systems back online. Many small businesses also pitch in to community recovery efforts, adding to the workload of bouncing back after a devastating natural disaster. While all these recovery efforts are going on, customers will still need to get in touch with your business, making a fully operational call center a must. Call center services can provide this necessity for your business while you're preoccupied with any and all recovery efforts.
How do call centers stay operational when disaster strikes?
Outsourcing operations to call centers when a disaster occurs is one thing, but how can call centers avoid disruption to their own service if they find themselves in the heart of a disaster? Every company is different, but the best call centers have redundancies in place to ensure they can reroute calls and manage the volume at other locations throughout the country.
"The way a call center should be placing that volume is redundant across multiple locations so they never find themselves in a position where they cannot answer for a client," Gray said. "We have placed agents in 20 states. We have data centers bunkered down in three places in the states, so if one center is impaired, the call routing just switches out."
At the core of it, call centers simply have a larger and more redundant infrastructure that ensures there is always an available location to handle your small business's calls, even if one location finds itself in the midst of a natural disaster or other service disruption.
"Small businesses often don't have the technology and the redundancy that we have in place today," Coulter said. "It's not cost-effective for them to have multiple phone switches, generators on site and multiple locations. Call centers, in general, have multiple phone providers, multiple internet providers and multiple locations. If there's a flood in South Carolina and it hurts a small business, I've got four locations to transfer calls to and keep supporting customers." [Interested in call centers and answering services for business? Check out our best picks.]
Outsourcing the management of your phone lines to a call center or answering service can help you focus on emergency management and an after-the-fact disaster recovery plan. Whether it's a natural or man-made disaster, such as electrical grid failures, answering services give your customers a person to reach who represents your brand through it all.
A natural disaster plan in place
In disaster planning, emergency preparedness is key. It's best to have a plan and not need it than need one and not have it. Having a preliminary discussion and establishing a relationship with a call center service is one step in forming a comprehensive disaster plan to keeps things running even if you can't physically get to your business. While maintaining the phone lines is only one part of a holistic business continuity plan, it's an important piece of the puzzle.
"For anybody, it's about having trusted partners," Coulter said. "Preparation is always key. Many people don't think about business continuity until disaster strikes, and then it's too late. Make sure you have internal policies and procedures documented to get another team up and running."
"My advice is to plan ahead – don't wait for the event to come your way," Gray said. "Protect your business, make a plan with a call center partner, and engage with someone who has the infrastructure where calls aren't leaning into one area of the country."
Whether you operate in a disaster-prone area or a freak occurrence catches you off guard, call center services give you one less thing to worry about. When you're trying to mitigate the fallout of a massive storm, earthquake, fire or any other kind of disaster, you can at least be assured that customers calling your business will be greeted by a professional call center agent representing your brand in a friendly and helpful manner.
Some source interviews were conducted for a previous version of this article.
Adam C. Uzialko
Adam C. Uzialko, a New Jersey native, graduated from Rutgers University in 2014 with a degree in political science and journalism and media studies. He reviews healthcare information technology, call centers, document management software and employee monitoring software. In addition to his full-time position at Business News Daily and Business.com, Adam freelances for several outlets. An indispensable ally of the feline race, Adam is owned by four lovely cats.
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The way to one billionaire's heart, and to get hired for his transformative urban renewal project, is to deftly combine high aptitude with the right attitude.
by: Brian Hartz Tampa Bay Editor
To work with Tampa Bay Lightning owner and area business impresario Jeff Vinik, your company must have two key ingredients: talent and a great reputation.
David Conner, a Tampa-based landscape architect, found out firsthand what Vinik is looking for a couple years ago when his firm, David Conner + Associates Inc., sponsored a conference that featured the former Fidelity Investments guru as a guest speaker. Through Water Street Tampa, a massive project that includes the construction of 18 new buildings on more than 50 acres, Vinik's Strategic Property Partners is poised to transform downtown Tampa's Channelside area.
“Somebody from the audience asked him if SPP would use local firms [for the Water Street Tampa project],” Conner recalls. “And he was very pointed about saying that they would love to use local firms, but they didn't feel that the talent was here in Tampa. And I can appreciate that, because I think that's a big issue we have here. We don't have the depth of experience and talent that you see in other parts of the country.”
Conner, 57, says his firm didn't have any connection with SPP at the time — but that would change.
The real estate downturn of the late 2000s made it too difficult to find work in the commercial property development sector. So Conner focused on public projects.
Thanks to a contract with the University of Florida in 2006, “by the time the economy went into the tank, we were doing every project on the University of Florida campus, every major building,” he says. That included landscape design for six buildings simultaneously.
The crown jewel was UF's Plaza of the Americas. It received a $2.2 million makeover, designed by Conner, which began in 2016 and recently was completed.
Conner parlayed his success — and developing talent reservoir — in Gainesville into a deal to reimagine Hyde Park Village in south Tampa. Working with Smith Dalia Architecture and WS Development, Conner's firm gave the area a tree-lined, pedestrian-friendly makeover that draws locals and visitors to the many boutique shops and restaurants. It also encourages shoppers and diners to stop and linger awhile longer than expected thanks to features like the Village Circle, a European-style plaza, replete with fountain, which can be used as an event space.
The work in Gainesville and beyond, Conner says, boosted revenues at the firm, which employs five other landscape architects as well as support staff, between 15% and 20% annually over the past three years. When the book is closed on 2017, Conner expects it to be his firm's best year ever in total revenue.
Vinik and SPP, meanwhile, “observed the development of Hyde Park Village,” Conner says. The work his firm did there seemed to jibe with the Lightning owner's vision for downtown Tampa, and his call to use top-notch, talented vendors.
Vinik, Conner says, believes “that if you spend money on these sorts of spaces, if you improve the overall pedestrian environment, if you make it safer, if you provide more shade and more opportunities for people to engage in conversation ... if you take that seriously, you'll be rewarded by people spending more time talking about your place and coming to see what it's all about.”
Through some intermediaries, SPP last year came calling on David Conner + Associates with a prime offer: the chance to help redevelop the building formerly known as District 3, which will be part of Water Street Tampa and SPP's headquarters. “We enjoy the opportunity to work with [SPP] and consider it a challenge,” he says. “They certainly have very high standards, and we'll work hard to try to meet and exceed those standards.”
Another Shot
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Gloria Vanderbilt, jeans queen, dies at 95
Tue, Jun 18, 2019 - 4:22 PM
Gloria Vanderbilt, who died Monday at age 95, was many things in her long life: an artist, author, actress, socialite, designer, pawn, tragic story, triumphant survivor, eternal optimist, mother and wife (multiple times). But for many in the late 1970s and early 1980s, she was also the name that helped changed denim forever.
[NEW YORK] Gloria Vanderbilt, who died Monday at age 95, was many things in her long life: an artist, author, actress, socialite, designer, pawn, tragic story, triumphant survivor, eternal optimist, mother and wife (multiple times). But for many in the late 1970s and early 1980s, she was also the name that helped changed denim forever.
"Gloria Vanderbilt" — that looping, cursive scrawl with the G and the V leaning right as if blown by a giant gust of wind (or enthusiasm), the d listing left, as if leaning in to confide a secret, all of it splashed across the back pockets of millions of tightfitting dark denim jeans — was, for a time, like a secret passport to a new world of style.
It promised a taste of the life that little Gloria had grown up to live, one marked by apartments on Park Avenue, Hollywood, self-invention and reinvention, beauty and fame in the face of all odds. Only thanks to Gloria Vanderbilt, all of a sudden everyone could have access to it.
She took the most democratic of all American basics and married it to a story seemingly lived entirely behind a velvet rope, and the combination altered everyone's closet. If you think your clothes have nothing to do with Gloria Vanderbilt, think again.
Vanderbilt was not the first magnetic society figure to put her name on a line of clothing — Diane von Furstenberg beat her to that — but she was the first to put it on jeans. The result propelled her to public fame in a way that her earlier forays into acting never did, allowing her to rewrite her narrative in the public imagination. Instead of "poor little Gloria," the child victim of a terrible public custody battle, she became Gloria Vanderbilt, jeans queen and female entrepreneur.
SEE ALSO: Heiress and jeans queen Gloria Vanderbilt dies at 95
And that transformation paved the way for a host of designers who came after her, from Carolina Herrera (who began her line in 1980) to Tory Burch and even the Kardashians — style setters selling the elixir of their own glamour via garments.
"She was relevant in everything she did," von Furstenberg said. "She got the zeitgeist for almost a century."
It began in 1970, when Vanderbilt, who had discovered art in high school and studied it for a while at the Art Students League of New York, appeared on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" to show off some of her collages. (She had had a show at the Hammer Galleries in New York the year before.) That led to some dabbling in textile design.
In 1976, Murjani, a Seventh Avenue manufacturer, was looking for a name to put on its jeans to set them apart from the mass of denim. Murjani was already working with Vanderbilt on a line of blouses, and the company asked her if she would be interested. Vanderbilt was unsnobby enough, and smart enough, and had been in Vogue enough, to see the opportunity.
The jeans displayed her name on the back pocket for all to see and sported a little swan on the inner front pocket, a reference to Vanderbilt's first stage role in 1954, in "The Swan" at the Pocono Playhouse in Pennsylvania. (She was also one of Truman Capote's "swans," that group of beautiful women he immortalized in the 1975 story "La Côte Basque 1965").
Introduced in 1977, they were advertised on buses, and with a US$1 million television commercial campaign featuring Vanderbilt herself purring into the camera.
The day the commercial was shown, Murjani said, all 150,000 pairs of jeans the company had produced sold out.
Vanderbilt proved you didn't need a formal design background to be a fantastically successful designer.
"It's a matter of taste, isn't it, sensing what can go with what?" she said in an interview for the Financial Times in 2014. "I don't think it has to do with education."
Indeed, it had to with aspiration.
In 1979, her denim line was the best-selling one in America, beating rivals Calvin Klein, Jordache and Sasson. If Calvin was nightclub sex, and Jordache was surf 'n' stallion sex, Gloria Vanderbilt offered something else: grown-up, classy sex. Even her use of the word "derrière" in the commercials — so French! — smacked of that je ne sais quoi.
Appearing in a fur wrap, her signature dark helmet of hair with its chin-length flip shellacked into place, beaming her face-wide rectangular smile, she touted the benefits of stretch denim, how it felt "like the skin on a grape" (as one model described it). She was QVC before QVC existed. In 1980, her line generated more than US$200 million in sales and Calvin and co. were riding an even bigger wave to global domination.
Although Gloria Vanderbilt the company still exists, Vanderbilt's personal fashion adventure didn't end well. She said she had been defrauded by her lawyer and her psychiatrist, who had made off with almost all her fashion earnings and left her owing millions in back taxes.
Jones Apparel Group bought Gloria Vanderbilt Apparel Corp. in 2002 for US$100 million, although she had sold the rights to her name long before, leaving the swan and the scrawl behind, and returning to other forms of creativity.
But while they took the jeans away from the woman, the woman herself will remain indelibly associated with her jeans.
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NBA Hall of Fame coach Dr. Jack Ramsay dead at 89
April 28, 2014 / 10:23 AM / AP
MIAMI - Jack Ramsay, a Hall of Fame coach who led the Portland Trail Blazers to the 1977 NBA championship before he became one of the NBA's most respected broadcasters, has died following a long battle with cancer. He was 89.
Ramsay's death was announced by ESPN, for whom he worked as a broadcaster for many years.
"Dr. Jack Ramsay has passed," ESPN spokesman Chris LaPlaca wrote on Twitter early Monday. "A rare man. Loved and respected by all. Fascinating life well lived. An inspiration to so many."
Full NBA coverage at CBSSports.com
Ramsay coached in the NBA for parts of 21 seasons before embarking on a second career as an NBA analyst. He was diagnosed with melanoma in 2004 and later battled growths and tumors that spread to his legs, lungs and brain, then later fought prostate cancer and most recently a marrow syndrome.
His affinity for fitness never wavered, though. Ramsay, who competed in at least 20 triathlons during his life, worked out regularly into his 80s, even as he battled the various forms of cancer that he was stricken with. He often spoke of his love of swimming in the Gulf of Mexico near his home in Naples, Fla., or jogging in a pool or from wall to wall in his hotel room when he was traveling on NBA assignments.
"He's probably forgotten more about the game than I know," Miami Heat coach and president Pat Riley once said of Ramsay, whom he counted as a close friend.
Ramsay also spent several years late in life caring for his wife, Jean, who was diagnosed in 2001 with Alzheimer's disease. She died in January 2010.
Ramsay had enormous popularity within the league, even until the final stages of his life. To commemorate Ramsay's 89th birthday earlier this year, Portland coach Terry Stotts wore a loud checkered jacket and open-collared shirt for a Blazers' game - a nod to how Ramsay dressed when he coached the club.
"Jack's life is a beacon which guides us all," Bill Walton, who was on Ramsay's 1977 title team in Portland, told USA Today in 2007. "He is our moral compass, our spiritual inspiration. He represents the conquest of substance over hype. He is a true saint of circumstance."
John T. Ramsay was born Feb. 21, 1925, in Philadelphia and enrolled at Saint Joseph's in 1942, eventually becoming captain of the basketball team there for his senior season. He earned a doctorate in education from the University of Pennsylvania in 1949, explaining the "Dr. Jack" moniker that most players and fans simply knew him by.
Ramsay's biggest impact on Hawk Hill would be when he started coaching his alma mater in 1955. He was wildly successful there, going 234-72 and taking the Hawks to the NCAA tournament seven times, the Final Four in 1961 and to a No. 1 preseason ranking by Sports Illustrated in 1965.
To Ramsay, the most significant part of the Saint Joseph's years was this: "I met my wife there," he said.
He was a founding father of sorts for the growth of "Big 5" basketball, which is what the annual series between Philadelphia-area schools Saint Joseph's, La Salle, Penn, Villanova and Temple was dubbed.
"I felt a lot of personal pride and interest in the outcome of those games," Ramsay told the AP in 2004. "There wasn't as much interest in conference play. There wasn't the impact of a national championship or conference championships like there is today. The Big 5 was clearly the biggest thing any of those schools were involved in at that point."
Ramsay took over as coach of the Philadelphia 76ers in 1968, moved on to the Buffalo Braves in 1972 and took his craft to Portland in 1976 - where he took a team with stars like Walton and Maurice Lucas and delivered an NBA championship in his first season, beating the 76ers in six games in the final series.
"For me, it was a once-in-a-lifetime experience and one that I will cherish forever," Ramsay in an 1997 interview.
Indeed, that was his lone NBA title. Walton got hurt the next year, crippling Portland's chances of getting back to championship form during that era. Ramsay coached the Blazers for nine more seasons without another trip to the finals, and spent the final three years of his NBA sideline career in Indiana - resigning from the Pacers in November 1988 after the team got off to an 0-7 start.
Ramsay was 864-783 in his NBA career, being named one of the league's Top 10 all-time coaches in 1996.
When he left the Pacers, Ramsay carefully did not use the word "retire," and began working as a television analyst on 76ers games. Eventually, he worked on Heat television broadcasts for eight seasons before moving full-time to ESPN for radio and TV commentating before the 2000-01 season.
"So grateful that his path crossed ours," his former Heat broadcast partner Eric Reid wrote on Twitter early Monday. "Hall of Fame coach and man."
First published on April 28, 2014 / 10:23 AM
© 2014 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
The U.S. destroyed an Iranian drone over the Strait of Hormuz on Thursday, President Trump announced in the East Room of the White House. CBS News' Steven Portnoy joined CBSN with the latest developments.
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Soccer player David Beckham, right, watches the Los Angeles Lakers play the Portland Trail Blazers in their NBA basketball game along with celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay, Sunday, April 11, 2010, in Los Angeles. The Trail Blazers won, 91-88.
Credit: AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill
Actress Hilary Swank attends the Joyful Heart Foundation Gala recognizing the 15th Anniversary of the Violence Against Women Act, at Skylight Soho, Wednesday, May 5, 2010, in New York.
Credit: AP Photo/Evan Agostini
"Law & Order" co-stars Chris Meloni, left, and Mariska Hargitay attend the Joyful Heart Foundation Gala recognizing the 15th Anniversary of the Violence Against Women Act, at Skylight Soho, Wednesday, May 5, 2010, in New York.
Actress Stephanie March attends the Joyful Heart Foundation Gala recognizing the 15th Anniversary of the Violence Against Women Act, at Skylight Soho, Wednesday, May 5, 2010, in New York.
From left, actresses Maria Bello, Hilary Swank, Mariska Hargitay, Rosie Perez and Marcia Gay Harden attend the Joyful Heart Foundation Gala recognizing the 15th Anniversary of the Violence Against Women Act, at Skylight Soho, Wednesday, May 5, 2010, in New York.
Singer Cyndi Lauper attends the Joyful Heart Foundation Gala recognizing the 15th Anniversary of the Violence Against Women Act, at Skylight Soho, Wednesday, May 5, 2010, in New York.
Actress Mariska Hargitay attends the Joyful Heart Foundation Gala recognizing the 15th Anniversary of the Violence Against Women Act, at Skylight Soho, Wednesday, May 5, 2010, in New York.
Brothers Kevin, right, and Michael Bacon pose together at a photo opportunity at the Radio Hamburg studio in Hamburg, Germany, on Monday, May 10, 2010. Bacon and his brother gave a live-interview about their band "The Bacon Brothers."
Credit: apn Photo/Philipp Guelland
American actor Kevin Bacon poses during a photo opportunity at the Radio Hamburg studio in Hamburg on Monday, May 10, 2010. Bacon and his brother gave a live-interview about their band "The Bacon Brothers."
Singer Fergie, center, and Will.i.am, left, of the Black Eyed Peas perform at the O2 arena in east London, Wednesday, May 5, 2010.
Credit: AP Photo/Joel Ryan
Host Oprah Winfrey chats with singer Christina Aguilera, left, during "The Oprah Winfrey Show" live from Radio City Music Hall, Friday, May 7, 2010, in New York. Ms. Winfrey was also celebrating the 10th anniversary of "O" The Oprah Magazine.
Comedian Martin Short, right, interviews actor Matthew Broderick while portraying his iconic character, Jiminy Glick, at the 25th anniversary of the Toys R Us Children's Fund Gala on Thursday, April 29, 2010, in New York. The Toys R Us Children's Fund Gala has raised more than $90 million since its inception, to support charities that keep children safe and help them in times of need.
Credit: AP Photo/Toys R Us/Dima Gavrysh
Justin Bieber performs during a private show for students at Strathallan School in the Auckland suburb of Kakaka, New Zealand, Wednesday, April 28, 2010. Hundreds of frenzied teenagers mobbed the 16-year-old pop star and knocked down his mother as he arrived in New Zealand.
Actor Common, left, and Queen Latifah attend the New York premiere of the Fox Searchlight Pictures film "Just Wright" Tuesday, May 4, 2010.
Credit: AP Photo/Marion Curtis, StarPix
Queen Latifah poses in front of a movie poster at the New York premiere of the Fox Searchlight Pictures film "Just Wright" Tuesday, May 4, 2010.
Credit: P Photo/Marion Curtis, StarPix
British actress Helen Mirren, center, and her husband, director Taylor Hackford, right, pose for photographers by a new wax figure of Mirren at Madame Tussauds in London, Tuesday, May 11, 2010. Dame Helen has been involved in the creation process and donated the floor length black dress which her wax double wears.
Credit: AP Photo/Akira Suemori
Singer Avril Lavigne arrives at the Race to Erase MS Gala in Los Angeles on Friday, May 7, 2010.
Credit: P Photo/Dan Steinberg
Actor Tom Arnold, left, and his wife, Ashley Groussman, arrive at the Race to Erase MS Gala in Los Angeles on Friday, May 7, 2010.
Credit: AP Photo/Dan Steinberg
Actress Sophia Bush, left, and actor Austin Nichols arrive at the Race to Erase MS Gala in Los Angeles on Friday, May 7, 2010.
Credit: AP Photo/Dan Steinberg)
Socialite and fashion designer Nicky Hilton arrives at the Race to Erase MS Gala in Los Angeles on Friday, May 7, 2010.
Paris Hilton arrives at the Race to Erase MS Gala in Los Angeles on Friday, May 7, 2010.
Spanish tenor Placido Domingo is photographed during a press conference in Doha, Tuesday, May 11, 2010. Domingo will open the first branch of his restaurant in the Middle East in Qatar and will hold a live performance in the Gulf emirate, the opera singer told reporters.
Credit: AP Photo/Osama Faisal
"American Idol" Season 9 contestant Casey James, right, is mentored by actor-singer Jamie Foxx on Saturday, May 8, 2010, in Los Angeles.
Credit: Photo by Michael Becker / PictureGroup for Fox
"American Idol" Season 9 contestants, from left, Crystal Bowersox, Casey James, Michael Lynche and Lee DeWyze pose with Jamie Foxx, center, Saturday, May 8, 2010 in Los Angeles.
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Daniel Burnham
American architect
Introduction & Quick Facts
Burnham & Root
The World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893
D.H. Burnham and Company
Urban planner
Judith Paine McBrien
Last Updated: May 28, 2019 See Article History
Alternative Title: Daniel Hudson Burnham
Daniel Burnham, in full Daniel Hudson Burnham, (born September 4, 1846, Henderson, New York, U.S.—died June 1, 1912, Heidelberg, Germany), American architect and urban planner whose impact on the American city was substantial. He was instrumental in the development of the skyscraper and was noted for his highly successful management of the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 and his ideas about urban planning.
Burnham was the sixth of seven children and the youngest son. His parents were members of the Church of the New Jerusalem (now New Church), or Swedenborgians, a maverick Christian religious sect named for Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish scientist and mystic who disagreed with church hierarchy and stressed being of service to others.
Burnham and his family moved to Chicago in January 1855. There he attended Snow’s Swedenborgian Academy and later Central High School, where he was remembered for his leadership and artistic ability. In 1863, after he had graduated, his parents sent him to the newly incorporated New-Church Theological School in Waltham, Massachusetts, for further study. He prepared for college with a Swedenborgian tutor, the Reverend Tilly Brown Hayward. Through Hayward, Burnham met the architect and writer W.P.P. Longfellow, who encouraged Burnham’s interest in architecture. When it came time to take his college entrance exams at Harvard and Yale, he failed both because he was “not able to write a word,” as he later recalled. Years later both universities would award him honorary degrees.
Returning to Chicago, Burnham became a draftsman for the famed civil engineer and architect William Le Baron Jenney. He wrote to his mother in 1868 that he would become “the greatest architect in the city and country.” Nevertheless, ambitious, young, and restless, he quit his job with Jenney in order to seek his fortune in Nevada, where he tried mining and also ran for the state senate. Unsuccessful in both attempts, he returned to Chicago in 1870 ready to begin an architectural career in earnest.
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In 1872 Burnham joined the office of Carter, Drake & Wight, where he met John Wellborn Root, a talented architect and the office foreman. Burnham, eager to start his own firm, persuaded Root to become his partner a year later. Root was primarily responsible for design while Burnham planned the layout of their building interiors and organized the business. As best friends and professional colleagues, they worked closely together. Of their business relationship, their one-time boss Peter Wight recalled in a 1912 address before the Illinois chapter of the American Institute of Architects:
Burnham had a great faculty of impressing his clients with the firm’s ability to solve any problem that came to it. He would make rapid sketches, which Root afterward elaborated with the greatest care. He inspired confidence in all who came within the range of his positive and powerful personality. Root had the ability to carry to success anything that Burnham offered to do.
Burnham & Root became one of the preeminent firms in the history of American architecture. It was known for its size and wide range of projects.
Their talent was evident from the start of their partnership. One of their first commissions, a house for the Union Stockyards magnate John B. Sherman in 1874, caught the discerning eye of their contemporary and rival Louis Sullivan, who recalled its fine lines and proportions in his autobiography.
Two events triggered a period of extraordinary growth in Chicago: the end of the Civil War and the Chicago fire of 1871. Burnham, always thinking big, was quick to recognize the needs of commercial clients. A series of bold solutions to some of the challenges of building higher structures provided examples for others to follow and led Burnham & Root to the forefront of their profession. As an example, for the 10-story Montauk Block (1882–83)—perhaps the first building to be labeled a “skyscraper”—Burnham & Root devised a new kind of foundation footing. This footing, consisting of a broad slab of concrete reinforced with iron rails, allowed the Montauk, and future taller, heavier buildings, to be built in Chicago’s unstable soil. Burnham & Root also extended the typical Chicago construction time frame by continuing to build throughout the winter months. They used a tentlike structure over the site and placed heaters inside. Additionally, the Montauk was noteworthy for its fireproofing system, which employed a hollow tile subfloor and tiles to encase both beams and columns, and was hailed as one of the first truly fireproof buildings. The Montauk Block created a new urban scale for commercial structures, while its form and plain surfaces reflected an aesthetic based on functionality, a hallmark of the new commercial architecture.
Among their other notable early works are the Rookery (completed 1886), the second Rand McNally Building (completed 1890, demolished 1911), the Monadnock Building (completed 1891), and the Masonic Temple (completed 1892). Finished a year after William Le Baron Jenney’s Home Insurance Building (completed 1885), which was the first building to use structural steel members for partial support, the Rookery used both a masonry load-bearing wall and a skeleton frame (a grid of vertical steel columns and horizontal steel beams) in its construction. But it is the smaller Rand McNally Building that is credited as the first steel-frame building. Burnham & Root’s 16-story Monadnock Building reached the tallest practical height using traditional construction techniques. At 21 stories high, Burnham & Root’s Masonic Temple with its great atrium would be a wonder: the tallest office building in the world in terms of occupied floors. In their 18-year partnership, Burnham and Root built nearly 300 structures—among them railroad stations, warehouses, office buildings, residences, armories, schools, clubs, and churches.
The Rookery Building, Chicago, designed by Burnham & Root, completed 1886. Chicago Architectural Photographing Co.
The lobby of the Rookery (1886), a Chicago building designed by Daniel H. Burnham and John Wellborn Root, was renovated by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1905. © Index Open
Monadnock Building, ChicagoA discussion of the architectural and design elements of the Monadnock Building, Chicago. © Chicago Architecture Foundation (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
Monadnock BuildingA discussion of the different structural systems used in the construction of the Monadnock Building, Chicago. © Chicago Architecture Foundation (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
Rookery, theLearn about the Rookery building (completed 1886) in Chicago, designed by John Wellborn Root and Daniel Burnham, and its distinctive light-filled atrium. © Chicago Architecture Foundation (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
Rookery building, ChicagoExplore the variety of styles, motifs, and structural features that architects John Wellborn Root and Frank Lloyd Wright integrated into their design of Chicago's Rookery (completed by Root in 1888, redesigned by Wright in 1907). © Chicago Architecture Foundation (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
At a time when architecture was still emerging as a profession, Burnham organized his office for maximum efficiency and created a model for future architectural firms. The firm’s clients were ushered into a handsome paneled office with velvet curtains, a library of architectural drawing books, and a small copy of the Venus de Milo perched on the mantle over the fireplace. The tradesmen with whom they worked were scheduled to meet with the firm only on designated days. The office floorplan, which was published as a model for the profession, even had a gym.
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Henderson, New York
June 1, 1912 (aged 65)
movement / style
role in
World’s Columbian Exposition
America's Story from America's Library - Biography of Daniel H. Burnham
HistoricDetroit.org - Biography of Daniel H. Burnham
Chicago Public Library - Biography of Daniel Burnham
Daniel Hudson Burnham - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
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Devil May Care
James Bond, Jr.
By (author) Sebastian Faulks
Available. Dispatched from the UK in 10 business days
Bond is back in this electrifying new novel of intrigue and suspense. A masterful continuation of the James Bond legacy, Devil May Care picks up right where Ian Fleming left off--at the height of the Cold War, with a story of almost unbearable tension. An Algerian drug runner is brutally executed on the desolate outskirts of Paris and Bond is assigned a new task; to shadow the mysterious Dr. Julius Gorner, a power-crazed pharmaceutical magnate. Gorner has lately taken a disquieting interest in opiate derivatives, both legal and illegal. After finding a willing accomplice in the shape of a glamorous Parisian named Scarlett Papava, Bond must stop a chain of events that could lead to global catastrophe. Charged with adrenaline, deception, and Bond's signature wit, Faulks brings us this exhilarating new chapter in the life of the world's most iconic spy.
Publisher Random House USA Inc
Imprint Random House Inc
Publication City/Country New York, United States
Edition Statement Reprint
Illustrations note Maps
"Keep[s] the action coming fast and furious.... Devoted to full-throttle pursuit." --The New York Times"A satisfying thriller. . . . A fond and at times funny homage to all the other books in the series." --The New York Times "Superb. . . . Clever, quickly paced and pedal-to-the-metal entertainment." --Minneapolis Star-Tribune "Superior.... The book races along. Unlike many modern novels, it gets better and better."--The Economist"Well-written [and] entertaining.... The tension ratchets up." --The Wall Street Journal"Goes down as easily as one of 007's bon mots."--The Christian Science Monitor"So satisfying was Sebastian Faulks's new James Bond novel that I felt obliged to celebrate by making myself a vodka martini, very dry, shaken, not stirred." --Fritz Lanham, Houston Chronicle"Faulks is a graceful writer with a bracing cold streak and a sharp eye for period detail." --Time"Has admirable style and verve, in large part because Faulks approaches the material with respect, never winking at the reader."--The South Florida Sun-Sentinel
About Sebastian Faulks
Sebastian Faulks began his working life, like Ian Fleming, as a journalist, working for national newspapers in London from 1978 to 1991. Since then, however, he has been a full-time author, and his novels have been among the most widely admired of their time. They include the epic Human Traces (2005) and the much-loved Birdsong (1993), which has sold more than three million copies. HE is also the author of a triple biography, The Fatal Englishman, and a book of literary parodies of other authors (including Fleming) called Pistache. His most recent novel in Engleby(2006). He first encountered the Bond novels as a twelve-year-old; the books were banned at his school, but he read them by torchlight under the sheets.
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Free To Become Themselves
aging women, Charlotte Rampling, rampling, women's liberation, Zorba the Greek
In its “Spotlight” column, Vanity Fair featured two actresses of a certain age who seemed to look better over time. Charlotte Rampling was one of them, a woman whose name has become a verb: To rample — meaning “to render a male helpless with a kind of coldly elusive sensuality.” (“Spotlight,” Vanity Fair, pg. 270)
The entertainment world is replete with women who bare their cleavage or wear dresses so tight they appear to have been applied with a spray gun. But few women have a presence that is sexy and strong simultaneously without overt advertising. Come to think of it, most of them are dead: Lauren Bacall, Marlene Dietrich, Greta Garbo, Vivian Leigh or Lena Horne. Of those living, Susan Sarandon or Sharon Stone fit the bill. Meryl Streep and Glenn Close exude power but they might not make a man go weak at the knees.
The combination of sex and power can be dangerous for a woman. The film Zorba the Greek offers a brutal example. Irene Papas’ character was a rampler. She ended up being stoned to death by men who took their revenge upon her for provoking their unfulfilled desires. The scene is one not easily forgotten.
In western societies, rampling woman are getting new respect. Those who partner with younger men are no longer frowned upon, for example. The cosmetic industry has taken notice of them too. Diane Keaton, Audie Macdowell, Jessica Lange and Lauren Hutton are the faces of new lines of cosmetics targeted to the older woman. We are entering a new phase of women’s liberation where being worldly wise isn’t a detriment. As the French say, “Who knows what women can be when they are finally free to become themselves.”
Charlotte Rampling courtesy of www.unifrance.org
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Maurice Hewlett
Maurice Hewlett books and biography
Biography (Click to expand)
Maurice Henry Hewlett (1861-1923), was an English historical novelist, poet and essayist. He was born at Weybridge, the eldest son of Henry Gay Hewlett, of Shaw Hall, Addington, Kent. He was educated at the London International College, Spring Grove, Isleworth, and was called to the bar in 1891. He gave up the law after the success of Forest Lovers . From 1896 to 1901 he was Keeper of Lands, Revenues, Records and Enrolments, a government post as adviser on matters of medieval law.
He settled at Broad Chalke, Wiltshire. His friends included Evelyn Underhill, and Ezra Pound, whom he met at the Poet's Club in London.
Earthwork Out of Tuscany (1895) travel
The Masque of Dead Florentines (1895) verse
Songs and Meditations (1897)
Forest Lovers (1898) historical novel
Pan and the Young Shepherd (1898) play
Youngest of the Angels (1898) play
Little Novels of Italy (1899) short stories
Little Novels of English History
The Life and Death of Richard Yea-and-Nay (1900) historical novel
The New Canterbury Tales (1901)
The Queen's Quair or The Six Years' Tragedy (1904) historical novel
The Road in Tuscany (1904)
Fond Adventures: Tales of the Youth of the World (1905) short stories
The Fool Errant (1905) historical novel
The Stooping Lady (1907) novel
Artemision (1909) poems
Halfway House (1908) novel
Open Country (1909) novel
Rest Harrow (1910) novel
Letters to Sanchia (1910)
The Song of Renny (1911)
Brazenhead the Great (1911)
Bendish (1913) novel
The Song of the Plow (1916)
The Village Wife’s Lament (1918) poems
Thorgils of Treadholt (1917)
In Green Shade (1920)
The Light Heart (1920)
Wiltshire Essays (1921)
The Last Essays of Maurice Hewlett (1924)
The Letters of Maurice Hewlett (1926) edited by Laurence Binyon
Maurice Hewlett: A Sketch of His Career and Some Reviews of His Books, by James Lane Allen
A bibliography of the first editions of books by Maurice Henry Hewlett (1861-1923) (1973) Percival Horace Muir
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
This list omits some significant works. I am interested in Maurice Hewlett because he wrote six novels based on the Icelandic Family sagas and only two of them appearto be mentioned here: The Light Heart and Thorgils of Treadholt
There is also The Outlaw (based on Gisli's saga); A Lover's Tale (based on Kormak's saga) ; Frey and His Wife (Ogmund Dytt's tale); and Gudred the Fair (based on the Greenland sagas). I can't quote any verifiable sources but I have the books.
This article might use material from a Wikipedia article, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.
The Fool Errant
By Maurice Hewlett
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When Tania Maxwell is out campaigning for election in Northern Victoria, the people she meets regularly want to talk about addressing a rise in crime and ice use. The Wangaratta resident is running for a seat in the Victorian upper house in this month’s election as part of the Derryn Hinch Justice Party. She said instead of just being reactive, government needs to focus on preventing crime. “I don’t believe that you can truly address issues without looking at early and primary prevention,” Ms Maxwell said. “If we’re trying to reduce crime, you have to look at a collective impact framework. “It’s imperative that you look at what’s causing the crime, what needs to be done, what are the barriers.” A series of murders and sexual and violent crimes which occurred in Wangaratta led Ms Maxwell to launch the Enough is Enough campaign in 2016, and put pressure on politicians to impose tougher laws for bail and sexual offences. Now she wants to continue that work within Parliament House as an MP herself, but said she would also campaign on issues raised by the community. “It often comes back to ice use, crime and the crime that comes from the ice use, lack of mental health resources, lack of rehabilitation services, and our very lenient sentences that don’t meet community expectations,” she said. Ms Maxwell said it was also important to focus on the positives, such as the way communities can be connected through sport or music. She said government should have a role in ensuring this was available to families in all financial situations. “I see the cost as a barrier to that strength in communities. Sporting communities have a lot to offer, but it’s not accessible to all,” she said. “If you’ve got a few children and you come from a really low socio-economic background, and the problem with dysfunction is in the home, how do you escape from that? “They’re always in the home together because they can’t get out to play sport and mix with other families.” MORE ON THE VICTORIAN ELECTION: Independent takes whack at Tilley on school cash
https://nnimgt-a.akamaihd.net/transform/v1/crop/frm/CXnecSe9En4WWrpX4sC8Fx/16f93b54-a6d9-47aa-883e-939520a95775.jpg/r361_244_4818_2762_w1200_h678_fmax.jpg
November 7 2018 - 6:00PM
Victorian election: Prevention will help cut down crime, says Derryn Hinch Justice Party candidate Tania Maxwell
Shana Morgan
Tania Maxwell
When Tania Maxwell is out campaigning for election in Northern Victoria, the people she meets regularly want to talk about addressing a rise in crime and ice use.
The Wangaratta resident is running for a seat in the Victorian upper house in this month’s election as part of the Derryn Hinch Justice Party.
She said instead of just being reactive, government needs to focus on preventing crime.
“I don’t believe that you can truly address issues without looking at early and primary prevention,” Ms Maxwell said.
“If we’re trying to reduce crime, you have to look at a collective impact framework.
“It’s imperative that you look at what’s causing the crime, what needs to be done, what are the barriers.”
A series of murders and sexual and violent crimes which occurred in Wangaratta led Ms Maxwell to launch the Enough is Enough campaign in 2016, and put pressure on politicians to impose tougher laws for bail and sexual offences.
Now she wants to continue that work within Parliament House as an MP herself, but said she would also campaign on issues raised by the community.
“It often comes back to ice use, crime and the crime that comes from the ice use, lack of mental health resources, lack of rehabilitation services, and our very lenient sentences that don’t meet community expectations,” she said.
Ms Maxwell said it was also important to focus on the positives, such as the way communities can be connected through sport or music.
She said government should have a role in ensuring this was available to families in all financial situations.
“I see the cost as a barrier to that strength in communities. Sporting communities have a lot to offer, but it’s not accessible to all,” she said.
“If you’ve got a few children and you come from a really low socio-economic background, and the problem with dysfunction is in the home, how do you escape from that?
“They’re always in the home together because they can’t get out to play sport and mix with other families.”
MORE ON THE VICTORIAN ELECTION: Independent takes whack at Tilley on school cash
Discuss "Prevention will help cut down crime, says Hinch candidate"
Barnaby says higher Newstart payments are better for the bush
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Thursdays 9/8c
Dorinda Medley Kicks Barbara Kavovit Out of Her Home
Barbara calls out Dorinda for not apologizing to Luann de Lesseps, and it does not go over well.
Watch the Full Episode
More Season 11 / Episode 4
Preview Dorinda Medley Kicks Barbara Kavovit Out of Her Home
Show Highlight Tinsley Mortimer’s Mom Isn’t So Sure About Her Relationship
Preview Next on RHONY: Who Is Sonja Morgan Making Out With?
Preview Luann de Lesseps Is Learning What Life on Parole Means
Preview Dorinda Medley Tries to Make Peace With Luann de Lesseps
Sonja Morgan: Everybody Seemed to Enjoy My Lesbian Moment
Dorinda: I Want You as a Friend, but I’m Not Going to Beg
Tinsley: My Mom Likes to Poke at Me
Let's Dissect Ramona Singer's Bad Date with the "Worldly" Marc
See Inside Luann de Lesseps' New Round House
Luann de Lesseps: Dorinda Is Still Not Owning Her Actions
Sonja Morgan and Dorinda Medley Twin in Leopard Print
@Bethenny
Bethenny Frankel is a self-made businesswoman, TV producer, multiple New York Times bestselling author, and mother. Bethenny is the Founder & CEO of Skinnygirl, a lifestyle brand offering practical solutions to women, including the recent launch of the Skinnygirl Jeanswear Collection, which sold out on HSN within its first few hours. She has been part of the popular Bravo series The Real Housewives of New York City from the beginning and can be seen as a guest shark on ABC’s critically acclaimed series Shark Tank. Bethenny became an instant fan favorite, showcasing her entrepreneurial prowess and gut instincts alongside the panel of investors. Bethenny has also been named one of the Top 100 Most Powerful Celebrities by Forbes. Bethenny is always ahead of the curve and identifies and capitalizes on business opportunities.
Not fulfilled by business alone, Bethenny founded B Strong, a charity providing real-time emergency assistance to women in crisis, diverted from their potential success. Bethenny’s life’s experiences have inspired her to help other women in crisis find their own strength and resilience with the launch of B Strong, in partnership with Dress for Success. B Strong: Find Your Yes, is a crisis intervention initiative that provides real time emergency assistance to women who face crises on their road to success.
Additionally, Bethenny established “B Strong: Disaster Relief,” partnering with Global Empowerment Mission to create this worldwide initiative. Their program provides people with much needed gift cards, bank cards, and critical supplies so they are able to deliver in real time. They collect aid and donations from across the country to help individuals and their families affected by the recent natural disasters impacting Texas, Florida, Mexico, Northern California, Dominica, The U.S. Virgin Islands, and New York City. As a result of Bethenny’s efforts, B Strong had marshaled over 10 million pounds of aid that was destined primarily for Puerto Rico. Bethenny helped coordinate the chartering of 55+ private planes to help deliver aid and relief to those hit hardest by the disaster. B Strong has also supported immediate aid programs in Guatemala following the Volcano De Fuego eruption, North Carolina following Hurricane Florence and the Florida Panhandle following Hurricane Michael. Over 10,000 individuals, companies, and foundations have contributed to B Strong’s efforts. Raising approximately $1.25 million in cash cards and collecting over $20 million worth of disaster relief to distribute, this has been called one of the largest privately-run humanitarian efforts in US history.
As a runner up on The Apprentice: Martha Stewart, her success then led her to Bravo’s The Real Housewives of New York City, followed by the spin-off series, Bethenny Getting Married? and Bethenny Ever After… Viewers were captivated by her wit, wisdom, and humor as they followed her personal life becoming a mother and her professional journey creating the Skinnygirl empire. She eventually brought her distinct voice and candid point of view to Bethenny, where she hosted her nationally syndicated daytime talk show program. Bethenny started her own TV production company, B Real-ity, producing two seasons of FYI’s Food Porn, and was the creator, producer, and star of Bravo’s hit real estate show Bethenny and Fredrik.
From becoming a natural food chef and marketing Bethenny Bakes, her healthy baked goods service, to selling “Princess Pashminas" at house parties, and creating the low-calorie cocktail category with the launch of Skinnygirl Cocktails, Bethenny has always identified and capitalized on business opportunities. A true entrepreneur, to further build Skinnygirl Cocktails, Bethenny partnered with Beam Suntory in 2011 to grow her portfolio to include wines, flavored vodkas, and ready-to-drink cocktails. Since the launch of Skinnygirl Cocktails, she has expanded the Skinnygirl brand into a global lifestyle empire, featuring products for women that offer practical and stylish solutions to everyday problems. With the launch of the Skinnygirl Jeanswear collection in September 2018, Skinnygirl has become more than a brand, but also an attitude that helps empower women to lead healthy lives and feel strong, honest, and fearless. Some of the many other Skinnygirl products include microwave popcorn, candy, salad dressings, coffee, tea, liquid sweeteners, water enhancers, shapewear, and most recently candles, skin, and body care.
She is the five-time New York Times bestselling author of: Skinnydipping, A Place of Yes: 10 Rules for Getting Everything You Want Out Of Life, Naturally Thin: Unleash Your Skinnygirl, Free Yourself from a Lifetime of Dieting, The Skinnygirl™ Dish: Easy Recipes for Your Naturally Thin Life, and I Suck At Relationships So You Don’t Have To. She has also authored Skinnygirl Solutions: Simple Ideas, Extraordinary Results, the children's book, Cookie Meets Peanut, and the cocktail book, Skinnygirl Cocktails.
Dorinda Medley
@dorindamedley
Born in the Berkshires in Massachusetts, Dorinda graduated from college and arrived in New York City, working in the showrooms of Liz Claiborne. She met her first husband and followed him to London to start a family and eventually her own cashmere company, DCL Cashmere. Many high-profile London clients like Princess Diana and Joan Collins became acquaintances, and soon, Dorinda left her mark on London society. Ten years in London also brought her a daughter, Hannah, a divorce, and a wish to return to New York to figure out life in the city as a single mom. In 2005, Dorinda met and married financier Dr. Richard Medley, a former Washington power broker and respected speechwriter to congresswoman and vice-presidential candidate Geraldine Ferraro, and together they worked on fund-raising for charitable causes with the likes of Bishop Desmond Tutu, Brad Pitt, Angelina Jolie, Secretary Madeline Albright, and President Bill and Secretary Hillary Clinton.
After the tragic loss of their beloved Richard in 2011, Dorinda and Hannah found strength in each other and in their loved ones to overcome the radical changes of losing a husband, friend, companion, and father figure. Through perseverance and support from her close friends, Dorinda climbed right back to the top of New York society, eventually meeting boyfriend John Mahdessian, owner of New York's legendary couture restoration house Madame Paulette. Dorinda is always directing her energy and focus into her home, family and friends, church, social engagements, and love for pop culture. She continuously gives back to her favorite charitable organizations like BeautyforFreedom.org, the JoyJ Initiative, Ronald McDonald House, NYLovesKids.org, Gabrielle's Angel Foundation, and Lenox Garden Society. Dorinda's passion for entertaining was deeply enhanced with the purchase of Blue Stone Manor, a nine-bedroom Stanford White estate in her native Great Barrington. Nothing gives Dorinda more pleasure than a weekend or holiday spent with great company, home-cooked meals, and the festive, personal touches she is known for. She enjoys the theater, the beach, the mountains, fabulous parties, a great dirty martini, and all types of fashion—both high-end and high-street—and considers all of her pieces collector's items. There's never enough glitz, glam, and sparkle for this true New York City Housewife.
Luann de Lesseps
@CountessLuAnn
Luann De Lesseps is everyone's favorite countess. The model-turned-countess has transformed herself into an author, philanthropist, actor, and bona fide cabaret star.
Luann authored the book Class with the Countess: How to Live with Elegance & Flair and is currently working on a follow-up. Her globally known dance hits "Money Can't Buy You Class," "Chic C'est La Vie," and "Girl Code" resulted in her own Pandora station. Recently, Luann launched the Countess Luann collection with SuperJeweler, inspired by her love of statement pieces. Her two children, Victoria and Noel, are both accomplished artists and entrepreneurs.
Luann continues to challenge herself and expand her horizons with frequent hosting and guest appearances on shows like the Today Show, The View, Steve Harvey, Wendy Williams, The Talk, Dr. Oz, Access Hollywood, and others. She appeared as a guest star on the popular Hulu show Difficult People, and fans can still see her in airings of Law & Order: SVU, alongside Mariska Hargitay.
This past year, Luann made her cabaret debut with her show #COUNTESSANDFRIENDS with sold out shows at Feinstein's 54 Below in New York City, sparking her to take her show on tour visiting cities coast to coast. The national tour continues to sell out.
A champion of many charities, including God's Love We Deliver, the American Cancer Society, GLAAD, and ACE Partnership for the Homeless, Luann currently divides her time between her homes in New York City, Upstate New York, and the Hamptons.
Ramona Singer
@ramonasinger
Ramona Singer is a true entrepreneur, most recently developing her own anti-aging skincare line, Ageless by Ramona. To ensure her products have the best possible ingredients, formulas, and benefits, Ramona sought out the guidance and endorsement of Dr. Amy Lewis, a top NYC dermatologist. Ageless by Ramona will launch in Spring 2019.
At an early age, Ramona had a passion for fashion and later attended the Fashion Institute of Technology, where she was the first graduate of the four-year honors program, earning a BS in marketing. Ramona began her career in the elite Macy's executive training program as a buyer and continued it in sales management for major fashion companies such as Calvin Klein and French Connection. When she was 30, her entrepreneurial spirit arose, and she launched her own company dealing in closeout merchandise, working with some of the largest retailers. Once that spirit was ignited, Ramona continued to develop it by branching into the wine and accessory industry with the launch of the True Faith jewelry collection with HSN and her Ramona Pinot Grigio and Ramona Red. Her fashion prowess and creative direction can now be seen through her creation of jewelry pieces for Safe Horizon, a charity empowering victims of violence to move from crisis to confidence. All proceeds will be donated to Safe Horizon.
Ramona is passionate about her charity work, especially supporting women and children who are victims of domestic abuse, after the abuse she witnessed her own mother enduring. Ramona has always been a strong believer that children are the future and became involved with Africa Foundation/And Beyond, which helps build schools for children in Africa. Ever the optimist, Ramona has taken all of the recent developments in her life and made the most out of them. She is happily single and is focused on healthy living and spending time with her daughter, Avery. After renovating her Manhattan residence and her Hamptons residence all on her own, Ramona is now listing her luxurious NYC apartment to sell and looks forward to downsizing.
Sonja Morgan
@sonjatmorgan
Sonja Morgan is a fixture of New York City society. She got her start modeling in Paris and Milan and studying marketing at the Fashion Institute of Technology, representing high-end luxury brands while keeping her Berkshire-bred sensibilities and values. Sonja used her business acumen and social skills—along with rock-and-rollers, royalty, and the power set—to launch several award-winning luxury fashion brands and successful hot spots across the country. Sonja captured America's attention with her groundbreaking toaster oven recipes, which inspired the all-encompassing international fashion lifestyle brand she plans to grow globally with her partners. In 2015, Sonja launched Sonja Morgan New York, her signature fashion line during New York Fall Fashion Week. She continued to expand her brand with the launch of TipsyGirl, a Prosecco and sparkling Rosé line. In 2017 Sonja introduced her heritage brand shoe line Sonja Morgan by French Sole. In 2018 she added Sonja By Sonja Morgan, a curated selection of affordable luxury fashions and accessories under $150 and her recently released Sonja Morgan New York Parfum, a unisex scent of exquisitely aged natural essential oils. Her fashion lines and perfume are available at sonjabysonjamorgan.com and shoes at https://sonjamorganonline.com/store-shoes/.com.
As a divorced mother, Sonja dedicates her time to her 18-year-old daughter, her businesses, and her philanthropy, which includes work with children, artists, the LGBT community, and animals. A lover of the arts, Sonja enjoys producing, writing, and performing her inspirational "caburlesque" sing song skits at her Sonja in the City events that benefit her charities. Sonja received one of her first awards in 1990 at the St. Regis for being a Singular Sensation for her charity work as a young single woman alongside Vanessa Noel and Mira Sorvino. She received a New York State Senate award in July 2013 for her entrepreneurial business savvy, her use of the media, and again her charity work. She was interviewed on those topics and her "Philanthrocapitalism" by The Economist magazine at the New York Stock Exchange for Bloomberg TV. In October 2016 she made her Off-Broadway acting debut in Sex Tips for Straight Women from a Gay Man, in which Sonja was able to play her alter-ego in the character of a sexually repressed teacher while still incorporating her signature bawdy, sexy sense of humor that viewers know her for. 2018 Sonja continued her comedic climb with Improv Asylum and Cabaret appearances with her pal Countess LuAnn. Sonja's motto remains "Live each day as if you have nothing to lose and everything to gain."
Tinsley Mortimer
@TinsleyMortimer
Tinsley Randolph Mercer hails from Virginia and spent her childhood years growing up at Graymont, the Mercer family house in Richmond, Virginia. She then attended boarding school at the Lawrenceville School in New Jersey, where she met her first husband, Topper Mortimer. Together, they moved to New York City, where Tinsley attended Columbia University and graduated with a degree in art history. As soon as Tinsley landed in New York, her blonde hair, Southern belle charm, and personal branding abilities propelled her into high society. After working at Vogue, she transitioned to a career in public relations. Always an entrepreneur at heart, Tinsley built a successful personal brand that was launched with a line of handbags, Samantha Thavasa by Tinsley Mortimer; a clothing collection, Riccimie by Tinsley Mortimer, which was sold exclusively in Japan; and a tabletop collection. Tinsley then became the beauty ambassador for the iconic French fashion design house of Christian Dior and helped to create a lip gloss coined Tinsley Pink.
Tinsley made her television debut in the season premiere of Gossip Girl in 2010, but after she and Topper divorced, she decided to take a sabbatical from the fast-paced and overwhelming lifestyle that she created for herself in New York City. A respite in Palm Beach gave her time to reflect on her accomplishments, and in late 2016, Tinsley decided to move back to New York City and prove that there is more to her than meets the eye.
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Mario Botta - Cersaie 2009
Architecture brings together gravity, form and matter to accommodate human beings and life.
Ceramic originates from Mother Earth. With this image I wanted to recall where we come from, what we are made of, where we live.
And also where we are going: the future is already here.
Born on 1 April 1943 in Mendrisio, Ticino, Mario Botta completed an apprenticeship in Lugano, then attended the “liceo artistico” (artistic high school) in Milan and continued his studies at the University Institute of Architecture in Venice, where he graduated in 1969 under supervisors Carlo Scarpa and Giuseppe Mazzariol. During his time in Venice he had the opportunity to meet and work for Le Corbusier and Louis I. Kahn.
He began his professional work in Lugano in 1970. He designed the first single-family houses in the Ticino Canton and subsequently carried out numerous projects all over the world.
He has always been strongly involved in education and in recent years founded the Mendrisio architecture academy, where he teaches and held the position of director for the academic year 2002/2003.
His work has won major international awards including the Merit Award for Excellence in Design by the AIA for the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; the International Architecture Award of the Chicago Athenaeum Museum of Architecture and Design and the European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage Europa Nostra for the remodelling of the Teatro alla Scala in Milan; the International Architecture Award 2007 of the Chicago Athenaeum Museum of Architecture and Design for the Santo Volto church in Turin and the Tschuggen Berg Oase wellness centre in Arosa. Numerous exhibitions have been devoted to his work.
His works include: André Malraux Theatre and Cultural Centre, Chambéry; the Watari-um art gallery in Tokyo; the Villeurbanne mediatheque; SFMOMA museum in San Francisco; the Cathedral of the Resurrection in Evry; the Jean Tinguely museum in Basel; the Cymbalista Synagogue and Jewish heritage centre in Tel Aviv; the municipal library in Dortmund; the Dürrenmatt centre in Neuchâtel; the MART museum in Rovereto; the Kyobo tower and the Leeum museum in Seoul; the Tata CS administration buildings in New Delhi and Hyderabad; the Fondation Martin Bodmer Library and Museum in Cologny; the church of Papa Giovanni XXIII in Seriate; restoration of the Teatro alla Scala, Milan; the new casino in Campione d’Italia; the Santo Volto church in Turin; and the Tschuggen Berg Oase wellness centre in Arosa. Works in progress include an office and residential complex in Treviso, redevelopment of the former Campari area in Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, the university library in Trento, the Bechtler art museum in Charlotte, the art gallery and museum of Tsinghua University in Beijing, the architecture museum in Mendrisio, the San Rocco parish centre in Sambuceto near San Giovanni Teatino, and the Château Faugères wine cellar in Saint-Emilion, France.
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Politics & City Life
Chicago: 150 Years of Flooding and Excrement
Chicago entered the modern era by reversing nature to rid the city of filth. After seven generations of epic, semi-effective engineering, the future may require a return to the city’s swampy self.
By Whet Moser
Water intake crib, Lake Michigan Alex Garcia/Chicago Tribune
The Chicago Flag has three white stripes, two blue stripes, and four stars, representing the physical and civic foundations of the city: Chicago’s north, west, and south sides; the river, canal, and lake; and Fort Dearborn, the Chicago Fire, the World’s Fair, and the Century of Progress Exposition. Periodically the city considers adding to it, whether for the city’s role in the nuclear era or the 2016 Olympics.
We think of the Chicago Fire as the element that shaped the city. But if the flag is missing anything, one of the fundamental elements that gave us the city we have today, it’s probably shit. The city took form around it, and its most extraordinary engineering feats—still going, still not entirely working—were built to deal with it.
The city was literally shaped by excrement. Its biggest single period of growth, the growth that turned Chicago into the Second City by population, came in the late 1800s, when the city’s sewer and sanitary systems were the envy of what were then suburbs. Lake View Township (the whole of the northeast side from North Avenue up to Rogers Park), Hyde Park Township (the south side between Pershing, State, and 138th), Lake Township (the southwest side bordered by Pershing, State, 87th, and Cicero) all latched on to the city when sophisticated sanitary systems were beyond the reach of booming townships, which were tightly restricted by the state’s limits on local debt.
A larger jurisdiction, the result of annexation, was expected to reduce the cost of providing existing services and provide tax revenues to pay for additional ones. Many suburbs were unable to provide all the services their residents demanded. There were two common problems. First, many suburbs were unable to borrow money for improvements because they were already at their debt limit (typically 5 percent of their assessed valuation). Second, to be cost-effective, the new technologies required populations much larger than most suburbs were likely to have.
The city had begun 40 years before when it brought Boston’s city engineer, Ellis Chesbrough, to build a sewer system. In March 1849, the year after the Illinois and Michigan Canal opened, the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad began, and Chicago got its first telegraph line—when it was born as an American metropolis—the city was flooded after a warmup and three days of rain caused the ice on the river to break. A “monumental ice jam” on the Des Plaines River created a giant ice dam; when it broke, it sent a wall of water and ice through the city, as Harold Platt writes in Shock Cities:
By now the entire population was drawn to the riverfront by the terrible commotion. “The cries and shouts of the people,” a reporter wrote, “the crash of the timber, the toppling over of vessel masts, the terror-stricken crowds of people assembled in the adjoining streets, were sights and sounds never to be forgotten by those who witnessed them"…. After demolishing the final bridge across Clark Street with a tremendous boom, the floating mass of ice and debris became dangerously snarled at the elbow in the Main Branch at State Street.
A few weeks later cholera broke out in the city, killing 678 people that year. In 1854, it killed 1,549 people in a city that had only 30,000 in 1850, and 112,000 in 1860 (the Tribune reported the population at 60,000 that year). Chicago, Platt writes, was “the unhealthiest place in the United States.” The Tribune editors blamed the foreigners:
We may also refer to the fact that the immigration of the present year is vastly larger than during any previous year since 1839 [not entirely legible], and that a large majority of the deaths are confined to the foreign population passing through or permanently stopping here. And when their habits of living are considered—how they dissipate with poisonous liquors and slops, and eat every manner of green and decaying vegetables, in quantities that no native could stand without injury,—the wonder is, not how so many die but how they live.
Independent of the Cholera Morbus, and the usual summer complaints, we can assure the public that our city is enjoying good health.
But even those who escaped the morbus were hardly enjoying the city, trudging around knee-deep in mud and waste. So the city raised itself out of the muck by an average of four to five feet, lifting buildings on massive jacks, (here and there in the city you can still find houses below street grade), so that Ellis Chesbrough could build his sewer system.
Chesbrough’s system shot the city’s waste out into the lake, turning the river into “a villanous compound of decomposed animal and vegetable matter, titurated with sufficient water to give it a semi-fluid consistency,” as the Tribune described it. While Chesbrough’s sewer cleaned up the city, it did so by fouling the river and the lake. So Chesbrough went farther out into the lake for fresh water, building the city’s first water crib 600 feet out into Lake Michigan.
His solution was two shafts, one in the lake and one in the city, connected by two miles of tunnel. One is the crib; the other the Water Tower. Almost three years of round-the-clock work were required to build two miles of tunnel out into the lake. In 1867, Chesbrough took Chicago reporters on a rowboat tour of the tunnel, historian Carl Smith writes in his new City Water, City Life:
Under Chesbrough’s direction, these anxious sailors directed their craft by pushing agains the tunnel’s interior walls with their hands. Though the water was “clear as crystal, and sweet to the taste,” their trepidation understandably increased as their lamps dimmed and then died. They began to fear that they would perish along with Chesbrough, who remained inexplicably unperturbed. They struck up “The Star-Spangled Banner” to muster their courage.
Chesbrough’s design survived the fire. The Water Tower became a symbol of the city’s resilience and rebirth, but its real lure was its expanding sewer and water systems, which attracted underfunded suburbs; once suburbs like Evanston and Oak Park grew able to build their own, the city’s physical growth came to a halt.
But his system could only take so much shit. The river turned into a fetid ditch, and his miraculous tunnel-and-crib system didn’t actually work to keep the city’s water clean; a growing city evacuating itself in the direction of its fresh water supply meant that the tunnel, long as it was, wasn’t nearly long enough.
So we reversed the river, building the the paradoxically named Sanitary and Ship Canal to send (literal and figurative) crap towards the Mississippi and out to the Gulf of Mexico. This time, it took eight years to build the 28-mile conduit; here’s a good visualization. When it was completed, in 1900, the New York Times congratulated us: “The Water in the Chicago River Now Resembles Liquid.”
New Yorkers, man. Then again, St. Louis filed a lawsuit against us, underappreciative of the fact that our engineering genius sent the whole of the city’s waste through their front yard. They lost, forcing them to build a filtration plant. It’s all a matter of who you’re downstream from, or who you can engineer to be downstream from you.
At this point, Chicago had raised the entire city, tunneled two miles under it and out into the lake, and reversed the Chicago River, three of the greatest engineering feats of mankind, all to keep the city afloat, or the opposite of afloat. And it grew—more annexation, more people, more industry, and more shit. Which these heroic feats could not handle. So we built more channels, the North Shore and the Cal-Sag.
That didn’t work, either.
Within the first ten years of operation it was clear that the district’s works were not capable of handling the growing volume of Chicago’s domestic and industrial wastes. In the 1910s the district began to construct sewage treatment plants to supplement the channel system. The decade of the 1920s saw the start of construction of the major treatment works that are the foundation of the city’s current wastewater strategy. The Calumet sewage treatment works were placed in operation in 1922, followed by the North Side works (1928), the West Side works (1931), and the Southwest works (1939). A suit against the district was resolved in the U.S. Supreme Court in 1930 and resulted in a reduction of the district’s diversion of water to reverse the river. This effectively reversed the district’s approach; sewage treatment plants were forced supplemented by the channel system.
Chicago was using Lake Michigan as a giant toilet tank, flushing 8,500 cubic feet per second from the great lake down towards the Gulf. The states of Wisconsin, Ohio, Michigan, and New York sued Illinois for draining the lake. The Court’s opinion, written by Chief Justice Holmes, gave Chicago eight years to complete its treatment systems and reduce its use of lakewater to 1,500 cfs: “the restoration of the just rights of the complainants was made gradual rather than immediate in order to avoid so far as might be the possible pestilence and ruin with which the defendants have done much to confront themselves.”
After the West Side works and the Southwest works were completed, they were joined into the Stickney Water Reclamation Plant, “the biggest wastewater treatment plant on earth”:
The Stickney Water Reclamation Plant is located on 570 acres of Cicero, Il, just southwest of Chicago. That’s big enough to warrant having its own railway—which it does. Processing upwards of 1.2 billion gallons per day (up from 787 million gallons/day in 2008), it serves 2.38 million people over 260 square miles including central Chicago and 43 suburban communities.
By the 1940s, Chicago had raised the city; tunneled under the lake; reversed the river; and built the largest sewage treatment plan in the world. And yet its combined sewer system was constantly overflowing, in 400 places over 375 square miles, running afoul of federal water quality standards.
So the city began another unprecedented engineering project: Deep Tunnel, a sewer for its sewers. The Water Tower tunnel was two miles; the Sanitary and Ship Canal, 28 miles. Deep Tunnel, when completed, will be 109.4 miles of tunnels processing 17.5 billion gallons a day—you may have noticed today that its current capacity, 2.3 billion gallons, still isn’t enough—at a cost of some $4 billion and 54 years of work, assuming that it’s completed by the legally required limit of 2029. That’s what’s going on underneath your feet today, when it isn’t lapping at your ankles.
Deep Tunnel is one of two final pieces, if history allows us to make that judgement at this point. In between now and then, the MWRD will begin disinfecting its wastewater, if begrudgingly:
The fact that he’s willing to talk about these ideas at all represents a significant step forward for the MWRD. The agency has long been seen as averse to any form of outside interference. (It resisted disinfection of its outgoing treated wastewater for decades, for example, with one member arguing that disinfecting water that reentered the river would only encourage people to swim, and lead to more drownings.)
The end goal is a swimmable Chicago River, with a riverwalk as a city centerpiece and mayoral legacy, having finally built a manmade river of filth far beneath our feet, and finally out of the way after some 150 years.
But it could go farther than that, as Jeanne Gang told Chicago. Beginning at the notorious Bubbly Creek, Gang envisions a barrier that would not only reverse the river, but over a century of engineering marvels:
Next you would install this barrier, hydrological separation, dam—whatever you want to call it—basically reestablishing the divide between the Mississippi River watershed and the Great Lakes. It’s also, suddenly, a connection between Bridgeport and Pilsen. The whole book is looking at the barrier as a catalyst to reimagining [this part of the city].
The next step is to take out the canal—which is a concrete basin—and remediate the area so it can start to operate like a wetland. Use nature as technology. The wetlands will increase the amount of waterfront, increase the amount of green space, and increase property values on either side of the river. Then start to invest in more water treatment. Instead of pumping sewage and the overflow into Stickney, you could just treat it here. We need to expand our wastewater treatment. Use biodigesters to clean the water basically and return it to the wetlands for the last polishing.
Now we’d move the dam or build another dam. Instead of flushing water down to the Gulf of Mexico, we start reclaiming it. This is when you reverse the flow of the Chicago River, finally. Suddenly you’re catching the billions of gallons of fresh water a day that we drain from Lake Michigan and bringing it back to the lake.
In that end would be the city’s beginning, turning the engineering back on itself, and after seven generations, learning enough to be able to put everything back in its place.
Other Whet Moser stories
This Week’s 10 Must-Read Stories
10 Stories You Should Read This Week
Comments are moderated. We review them in an effort to remove foul language, commercial messages, abuse, and irrelevancies.
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in CST's Courtyard Theater
directed by Gary Griffin
Tim Gittings
Theseus Attendant
Tim Gittings returns to Chicago Shakespeare Theater, where he appeared in Short Shakespeare! Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Taming of the Shrew and Short Shakespeare! The Taming of the Shrew. Other Chicago credits include: Awake and Sing! (Northlight Theatre); A Christmas Carol (Goodman Theatre); As You Like It, Heartbreak Hotel (Writers’ Theatre); When You Comin’ Back, Red Ryder (Circle Theatre); and Mrs. Mackenzie’s Beginner’s Guide to the Blues (Stage Left Theatre). Regional credits include: four seasons at American Players Theatre, two seasons at the Alabama Shakespeare Festival and seven seasons with Door Shakespeare.
Back to A Midsummer Night's Dream
Additional Sponsors
Additional support provided by the Gayle and Glenn R. Tilles Music Fund.
Team Shakespeare arts-in-education activities for A Midsummer Night's Dream made possible by Sheila Penrose and Ernie Mahaffey.
A Midsummer Night's Dream was presented in the Jentes Family Auditorium.
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A horse is a horse, of course, but what are they thinking on Derby day?
By John Cherwa
| Los Angeles Times |
Nyquist, the presumptive Kentucky Derby favorite, checks outs Barn 41 at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Ky., Sunday, May 1, 2016. (Garry Jones / Associated Press)
It was the biggest race before the Kentucky Derby, and undefeated colt Nyquist was leading as he headed into the homestretch at Gulfstream Park in the Florida Derby.
Jockey Mario Gutierrez decided to employ a different tactic. He asked the horse to run wide, losing ground, so his chief rival, undefeated Mohaymen, would stay within Nyquist's sight lines. The confrontation never developed as Mohaymen just couldn't keep up with Saturday's presumptive Kentucky Derby favorite.
The strategy was based on how they believed Nyquist was thinking rather than the quickest path to the finish line. The colt has not only never lost a race, he has never even allowed another horse to pass him.
"If he engages you, he's going to be tough to beat," said trainer Doug O'Neill. "The one thing I think could beat Nyquist is if he's on a lead and someone [he can't see] is flying five wide outside."
The anthropomorphism of animals is ingrained in our culture, be it dogs, cats, horses or even Ninja turtles.
But it doesn't answer the question if horses actually know if they win or even why they are running a race.
"The research, and how true it is we don't know, is that they want to win," said Melissa Bain, who heads the Clinical Animal Behavior Service at UC Davis' renowned veterinary school.
"I don't know if it's inherent or they just like to race and run fast," Bain said. "It probably depends on how they were trained or if they don't run fast they get hit with a crop."
Aaron Sones, who along with wife Julie Gilbert own Kentucky Derby entrant Trojan Nation, definitely believes in the intellect of horses. His colt lost the Wood Memorial almost three weeks ago in a tight-as-it-can-be photo finish.
"He doesn't think he's a maiden," Sones said. "He thinks he won the Wood. If you saw him you could see how confident and happy he was with himself. He thinks he did something special in the Wood."
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Trojan Nation has never won a race, so he was unaware of the ritual where the first-place horse is escorted to the winner's circle for pictures.
"I think when they go back to the winner's circle they feel all the love and excitement," said Hall of Fame jockey Mike Smith. "If you walk into your house and you're sad, your dog knows it."
Animals do things not only because it's good for them but because it's fun. Maybe for these horses, we've bred them to think this is fun.
Melissa Bain, head of Clinical Animal Behavior Service at UC Davis
Smith was aboard Zenyatta for 16 straight wins until she lost for the first time in the 2010 Breeders' Cup Classic at Churchill Downs.
"She acted a whole lot different after that race," Smith said. "She always came back dancing but on that day she was acting tired. Was she tired or was she that way because everybody's language was down?"
Kerry Thomas, who advises owners on motivating and understanding horses, can best be described as part psychologist and kinesiologist. He spends countless hours studying video of horses both on and off the track and his analysis of equine traits is sought out by handicappers.
"Elite horses like to control their environment," Thomas said. "Every colt has their own individual herd dynamic. Some personality traits like to stalk and pounce on a horse. Some want to be in the front and manage the herd from that aspect."
Thomas views the Derby, with more than 160,000 people, as a real test of a horse's mental ability.
"For me the sensory system is the fabric to a horse's success," Thomas said. "Some horses handle it with ease and are better prepared because they don't waste energy. Some horses absorb stress, just like people, and that is a defining personality trait."
Thomas believes humans can help a horse adapt to their environment. He's a fan of some trainers, such as O'Neill and Bob Baffert, who are based in Southern California.
"I think when it comes to developing a horse, I give Doug O'Neill a lot of credit because he has a good feel for a horse and nurtures it along properly," Thomas said. "I've seen him give horses the room to grow on their own. Horses are emotional athletes and a reflection of their environment."
O'Neill, who won the Kentucky Derby and Preakness with I'll Have Another in 2012, buys into theory of horses reacting to their environment. He says Nyquist reacts to the change in his routine on race days, such as when his water bucket is taken away before the race.
"Some horses start fretting at that point," O'Neill said. "Not him, he puts his game face on. He's just that kind of horse. He's just a warrior."
Animal behavior expert Bain thinks it's possible that horses enjoy the race day experience.
"If you look at border collies, they enjoy what they do, they love the job they have," Bain said. "Animals do things not only because it's good for them but because it's fun. Maybe for these horses, we've bred them to think this is fun. We just haven't figured out a way to measure it."
Bain went on to explain a basic commonality between animals and people.
"Everything has a cost benefit," Bain said. "How much do you want this vs. that? There has to be a reward. You might push a button 10,000 times for a piece of chocolate but only 10 times for a Brussels sprout."
Bain thinks the mythology surrounding Nyquist might be as simple as he's the fastest horse out there.
But Smith, who will ride Danzing Candy on Saturday, believes there could be more to it.
"Some horses just don't like to get passed," Smith said. "A horse like Nyquist you never seem to be able to get past them. If you run fast, he runs faster."
It's clear where O'Neill falls on the mental sharpness of his colt, comparing him to the recently retired Lakers legend.
"What makes Kobe Bryant so much better than everyone else is he brings it to every practice, every workout," O'Neill said. "He would persevere throughout. Nyquist has days when he doesn't feel like training, but he brings it. He's got a great work ethic. He's competitive to the highest quality."
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If Nyquist can successfully navigate the 20-horse Kentucky Derby field on Saturday, followed by the Preakness two weeks later and the Belmont Stakes three weeks after that, he would go down as one of the greatest Thoroughbreds of all time.
And just possibly one of the smartest.
John.Cherwa@latimes.com
Twitter: @jcherwa
Mike Smith (jockey)
Mario Gutierrez
Naperville gas station fires clerk accused of telling Hispanic customers ‘to go back to their country’
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| Daily Southtown |
Mother McAuley student Hannah Brennan, of Chicago's Mt. Greenwood neighborhood, stands with Bishop Francis Kane at the recent Archdiocese of Chicago Fore The Kids Catholic Schools Golf Outing at Chicago Highlands Golf Club. Brennon received a scholarship and gave a speech. (Mary Compton photo)
Holy Cross Lutheran Church: 4041 W. 120th St. — Free Monthly Community Meals will be at 4:30 p.m. on the second Tuesday of the month. Free Food Pantry at 10:30 p.m. on most Saturdays. Vacation Bible School will begin for children four years old to eighth grade. The program will be from 6 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. July 11 and 12. A light meal for participants and their families will begin at 5:30 p.m. July 11. The program is free. Registration and information are at 708-597-5209 from 9 a.m. to noon Thursdays and Fridays.
Christian Family Faith Center: 10714 S. Wentworth Ave. — The Christian Family Faith Center Health Fair will be from 9 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. Aug. 9 and Aug. 10. A Community Rally will be from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. Aug. 11. The event will provide free school and sports physicals for underinsured children. The Ronald McDonald Mobile Care Unit will proved exams by trained medical professionals. Participants must bring a completed consent packet and current shot records from a school nurse. Exams are on a first-come basis and by appointment only. Information: 773-785-0412 or cffchealthfair@gmail.com.
Calvary Assembly of God: 18620 Governors Hwy. — The annual Kids’ Fun Fair will be from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. July 7. Activities include games, inflatables, fire truck, give-a-ways, a rock climbing wall, D.A.R.E. car and a D. J. from radio 104.7. Concessions will be for sale. Registration will be available for children six years old to sixth grade for Mega Sports Camp. The camp will be from July 9 to July 12. Camp choices are soccer, basketball, or flag football. Information: 708-957-0986.
Infant Jesus of Prague: Flossmoor Rd. & Leavitt Ave. — The Monthly Mass and Healing Services will be at 7:30 p.m. Aug. 6 and Sept. 3. Monday Mass Prayer Meetings will be at 7:30 p. m. all other Mondays.
First Presbyterian Church: 17929 Gottschalk Ave. — Free programs will continue during the summer months. Free Community Dinners on Monday Nights will be from 5:30 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. in Westminster Hall. Tuesday Bible Study will be from 10:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. Tuesdays at Panera Bread, 18416 Governors Highway. The program is open to people of any faith and requires no purchase. Adult Summer Sunday School will meet in the Parlor at 9:30 a.m. Sundays. The program will be a video and discussion series entitled “The World of Biblical Israel.” The church will distribute free ice water at the Homewood Farmers’ Market August 18. An Ice Cream Social will be in Westminster Hall at 11:45 a.m. July 8. Guests can make an ice cream sundae, pie a la mode or a root beer float. Donations are requested. Information: www.fpchw.org or call 708-798-0490.
St. Andrew United Methodist Church: 18850 Riegel Rd. — 18850 Riegel Road - Vacation Bible School: Who Is My Neighbor? for children entering first to sixth grades is open for registration. The program is from 6:30 to 8:30 p.m. August 5 to August 7. Children will participate in music, Bible lessons and crafts. The cost is $5 per child or $10 per family. Information: 708-798-8904.
Immanuel Lutheran Church and Preschool: 10731 W La Porte Rd. — Registration is open for the 2018-2019 school year at Immanuel Lutheran Preschool in Mokena for toilet-trained children two and a half years old to five years old. Registration and information: 708-479-5600, ilpmokena@att.net, or www.immanuelmokena.org.
St. Jude Catholic Church: 241 W. 2nd Ave. — Kids’ Summer Camp will be from 9 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. July 16 to July 19. The cost is $35 per child. Bring a daily snack. Register online at www.stjudes.org/faith-formation/sign-up/summer-kids-camp-july-16-19. Permission slip and payment must be turned in at the Faith Formation Office by July 6. Information: Katie Neu at kneu@stjudes.org or 815-463-4291 or Steve Martin at smartin@stjudes.org or 815-463-4223.
Lutheran Church of the Resurrection: 15050 Central Ave. — A weekly prayer service will be at 7 p.m. Wednesdays. Everyone is welcome to bring their concerns and prayer intentions. Information: 708-687-2170 or resurrectionoakforest@gmail.com.
Church of Chicago: 10000 S. Kostner Ave. — Big City Basketball Camp for third to eighth grade boys and girls will be from 6:30 p.m. to 8 p.m. Mondays to Fridays July 9 to July 20 at Vanderpoel School, 9510 S. Prospect Ave., Chicago. The cost is $30 per child. Register at www.churchofchicago.org/bcbc. All consent forms and applications are on the website. Information: 773-672-7230.
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Pilgrim Faith UCC: 9411 S. 51st Ave. — Vacation Bible School “Surfin’ through the Scriptures” will be from 9 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. July 9 to July 12 for children four years old to fifth grade. Activities include singing, dancing, games, interactive Bible study, science, snacks and hands-on activities. The cost is $10 per child or $25 per family. Register at www.PilgrimFaith.org. Information: 708-422-4200.
Christ Lutheran Church: 14700 S. 94th Ave. — Summer worship services will be at 5 p.m. Saturdays and at 8 a.m. and 10 a.m. Sundays. Third Wednesday Communion services will be at 6 p.m. July 18 and Aug. 15.
Faith United Presbyterian Church: 6200 W. 167th St. — The Worship Ministry Team of Faith will host a candlelight bowl fundraiser at 7 p.m. July 20 at Orland Bowl, 8601 W. 159th St., Orland Park. Proceeds benefit the construction of a pavilion and handicapped accessible modifications. The cost is $30 for four games and an all-you-can-eat buffet. Buffet only is $15. Tickets must be purchased by July 14. There are no tickets at the door. For tickets, call 708-532-8877. Vacation Bible School for children ages three to 12 will be from 9 a.m. to noon July 30 to Aug. 4. The theme is “Shipwrecked—Rescued by Jesus.” The program will include Bible stories, songs, snacks, crafts, experiments, videos and games. No registration fee. Preregister at www.faithunitedpres.org. Information: 708-532-8877.
First Baptist Church of Tinley Park: 7025 W. 179th St. — The Tinley Park Senior Luncheon and Fellowship will be at 11:30 a.m. July 11. Lunch will be served at noon. There is no fee. Mary Kay Groen, a reverse mortgage lender from First Midwest Bank will be the guest speaker.
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How the stockmarket returned 80% without moving
Wednesday 27 March 2019 10:29 am
Guy Verhofstadt compares Farage to Blackadder character in European Parliament
The European Parliament’s outspoken Brexit co-ordinator Guy Verhofstadt has taken a swipe at the self-styled “Bad Boy of Brexit” Nigel Farage, comparing him to field marshal Douglas Haig from the final episode of sitcom Blackadder.
Verhofstadt said he was “surprised” to see the former leader of Ukip on European Parliament duty in Strasbourg, rather than on a pro-Brexit protest march yesterday.
Former Belgian Prime Minister Verhofstadt said that like Haig in Blackadder, Farage was “sitting safely in his office, while his people are walking in the cold and the rain”.
“I thought you were marching 200 miles for the leave campaign? How many did you do? Two miles!”
https://twitter.com/guyverhofstadt/status/1110836447626645504
Speaking in Strasbourg yesterday, he added: “Let me recall the words of Sir Winston Churchill. 'Success,' he said. 'Success is the ability to go from one failure to another with no loss of enthusiasm.'
"He could be talking about House of Commons and Prime Minister May today. This afternoon the house will have, if of course the Speaker allows – no less than 16 options for Brexit on the table. So there is certainly no loss of enthusiasm.”
Farage hit back by invoking the real-life field marshal Haig, who he said “saved the Belgian town of Ypres from German domination” during the First World War.
“Far from mocking Haig in Belgium, he should be a great hero to you,” he added.
The real-life Douglas Haig has gained the nickname “The Butcher of the Somme” among historians in the intervening years, for sending thousands of troops into the enemy line of fire at the Battle of the Somme in 1916.
On the first day of the Battle of the Somme in July 1916, 19,240 Brits died.
MPs will tonight take a series of indicative votes on proposals which they hope could replace Theresa May’s Brexit deal.
Plans were submitted last night, which Speaker John Bercow will pick to be debated this evening.
Tags: Brexit Nigel Farage People
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News . Feature Stories . CIA alums Steward, Esner bring work to new canvas
CIA alums Steward, Esner bring work to new canvas
Red Line projects enliven urban railway
By Karen Sandstrom
For a fine artist, a large blank canvas is one thing. But a 30-foot-wide concrete abutment presents a new world of challenges.
So say artists Darius Steward ’08 and Amber Esner ’13, who this week completed murals on overpass supports along the Regional Transit Authority’s Red Line rapid transit route. The line runs from Cleveland Hopkins International Airport to downtown Cleveland, where the urban landscape meets wildflowers and gold finches.
The CIA alumni were among 19 artists who installed a dozen new works this month as part of Inter|Urban, a public art project coordinated by Land Studio and sponsored by the Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency and the Cleveland Foundation.
Esner and Steward were selected from more than 300 applicants worldwide to contribute to a series of murals that liven up the Red Line trip. The works are based in part on writing by winners of the Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards, which honor literature that addresses issues of race and diversity.
Neither Steward nor Esner had previously made work that required the aid of a mechanical lift, but they needed one this time; their working space here stretched more than 15 feet high.
“For me, the challenge was kind of trying to still be me even at this kind of scale,” Steward says. His painting, based on a short-short story called “Rain” by John Edgar Wideman, features an image of a young child moving on a swing while two young boys stand together in a lower corner, one holding a blank sign.
The sign, Steward says, “is a way for me to talk about how sometimes we’re voiceless, but also how people bring their own judgments and stereotypes to the table. When they fill in those blanks, they get to think about what they’re saying and why. For me, it’s about starting the conversation.”
The artists used a projector to help them position their sketches on the wall, and then went to work with cans of exterior house paint. “Mixing became a challenge,” says Steward, who couldn’t rely on using a mixing palette as he would on a regular canvas. “I’m putting two colors on the brush and seeing how it looks on the wall. I did a lot of altering.”
For Esner, the biggest challenge was simply estimating the amount of time it would take to paint all of the objects that are part of her composition, which is based on a poem called “The End” by Elizabeth Alexander, which concludes with the lines:
it holds tight to its branches
then one day
it is gone.
Esner selected the text as inspiration because it “related to all my other work in general – relationships ending, relationships in general.” The objects in her mural are things that are symbolic of ended relationships. A flag pin represents a friend’s late grandfather. A pinecone alludes to a lost romance.
After about a week of painting, Esner says, “I’m feeling great. I’m super excited that my style was able to relate from paper onto a wall.”
Steward, who was born and raised in East Cleveland, said he was eager to meet the challenge of a large-scale public work. He applied, he says, because he knew that “to be one of the artists representing Cleveland would be a great thing. I felt I needed to be one of the artists, honestly.”
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Gender and Peacebuilding: Trudeau Can Do More to Support Gender Rights in Africa
Members of the Nigerian battalion of the United Nations-African Union Hybrid Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) on patrol during a community meeting between UNAMID officials and Arab nomads. 16/Mar/2008.UN Photo/Stuart Price
By Dr. Annie Bunting
With the Canadian government about to confirm the deployment of peacekeepers to Africa (likely to Mali), and Prime Minister Trudeau’s recent visit to Liberia and address to the Francophonie on the centrality of the rights of women and girls, it is important to reflect critically on both these agendas in tandem. Trudeau needs to do more, as he engages in Africa, to support local civil society organizations directly and hold the United Nations accountable for abuse.
Trudeau’s government has continued his predecessor’s foreign policy emphasis on child, early, and forced marriage (CEFM), and maternal and child health. The government is a lead sponsor of the UN Security Council resolution on CEFM; supports the work of the UN Special Representatives on Sexual Violence in Conflict, and Children in Conflict; and supports the umbrella organization Girls Not Brides. On November 24, Trudeau also announced more than $12M of funding to support gender equality in Africa — most in West Africa, all of it through the UN. The commitments include support to UN Women to increase the participation of women in politics in West Africa; $1.5M to the Global Acceleration Instrument on women, peace, and security; and funding to UNDP to support the 2017 election in Liberia. These are all laudable initiatives.
The government’s ongoing reliance on the UN as the main organization through which to work on these priorities, however, is short-sighted. Grassroots organizations in conflict-affected or fragile African states report duplication of services by the UN in their work with survivors of sexual and gender-based violence. Partners we work with in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Liberia, for example, report UN staff extracting information and data without due credit to their organizations. They also report inadequate or insensitive follow-through on service provision and cessation of services with little notice, leaving non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to fill the roles created and then left by the UN.
NGOs within countries such as DRC, Liberia, Mali, and Uganda deserve direct, multi-year support from the Canadian government to address the complex needs of individuals and communities when rebuilding after war and preventing future violence. This includes holistic programs of skills training and education (including university), psychosocial support, access to justice, land and economic rights, and healthcare. A lot of development funding is directed at skills training such as tailoring and artisanal crafts where the local economy may not support the influx of newly trained women and men or where lingering injuries from the war may make the profession inappropriate for recipients. It is only through innovative and culturally sensitive programs (such as working with men and boys, family and community mediation, storytelling and popular theatre) that we may see long-term change in post-conflict communities.
In the UN Women’s global fifteen-year study of UN Resolution 1325 on women peace and security, the authors write, “A study of 31 major peace processes between 1992 and 2011 revealed that only nine per cent of negotiators were women—a negligible figure given the issues that are involved. Only three per cent of the military in UN missions are women, and the majority of these are employed as support staff. These two areas of peacemaking and peacekeeping are among the most persistently challenging for ensuring women’s equal and meaningful participation.” In light of Trudeau’s commitment to gender parity, Canada is well placed to take a lead in this area.
Further, given their concern about gender equality and violence against women and girls, it would behoove Trudeau to speak to the sexual harassment and violence perpetrated by UN peacekeepers, including Canadians. Recent reports document cases of rape and coerced sex by peacekeepers against local women in Central African Republic and DRC — resulting in UN Resolution 2272 (2016) and the social media campaign #predatorypeacekeepers — more indicative of a culture of entitlement and abuse than one of respectful engagement with local communities.
While not enough data exists about cases of sexual assault, harassment, or so-called “transactional sex” by peacekeepers, this is again a problem of accountability systems within the UN. Peacekeepers are rarely subject to local prosecution or military sanction for allegations of sexual assault or harassment. As Guilaine Kinouani argues in her piece, “Since I gave you a phone it’s not rape,” “speaking of ‘transactional sex’ is, therefore, both a vehicle for old colonial notions and a way for predatory peacekeepers to resist accountability for their rape and sexual exploitation of children and of vulnerable women.” It is imperative that Trudeau’s government push for accountability and commit to building a culture of peacekeeping based on mutual respect and collaboration with local actors.
There is an important place for UN-led initiatives and bilateral government support. More funding and programming, however, needs to reach the intended beneficiaries directly, rather than being filtered through UN agencies. Abuses by UN agencies, including peacekeepers, must be thoroughly investigated and sanctioned if the UN and Canada’s role within it is to be respected by the communities in which we work. The most impactful way to affect change is by engaging with local activists and researchers who work in affected communities to prevent and heal from violence every day. The time for unidirectional development is over — just ask those living in conflict-affected regions in DR Congo, Nigeria, and Mali.
Dr. Annie Bunting is the Project Director, Conjugal Slavery in War Partnership, and Deputy Director of the Harriet Tubman Institute for Research on Africa and its Diasporas at York University.
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New York Neighborhoods Lefferts Gardens
Runs from Empire Boulevard to the north, Clarkson Avenue to the south, Ocean Avenue and Prospect Park to the west and Nostrand Avenue to the east.
Brooklyn’s bedroom community, Lefferts Gardens, and its historic district, Lefferts Manor, have an array of architecturally diverse homes. The quiet residential neighborhood of Lefferts has architecture ranging in style, including Victorian, Neo-Renaissance, Romanesque Revival, Neo-Georgian, Federal and Tudor – a far greater variety than one finds in typical brownstone Brooklyn. These two-story, three-story and four-story homes were built from 1890 to the 1920s, whereas most of the detached homes were built a bit later, towards the 1930s and 40s.
As the name of the neighborhood implies, lush greenery is an amenity of many of these Lefferts Gardens houses. Lefferts Manor, the historic district, is located along the eastern edge of Prospect Park and is full of single-family homes in a unique situation that does not allow the division into apartments. The homes between Lincoln Road and Fenimore Street, from Flatbush Avenue to Rogers Avenue, all descend from James Lefferts’ original estate; when he divided it into 600 residential lots in 1893, he established a still-existing covenant forbidding multi-family dwellings. While Lefferts Gardens is quiet, it has plenty of hangouts to complement the quaint atmosphere. Moreover, it’s all just a half-hour subway ride to downtown Manhattan on the Q train.
19 Clarkson Avenue
3 Floors / Townhouse
385 Hawthorne Street
3 Beds / 2.5 Baths / 2,400 Sq. Ft. / House
Whats In The Area
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The next column is the price of the coin, per unit, expressed in US Dollars, although the currency of the price can be changed in the small box at the top of the chart. The next two columns measure the recorded change as a percentile and as an actual value, respectively. The growth is shown in green while the loss is red color coded and has a minus in front of the number shown.
Like Bitcoin, Ethereum is a distributed public blockchain network. Although there are some significant technical differences between the two, the most important distinction to note is that Bitcoin and Ethereum differ substantially in purpose and capability. Bitcoin offers one particular application of blockchain technology, a peer to peer electronic cash system that enables online Bitcoin payments. While the Bitcoin blockchain is used to track ownership of digital currency (bitcoins), the Ethereum blockchain focuses on running the programming code of any decentralized application.
It takes a (global) village to raise a blockchain. The live network and the community of open source developers contribute significantly to this effort. They continuously refine and harden the Ethereum platform, helping it get faster at responding to industry demands for the value propositions it offers. These investments of time and resources speak to their faith in Ethereum governance and the value that businesses and developers see in its capabilities. – Joseph Lubin, CEO of Consensys
^ Iansiti, Marco; Lakhani, Karim R. (January 2017). "The Truth About Blockchain". Harvard Business Review. Harvard University. Retrieved 17 January 2017. The technology at the heart of bitcoin and other virtual currencies, blockchain is an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way.
Augur is an open-source prediction & forecasting market platform that allows anyone to forecast events and get rewarded for predicting them correctly. Predictions on future real world events, like who will win the next US election, are carried out by trading virtual shares. If a person buys shares in a winning prediction, they receive monetary rewards.
Ethereum is also being used as a platform to launch other cryptocurrencies. Because of the ERC20 token standard defined by the Ethereum Foundation, other developers can issue their own versions of this token and raise funds with an initial coin offering (ICO). In this fundraising strategy, the issuers of the token set an amount they want to raise, offer it in a crowdsale, and receive Ether in exchange. Billions of dollars have been raised by ICOs on the Ethereum platform in the last two years, and one of the most valuable cryptocurrencies in the world, EOS, is an ERC20 token.
Cryptocurrencies are systems that allow for the secure payments of online transactions that are denominated in terms of a virtual "token," representing ledger entries internal to the system itself. "Crypto" refers to the fact that various encryption algorithms and cryptographic techniques, such as elliptical curve encryption, public-private key pairs, and hashing functions, are employed.
J. P. Morgan Chase is developing JPM Coin on a permissioned-variant of Ethereum blockchain dubbed "Quorum".[53] It's designed to toe the line between private and public in the realm of shuffling derivatives and payments. The idea is to satisfy regulators who need seamless access to financial goings-on, while protecting the privacy of parties that don't wish to reveal their identities nor the details of their transactions to the general public.[54]
Ethereum enables developers to build and deploy decentralized applications. A decentralized application or Dapp serve some particular purpose to its users. Bitcoin, for example, is a Dapp that provides its users with a peer to peer electronic cash system that enables online Bitcoin payments. Because decentralized applications are made up of code that runs on a blockchain network, they are not controlled by any individual or central entity.
On 25 March 2014, the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS) ruled that bitcoin will be treated as property for tax purposes. This means bitcoin will be subject to capital gains tax.[64] In a paper published by researchers from Oxford and Warwick, it was shown that bitcoin has some characteristics more like the precious metals market than traditional currencies, hence in agreement with the IRS decision even if based on different reasons.[65]
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Hormel Foods Releases 2007 Corporate Responsibility Report
Submitted by: Hormel Foods Corporation
Categories: Research, Reports & Publications, Corporate Social Responsibility
Posted: Jan 22, 2008 – 10:59 PM EST
Hormel Foods builds on 2006 report and establishes future sustainability goals
Jan. 22 /CSRwire/ - AUSTIN, MN - January 23, 2008 – Hormel Foods Corporation (NYSE:HRL) announced the release of its 2007 Corporate Responsibility Report today. The report highlights the company’s efforts in corporate citizenship, including employee training, food safety and quality, animal husbandry, environmental stewardship and community investment.
"We are proud to tell our story of how we are living our principles in our day-to-day operations," said Jeffrey M. Ettinger, chairman of the board, president and chief executive officer, Hormel Foods. "The process of compiling information for this report has taught us a great deal, and we will continue to find ways to strengthen our commitment to our employees, customers, investors, the environment and animal welfare."
In the report, Hormel Foods defines corporate responsibility goals for reducing its environmental impact and establishing benchmarks for each of its 41 facilities. For example, Hormel Foods pledges to increase recycling of the total waste produced at facilities currently measured from 33 percent in fiscal year (FY) 2006 to 40 percent by November 2008. Once benchmarks are established for all facilities, the company aims to increase recycling to 50 percent by November 2011.
The report includes data from FY 2006 and anecdotal data from FY 2006-October 2007 for the parent company and many of its subsidiaries. It also features Hormel Foods' increased commitment to fighting hunger in the United States. In FY 2006 and the first half of FY 2007, Hormel Foods donated 1.18 million pounds of product to food banks. In addition, Hormel Foods provided thought leadership in 2006 and 2007 by sponsoring a survey to study Americans' perceptions of hunger as well as two state-based hunger summits where leaders from the for-profit, non-profit and legislative communities gathered to discuss how they could better collaborate to eliminate hunger.
The report can be downloaded at Hormel Foods' corporate Web site—http://www.hormelfoods.com/responsibility/default.aspx.
About Hormel Foods
Hormel Foods Corporation, based in Austin, Minn., is a multinational manufacturer and marketer of consumer-branded food and meat products, many of which are among the best known and trusted in the food industry. The company leverages its extensive expertise, innovation and high competencies in pork and turkey processing and marketing
to bring quality, value-added brands to the global marketplace. In each of the past nine years, Hormel Foods was named one of "The 400 Best Big companies in America" by Forbes magazine. The company enjoys a strong reputation among consumers, retail grocers, foodservice and industrial customers for products highly regarded for quality, taste, nutrition, convenience and value. For more information, visit www.hormelfoods.com.
Julie Craven Hormel Foods
Website: www.hormelfoods.com
Jessie Dienst Hormel Foods
For more from this organization:
Hormel Foods Corporation
About Hormel Foods – Inspired People. Inspired Food.™
Hormel Foods Corporation, based in Austin, Minn., is a global branded food company with over $9 billion in annual revenue across 75 countries worldwide. Its brands include SKIPPY®, SPAM&r...
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Hormel Foods Shares Food Journey in 10th Annual Corporate Responsibility Report
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Mitchell Takes Two From Albertus Magnus
More news about: Mitchell
Albertus Magnus (9-15) 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 8 1
Mitchell (16-3) 0 0 0 0 1 3 X 4 6 0
2B: Kenneth Olszewski; Evan Peck
NEW LONDON, Conn. – The Mitchell College baseball team picked up a pair of one-run wins over Albertus Magnus College on Wednesday afternoon in non-conference action at Alumni Field.
The Mariners (17-3 overall) held on for a 4-3 victory in the opener before rallying for two runs in the bottom of the seventh for a walk-off, 5-4 win in the nightcap. Tyler Pina tied the game with a one-out single and Gavin LaLima forced in the winning run when he was later hit by a pitch with the bases loaded.
Tyler Robertson went 4-for-8 with a RBI and three runs scored while Nick Sedia added three hits on the day to lead Albertus Magnus (9-16 overall).
Mitchell, which has won nine of its last 10 games, will next host Lesley University on Saturday, April 18 at noon. Albertus Magnus returns to action at home against Johnson & Wales University on Friday, April 17 at 4 p.m.
Game 1 – Mitchell 4, Albertus Magnus 3
Mitchell starter Bryton Ferris didn't give up a hit over the first three innings, but the Mariners trailed 1-0 after three as Albertus Magnus manufactured a run in the third. Steven Lockman drew a leadoff walk and was sacrificed over to second before taking third on wild pitch. He later scored on a ground out by Sedia for the game's first run.
The Mariners tied the game in the fifth as a bunt single by Rafael Garcia and consecutive hit batters loaded the bases for Peter McTernan, who plated a run with a long fly ball to center field. All three runners tagged up on the play, but Mitchell failed to capitalize further as Falcons starter Jon Criscio got a fly ball to end the inning.
Albertus Magnus pulled ahead 2-1 in the sixth on a RBI single by Anthony Pellegrino that scored Robertson. Mitchell answered back with three runs in the home half of the frame to take a 4-2 lead. Kenneth Olszewski got things started with a double and scored on a two-bagger to right field by Evan Peck. After Peck scored on a fielding error, Pina rapped a single up the middle to score Ryan Goodwin with an insurance run that would prove most beneficial.
Tyler Shamas came in to pitch the seventh for the Mariners and ran into trouble. The Falcons picked up three hits in the frame, including a RBI single by Robertson that made it a one-run game, before Shamas recorded the final out to strand the tying run on second base.
Ferris (3-0 overall) threw 6.0 innings and gave up two runs on five hits while striking out four. Shamas struck out two and picked up his first save of the season. Criscio (0-3 overall) went 6.0 innings and allowed four runs (two earned) on six hits.
Robertson led off the nightcap with a double and promptly scored on a single down the right field line by Tyler Graziano. Mitchell loaded the bases with no outs in the second inning and tied the game at 1-1 when McTernan grounded into a double play.
Albertus Magnus scored three runs in the third inning on a rally that began with two walks, a hit batter and an error. The Falcons later plated runs on a ground out by Justin Poirier and a sacrifice fly by Lockman as Mitchell reliever Troy Stango did well to limit the damage in the frame.
The Mariners picked up runs in both the fourth and fifth innings to pull within one. LaLima delivered a RBI single in the fourth while Peck walked, stole a base and scored on an error in the fifth. McTernan then led off the sixth inning with a single and moved into scoring position on a sacrifice bunt, but the Albertus Magnus bullpen kept the lead intact.
In the seventh, a one-out single by Goodwin and a walk to Neftali Arroyo put the tying run in scoring position. Pina followed with a single to right-center to score Goodwin, and both runners moved up a base on the throw to the plate. The Falcons then issued a free pass to McTernan to load the bases for a potential force play at the plate, but LaLima took one off his front foot to end the game.
Domenick Giaramida tossed 1.2 innings of shutout relief and didn't allow a hit to earn his first career victory. Stango also played a huge role out of the pen and didn't allow a run in 3.1 innings of work. Aaron Macchia took the loss for the Falcons and dropped to 1-1 on the season.
Peck, Goodwin, Pina and McTernan all finished with a pair of hits in the contest for the Mariners.
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Chinese Economic Espionage: An Overlooked Concern
Derek Scissors / March 13, 2012 / 6 comments
If you heard that people based in a certain country completely compromised the computer systems of Nortel, a Canadian telecom firm that has since collapsed, what country would you guess?
If you heard that a company based in a certain country was accused of receiving commercial secrets stolen from DuPont, what country would you guess?
If you heard that a company based in a certain country was accused by American Superconductor (AMSC) of stealing software used to program advanced wind turbines, what country would you guess?
Most people might just guess China, China, and China. They’d be right, which is a problem. And it’s not a new problem.
Economic espionage overlaps with and falls between national security and economics, between cybersecurity attacks and the violation of intellectual property rights (IPR). China is at or near the top of the offenders list in both cyberwarfare and IPR infringement, so it’s no surprise that the same is true for economic espionage.
The DuPont case is getting the most attention right now. A large state-owned Chinese steel firm, Pangang, is accused of receiving production secrets stolen from DuPont for a whitening chemical so that it could be made in China rather than in the U.S.
The Nortel fiasco is older but more worrisome. Telecom is not only a major industry; it has an obvious role in national security. Nortel fell apart at the same time that Chinese telecom companies became very competitive very quickly. It’s all but impossible to believe that the hacking had nothing to do with this.
But it’s AMSC’s suit against Sinovel that best illustrates the problem. There is no possibility whatsoever that AMSC will get a fair hearing in China; Sinovel is absolutely protected at home. The same is true of Pangang and other large Chinese firms.
AMSC’s only option is to purse its assets in the U.S. and elsewhere outside China. This is an ugly road to travel, and it opens the door to possible abuse. But unless Chinese companies—not just individuals—face costs for their actions, they have no reason to stop. It’s an unfortunate and even economically dangerous situation, one triggered by lawless, predatory behavior by a number of Chinese firms.
In an election year in the U.S., we will hear loud talk about things that don’t really matter in the U.S.–China relationship, such as the exchange rate. Economic espionage is a real problem that needs more attention.
Derek Scissors
Derek Scissors is a Research Fellow for Asia Economic Policy at The Heritage Foundation's Asian Studies Center. Scissors focuses on the Chinese economy as well as broader Asian economic trends and challenges facing the United States.
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Sussex Police share victim’s story for Restorative Justice Week
An armed stand-off came to an end after four hours
Sussex Police will be sharing the story of a victim’s journey through restorative justice on social media for International Restorative Justice (RJ) week, starting Sunday (November 20).
RJ is a type of criminal justice which focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community.
The week sees events happening all over the globe to raise awareness and promote the benefits of RJ services. This year’s theme is ‘Inspiring Innovation’.
Police will serialise Millie’s story after she was the victim of a vicious attack.
Because of RJ, Millie (not her real name) was able to meet face-to-face with her attacker and achieve a sense of closure. Police have protected the victim’s identity.
Last year Brighton and Hove achieved ‘Our Restorative City’ status. It is hosting an event on Wednesday (November 23) between 1pm and 5pm at Brighton Town Hall to showcase its work with local young people, focusing on education and inclusion.
RJ representatives from Sussex Police, Brighton and Hove City Council, alongside the Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner (PCC) and other agencies will come together to share their learning.
Free spaces are available to the public, though these are limited.
Brighton and Hove Restorative Justice co-ordinator, Kate Belbin said: “This has been an exceptional year for the SRJP. In Brighton, we are celebrating activity which marks Brighton and Hove’s Restorative City status. Across Sussex we work hard to provide the best possible service to victims and offenders who agree to participate in the process and in June the SRJP achieved the highest accolade, the Restorative Services Quality Mark.”
Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner Katy Bourne said: “As PCC, I am delighted to be in a position to both support and promote Restorative Justice. I would urge everyone to follow Millie’s story on Facebook and Twitter as it shows the impact of Restorative Justice. It is a violent story but one that shows how victims of even the most vicious attacks can recover.
“I also hope that as many people as possible can come along to the event in Brighton Town Hall on the 23rd as Restorative Justice is well worth finding out about from the practitioners themselves.
“We now have an award-winning nationally accredited service running across Sussex that is making a real difference to people’s lives.
“RJ is a powerful and effective voluntary process which puts the victim in the driving seat and gives them the chance to explain to the offender the impact that their crime has had on them. The focus on victims remains a key priority in my Police and Crime Plan and I will continue to work hard to improve victim satisfaction and confidence in our criminal justice system.”
To book a place at the Brighton event, visit www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/international-restorative-justice-week-our-restorative-city-tickets-28942202908
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Blog Patient-Centered Care? We Have a Long Way to Go
Patient-Centered Care? We Have a Long Way to Go
May 02, 2016 · Health Policy Hub · Andi Mullin
On April 4, my 73-year-old mother had back surgery. It was a difficult and lengthy procedure and, unfortunately, she experienced a series of post-operative complications. She remained in the hospital for 12 days, and for several of those days things looked very serious. For the first time since I started doing health system transformation policy work, I had an opportunity to experience the acute care side of our health system not merely as a policy advocate, but as a worried family member.
There was a lot about my mom’s medical care that was good. Crucially, the complicated surgery itself appears to have been successful with the focus now shifted to her recovery process. In addition, her providers were appropriately aggressive about pain control early on, and equally aggressive about transitioning my mom off of narcotics as quickly as possible, while still keeping her comfortable. I was also impressed with the hospital’s vigilance around infection control. Last but by no means least, her doctors and nurses were genuinely caring and concerned.
Nevertheless, I couldn’t help asking myself throughout her ordeal if the care my mother was receiving met the standards of patient-centered care for which we are all so strenuously advocating. The John A. Hartford Foundation recently posted a blog about patient-centered care in acute settings, and the authors’ admonition to “Think about the System” really resonates with me. The things that worried me about my mom’s care in the hospital all seemed to stem from systematized behavior that was centered around somebody’s needs, but that somebody didn’t seem to be my mother.
For example, doctors would visit my mother at 4:00 and 5:00 a.m. when neither my father nor I were there. They would awaken her, update her about her medical condition and leave. As the days unfolded, it became clear that the “system” was organized for doctors to do rounds before the day’s surgeries and clinical office hours. For them, pre-dawn visits were a convenient time. But was that the best time for my mom? Was that patient-centered care, or surgeon-centered care? The big problem with this system was that it resulted in very poor actionable communication with the patient and her supporting caregiver system – in this case, my father and me. “Drs. 4:00 and 5:00 a.m.” would awaken my mom and explain what was going on with her medically. At no point did my mother ever remember a single thing they ever told her. How could she, given her exhaustion and the narcotics she was taking? Technically, her doctors were sharing information with her, but it was not “communication” in any meaningful sense of that word.
Not just the early-rounding doctors, but also nurses and other hospital staff frequently interrupted my mom’s sleep, and this proved to be an enormous problem throughout her hospital stay. One of the things my mother needed most was sleep, but she was never undisturbed for more than two hours at a time. This is a common complaint of folks who’ve been in the hospital, and providers acknowledge it’s a problem. My mom’s nurses felt badly about this, and even agreed that it worsened her complications. But it was also clear from the helpless looks on their faces that they couldn’t imagine things any other way. Is the patient at the center of a system that deprives sick people of sleep for days at a time? Is there really no other way to organize a hospital?
Finally, I worried about the lack of continuity in my mom’s nursing care. Never was a nurse assigned to my mom for more than two days in a row. Just as one expert and caring nurse would get to know my mom’s medical situation, that nurse would disappear. I would see those nurses again, but they were always assigned to other patients. When I asked one of them about it, I got the same helpless look I got regarding sleep disruptions. Continuity would be impossible to ensure all of the time for every patient, but it seems like prioritizing continuity for patients having an extended stay would help both nurses and patients. Was this approach to patient assignment serving some administrative or fiscal function? It certainly wasn’t serving my mom’s best interests.
Our health system is in the midst of a significant transformation, and certainly not just within hospitals. This transformation will require administrators, providers and patients to behave differently. If my experience of the last few weeks is at all typical, it will also require that we look at the ways in which we structure systems and re-think how health care institutions organize themselves. Consumer engagement will be critical to redesigning these systems in ways that put the patient at the center of care.
P.S. My mom was transferred to a rehab facility on April 16, and she is working hard to regain her mobility and recover from this experience. Your good wishes are most appreciated!
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Pope Francis changes Catholic Church teaching on death penalty, declares it 'inadmissible'
Pope Francis changes church teaching about death penalty, saying it can never be sanctioned because it “attacks” the inherent dignity of all humans.
Pope Francis changes Catholic Church teaching on death penalty, declares it 'inadmissible' Pope Francis changes church teaching about death penalty, saying it can never be sanctioned because it “attacks” the inherent dignity of all humans. Check out this story on dnj.com: https://usat.ly/2Kh6O7C
Jane Onyanga-Omara, USA TODAY Published 5:59 a.m. CT Aug. 2, 2018 | Updated 10:22 a.m. CT Aug. 2, 2018
The Pope has declared the Death Penalty Inadmissible in all cases. Veuer's Sam Berman has the full story. Buzz60
Pope Francis meets a group of children who traveled on a special train from Milan and arrived at St. Peter's station at the Vatican, on June 9, 2018.(Photo: Andrew Medichini, AP)
Pope Francis changed the Catholic Church's stance on the death penalty in a new policy published Thursday, saying it is “inadmissible” because it “attacks” the inherent dignity of all humans.
The Vatican said the pontiff approved a change to the catechism, which gives worshippers a go-to guide for official Catholic Church teachings on subjects ranging from the sacraments to sex. Previously, the catechism said the church didn’t exclude capital punishment “if this is the only possible way of effectively defending human lives against the unjust aggressor.”
Francis announced his intention to change church teaching on capital punishment in October. The new text was approved in May and published Thursday.
The new text, contained in Catechism No. 2267, says the previous policy is outdated and that there are other ways to protect the common good.
It says: "Recourse to the death penalty on the part of legitimate authority, following a fair trial, was long considered an appropriate response to the gravity of certain crimes and an acceptable, albeit extreme, means of safeguarding the common good.
"Today, however, there is an increasing awareness that the dignity of the person is not lost even after the commission of very serious crimes. In addition, a new understanding has emerged of the significance of penal sanctions imposed by the state. Lastly, more effective systems of detention have been developed, which ensure the due protection of citizens but, at the same time, do not definitively deprive the guilty of the possibility of redemption.
"Consequently, the Church teaches, in the light of the Gospel, that “the death penalty is inadmissible because it is an attack on the inviolability and dignity of the person”, and she works with determination for its abolition worldwide."
The text is taken from Francis’ address to a meeting organized by the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelization that took place on October 11 last year, the Catholic Herald reports.
In an accompanying letter explaining the change, the head of the Vatican’s doctrine office said the development of Catholic doctrine on capital punishment didn’t contradict prior teaching, but rather was an evolution of it.
“If, in fact the political and social situation of the past made the death penalty an acceptable means for the protection of the common good, today the increasing understanding that the dignity of a person is not lost even after committing the most serious crimes,” said Cardinal Luis Ladaria, prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.
According to a 2016 Pew Research poll, U.S. Catholics are more opposed to the death penalty than most major religious groups. Only 43 percent of Catholics supported capital punishment, compared with a majority of white mainline Protestants (60 percent) and white evangelical Protestants (69 percent).
The same poll showed that 49 percent of Americans overall support the death penalty, the lowest in more than four decades.
Francis has long railed against the death penalty, insisting it can never be justified, no matter how heinous the crime. He has also long made prison ministry a mainstay of his vocation. On nearly every foreign trip, Francis has visited with inmates to offer words of solidarity and hope, and he still stays in touch with a group of Argentine inmates he ministered to during his years as archbishop of Buenos Aires.
Contributing: The Associated Press; Religion News Service
Read or Share this story: https://usat.ly/2Kh6O7C
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InternationalPrint
Head of Russian Skripal-linked GRU spy agency dies
by: - November 22, 2018
33 Views no discussions
(BBC)
The head of Russia’s GRU military intelligence agency, General Igor Korobov, has died aged 62, Russia’s defence ministry says.
Gen Korobov, who took up the post in 2016, is said to have died after “a serious and long illness” on Wednesday.
The GRU was this year linked to a nerve agent attack in Britain on Russian ex-spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter.
Gen Korobov is understood to have faced criticism by Russian officials over the failure of the operation.
The attack on Mr Skripal, 66, and his 33-year-old daughter, Yulia, in Salisbury on 4 March led to them requiring weeks of hospital treatment.
The poisoning is alleged to have been carried out by suspects Alexander Mishkin and Anatoly Chepiga, both identified by British authorities as GRU operatives, and “almost certainly” approved by the Russian state.
Russia denies the allegations. The UK and its Western allies expelled more than 150 Russian diplomats in retaliation for the attack.
Vice-Admiral Igor Kostyukov, who has commanded Russian forces in Syria, will serve as interim GRU chief. He had already taken over while Gen Korobov was ill, military sources told Russian media.
The appointment of a permanent chief is a matter for President Vladimir Putin.
The GRU, or Main Intelligence Directorate, is the intelligence arm of the Russian military, tasked with carrying out undercover international operations.
Gen Korobov had received the Hero of Russia medal – the state’s highest award.
In December 2016 the US added Gen Korobov to its list of senior Russian officials subject to sanctions, accusing him of involvement in computer hacking.
Other Western sanctions target Russians accused of helping the separatist insurgents in Ukraine.
Russia has two other main spy organisations: the Federal Security Service (FSB), mainly involved in internal security, and the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), whose role is similar to that of Britain’s MI6.
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Woodlawn development plan draws old foes
Woodlawn and two real-estate developers have introduced a housing-development plan
Woodlawn development plan draws old foes Woodlawn and two real-estate developers have introduced a housing-development plan Check out this story on delawareonline.com: http://delonline.us/Vy69EY
Maureen Milford, The News Journal Published 12:00 a.m. ET Aug. 18, 2014 | Updated 6:27 a.m. ET Aug. 19, 2014
Ken Hemphill (right) and Jason Hoover of Save the Valley stand in land owned by Woodlawn Trustees Inc. on Thursday.(Photo: KYLE GRANTHAM/THE NEWS JOURNAL)Buy Photo
When Jason Hoover, 28, was a Brandywine High School student running on riverfront land owned by Woodlawn Trustees Inc., he was struck that such a vast undeveloped tract was so close to the city.
So when Hoover, a freelance web designer, learned last year that Woodlawn had agreed to sell a roughly 320-acre tract in Concord Township, Pennsylvania, to three developers for a residential and commercial project, he put his computer skills to work. Hoover teamed up with Ken Hemphill of Concord Township to form Save the Valley, a citizens group with the mission of keeping the land open. Opposition from the group, which has about 50 core members, contributed to Woodlawn and the developers withdrawing the plan in May 2013 for an area called Beaver Valley.
"Beaver Valley is such an enormous asset to the community of Wilmington and the surrounding areas that it needs to be preserved," said Hoover, who lives in Trolley Square. "There's just no other option."
Now, Hoover is spending most of his days fighting a new development proposal. Woodlawn and two real-estate developers have introduced another plan for a portion of the same parcel in Concord Township, calling for 171 single-family houses on about 230 acres within the original 320-acre tract. Forty percent of the total site would remain open space as defined by the township zoning ordinance, said John Jaros, a Kennett Square land-use attorney for Woodlawn and the developers.
RELATED STORY: Delaware areas developing slowly
OPINION: Take time to save Beaver Valley
The housing community called Vineyard Commons would be located within a mile of U.S. 202 on the Pennsylvania portion of Beaver Valley Road, said Vernon Green, chief operating officer of Woodlawn Trustees. Vineyard Commons would be next to the existing Penns Woods Winery.
Plans call for Eastern States Development of Wilmington and McKee-Concord Homes L.P. of Springfield, Pennsylvania, to buy the roughly 230 acres. Green would not release the price. Woodlawn, an unusual real estate corporation whose mission calls for both preservation of land along The Brandywine and the development of portions farther away from the creek, says the project would keep the existing trails that have been used for hiking, biking and horseback riding.
No details on the housing styles or prices are available yet, Green said.
Green said Woodlawn is working on a commercial component for land along U.S. 202. The commercial development would be just north of the Delaware state line and is separate from the Vineyard Commons project, Jaros said. Plans are being developed and nothing has been introduced with Concord Township, Green said. He said the commercial development likely would be under 260,000 square feet.
Woodlawn Trustees was created in 1901 by Quaker philanthropist William P. Bancroft, whose father founded a Wilmington textile and finishing mill on The Brandywine. As he grew older, Bancroft's special concern became good city planning with an emphasis on creating public parks and well-planned residential communities.
Bancroft became one of the prime movers in the 1883 formation of the Wilmington Board of Park Commissioners, serving as its president from 1904 to 1923. In that role, Bancroft was instrumental in the creation of the Wilmington park system. His efforts led to Brandywine Park, Rockford Park and other city parks.
Believing that Wilmington's growth would move north along The Brandywine, Bancroft began buying land in 1906 along the creek with the idea of keeping it open for a "Wilmington of hundreds of thousands of people."
"My thought is that the hills along the creek, some of the valleys running up from the creek, and a few of the finest view points on the hills should be owned by the city and kept open for the public: and that the land further back from the creek, being largely in one ownership, may be laid out with roads on good grades and leading to the good building sites, which will have easy communication with Wilmington, so as to make a very attractive and desirable resident district," Bancroft said at a meeting of the West Brandywine Grange in 1909.
Because Woodlawn has no income except through its real-estate holdings, the corporation has developed parcels to further its preservation goals, Green said. Some of the residential communities Woodlawn developed along the west side of U.S. 202 include Alapocas, Woodbook, Sharpley, Edenridge and Tavistock. Land also was made available to community organizations, schools and churches, Green said. It has also been involved in commercial development along U.S. 202.
Since the 1970s, Woodlawn Trustees has been a tax-paying Delaware corporation whose proceeds from development are used to fund its preservation and affordable housing mission, Green said.
In 2012, Woodlawn transferred 1,100 acres, which had been used for a wildlife preserve and public park, to the Rockford Woodlawn Fund, another Bancroft organization dedicated to land preservation, land enhancement (such as trails) and fighting urban blight, Green said.
The Rockford Woodlawn Fund, in turn, sold the land to The Conservation Fund. The entire purchase price of a little more than $20 million was made possible by a donation from the Mount Cuba Center, according to Blaine Phillips, Mid-Atlantic regional director of The Conservation Fund.
In 2013, the land was then donated to the National Park Service to become part of the First State National Monument, a new monument that includes the Dover Green, the New Castle Court House complex, and former Woodlawn property in the Brandywine Valley, Phillips said.
Vineyard Commons borders the First State National Monument land.
As the first step in the land approval process for the Vineyard Commons housing development, the township's planning commission will review the plan Monday, Jaros said. The planning commission's role is to a make a recommendation to the Concord Township Board of Supervisors, which has the authority to approve or deny applications.
Monday's meeting will be at 6 p.m. at Garnet Valley Middle School, 601 Smithbridge Road, Glen Mills, Pennsylvania.
In June, the Delaware County Planning Commission recommended approval of the plan contingent on typical development conditions, such things as storm-water management, sewage facilities and wetlands, Jaros said.
Jaros said the development has been submitted to Concord Township as a "by-right plan," meaning that it is an application under the current zoning for the property, which calls for single-family detached dwellings in clustered development.
Jack Michel, who lives about a quarter-mile from Vineyard Commons and founded the Beaver Valley Conservancy with his wife in 2012 in response to the prior Woodlawn development, says the project is subject to review by state environmental and historical agencies.
Michel believes the development will generate more traffic, increase school taxes and has the potential to damage the Brandywine watershed.
He would like to see some of the land sold as a buffer to the national monument and other land made available to private individuals who would protect it with conservation easements. Michel would like to see any actual development done in partnership with conservation and preservation organizations to minimize any negative impacts.
EARLIER STORY: Developers withdraw plans for Woodlawn Trustees' Beaver Valley land
The Beaver Valley Conservancy and Save the Valley supporters will attend Monday's meeting to voice their concerns.
Save the Valley's goal is to have Woodlawn sell the land to conservancy groups and individuals.
"We want to put pressure on Woodlawn into offering the land up to conservation groups. Give us a reasonable amount of time to raise the funds. We have confidence we can raise the money in a timely manner," Hoover said. "We have heard from individuals who are willing to put money into it."
But Green said they have a legal contract to sell to Eastern States and McKee. The money will go toward Woodlawn's mission of land preservation, affordable housing and enhancement of open spaces, such as trail work, tree trimming and other maintenance, Green said. Woodlawn has always developed land farther away from the Brandywine to provide money for those purposes, Green said.
To Hoover, "it's an insult that they would claim the trails are going to remain intact."
"I don't see how it's possible for a trail system to exist within this housing development. If there are trails they would not have the same integrity," Hoover said.
He says Woodlawn is building the maximum that is allowed under the zoning code and much of the 40 percent open space is "not true open space," because it includes storm-water retention basins and "things you wouldn't consider open space."
"Concord Township zoning code is very lax compared to its immediate surrounding townships," Hoover said.
To Hoover, the development is a sign that Woodlawn has moved away from Bancroft's original preservation mission.
"They're a business just like any other business," Hoover said. "They make decisions because they're good business decisions. We can't think of them as nonprofit good guys."
Green said, however, Woodlawn is a company that has strong philanthropic missions. And Bancroft always expected certain land would be developed.
Woodlawn hopes the community will see that Vineyard Commons is in keeping with what the company has done for almost 100 years, Green said.
As for the opposition, Green said: "They have great passion."
"And I have great respect for that," he said.
DELAWARE SPACES: Roomy home in Edenridge
Contact Maureen Milford at (302) 324-2881 or mmilford@delawareonline.com.
Read or Share this story: http://delonline.us/Vy69EY
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Christopher Herndon - City Council, District 8
Councilman Herndon's Story
Christopher Herndon was elected to Denver City Council in May of 2011 and currently represents District 8. He served two terms as Council President from 2014 - 2016.
His district includes Park Hill, Stapleton, and portions of East Colfax and Montbello.
Chris earned “Rookie of the Year” honors in 2012 from Denver’s 5280 magazine, and during his time on City Council has proven his talent for bringing stakeholders together. As part of the redistricting process, he spearheaded a compromise that kept most neighborhoods intact.
Leveraging his business background, Chris advocates for business creation across the city. Chris is also committed to a thoughtful approach to development as District 8 continues to grow, balancing the needs of mature communities and growing neighborhoods.
After his election in 2011, Chris founded Northeast Denver Leadership Week, a free, week-long leadership program for students in Northeast Denver. Chris believes it is vital for young people to see leaders in action. Northeast Denver Leadership Week gives students the chance to interact with those professionals who are driving change and finding success in our communities.
As the son of a public school teacher, Chris gained an early appreciation for public service during his childhood in Kansas City, Missouri.
“Growing up and seeing the influence my mom had over the course of her career really inspired me. I’ve always wanted to emulate that and try to make the kind of impact she made.”
Chris’ public service career began with his acceptance to the United States Military Academy at West Point. He graduated from West Point in 1999 with Bachelor of Science in Systems Engineering.
After graduation Chris served nearly seven years in the United States Army, including deployments to Kosovo and Iraq. He was honorably discharged in 2005 with the rank of Captain.
After transitioning to civilian life Chris worked in management roles at large corporations, including time with United Airlines at Denver International Airport.
Chris’ commitment to service doesn’t end with his day job. Since moving to Denver he has continued to find ways to give back. He served on several community boards, tutored Montbello High School students, and helped bring financial literacy courses to the district.
Chris describes himself as a lifelong learner, and his continued education includes a Master’s in Management from Webster University, a certification in Lean/Six Sigma, a fellowship at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, and most recently a Master’s in Public Administration from the University of Colorado Denver.
He lives in Northeast Denver with his wife, daughter, and son.
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NATO head: threats from Russia, Islamic State
By John-thor Dahlburg
Published: September 15, 2014 11:45 am Updated: Sept. 15, 2014 11:50 a.m.
Virginia Mayo, Associated Press
NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen pauses before speaking during a Carnegie Europe think tank event at the Bibliotheque Solvay in Brussels on Monday, Sept. 15, 2014. In a farewell speech as NATO's top civilian official, Rasmussen said the alliance finds itself on the front lines of a geopolitical division between "tolerance and fanaticism," and "democracy and totalitarianism." Rasmussen's five-year term as NATO secretary general comes to a close at the end of the month.
BRUSSELS — NATO Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen said Monday that members of the U.S.-led alliance must stand shoulder to shoulder to confront simultaneous security threats from Russia and the Islamic State extremist organization.
In his Brussels farewell speech as NATO's top civilian official, Rasmussen said the alliance finds itself on the front line of a geopolitical division between "tolerance and fanaticism," and "democracy and totalitarianism."
"We must stand strong as a force for freedom," said Rasmussen. He said NATO and its member nations must face the fact that the new security challenges it is now confronting could last for years.
Rasmussen's five-year term as NATO secretary general ends Sept. 30. He spoke at a Brussels gathering of the Carnegie Europe think tank.
Rasmussen said NATO must be ready to use military force, and to muster the political will when needed. In a question-and-answer session that followed his speech, he said he favored the use of armed force against the Islamic State organization, which he said threatens not only governments in the Arab world, but also Western societies through the export of terrorism.
He said NATO as such is not considering involvement in such operations. He denounced the mass killings that the Islamic State militants have carried out in territory that it has seized as "close to genocide."
Rasmussen, a former Danish prime minister, said that under President Vladimir Putin, Russia has "trampled all the rules and commitments" that kept the peace in Europe since the end of the Cold War, and conducted illegal military actions against Ukraine.
He said he believes the NATO summit in Wales this month demonstrated to Russia that the alliance is determined to defend its members.
The lesson of history, Rasmussen said, it that "appeasement does not lead to peace. It just incites tyrants."
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LATEST DB4C NEWS:
Doncaster Business for the Community raise thousands to save children’s lives!
Annual cricket challenge announced
Celebrations as the Business All-Stars lift the cup
Doncaster Business Community Vase Sunday 8th September
The Diamond Ball at Bawtry Hall Saturday 28th September
DB4C to light up its fundraising for the second year running
Meet the Business All-Stars 2019
Meet the Commercial Legends 2019
DB4C News
DB4C Events
Doncaster Business for the Community (DB4C) is a unique and ground breaking charity that will work exclusively to raise much-needed funds for Doncaster based charities and the local community, which is administered and led by members of the town’s business community.
Doncaster Business for the Community was formed in 2017 and is a unique and ground-breaking registered charity launched solely for the purpose of raising much needed awareness and funds for Doncaster based charities and local causes.
DB4C involves some of the best-known figures in the Doncaster business world and has come off the back of them wanting to give something back to the local community and area that they are proud to be from.
Our strength is that everyone is a volunteer and funds raised will go to chosen local charities and community projects but by typically using the power of sport to raise these funds.
As well the Doncaster Business Community Cup we also hold the Business Community Vase which is aT20 cricket event and the Business Community Shield which is a 5 a side football tournament.
We are also hoping to shortly announce an indoor golf tournament, the first of its type in Doncaster.
Our aim though hasn’t always been just to raise funds for the local community but also to improve the health and wellbeing of those people who take part in our events. Speak with anyone today who has taken part in the football, for them it isn’t just about the game, it’s the build-up, the training and the new friendships.
This year we will also be hosting our annual non-sports event, the Diamond Ball at the magnificent Bawtry Hall on Saturday 28th September to raise funds for Equinox, Firefly and Cancer Research. Tickets are still available, and you have the chance to win a £2000 Diamond Pendant.
Doncaster based businesses coming together to help the community.
Being involved with local charity Doncaster Business for the Community is not just about supporting local causes and charities, we are also about improving the health and wellbeing of business employers and their staff throughout the local area and this is an excellent example of the charities work.
There are lots of ways that you can support us. We’re a charity and we couldn’t continue our work without your help. Have an idea for a funding raising event? Let us know!
Image courtesy of Doncaster Free Press.
DB4C Instagram
Our Yearly Events – Get Involved with your Community.
Doncaster Business for the Community is a registered charity in England and Wales (1179872)
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Break the Silence: An evening with #MeToo founder Tarana Burke
This is a long-overdue post about an event that Earth Equity Advisors was very proud to sponsor – By Leesa Sluder
Earth Equity Advisors was proud to sponsor the Break the Silence Speaker Series: Me Too Movement Founder Tarana Burke on March 14 in Asheville. This program was provided by Our Voice, Buncombe County’s Rape Crisis and Prevention Center. https://www.ourvoicenc.org Our Voice has been operating for 45 years, and it was their Executive Director that recruited Tarana to visit Asheville.
It was a capacity crowd of about 1000 people, and while the tone was appropriately somber due to the subject matter, the crowd was energized around supporting an open conversation about what was once a taboo subject, sexual assault and abuse. It was great to see a diverse crowd representing a broad cross-section of our community. Representatives from law enforcement were present, and in the opening comments, their work was noted as an important first line of defense for sexual abuse victims.
The MeToo Movement, with a large variety of alternative names, is a movement against sexual harassment and sexual assault. Tarana Burke, a social activist and community organizer based in the Bronx, started using this phrase in 2006. In 2017, the movement picked up traction as high profile celebrities joined in, and Tarana has been speaking around the country to raise awareness.
“Sexual violence is much more widespread than we knew, and this movement is supporting people coming forward and getting help. It permeates across economic, gender, race and sexual orientation distinctions, meaning there is no prediction of who will be impacted.”
Kerry, Jake and I attended the event, and some of the key take-aways from Tarana’s speech include:
—The burden of being sexually assaulted (especially at a young age) can alter the life course of the person, especially if they did not share what happened to them due to embarrassment.
—Often, even if a victim tells someone, they are not believed, or it is dismissed without resolution—this can bring long term psychological issues.
—Since the movement gained visibility in the past few years, there has been a huge increase (400%) in victims contacting organizations like Our Voice to get help. This is evidence that Tarana’s efforts to raise awareness are working.
Tarana is just one person (and cannot carry the full responsibility alone)—as she did in Asheville, she is showcasing the long standing organizations in each community that can provide the resources to support victims. She is a charismatic , straight talking, no nonsense woman leading the charge against a societal problem.
There was a fund raiser for Our Voice at the end of the speech, and within five minutes almost $5000 was raised. It was a collective enthusiasm from the audience to support this program, and to thank them for bringing Tarana to Asheville.
Is Earth Day a Big Deal? Exploring “Conscious Leadership” With Conscious Capitalism Asheville
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Interpol: Who polices the world's police?
The latest detention of a German citizen on an Interpol arrest warrant at Turkey's behest prompts further questions about the international policing agency's modus operandi.
Kemal K., who holds both German and Turkish citizenship, was arrested in Ukraine in July after Turkey issued a so-called Red Notice (more on that later) with Interpol. Ankara says he's wanted for his alleged involvement in two murders in Turkey and had requested his extradition from Germany on several occasions. So far German authorities have turned down the request.
This follows a similar incident involving German-Turkish author Dogan Akhanli, who was detained during his vacation in southern Spain in August at Turkey's behest. Last week Spanish authorities said they would not extradite him to Turkey.
Common to both cases is the involvement of the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) — a title that conjures up the image of a dimly-lit street, rain glistening off the cobbles and a man in a long overcoat, collar turned up, taking a furtive look and a last drag of his cigarette before melting into the shadows. Okay, so maybe I've watched too many spy movies, but you get the idea.
Interpol was born out of frustration that criminals on the run were able to evade capture by moving from one country to the next
The concept of an international policing organization first popped up in April 1914, at the First International Congress of Judicial Police in Monaco. Leading criminal investigators were frustrated that criminals were increasingly able to evade capture by simply leaving the country, taking advantage of the burgeoning "progress of automobilism, even aviation." A global approach to tackle the problem was needed: "The internationalism of crime should be opposed by the internationalism of repression."
World War I threw a temporary spanner in the works, but in 1923 at the Second Judicial Police Congress, the International Criminal Police Commission — a forerunner of Interpol — was set up in Vienna. According to its founding statutes, it operated "to the strict exclusion of all matters having a political, religious or racial character." It had no legal authority over member states, and existed merely to collect and catalog intelligence, and coordinate communication between different international police forces.
To keep Interpol as politically neutral as possible, its charter forbids it — or at least that's the idea — from carrying out its own arrests or intervening in political, military, religious or racial issues. Instead, the organization works in the background, collecting intelligence and coordinating and facilitating police efforts to combat anything from terrorism, war crimes and drug trafficking to child pornography and corruption.
Interpol, based in Lyon these days, has an annual budget of around €78 million ($91 million), most of which is provided through annual contributions by its 190 member countries. The entire staff, mostly international civil servants and police on loan from national police forces, consists of roughly 650 people.
Red Notices
Interpol's Red Notice is tantamount to an international arrest warrant
One of Interpol's key tools in fighting international crime is to issue color-coded notices to communicate information about crimes and criminals. The most powerful of these is the so-called Red Notice — which is the "closest instrument to an international arrest warrant in use today." At the touch of a button, information about any given internationally sought criminal is disseminated to 190 police forces around the world. What at first glance appears to be an effective method to track down criminals in far-flung places is not without controversy, especially where authoritarian regimes are concerned.
The European Commission, human rights groups and others criticize that when authoritarian regimes request Red Notices against political opponents, Interpol is all too happy to oblige without necessarily carrying out full background checks. Alex Mik, campaigns and communication manager at the NGO Fair Trials, says red notices have been misused to target innocent people.
"Interpol plays an important role in fighting crime, nobody is disputing that. The problem is that instead of being used to find serious criminals, some of its 190 members have used the Red Notice system to target refugees, journalists and activists. They have become a useful way for some regimes to try and silence criticism, and locate people who might otherwise have felt safely out of reach," he told DW via email. As a result, there have been several instances where dissidents, human rights activists and journalists have reportedly been held for months in prisons before it is established that the charges against them are insubstantial or even bogus.
Read more: Interpol releases list of 173 potential IS bombers who could be in Europe
Lack of oversight
Unlike Interpol, Europol is subject to both parliamentary and judicial scrutiny
A key criticism leveled at Interpol is that there is no external scrutiny of its operations. The agency's General Assembly, which meets once a year, is made up of policing experts — effectively people who are in the same line of work as their colleagues on the ground. Its majority-voting system means that even if a member state voices an objection to a case, its complaints can be ignored.
Interpol isn't accountable to any outside court or body, and it is not obliged to share any data with anyone other than its own police members and its own appeals body. Its operations are deliberately opaque in the name of protecting law enforcement information. In a nutshell: If Interpol breaks its own rules, there is no one there to hold it accountable.
Contrast that with Europol, also an international organization for coordinating police work, but one founded on the European Community method. The European Parliament approves the budget and has a role in senior appointments, so there is parliamentary scrutiny on behalf of the citizens. The European Court of Justice has been given oversight of Europol, so there is judicial scrutiny as well.
Read more: German intelligence agency spied on Interpol and news organizations: Spiegel
Turkey seeks extradition of German citizen in Ukraine – media
A German man has been detained in Ukraine on an Interpol arrest warrant, according to reports. Turkey claims he was involved in two murders but Germany previously denied his extradition over "serious doubts" in the case. (18.10.2017)
Spain releases Dogan Akhanli, German author detained on Turkish warrant
German-Turkish author Dogan Akhanli, who was detained in Spain after Turkey issued an Interpol arrest warrant, has been released. His detention added more strain to ties between Ankara and Berlin. (20.08.2017)
Interpol releases list of 173 potential IS bombers who could be in Europe
Interpol has circulated a list of 173 alleged "Islamic State" (IS) fighters who might be trained to carry out suicide attacks in Europe. The list was compiled using US intelligence from operations in Syria and Iraq. (22.07.2017)
German intelligence agency spied on Interpol and news organizations: Spiegel
The respected news magazine "Spiegel" has reported that Germany's BND spied both on international police agencies and media outlets for years. The latest revelations come as a result of another spy scandal in the US. (22.04.2017)
Interpol's charter
Author Rob Mudge
Related Subjects Spain
Keywords Interpol, Dogan Akhanli, Spain, Red Notice
Feedback: Send us your feedback.
Permalink https://p.dw.com/p/2iYXM
German-Turkish writer Dogan Akhanli returning home after arrest in Spain 19.10.2017
Two months after his arrest in Spain on a Turkish warrant, the German-Turkish writer and Recep Tayyip Erdogan critic Dogan Akhanli has arrived home to Cologne. Before returning, he spoke to DW about his experience.
Turkish journalist Can Dundar faces Interpol red notice possibility 02.04.2018
An Istanbul court requested that President Erdogan's government ask Interpol countries to arrest journalist Can Dundar, who currently lives in Germany. Dundar has said such a request would be a "disgrace" for Turkey.
Spain detains German author Dogan Akhanli on Turkish warrant 19.08.2017
Cologne-based author Dogan Akhanli has been detained in Spain after Turkey issued an Interpol arrest warrant. The charges remain unclear. German officials have decried the move as politically motivated.
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Social work decision-making pressures are in some cases 'like asking junior doctor to perform open-heart surgery', academic suggests
Cuts to services have “essentially betrayed the legacy of the Children Act 1989” by piling pressure on families and social workers, driving the current rise in care proceedings, a leading family lawyer told a debate yesterday.
Sarah Phillimore, a barrister at St John’s Chambers, told an audience in Bristol that she believed “the outcome of proceedings is moving ever further away from what was hoped for by those who framed the Children Act”.
Quoting from a recent lecture by Professor Jo Delahunty QC commemorating the Act’s 30th birthday, Phillimore added that it was meant to cover “community as well as court procedures with access to services, advice and support being embraced within its composite parts”.
But lack of community access to services and legal aid had compounded an “overwhelmed and overwhelming” environment staffed by under-resourced and under-respected social workers.
“The worry from many is that we have created a voracious and possibly unstoppable ‘risk monster’,” Phillimore said of the child protection system.
The debate, which was hosted by Bristol’s senior family court judge, Stephen Wildblood, sought to explore whether the system makes unnecessary use of care proceedings.
Judge Wildblood noted that in Bristol, the number of cases had risen by 9% in the last 12 months alone and that court lists were “packed for months”, with his own schedule already full until the autumn.
The judge added that issues raised by recent research by the chief children’s social worker Isabelle Trowler, which called for more effort and new “sophisticated interventions” to divert families from court, needed urgent exploration.
He called for resources to be “poured in” to prevent the need for court proceedings, and said he was looking into establishing a charity offering therapeutic early intervention to families.
‘Like asking a junior doctor to do open-heart surgery’
The debate also heard from Clive Diaz, a former children’s social worker and independent reviewing officer, now an academic at Cardiff University.
Diaz noted that when he had been practising during the New Labour years, the job, while “emotionally gruelling”, had mostly enabled him to leave work on time in order to rest and have a personal life.
For many social workers that was now impossible, Diaz said, with too many decisions being taken by practitioners under extreme pressure.
Services that had previously enabled a range of specific interventions in multi-agency settings were simply no longer there, he said.
“Students are working on cases that are much too complex,” Diaz said. “It’s like asking a junior doctor to carry out open-heart surgery, which would take a senior consultant eight hours, in 45 minutes.”
‘Oppressive conferences’
Diaz, who argued that significant unnecessary use of proceedings was happening, added the wider system was broken and that the evidence base for child protection conferences had not been advanced by any recent research.
“They are an oppressive practice, highlighting that you are a poor parent,” he said. “Families feel eviscerated, scapegoated and blamed.” The results of a study carried out in Camden, published last week, highlighted the benefits of learning from families who had experienced child protection.
Diaz said that families too frequently had to deal with a changing cast of social workers within an “adversarial” system that was often driven by the consideration; “What’s the worst that could happen if I go to court too early?”
He said research at Cardiff was exploring social workers’ ability to forecast the outcomes that might befall families, which early indications suggested was “no better than someone throwing a dice”.
“Judges are being asked to make orders based on guesswork,” Diaz said.
But Phillimore added that it was important to recognise that the polarised debate on social media and elsewhere about state intervention had got out of control, with some families in denial about the need for social workers to step in. Too often, heated arguments meant the voice of the child was lost, she said.
“What we need is a better balance between risk and harm,” Phillimore said. “Most parents, if offered help at the right time, would be good enough.”
‘We need to be able to look families in the eye’
An example of the benefit of alternative interventions was provided by Hannah Shead, chief executive at Plymouth’s Trevi House, which enables children to remain with their mothers – rather than entering care – as they detox in a residential setting.
Shead told the debate that while Trevi House’s services had in years past been used as an early intervention, families these days tended to be in crisis. Too often they were only being referred by social workers from a select group of councils.
Around 95% of women who stay at the unique facility complete their detox, Shead said, and six in 10 leave with their child.
‘Helen’, a mother who completed treatment at Trevi House and now supports residents, told the audience that “the fear of social services and the courts hangs over women” who too often are not offered access to services that might help them resolve their family’s problems.
“We need to be able to look adults and children in the eye, even if [an intervention] does not succeed, and say, ‘We gave you the best chance’,” Shead said.
see original article on Community Care Website
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Rensvold recalls service in Vietnam, Germany
By Joe Todd Military historian
EDITOR’S NOTE: The following is an interview between Joe Todd and Roger Rensvold that occurred on Nov. 28, 2018.
JOE TODD: When did you join the Army?
ROGER RENSVOLD: February 1969.
T: Did you have Basic Training?
R: Yes, I was sent to Fort Polk, Louisiana.
T: When did you receive your wings?
R: April 1970.
T: From Fort Rucker, where did you go?
R: From Fort Rucker, I went to Vietnam.
T: When did you leave for Vietnam?
R: That was in April some time. We left Travis Air Force Base on a stretch 8, all tourist class. First, we went to Hawaii, then went to Midway, then to the Philippines and refueled each time. Then we went to Saigon and landed at the Air Force Base at Long Binh.
T: When you got off the airplane, what was your reaction?
R: It was the middle of night and we were sitting there and the plane was all blacked out, we couldn’t open the windows. After what seemed an eternity, the door opens and here comes a captain in jungle fatigues with sweat stains down the middle of his chest. We got off the airplane and the temperature was probably ninety or ninety five and the humidity was ninety or ninety five. We looked at each other and said, there must be some mistake, human beings cannot live in a place like this. There was a row of sandbags and we were given instructions that if the siren blew to duck down behind the sand bags. We went to an orientation there, the Cav Academy and learned how people crawled under barbed wire, slid down a rope, simulating jumping out of a helicopter and sliding down a rope. I thought I was going to do that and the instructor asked, “Any pilots in the crew?” I raised my hand and he said, “Pilots are not allowed to do this, you are too valuable, you might fall.” From there, I went to Echo Battery, 82 nd Artillery, aviation support unit for the division artillery, First Cavalry Division at Phouc Vinh. That was in III Corps.
T: What type of missions did you fly?
R: That was interesting, the first big job was general support for division artillery. We had a couple of fixed wing airplanes, small scouts, spotter for the artillery. The helicopter guys flew around parts and technicians. We had equipment like anti-personnel radar in the fire bases around III Corps. Just like a kid, they got sick in the middle of the night and we would load up a bunch of gear and a technician and fly out to a fire base in the middle of the night and sit there or fly around and hover while they fixed this thing. There was a lot of night flying. I was never shot at but I had some horrible experiences involving the combination of bad weather, night and low fuel. The navigational aids were elementary, ninety minutes of fuel and a triple canopy jungle full of bad guys. It was mostly at night and if you had a moon, you typically had clouds.
T: What helicopter were you flying?
R: UH-1, Huey, H model.
T: What is the difference between the D model and the H model?
R: The difference is the engine, Lycoming 12 and Lycoming 13, more horsepower. Earlier
models had a truncated passenger compartment, seats on either side of the transmission well.
The Jesus Nut is on top of the rotor mast and is a huge. If you are flying the Huey, it is the thing
that holds everything together. If the Jesus Nut comes off, the hub comes off and the main rotor
comes off. The rotor goes one way and the aircraft goes the other way. It is called the Jesus Nub
because it is the only thing that stands between you and the wrath of God. It is torqued and
safetyied three different ways. There is a big torque wrench and the torque has to be exactly
right. Someone was reinstalling the rotor hub after an inspection. An NCO said, “Don’t waste
your time with that torque wrench, give it to me.” He torqued it and said, “That is about right.”
Rensvold – page 8
Someone saw him do that with doing the proper torque and he was court martialed and we were
glad to see him go.
T: Did you work with the South Koreans?
R: During my second tour in Vietnam, I worked a little bit with the ROKs, moving them around. The ROKs were an entirely different creature. I walked in and there was a ROK NCO and he leapt to his feet and saluted immediately. They had spit and polish and had a horrible reputation. They were vicious and vicious to their own people. There were not many there, but they were around and we were glad they were on our side.
T: You were in Vietnam how long the first tour?
R: I was there a total of eighteen months. After the First Cav stood down, I found a job with the engineer command at Long Binh, flying with a two star general. He was the engineer commander for III Corps. He had spent thirty years in the corps here in the states and he looked like Santa Claus with a buzz cut. They pulled him out of retirement and sent him to Vietnam to build bridges and culverts. The last thing he wanted to do was go anywhere near the sound of a gun going off. We enjoyed flying him around. He kept us out of harms way. He had his own mess steward and his own mess that was air conditioned and we were guests there every night. Happy hour was at five o’clock and he had a seating chart and sat with different people to find out what was going on. We had to have a clean uniform on and we had a great meal. I never sat at the head table. After dinner, we would all watch a first run 16 mm feature film that was sent over from Hollywood. Then we went back to our own air conditioned hooches and had our own pool. We supplied our own air conditioners but we had enough electricity to go around. We were an engineer command. We had first call on anything that came in country including generators. We had a big hole in the ground with a plastic line and put the fire hose in and fill it up and turned it into a swimming pool. We had Red Cross girls living across the street and they would come over and party with us and swim with us. It was not bad duty. Ten miles away, guys were sleeping on the ground and being eaten by mosquitoes and being shot up every day. It was so surrealistic. We were living like guests at a resort and ten miles away, people were dying in the weeds. It is amazing we didn’t have a civil war among the troops, but they didn’t know how we were living.
T: What is your best memory of your first tour with the First Cavalry?
R: My best memory is associated with my worst memory. I have never told this before. I have never told my wife, but I still have nightmares about it. I had just gotten back from a short flight and got a call to fly down to Long Binh and pick up someone and fly back. It was midnight and the fuel point was closed and I thought we could make it. We took off and starting flying down toward Long Binh. I had nine hundred pounds of JP4 on board. We could see the lights of Long Binh fifty or sixty miles away. We were flying and the lights were not getting any closer and we were over a triple canopy jungle. I made a horrible mistake, never, ever leave unless you have a full tank of gas. I beat that into everybody that came after me. No matter what they tell you to do, never leave without a full tank of gas. My copilot was new in country and my crew chief were blissfully unaware. They absolutely trusted me and I didn’t know if we were going to make it or not. I couldn’t imagine making a force autorotation through that triple canopy jungle in the middle of the night. If you have to make an autorotation at night, you turn on your landing lights and if you don’t like what you see, turn them off, because what you see, that is where you are going down. We landed and the fuel point and the pump was not working and we stood on the fuel bladder and squeezed enough fuel to get to a working fuel point. I have never been so terrified in my life, but I couldn’t show it. In later years, I have thought about the parallel universe theory. It is from quantum mechanics and says there is a parallel universe for everything. There is a problematic split and there are two universes at that point. The other one is totally inaccessible to us, of course. I thought that in the parallel universe, I ran out of gas, crashed the helicopter in the jungle and I survived but killed everyone else. I was court martialed and disgraced and everything good that happened in my life, going to graduate school and getting a PhD, never happened. I never met my wife and life ends right there. That is the stuff that nightmares are made of, when you think what might have happened. Seeing that JP4 flowing into that helicopter made me happy. The worst memory was leading up to my happiest memory.
T: You were in Vietnam how long?
R: Eighteen months.
T: Tell me about coming home.
R: I didn’t. I took and inter theater transfer to Germany. That was one of the conditions of my extension. They wanted me to stay in Vietnam an extra six months and I did. I could go to the engineer command and learn to fly another helicopter, the OH-6. It is a Bell four seater and I got my unit of choice after I left. One of the things I needed for my degree was a foreign language and I thought I would have better luck with Germany than I would with Russian.
T: Where did you go in Germany?
R: I went to 34 th Signal Battalion Aviation Section, the VII Corps Signal Battalion located at Stuttgart.
T: What did you do in Germany?
R: Helicopter pilot. That is all a helicopter pilot does is fly. I was there for two years, met and married my wife and took her back to Fort Rucker and became in instructor pilot and instrument flight examiner. I finished my degree then went to Navy Test Pilot School then retired and did some things I still can’t talk about. I went and got my PhD at Georgia Tech.
T: When did you retire?
R: From the Army, February 1989. I had twenty years. I went the day before Valentines Day of 1969.
T: At Stuttgart, what was the reaction of the local people to you?
R: They saw us as a cash cow. They were cordial and the US Army has been there since 1945 and are pretty much part of the community. A lot of the Germans spoke some English and I picked up German quite quickly while I was there.
T: What did you do after you retired?
R: I went to Georgia Tech and worked on my PhD.
T: What is your most vivid memory of your military career?
R: I don’t know. That is like asking what is the biggest crowd scene in Ben Hur. The happiest memory was graduating from test pilot school. That was a year long school and made by PhD program look like a cakewalk.
T: Tell me about the test pilot school.
R: You know how to fly a helicopter, you know how to fly an airplane, you are studying aerodynamics, which involves differential equations, calculus. You have to be good in calculus to do the academics. You are doing academics half a day, then you are flying half a day. You are flying test profiles and writing reports. The report writing is the hard part. The schedule is very strict. You come back from a day of flying and a day of class and you walk into your cube and there is an operator’s manual for an airplane. There is a note that says, “Orientation flight in the morning, you are the pilot in command, be there at six o’clock.” You take the manual and go down to the hangar, screaming and cursing all the way. You sit in the thing and find where everything is and the operation limitations are and the emergency procedures. Then you go out the next day and fly the damn thing. Then you come back and write a report about some aspect of the flying. The grand finale, they ship you off to somewhere you have never been. For me it was a Coast Guard station to fly aircraft you have never seen in your life and do a Navy preliminary evaluation. That is performance, flying qualities and suitability for a mission. You have a thick manual and have two weeks to get it all done. A horrible experience. I was six feet, four inches and weighed one hundred eight four pounds. It wasn’t diet, I was run down to a rag, everyone was.
T: Would you join the Army again?
R: If I would young and stupid, I might. The perfect soldier is eighteen years old. At that age, you cannot imagine something happening to you. When you see your wing man crash and burn, “Pity about George, it couldn’t happen to me.” At that age, it is like watching a movie, you have not internalized it.
T: I’d like to do a word association. I’ll give you some words and you give me your reaction.
R: OK.
T: The first on is Basic Training.
R: Fear of failure.
T: Primary flight training.
R: Challenge, excitement.
T: Advanced flight training.
R: Challenge.
T: First Cavalry Division.
R: Satisfaction. I was doing a job. I have never been the kind of person that forms personal friendships. People leave the Army and stay in touch, I never did. I can’t put my finger on one impression of the Cav.
T: Vietnam.
R: Tragedy.
T: Germany.
R: Romance. That is where I met and married my wife. Wonderful times.
T: Ho Chi Minh.
R: A mistake on our part. He tried to get our help in getting the French out of his country and we took the side of the colonialists. He went to the Russians because he had to. The Ho Chi Minh was a tragedy from beginning to end. He was a nationalist first and Communist second. He was a Communist by necessity because that is where he was getting his help.
T: Lyndon Johnson.
R: Tragic and I will tell you why. Lyndon Johnson was a good man. He did a wonderful job with the Civil Rights Bill. He was on the side of the angels but he was embroiled in Vietnam and didn’t know how to get out. It literally killed him. He went back to his ranch and died.
T: Richard Nixon.
R: Monster.
T: How do you want to be remembered?
R: I probably won’t be remembered at all. I don’t have any children. I supervised a handful of PhD students. If anybody remembers me at all, I would like to be remembered as useful.
T: Anything else you want to talk about?
R: No.
T: Sir, this is a very good interview. I want to thank you for your service and thank you for the interview.
R: Thank you.
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The Middle English Metrical Paraphrase of the Old Testament - The ca. 1518 Translation and the Middle Dutch Analogue, Mariken van Nieumeghen
Edited by Michael Livingston
The paraphrase is a remarkable artifact of the Chaucerian period, one that can reveal a great deal about vernacular biblical literature in Middle English, about understandings of the Bible, about the environment in which the Lollards and other reformers worked, perceived roles of women in history and in society and composition of medieval drama.
Mikros odigos archaiologikou mousiou thessalonikis (Greek language edition) - Greek language text
By Julia Vokotopoulou
The exhibits on display in the Archaeological Museum of Thessalonike are presented and illustrated in the pages of this Short Guide by Julia Vokotopoulou, who was Director of the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki. The illustrations are accompanied by a brief explanatory text. 189 colour illustrations.
Miners, Mariners & Masons - The Global Network of Victorian Freemasonry
By Roger Burt
This book is the first sustained and dispassionate study of the role of Freemasonry in everyday social and economic life: why men joined, what it did for them and their families, and how it affected the development of communities and local economies.
Mining in a Medieval Landscape - The Royal Silver Mines of the Tamar Valley
By Steve Rippon, Peter Claughton and Christopher Smart
This book explores an industry that was of profound importance both in terms of the local economy and the history of mining nationally, but is long forgotten: the late medieval royal silver mines at Bere Ferrers in the Tamar Valley.
PDF £22.50
Mining in Cornwall and Devon - Mines and Men
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The Commodore 64
As I described in my last article, many people were beginning to feel that change was in the air as they observed the field of videogame consoles and the emerging market for home computers during the middle part of 1982. If a full-fledged computer was to take the place of the Atari VCS in the hearts of America’s youth, which of the plethora of available machines would it be? IBM had confidently expected theirs to become the one platform to rule them all, but the IBM PC was not gaining the same traction in the home that it was enjoying in business, thanks to an extremely high price and lackluster graphics. Apple was still the media darling, but the only logical contender they could offer for the segment, the Apple II Plus, was looking increasingly aged. Its graphics capabilities, so remarkable for existing at all back in 1977, had barely been upgraded since, and weren’t really up to the sort of colorful action games the kids demanded. Nor was its relatively high price doing it any favors. Another contender was the Atari 400/800 line. Although introduced back in late 1979, these machines still had amongst the best graphics and sound capabilities on the market. On the other hand, the 400 model, with its horrid membrane keyboard, was cost-reduced almost to the point of unusability, while the 800 was, once again, just a tad on the expensive side. And Atari itself, still riding the tidal wave that was the VCS, showed little obvious interest in improving or promoting this tiny chunk of its business. Then of course there was Radio Shack, but no one — including them — seemed to know just what they were trying to accomplish with a pile of incompatible machines of wildly different specifications and prices all labeled “TRS-80.” And there was the Commodore VIC-20 which had validated for many people the whole category of home computer in the first place. Its price was certainly right, but it was just too limited to have long legs.
The TI-99/4A. Note the prominent port for “Solid State Software” to the right of the keyboard.
The most obvious contender came from an unexpected quarter. Back in early 1980, the electronics giant Texas Instruments had released a microcomputer called the TI-99/4. Built around a CPU of TI’s own design, it was actually the first 16-bit machine to hit the market. It had a lot of potential, but also a lot of flaws and oddities to go with its expensive price, and went nowhere. Over a year later, in June of 1981, TI tried again with an updated version, the TI-99/4A. The new model had just 16 K of RAM, but TI claimed more was not necessary. Instead of using cassettes or floppy disks, they sold software on cartridges, a technique they called “Solid State Software.” Since the programs would reside in the ROM of the cartridge, they didn’t need to be loaded into RAM; that needed to be used only for the data the programs manipulated. The idea had some real advantages. Programs loaded instantly and reliably, something that couldn’t be said for many other storage techniques, and left the user to fiddle with fragile tapes or disks only to load and save her data files. This just felt more like the way a consumer-electronics device ought to work to many people — no typing arcane commands and then waiting and hoping, just pop a cartridge in and turn the thing on. The TI-99/4A also had spectacularly good graphics, featuring sprites, little objects that were independent of the rest of the screen and could be moved about with very little effort on the part of the computer or its programmer. They were ideal for implementing action games; in a game of Pac-Man, for instance, the title character and each of the ghosts would be implemented as a sprite. Of the other contenders, only the Atari 400 and 800 offered sprites — as well as, tellingly, all of the game consoles. Indeed, they were considered something of a necessity for a really first-rate gaming system. With these virtues plus a list price of just $525, the TI-99/4A was a major hit right out of the gate, selling in numbers to rival the even cheaper but much less capable VIC-20. It would peak at the end of 1982 with a rather extraordinary (if brief-lived) 35 percent market share, and would eventually sell in the neighborhood of 2.5 million units.
With the TI-99/4A so hot that summer of 1982, the one wildcard — the one obstacle to anointing it the king of home computers — was a new machine just about to ship from Commodore. It was called the Commodore 64, and it would change everything. Its story had begun the previous year with a pair of chips.
In January of 1981 some of the engineers at Commodore’s chipmaking subsidiary, MOS Technologies, found themselves without a whole lot to do. The PET line had no major advancements in the immediate offing, and the VIC-20’s design was complete (and already released in Japan, for that matter). Ideally they would have been working on a 16-bit replacement for the 6502, but Jack Tramiel was uninterested in funding such an expensive and complicated project, a choice that stands as amongst the stupidest of a veritable encyclopedia of stupidity written by Commodore management over the company’s chaotic life. With that idea a nonstarter, the engineers hit upon a more modest project: to design a new set of graphics and sound chips that would dramatically exceed the capabilities of the VIC-20 and (ideally) anything else on the market. Al Charpentier would make a graphics chips to be called the VIC-II, the successor to the VIC chip that gave the VIC-20 its name. Bob Yannes would make a sound synthesizer on a chip, the Sound Interface Device (SID). They took the idea to Tramiel, who gave them permission to go ahead, as long as they didn’t spend too much.
In deciding what the VIC-II should be, Charpentier looked at the graphics capabilities of all of the computers and game machines currently available, settling on three as the most impressive, and thus the ones critical to meet or exceed: the Atari 400 and 800, the Mattel Intellivision console, and the soon-to-be-released TI-99/4A. Like all of these machines, the VIC-II chip would have to have sprites. In fact, Charpentier spent the bulk of his time on them, coming up with a very impressive design that allowed up to eight onscreen sprites in multiple colors. (Actually, as with so many features of the VIC-II and the SID, this was only the beginning. Clever programmers would quickly come up with ways to reuse the same sprite objects, thus getting even more moving objects on the screen.) For the display behind the sprites, Charpentier created a variety of character-based and bitmapped modes, with palettes of up to 16 colors at resolutions of up to 320 X 200. On balance, the final design did indeed exceed or at least match the aggregate capabilities of anything else on the market. It offered fewer colors than the Atari’s 128, for example, but a much better sprite system; fewer total sprites (without trickery) than the TI-99/4A’s 32, but bigger and more colorful ones, and with about the same background display capabilities.
If the VIC-II was an evolutionary step for Commodore, the SID was a revolution in PC and videogame sound. Bob Yannes, just 24 years old, had been fascinated by electronic sound for much of his life, devouring early electronica records like those by Kraftwerk and building simple analog synthesizers from kits in his garage. Hired by MOS right out of university in 1978, he felt like he had been waiting all his employment for just this project. An amateur musician himself, he was appalled by the sound chips that other engineers thought exceptional, like that in the Atari 400 and 800. From a 1985 IEEE Spectrum article on the making of the Commodore 64:
The major differences between his chip and the typical videogame sound chips, Yannes explained, were its more precise frequency control and its independent envelope generators for shaping the intensity of a sound. “With most of the sound effects in games, there is either full volume or no volume at all. That really makes music impossible. There’s no way to simulate the sound of any instrument even vaguely with that kind of envelope, except maybe an organ.”
Although it is theoretically possible to use the volume controls on other sound chips to shape the envelope of a sound, very few programmers had ever tackled such a complex task. To make sound shaping easy, Yannes put the envelope controls in hardware: one register for each voice to determine how quickly a sound builds up; two to determine the level at which the note is sustained and how fast it reaches that level; and one to determine how fast the note dies away. “It took a long time for people to understand this,” he conceded.
But programmers would come to understand it in the end, and the result would be a whole new dimension to games and computer art. The SID was indeed nothing short of a full-fledged synthesizer on a chip. With three independent voices to hand, its capabilities in the hands of the skilled are amazing; the best SID compositions still sound great today. Games had beeped and exploded and occasionally even talked for years. Now, however, the emotional palette game designers had to paint on would expand dramatically. The SID would let them express deep emotions through sound and (especially) music, from stately glory to the pangs of romantic love, from joy to grief.
In November of 1981 the MOS engineers brought their two chips, completed at last, to Tramiel to find out what he’d like to do with them. He decided that they should put them into a successor to the VIC-20, to be tentatively titled the VIC-40. In the midst of this discussion, it emerged that the MOS engineers had one more trick up their sleeves: a new variant of the 6502 called the 6510 which offered an easy way to build an 8-bit computer with more than 48 K of RAM by using a technique called bank switching.
Let’s stop here for just a moment to consider why this should have been an issue at all. Both the Zilog Z80 and the MOS 6502 CPUs that predominated among early PCs are 8-bit chips with 16-bit address buses. The latter number is the one that concerns us right now; it means that the CPU is capable of addressing up to 64 K of memory. So why the 48 K restriction? you might be asking. Well, you have to remember that a computer does not only address RAM; there is also the need for ROM. In the 8-bit machines, the ROM usually contains a BASIC-based operating environment along with a few other essentials like the glyphs used to form characters on the screen. All of this usually consumes about 16 K, leaving 48 K of the CPU’s address space to be mapped to RAM. With the arrival of the 48 K Apple II Plus in 1979, the industry largely settled on this as both the practical limit for a Z80- or 6502-based machine and the configuration that marked a really serious, capable PC. There were some outliers, such as Apple’s Language Card that let a II Plus be expanded to 64 K of RAM by dumping BASIC entirely in lieu of a Pascal environment loaded from disk, but the 48 K limit was largely accepted as just a fact of life for most applications.
With the 6510, however, the MOS engineers added some circuitry to the 6502 to make it easy to swap pieces of the address space between two (or more) alternatives. Below is an illustration of the memory of the eventual Commodore 64.
Ignoring the I/O block as out of scope for this little exercise, let’s walk through this. First we have 1 K of RAM used as a working space to hold temporary values and the like (i.e., the program stack). Then 1 K is devoted to storing the current contents of the screen. Next comes the biggest chunk, 38 K for actual BASIC programs. Then 8 K of ROM, which stores the BASIC language itself. Then comes another 4 K of “high RAM” that’s gotten trapped behind the BASIC ROM; this is normally inaccessible to the BASIC programmer unless she knows some advanced techniques to get at it. Then 4 K of ROM to hold the glyphs for the standard onscreen character set. Finally, 8 K of kernel, storing routines for essential functions like reading the keyboard or interacting with cassette or disk drives. All of this would seem to add up to a 44 K RAM system, with only 40 K of it easily accessible. But notice that each piece of ROM has RAM “underneath” it. Thanks to the special circuity on the 6510, a programmer can swap RAM for ROM if she likes. Programming in assembly language rather than BASIC? Swap out the BASIC ROM, and get another 8 K of RAM, plus easy, contiguous access to that high block of another 4 K. Working with graphics instead of words, or would prefer to define your own font? Swap out the character ROM. Taking over the machine entirely, and thus not making so much use of the built-in kernel routines? Swap the kernel for another 8 K of RAM, and maybe just swap it back in from time to time when you want to actually use something there.
The above will hopefully answer the most common first question of a new Commodore 64 user, past or present: Why does my “64 K RAM system” say it has only 38 K free for BASIC? The rest of the memory is there, but only for those who know how to get at it and who are willing to forgo the conveniences of BASIC. I should emphasize here that the concept of bank switching was hardly an invention of the MOS engineers; it’s a fairly obvious approach, after all. Apple had already used the technique to pack a full 128 K of RAM into a 6502-based computer of their own, the failed Apple III (about which more in the very near future). The Apple III, however, was an expensive machine targeted at businesses and professionals. The Commodore 64 was the first to bring the technique to the ordinary consumer market. Soon it would be everywhere, giving the venerable 6502 and Z80 new leases on life.
Jack Tramiel wasn’t a terribly technical fellow, and likely didn’t entirely understand what an extra 16 K of memory would be good for in the first place. But he knew a marketing coup when he saw one. Thus the specifications of the new machine were set: a 64 K system built around MOS’s three recent innovations — the 6510, the VIC-II, and the SID. The result should be cheap enough to produce that Commodore could sell it for less than $600. Oh, and please have a prototype ready for the January 1982 Winter CES show, less than two months away.
With so little time and such harsh restrictions on production costs, Charpentier, Yannes, and the rest of their team put together the most minimalist design they could to bind those essential components together. They even managed to get enough of it done to have something to show at Winter CES, where the “VIC-40” was greeted with excitement on the show floor but polite skepticism in the press. Commodore, you see, had a well-earned reputation, dating from the days when the PET was the first of the trinity of 1977 to be announced and shown but the last to actually ship, for over-promising at events like these and delivering late or not at all. Yet when Commodore showed the machine again in June at the Summer CES — much more polished, renamed the Commodore 64 to emphasize what Tramiel and Commodore’s marketing department saw as its trump card, and still promised for less than $600 — they had to start paying major attention. Day later it started shipping. The new machine was virtually indistinguishable from the VIC-20 in external appearance because Commodore hadn’t been willing to spend the time or money to design a new case.
Inside it was one hell of a machine for the money, although not without its share of flaws that a little more time, money, and attention to detail during the design process could have easily corrected.
The BASIC housed in its ROM (“BASIC 2.0”) was painfully antiquated. It was actually the same BASIC that Tramiel had bought from Microsoft for the original PET back in 1977. Bill Gates, in a rare display of naivete, sold him the software outright for a flat fee of $10,000, figuring Commodore would have to come back soon for another, better version. He obviously didn’t know Jack Tramiel very well. Ironically, Commodore did have on hand a better BASIC 4.0 they had used in some of the later PET models, but Tramiel nixed using it in the Commodore 64 because it would require a more expensive 16 K rather than 8 K of ROM chips to house. People were already getting a lot for their money, he reasoned. Why should they expect a decent BASIC as well? The Commodore 64’s BASIC was not only primitive, but completely lacked commands to actually harness the machine’s groundbreaking audiovisual capabilities; graphics and sound could be accomplished in BASIC only by using “peek” and “poke” commands to access registers and memory locations directly, an extremely awkward, inefficient, and ugly way of programming. If the memory restrictions on BASIC weren’t enough to convince would-be game programmers to learn assembly language, this certainly did. The Commodore 64’s horrendous BASIC likely accelerated an already ongoing flight from the language amongst commercial game developers. For the rest of the 1980s, game development and assembly language would go hand in hand.
Due to a whole combination of factors — including miscommunication among marketing, engineering, and manufacturing, an ultimately pointless desire to be hardware compatible with the VIC-20, component problems, cost-cutting, and the sheer rush of putting a product together in such a limited time frame — the Commodore 64 ended up saddled with a disk system that would become, even more than the primitive BASIC, the albatross around the platform’s neck. It’s easily the slowest floppy-disk system ever sold commercially, on the order of thirty times slower than Steve Wozniak’s masterpiece, the Apple II’s Disk II system. Interacting with disks from BASIC 2.0, which was written before disk drives existed on PCs, requires almost as much patience as does waiting for a program to load. For instance, you have to type “LOAD ‘$’, 8” followed by ‘LIST’ just to get a directory listing. As an added bonus, doing so wipes out any BASIC program you might have happened to have in memory.
The disk system’s flaws frustrate because they dissipate a lot of potential strengths. Commodore had had a unique approach to disk drives ever since producing their first for the PET line circa 1979. A Commodore disk drive is a smart device, containing its own 6502 CPU as well as ROM and 2 K of RAM. The DOS used on other computers like the Apple II to tell the computer how to control the drive, manage the filesystem, etc., is unnecessary on a Commodore machine. The drive can control itself very well, thank you very much; it already knows all about that stuff. This brings some notable advantages. No separate DOS has to be loaded into the computer’s RAM, eating precious memory. DOS 3.3., for example, the standard on the Apple II Plus at the time of the Commodore 64’s introduction, eats up more than 10 K of the machine’s precious 48 K of RAM. Thus the Commodore 64’s memory edge was in practical terms even more significant than it appeared on paper. Because it’s possible to write small programs for the drive’s CPU to process and load them into the drive’s RAM, the whole system was a delight for hackers. One favorite trick was to load a disk-copying program into a pair of drives, then physically disconnect them from the computer. They would continue happily copying disks on their own, as long as the user kept putting more disks in. More practically for average users, it was often possible for games to play music or display animated graphics while simultaneously loading from the drive. Other computers’ CPU were usually too busy controlling the drive to manage this. Of course, this was a very good feature for this particular computer, because Commodore 64 users would be spending a whole lot more time than users of other computers waiting for their disk drives to load their programs.
Quality-control issues plagued the entire Commodore 64 line, especially in the first couple of years. One early reviewer had to return two machines before Commodore shipped him one that worked; some early shipments to stores were allegedly 80 percent dead on arrival. To go with all of their other problems, the disk drives were particularly unreliable. In one early issue, Compute!’s Gazette magazine stated that four of the seven drives in their offices were currently dead. The poor BASIC and unfriendly operating environment, the atrocious disk system, and the quality-control issues, combined with no option for getting the 80-column display considered essential for word processing and much other business software, kept the Commodore 64 from being considered seriously by most businesses as an alternative to the Apple II or IBM PC. Third-party solutions did address many of the problems. Various improved BASICs were released as plug-in cartridges, and various companies rewrote the systems software to improve transfer speeds by a factor of six or more. But businesses wanted machines that just worked for them out of the box, which Apple and IBM largely gave them while Commodore did not.
None of that mattered much to Commodore, at least for now, because they were soon selling all of the Commodore 64s they could make for use in homes. No, it wasn’t a perfect machine, not even with its low price (and dropping virtually by the month), its luxurious 64 K of memory, its versatile graphics, and its marvelous SID chip. But, like the Sinclair Spectrum that was debuting almost simultaneously in Britain, it was the perfect machine for this historical moment. Also like the Spectrum, it heralded a new era in its home country, where people would play — and make — games in numbers that dwarfed what had come before. For a few brief years, the premiere mainstream gaming platform in the United States would be a full-fledged computer rather than a console — the only time, before or since, that that has happened. We’ll talk more about the process that led there next time.
(As you might expect, much of this article is drawn from Brian Bagnall’s essential history of Commodore. The IEEE Spectrum article referenced above was also a gold mine.)
Posted by Jimmy Maher on December 17, 2012 in Digital Antiquaria, Interactive Fiction
Tags: c64
22 Responses to The Commodore 64
Huzzah! We’ve now entered the era in which I have personal experience!
My earliest computer memories were of my stepdad’s TI-99/4A (with the physically massive memory/disk expansion thingy) and moreso, my dad’s Commodore 64, which entertained us for hours beyond counting during the summers I’d spend at his house.
I can still recite the keystrokes used to do various things (list the contents of the disk, load the first game, etc.). Though I had not the foggiest notion what they meant at the time, like arcane incantations, they would bring me the latest wonders from MicroProse, Epyx, or SSI (e.g. the AD&D “gold box” games).
But yeah, the FastLoad cartridge was a dire necessity.
Captain Rufus
I absolutely loved the C64. But I didn’t get mine till Christmas 87 and it was the C variant so it was both very cheap (about 600 for a full non monitor setup including Okimate color printer), and reliable. Never had a single problem with the computer at all. Except for my grades slipping because I spent so much time on it. (And a lot of that was a bad teacher. When the entire class is doing badly learning 8th grade Algebra something is wrong!)
One of the greatest computers ever made. Still play with it in emulators now. I just don’t own or collect for the line because there is so much GOOD STUFF out there my bank account would be in more pain than it already is.
(So I stick to lesser liked machines like Atari 8 bit, Tandy CoCo, and TI. Much cheaper to collect for and lots of cart games. Though if I ever get HERO on cart for the C64 cheap? Well that would change things.)
The sad part is I never had a Fast Load till like my final 3 months or so of owning the machine. (8th grade-12th)
I used to read D&D novels while waiting for D&D fights to load in the Gold Box series!
Sniffnoy
This gets me wondering about the history of cartridges. I mean, Atari’s game consoles were using those before the TI-99, right? Were other computers using it even before this?
The first machine to use ROM cartridges was the Atari VCS, released in 1977. That said, the Magnavox Odyssey of 1972 used cartridges that looked essentially the same externally. Because the Odyssey was a discrete logic device rather than a true digital computer with a CPU, however, its cartridges did not contain ROM but rather circuits that were patched into the mother device to make it behave in different ways.
Cartridges are a fairly obvious way to get programs into a computer painlessly. As such they were used not only by the consoles but by a variety of the home computers that kind of straddled the line between game machine and “serious” computing device. In addition to the TI-99/4A, the Commodore VIC-20 and 64 and the Atari 8-bit line are included in this group. They proved to be a godsend on the 64, where they were used to add to or replace the machine’s slapdash systems software with better stuff: the Epyx FastLoad, Simon’s BASIC, etc.
The Channel F predated the VCS, didn’t it?
Yes, looks like it did. I stand corrected. I obviously know my early PCs much better than I know my early consoles…
I can imagine users of other home computers telling themselves “at least our disk drive is faster”… but “imagine” it because I must (shockingly) admit I never knew anyone with a Commodore 64. (I suppose I didn’t have a lot of good friends who’d invite me over to their houses…) The Radio Shack Color Computer magazines my family subscribed to were boosterish in their own way, but I don’t remember them saying much about other home computers.
I have sought to correct this lack of knowledge in recent years, and had been thinking myself that the Commodore 64’s limited BASIC might have played a role in the closing of the “dilettante programmer” era. I’d been wondering too if the 6502 (and Z80) architectures not being expanded beyond 8 bits with any great speed played its own small part in the shaping of personal computing…
Oh, it played a major role. MOS/Commodore essentially ceded the market to the 16-bit chips of Motorola and Intel due to a shortsighted unwillingness to spend the money to develop a successor to the 6502. In a real sense Commodore’s management, during and after the Tramiel era, never really “got” computers, persisting with the mentality of (at best) a maker of calculators or (at worst) a maker of toys. They seemed to have a hard time understanding that the 6502 and Commodore 64, huge as they were, weren’t going to sell forever.
Zilog at least tried, but the Z8000 never attracted the same love as the Z80.
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Obbie Z
I’m surprised there was no mention of GEOS, an OS released late in the life of the C64 that added a few years to its usefulness. With GEOS and a RAM disk, the experience of using the machine was vaguely Mac-like.
“Vaguely” is the operative word here. :) Not that GEOS wasn’t impressive. But it’s a little out of scope for the time frame of this article…
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Martin Stein
My C64 with the disk drive was also quite reliable. Never had a problem. The Basic forced you to learn assembly to access graphics and sound. It taught hacking…
IMO the successor to the C64 was the Atari ST, also a Tramiel machine. It started out with an okay OS that was supposed to be improved over time with multitasking and better graphics. It somehow never happened. The ST had 1MB of memory (mine came upgraded for free with an additional set of memory chips hand-soldered on to of the existing 512kB).
You could run a Mac ROM on its 68000 processor and it was way ahead of the then current 8086 and 80286 PCs.
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Slowly catching on my backlog to read here…
There was one quote which perplexed me:
“With most of the sound effects in games, there is either full volume or no volume at all. That really makes music impossible.”
The POKEY chip on the Atari 8-bit supported volume control for each of the four sound channels (ranged from 0 to 15). Whereas some programmers would have just set things to 0 or 15, particularly for simple sound effects, we were not prevented from experimenting with volume and virtually all of the music in Atari’s heyday used some form of volume to create envelopes that were not just steps in volume. Most of the sound effects in my own games would decay the volume to zero over the life of a sound.
I would agree that hardware support of an ADSR envelope would have been a boon. But Yannes’ assertion seems to overstate its importance.
As a disclaimer, I never did a comparison between audio complexity on the C64 vs. the Atari, although my few visits to see friend’s C64 machines never made me think I was missing out in the sound department.
Ian S.
1976’s AY-3-8910/11/12 sound chips (which were super-popular in arcade machines and also used by Intellivision, Vectrex, and Atari ST) did have hardware envelope support. It was used to good effect in Midway’s TRON arcade game to emulate Wendy Carlos’ iconic Moog powered score.
So yes, Yannes is definitely overstating things. Ultimately the SID sounds not much different from any of the other 4-channel fixed-waveform chips of the 80s. The real revolution in digital audio was affordable wavetable, which Yannes pioneered at Ensoniq.
Brian Bagnall
Ian, it is unlikely the AY-3-8910 came out in 1976–that was the year the year General Instruments introduced the CP-1600 microprocessor, which the AY-3-8910 was designed to interface with. I doubt one of the first peripheral chips they would spend money and time designing for a microprocessor which wasn’t even be used in consumer products at that time would be a sound synthesizer. You’ll find the first documentation on the chip is dated 1979.
The AY-3-8910 is very primitive. It had a single envelope generator which could modulate the volume of whatever combination of sound sources you selected, and only 16 volume steps (though they were logarithmic, so they provided a wider dynamic range). Basically it could only ramp up from zero to full volume or ramp down from full volume to zero. Better than nothing, but very limited compared to SID, and the three Envelope Generators in SID let you independently modulate the volume of all three sound sources automatically, not just modulate a mixture of the sound sources. That made SID a three-voice system, as compared to really only one voice with the GI chip.
His quote might sound inaccurate out of context, but you need to realize he was referring to the state of things in 1981, when he began designing the SID chip. And he’s not referring to the sound generators in arcade games, but rather video game consoles and home computers. It was certainly possible to generate envelopes in real-time using software, but as the article notes, few programmers took the time to do it because the processor was busy running all of the other game and graphics routines and, if you didn’t update the sound in a timely, consistent manner, it sounded bad.
Volume wasn’t the only factor, although IEEE Spectrum focused on that. As far as tone color, the GI chip had square waves and the Atari chip had wave modifiers that could produce all sorts of nasty game sounds, but not much in the way of musical tones other than square waves. The nice thing about the SID was it gave the programmer high-resolution control of pitch, tone color and volume and there were no competing products on the market at that time which did that. The large amount of SID music that was produced is a testament to SID’s abilities versus the competition.
Fascinating to get this background on what was my main computer in my larval stage. But a quibble:
The Commodore 64’s BASIC was not only primitive, but completely lacked commands to actually harness the machine’s groundbreaking audiovisual capabilities. If the memory restrictions on BASIC weren’t enough to convince would-be game programmers to learn assembly language, this certainly did.
That’s not really fair. There was nothing in Commodore BASIC that actively helped use the graphics or sound, but nothing stopping you from going ahead and using the facilities down on the metal. In other words, there’s nothing you could do in machine language that you couldn’t also do in BASIC, though the magic of PEEK and POKE — which, in the end, are pretty much all that machine language programs ever do. The problem with doing this in BASIC was only that it was slow and expensive in program space compared with the machine-code equivalent: but the same is true of any kind of program, not just audiovisual stuff.
Added a clause clarifying the statement a bit further. Thanks!
Thanks; I think that’s very well and fairly put.
A large chunk of Commodore 64’s early reliability issues was due to its poor external power supply. Not only did they die regularly, they sometimes died and took the computer with it (i.e., smoke coming out of the case!).
Still, what a machine. If you have never heard Swinth, you really should.
https://youtu.be/AiHyTJsE3AU
Leave a Reply to Keith Palmer Cancel reply
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Dell No Longer Just a PC Company, Says Michael Dell
By Benjamin Ricks On March 15, 2019
Information technology has evolved at a breakneck pace over the past decade or so and it is no wonder that many of the tech giants of the past may no longer be as influential as they used to be. When it comes to personal computers and laptops, Dell still remains one of the leading names in the world; however, the company’s Chief Executive Officer Michael Dell has claimed that the company is much more than merely a PC maker. During the course of an interview with CNBC, Michael Dell laid out his vision for the present and future of the company. He said that the company is now trying to help corporations grapple with the issue of adaptation when it comes to technological advancements. Considering the sort of acquisitions from Dell in the recent past, it does not look like corporate speak. Some of the more significant acquisitions include Pivotal Software and VMware among others.
Dell said, “[We] really have positioned ourselves as a company that can help our customers with the digital transformation: their journey to the cloud, and modernizing their IT environments, their workforce environment, and also IT security.” It is also worthwhile to note that Dell has ramped up its cloud computing business significantly in recent years and although it is not yet competing with Amazon Web Services, the company is in the right direction. The cloud computing business brought in revenues of around $40 billion last year, which reflects a handsome growth of 19% from the previous year. In addition to that, the company brought in record revenues of $91 billion in total in 2018.
However, that is not all. The company is investing heavily in research and development, and over the past half a decade, they have poured in $20 billion towards that endeavour. Dell, however, was quick to point out that the advent of new age technology like artificial intelligence could leave some people behind and it is the company’s motto to ensure that it does not happen. The Dell CEO also stated that huge changes are coming in the tech sector in the next decade and he remains optimistic that it will be a good thing. He said, “I am a huge optimist that technology will do far more good than bad. It’s addressing all kinds of opportunities in health care, in education, in sustainability, the environment. Certainly, businesses are becoming more productive and more effective, and ultimately technology is about enabling human potential.”
Daimler and BMW Unveil 1 Billion Euro Joint Venture
The clamor for new age cars has swept the automobile …
Ride Hailing Company Lyft Targets to Raise $2.4 Billion in IPO
While Uber’s mega $120 billion Initial Public Offering (IPO) remains …
Benjamin Ricks
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Kremlin Watch Monitor March 8, 2017
8.3.2017 Evropské hodnoty
Invitation to the Expert Roundtable
The European Values Think-Tank in cooperation with the European People’s Party Group in the European Parliament are pleased to invite you to conference: “Putin’s Russia: How urgent threat it poses?”
This conference will be held under patronage of Jaromír Štětina MEP, member of EPP Group, Vice-Chair of Security and Defense Subcommittee of the European Parliament.
A new comparative study “Behavior of Putin`s Russia through lens of allied strategic and policy documents” by European Values Think-Tank will be presented. It will analyze security strategies, foreign policy strategies and annual reports of allied intelligence agencies of EU28 states through lens of how these documents perceive behavior of the Russian Federation.
Date & venue:
24 April 2017 – European Parliament, Brussels
You can find more information and the registration form on our website.
Putin’s Champion Award
Our Expert Jury consisting of Jessikka Aro, Anton Shekhovtsov, John Schindler and Michael Weiss regularly vote on the dangerousness of several candidates you can nominate via e-mail or Twitter.
We already have the 4th Putin’s Champion Award Recipient:
For serving as a loyal tool of the Kremlin and attacking selected politicians Moscow wants to be sunk
Image Source: David G Silvers. Cancillería del Ecuador, CC BY-SA 2.0
The Expert Jury ranked his Putin-supportive job with
(out of 5) mark.
The rating signals how much the recipient contributed to the interest of the Putin’s aggressive regime. It is calculated as an average of ratings assessed by the Expert Jury of this Award.
You can find more details about the award and the former recipients here.
Weekly Update on the Kremlin Disinformation Efforts in Europe
According to General Sir Adrian Bradshaw, the Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe, the alleged Russian cyber attacks influencing US presidential elections could be considered an act of aggression and trigger the Article 5 of the NATO Treaty, activating the principle of collective defence.
A Joint Declaration on freedom of expression has been issued by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on freedom of opinion and expression David Kaye, together with his counterparts from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Organization of American States, and the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights. In the document, the authors focus on fake news, disinformation, and propaganda.
The First Draft News is launching a new project, getting together researchers in order to map the misinformation ecosystem in Europe. The focus should be especially on the Netherlands, France, and Germany. The resulting product should be a field guide describing the digital methods, data, tools, techniques, and research approaches which can be used for increasing public understanding of the fake news.
Focus on Germany
German troops in Lithuania under disinformation fire
A fake report has been planted to the email inbox of the speaker of the Lithuanian Parliament, stating that German soldiers placed in the country within the NATO battle group had raped a teenage girl. The disinformation has been caught quickly and did not cause as much turmoil as one might expect. According to the Czech NATO General Petr Pavel, Moscow is to blame for the incident, but the Lithuanian authorities are still in the process of investigation.
In the meantime, The German Foreign Ministry spokesman Martin Schaefer announced that Germany is going to assist the Baltic countries with establishing Russian-language media outlets in order to counter disinformation and attract Russian-speaking minorities.
“Alternative German foreign policy”
While German officials fight pro-Kremlin disinformation in the Baltic states, some German political far-right representatives have been active as well. The leader of the Alternative for Germany (AfD), Frauke Petry, met with two Russian MPs from the United Russia party, as well as with Vladimir Zhirinovsky, an ultra-nationalist from the Russia’s lower house of parliament, discussing inter-party cooperation and other things. Other representatives from the AfD, together with members of the Austrian Freedom Party, participated as “electoral monitors” in the “constitutional referendum” organized by the self-proclaimed authorities of the unrecognised state of Nagorno-Karabakh. As Anton Shekovtsov points out, Russian federation is not an official side to this conflict, but sells weaponry to both engaged countries, ensuring its sphere of influence.
If you were looking for a thorough overview of the relations between Russia and the United States from the end of the cold war up till now, summarizing what we do and do not know about the Kremlin’s meddling during the US presidential elections, the long-read by Evan Osnos, David Remnick, and Joshua Yaffa in the New Yorker is exactly for you.
The Visegrad group has been known to cooperate on many issues during the modern history, but the issue of Russia continues to be one of the biggest divisions of opinion among these Central European countries. Edit Zgut, Jakub Šimkovic, Krzysztof Kokoszczynski, and Lukáš Hendrych argue on the pages of Euractiv that it is very unlikely that this situation will change, overviewing each state’s stances towards the Kremlin and its policies.
If you are curious about the details of how troll factory works and what it can do to even the most genuine and non-harmful attempts for serious journalism, we recommend this article by Mathias Ståhle, published by ekuriren.
International Security and Estonia;
prepared and published by the Estonian Information Board
In Estonia, Russia is seen as the most significant threat to Estonian security – mainly due to the following factors. Russian foreign policy goal is the restitution of its global importance which diminished with the fall of the USSR. It portrays the EU and NATO as organizations hostile to Russia and thus making Russian aggressive actions appear as mere reactions. Maintaining its sphere of influence is also an important objective for Russia. As for the EU, Russia tries to create tensions both between the member states and within them. In order to do so, it uses measures such as influence operations, propaganda, disinformation, or support for extremist and populist parties with an anti-EU stance. In the cybersphere, Russia poses a significant threat not only because of the “information confrontation” but also because of the direct cyber attacks, which aim to damage the target or to obtain some information.
On the domestic level, Russia is experiencing economic hardship (caused mainly by the low price of oil and the Western sanctions) which results in other problems as well. In order to secure its position, Putin is centralizing the power in Russia even more and has made a lot of high-level personnel changes lately. Despite the country’s economic problems, the military is still the second largest expense in the Russian budget and Russia maintains a powerful military potential.
Central Europe Disinformation Corner
(You can read the full report on the website of the GLOBSEC Policy Institute)
The inauguration of Donald Trump as the 45th President of the United States was extensively elaborated by the disinformation outlets in Central Europe. Some media outlets known for spreading distorted and biased information even took Trump’s rhetoric and narratives when reporting on events and international cooperation:
CIA plans to assassinate Donald Trump
NATO as a terrorist organization
The European Union compared to the Third Reich
The traitors and foreign agents
Disinformation outlets have long been waging discretization campaigns against investigative journalists, activists, and civic organizations. Hungarian disinformation posts on Facebook jovially comment that seven things that make an “independent NGO cry” are “logic, patriotism, a good stew, the people’s will when a non-liberal force is in government, respect for Christianity, love of the family, and national holidays.”
Some outlets commented on the “fake news” filter which Facebook tested in France and Germany with the help of independent journalists. The Russian secret service-operated Hungarian outlet hidfo.ru quoted a German lawyer who claimed that the independence of the journalists involved was questionable. Similar narratives were used in connection with the Czech public broadcaster and the Centre Against Terrorism and Hybrid Threats newly established within the Czech Ministry of Interior.
Pro-Kremlin disinformation outlets also declared the worldwide Women’s March protests to be organized by George Soros. What was their argumentation? There was no Women’s March in Russia, where Soros’ organizations are banned. Other websites targeted the EDISON program of AIESEC, an international student NGO, promoting cultural diversity and tolerance in schools.
Liberal media and NGOs are pursuing activities that are expected of them in liberal democracies, acting as the watchdogs of society. However, there are significant differences between the freedom of the press and the deliberate dissemination of disinformation and sensationalized stories for political ends – something pro-Kremlin outlets continue to do.
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This October my latest horror novella will be released. It's about to hit the review process and will be available for pre-order sometime in September. In the meantime, I thought I would share with you the first chapter of the book. Hopefully, I can get some honest feedback about this first chapter. Let me know what you like, what you don't like, etc. Just remember, it's not edited yet so don't be too harsh. There's probably grammatical mistakes and spelling errors. Feel free to point them out, though. It will make editing somewhat easier for me. Below, you will find chapter one of my upcoming horror novella, Echoes of the Past:
She remembered the feeling of cold steel pressed firmly against her throat. She remembered the fear of losing everything she had ever loved or cared about. Her daughter, Tara, had flashed through her mind that night. Will he kill her next? She had thought. When her husband was done with his drunken rage, would he turn his attention to their young child? It had been the scariest thought in her mind, even while faced with certain death.
Of course, she hadn’t really believed he would kill her, not on purpose anyway. The knife to her throat had merely been a tactic of fear. But that did not mean he couldn’t accidentally slit her throat. Sasha had finally had enough that night. It had been the beginning of the end.
“Comfortable, sweetheart?” She called out to the backseat for her daughter, doing her best to ignore the memories that always seemed to invade her happiness. Tara told her she was but complained the trip was taking too long. Sasha laughed and said, “I know, honey, but we should be there very soon.”
“But why are we moving so far away?”
“You know why, sweetheart.”
“But I don’t want to leave my life behind.”
“Sometimes we need to do things we don’t want to do. Sometimes we have to.”
Tara stopped questioning her mother and returned to playing on the tablet in her lap. She couldn’t see the tears Sasha was quickly wiping away. Hearing her daughter express distain for the move made her feel like the world’s worst mother. She was being uprooted from her life, from the only house she had ever known. All of her friends would become distant memories. It was upsetting for a girl of nine. Hell, it was upsetting for a woman of thirty-seven. But it was necessary.
No one knew where they were going, not even Sasha’s own mother. She had been aware of the abuse at the end. In fact, it had been her idea for Sasha to leave. “Don’t tell anyone where you’re going,” her mother had instructed. “It’s best if we not know.”
Sasha had taken her mother’s advice and loaded a small trailer with anything that would fit. Taking Tara, they headed off to a small, New England town that barely showed up on any maps she could get her hands on. It felt as far off the grid as she could possibly be without living off the land like some sort of doomsday prepper.
A brown sign appeared on the side of the road slightly obscured by a long hanging tree, it’s leaves turning the beautiful golden colors of fall. It read, Welcome to Carlisle, Maine. Est. 1692 Our Land Echoes with the Whispers of the Past.
The quote on the sign had been oddly beautiful. It was a poetic notion that only the early settlers of the country could have possibly written. It inspired her to learn the town history. She made a mental note to learn as much as she could after they were safely unpacked and established in the small town.
It had actually been mere coincidence she had found this place. When she had planned to run away with Tara, she had called several real estate agents miles from where they lived. None could fit her hardly existent budget. Many had even laughed at her and hung up. Before she could feel defeated, however, she was given a tip to try a real estate company in Maine. Supposedly, their specialty was finding the right house for anyone on any budget. Sasha had been skeptical, realizing how low her budget really was, but had called all the same.
The overly excited man nearly talked her ear all the way down to the floor. He would not shut up about the beautiful country side and how gorgeous Maine was. Finally, he told her of a small house, more like a cottage really, in a small town in Maine. Without much hesitation, Sasha had said she’d take it.
“Don’t you want to see it first?” The man had asked. But it didn’t much matter what it looked like. Sasha knew a God send when she saw one. This was her opportunity to leave her old life behind.
As the town rose into view, Sasha slipped a Xanax into her mouth and swallowed it dry. The thought of meeting everyone and explaining where she had come from, what little she could really share, did nothing for her stress levels. When she had told her psychiatrist about the move, she had prescribed extra medicine, on top of the two pills she had to take daily for her depression. Psychiatrist sure loved their pills but they worked so Sasha did not complain.
“Mommy, are we here?” Tara asked, placing the tablet in the seat next to her. Sasha nodded at her through the rearview mirror. She could see pure happiness in her daughter’s eyes. Not because she was excited to start her new life, but because being trapped in the back seat of a small car was torture on a child.
Sasha pulled into the driveway and stared at her new home. It was small. Well, small was putting it mildly. The whole building could have fit inside a studio apartment. But what it lacked in indoor space it more than made up for with the yard. The backyard stretched for several yards before disappearing into the surrounding forest. A Thomas Kinkade painting came to mind as she stared at the cottage. Despite it’s size, it felt perfect.
Right on cue, Tara tore off into the house and bolted inside. Clearly, she was excited to see which room would be hers. Sasha smiled and hoped there were other little girls in the town her daughter could get to know. She would desperately need a friend.
She spent the next couple hours unloading the trailer. There wasn’t much to unload and, lucky for her, the cottage had already been furnished. The furniture was old and rickety but it would work. There wasn’t a television anywhere in sight but she felt they could live without one for a while.
As she unpacked a box in the kitchen, a knock came at the door. Sasha knew it must be the inevitable neighbor greeting and put on her best fake smile. She pulled the door open and smiled at the seemingly cheerful woman on her doorstep.
“Hello there, you must be the new lady.” Her New England accent was thick but Sasha didn’t mind.
“That’s me. My name’s Sasha,” she said, proffering her hand. The woman shook her hand and gave her a smile.
“Gwen,” she responded. Spotting Tara on the couch, she said “Well, hello there little one. What’s your name?”
“Tara,” she said with a frown.
“What’s wrong, dear?”
Tara shrugged and motioned to her tablet. “I can’t get the internet to work.”
Gwen laughed.
“We don’t have a very good signal out here. It’s best if you use a landline if you want to make phone calls or get online. It’s tough on the young ones but it’s how it is.”
Sasha smiled. “I’ll be sure to get that set up. Wouldn’t want her getting bored at her. Not that there’s much to be bored with,” she nervously back peddled on her words, afraid she had offended the woman. “It’s such a lovely town and the view is amazing.”
“Yes, it really is. Well, I just wanted to welcome you to the neighborhood. If you ever need anything, I’m the next house down. It’s a bit of hike but a nice one. You two should come to the town center tomorrow evening and introduce yourselves. We’re having a nice little fall festival.”
“That sounds wonderful,” Sasha said, though she wasn’t sure if she meant it. Gwen smiled and said her good-byes. Seconds later, her and Tara were alone in their cozy little cottage once again. Things seemed to be going better than Sasha had expected. Her neighbors seemed friendly enough, at least one did. Not that it mattered to Sasha. She did not plan to become a social member of her newfound society. Her depression made it hard to want to get out and make friends. Considering her situation, she wasn’t overly willing to push through her feelings.
But she wondered if it would be good for Tara to get out and meet the people of the town. Maybe there would be some kids she could befriend. She would need them now more than ever. The decision seemed harder than it needed to be and the right choice should have been obvious to her. As always, she doubted and second guessed her own decisions. If she went, she’d spend the whole time wondering if she had said the wrong thing or made herself look foolish. If she didn’t go, she would become paranoid of what the town thought of her. Either way, she couldn’t win. In the end, she had to think going was the better decision.
“Hey, Tara.” She looked at her beautiful daughter sitting on the couch with a frown on her face. “You want to meet everyone tomorrow at a festival?” Tara shrugged. “It might be fun. You might meet a friend there. Maybe even a boyfriend.”
Tara giggled. “Ew, I don’t want a boyfriend.”
Sasha smiled at her daughter’s innocence, knowing one day it would vanish. She wasn’t looking forward to those days and she prayed like hell she never developed the same disorder as her mother. Tara was too precious to suffer such debilitating thoughts. She deserved everything the world had to offer and should never experience pain like Sasha had endured through her life.
A wave of emotion crashed over her like a rogue wave over the bow of a ship. She could feel herself sinking into the low pit of anguish and despair. It was nearly impossible to fight but she had to for the sake of her daughter. Tara did not need to see her mom in a heap on the floor with endless streams of tears in her eyes. Sasha did her best to fight back the feeling and eventually made her way into the bathroom, an unpacked box in hand, with the excuse she needed to unpack.
Once the door was shut, she collapsed on the floor and everything flooded out of her at once. The situation she now found herself had caught up, the thought of her ex-husband, and uprooting her daughter’s life all flowed through her mind. It was like a projector showing all of her mistakes and she could not power it down.
A memory of her husband breaking a beer bottle on the wall and forcing her to have sex with him sprung up. It made her feel disgusting and pathetic. She remembered being forced face down on the bed as he had his way with her. Sasha watched the foul smelling liquid drip down the wall until it was all over. When he was finished, he told her to clean up the mess. Even now, she was unsure if he had meant the glass bottle and beer stained wall or the disgusting substance his small member had left behind. Either way, she did both.
The memory only made her cry more. Even after everything that had happened between now and then, she still felt as if she had deserved it. After all, he would complain she didn’t give it up enough. She always had some excuse. He was sexually frustrated, which is why he broke the bottle and forced himself upon her. They were married, rape wasn’t possible. At least, it was what he had said when he found her crying about the incident the next morning.
“You know how I can get when I drink. Mix that together with sexual frustration and…” She remembered him trailing off. Or maybe she had stopped listening. All she could remember was it being the beginning of the end. It was the first time she had thought about hurting him, in self-defense of course. He did, on occasion, threaten her with a knife, or hammer, or whatever he had been holding in the moment. She would have been well within her right to protect herself.
Composing herself, Sasha sat up on the bathroom floor. The spiraling, it seemed, had come to an end. But these things always had a way of sneaking back up on her when she least suspected it. A tiny knock came at the door and Sasha jumped to her feet.
"Mommy, I have to pee."
"Alright, honey, just a second."
Making sure nothing was out of place with her hair and make-up, not wanting her daughter to think something was wrong, Sasha pulled open the bathroom door and smiled. "All yours" she said and headed off into the living room to unpack the remainder of the boxes.
Does Jaws bite?
No doubt, you have seen the movie Jaws. I mean, who hasn't? It's a classic movie with a concept that scared thousands of people out of the water. But, did you know it was based on a book? You did? Alright, well aren't you just so smart. Peter Benchley wrote the book Jaws and it was published in 1974. Clearly, I don't have to tell you how popular it became. But was the book any good? Well, yes and no. At least, in my opinion.
I read Jaws several years ago and have to say it completely captivated me. I finished it in one day. The characters were amazing and realistic. I actually found myself hating Hooper and Sheriff Brody's wife, Ellen. The thought of them in the book disgusted me. Which is an amazing testament to Mr. Benchley's writing style as he was able to evoke real emotion from me.
*Note, from here on out there will be spoilers for both the book and the movie. Swim at your own risk!*
I would highly recommend this book but suggest you read all the way up to the very end. Right up to when the shark attacks the Orca. Stop right there. Put the book down. And watch the end of the movie. That's where the book, at least for me, falls apart.
In the movie, there's the epic struggle with the shark as it destroys the boat and eats Quint, much like the book. However, Hooper was eaten by the shark the day before in the book. It's for the best. He was a dick. Of course, we all know Brody's famous line as he shoots the oxygen tank stuck in Jaw's jaws. (Was the shark named Jaws? I think someone should have named it Jaws. Makes sense to me) "Smile you son of..." KABOOM! Shark dead. Blood, guts, and blubbery debris rain down from the heavens. Cool, right? Well the book....well....it sucks. I just don't like it.
Quint's dead, Brody is floating on debris from the Orca. He peers into the water and sees the shark swimming towards him, mouth agape. He readies himself for death but suddenly....the shark dies. Yup. It. Just. Dies. You see, they had thrown several harpoons into the creature before hand and it only now succumbs to its wounds, just in time to not eat the main character.
Is it a more realistic ending? Yes. Is it an exciting one? No! To me, it felt like the author originally wrote an ending where Brody was eaten by the shark and continued on its way until it later died in the ocean, like many sharks before it. But then he had a change of heart and let Brody live. Which meant, having the shark die in the most anticlimactic way possible. Of course, the explosion wouldn't have been as impressive in the book but maybe we could have had something in between. You know, Brody jabs it in the eye for a final time with a spear and it dies. Would have been a lot better. For a book with so much built up conflict, it felt like the end puttered out. Ultimately, it was a great book but the ending was better in the movie.
What did you think? Did you read Jaws? Did you like the ending? Did you hate it? Let me know your feelings in the comments below! Thanks for reading and remember, keep wandering. Just not alone.
I am a self-published horror/thriller author. I love reading, writing, and taking long walks through scary parts of the forest. I'm learning new tricks everyday to become a better author and occasionally will share those tips with you. Otherwise, you can read book reviews, info about my writing, and personal stories about my adventures in nature.
Avocation Adventures
Death Can Wait
Ethan McCormick
Ethan's Cases
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Millions of Mannys, only one Filipino hope: Undisputed World Champion
A screen shows an advertisement for a fight between Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Manny Pacquiao as people wait to check in at the MGM Grand on Friday, April 24, 2015, in Las Vegas. The fight is scheduled to take place May 2 at the hotel and casino. (AP)
Published Monday, April 27, 2015
Emmanuel ‘Manny’ Pacquiao is idolised by tens of millions in the poverty-afflicted Philippines both for his punching power and as a national icon of hope after rising from the streets to the pinnacle of world boxing.
Known to his countrymen in the Asian archipelago as ‘The National Fist’, Pacman fights undefeated American Floyd Mayweather on May 2 to decide who is the world's best 'pound-for-pound' boxer.
To most of the Philippines' population of almost 100 million, Pacquiao, winner of an unparallelled eight world championships in different weight divisions, is a well-loved national symbol, living proof that success is possible with hard work even if you are dirt-poor.
Jose Arroyo installs an advertisement for a fight between Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Manny Pacquiao at the MGM Grand, Friday, April 24, 2015, in Las Vegas. (AP)
The reigning World Boxing Organization welterweight champion was the Philippines' top taxpayer in 2013, and Fortune pegged him as the world's 11th best-paid sportsman with 2014 earnings of $41.8 million.
He is now also elected member of the House of Representatives, a Christian preacher, an improbable professional basketball player and coach, and celebrity endorser for products ranging from karaoke microphones to pizzas, and cars.
Friends say the 36-year-old is generous to a fault, sharing his riches with friends as well as the downtrodden.
Merchandise for a fight between Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Manny Pacquiao is for sale at the MGM Grand on Friday, April 24, 2015, in Las Vegas. (AP)
Some Filipinos see him as a future Philippine president, something that he admits he has considered. He will be eligible once he turns 40, when he is expected to have hung up his gloves.
A 1.70 metre (5ft 7in) southpaw, he began his professional ring career as a teenager, and in 20 years has compiled a 57-5-2 win-loss-draw record with 38 knockouts.
In the ring he is a volume power puncher who uses lightning footwork to create angles with which to deliver flurries, the likes of which have felled Oscar de la Hoya, Ricky Hatton, Miguel Cotto, Erik Morales and Marco Antonio Barrera.
Click to see: #MayPac: Manny's crazy speed display [video]
A fan looks at boxing gloves, signed by boxer Manny Pacquiao of the Philippines, on sale at 3,000 Philippine pesos ($68) per pair, at a store in Manila April 24, 2015. (Reuters)
From doughnuts to glory
The son of a deadbeat father, Pacquiao dropped out of high school at 14, sold doughnuts on the roadside and became a grocery stacker to help his mother support two younger siblings. He became a pro boxer at 17.
The sport bought him fame, power, influence and wealth, and with it the vices: booze, gambling, cockfighting and romantic links to beautiful film stars that at one point nearly wrecked his marriage.
Souvenir items of boxer Manny Pacquiao of the Philippines are displayed for sale inside a store in metro Manila April 24, 2015. (Reuters)
But in 2012 he found religion and he sold his shares in a Manila casino, nightclub and bar, giving away the proceeds to employees. He also gave away his 1,000-plus fighting cocks to friends.
Nowadays he joins Bible-reading classes almost every day, often cites God as the source of his success and wears a rosary around his neck before and after fights.
Despite his riches, Pacquiao remains a humble character with a common touch, complete with a thick accent that is usual with those born in the central and southern Philippines.
A fan looks at a jacket of boxer Manny Pacquiao of the Philippines displayed for sale inside a store in metro Manila April 24, 2015. (Reuters)
Last November, Pacquiao announced he had apologised to neighbours and would sell his $9 million mansion in one of Manila's swankiest areas after they complained about his visitors wearing shabby clothing.
"I may be as rich as some of them here, but my lifestyle remains the same and so is my heart. I am just a simple man. I will never change that," he said.
Click to read: Golden Cage for 'Prince' Amir's
Dubai #Maypac rematch
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Home Plants and Animals Plants Plants cherry
How Products Are Made
COPYRIGHT 1996 Gale Research Inc.
Cherries may be either deliciously sweet and deep brown-red, or quite tart and bright red. The two most common are the sweet cherry, Prunus avium L., and the sour (often referred to by growers as the pie or tart) cherry Prunus cerasus L.. Sour cherries have a lower sugar content and a higher acid content than its sweet counterpart. Not surprisingly, sour cherries are slightly less caloric than sweet cherries, containing about 60 calories per 3.5 oz (100 g) portion compared to 80 calories for sweet. Cherries are high in vitamin C, carbohydrates, and water, and include trace amounts of fiber, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamin), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), niacin, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and potassium.
Cherries are found in the wild and have been domesticated for centuries. There is a myriad of cherry types, resulting from new varieties and hybrids developed for hardiness and flavor. This fruit is found in Asia, Europe, and North America, with Iran, Turkey, United States, Germany, and Italy leading in the production of cherries. Together, 10 countries produce over 1.1 million short tons (over one million metric tons) of cherries annually.
Cherry trees offer products other than the fruit itself. The lovely, fragrant cherry blossoms are a rite of spring and are actually a tourist draw in places such as Washington, DC, and Door County, Wisconsin. In addition, parts of the tree itself have long been used for medicinal purposes. The bark, leaves, and seeds of the cherry trees contain cyanogenic glycosides—poisons that are lethal if ingested by children or animals. Native Americans and others use the leaves and carefully prepare teas with them for the treatment of colds or coughs. Others have experimented with cherry stalk tea in the treatment of kidney diseases. The cherry has also been associated with virginity from ancient times to the present day. The association may be derived from the fact that the red colored fruit that encircles a small seed symbolizes the uterus of Maya, the virgin mother of Buddha, who was offered fruit and succor by a holy cherry tree while she was pregnant.
The sweet cherry originated in the area between the Black and Caspian Seas in Asia Minor. It is likely that bird feces carried it to Europe prior to human civilization. Greeks probably cultivated the fruit first. Romans cultivated the fruit as it was essential to the diet of the Roman Legionnaires (their use likely spread the fruit throughout Western Europe). It is believed that English Colonists brought the fruit to the New World prior to 1630, but they do not seem to have flourished in the eastern United States. Spanish Missionaries brought sweet cherries to California, and varieties were brought west by pioneers and fur traders as well. Sour cherries also are native to Asia Minor, and were brought over to the New World by settlers rather early as well.
Today, the United States probably produces more tart cherries than sweet because the former are easier to grow. They are simply less fussy and are affected less by bad weather. Thus, they flourish in greater numbers. Now, cherry growers are able to purchase a variety of cherry types that best suit the soil and climate in which they operate. New cultivars (cultivated varieties) of both sweet and sour cherries are being developed that are hardier than older varieties; German varieties are proving to be extraordinarily successful for cultivation in this country.
Generally, cherries flourish in deep, well-drained, loamy soils. Cherries require cooler climes rather than hot ones because they must be chilled for about 1,000 hours annually. The cherry trees bloom relatively late in spring, so frost is less of a hazard for this stone fruit than others such as peaches or apricots. However, too much frost late in the spring may adversely affect cherry production. The clime must be one that does not have excessive rain during harvest since too much rain at that time can cause the fruit (particularly sweet cherries) to crack. Tart cherries are a bit easier to cultivate and are more tolerant of frost as well as humid, rainy weather. The relative ease with which tart cherries are grown may be one reason why so many are grown in the United States.
Trees of good stock are also necessary for successful cultivation of cherries. It is imperative to acquire stock through tree nurseries that are suited for the soil and climate of the grower's region. Bees, however, ensure that the cherry trees flower and ultimately produce fruit, and are an extremely important ingredient in the cultivation of cherries. Bees are usually brought into the tree orchard in the spring as the flowers first bloom in order to distribute pollen so that the fruit blossoms. Bee hives are generally rented by cherry growers each year. It remains imperative that fertilizers are applied to domesticated cherry trees via foliar (leaf-applied) feedings. Pesticides and fungicides are applied before harvest to deter diseases and pests.
The Production Process
Soil preparation
Different varieties of cherry trees flourish in slightly different soils. Generally, cherries prefer a moderate pH of 6 or 7. Most orchard owners periodically test the soil to ensure the pH is near that mark and may add special fertilizers to treat the soil. Extensive use of fertilizers may encourage vigorous growth but may retard blooming and fruit bearing, so cultivators must carefully assess their use of fertilizers.
1 Root stocks are carefully chosen by cherry growers for their lineage and compatibility with the soil and climate of the orchard. Lineage, as one grower puts it, means that the stock is from healthy, dependable trees from reputable fruit nurseries. There is much contention about the most dependable root stocks for both sweet and tart cherries. A new root stock from Germany (a significant source for cherries) named Gisela allows production from dwarf trees with high yield efficiency and fairly early production.
2 Some varieties of cherry trees, particularly those of the Pacific Northwest, do not naturally produce many branches. Thus, the center of the tree may be dense with a central limb. It is therefore essential for growers to prune the trees regularly so that all the flowers (and ultimately, fruits) receive the amount of sunlight and air circulation required for fruit production. This pruning may be done prior to harvest, after harvest, or at both times. Some growers are experimenting with ways to encourage branching (which still may require pruning). These trees must be carefully maintained. It takes five or six years for sweet cherry trees to produce fruit, with maximum yields obtained at about that time. Sweet cherry trees produce fruit for up to 30 years. Tart cherry trees produce fruit after about three years, and produce fruit for 20 to 25 years.
Fungicides and insecticides
The schedule for applying fungicides and insecticides may vary from orchard to orchard. Some growers apply the first fungicides at floral bloom in spring to prevents leaf spot. Insecticides to keep off bore worms and/or other insecticides may be applied every two weeks or so until harvest.
3 Bees must pollinate the flowers. Just as the trees begin to blossom, cherry growers let bees loose in order to distribute the pollen so that fruit will blossom. The flower must be pollinated in order for the tree to bear fruit. Bees may be set in alternate rows to ensure pollination. Generally, 25-50% of flowers must set fruit each year in order for the crop to be commercially viable.
4 It is approximately two months from flower to fruit. As the fruit ripens, growers hope for no frost and just the right amount of rain—too much rain will crack and damage the sweet cherries. Maturity is gauged by a variety of means, and may vary by grower. Traditionally, color has been a key indicator. Growers are increasingly moving toward determining fruit removal force—the easier it is to remove the fruit, the more mature it is. This maturity is measured by a pull gauge that pulls the fruit from its pedicel. Just before harvest, some growers who use tree-shakers to shake the cherries off their stems apply a spray that makes it easier for the cherries to drop off the tree.
5 Both sweet and tart cherries intended for processing are shaken from trees when ripe. Tree trunks are shaken by a machine that forces the cherries from the tree; it takes just five seconds to drop the fruit from the tree using a shaker. The fruit drops onto a cloth or plastic cover so that it can be easily gathered. (Tree shaking is an ordeal for the grower as well as the tree—the machines are very expensive and if the shaking is done incorrectly, the machine vibrations may damage trees, particularly young trees.) However, sweet cherries that are to be consumed fresh are laboriously hand-picked and carefully boxed for prompt sale.
6 Cherries are now ready to be processed into consumer or retail produce items. Cherries that are to be processed (canned, dried, or frozen) are quite delicate and are easily bruised. They also have a short shelf life, so they must be processed immediately. Tart cherries shaken from trees are immediately plunged into cold water and conveyed to processing plants, where they are washed, de-stemmed, pitted, and packed for freezing within hours of harvesting. Sweet cherries picked for fresh consumption may be hydro-cooled or dumped into cold water by pickers, then packed in shallow flats after being sorted based upon their size and color. Sweet cherries are then immediately shipped out, since their shelf life is just two weeks. They are still prone to brown rot and a variety of molds during this time.
7 For many growers, there is little preparation of the trees for the winter. After harvesting, another spray is applied to foliage to prevent harmful leaf spot. Pruning of limbs and branches often happens after harvesting as well. Other than that, the trees are left unprotected. Cherry trees, like most trees, prefer a fall that gradually gets colder rather than one that is very warm and then very cold suddenly. The gradual cooling of the tree is called "hardening off" so that the tree is eased into the cold weather.
Cultivating a commercially viable cherry crop has many components. First, the soil pH and nutrients must be tested frequently (generally by a state university extension service) so that foliar fertilizers meet the requirements of the trees. Generally, growers keep a record of these soil tests. Second, the grower must understand the climate and soil types well enough to choose root stock that will flourish in that area. Third, pesticides or insecticides must be very carefully mixed and applied according to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards, recommendations of state university extension services, and the product label. Fourth, pollination of the cherry blossoms is absolutely imperative; if there are few bees in the area, growers must rent bees for this purpose. Fifth, the trees must be carefully shaken during harvesting (if the cherries are to be harvested) so that the tree is not irreparably damaged. Finally, vigilant pruning and assessing the amount of air and sunlight densely packed trees receive is imperative for large yields.
Perhaps the biggest issue looming for the cherry industry, which is fiercely independent and highly competitive, will be federal regulation of the crop (as other crop-growers are weaning themselves from these regulations). Tart cherry crops have been particularly problematic in the last several years. A bumper crop of tart cherries has resulted in exceedingly low crop prices (tart cherries are less affected by the vagaries of weather than sweet cherries and can be harvested in huge quantities). Several years ago the market was so saturated with tart cherries in Michigan that some growers were receiving five cents a pound for the crop, far below the twenty-cents per pound needed to break even. Federal regulations could establish the amount of cherries that may be offered for sale at market. Excess cherries may be frozen or stored, or given to charity. Some growers are trying to find ways to utilize these tart cherries in ingenious ways. A Michigan cherry grower recently combined lean ground meat with tart cherry pulp, resulting in a lean and tasty meat that appealed to the health-conscious. Others have turned to gourmet foods such as dried cherries, yogurt-covered cherries, or have developed specialty cereals in order to utilize the abundance of tart cherries.
Other issues involve the land upon which the cherries are grown. The cultivation of cherries is very labor-intensive and subject to the weather. Equipment is expensive, too; a cherry shaker alone may cost $175,000. Younger generations increasingly are un-willing to manage the family cherry orchard, realizing that much hard work may not even pay off in profits. Even established cherry growers are wondering if the work is worth the prices and uncertainty. In addition, many of these orchards are located in lush, lovely areas, and taxes on the prime parcels of land are putting some of the growers out of business. Families are deciding that it is not worth running the business, and are selling orchards that will be plowed under to make way for new housing.
Where to Learn More
Flesher, John. "State Cherry Growers Plot Strategies to Resurrect Their Troubled Industry." Detroit News (January 2,1996).
Herzog, Karen. "Times, Taxes Shake Smaller Growers Out of Business in Door County." Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (August 15,1999).
California Cherry Advisory Board. http://www.calcherry.com (December 2000).
Cherry Marketing Information. Growers' Info. http://www.cherrymkt.org/growers/growers.html (March 2000).
—NancyE.V.Bryk
"Cherries." How Products Are Made. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Cherries." How Products Are Made. . Encyclopedia.com. (July 18, 2019). https://www.encyclopedia.com/manufacturing/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/cherries
"Cherries." How Products Are Made. . Retrieved July 18, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/manufacturing/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/cherries
cherry, name for several species of trees or shrubs of the genus Prunus (a few are sometimes classed as Padus) of the family Rosaceae (rose family) and for their fruits. The small, round red to black fruits are botanically designated drupes, or stone fruits, as are those of the closely related peach, apricot, and plum. The cherry is one of the most commonly grown home-orchard fruits. About 600 varieties are cultivated, practically all derived from two species—P. avium (sweet cherries) and P. cerasus (sour cherries). Both are believed to be native to Asia Minor and have long been cultivated; they were mentioned in the writings of the ancients. Sour cherries are hardier and more easily grown than sweet cherries and are mostly self-fertile, while many sweet cherries must be cross-pollinated to bear well. The fruit is popular raw, in preserves, and in pies; cherry cider and liqueurs are also made. Europe is the largest producing area. Several species of the flowering cherry, many native to East Asia, are cultivated as weeping or erect trees for their beautiful, usually double flowers. The Japanese make a national festival of cherry-blossom time; the city of Tokyo presented a number of trees to Washington, D.C., where they have become a popular spring attraction. The species of American wild cherry include the chokecherry, pin cherry, and wild, black cherry. These have smaller fruits than the cultivated cherries and are seldom used except for jelly. Wood of the wild, black cherry, or rum cherry (P. serotina), usually reddish in color, is fine grained and of high quality. It takes a high polish and is prized for cabinetwork. The aromatic bark and leaves contain hydrocyanic acid, characteristic of many cherries. The cherry laurel (P. laurocerasus or Laurocerasus officinalis) is an Old World evergreen species cultivated elsewhere in many varieties as an ornamental. The leaves are sometimes used as a flavoring and in making cherry laurel water. The American cherry laurel (P. or L. caroliniana), called mock orange in the South, is similar but larger. For the cherry plum, or myrobalan, see plum. Cherries are classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Rosales, family Rosaceae.
"cherry." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"cherry." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Encyclopedia.com. (July 18, 2019). https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/cherry
"cherry." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Retrieved July 18, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/cherry
cherry often taken as the type of something pleasant and desirable.
bowl of cherries a very pleasant or enjoyable situation (now usually with negative). Often with reference to the 1931 song-title ‘Life is just a bowl of cherries’ by Lew Brown (1893–1958).
cherry on the cake a desirable feature perceived as a pleasing but inessential addition to something that is already worth having.
cherry-pick choose selectively (as the most beneficial or profitable items or opportunities) from what is available. The expression is probably a back-formation from cherry picker, a hydraulic crane with a platform at the end, for raising and lowering people working at a height, with the idea of someone being raised to a position of advantage for picking the best fruit on a tree. As the term has become more familiar there has been a further shift in emphasis: a cherry-picker may now be a person who selects favourable figures and statistics in order to present biased data.
a cherry year, a merry year; a plum year, a dumb year recording the tradition that a good crop of cherries is a promising sign for the year. The saying is recorded from the late 17th century, but the earliest source for it, John Ray's English Proverbs (ed. 2, 1678), calls it ‘a puerile and senseless rhyme’.
"cherry." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"cherry." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. . Encyclopedia.com. (July 18, 2019). https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/cherry
"cherry." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. . Retrieved July 18, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/cherry
cher·ry / ˈcherē/ • n. (pl. -ies) 1. a small, round stone fruit that is typically bright or dark red. 2. (also cherry tree) the tree (genus Prunus) of the rose family that bears such fruit. Cultivated, edible cherries are derived from the mazzard (or sweet) cherry (P. avium) and the morello (or sour) cherry (P. cerasus). ∎ the wood of this tree. 3. a bright or deep red color. 4. [in sing.] vulgar slang the hymen, as representing a woman's virginity. PHRASES: a bowl of cherries a pleasant or enjoyable situation or experience.
"cherry." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"cherry." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. . Encyclopedia.com. (July 18, 2019). https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/cherry-1
"cherry." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. . Retrieved July 18, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/cherry-1
cherry Widely grown fruit tree of temperate regions, probably native to w Asia and e Europe. Various types are grown for their fruit – round yellow, red or almost black with a round stone. The wood is used in furniture. Height: to 30m (100ft). Family Rosaceae; genus Prunus; there are about 50 species.
"cherry." World Encyclopedia. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"cherry." World Encyclopedia. . Encyclopedia.com. (July 18, 2019). https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/cherry
"cherry." World Encyclopedia. . Retrieved July 18, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/cherry
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
© The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology 1996, originally published by Oxford University Press 1996.
cherry XIV. ME. cheri(e), chiri(e) — ONF. cherise (apprehended as pl.), mod. cerise :- medL. ceresia, for *cerasia, perh. orig. n. pl. of adj. ceraseus, f. L. cerasus cherry-tree — Gr. kérasos.
"cherry." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"cherry." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. . Encyclopedia.com. (July 18, 2019). https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/cherry-2
"cherry." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. . Retrieved July 18, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/cherry-2
cherry Fruits of Prunus spp.; a 100‐g portion (ten cherries weighed without stones) is a source of vitamin C; provides 2 g of dietary fibre; supplies 50 kcal (210 kJ).
"cherry." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"cherry." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. . Encyclopedia.com. (July 18, 2019). https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/cherry
"cherry." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. . Retrieved July 18, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/cherry
A Dictionary of Plant Sciences
© A Dictionary of Plant Sciences 1998, originally published by Oxford University Press 1998.
cherry See PRUNUS.
"cherry." A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"cherry." A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. . Encyclopedia.com. (July 18, 2019). https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/cherry
"cherry." A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. . Retrieved July 18, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/cherry
Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes
© Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes 2007, originally published by Oxford University Press 2007.
cherry •Barry, Carrie, carry, Cary, Clarrie, Gary, glengarry, harry, intermarry, Larry, marry, miscarry, parry, tarry •angry • chapelry • cavalry • lamprey •Crabtree •gantry, pantry •Langtry • polyandry •askari, Bari, Cagliari, calamari, Campari, charivari, curare, Ferrari, Harare, Kalahari, Mari, Mata Hari, Qatari, Rastafari, safari, sari, Scutari, shikari, sparry, starry, Stradivari, tamari, terramare, Vasari, Zanzibari •compadre • chantry •beriberi, berry, bury, Ceri, cherry, Derry, ferry, Gerry, jerry, Kerry, merry, perry, Pondicherry, sherry, terry, very, wherry •débris • Hendry • Geoffrey • belfry •devilry, revelry •Henri, henry •peltry •entry, gentry, sentry •pedantry •peasantry, pheasantry, pleasantry •vestry • every • elderberry •checkerberry • whortleberry •chokecherry • daredevilry •Londonderry • knobkerrie
"cherry." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
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"cherry." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. . Retrieved July 18, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/cherry-0
jelly and jam
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Home Social Sciences and the Law Law Supreme Court Juvenile Crime and Victimization
Juvenile Crime and Victimization
Growing Up: Issues Affecting America's Youth
COPYRIGHT 2009 Cengage Learning
Chapter 7: Juvenile Crime and Victimization
THE UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS AND THE NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY
CRIME TRENDS
JUVENILE VICTIMS OF CRIME
Two main government sources collect crime statistics. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) compiles the annual Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). The FBI notes in Crime in the United States, 2007 (September 2008, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2007/index.html) that the UCR, which was begun in 1930, now collects data from 17,738 city, county, and state law enforcement agencies.
The second set of crime statistics is the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), which is prepared by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Established in 1972, the survey is an annual federal statistical study that measures the levels of victimization resulting from criminal activity in the United States. According to the BJS, in “Crime and Victims Statistics” (August 29, 2008, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm), the survey collects data from a nationally representative sample of approximately 76,000 households each year, containing about 135,300 people, on the “frequency, characteristics and consequences of criminal victimization.” The survey was previously known as the National Crime Survey, but it was renamed and redesigned in 1992 to emphasize the measurement of victimization experienced by citizens. The survey was created because of a concern that the UCR did not fully portray the true volume of crime. The UCR provides data on crimes reported to law enforcement authorities, but it does not estimate how many crimes went unreported.
The NCVS is designed to complement the UCR. It measures the levels of criminal victimization of people and households for the crimes of rape, robbery, assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, and larceny. Murder is not included because the NCVS data are gathered through interviews with victims. Definitions for these crimes are the same as those established by the UCR.
Some observers believe the NCVS is a better indicator of the volume of crime in the United States than the FBI statistics. Nonetheless, like all surveys, it is subject to error. The survey depends on people's memories of incidents that happened up to six months earlier. Many times, a victim is not sure what happened, even moments after the crime occurred. In addition, the NCVS limits the data to victims aged 12 and older, an admittedly arbitrary age selection.
Violent and Property Crimes
Michael R. Rand of the BJS reports in Criminal Victimization, 2007 (December 2008, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cv07.pdf) that in 2007 U.S. residents experienced 22.9 million violent and property victimizations. Of these crimes, 17.5 million were property crimes (burglary, motor vehicle theft, and theft), 3.7 million were violent crimes (rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault), and 194,100 were personal thefts (pocket picking and purse snatching). The rate of rape/sexual assault was up from 2005, but the rate for every other type of crime had decreased. (Budget constraints in 2006 changed data collection methods; therefore, 2006 data cannot be compared to previous and current years.)
According to Rand, between 2005 and 2007 the average yearly rate of violent crimes per 1,000 people aged 12 and older was essentially unchanged. In 2005 the violent crime rate was 21.1 per 1,000 people, and in 2007 it was 20.7 per 1,000 people, a decrease of 1.9%. For property crimes, the rate was 154.2 per 1,000 people in 2005 and 146.5 per 1,000 people in 2007, a decline of 5%. The rate for personal theft witnessed an 11.1% decrease, from 0.9 per 1,000 people to 0.8 per 1,000 people. Rand indicates that the 2007 violent and property crime rates were at their lowest levels since 1973, the first year when these data became available.
The UCR reports that most violent crimes—including murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault—remained fairly steady between 2006 and 2007, except for forcible rape, which decreased
2.5% between 2006 and 2007. The UCR also recorded decreasing violent crime rates over time. The violent crime rate had decreased from 758.2 per 100,000 people in 1991 to 466.9 per 100,000 in 2007.
According to the UCR, there were an estimated 9.8 million property crimes, including burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft, in 2007, down from nearly 10 million in 2006. This decline continued a long-term trend; in 2007, the property crime rate was 3,263.5 per 100,000 people, compared to a rate of 5,140.2 per 100,000 in 1991. This was a decrease of 37% in 16 years.
Trends in Juvenile Crime
According to the FBI, from the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s youth violence and crime grew at rapid rates. In Juvenile Victims and Offenders: 2006 National Report (March 2006, http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/ojstatbb/nr2006/downloads/NR2006.pdf), Howard N. Snyder and Melissa Sickmund of the National Center for Juvenile Justice look at juvenile homicide trends. They find that between 1980 and 2002, murders by juveniles were highest in 1993 and 1994. During this 22-year span, the murders involving juvenile offenders acting alone decreased 68% and murders involving two or more juvenile offenders fell 60%.
The surge in youth crime and violence caused much concern in society. Various groups—public and private—undertook the mission of trying to uncover the reasons juvenile crime was on the rise. Lawmakers responded by toughening existing laws and finding ways to try more juveniles as adults. Courts levied stricter sentences, and parents and educators looked into various programs and methods geared to help their children and students deal with the situation. (See Chapter 10.)
However, the rise in juvenile crime did not last. Snyder and Sickmund note that in the 10-year period between 1994 and 2003, juvenile arrests decreased by 18%, compared to a 1% increase in arrests of adults during the same period. The arrest rate of juveniles for murder in 2003 was the lowest since at least 1980. According to Snyder and Sickmund, “The juvenile violent crime wave predicted by some in the mid-1990s has not occurred.”
For some young people, their teenage and young adult years are difficult and challenging times. Even though their peers are playing baseball, going to proms, singing in the school choir, heading to college, and making plans for the future, some juveniles and youths are, for whatever reason, committing crimes and having brushes with the law. When dealing with young offenders, each state has its own definition of the term juvenile : Most states put the upper age limit at 17 years old, although some states set it as low as 14 years old. When reporting its national crime statistics, the FBI considers those under the age of 18 to be juveniles. The FBI often breaks its juvenile crime statistics into age-based subcategories, such as age 16 and older and age 15 and younger, to demonstrate how juvenile offenses vary with age. The FBI does the same with youth, who are often defined as 18 to 24. However, some organizations and studies classify youth age ranges differently, citing youths as those aged 18 to 21 or aged 18 to 25.
The U.S. Department of Justice defines crime as all behaviors and acts for which society provides formally approved punishments. Written law, both federal and state, defines which behaviors are criminal and which are not. Some behaviors—murder, robbery, and burglary—have always been considered criminal. Other actions, such as domestic violence or driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol, became classified as criminal actions more recently. Other changes in society have also influenced crime. For example, the widespread use of computers provides new opportunities for white-collar cybercrime, including identity theft and the malicious spread of computer viruses and worms.
Crime can range from actions as simple as taking a candy bar from a store without paying for it, to those as severe and violent as murder. Most people have broken some law, wittingly or unwittingly, at some time in their lives. Therefore, the true extent of criminality is impossible to measure. Researchers can only keep records of what is reported by victims or known to the police.
Risk Factors for Youth Violence
Various government entities, schools, student and parent organizations, and research groups have devoted countless hours to the issue of youth violence. One of their goals is to find ways to recognize the potential for violent behavior in youth before it becomes a serious problem. They work individually and sometimes collectively to outline trends in youth violence and to determine what factors lead to violent behavior.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) outlines in “Understanding Youth Violence: Fact Sheet” (2008, http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/pub-res/YVFactSheet.pdf) the risk factors that increase the likelihood that a young person will become violent. These factors include a history of violent victimization or prior violence; drug, alcohol, or tobacco use; association with delinquent peers; a dysfunctional family life; poor grades; and poverty in the family or community. The CDC recommends several approaches to stopping youth violence, including programs to improve family relationships, school-based programs to treat nonviolent social development, role modeling through mentoring programs, and changes to physical and social environments to address the social and economic causes of violence.
In “Warning Signs of Youth Violence” (2004, http://www.apahelpcenter.org/featuredtopics/feature.php?id¼38 &ch¼3), the American Psychological Association lists immediate signs that youth violence is a serious possibility as well as
signs over a period that indicate a potential for violence. Signs that violence may be imminent include frequently losing temper, vandalizing, increasing substance use or risk-taking behavior, developing plans to commit violence, enjoying hurting animals, or carrying a weapon. The potential for violence exists when a young person has a history of aggressive behavior or substance abuse, has a strong desire to be in a gang, has a fascination with weapons, begins to withdraw from friends and usual activities, performs poorly in school, fails to respect the feelings or rights of others, or has a history of discipline problems.
In response to the Columbine High School shootings in 1999, the U.S. surgeon general began a comprehensive study of the status of youth and violence in the nation. Issued in 2001, Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General (http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence/) addresses many aspects of crime and violence, including risk factors for violence among youth aged 15 to 18. The report contains detailed information on early onset factors (ages six to 11), which include exposure to violence on television and substance abuse, as well as late onset factors (ages 12 to 14), which include aggression in general, antisocial attitudes, and abusive parents.
Those involved in the study of youth violence are quick to point out, however, that people need to be cautious when reacting to someone exhibiting warning signs. Even though it is important to provide help to a teenager with violent tendencies, harm could be caused by mislabeling him or her as being violent or by overreacting to a set of circumstances.
The UCR defines murder and nonnegligent manslaughter as “the willful (nonnegligent) killing of one human being by another.” However, it also stipulates that “deaths caused by negligence, suicide, or accident; justifiable homicides; and attempts to murder or assaults to murder,…are scored as aggravated assaults.” Approximately 16,929 murders and nonnegligent manslaughters occurred in 2007, down 0.6% from 2006.
In 2007, 17,040 people were identified as murder offenders, including 981 males and 80 females under the age of 18, and 3,574 males and 264 females under the age of 22. (See Table 7.1.) Because the identity of all murder offenders is not known, such figures are lower than they would be if all offenders had been identified. Those under age 18 represented 6.2% of all known murder offenders in that year, whereas those under age 22 represented 22.6% of all known murder offenders. Fewer than one out of 10 of all known murderers were female; 92.3% of all murder offenders under age 18 and 93% of all murder offenders under age 22 were males.
TABLE 7.1 Murder offenders by age, sex, and race, 2007
Age Total Sex Race
Male Female Unknown White Black Other Unknown
aBecause of rounding, the percentages may not add to 100.0.
bDoes not include unknown ages.
SOURCE: “Expanded Homicide Data Table 3. Murder Offenders by Age, Sex, and Race, 2007,” in Crime in the United States, 2007, U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, September 2008, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2007/offenses/expanded_information/data/shrtable_03.html (accessed November 11, 2008)
Total 17,040 10,975 1,206 4,859 5,278 6,463 245 5,054
Percent distributiona 100.0 64.4 7.1 28.5 31.0 37.9 1.4 29.7
Under 18b 1,063 981 80 2 372 663 21 7
Under 22b 3,845 3,574 264 7 1,403 2,321 82 39
18 and overb 10,146 9,023 1,098 25 4,766 5,038 218 124
Infant (under 1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 to 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 to 12 10 8 2 0 4 5 1 0
13 to 16 542 493 47 2 187 344 7 4
17 to 19 1,966 1,843 122 1 699 1,202 48 17
20 to 24 2,772 2,516 250 6 1,104 1,578 59 31
25 to 29 1,891 1,679 201 11 803 1,019 35 34
30 to 34 1,109 982 126 1 550 525 18 16
35 to 39 811 697 114 0 444 341 19 7
45 to 49 540 453 86 1 328 185 18 9
55 to 59 231 204 26 1 158 71 0 2
60 to 64 130 112 17 1 98 27 3 2
65 to 69 75 68 7 0 60 13 2 0
70 to 74 26 24 2 0 23 3 0 0
75 and over 55 49 6 0 41 13 1 0
Unknown 5,831 971 28 4,832 140 762 6 4,923
In 2007, 31% of all murderers were known to be white, 37.9% were known to be African-American, and 29.7% were of unknown race. (See Table 7.1.) These proportions were similar for juvenile murderers. Among 1,063 youth under age 18, 663 (62.4%) murder offenders were African-American, 372 (35%) were white, 21 (2%) were “other,” and 7 (0.7%) were unknown. Among 3,845 youth under age 22, 2,321 (60.4%) were African-American, 1,403 (36.5%) were white, 82 (2.1%) were “other,” and 39 (1%) were unknown.
LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS KILLED . In Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, 2007 (October 2008, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/killed/2007/), the UCR provides statistics on the number of law enforcement officers feloniously killed between 1998 and 2007. During this 10-year period, 549 officers were killed—the highest number (70) occurred in 2001, not including the 72 deaths resulting from the terrorist attacks on September 11 of that year. In 2007, 57 officers were feloniously killed; six known offenders were juveniles under age 18. Between 1998 and 2007, 6.3% of murder offenders who killed law enforcement officers were under age 18 and 39.4% of offenders were young adults aged 18 to 24.
The UCR reports that even though there were an estimated 90,427 forcible rapes reported in 2007 (a 2.5% decrease from the previous year), only 17,132 people were arrested for rape in that year. Rape is one of the most underreported crimes, and the low arrest rate demonstrates how few perpetrators are caught. Of those actually arrested, 914 (5.3%) were under age 15 and 2,633 (15.4%) were under age 18.
Aggravated and Simple Assault
The UCR defines aggravated assault as “an unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury…. This type of assault is usually accompanied by the use of a weapon or by other means likely to produce death or great bodily harm. Attempted aggravated assault that involves the display of—or threat to use—a gun, knife, or other weapon is included in this crime category because serious personal injury would likely result if the assault were completed.” In 2007 an estimated 855,856 aggravated assaults were reported. In its arrest reports, the UCR notes that 327,137 people were arrested for aggravated assault in that year. Of that number, 13,662 (4.2%) were under age 15 and 43,459 (13.3%) were under age 18.
By contrast, simple assaults are assaults or attempted assaults not involving a weapon and not resulting in serious injury to the victim. These include acts such as assault and battery, resisting or obstructing the police, and hazing. In its arrest reports, the UCR lists a category called “other assaults” (to differentiate between these types of assaults and aggravated assaults). The UCR notes that 983,964 people were arrested for other assaults in 2007. Of that number, 70,038 (7.1%) were under age 15 and 181,378 (18.4%) were under age 18.
Robbery, Burglary, and Larceny-Theft
Robbery, burglary, and larceny-theft are different crimes under the UCR. Robbery is “the taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear,” and is categorized as a violent crime. Burglary involves “the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft,” and is classified as a property crime. Larceny-theft, which is also a property crime, is “the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another,” and includes crimes such as shoplifting, pocket-picking, purse-snatching, thefts from motor vehicles, thefts of motor vehicle parts and accessories, bicycle thefts, and so on. These offenses, taken together, are disproportionately committed by young people.
The UCR estimates that 445,125 robbery offenses had been committed in 2007, which was a small decrease (0.5%) over the previous year but represented an increase of 7.5% over robberies in 2003. In 2007, 96,720 people were arrested for robbery; those arrested were disproportionately young people. Of that number, 5,601 (5.8%) were under age 15 and 26,324 (27.2%) were under age 18.
In 2007 the UCR recorded 2,179,140 burglary offenses, a decrease of 0.2% from the previous year and a 6.6% decline from 10 years earlier. Burglary has a particularly low arrest rate. The UCR notes that 228,846 people were arrested for burglary in 2007. Of that number, 18,589 (8.1%) of perpetrators were under age 15 and 61,695 (27%) were under age 18.
The UCR recorded 6,568,572 larceny-theft offenses in 2007, a decrease of 0.6% from 2006 and an 11% decline from 10 years earlier. In its arrest reports, the UCR notes that 897,626 people were arrested for larceny-theft in 2007. Of that number, 71,314 (7.9%) of perpetrators were under age 15 and 229,837 (25.6%) were under age 18.
Motor-vehicle theft is also disproportionately perpetrated by young people, usually in urban areas. In 2007 there were 1,095,769 motor vehicle thefts nationwide. More than nine out of 10 (93.1%) motor vehicle thefts occurred in metropolitan areas. In its arrest reports, the UCR notes that 89,022 people were arrested for motor-vehicle theft in 2007. Of those arrested, 4,917 (5.5%) were under age 15 and 22,266 (25%) were under age 18.
Illegally accessing a computer, known as hacking, is a crime committed frequently by juveniles. When it is followed by manipulation of the information in private, corporate, or government databases and networks, it can be quite costly. Another means of computer hacking involves the creation of what is known as a virus program. A virus
program is one that resides inside another program and is activated by some predetermined code to create havoc in the host computer. Virus programs can be spread through the sharing of disks and programs, by downloading executable files on the Internet, or, most commonly, through e-mail attachments.
Cases of juvenile hacking have been reported since the 1980s. In 1998 the U.S. Secret Service filed the first criminal case against a juvenile for a computer crime. The unnamed hacker shut down the Worcester, Massachusetts, airport in 1997 for six hours. The airport was integrated into the Federal Aviation Administration traffic system by telephone lines. The accused gained access to the communication system and disabled it by sending a series of computer commands that changed the data carried on the system. As a result, the airport could not function. (No accidents occurred during that time, however.) According to the Department of Justice, the juvenile pled guilty in return for two years probation, a fine, and community service.
Juveniles are sometimes caught hacking into school computer systems in an effort to change their grades and the grades of other students. At times, as in the case of 23 Fort Bend, Texas, students charged with hacking into the local high school's system, the monetary loss to the school system can be so large as to trigger felony charges. The hackers could have faced second-degree felony charges, carrying a penalty of up to 20 years in prison. However, the students were eventually punished by sending them to an alternative education class within the high school.
Other types of computer crime typically perpetrated by juveniles include trading stolen credit card and Social Security numbers and pirating of computer software that will be sold. Because of computer networks, juveniles and other perpetrators can commit these types of crimes on a large scale. In “It's Not Just Fun and ‘War Games’—Juveniles and Computer Crime” (April 26, 2005, http://www.cybercrime.gov/usamay 2001_7.htm), Joseph V. DeMarco, the assistant U.S. attorney in the Southern District of New York, states that “the enormous computing power of today's PCs make it possible for minors to commit offenses which are disproportionately serious to their age.” Teens can commit property offenses on a large scale using computers, can portray themselves as adults in an online world, and “appear to have an ethical ‘deficit’ when it comes to computer crimes.” He points out that children and teens who would never commit robbery, burglary, or assault may in fact commit online crimes. For example, in May 2008 a 15-year-old boy was arrested in Downington, Pennsylvania, for hacking into a school computer system and copying files including personal information and Social Security numbers of school employees. Such information could be used to perpetrate identity theft.
Juveniles convicted of computer crimes sometimes face imprisonment in juvenile detention centers. The Department of Justice reports in “Massachusetts Teen Convicted for Hacking into Internet and Telephone Service Providers and Making Bomb Threats to High Schools in Massachusetts and Florida” (September 8, 2005, http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/juvenileSentboston.htm) that in 2005 a Massachusetts juvenile pled guilty to several hacking incidents and was sentenced to 11 months in a juvenile detention facility and 2 years of supervised release, during which period he was barred from owning or using a computer, cell phone, or any electronic equipment capable of accessing the Internet.
In October 2008, 20-year-old David Kernell, a college student at the University of Tennessee, was indicted for hacking into vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin's (1964—) Yahoo e-mail account the previous month. The article “Details Emerge in Palin E-mail Hacking” (Associated Press, September 18, 2008, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26781334/) notes that the break-in to the personal e-mail account could have ramifications for the government because her administration had encouraged the use of Yahoo accounts rather than government e-mail accounts, “which could possibly be released to the public under Alaska's Open Records Act.” In March 2009 Kernell pleaded not guilty to three more charges in the case: fraud, unlawful electronic transmission of material outside Tennessee, and attempts to conceal records to impede an FBI investigation. He faced up to 20 years in prison and a $250,000 fine for the felony charges.
Illegal Drug Use
Various studies show that many violent offenders are substance abusers. For some people, drugs and alcohol may cause violent tendencies to surface. Lloyd D. Johnston et al. of the Institute for Social Research find in Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use, Overview of Key Findings, 2007 (2008, http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/overview2007.pdf) that in 2007, 35.9% of 12th graders, 28.1% of 10th graders, and 13.2% of eighth graders had used an illicit drug in the past year. Among 12th graders, marijuana/hashish use was highest (31.7%), followed by narcotics (9.2%), amphetamines (7.5%), barbiturates (6.2%), and tranquilizers (6.2%). Two-thirds (66.4%) had used alcohol in the past 12 months.
Other drugs gaining popularity in recent years included so-called club drugs, such as ecstasy (MDMA), flunitrazepam (known as the date rape drug), GHB, and ketamine. These drugs have been popular among teenagers at dance clubs and raves. Because each of these club drugs is scheduled under the Controlled Substances Act (Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970), they are illegal and their use constitutes a criminal offense. Johnston et al. note that in 2007, 4.5% of high school seniors had used MDMA, 1.3% had used ketamine, 1% had used flunitrazepam, and 0.9% had used GHB in the previous 12 months.
In its arrest reports, the UCR notes that 1,386,394 people were arrested on drug abuse violations in 2007. Of that number, 21,506 (1.6%) were under age 15 and 147,382 (10.6%) were under age 18.
Table 7.2 and Figure 7.1 outline the trends in nonfatal violent victimizations and homicides by select age groups
TABLE 7.2 Violent victimization by gender and age, 2006
Population Number Rate*
*Victimization rates are per 1,000 persons age 12 or older or per 1,000 households.
SOURCE: Michael Rand and Shannan Catalano, “Table 3. Violent Victimization, by Gender and Age, 2006,” in Criminal Victimization, 2006, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 2007, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cv06.pdf (accessed November 11, 2008)
Males 120,513,190 3,187,880 26.5
Females 126,777,010 2,906,850 22.9
12–15 16,892,570 799,610 47.3
25–34 39,931,470 1,407,710 35.3
65 or older 35,578,530 124,120 3.5
between 1976 and 2006. During these years the rate of violent victimizations dropped in all age categories, but especially among young people. In “Violent Victimization Rates by Age, 1973–2005” (September 10, 2006, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/tables/vagetab.htm), the BJS indicates that in 1973 the violent victimization rate for those aged 12 to 15 was 81.8 per 1,000 people in that age group. The rate peaked in 1994 at 118.6 per 1,000 people then dropped steadily to 44 per 1,000 people in 2005, its lowest point in the 32 years recorded. For those aged 16 to 19, the rate in 1973 was 81.7. This group also reached its zenith in 1994 at 123.9 and then decreased steadily to 44.3 in 2005. The highest nonfatal violent victimization rate in 1973 was among ages 20 to 24 (87.6). This age group reached its highest point in 1991 with 103.6 and then fluctuated before dropping to 43.2 in 2004; however, it had risen again to 47.1 in 2005. In 2006 the violent victimization rate for 12- to 15-year-olds was 47.3 per 1,000 people, and for 16- to 19-year-olds it was 52.3 per 1,000 people. (See Table 7.2.)
Violent crime rates are highest for young people aged 24 and younger; after age 25 the violent victimization rate declines steadily. According to the BJS, in 1973 16- to 19-year-olds were about twice as likely to be victimized by violent crime as people 35 to 49 years of age in 2005. In 2006 16- to 19-year-olds were about two and a half times as likely as 35- to 49-year-olds to be victimized by violent crime. (See Table 7.2.)
Scott Menard of the University of Colorado notes in Short- and Long-Term Consequences of Adolescent Victimization (February 2002, http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/191210.pdf) that when someone is victimized as an adolescent, long-term consequences result. When compared to adults who were not victimized as adolescents, adults who were adolescent victims are most likely to have drug problems and more likely to perpetrate violence. They are also more likely to commit acts of domestic violence and become victims of domestic violence than are adults who were not victimized as adolescents. In addition, they are nearly twice as likely to become victims of violent crime and nearly three times as likely to commit property offenses. Their risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder is also twice as great.
Becoming a victim of crime can have serious consequences—outcomes that the victim neither asks for nor deserves. A victim rarely expects to be victimized and seldom knows where to turn for help. Victims may end up in the hospital to be treated and released, or they may be confined to bed for days, weeks, or longer. Injuries may be temporary, or they may be permanent and forever change the way the victim lives his or her life. Victims may lose money or property, or in the case of homicide their life. In many cases they lose their confidence, self-esteem, and feelings of security.
The effects of crime are not limited to the victim, however. A victim's family is frequently devastated, and
the psychological trauma may affect everyone connected to a victim. Victims and their families may experience feelings of fear, anger, shame, self-blame, helplessness, and depression—emotions that can last for years after the event. Those who were attacked in their home or whose home was entered illegally may no longer feel secure anywhere. They often blame themselves, feeling that they could have handled themselves better, or done something differently to prevent being victimized.
In the aftermath of crime, when victims most need support and comfort, there is often no one available who understands. Parents or spouses may be dealing with their own feelings of guilt and anger for not being able to protect their loved ones. Friends may withdraw, not knowing what to say or do. As a result, victims may lose their sense of self-esteem and no longer trust other people. These effects of violent victimization can be particularly devastating when the victim is a young person.
It is impossible to determine how many children suffer abuse. All observers can do is count the number of reported cases—which include only those known to public authorities—or they can survey families, in which case parents may deny or downplay abuse. As a result, estimates of child abuse are generally considered low. The Administration for Children, Youth, and Families (ACYF) is the primary source of national information on abused and neglected children that has been reported to state child protective services agencies.
According to the ACYF, in Child Maltreatment 2006 (2008, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/pubs/cm06/cm06.pdf), in 2006 an estimated 3.3 million children were alleged to have been abused or neglected and approximately 905,000 children were found to be victims of child maltreatment. Reports most often came from professional sources, such as educators (16.5%), the legal system (15.8%), social service employees (10%), and medical professionals (8.4%), and less often from nonprofessional sources, such as relatives (7.8%), parents (6%), friends and neighbors (5.3%), and a small percentage of the victims themselves (0.6%) and perpetrators (0.1%). (See Figure 7.2.)
In 2006, 64.1% of reported victims suffered neglect, 16% were physically abused, 8.8% were sexually abused,
TABLE 7.3 Child abuse victims by age group and maltreatment type, 2006
Age group Victims Neglect Physical abuse Medical neglect Sexual abuse Psychological abuse Other abuse Unknown Total maltreatments
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Based on data from 51 states.
SOURCE: “Table 3–10. Victims by Age Group and Maltreatment Type, 2006,” in Child Maltreatment 2006, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children, Youth and Families, 2008, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/pubs/cm06/cm06.pdf (accessed November 11, 2008)
Age < 1 100,139 72,314 72.2 14,328 14.3 3,629 3.6 445 0.4 3,967 4.0 16,300 16.3 1,097 1.1 112,080 111.9
Age 1–3 172,940 125,997 72.9 18,731 10.8 3,948 2.3 4,558 2.6 10,262 5.9 29,016 16.8 2,114 1.2 194,626 112.5
Age 4–7 213,194 138,886 65.1 32,697 15.3 3,843 1.8 17,539 8.2 14,555 6.8 31,833 14.9 2,570 1.2 241,923 113.5
Age 8–11 170,944 103,964 60.8 29,312 17.1 3,233 1.9 18,314 10.7 13,647 8.0 25,406 14.9 1,947 1.1 195,823 114.6
Age 12–15 170,635 94,910 55.6 34,348 20.1 3,447 2.0 28,138 16.5 12,372 7.3 23,465 13.8 1,950 1.1 198,630 116.4
Age 16 and older 54,564 29,989 55.0 11,998 22.0 1,030 1.9 8,798 16.1 3,524 6.5 7,832 14.4 541 1.0 63,712 116.8
Unknown or missing 2,829 1,727 61.0 627 22.2 50 1.8 328 11.6 250 8.8 126 4.5 2 0.1 3,110 109.9
Total 885,245 567,787 142,041 19,180 78,120 58,577 133,978 10,221 1,009,904
Percent 64.1 16.0 2.2 8.8 6.6 15.1 1.2 114.1
and 6.6% were emotionally or psychologically maltreated. (See Table 7.3.) The highest rate of victimization was among infants (24.4 per 1,000 children), followed by children aged one to three years (14.2 per 1,000), and children four to seven years of age (13.5 per 1,000). (See Figure 7.3.) The rate of occurrence decreased as the child's age increased.
The most tragic result of child maltreatment is death. The ACYF indicates that in 2006 an estimated 1,530 children died as a result of abuse or neglect. Children in the youngest age groups were the most likely to die of maltreatment; 78% of the children who died were three years old or younger.
The largest group of abusers were mothers acting alone (39.9%) followed by fathers acting alone (17.6%). (See Figure 7.4.) Abuse of children was overwhelmingly perpetrated by parents; only 10% of perpetrators were not parents. Parental abuse is probably the most devastating of all abuse, because child victims have absolutely no place to turn for help or support.
In the 1980s, as a result of several high-profile abductions and tragedies, the media focused public attention on the problem of missing children. Citizens became concerned and demanded action to address what appeared to be a national crisis. Attempting to discover the nature and
dimension of the problem, Congress passed the Missing Children's Assistance Act of 1984. The legislation mandated the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to conduct national incidence studies
to determine the number of juveniles who were “victims of abduction by strangers” and the number of children who were victims of “parental kidnapping.” The result was the National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children (NISMART), the first of which was conducted in 1988, with the results published in 1990. The second and more recent NISMART was conducted mainly in 1999, with many of the data published in a series of reports in October 2002.
FAMILY ABDUCTIONS . According to Heather Hammer, David Finkelhor, and Andrea J. Sedlak of the OJJDP, in Children Abducted by Family Members: National Estimates and Characteristics (October 2002, http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/nismart/02/index.html), a family abduction is “the taking or keeping of a child by a family member in violation of a custody order, a decree, or other legitimate custodial rights, where the taking or keeping involved some element of concealment, flight, or intent to deprive a lawful custodian indefinitely of custodial privileges.” In 1999, 203,900 children were victims of a family abduction. About half (53%) of these were abducted by biological fathers, and 25% by biological mothers. Most family-abducted children were not missing for long— 46% were gone less than a week, and only 21% were away a month or more. Nearly four out of 10 (42%) were abducted from a single-parent family. At the time the survey was done, 91% of the children had been returned, 6% had been located but not returned, and less than 1% had not been located or returned (there was no information on outcomes for 2% of cases).
NONFAMILY ABDUCTIONS . Even though far fewer children are abducted by strangers than by family members, the consequences are often far worse. Violence, the use of force or weapons, sexual assault, and murder are more prevalent in nonfamily abductions. David Finkelhor, Heather Hammer, and Andrea J. Sedlak of the OJJDP state in Nonfamily Abducted Children: National Estimates and Characteristics (October 2002, http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/nismart/03/index.html) that 58,200 children were abducted by nonfamily members in 1999. Nearly half (46%) of these were sexually assaulted by their abductors. Only 115 of the abductions were “stereotypical kidnappings,” in which a child was abducted by a slight acquaintance or stranger, detained overnight, transported 50 miles or more, held for ransom or with intention to keep permanently, or killed. Most nonfamily abducted children (59%) were15to17years old and 65% were female. The perpetrators were strangers 37% of the time and were three times as likely to be male as female. Most perpetrators (67%) were aged 13 to 29. Most nonfamily abducted children (91%) were away for 24 hours or less, and 99% returned alive. The remaining 1% were either killed or had not been located at the time of the survey.
RUNAWAYS AND THROWNAWAYS . In Runaway/Thrownaway Children: National Estimates and Characteristics (October 2002, http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/nismart/04/), Hammer, Finkelhor, and Sedlak note that runaways are children who meet at least one of the following criteria:
A child who leaves home without permission and stays away overnight
A child 14 years old (or older and mentally incompetent) who is away from home, chooses not to come home when expected to, and stays away overnight
A child 15 years old or older who is away from home, chooses not to come home, and stays away two nights
In the 1970s the term throwaways or thrownaways was given by researchers to juveniles who were made to leave home or were abandoned. A thrownaway child meets one of the following criteria:
A child who is asked or told to leave home by a parent or other household adult, with no adequate alternative care arranged for the child by a household adult, and who is out of the household overnight
A child who is away from home and is prevented from returning home by a parent or other household adult, with no adequate alternative care arranged for by a household adult, and who is out of the household overnight
The OJJDP now combines its estimates of runaways and thrownaways. According to Hammer, Finkelhor, and Sedlak, 1.7 million youths had a runaway/thrownaway episode in 1999. The runaway episode was thought to indicate that 1.2 million of these children were endangered in the following ways:
The child had been physically or sexually abused at home in the year before the episode or was afraid of abuse upon return (21%)
The child was substance dependent (19%)
The child was 13 years old or younger (18%)
The child was in the company of someone known to be abusing drugs (18%)
The child was using hard drugs (17%)
Most runaway/thrownaway youth (68%) were 15 years old or older, and half were females. Most runaways (77%) were away less than one week, and more than 99% returned. An estimated 38,600 of the runaways were at risk of sexual endangerment (assault, attempted assault, or prostitution) while away from home.
According to the BJS, homicide rates for all age groups have been declining since the mid-1990s. (See Figure 7.1.) Even though violent crime has diminished, it still plays a significant role as a cause of death for youth. However, Melonie P. Heron et al. of the CDC indicate in “Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2006” (National Vital Statistics Report, vol. 56, no. 16, June 11, 2008) that in 2006 the leading cause of death among both males and females under the age of 24 was accidents. Of the leading causes of death in 2006, homicides and suicides accounted for many abbreviated lives as well, and these deaths increased in number among older youth.
The homicide death rate for infants under age one was quite high at 6.8 per 100,000 in 2006. After that age, the homicide death rate declined to 2.1 per 100,000 among one- to four-year-olds and 1 per 100,000 five- to 14-year-olds. The homicide death rate rose again after age 14.
UCR data confirm that murder victims are disproportionately young people. Out of 14,831 murder victims in 2007, 1,554 victims were under age 18, including 1,070 males and 482 females. (See Table 7.4.) The number of young murder victims more than doubled when looking at all victims aged 21 and under. Of the 3,758 murder victims in this age range, 2,996 were male and 758 were female. One out of 10 (10.5%) murder victims was under age 18, and a quarter (25.3%) was under age 22.
African-Americans are also disproportionately victims of homicide. Nearly equal numbers of whites (6,948) and African-Americans (7,316) were murdered in 2007, even though whites far outnumber African-Americans in the general population, according to the U.S. Census Bureau (April 30, 2008, http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/NC-EST2007-asrh.html). (See Table 7.4.) Of victims under age
TABLE 7.4 Murder victims, by age, sex, and race, 2007
SOURCE: “Expanded Homicide Data Table 2. Murder Victims by Age, Sex, and Race, 2007,” in Crime in the United States, 2007, U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, September 2008, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2007/offenses/expanded_information/data/shrtable_02.html (accessed November 11, 2008)
Total 14,831 11,618 3,177 36 6,948 7,316 345 222
Percent distributiona 100.0 78.3 21.4 0.2 46.8 49.3 2.3 1.5
Under 18b 1,554 1,070 482 2 752 740 40 22
18 and overb 13,013 10,367 2,641 5 6,089 6,482 301 141
Infant (under 1) 210 116 93 1 139 57 9 5
1 to 4 322 162 159 1 169 142 6 5
5 to 8 88 47 41 0 55 28 4 1
9 to 12 75 39 36 0 39 30 4 2
13 to 16 487 380 107 0 206 265 9 7
17 to 19 1,443 1,272 171 0 538 867 23 15
45 to 49 960 689 271 0 544 381 25 10
60 to 64 292 202 90 0 196 80 13 3
70 to 74 130 84 46 0 96 30 3 1
75 and over 261 135 126 0 190 63 5 3
Unknown 264 181 54 29 107 94 4 59
18, 752 were white and 740 were African-American. One out of 10 (10.8%) white victims as well as one out of 10 (10.1%) African-American victims were under age 18; 22.9% of white victims and 27.8% of African-American victims were under age 22. Homicide has been and is the leading cause of death for African-American teenagers, both male and female, although victimization rates for African-American teens declined dramatically between the early 1990s and 2000.
VICTIM-OFFENDER RELATIONSHIP . Snyder and Sickmund state that the most frequent killers of children under age six were their parents, whereas parents were less likely to be involved in the murder of teens aged 15 to 17, although this varied by gender of the child. (See Table 7.5.) Almost two-thirds (61%) of all female juveniles killed were murdered by a parent or stepparent, compared to only 26% of male juveniles. Half (50%) of all male juveniles killed were murdered by an acquaintance, compared to only 29% of female juveniles. Females were also less likely than males to be murdered by a stranger (3% and 18%, respectively).
The risk of being killed by a parent decreased with age—62% of murder victims aged five and younger were killed by a parent or stepparent, compared to 40% of children aged six to 11, 11% of children aged 12 to 14, and 3% of children aged 15 to 17. (See Table 7.5.) The risk of being killed by an acquaintance or a stranger, however, increased with age. About a quarter (28%) of children under age six were killed by an acquaintance, compared to 66% of 15- to 17-year-olds; only 3% of the youngest children were killed by strangers, compared to 25% of 15- to 17-year-olds.
WEAPONS USED IN MURDERS OF JUVENILES . According to Snyder and Sickmund, the number of youths dying as a result of firearms increased 152% between 1985 and 1993 before declining. Even though the number of homicides involving no firearm declined very little between 1993 and 2002, a huge drop in the number of homicides involving a firearm resulted in the overall number of juvenile homicides falling to the lowest level since 1984 in 2002. Nonetheless, almost half (48%) of all juveniles murdered in 2002 were killed with a firearm. Another 22% were beaten/kicked to death or strangled, and 11% were killed with a knife or blunt object. The remaining 19% were killed with another type of weapon, or the type of weapon used was unknown.
The FBI reports that these trends continued in 2007; firearms were used in most murders of juveniles and young adults in that year. Of 1,554 murder victims under the age of 18, 806 (51.9%) were killed with firearms. (See Table 7.6.) Of 3,758 murder victims who were under the age of 22, 2,642 (70.3%) were killed with firearms. A low proportion of the youngest murder victims were killed by firearms, but that proportion rose with age. The most firearms-related murders were in the 20 to 24 age group (2,733 deaths). However, the greatest percentage of firearms-related murders was among those aged 17 to 19 (1,229 of 1,443 murders, or 85.2%). Other weapons most frequently used to kill juveniles included personal weapons—hands, feet, fists, and so on, especially among the youngest children—and knives.
For several reasons, the statistics on rape are incomplete. The crime often goes unreported. The BJS estimates that only about one-third of the cases of completed or attempted rape are ever reported to police; other organizations estimate that the proportion of reported rapes is even lower. Because its data are collected through interviews, the BJS recognizes an underreporting in its statistics as well. Acquaintance rape is far more common than stranger rape. Most experts conclude that in 80% to 85% of all rape cases, the victim knows the rapist.
TABLE 7.5 Offender relationship to juvenile homicide victims, by age and gender of victims, 1980–2002
Offender relationship to victim Age of victim Victim ages 0–17
0–17 0–5 6–11 12–14 15–17 Males Females
Over the 23-year period, strangers were involved in at least 15% of the murders of juveniles. This figure is probably greater than 15% because strangers are likely to account for a disproportionate share of crimes in which the offender is unknown.
Note: Detail may not total 100% because of rounding.
SOURCE: Howard N. Snyder and Melissa Sickmund, “Of the 46,600 Juveniles Murdered between 1980 and 2002, Most Victims under Age 6 Were Killed by a Parent, While Parents Were Rarely Involved in the Killing of Juveniles Ages 15–17,” in Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, March 2006, http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/ojstatbb/nr2006/downloads/NR2006.pdf (accessed November 11, 2008)
Offender known 74% 88% 81% 72% 64% 72% 88%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Parent/stepparent 31 62 40 11 3 26 61
Other family member 7 7 15 11 5 6 7
Acquaintance 47 28 30 58 66 50 29
Stranger 15 3 15 20 25 18 3
Offender unknown 26% 12% 19% 28% 36% 28% 12%
TABLE 7.6 Murder victims by age and weapon, 2007
Age Total murder victims Weapons
Firearms Knives or cutting instruments Blunt objects (clubs, hammers, etc.) Personal weapons (hands, fists, feet, etc.)a Poison Explosives Fire Narcotics Strangulation Asphyxiation Other weapon or weapon not statedb
aPushed is included in personal weapons.
bIncludes drowning.
cBecause of rounding, the percentages may not add to 100.0.
dDoes not include unknown ages.
*Less than one-tenth of 1 percent.
SOURCE: “Expanded Homicide Data Table 8. Murder Victims by Age, by Weapon, 2007,” in Crime in the United States, 2007, U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, September 2008, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2007/offenses/expanded_information/data/shrtable_08.html (accessed November 11, 2008)
Total 14,831 10,086 1,796 647 854 10 1 130 49 134 108 1,016
Percent distributionc 100.0 68.0 12.1 4.4 5.8 0.1 * 0.9 0.3 0.9 0.7 6.9
Under 18d 1,554 806 127 61 303 4 0 25 14 22 33 159
Under 22d 3,758 2,642 307 98 345 4 0 30 19 36 38 239
18 and overd 13,013 9,148 1,655 573 528 6 1 97 35 110 73 787
Infant (under 1) 210 9 4 9 122 0 0 3 3 4 15 41
1 to 4 322 35 9 32 143 0 0 8 6 7 10 72
5 to 8 88 35 9 4 14 1 0 6 1 4 5 9
9 to 12 75 36 11 3 8 2 0 4 1 1 1 8
13 to 16 487 376 62 8 11 1 0 3 1 3 2 20
17 to 19 1,443 1,229 110 24 22 0 0 2 6 8 1 41
20 to 24 2,733 2,234 243 45 59 1 1 8 7 13 10 112
25 to 29 2,215 1,773 206 41 51 0 0 11 2 24 10 97
30 to 34 1,651 1,254 206 35 41 0 0 17 3 10 5 80
35 to 39 1,243 821 199 64 56 1 0 6 4 7 8 77
40 to 44 1,127 697 169 73 60 0 0 17 3 16 8 84
45 to 49 960 547 175 67 61 1 0 9 2 11 9 78
50 to 54 698 360 126 57 66 1 0 6 5 6 9 62
55 to 59 451 202 85 55 39 1 0 9 0 5 0 55
65 to 69 181 83 33 28 11 0 0 3 0 4 0 19
70 to 74 130 62 28 9 12 0 0 3 0 0 2 14
75 and over 261 72 51 37 30 1 0 5 4 9 7 45
Unknown 264 132 14 13 23 0 0 8 0 2 2 70
The UCR defines forcible rape as “the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. Assaults and attempts to commit rape by force or threat of force are also included; however, statutory rape (without force) [sex with a consenting minor] and other sex offenses are excluded.” Rape is a crime of violence in which the victim may suffer serious physical injury and long-term psychological pain. In 2007 the UCR recorded 90,427 reported rape offenses, a decrease of 2.5% from the year before. The rate of forcible rapes was reported at a rate of 59.1 offenses per 100,000 females.
Rape victims are disproportionately young. According to the BJS, in 2006 females aged 12 to 15 experienced the highest rates (6.4 per 1,000 people), followed by older teens aged 16 to 19 (4.3 per 1,000 people). (See Table 7.7.) Furthermore, the BJS finds that in 2006 only 33.9% of those aged 12 to 19 who acknowledged being victims of rape/sexual assault reported the incident to police. (See Table 7.8.)
In Criminal Victimization in the United States, 2006 Statistical Tables (August 2008, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cvus06.pdf), the BJS reports that in 2006 aggravated assault was most common among young people. It occurred at a rate of 8.3 per 1,000 teens aged 12 to 15, 11.6 per 1,000 teens aged 16 to 19, and 11.9 per 1,000 teens aged 20 to 24. After that age the rate began to decline. Among white males, those aged 20 to 24 experienced the highest rate of aggravated assault (12.2 per 1,000 people), whereas among African-American males, 25- to 34-year-olds experienced the highest rate (31 per 1,000 people). (See Table 7.9.) African-American women in the 20 to 24 age group experienced the highest rate (16.1 per 1,000 people) as did white women in the 20 to 24 age group (11.7 per 1,000 people).
The BJS notes that in 2006 simple assault occurred at a rate of 31.3 per 1,000 teens aged 12 to 15, 33.1 per 1,000 teens aged 16 to 19, and 23.2 per 1,000 teens aged 20 to 24, after which the rate began to decline. Younger African-American males had a higher simple assault victimization rate than did white males in the same age group. For example, African-American males aged 16 to 19 had a simple assault rate of 46.8 per 1,000 people, compared to the rate of 26.9 among white males of that age. (See Table 7.9.)
TABLE 7.7 Victimization rates for persons age 12 and over, by gender and age of victims and type of crime, 2006
Gender and age Total population Rate per 1,000 persons in each age group
Crimes of violence Completed Violence Attempted/threatened violence Rape/Sexual assaulta Robbery Assault Purse snatching/pocket picking
Total With injury Without injury Total Aggravated Simple
Note: Due to changes in methodology, the 2006 national crime victimization rates are not comparable to previous years and cannot be used for yearly trend comparisons. However, the overall patterns of victimization at the national level can be examined.
Detail may not add to total shown because of rounding.
*Estimate is based on 10 or fewer sample cases.
a Includes verbal threats of rape and threats of sexual assault.
SOURCE: “Table 4. Personal Crimes, 2006: Victimization Rates for Persons Age 12 and over, by Gender and Age of Victims and Type of Crime,” in Criminal Victimization in the United States, 2006 Statistical Tables, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, August 2008, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cvus06.pdf (accessed November 11, 2008)
12–15 8,693,790 47.5 17.5 30.0 0.5* 3.6* 0.8* 2.8* 43.4 9.0 34.4 1.2*
16–19 8,495,570 53.7 16.2 37.5 0.7* 8.0 1.7* 6.2 45.0 14.5 30.5 1.2*
20–24 10,247,690 46.8 15.9 30.9 0.0* 9.3 2.4* 6.9 37.5 11.5 25.9 1.0*
25–34 20,079,860 38.2 13.9 24.2 0.3* 6.4 3.1 3.3 31.5 9.4 22.1 0.7*
35–49 32,607,930 19.4 4.1 15.3 0.3* 2.1 0.3* 1.8 17.0 4.7 12.2 1.0*
50–64 25,144,830 15.7 4.1 11.6 0.1* 2.1 1.2* 0.9* 13.5 3.1 10.4 0.3*
65 and over 15,196,130 5.0 1.4* 3.5 0.0* 1.4* 0.5* 0.8* 3.6 1.2* 2.4 0.1*
12–15 8,208,130 46.3 16.2 30.1 6.4 4.4* 1.7* 2.6* 35.5 7.5 28.0 0.5*
20–24 10,123,690 41.6 15.9 25.7 3.6 5.3 2.9* 2.4* 32.7 12.3 20.4 0.7*
25–34 19,836,350 33.8 11.5 22.4 2.5 2.7 1.1* 1.6* 28.7 6.0 22.7 0.5*
50–64 26,769,110 10.9 3.8 7.1 1.0* 0.5* 0.0* 0.5* 9.4 1.9 7.5 0.5*
65 and over 20,381,170 2.1 0.7* 1.4* 0.0* 0.9* 0.1* 0.8* 1.2* 0.3* 0.9* 0.9*
TABLE 7.8 Percent of victimizations reported to police by type of crime and age of victims, 2006
Type of crime Percent of victimizations reported to the police
12–19 20–34 35–49 50–64 65 and over
Note: Many incident characteristics were unaffected or minimally affected by changes in methodology in the 2006 National Crime Victimization Survey. However, caution should be used in comparing 2006 rates of individual variables, particularly those with small sample sizes, to previous years.
aIncludes verbal threats of rape and threats of sexual assault.
SOURCE: “Table 96. Personal Crimes, 2006: Percent of Victimizations Reported to the Police, by Type of Crime and Age of Victims,” in Criminal Victimization in the United States, 2006 Statistical Tables, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, August 2008, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cvus06.pdf (accessed November 11, 2008)
All personal crimes 34.3 % 52.9 % 56.0 % 54.9 % 63.4 %
Crimes of violence 34.6 52.6 55.8 54.5 64.6
Completed violence 54.7 62.7 74.2 61.3 69.8*
Attempted/threatened violence 24.1 47.0 48.1 51.5 62.3
Rape/sexual assaulta 33.9* 51.6 46.8* 44.6* 0.0*
Robbery 40.3 58.8 62.6 60.9 74.8*
Completed/property taken 46.9 57.6 68.5 62.9* 81.1*
With injury 58.2* 58.3 75.2* 54.2* 100.0*
Without injury 37.6* 57.1 65.2 74.2* 78.7*
Attempted to take property 31.5* 61.3 43.3* 52.8* 65.8*
With injury 100.0* 54.2* 0.0* 0.0* 100.0*
Without injury 26.2* 64.3 43.3* 52.8* 38.6*
Assault 34.1 51.6 55.3 54.2 59.6
Aggravated 47.3 63.1 63.0 65.8 73.3*
With injury 74.6 79.4 72.5 65.1* 100.0*
Threatened with weapon 32.2 51.9 59.3 66.1 69.3*
Simple 30.1 46.9 52.4 51.0 53.9*
With minor injury 49.7 58.1 83.8 60.6 34.7*
Without injury 22.4 43.3 44.6 48.3 58.0*
Purse snatching/pocket picking 17.1* 72.2* 60.2* 68.8* 56.6*
Robbery and Theft
The BJS reports in Criminal Victimization in the United States, 2006 Statistical Tables that in 2006 robbery occurred at a rate of 4 per 1,000 teens aged 12 to 15, 4.6 per 1,000 teens aged 16 to 19, and 7.3 per 1,000 teens aged 20 to 24, after which age the rate began to decline. Young males, both white and African-American, had high rates of robbery victimization. (See Table 7.9.)
TABLE 7.9 Violent victimization rates for persons age 12 and over, by race, gender, and age of victims and type of crime, 2006
Race, gender, and age Total population Rate per 1,000 persons in each age group
Crimes of violencea Robbery Aggravated assault Simple assault
Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate
Excludes data on persons of “Other” races and persons indicating two or more races.
aIncludes data on rape and sexual assault, not shown separately.
SOURCE: “Table 10. Violent Crimes, 2006: Number of Victimizations and Victimization Rates for Persons Age 12 and over, by Race, Gender, and Age of Victims and Type of Crime,” in Criminal Victimization in the United States, 2006 Statistical Tables, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, August 2008, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cvus06.pdf (accessed November 11, 2008)
White only
12–15 6,544,640 306,470 46.8 31,600* 4.8* 53,060 8.1 217,830 33.3
16–19 6,580,880 321,020 48.8 52,750 8.0 85,300 13.0 177,050 26.9
20–24 8,236,420 418,000 50.8 80,380 9.8 100,800 12.2 236,810 28.8
25–34 16,004,580 546,800 34.2 96,530 6.0 83,300 5.2 361,560 22.6
35–49 26,889,110 536,880 20.0 58,220 2.2 119,560 4.4 348,990 13.0
65 and over 13,341,160 72,250 5.4 20,600* 1.5* 17,770* 1.3* 33,880* 2.5*
16–19 6,245,950 302,620 48.5 3,120* 0.5* 40,130 6.4 233,470 37.4
25–34 15,364,100 483,600 31.5 30,460* 2.0* 76,890 5.0 334,710 21.8
50–64 22,337,200 249,060 11.1 10,550* 0.5* 40,930 1.8 175,760 7.9
65 and over 17,689,080 30,490* 1.7* 10,850* 0.6* 5,410* 0.3* 14,230* 0.8*
Black only
12–15 1,453,470 69,890 48.1 0* 0.0* 11,960* 8.2* 57,930 39.9
16–19 1,269,160 95,000 74.9 9,420* 7.4* 26,230* 20.7* 59,350 46.8
20–24 1,194,640 48,730 40.8 15,240* 12.8* 4,460* 3.7* 29,030* 24.3*
25–34 2,475,000 150,390 60.8 15,320* 6.2* 76,670 31.0 58,410 23.6
35–49 3,706,580 65,820 17.8 10,240* 2.8* 34,990* 9.4* 20,580* 5.6*
50–64 2,440,920 39,230 16.1 6,510* 2.7* 7,930* 3.3* 24,790* 10.2*
65 and over 1,146,260 3,300* 2.9* 0* 0.0* 0* 0.0* 3,300* 2.9*
20–24 1,487,560 69,860 47.0 7,900* 5.3* 23,920* 16.1* 35,360* 23.8*
35–49 4,436,600 115,040 25.9 5,430* 1.2* 34,940* 7.9* 74,680 16.8
50–64 3,037,860 30,090* 9.9* 3,530* 1.2* 8,120* 2.7* 18,440* 6.1*
65 and over 1,836,090 8,960* 4.9* 4,250* 2.3* 0* 0.0* 4,700* 2.6*
"Juvenile Crime and Victimization." Growing Up: Issues Affecting America's Youth. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
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Two main government sources collect crime statistics. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) compiles the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) annually. The FBI reports in Crime in the United States 2005 (September 2006, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/index.html) that the UCR, which was begun in 1930, now collects data from nearly seventeen thousand city, county, and state law enforcement agencies.
The second set of crime statistics is the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), which is prepared by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Established in 1972, the survey is an annual federal statistical study that measures the levels of victimization resulting from criminal activity in the United States. The BJS notes in "BJS Criminal Victimization Data Collections" (December 10, 2006, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm#Programs) that the survey collects data from a nationally representative sample of 77,200 households each year, which contain about 134,000 people, on the "frequency, characteristics and consequences of criminal victimization." The survey was previously known as the National Crime Survey, but it was renamed and redesigned in 1992 to emphasize the measurement of victimization experienced by citizens. The survey was created because of a concern that the UCR did not fully portray the true volume of crime. The UCR provides data on crimes reported to law enforcement authorities, but it does not estimate how many crimes went unreported.
Some observers believe the NCVS is a better indicator of the volume of crime in the United States than the UCR. Nonetheless, like all surveys, it is subject to error. The survey depends on people's memories of incidents that happened up to six months earlier. Many times, a victim is not sure what happened, even moments after the crime occurred. In addition, the NCVS limits the data to victims aged twelve and older, an admittedly arbitrary age selection.
Shannan M. Catalano of the NCVS reports in Criminal Victimization, 2005 (September 2006, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cv05.pdf) that in 2005 U.S. residents experienced about 23 million violent and property victimizations. Of these crimes, 18 million were property crimes (burglary, motor vehicle theft, and theft), 5.2 million were violent crimes (rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault), and 227,000 were personal thefts (pocket picking and purse snatching). The rate of theft was down from the year before, but the rate of every other type of crime remained unchanged.
Catalano notes that between 2002 and 2003 and between 2004 and 2005 the average yearly rate of violent crimes per 1,000 people aged twelve or older remained essentially unchanged for all age groups except for sixteen-to nineteen-year-olds. Among this age group, 55.6 per 1,000 people were victims of violent crimes between 2002 and 2003; this rate declined to 45 per 1,000 people between 2004 and 2005, a 19% decrease. Even though violent crimes for the most part remained stable between 2004 and 2005, between 1993 and 2005 the violent crime rate was down 58%.
The UCR reports that most violent crimes—including murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault—remained fairly steady between 2004 and 2005, except for forcible rape, which decreased 1.2% between 2004 and 2005. The UCR also records decreasing violent crime rates over time. The violent crime rate had decreased from 620.1 per 100,000 people in 1986 to 469.2 per 100,000 in 2005.
According to the UCR, there were an estimated 10.2 million property crimes, including burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft, in 2005. Property crime rates decreased by 1.5% between 2004 and 2005. This decline continued a long-term trend; property crime rates in 2005 were down 13.9% from 1996. In 2005 the property crime rate was 3,429.8 per 100,000 people, compared with a rate of 4,881.8 per 100,000 in 1986.
According to the FBI, from the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s youth violence and crime grew at rapid rates. In Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report (March 2006, http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/ojstatbb/nr2006/downloads/NR2006.pdf), Howard N. Snyder and Melissa Sickmund of the National Center for Juvenile Justice examine juvenile homicide trends. They find that between 1980 and 1997 murders by juveniles were highest in 1993 and 1994. In murders involving juvenile offenders during this eighteen-year span, most involved a lone offender, but 39% featured two or more offenders.
The surge in youth crime and violence caused much concern in society. Various groups—both public and private—undertook the mission of trying to uncover the reasons juvenile crime was on the rise. Lawmakers responded by toughening existing laws and finding ways to try more juveniles as adults. Courts levied stricter sentences, and parents and educators looked into various programs and methods geared to help their children and students deal with the situation.
However, the rise in juvenile crime did not last. Snyder and Sickmund note that in the ten-year period between 1994 and 2003, juvenile arrests decreased by 18%, compared with a 1% increase in arrests of adults during the same period. The arrest rate of juveniles for murder in 2003 was the lowest since at least 1980. Snyder and Sickmund state that "the juvenile violent crime wave predicted by some in the mid-1990s has not occurred."
For some young people, their teenage and young adult years are difficult and challenging times. Even though their peers are playing baseball, going to proms, singing in the school choir, heading to college, and making plans for the future, some juveniles and youths are, for whatever reason, committing crimes. When dealing with young offenders, each state has its own definition of the term juvenile: Most states put the upper age limit at seventeen years old, although some states set it as low as fourteen years old. When reporting its national crime statistics, the FBI considers those under the age of eighteen to be juveniles. The FBI often breaks its juvenile crime statistics into age-based subcategories, such as age sixteen or older and age fifteen or younger, to demonstrate how juvenile offenses vary with age. The FBI does the same with youth, who are often defined as ages eighteen to twenty-four. However, some organizations and studies classify youth age ranges differently, citing youths as those ages eighteen to twenty-one or ages eighteen to twenty-five.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in "Youth Violence: Fact Sheet" (April 19, 2007, http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/yvfacts.htm), outlines risk factors that increase the likelihood that a young person will become violent. These factors include individual risk factors, such as a history of violent victimization, certain mental health problems, substance abuse, emotional distress, and exposure to violence within the family; family risk factors, including parenting styles that are authoritarian, harsh, inconsistent, lax, or parental substance abuse or criminality; peer/school risk factors, including involvement in gangs or with delinquent peers, social rejection, and poor school performance; and community risk factors, including a high concentration of poverty, family disruption, transiency, and social disorganization. Factors that make it less likely that a young person will engage in criminal or violent behavior (protective factors) include intelligence, positive social interactions, connectedness to family and other adults, consistent parental involvement, and a commitment to school.
In "Warning Signs of Youth Violence" (2004, http://www.apahelpcenter.org/featuredtopics/feature.php?id=38&ch=3), the American Psychological Association lists immediate signs that youth violence is a serious possibility as well as signs over a period of time that indicate a potential for violence. Signs that violence may be imminent include a frequent loss of temper or physical fighting, vandalism, an increase in substance use or risk-taking behavior, development of plans to commit violence, enjoying hurting animals, or carrying a weapon. The potential for violence exists when a young person has a history of aggressive behavior or substance abuse, has a strong desire to be in a gang or gang membership, has a fascination with weapons, begins to withdraw from friends and usual activities, performs poorly in school, fails to respect the feelings or rights of others, or has a history of discipline problems.
In response to the Columbine High School shootings in 1999, the U.S. Surgeon General began a comprehensive study of the status of youth and violence in the nation. Issued in 2001, Youth Violence: A Report of theSurgeon General (http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence/) addresses many aspects of crime and violence, including risk factors for violence among youth aged fifteen to eighteen. The report contains detailed information on early onset factors (ages six to eleven), which include exposure to violence on television and substance abuse, as well as late onset factors (ages twelve to fourteen), which include aggression in general, antisocial attitudes, and abusive parents.
Those involved in the study of youth violence are quick to point out, however, that people need to be cautious when reacting to someone exhibiting warning signs. Although it is important to provide help to youth with violent tendencies, harm could be caused by mislabeling a student as being violent or by overreacting to a set of circumstances.
Juvenile violent behavior is more likely to occur at certain times of day than at other times. Snyder and Sickmund find that violent crime, including murder, violent sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault, is most likely to be committed in the after school hours on school days for juvenile offenders, peaking around 3 p.m. In comparison, adult offenders are most likely to commit violent crimes between 9 p.m. and midnight. (See Figure 7.1.) These findings point out the relative ineffectiveness of some measures meant to curtail youth violence, especially the adoption of curfews. (See Chapter 10.)
The UCR defines murder and nonnegligent manslaughter as "the willful (nonnegligent) killing of one human being by another." The figures do not include "deaths caused by negligence, suicide, or accident; justifiable homicides; and attempts to murder or assaults to murder, which are scored as aggravated assaults." According to the UCR, approximately 16,692 murders occurred in 2005. Although this represented a 3.4% increase from 2004, murders were down about 15% in the United States since 1996.
Over 17,000 people were identified as murder offenders in 2005, including 866 males and 76 females under the age of eighteen, and 3,322 males and 284 females under the age of twenty-two. (See Table 7.1.) Because the identity of all murder offenders is not known, such figures are lower than they would be if all offenders had been identified. Those under age eighteen represented only 6% of all murder offenders in that year, whereas those under age twenty-two represented 21% of all murder offenders. Fewer than one out of ten of all known murderers were female; 92% of all murder offenders under age eighteen and 92% of all murder offenders under age twenty-two were males. Arrests of youth under age eighteen for murder rose 19.9% between 2004 and 2005.
TABLE 7.1
Murder offenders by age, sex, and race, 2005
Source: "Expanded Homicide Data Table 3. Murder Offenders by Age, Sex, and Race, 2005," in Crime in the United States 2005, U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, September 2006, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/offenses/expanded_information/data/shrtable_03.html (accessed March 2, 2007)
Percent distributiona 100 65.3 7.3 27.4 32 37.6 2 28.8
Under 18b 944 866 76 2 356 552 31 5
Under 22b 3,611 3,322 284 5 1,382 2,084 115 30
40 to 44 700 605 95 0 404 270 12 14
Unknown 5,731 1,056 29 4,646 185 781 10 4,755
In 2005, 32% of all murderers were known to be white, over 37% were African-American, and almost 29% were of unknown race. (See Table 7.1.) These proportions were similar for juvenile murderers. Among youth under age eighteen, 552 murder offenders were African-American (58%), 356 were white (38%), and 5 were unknown (0.5%). Among youth under age twenty-two, 2,084 were African-American (58%), 1,382 were white (38%), and 30 were unknown (0.8%).
LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS KILLED
In Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, 2005 (October 2006, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/killed/2005/), the UCR provides statistics on the number of law enforcement officers feloniously killed between 1996 and 2005. During this ten-year period 662 officers were killed—the highest number (85) occurred in 1996. In 2005, 57 officers were feloniously killed. Youth under age eighteen were responsible for 6% of the officers killed in the decade, whereas young adults aged eighteen to twenty-four were responsible for over a third (38.9%) of the murders.
The UCR reports in Crime in the United States 2005 that even though there were an estimated 93,934 forcible rapes reported in 2005, only 18,733 people were arrested for rape in that year. Rape is one of the most underreported crimes, and the low arrest rate demonstrates how few perpetrators are caught. Of those arrested for rape, 5.6% were under age fifteen, 15.4% were under age eighteen, and 29.8% were under age twenty-one.
The UCR defines aggravated assault as "an unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury…. This type of assault is usually accompanied by the use of a weapon or by other means likely to produce death or great bodily harm. Attempted aggravated assault that involves the display of—or threat to use—a gun, knife, or other weapon is included in this crime category because serious personal injury would likely result if the assault were completed." In 2005 an estimated 862,947 aggravated assaults were reported. In its arrest reports, the UCR notes that 331,469 people were arrested for aggravated assault in that year. Of that number, 4.7% were under age fifteen, 13.6% were under age eighteen, and 24.8% were under age twenty-one.
By contrast, simple assaults are assaults or attempted assaults not involving a weapon and not resulting in serious injury to the victim. These include acts such as assault and battery, resisting or obstructing the police, hazing, and so on. In its arrest reports, the UCR lists a category called "other assaults" (to differentiate between these types of assaults and aggravated assaults). The UCR notes that 958,477 people were arrested for other assaults in 2005. Of that number, 7.8% were under age fifteen, 19% were under age eighteen, and 28.7% were under age twenty-one.
Robbery, Burglary, and Theft
Robbery, burglary, and larceny-theft are different crimes under the UCR. Robbery is the taking of something from a person or people with force, the threat of force, or by instilling fear in a victim. Burglary involves the unlawful entry, not requiring force, into a building to commit a felony or theft. Larceny-theft is the unlawful taking of property without using force, including crimes such as shoplifting, pocket picking, purse snatching, thefts from motor vehicles, thefts of motor vehicle parts and accessories, bicycle thefts, and so on. These offenses, taken together, are disproportionately committed by young people.
In 2005 the UCR estimates that 417,122 robbery offenses had been committed, an increase of 3.9% over the previous year. However, robbery offenses had decreased by 22.1% from ten years earlier. In 2005, 85,309 people were arrested for robbery; those arrested were disproportionately young people. Of that number, 5.8% were under age fifteen, 25.2% were under age eighteen, and 46.3% were under age twenty-one.
In 2005 the UCR recorded 2,154,126 burglary offenses, an increase of 0.5% from the previous year but a 14.1% decline from ten years earlier. Burglary has a particularly low arrest rate. The UCR notes that 220,391 people were arrested for burglary in 2005. Of that number, 8.7% of perpetrators were under age fifteen, 26.1% were under age eighteen, and 43.9% were under age twenty-one.
In 2005 the UCR recorded 6.8 million larceny-theft offenses, a decrease of 2.3% from 2004 and a 14.3% decline from ten years earlier. In its arrest reports, the UCR notes that 854,856 people were arrested for larceny-theft in 2005. Of that number, 9% of perpetrators were under age fifteen, 25.7% were under age eighteen, and 40.2% were under age twenty-one.
Motor-vehicle theft is also disproportionately perpetrated by young people, usually in urban areas. In 2005 there were an estimated 1.2 million motor vehicle thefts nationwide. More than nine out of ten (93.3%) motor vehicle thefts occurred in metropolitan areas. In its arrest reports, the UCR notes that 108,301 people were arrested for motor-vehicle theft in 2005. Of those arrested, 5.9% were under age fifteen, 25.5% were under age eighteen, and 42.8% were under age twenty-one.
Illegally accessing a computer, known as hacking, is a crime committed frequently by juveniles. When it is followed by manipulation of the information of private, corporate, or government databases and networks, it can be quite costly. Another means of computer hacking involves creation of what is known as a virus program. The virus program is one that resides inside another program and then is activated by some predetermined code to create havoc in the host computer. Virus programs can be spread either through the sharing of disks and programs or through e-mail.
Cases of juvenile hacking have been reported since the 1980s. In 1998 the U.S. Secret Service filed the first criminal case against a juvenile for a computer crime. The unnamed hacker shut down the Worcester, Massachusetts, airport in 1997 for six hours. The airport was integrated into the Federal Aviation Administration traffic system by telephone lines. The accused gained access to the communication system and disabled it by sending a series of computer commands that changed the data carried on the system. As a result, the airport could not function. (No accidents occurred during that time, however.) According to the Department of Justice, the juvenile pled guilty in return for two years' probation, a fine, and community service.
Other types of computer crime typically perpetrated by juveniles include trading stolen credit card numbers and pirating of computer software to be sold. Because of computer networks, juveniles and other perpetrators can commit these types of crimes on a large scale. In "It's Not Just Fun and 'War Games'—Juveniles and Computer Crime" (April 26, 2005, http://www.cybercrime.gov/usamay2001_7.htm), Joseph V. DeMarco, the assistant U.S. attorney in the Southern District of New York, states that "the enormous computing power of today's PCs make it possible for minors to commit offenses which are disproportionately serious to their age." Teens can commit property offenses on a large scale using computers, can portray themselves as adults in an online world, and "appear to have an ethical 'deficit' when it comes to computer crimes." He points out that children and teens who would never commit robbery, burglary, or assault may in fact commit online crimes.
Various studies show that many violent offenders are substance abusers. For some people, drugs and alcohol may cause violent tendencies to surface. In Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use, Overview of Key Findings, 2005 (April 2006, http://www.drugabuse.gov/PDF/overview2005.pdf), University of Michigan researchers Lloyd D. Johnston et al. find that in 2005, 38.4% of twelfth graders, 29.8% of tenth graders, and 15.5% of eighth graders had used an illicit drug in the past year. Among twelfth graders, marijuana/hashish use was highest (33.6%), followed by narcotics (9%), amphetamines (8.6%), barbiturates (7.2%), and tranquilizers (6.8%). (See Table 4.11 in Chapter 4.) More than two-thirds (68.6%) had used alcohol in the past twelve months.
Other drugs gaining popularity in recent years included so-called club drugs, such as ecstasy (MDMA), flunitrazepam (known as the date-rape drug), GHB, and ketamine. These drugs have been popular among teenagers at dance clubs and raves. Because each of these club drugs is scheduled under the Controlled Substances Act (Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970), they are illegal and their use constitutes a criminal offense. In 2005, 3% of high school seniors had used MDMA in the previous twelve months. (See Table 4.11 in Chapter 4.)
In its arrest reports, the UCR notes that nearly 1.4 million people were arrested on drug abuse violations in 2005. Of that number, 1.7% were under age fifteen, 10.4% were under age eighteen, and 27.7% were under age twenty-one.
Figure 7.2 and Figure 7.3 outline the trends in non-fatal violent victimizations and homicides by select age groups from about the mid-1970s to the mid-2000s. Between 1973 and 2005 the rate of violent victimizations dropped in all age categories, but especially among young people. In 1973 the violent victimization rate for those aged twelve to fifteen was 81.8 per 1,000 people in that age group. The rate peaked in 1994 at 118.6 per 1,000, then dropped steadily to 44 per 1,000 in 2005, its lowest point in the thirty-two years recorded. For those ages sixteen to nineteen, the rate in 1973 was 81.7. That group also reached its zenith in 1994 at 123.9 and then decreased steadily to 44.3 in 2005. The highest nonfatal violent victimization rate in 1973 was among twenty- to twenty-four-year-olds (87.6). This age group reached its highest point in 1991 at 103.6 and then fluctuated before dropping to 43.2 in 2004; however, it had risen again to 47.1 in 2005.
According to James Alan Fox and Marianne W. Zawitz, in Homicide Trends in the United States (June 2006, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/teens.htm), violent crime rates are highest for young people aged twenty-four and younger; after age twenty-five the violent victimization rate declines steadily. In 1973 sixteen-to nineteen-year-olds were about twice as likely to be victimized by violent crime as people thirty-five to forty-nine years of age; in 2005, they were about two and a half times as likely.
The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) notes that when someone is victimized as an adolescent, long-term consequences result. When compared with adults who were not victimized as adolescents, adults who were adolescent victims are most likely to have drug problems and more likely to perpetrate violence. (See Figure 7.4.) They are also more likely to commit acts of domestic violence and become victims of domestic violence than are adults who were not victimized as adolescents. In addition, they are nearly twice as likely to become victims of violent crime and nearly three times as likely to commit property offenses. Their risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder is also twice as great.
Becoming a victim of crime can have serious consequences—outcomes that the victim neither asks for nor deserves. A victim rarely expects to be victimized and seldom knows where to turn for help. Victims may end up in the hospital to be treated and released, or they may be confined to bed for days, weeks, or longer. Injuries may be temporary, or they may be permanent and forever change the way the victim lives his or her life. Victims may lose money or property, or in the case of homicide may lose their lives. In many cases they lose their confidence, self-esteem, and feelings of security.
The effects of crime are not limited to the victim, however. A victim's family is frequently devastated, and the psychological trauma may affect everyone connected to a victim. Victims and their families may experience feelings of fear, anger, shame, self-blame, helplessness, and depression—emotions that can scar life and health for years after the event. Those who were attacked in their home or whose home was entered illegally may no longer feel secure anywhere. They often blame themselves, feeling that they could have handled themselves better, or done something differently to prevent being victimized.
It is impossible to determine how many children suffer abuse. All observers can do is count the number of reported cases—which include only those known to public authorities—or they can survey families, in which case parents may deny or downplay abuse. As a result, estimates of child abuse are generally considered low. The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System and its annual report, Child Maltreatment, is the primary source of national information on abused and neglected children that has been reported to state child protective services agencies.
Child Maltreatment 2004 (2006, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/pubs/cm04/cm04.pdf) reports that in 2004 an estimated three million children were alleged to have been abused or neglected and approximately 872,000 children were found to be victims of child maltreatment. Reports most often came from professional sources (such as educators), the legal system, social service employees, and medical professionals, and less often from nonprofessional sources, such as relatives, friends, neighbors, parents, the victims themselves, and a small percentage of perpetrators. (See Figure 7.5.)
In 2004, 62.4% of reported victims suffered neglect; 17.5% were physically abused; 9.7% were sexually abused; and 7% were emotionally or psychologically maltreated. (Figure 7.6 shows victimization rates for each group per 1,000 children.) The highest rate of victimization was among children three years of age or younger (16.1 per 1,000), followed by children four to seven years of age (13.4 per 1,000). (See Figure 7.7.) The rate of occurrence decreased as the child's age increased.
The most tragic result of child maltreatment is death. In 2004 an estimated 1,490 children died as a result of abuse or neglect. Children in the youngest age groups were most likely to die of maltreatment; 81% of the children who died were three years old or younger.
The largest group of abusers were mothers acting alone (38.8%), followed by fathers acting alone (18.3%). (See Figure 7.8.) Abuse of children was overwhelmingly perpetrated by parents; only 10.1% of perpetrators were not parents. Parental abuse is probably the most devastating of all abuse, as child victims have absolutely no place to turn for help or support.
In the 1980s, as a result of several high-profile abductions and tragedies, the media focused public attention on the problem of missing children. Citizens became concerned and demanded action to address what appeared to be a national crisis. Attempting to discover the nature and dimension of the problem, Congress passed the 1984 Missing Children's Assistance Act. The legislation mandated the OJJDP to conduct national incidence studies to determine the number of juveniles who were "victims of abduction by strangers" and the number of children who were victims of "parental kidnapping." The result was the National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children (NISMART), the first of which was conducted in 1988, with the results published in 1990. The second, more recent NISMART was conducted mainly in 1999, with most of the data published in a series of October 2002 reports.
FAMILY ABDUCTIONS
According to Heather Hammer, David Finkelhor, and Andrea J. Sedlak, in Children Abducted by Family Members: National Estimates and Characteristics (October 2002, http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/nismart/02/index.html), a family abduction is "the taking or keeping of a child by a family member in violation of a custody order, a decree, or other legitimate custodial rights, where the taking or keeping involved some element of concealment, flight, or intent to deprive a lawful custodian indefinitely of custodial privileges." In 1999, 203,900 children were victims of a family abduction. About half of these (53%) were abducted by biological fathers, and 25% by biological mothers. Most family abducted children were not missing for long—46% were gone less than a week, and only 21% were away a month or more. Nearly half (42%) were abducted from a single-parent family. At the time the survey was done, 91% of the children had been returned, 6% had been located but not returned, and less than 1% had not been located or returned (there was no information on outcomes for 2% of cases).
NONFAMILY ABDUCTIONS
Although far fewer children are abducted by strangers than by family members, the consequences are often far worse. Violence, the use of force or weapons, sexual assault, and murder are more prevalent in nonfamily abductions. According to David Finkelhor, Heather Hammer, and Andrea J. Sedlak, in Nonfamily Abducted Children: National Estimates and Characteristics (October 2002, http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/nismart/03/index.html), 58,200 children were abducted by nonfamily members in 1999. Nearly half (46%) of these were sexually assaulted by their abductors. Only 115 of the abductions were "stereotypical kidnappings," in which a child was abducted by a slight acquaintance or stranger, detained overnight, transported fifty miles or more, held for ransom or with intention to keep permanently, or killed. Most nonfamily abducted children (59%) were fifteen to seventeen years old and 65% were female. The perpetrators were strangers 37% of the time and were three times as likely to be male as female. Most perpetrators (67%) were aged thirteen to twenty-nine. Most nonfamily abducted children (91%) were away for twenty-four hours or less, and 99% returned alive. The remaining 1% were either killed or had not been located at the time of the survey.
RUNAWAYS AND THROWNAWAYS
Heather Hammer, David Finkelhor, and Andrea J. Sedlak note in Runaway/Thrownaway Children: National Estimates and Characteristics (October 2002, http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/nismart/04/) that runaways are children who meet at least one of the following criteria:
A child fourteen years old (or older and mentally incompetent) who is away from home who chooses not to come home when expected to and who stays away overnight
A child fifteen years old or older who is away from home who chooses not to come home and stays away two nights
In the 1970s the term throwaways or thrownaways was used by researchers for juveniles who were made to leave home or were abandoned. A thrownaway child meets one of the following criteria:
A child who is away from home who is prevented from returning home by a parent or other household adult, with no adequate alternative care arranged for by a household adult, and who is out of the household overnight
The OJJDP now combines its estimates of runaways and thrownaways. According to Hammer, Finkelhor, and Sedlak in Runaway/Thrownaway Children, in 1999, 1.7 million youths had a runaway/thrownaway episode. The runaway episode was thought to indicate that 1.2 million of these children were endangered in the following ways:
The child had been physically or sexually abused at home in the year before the episode or was afraid of abuse upon return (21%).
The child was substance dependent (19%).
The child was thirteen years old or younger (18%).
The child was in the company of someone known to be abusing drugs (18%).
The child was using hard drugs (17%).
Most runaway/thrownaway youth (68%) were fifteen years old or older; half were females and half were males. Most runaways (77%) were away less than one week, and more than 99% returned. An estimated 38,600 of the runaways were at risk of sexual endangerment—assault, attempted assault, or prostitution—while away from home.
According to the BJS, homicide rates for all age groups have been declining since the mid-1990s. (See Figure 7.3.) Although violent crime has diminished, it still plays a significant role as a cause of death for youth. In 2003, however, the leading cause of death among both males and females under the age of twenty-four was accidents. Of the leading causes of death, homicides and suicides accounted for many abbreviated lives as well, and these deaths increase in number among older youth. (See Table 7.2.)
In 2003 the homicide death rate for infants under age one was quite high at 8.5 per 100,000. After that age, the homicide death rate declined to 2.4 per 100,000 among one-to four-year-olds and 0.8 per 100,000 five- to fourteen-year-olds. The homicide death rate rose again after age fourteen; the homicide death rate was 13 per 100,000 for fifteen- to twenty-four-year-olds, higher than any other age group. (See Table 7.2.)
UCR data confirm that murder victims are disproportionately young people. Out of 14,860 murder victims in 2005, 1,446 victims were under age eighteen, including 1,019 males and 422 females. (See Table 7.3.) The number of murder victims more than doubled for those under age twenty-two. Of the 3,605 murder victims in this age range, 2,912 were male and 688 were female. Even though nearly one out of ten (9.7%) murder victims was under age eighteen, almost a quarter (24.3%) was under age twenty-two.
African-Americans are also disproportionately victims of homicide. Nearly equal numbers of whites (7,133) and African-Americans (7,125) were murdered in 2005, even though whites far outnumber African-Americans in the general population. (See Table 7.3.) Of victims under age eighteen, 716 were white and 670 were African-American. Of victims under age twenty-two, 1,599 were white and 1,860 were African-American. African-American and white murder victims under age eighteen each represented approximately 10% of the total, whereas white victims under age twenty-two encompassed 22.4% of the total white victims and African-American victims under age twenty-two were 26.1% of the total African-American victims. Homicide has been and is the leading cause of death for African-American teenagers, both male and female, although victimization rates for African-American teens declined dramatically between the early 1990s and 2000.
Death rates by age for the 15 leading causes of death, 2003
[Rates on an annual basis per 100,000 population in specified group; age-adjusted rates per 100,000 U.S. standard population. Rates are based on populations enumerated as of April 1 for 2000 and estimated as of July 1 for all other years.]
Cause of death Age
All ages a Under 1 year b 1-4 years 5-14 years 15-24 years 25-34 years 35-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years 65-74 years 75-84 years 85 years and over Age-adjusted rate c
*Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision.
—Category not applicable.
aFigures for age not stated included in "all ages" but not distributed among age groups.
bDeath rates for "under 1 year" (based on population estimates) differ from infant mortality rates (based on live births).
cFor method of computation.
Source: Adapted from Donna L. Hoyert et al., "Table 9. Death Rates by Age and Age-Adjusted Death Rates for the 15 Leading Causes of Death in 2003: United States, 1999–2003," in "Deaths: Final Data for 2003," National Vital Statistics Reports, vol. 54, no. 3, April 19, 2006, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr54/nvsr54_13.pdf (accessed March 3, 2007)
All causes 841.9 700.0 31.5 17.0 81.5 103.6 201.6 433.2 940.9 2,255.0 5,463.1 14,593.3 832.7
Diseases of heart 235.6 11.0 1.2 0.6 2.7 8.2 30.7 92.5 233.2 585.0 1,611.1 5,278.4 232.3
Malignant neoplasms 191.5 1.9 2.5 2.6 4.0 9.4 35.0 122.2 343.0 770.3 1,302.5 1,698.2 190.1
Cerebrovascular diseases 54.2 2.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 1.5 5.5 15.0 35.6 112.9 410.7 1,370.1 53.5
Chronic lower respiratory diseases 43.5 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.7 2.1 8.7 43.3 163.2 383.0 635.1 43.3
Accidents (unintentional injuries) 37.6 23.6 10.9 6.4 37.1 31.5 37.8 38.8 32.9 44.1 101.9 278.9 37.3
Diabetes mellitus 25.5 * * 0.1 0.4 1.6 4.6 13.9 38.5 90.8 181.1 317.5 25.3
Influenza and pneumonia 22.4 8.0 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.9 2.2 5.2 11.2 37.3 151.1 666.1 22.0
Alzheimer's disease 21.8 * * * * * * 0.2 2.0 20.9 164.4 802.4 21.4
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis 14.6 4.5 * 0.1 0.2 0.7 1.8 4.9 13.6 40.1 109.5 293.1 14.4
Septicemia 11.7 6.9 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.8 2.1 5.3 13.1 32.6 85.0 202.5 11.6
Intentional self-harm (suicide) 10.8 — — 0.6 9.7 12.7 14.9 15.9 13.8 12.7 16.4 16.9 10.8
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 9.5 * * * * 0.9 6.8 18.3 23.0 29.5 30.0 20.1 9.3
Essential (primary) hypertension and hypertensive renal disease 7.5 * * * 0.1 0.2 0.8 2.5 6.3 16.9 51.7 188.9 7.4
Parkinson's disease 6.2 * * * * * * 0.2 1.3 12.7 67.8 138.2 6.2
Assault (homicide) 6.1 8.5 2.4 0.8 13.0 11.3 7.0 4.9 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.2 6.0
VICTIM-OFFENDER RELATIONSHIP
Table 7.4 shows that between 1980 and 2002 the most frequent killers of children under age six were their parents, whereas parents were rarely involved in the murder of teens aged fifteen to seventeen, although this varied by gender of the child. Almost two-thirds (61%) of all female juveniles killed were murdered by a parent or stepparent, compared with only 26% of male juveniles. Half of all male juveniles killed (50%) were murdered by an acquaintance, compared with only 29% of female juveniles. Females were also less likely than males to be murdered by a stranger (3% and 18%, respectively.)
Murder victims by age, sex, and race, 2004
Source: "Expanded Homicide Data Table 2. Murder Victims by Age, Sex, and Race, 2005," in Crime in the United States 2005, U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, September 2006, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/offenses/expanded_information/data/shrtable_02.html (accessed March 3, 2007)
Percent distributiona 100 78.6 21.2 0.1 48 47.9 2.6 1.4
Infant (under 1) 182 104 73 5 115 53 4 10
70 to 74 159 96 63 0 117 38 4 0
Offender relationship to juvenile homicide victims, by age and gender of victims, 1980–2002
Offender relationship to victim Age of Victim Victim ages 0-17
0-17 0-5 6-11 12-14 15-17 Males Females
Note: Detail may not total 100% due to rounding.
Source: "Victim-Offender Relationship in Juvenile Homicides by Age of Victim, 1980–2002," in OJJDP Statistical Briefing Book, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, March 27, 2006, http://ojjdp.ncjrs.org/ojstatbb/victims/qa02302.asp?qaDate_2002 (acccessed March 2, 2007)
Parent/stepparent 31% 62% 40% 11% 3% 26% 61%
Other family member 7% 7% 15% 11% 5% 6% 7%
Acquaintance 47% 28% 30% 58% 66% 50% 29%
Stranger 15% 3% 15% 20% 25% 18% 3%
The risk of being killed by a parent decreases with age. Sixty-two percent of murder victims aged five and younger were killed by a parent or stepparent, compared with 40% of children aged six to eleven, 11% of children aged twelve to fourteen, and 3% of children aged fifteen to seventeen. (See Table 7.4.) The risk of being killed by an acquaintance or a stranger, however, increased with age. About a quarter of children under age six (28%) were killed by an acquaintance, compared with 66% of fifteen- to seventeen-year-olds; only 3% of the youngest children were killed by strangers, compared with 25% of fifteen- to seventeen-year-olds.
WEAPONS USED IN MURDERS OF JUVENILES
Snyder and Sickmund report that the number of youths dying as a result of firearms increased 152% between 1985 and 1993 before beginning to decline. Even though the number of homicides involving no firearm declined little between 1993 and 2002, a huge drop in the number of homicides involving a firearm resulted in the overall number of homicides of juveniles falling to the lowest level since 1984 in 2002. Nonetheless, almost half of all juveniles murdered in 2002 (48%) were killed with a firearm. Another 22% were beaten/kicked to death or strangled, and 11% were killed with a knife or blunt object. The remaining 19% were killed with another type of weapon, or the type of weapon used was unknown.
The FBI reports that these trends continued in 2005; firearms were used in most murders of juveniles and young adults in that year. Of 1,446 murder victims under the age of eighteen, 720 (49.8%) were killed with firearms. (See Table 7.5.) Of 3,605 murder victims who were under the age of twenty-two, 9,244 (70.3%) were killed with firearms. A low proportion of the youngest murder victims were killed by firearms, but that proportion rose with age. The most firearm-related murders were in the twenty to twenty-four age group (2,269 deaths). However, the greatest percentage of firearm-related murders was among those aged seventeen to nineteen (83.7%). Other weapons most frequently used to kill juveniles included "personal" weapons—hands, feet, fists, and so on—and knives.
For several reasons, the statistics on rape are incomplete. The crime often goes unreported. The BJS estimates that only about one-third of the cases of completed or attempted rape are ever reported to police; other organizations estimate that the proportion of reported rapes is even lower. Because its data are collected through interviews, the BJS recognizes an underreporting in its statistics as well. Acquaintance rape is far more common than stranger rape. Most experts conclude that in 80% to 85% of all rape cases the victim knows the rapist.
In Crime in the United States 2005, the UCR defines forcible rape as "the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. Assaults and attempts to commit rape by force or threat of force are also included; however, statutory rape (without force) [sex with a consenting minor] and other sex offenses are excluded." Rape is a crime of violence in which the victim may suffer serious physical injury and long-term psychological pain. The UCR indicates that in 2005 there were 93,934 reported rape offenses, a decrease of 1.2% from the year before. The rate of forcible rapes was reported at a rate of 62.5 offenses per 100,000 females.
Rape victims are disproportionately young. Catalano reports that rape/sexual assault in 2005 occurred at a rate of 1.2 per 1,000 twelve- to fifteen-year-olds and 3.2 per 1,000 sixteen- to nineteen-year-olds. NCVS data also include rapes committed against males. (See Table 7.6.) Females aged sixteen to nineteen experienced the highest rates (5.7 per 1,000). (See Table 7.7.)
The NCVS finds that in 2005 only 33.1% of those aged twelve to nineteen who acknowledged being victims of rape/sexual assault reported the incident to police. (See Table 7.8.)
Catalano notes that in 2005 aggravated assault was most common among young people. It occurred at a rate of 8.7 per 1,000 twelve- to fifteen-year-olds, 9.7 per 1,000 sixteen-to nineteen-year-olds, and 10 per 1,000 twenty- to twenty-four-year-olds. After that age the rate began to decline. Among white males, those aged twenty to twenty-four experienced the highest rate (15.7 per 1,000), whereas among African-American males, sixteen- to nineteen-year-olds experienced the highest rate (16.3 per 1,000). The same pattern held among females; African-American women in the sixteen to nineteen age group experienced the highest rate (17.7 per 1,000), whereas white women in the twenty to twenty-four age group experienced the highest rate (4.9 per 1,000). (See Table 7.9.)
According to Catalano, in 2005 simple assault occurred at a rate of 30.6 per 1,000 twelve- to fifteen-year-olds, 24.2 per 1,000 sixteen- to nineteen-year-olds, and 30.3 per 1,000 twenty- to twenty-four-year-olds, after which the rate began to decline. Males had a higher rate of simple assault than females. White and African-American males had a similar rate of simple assault victimization. By contrast, young African-American females between the ages of twelve and fifteen had a significantly higher simple assault victimization rate than did white females in the same age group (34.3 per 1,000 and 21 per 1,000, respectively). (See Table 7.9.)
Catalano reports that in 2005 robbery occurred at a rate of 3.5 per 1,000 twelve- to fifteen-year-olds, 7 per 1,000 sixteen- to nineteen-year-olds, and 5.5 per 1,000 twenty- to twenty-four-year-olds, after which age the rates began to decline. Young males, particularly young African-American males, had a high rate of robbery victimization. Among white males, those aged sixteen to twenty-four had a victimization rate of 8.8 per 1,000. Among African-American males aged sixteen to nineteen, the victimization rate was 29.5 per 1,000. (See Table 7.9.)
Murder victims by age and weapon, 2005
Source: "Expanded Homicide Data Table 8. Murder Victims by Age, by Weapon, 2005," in Crime in the United States 2005, U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, September 2006, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/offenses/expanded_information/data/shrtable_08.html (accessed March 3, 2007)
Total 14,860 10,100 1,914 597 892 9 2 123 44 120 96 963
Under 18d 1,446 720 115 63 297 7 0 39 7 13 33 152
Infant (under 1) 182 5 4 11 103 2 0 4 5 2 13 33
1 to 4 328 32 14 32 150 1 0 15 0 4 14 66
5 to 8 75 20 9 3 16 3 0 12 1 1 0 10
9 to 12 78 33 11 3 9 1 0 5 0 4 1 11
17 to 19 1,349 1,129 118 18 24 0 0 3 1 11 3 42
20 to 24 2,834 2,269 315 43 64 0 0 11 6 11 9 106
35 to 39 1,257 861 184 60 47 0 0 9 1 11 7 77
50 to 54 708 351 148 60 60 0 0 12 4 8 2 63
65 to 69 183 92 46 18 9 0 0 2 1 2 2 11
75 and over 291 93 46 36 44 1 0 7 6 11 8 39
Rates of violent crime and personal theft, by gender, age, race, and Hispanic origin, 2005
Demographic characteristic of victim Population Victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older
All Rape/sexual assault Robbery Assault Personal theft
Total Aggravated Simple
Note: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) includes as violent crime rape, sexual assault robbery, and assault. Because the NCVS interviews persons about their victimizations, murder and manslaughter cannot be included. Racial and ethnic categories in 2005 are not comparable to categories used prior to 2003.
*Based on 10 or fewer sample cases.
Source: Shannan M. Catalano, "Table 6. Rates of Violent Crime and Personal Theft, by Gender, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 2005," in Criminal Victimization, 2005, U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2006, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cv05.pdf (accessed March 3, 2007)
Male 118,937,730 25.5 0.1* 3.8 21.5 5.6 15.9 0.8
Female 125,555,710 17.1 1.4 1.4 14.3 3.1 11.2 1.0
White 200,263,410 20.1 0.6 2.2 17.2 3.8 13.4 0.9
Black 29,477,880 27.0 1.8 4.6 20.6 7.6 13.0 1.7
Other race 12,522,090 13.9 0.5* 3.0 10.4 2.5* 7.9 0.2*
Two or more races 2,230,050 83.6 3.8* 1.8* 78.0 16.6 61.5 0.0*
Hispanic origin
Hispanic 31,812,270 25.0 1.1* 4.0 19.9 5.9 14.0 1.0*
Non-Hispanic 211,629,880 20.6 0.7 2.4 17.5 4.1 13.4 0.9
12-15 17,061,940 44.0 1.2* 3.5 39.3 8.7 30.6 1.3*
16-19 16,524,940 44.2 3.2 7.0 33.9 9.7 24.2 1.6*
20-24 20,363,570 46.9 1.1* 5.5 40.3 10.0 30.3 1.5*
25-34 39,607,310 23.6 0.7* 3.1 19.9 4.7 15.2 1.0
50-64 50,164,650 11.4 0.6* 1.4 9.3 2.4 7.0 0.6*
65 or older 35,063,310 2.4 0.0* 0.6* 1.9 0.8* 1.1 0.4*
Victimization rates for persons age 12 and over, by gender and age of victims and type of crime, 2005
Note: Detail may not add to total shown because of rounding.
*Estimate is based on about 10 or fewer sample cases.
Source: "Table 4. Personal Crimes, 2005: Victimization Rates for Persons Age 12 and Over, by Gender and Age of Victims and Type of Crime," in Criminal Victimization in the United States, 2005 Statistical Tables, U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 2006, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cvus05.pdf (accessed March 3, 2007)
12-15 8,762,340 53.1 18.1 35.0 0.0* 4.2 2.0* 2.2* 48.9 12.5 36.4 1.5*
16-19 8,400,350 54.0 23.4 30.6 0.8* 11.3 3.0* 8.3 41.8 12.5 29.3 1.9*
20-24 10,242,480 58.8 17.9 40.9 0.0* 8.1 2.3* 5.7 50.8 13.6 37.1 1.9*
25-34 19,870,640 26.4 8.4 18.0 0.1* 4.6 0.9* 3.7 21.7 5.0 16.6 1.0*
50-64 24,293,640 13.4 3.1 10.3 0.0* 2.1 1.2* 0.9* 11.3 2.8 8.5 0.4*
65 and over 14,923,220 3.5 0.5* 3.0 0.0* 0.9* 0.2* 0.7* 2.6 1.5* 1.1* 0.2*
12-15 8,299,600 34.4 11.1 23.3 2.4* 2.8* 0.7* 2.1* 29.2 4.7 24.5 1.0*
16-19 8,124,580 34.0 12.0 22.0 5.7 2.6* 0.6* 1.9* 25.7 6.8 18.9 1.3*
20-24 10,121,090 34.8 11.4 23.4 2.2* 2.9* 0.6* 2.3* 29.7 6.3 23.4 1.2*
25-34 19,736,670 20.9 6.6 14.3 1.3* 1.5* 0.5* 1.0* 18.1 4.4 13.8 1.0*
35-49 33,262,670 16.3 5.0 11.3 0.9* 1.3 0.4* 0.9* 14.0 2.6 11.4 1.4
50-64 25,871,010 9.4 2.8 6.6 1.2* 0.7* 0.2* 0.5* 7.5 2.0 5.5 0.9*
65 and over 20,140,090 1.6* 0.6* 1.1* 0.0* 0.3* 0.3* 0.0* 1.3* 0.2* 1.1* 0.5*
Percent of victimizations reported to police by type of crime and age of victims, 2005
Type of crime Percent of victimizations reported to the police, by age of victim
12-19 20-34 35-49 50-64 65 and over
Source: "Table 96. Personal Crimes, 2005: Percent of Victimizations Reported to the Police, by Type of Crime and Age of Victims," in Criminal Victimization in the United States, 2005 Statistical Tables, U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 2006, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cvus05.pdf (accessed March 3, 2007)
All personal crimes 34.5% 47.5% 58.9% 49.4% 66.1%
Completed violence 44.4 69.4 74.1 57.6 100.0*
Rape/sexual assaulta 33.1* 29.7* 62.0* 37.0* 0.0*
Completed/property taken 26.8* 66.5 85.3 85.9* 100.0*
With injury 40.3* 80.5* 100.0 86.4* 100.0*
Without injury 18.9* 63.3 74.2 85.4* 100.0*
Attempted to take property 44.5* 33.5* 39.1* 42.3* 0.0*
With injury 100.0* 43.2* 0.0* 52.9* 0.0*
Without injury 38.8* 28.5* 62.3* 30.5* 0.0*
With minor injury 44.8 64.7 71.1 51.2* 100.0*
Purse snatching/pocket picking 0.0* 32.5* 52.3* 54.2* 52.2*
Violent victimization rates for persons age 12 and over, by race and age of victims and type of crime, 2005
Note: Excludes data on persons of "other" races and persons indicating two or more races.
Source: "Table 10. Violent Crimes, 2005: Number of Victimizations and Victimization Rates for Persons Age 12 and Over, by Race, Gender, and Age of Victims and Type of Crime," in Criminal Victimization in the United States, 2005 Statistical Tables, U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 2006, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cvus05.pdf (accessed March 3, 2007)
12-15 6,702,090 335,520 50.1 19,640* 2.9* 84,170 12.6 231,710 34.6
16-19 6,525,180 355,260 54.4 57,370 8.8 84,210 12.9 206,660 31.7
20-24 8,316,230 539,540 64.9 73,490 8.8 130,630 15.7 335,420 40.3
25-34 15,903,200 393,230 24.7 46,590 2.9 64,140 4.0 282,510 17.8
50-64 20,799,270 270,610 13.0 43,410 2.1 46,960 2.3 180,240 8.7
65 and over 13,146,140 42,190 3.2 13,800* 1.0* 22,420* 1.7* 5,970* 0.5*
12-15 6,380,710 186,580 29.2 17,440* 2.7* 22,480* 3.5* 133,980 21.0
20-24 7,891,320 254,580 32.3 20,920* 2.7* 38,810 4.9 175,130 22.2
25-34 15,432,730 309,920 20.1 27,400* 1.8* 42,130 2.7 229,470 14.9
50-64 21,633,960 179,430 8.3 14,790* 0.7* 42,450 2.0 108,170 5.0
65 and over 17,537,540 30,790* 1.8* 6,230* 0.4* 4,740* 0.3* 19,820* 1.1*
12-15 1,423,280 90,900 63.9 17,080* 12.0* 21,520* 15.1* 52,300 36.7
16-19 1,279,320 95,320 74.5 37,750 29.5 20,840* 16.3* 36,730 28.7
20-24 1,199,560 54,800 45.7 9,240* 7.7* 4,900* 4.1* 40,670 33.9
25-34 2,390,860 55,750 23.3 17,610* 7.4* 26,510* 11.1* 8,930* 3.7*
35-49 3,658,110 80,430 22.0 13,030* 3.6* 30,240* 8.3* 37,160 10.2
50-64 2,334,400 39,960 17.1 3,610* 1.5* 18,220* 7.8* 18,130* 7.8*
12-15 1,320,950 72,300 54.7 6,010* 4.5* 13,750* 10.4* 45,300 34.3
16-19 1,287,460 65,370 50.8 4,890* 3.8* 22,820* 17.7* 18,380* 14.3*
25-34 2,859,550 59,080 20.7 2,670* 0.9* 31,750* 11.1* 16,410* 5.7*
35-49 4,404,500 63,950 14.5 13,160* 3.0* 7,530* 1.7* 43,260 9.8
50-64 2,874,400 44,620 15.5 3,250* 1.1* 6,020* 2.1* 20,840* 7.3*
65 and over 1,829,280 0* 0.0* 0* 0.0* 0* 0.0* 0* 0.0*
"Juvenile Crime and Victimization." Growing Up: Issues Affecting America's Youth. . Encyclopedia.com. (July 18, 2019). https://www.encyclopedia.com/children/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/juvenile-crime-and-victimization-0
"Juvenile Crime and Victimization." Growing Up: Issues Affecting America's Youth. . Retrieved July 18, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/children/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/juvenile-crime-and-victimization-0
Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society
Diane E. Hill
Victor L. Streib
C. Antoinette Clarke
In the late nineteenth century, a movement began in Europe and the United States that acknowledged the role played by social and economic conditions in setting children in conflict with the law. This resulted in the establishment of separate judicial proceedings for juveniles in many parts of the world by the beginning of the twentieth century, with uneven success and public support. Although interwoven with other human rights issues, such as a child's right to education, and to structural injustices–particularly racism and poverty, with its criminal wake of drug-dealing, prostitution, and theft–juvenile justice administration as a topic of international human rights concern did not fully emerge until the last quarter of the twentieth century.
The League of Nations' 1924 Declaration of the Rights of Children, followed by the United Nations' declaration (1959), recognized the issue of children's rights as a topic of international concern. However, neither document addressed the rights of children in conflict with the law or whether the young should be differentiated from adults in justice administration. The UN's 1955 Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners stipulated that young offenders should not be imprisoned and, if they were, that they be separated from incarcerated adults. It was not until 1980 that the UN's Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders resolved to comprehensively address the unique needs of juvenile offenders.
Following this initiative, in 1985 the UN adopted the Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice, or Beijing Rules. Recognizing the juvenile's evolving social, physical, and psychological development, the Beijing Rules sought to couple rehabilitation with judicial correction proportionate to a juvenile's personal circumstance and offence. Subsequently, the nonbinding UN Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of Their Liberty and the UN Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, or Riyadh Guidelines, were adopted by the UN in 1990. Contributing to forming international norms that applied child-centered values to juvenile delinquency and criminality, these documents prescribed that society interact with its troubled youth as valuable members and not as objects to be socialized or controlled.
However, the most significant instrument establishing juvenile justice as a topic of international concern is the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Entering into force in 1990 as the most well-received human rights treaty in history, it obligates its 191 ratifying states– only Somalia and the United States have yet to ratify–to alter their domestic legislation to comply with its provisions and regularly report their compliance to the CRC's monitoring mechanism, the Committee on the Rights of the Child. Importantly, the CRC generalized seventeen as the maximum age for juvenile status, a dividing line between children and adults that has remained the international norm.
Although some of the CRC's general provisions are relevant to children in conflict with the law, Articles 37 and 40 specifically address juvenile justice issues. Article 37 upholds the dignity owed a young offender as a human being, prohibits torture and degrading treatment or punishment, and abolishes capital punishment and life imprisonment without possibility of release for people under eighteen. Imprisonment of a child is proclaimed a measure of last resort to be applied for as little time as possible. Reflecting the 1966 International Convention on Political and Civil Rights, the young offender must be separated from incarcerated adults if detained or imprisoned.
Article 40 advocates the reintegration of the child as a constructive member of society. It echoes the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights in proclaiming a child's right to due process and presumption of innocence until proven guilty, to have access to legal assistance, and to obtain an expeditious trial. Besides requiring states to establish a minimum age below which children cannot be deemed criminally culpable, Article 40 calls for children to be handled without resort to judicial proceedings whenever possible and offered alternative correction programs which might involve counseling, probation, foster care, education, and vocational training proportionate to their circumstances and offenses.
Regional treaties also significantly contribute to the shaping of international rights norms for juvenile justice administration. The 1969 American Convention on Human Rights prohibited the death penalty for those under the age of eighteen and prescribed the separation of young offenders from adults. It also specified the right to a speedy trial before "specialized tribunals" mindful of the offender's status as a minor. In 1999, the Organization of African Unity's African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990) went into force as the first regional charter subsequent to the CRC that specifically addresses the administration of juvenile justice (Article 17) from the CRC's child's rights perspective. The 1954 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) stipulated few children's rights relevant to youth in conflict with the law, prompting the Council of Europe to adopt the comprehensive European Convention on the Exercise of Children's Rights in 2000.
Although much has been done in the last few decades to strengthen the rights of children in justice systems around the world, urgent human rights issues remain. Many countries, especially those most impoverished, lack a specific juvenile justice system or insufficiently support the existing system's infrastructure, resulting in overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, and the detention of minors with adults. Countries are challenged to fund rehabilitation programs and training programs for juvenile system personnel (who are often of a different cultural and economic background from the offenders), and coordination of relevant services of child psychologists, social workers, and lawyers is lacking. A country's wealth is not necessarily an indicator of a thriving juvenile justice system or immunity from inefficient legal processes that lead to lengthy delays and confinement of a child pending indictment or trial. In 2002, Human Rights Watch reported the lack of legal representation and systemic guarantees to fair hearings for young offenders in the United States, along with Brazil, Bulgaria, Guatemala, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Pakistan, and Russia. In detention facilities, children can face prolonged separation from their families, denial of legal assistance, and sentences that are incommensurate with the offense.
Another profound problem is physical abuse, including corporal punishment, meted out by police or staff. The Committee on the Rights of the Child has noted incidences of torture, flogging, or whipping visited upon youth offenders in Latin America, Africa, and other areas. Youth detention also occurs as a remedy for perceived social problems such as sodomy or for family problems such as unruliness. Moreover, increasing crime at the end of the twentieth century in such countries as the United States and Australia led to the establishment of mandatory sentencing rather than allowing the judge discretion to consider a juvenile offender's individual situation.
Underscoring the pressing nature of these human rights needs is a lack of domestic legislation that integrates the international norms of the CRC and other UN rules and guidelines regarding juvenile justice administration, as manifested in some formerly colonized countries that have retained colonial-era legislation. Some countries, like Vanuatu, have experienced conflicts because the application of new domestic legislation has been challenged by traditional law and custom. Tribal leaders and community chiefs, skeptical of the Western values the CRC seems to represent, expressed concern that the Convention's provisions might alienate children from their traditional values and customs and accelerate youth delinquency.
In complying with the CRC, many states assign its juvenile justice provisions low priority since the plight of young offenders attracts far less sympathy and support for scarce resources. Besides creating or strengthening juvenile justice administration, the young offender's right to education is generally neglected by states in contrast to their willingness to expand education for other children. The lack of sympathy this reveals is often exacerbated by the mass media's proclivity to link types of crime with young offenders in the public's imagination, and to frequently distort the pervasiveness of juvenile delinquency in society. The Riyadh Guidelines specifically urge the media to "portray the positive contribution of young persons to society" since it has a substantial influence on the public will for either punitive or rehabilitative change in the juvenile justice system.
Global diplomacy is also affected by differences between national juvenile justice systems. Extradition treaties between countries must account for different views concerning the death penalty. This is especially true in relations with the United States, since it is one of the few countries that permits this sentence for those who commit capital crimes before age eighteen. Contravening the emerging international norm, twenty-three states within the United States still allow the death penalty for convicted youth under eighteen or life imprisonment without possibility of parole. Since 1985, only Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, the United States, and Yemen have executed offenders younger than eighteen. Other international difficulties emerge with detained children who are in conflict with immigration laws in Australia, the United States, and Germany, among others. Abuses against certain minorities also bridge national borders, as illustrated by the Roma's plight in Italy, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic. An effective and integrated approach to address global increases in cross-border youth prostitution and drug-dealing is a continuing topic of international concern for juvenile justice administration.
See also: Abduction in Modern Africa; Child Labor in Developing Countries; Child Labor in the West; Child Pornography; Child Prostitution; Soldier Children: Global Human Rights Issues.
Feld, Barry C., ed. 1999. Readings in Juvenile Justice Administration. New York: Oxford University Press.
Shoemaker, Donald, ed. 1996. International Handbook on Juvenile Justice. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
United Nations. 1985. Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules). G.A. Res. 40/33, 40U.N. GAOR Supp. No. 53 at 207, U.N. Doc. A/40/53.
United Nations. 1989. Convention on the Rights of the Child. G.A. Res. 44/25, U.N. GAOR, 44th Sess., Supp. No. 49, U.N. Doc. A/44/49.
United Nations. 1990. Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (The Riyadh Guidelines). G.A. res. 45/112, annex, 45 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49A) at 201, U.N. Doc. A/45/49.
United Nations. 1990. Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty. G.A. res. 45/113, annex, 45 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49A) at 205, U.N. Doc. A/45/49.
United Nations. 2002. Report of the Committee on the Rights of the Child. U.N. GAOR, 57th Sess., Supp. No. 41, U.N. Doc. A/57/41.
Annan, Kofi. A. 2003. "We the Children: Meeting the Promises of the World Summit for Children." Available from <www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sg-report.htm>.
Cothern, Lynn. 2002. "Juveniles and the Death Penalty." Available from <www.ncjrs.org/html/ojjdp/coordcouncil/index.html>.
Defence for Children International. 2003. Available from <http://defence-for-children.org/>.
Human Rights Watch. 2003. "Juvenile Justice." Available from <www.hrw.org/children/justice.htm>.
Human Rights Watch. 2003. "World Report 2003." Available from <www.hrw.org/wr2k3/>.
United Nations. 1989. Convention on the Rights of the Child, U.N. Doc. A/44/49. Available from <www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/6/crc/treaties/crc.htm>.
United Nations. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Committee on the Rights of the Child. 2003. Available from <www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/6/crc/>.
The American judicial system operates on the premise that "children have a very special place in life which law should reflect" (May v. Anderson, 1953). A prime example of this "special place" for children who are offenders is the U.S. juvenile justice system, with responsibility for protecting the general public from juvenile offenses while observing an intricate network of legal rights and procedures for those caught up in the system.
Major Eras of Juvenile Justice
Social welfare. The social welfare era (pre-1899) of American juvenile justice had its roots in centuries-old English common law. Derived from the royal prerogative, the early common law gave the English Crown the right and responsibility to protect persons deemed legally incapable of caring for themselves. Protection of children, however, was normally confined to families of the landed aristocracy, with an eye toward securing financial reward for the Crown itself. After the American Revolution, the states assumed for themselves the authority held by the Crown, but they extended protection beyond the landed gentry.
Throughout most of the United States' early history, children were viewed as legal incompetents in family and financial matters until they reached the age of majority (age twenty-one for most of U.S. history). The law remained generally unconcerned with affairs within the family and recognized almost absolute parental authority over children. Supported by religious and educational views that emphasized corporal punishment, parents and educators were free to use whatever means they deemed appropriate to break or to beat down disobedient children. Courts rarely interfered with parental and school disciplinary practices. This "handsoff" approach to problematic behavior by children generally characterized governmental approaches until the early and middle decades of the 1800s.
In nineteenth-century America, the Industrial Revolution forced people to live in close proximity to each other and to confront the social challenges that came with the urban lifestyle. The changes that were taking place were especially significant with respect to children, and states quickly recognized the need to deal with children who were considered incorrigible or who posed a problem to their families or to the community.
In direct response to these concerns, the state of New York and later the city of Philadelphia established Houses of Refuge. These privately funded houses were designed to provide custody for children who had committed criminal offenses or who were found to be runaways or vagrants. These institutions were essentially established to save children from a life of crime and the consequences of incarceration with adults. By the end of the nineteenth century, concern for these children became widespread and similar institutions to house all wayward children were created in a number of major cities. This concern served as a basis for the creation of juvenile courts, through which states could intervene officially on behalf of children who had committed criminal acts.
Socialized juvenile justice. The socialized juvenile justice era (1899–1966) began with the advent of the juvenilecourt, a product of the social and political movements from the 1890s through the early 1900s. These movements have been characterized alternatively as Progressive child-welfare movements reaching out to rescue children from the harsh criminal justice system or as mechanisms to impose middle-class values upon poor and powerless children. Whatever the motives for its creation, the juvenile court idea took root and spread throughout the country. By 1912, about half of the states had juvenile courts, and by the end of the twentieth century juvenile courts existed in every state.
Until 1966, the juvenile justice system operated under a concept of law and justice fundamentally different from other American judicial systems. Instead of reacting to violations of law or providing a forum for resolution of legal disputes, the socialized juvenile justice system attempted to intervene before serious violations of law occurred. This approach involved predicting the future behavior of a child rather than deliberating over evidence of a child's past criminal acts. It was designed to offer approximately the same care, custody, and discipline that a loving parent would offer to a child. Acting in the capacity of a foster parent, the state assumed the nearly unchallengeable authority of a parent over a child.
All of the basic functions were performed in the socialized juvenile justice system that are performed in the current system, albeit in a much more informal and perfunctory manner. The socialized system simply left presentation of the child's side of the case to the same police officer or probation officer responsible for presentation of the state's side of the case.
Defendants' rights. The defendants' rights era (1966–1990) began when the Supreme Court examined the socialized era and expressed a "concern that the child receives the worst of both worlds: that he gets neither the protections accorded to adults nor the solicitous care and regenerative treatment postulated for children" (Kent v. United States, 1966). In 1967 the Supreme Court imposed the requirements of constitutional due process upon the juvenile court's adjudication hearing in In re Gault, including the right to defense counsel for the juvenile, the right to notice of the charges and hearings, the right to confront and cross-examine opposing witnesses, and the right to remain silent and not to testify against oneself.
These basic procedural rights were bolstered in 1970 when the Supreme Court decided that delinquency cases must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt by the state, the same level of proof required in adult criminal cases (In re Winship, 1970). Since the general rules of evidence from criminal court also are followed in juvenile court, these juvenile adjudication hearings became almost indistinguishable from criminal trials, except that the Constitution does not require that juvenile cases be decided by juries (McKeiver v. Pennsylvania, 1971).
These procedural requirements had a profound effect upon the juvenile court process. Assurance of representation by a defense attorney meant that the hearings were converted from informal conferences into adversarial contests, often quite similar to criminal trials. Proof requirements increased the focus upon the elements of each offense charged and decreased the emphasis upon the individual child.
Retribution and responsibility. The juvenile justice system entered a retribution and responsibility era in 1990. The defendant's rights of juvenile offenders remained generally intact, but in the early 1990s American society became much more focused on juveniles being held responsible and suffering retribution for their offenses. This meant that more cases were transferred from juvenile to criminal court and the discretion given to prosecutors to file juvenile cases directly in adult criminal court was increased. This was a complete reversal of the original impetus for the creation of the juvenile justice system in the early 1900s, which was to remove children from the punitive criminal justice system in order to provide them with treatment and rehabilitation.
A relatively new type of statute, known as blended sentencing or extended juvenile jurisdiction, is also becoming more popular as an effort to merge critical functions of the juvenile justice system and the adult criminal system. Blended sentencing allows the adult criminal judge or the juvenile judge to impose both a juvenile sentence and, subsequently, an adult sentence for those juvenile offenders who should be incarcerated beyond the age of majority. This type of legislation is seen as a way to detain juveniles who may be too young for imprisonment in adult jails at the time of the offense but who should not be released in just a few years. Typically, the adult sentence is stayed pending good behavior while serving the juvenile sentence. However, for particularly heinous crimes, such as murder or rape, the sentence becomes effective immediately after the juvenile reaches that state's age of majority. Variations of blended sentencing statutes range from the juvenile receiving either an adult sentence or a juvenile sentence to the juvenile receiving one combined sentence consisting of both juvenile and adult incarceration. A contiguous blended sentence allows the juvenile court to impose a juvenile sanction that may remain in force beyond the age of the court's extended jurisdiction.
In other modern legal systems, the youthfulness of juvenile offenders typically is an explicit factor in both the processes pursued and the sentences imposed, but few other countries have officially separate juvenile courts as found in the United States. Generally, the offenses and special needs of children are handled much more informally elsewhere, and American sanctions imposed on juvenile offenders are much more severe than almost anywhere else in the world.
Juvenile Offenses and Correctional Alternatives
The concept of children as offenders encompasses the instances in which persons under the juvenile court age limit (usually age eighteen) commit acts that harm or threaten to harm the persons and/or property of others or, in some cases, of themselves. Most of these acts would be crimes, but they are not treated as such because the actors are children.
Traffic offenses were originally treated no differently from other juvenile offenses. However this practice has come under considerable criticism, and the trend is to relegate less-serious traffic offenses to traffic court. The teenage driver is treated just as an adult driver would be, except that the teenager may have more restrictions placed on their driver's license and they may lose their driving privileges more easily than would an adult driver. More serious traffic offenses, such as reckless homicide, tend to remain in juvenile court and are processed as regular delinquency cases. Some jurisdictions allow the trial proceedings to be held in either the juvenile court or the traffic court, but the Supreme Court has made it clear that trials in both courts for the same offense would be unconstitutional (Breed v. Jones, 1975).
Status offenses cover a range of noncriminal behaviors by children and may account for up to one-half of the total work load of juvenile courts. Status offenses are comparatively vague, all-encompassing behaviors, such as habitual truancy, that could easily be interpreted to include the behavior, at some time, of every child. As a result, juvenile courts have essentially unchecked power to find almost any child guilty of a status offense. Juvenile courts also have the power to order almost the same punishment for status offenders as for delinquents, ranging from probation while continuing to live at home to placement in a secure institution far from home. Thus, status-offender jurisdiction remains broad and sweeping as compared to the comparatively narrow delinquency jurisdiction.
An act of delinquency is defined generally as a violation of a state or local criminal law, an act that would be a crime if committed by an adult. Some states have limited this broad definition of delinquency by excluding the most serious and/or the most minor criminal offenses. Such jurisdictions will exclude, for example, any criminal offense punishable by death or life imprisonment. At the other end of the scale, some jurisdictions exclude such minor crimes as traffic offenses and fish and game law violations. Some acts of delinquency are law violations that apply only to children. Violations of curfew laws by minors is the most common example, but others include possession of air guns or drinking alcohol. Correctional alternatives for delinquents range from community probation to institutionalization for several years.
The most serious criminal offenses, such as murder, rape, and robbery, typically result in the teenager being prosecuted in adult criminal court, either after having been transferred from juvenile court or having been filed directly in criminal court from the beginning. In most jurisdictions, juvenile offenders convicted of such serious criminal offenses can and do receive the harshest adult sentences, including life in prison and even the death penalty. These most severe American sentences are nearly unmatched by other modern societies. Prison sentences in the United States generally are much longer than would be found for the same offenses elsewhere, and most other nations have eliminated the use of the death penalty for juvenile offenders. By the early twenty-first century, only the United States, especially in the state of Texas, continued to execute offenders for crimes committed as juveniles.
Juvenile Justice Process
When children within the age limits of juvenile court jurisdiction commit acts of delinquency or status offenses, the juvenile justice system usually has the authority to process them accordingly. It is not unusual for juveniles and their parents to voluntarily contact the police juvenile officer or the juvenile probation officer without an arrest or a request to appear. Most often the family is referred to other social service agencies for the assistance they request, but in some cases official court action is deemed appropriate.
The arrest of a child is not significantly different from the arrest of an adult. Considerable physical force can be used to effect the arrest, up to and including deadly force if absolutely necessary, although this is rare. Along with the arrest, there is a wide variety of police investigative activities necessary to gather evidence for use in the case being prepared against the juvenile. This may involve, for example, search of the child's person, home, car, or school locker. The police must give the required warnings prior to custodial questioning, which include the right to remain silent and the right to have an attorney present during questioning–though there is some ambiguity in the law on this point (Fare v. Michael C., 1979). Some states prohibit questioning of children if their parents are not present, while other states require that the child first consult with an attorney before being allowed to make any statement.
If there are no parents to take the child, if the child's parents refuse to take the child, or if the situation is so serious that release seems inappropriate, the child may be detained pending further proceedings. The decision to do this is first made on the spot by a juvenile probation officer, but soon thereafter a detention hearing is held before a juvenile court judge. The policy of denying pretrial release to juveniles to prevent interim offenses was approved as constitutionally acceptable by the Supreme Court in 1984 (Schall v. Martin ).
The next step is the intake hearing, which is the first stage of the juvenile court process. Here potential cases are screened for appropriateness for further, more formal action. Typically, the juvenile probation officer meets with the child and parents to discuss the police charges. The child is asked to give his or her side of the story, and everyone tries to determine whether or not formal court action will be necessary to resolve the matter.
If the case is not diverted at the intake hearing, the probation officer initiates a formal juvenile court petition under the authority of the juvenile court judge, establishing a formal prosecution of the juvenile in a court of law. The juvenile petition alleges that the child violated certain specific laws on a certain date in a certain place in a certain manner. Status-offender petitions are somewhat less specific but also allege the violation that is the basis of the case, and very serious juvenile offenses might be filed in directly adult criminal court.
In juvenile court a trial is referred to as an adjudication hearing, although it is quite similar in procedure to the criminal court trial. The prosecuting attorney presents the evidence for the state tending to prove that the juvenile committed the offenses alleged in the petition, and the defense attorney counters with evidence tending to cast doubt on that evidence. In almost all states the adjudication hearing is presented to the juvenile court judge alone, who returns the verdict and decides upon the proper sentence or disposition. Juvenile hearings are almost always closed to the public and press.
If the child has been adjudicated to be a delinquent or a status offender, then the juvenile justice process moves into the sentencing, or dispositional, stage. During the period between the adjudication hearing and the disposition hearing, the probation officers prepare a social history or presentence report. In addition to the probation officer's social history report and disposition recommendation, the juvenile court considers evidence and disposition recommendations presented by the juvenile's attorney, the parents, and anyone else knowledgeable about the child.
The dispositional alternatives available to the juvenile court judge in delinquency and status-offender cases are various forms of probation and institutionalization. Generally, younger juveniles with minimal previous offenses who have not committed very serious offenses tend to be placed on probation, while institutions are reserved for older juveniles with past records and those who have committed more serious offenses. The juvenile offender's record is kept confidential; and it may even be sealed and ultimately expunged from all official records, as if the offense never happened.
See also: Children's Rights; Law, Children and the; Police, Children and the.
Feld, Barry C. 2000. Cases and Materials on Juvenile Justice Administration. St. Paul, MN: West.
Feld, Barry C. 2003. Juvenile Justice Administration in a Nutshell. St. Paul, MN: West.
Fox, Sanford J. 1970. "Juvenile Justice Reform: An Historical Perspective," Stanford Law Review, 22: 1187–1239.
Mack, Julian W. 1909. "The Juvenile Court." Harvard Law Review 23: 104–122.
"Juvenile Justice." Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Juvenile Justice." Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society. . Encyclopedia.com. (July 18, 2019). https://www.encyclopedia.com/children/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/juvenile-justice
"Juvenile Justice." Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society. . Retrieved July 18, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/children/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/juvenile-justice
The first official juvenile court was established in Cook County, Illinois, in 1899. By 1920, juvenile courts existed in almost every major city in the United States. Juvenile courts provided separate proceedings and facilities for criminal, neglected, and dependent youths under eighteen, and focused on prevention, diagnosis, and rehabilitation. The court originated as part of a larger movement in the nineteenth century to segregate children from the adult criminal system. Urban reformers had worried that the poor living conditions in many American industrial cities were causing deviant behavior. They advocated separate institutions and organizations that would remove troubled youths from bad environments and train them to become productive citizens. By the late nineteenth century, however, many Progressive reformers were critical of these earlier methods. Encouraged by new psychological and sociological studies, reformers promoted earlier intervention in children's lives. Through the juvenile court, reformers believed court authorities could alter bad behavior by taking into account each child's individual experiences. Since its inception, the juvenile court has served as both a humanitarian enterprise and a tool for social control.
Broadly conceived, juvenile courts intervened in the lives of children and their families. Courts adopted the medieval English doctrine of parens patriae, in which the state acted as parent in cases when the child's welfare was threatened. Judges conducted cases informally, as civil rather than criminal proceedings, and had a great deal of discretion to act in the child's best interests. Typically, judges appointed probation officers to investigate the child's family, living conditions, and health, and to determine if the child needed to appear in court or to be referred to social services. Children awaiting hearings often were placed in detention centers. There, the child would be segregated according to his age, sex, and medical condition, and evaluated. When the case came to court, the judge could use all the information gathered up to that point, as well as his own informal interactions with the child and the parents, to render his decision. Usually, judges ruled in favor of probation. However, if a case was serious and the judge could find no other recourse, the child could be committed to a state reformatory.
Although many people heralded the juvenile court as a humanitarian achievement, others were more critical. Early critics complained that juvenile courts did not adequately implement their intended procedures and programs. Courts often were overwhelmed with their caseloads, and were unable to provide sufficient attention to the children in their custody. In many instances, courts relied on overworked volunteers as probation officers, and continued to use jails and punitive measures rather than rehabilitative treatments.
Others criticized juvenile courts for wielding too much power over children and parents. Children were labeled delinquent not only for criminal offenses, but also for statutory offenses and for being dependents. Juvenile courts had no juries, no rules of evidence or of witnesses, and no due process. Judges also discouraged defendants from seeking attorneys. This meant judges commanded a disproportionate amount of discretion. Meanwhile, as numerous juvenile court scholars have noted, courts interfered with the authority of parents, and were frequently the location of class and cultural conflicts between court officials and families. Although in many instances parents used juvenile courts to assert their own authority over their children, some scholars have suggested that the Progressive juvenile court served as a mechanism of social control over both parents and children, and over the lower classes, minorities, and immigrants.
The 1960s brought about the most significant changes to the juvenile court since the beginning of the century. Civil libertarians argued that juvenile courts often discriminated against youths according to class, race, and ethnicity through discretionary rulings and institutional commitments. Moreover, they contended that youths faced punitive incarceration similar to adult offenders without the same constitutional rights in the courtroom. Within a ten-year period, the Supreme Court handed down five major decisions–most famous of these was In re Gault (1967)–which, together, restructured the juvenile court. These rulings provided greater due process and formalized proceedings, and narrowed judicial discretion. At the same time, many states legislated the removal of status offenders from the courts, mandated attorney involvement, modeled juvenile court proceedings after criminal courts, and placed more juvenile offenders in noninstitutional facilities. Ironically, since the late 1970s, as juvenile courts became more oriented towards children's rights, their proceedings also became more criminalized. Americans increasingly expressed greater concern about youth violence, and juvenile courts responded with tougher procedures and by trying more adolescents as adults.
The 1899 Chicago juvenile court has been influential internationally. Many industrialized and some developing countries have used the American juvenile court model as the basis for their own courts, incorporating judicial discretion and a social welfare approach. While each country's juvenile court is unique to that nation's culture, they all struggle with many of the same dilemmas regarding children's rights, racial and ethnic discrepancies, and rehabilitative versus punitive methods of controlling delinquency.
See also: Delinquency; Juvenile Justice.
Platt, Anthony M. 1969. The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Rosenheim, Margaret K., et al., eds. 2002. A Century of Juvenile Justice. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Ryerson, Ellen. 1978. The Best-Laid Plans: America's Juvenile Court Experiment. New York: Hill and Wang.
Schlossman, Steven L. 1977. Love and the American Delinquent: The Theory and Practice of "Progressive" Juvenile Justice, 1825–1920. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Schneider, Eric C. 1992. In the Web of Class: Delinquents and Reformers in Boston, 1810s–1930s. New York: New York University Press.
Laura Mihailoff
"Juvenile Court." Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Juvenile Court." Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society. . Encyclopedia.com. (July 18, 2019). https://www.encyclopedia.com/children/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/juvenile-court
"Juvenile Court." Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society. . Retrieved July 18, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/children/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/juvenile-court
ju·ve·nile court • n. a court of law responsible for the trial or legal supervision of children under a specified age (18 in most countries).
"juvenile court." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"juvenile court." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. . Encyclopedia.com. (July 18, 2019). https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/juvenile-court
"juvenile court." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. . Retrieved July 18, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/juvenile-court
Information Plus(R) Reference Series Spring 2005
For some young people, growing up can be troubling. While their peers are playing football, going to proms, and making plans for adulthood, a certain percentage of juveniles, for whatever reason, have brushes with the law. Each state has its own definition of the term juvenile: most states put the upper age limit at seventeen years old, although some states set it as low as fourteen. In reporting national crime statistics, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) considers people under eighteen to be juveniles. The FBI often breaks its juvenile crime statistics down into age-based subcategories, such as sixteen or older and fifteen or younger, to demonstrate how juvenile offenses vary with age.
According to Howard N. Snyder's "Juvenile Arrests 2001" (Juvenile Justice Bulletin, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, December 2003), in 2001 there were an estimated 2.3 million arrests of people under age eighteen. (See Table 8.1.) Juveniles made up 17% of all arrests and 15% of violent crime arrests. Property crimes—burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson—accounted for 21.6% of juvenile arrests; drug or liquor law violations accounted for 15%; violent crimes accounted for 4.2% of arrests; and the rest were for a wide variety of offenses including fraud, vandalism, prostitution, offenses against family and children, and vagrancy.
Beginning in the late 1980s and peaking in 1994, there was considerable growth in the number of arrests of juveniles for violent crimes. (See Figure 8.1.) After 1994 the number began to decline, falling 44% between 1994 and 2001. The 2001 juvenile violent crime arrest rate was the lowest it had been since 1983. The juvenile arrest rate for murder fell 70% between its peak in 1993 and 2001.
In 2000 juvenile arrests for property crimes were at the lowest level in more than two decades. (See Figure 8.2.) Among property crimes committed by juveniles, larceny-theft (which includes things like shoplifting, theft from motor vehicles, and bicycle theft) was the most common offense.
Arrests by Gender
Among youths under the age of nineteen, far more males than females are arrested for most types of juvenile crimes. In 2001 28% of all juvenile arrests involved females. (See Table 8.1.) Detailed arrest data available for 2002 show that 150,845 males and 98,016 females under eighteen years old were arrested for larceny-theft; 26,958 males and 5,586 females under eighteen were arrested for motor vehicle theft; 54,915 males and 6,928 females under eighteen were arrested for burglary; and 15,858 males and 2,961 females under eighteen were arrested for receiving, buying, or possessing stolen property. (See Table 8.2 and Table 8.3.) However, more females than males were arrested for running away (54,010 females versus 36,339 males), prostitution, and commercialized vice (729 females versus 366 males).
Girls ages thirteen to fifteen were involved in approximately one-third (33.1%) of all arrests of juveniles in that age group in 2002, and 26% of all arrests of juveniles ages sixteen to seventeen were girls. (See Table 8.2 and Table 8.3.) Between 1980 and 2001 the rate of arrests of juvenile females increased more than the rate for males, particularly for violent crimes. (See Figure 8.3.) The change in arrest rates between 1980 and 2001 for aggravated assault (113% versus 22%), simple assault (257% versus 109%), and weapons law violations (140% versus 16%) were all much higher for females than males.
Arrests by Race/Ethnicity
Table 8.4 shows arrest trends from 1980 to 2001 by offense and race. Asian and Pacific Islander juveniles had the lowest arrest rates in all offense categories. African-American youths accounted for a disproportionate share of juvenile arrests.
Number of juveniles arrested, by gender, age group, and type of offense, 2001
2001 estimated number of juvenile arrests Percent of total juvenile arrests Percent change
Most serious offense Female Under age 15 1992–2001 1997–2001 2000–2001
In 2001, there were an estimated 1,400 juvenile arrests for murder. Between 1997 and 2001, juvenile arrests for murder fell 47%.
Females accounted for 23% of juvenile arrests for aggravated assault and 32% of juvenile arrests for other assaults (i.e., simple assaults and intimidations) in 2001. Females were involved in 59% of all arrests for running away from home and 31% of arrests for curfew and loitering law violations.
Between 1992 and 2001, there were substantial declines in juvenile arrests for murder (62%), motor vehicle theft (51%), and burglary (40%) and major increases in juvenile arrests for drug abuse violations (121%).
Note: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.
source: Howard N. Snyder, " The number of juvenile arrests in 2001—2.3 million—was 4% below the 2000 level and 20% below the 1997 level," in "Juvenile Arrests 2001," Juvenile Justice Bulletin, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, December 2003, http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/ojjdp/201370.pdf (accessed September 16, 2004)
Total 2,273,500 28% 32% −3% −20% −4%
Crime Index total 587,900 29 37 −31 −28 −5
Violent Crime Index 96,500 18 33 −21 −21 −2
Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter 1,400 10 12 −62 −47 −2
Forcible rape 4,600 1 38 −24 −14 −1
Robbery 25,600 9 24 −32 −35 −4
Aggravated assault 64,900 23 37 −14 −13 −1
Property Crime Index 491,400 31 38 −32 −29 −6
Burglary 90,300 12 38 −40 −30 −6
Larceny-theft 343,600 39 39 −27 −30 −6
Motor vehicle theft 48,200 17 25 −51 −26 −2
Arson 9,300 12 64 −7 −9 8
Nonindex
Other assaults 239,000 32 43 30 −2 2
Forgery and counterfeiting 5,800 36 11 −27 −26 −8
Fraud 8,900 33 16 −5 −18 −9
Embezzlement 1,800 44 7 152 24 −10
Stolen property (buying, receiving, possessing) 26,800 17 27 −45 −37 −6
Vandalism 105,300 13 44 −29 −22 −7
Weapons (carrying, possessing, etc.) 37,500 11 34 −35 −26 0
Prostitution and commercialized vice 1,400 69 15 −8 −5 15
Sex offense (except forcible rape and prostitution) 18,000 8 54 −10 6 1
Drug abuse violations 202,500 15 17 121 −7 0
Gambling 1,400 3 13 −53 −47 −17
Offenses against the family and children 9,600 37 37 109 −11 6
Driving under the influence 20,300 18 5 35 5 −3
Liquor law violations 138,100 32 10 21 −9 −11
Drunkenness 20,400 21 13 4 −21 −10
Disorderly conduct 171,700 30 40 34 −21 1
Vagrancy 2,300 19 25 −37 −24 −10
All other offenses (except traffic) 397,200 26 28 27 −13 −3
Suspicion 1,300 36 33 −53 −42 9
Curfew and loitering 142,900 31 28 34 −29 −13
Runaways 133,300 59 38 −25 −30 −6
DELINQUENCY COURT CASES
For statistical purposes, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) divides juvenile crimes into two general categories: delinquency offenses (acts that are illegal regardless of the age of the perpetrator) and status offenses (acts that are illegal only for minors, such as truancy, running away, curfew violations, ungovernability, and underage drinking).
Since the 1980s the justice system has implemented a variety of "tough-on-crime" policies, from which juvenile offenders are not exempt. When a juvenile is arrested and charged with a violation of criminal law, he or she becomes a delinquency case. When counting delinquency cases, one case can include more than one charge. For example, a youth brought in one time but on three different robbery charges is counted as one case. According to the OJJDP, juvenile courts handled an estimated 1.7 million delinquency cases in 1998 (the most recent year for which these statistics are available), a 44% increase over the 1989 caseload. In the same time period property offenses increased 11%, offenses against persons increased 88%, public order offenses increased 73%, and drug law violations increased 148%. Between 1994 and 1998 significant decreases occurred in several areas, including aggravated assault (22%), criminal homicide (36%), robbery (23%), and motor vehicle theft (28%).
Delinquency and Detention
Juvenile courts hear delinquency cases referred to them from law enforcement agencies, social service agencies,
schools, parents, probation officers, and victims. In 1997 (the most recent year of data available), law enforcement agencies accounted for 85% of all referrals.
One of the first decisions made in processing a delinquency case is whether the juvenile should be held in a detention facility between referral to the court and case disposition (the time a decision is reached). Detention may be necessary to protect the community from the juvenile, to ensure the juvenile's safety, to have the juvenile evaluated, or to ensure future court appearances. Between 1985 and 2000 the number of delinquency cases involving detention increased 41% (up by 95,200 cases). (See Figure 8.4.) Youths were held in detention facilities at some point between referral and disposition in 20% of all delinquency cases in 2000. In 2000 cases involving property were the least likely to result in detention (16%), while those involving crimes against a person were most likely to result in detention (24%). In the same year African-American youths (25%) were more likely than white youths (18%) to be held in detention.
Delinquency Case Processing
There is no national uniform procedure for processing juvenile delinquency cases, but cases generally follow similar paths. They are first screened by an intake department—the court, a state department of social services, or a prosecutor's office. A case may be handled either formally or informally.
When a case is to be handled formally, a petition must first be filed with the court (the offender is officially
charged with the offense). The court is asked for either an adjudicatory hearing (where a judge alone rules on the case) or waiver hearing (the juvenile court judge is asked to decide if the case should be waived to a criminal court where the youth will be tried as an adult).
A case is handled informally if the intake officer decides it will be resolved either by dismissing it for lack of evidence, referring it to a social services agency, imposing a fine or some form of restitution, or through informal probation.
Between 1985 and 2000 the number of delinquency cases that were handled formally increased 81%, although the delinquency caseload rose only 43%. In 2000 there were 36% more formal than informal delinquency cases. (See Figure 8.5.)
adjudication and disposition. If a youth is adjudicated delinquent, the juvenile court judge then makes a dispositional decision (imposes a sentence) that could include commitment to a residential facility, probation, referral to another agency or treatment program, fines, restitution, or community service. In 2000 formal probation was the most common outcome, ordered in 63% of adjudicated cases, an increase of 108% since 1985. (See Figure 8.6.) Almost one in four delinquents (24%) were sent to residential facilities, a 49% increase since 1985. Another 11% received other dispositions (sentences), including fines and restitution such as community service or enrollment in a nonresidential treatment or counseling program.
Female arrests for ages 21 and under, by age, 2002
(10,372 agencies; 2002 estimated population 205,122,185)
Offense charged Total all ages Ages under 15 Ages under 18 Ages 18 and over Under 10 10–12 13–14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1Because of rounding, the percentages may not add to 100.0.
2Violent crimes are offenses of murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.
3Property crimes are offenses of burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
4Includes arson.
source: Adapted from "Table 40. Arrests, Females, by Age, 2002," in Crime in the United States, 2002, U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of investigation, 2003, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_02/pdf/4sectionfour.pdf (accessed September 16, 2004)
Total 2,260,066 160,919 469,999 1,790,067 3,747 32,255 124,917 98,894 108,824 101,362 100,865 104,101 97,688 83,776
Percent distribution1 100.0 7.1 20.8 79.2 0.2 1.4 5.5 4.4 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.3 3.7
Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter 1,092 17 101 991 0 4 13 18 27 39 39 44 56 54
Forcible rape 278 56 109 169 6 15 35 18 19 16 10 9 13 10
Robbery 7,973 480 1,583 6,390 8 68 404 334 363 406 479 454 405 402
Aggravated assault 68,532 3,960 10,461 58,071 87 848 3,025 2,083 2,301 2,117 2,186 2,347 2,505 2,567
Burglary 27,330 2,856 6,928 20,402 121 732 2,003 1,380 1,308 1,384 1,570 1,464 1,189 1,057
Larceny-theft 312,735 37,151 98,016 214,719 865 9,041 27,245 19,186 21,348 20,331 18,101 14,984 12,539 10,735
Motor vehicle theft 17,724 1,768 5,586 12,138 4 173 1,591 1,482 1,323 1,013 993 904 785 716
Arson 1,802 427 666 1,136 35 143 249 108 75 56 41 44 40 39
Violent crime2 77,875 4,513 12,254 65,621 101 935 3,477 2,453 2,710 2,578 2,714 2,854 2,979 3,033
Property crime3 359,591 42,202 111,196 248,395 1,025 10,089 31,088 22,156 24,054 22,784 20,705 17,396 14,553 12,547
Percent distribution1 100.0 11.7 30.9 69.1 0.3 2.8 8.6 6.2 6.7 6.3 5.8 4.8 4.0 3.5
Crime Index4 437,466 46,715 123,450 314,016 1,126 11,024 34,565 24,609 26,764 25,362 23,419 20,250 17,532 15,580
Other assaults 220,114 22,873 54,250 165,864 454 5,512 16,907 10,980 10,961 9,436 7,987 7,988 7,973 7,929
Forgery and counterfeiting 33,323 156 1,303 32,020 14 34 108 154 337 656 1,248 1,563 1,694 1,642
Fraud 105,191 401 2,111 103,080 44 70 287 294 530 886 2,289 3,610 4,183 4,144
Embezzlement 6,676 28 415 6,261 0 10 18 20 127 240 435 453 406 354
Stolen property; buying, receiving, possessing 16,322 953 2,961 13,361 20 169 764 563 698 747 883 903 857 748
Vandalism 32,976 4,635 10,291 22,685 271 1,322 3,042 1,805 1,942 1,909 1,707 1,568 1,308 1,332
Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc. 9,553 1,167 2,786 6,767 23 290 854 608 547 464 406 411 353 365
Prostitution and commercialized vice 38,631 94 729 37,902 0 6 88 127 180 328 1,261 1,353 1,275 1,297
Sex offenses (except forcible rape and prostitution) 5,599 661 1,276 4,323 46 166 449 257 202 156 247 253 211 237
Drug abuse violations 199,361 4,837 21,500 177,861 48 639 4,150 4,075 5,584 7,004 9,806 10,148 9,728 8,435
Gambling 776 8 33 743 0 5 3 6 7 12 17 35 25 17
Offenses against the family and children 23,960 996 2,576 21,384 136 234 626 571 528 481 537 624 711 859
Driving under the influence 177,607 116 2,944 174,663 20 6 90 141 786 1,901 4,219 5,577 6,009 8,557
Liquor laws 114,980 4,920 35,765 79,215 40 383 4,497 6,463 10,351 14,031 20,121 20,339 15,757 2,243
Drunkenness 57,835 629 2,922 54,913 13 47 569 555 682 1,056 1,772 1,808 1,721 2,111
Disorderly conduct 118,132 18,075 41,875 76,257 247 3,998 13,830 9,055 8,200 6,545 5,112 4,612 4,407 4,334
Vagrancy 3,520 116 357 3,163 1 14 101 79 65 97 106 96 101 117
All other offenses (except traffic) 570,186 23,267 75,828 494,358 675 3,942 18,650 16,555 18,219 17,787 19,233 22,450 23,384 23,42
Suspicion 1,567 77 336 1,231 1 12 64 66 78 115 60 60 53 48
Curfew and loitering law violations 32,281 10,071 32,281 — 131 1,638 8,302 7,857 8,690 5,663 — — —
Runaways 54,010 20,124 54,010 — 437 2,734 16,953 14,054 13,346 6,486 — — — —
Male arrests for ages 21 and under, by age, 2002
source: Adapted from "Table 39. Arrests, Males, by Age, 2002," in Crime in the United States, 2002, U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2003, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/clus_02/pdf/4sectionfour.pdf (accessed September 16, 2004)
Total 7,559,435 349,307 1,154,193 6,405,242 16,157 87,842 245,308 207,784 273,085 324,017 377,971 398,150 374,598 342,014
Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter 9,015 84 872 8,143 0 13 71 122 247 419 529 632 642 604
Forcible rape 19,884 1,187 3,252 16,632 36 321 830 544 653 868 1,018 1,020 893 891
Robbery 69,369 3,843 16,310 53,059 77 721 3,045 3,074 4,169 5,224 5,749 5,163 4,266 3,785
Aggravated assault 270,905 11,886 33,820 237,085 612 3,502 7,772 5,865 7,421 8,648 9,866 10,439 10,513 11,158
Burglary 178,806 19,533 54,915 123,891 1,032 5,072 13,429 10,135 12,041 13,206 14,050 11,679 9,091 7,799
Larceny-theft 532,274 57,939 150,845 381,429 2,673 16,758 38,508 27,131 31,975 33,800 33,423 28,437 22,323 18,870
Motor vehicle theft 89,463 6,459 26,958 62,505 61 833 5,565 6,216 7,208 7,075 6,773 5,859 4,765 4,079
Arson 10,031 3,301 5,185 4,846 517 1,207 1,577 747 596 541 453 391 288 235
Violent crime2 369,173 17,000 54,254 314,919 725 4,557 11,718 9,605 12,490 15,159 17,162 17,254 16,314 16,438
Crime Index4 1,179,747 104,232 292,157 887,590 5,008 28,427 70,797 53,834 64,310 69,781 71,861 63,620 52,781 47,421
Other assaults 701,562 48,824 114,746 586,816 2,359 14,611 31,854 20,250 22,692 22,980 21,617 22,995 23,698 26,433
Forgery and counterfeiting 49,788 301 2,349 47,439 20 36 245 325 647 1,076 2,143 2,623 2,814 2,424
Fraud 127,896 777 4,323 123,573 58 155 564 591 1,081 1,874 3,321 4,732 5,336 5,233
Stolen property; buying, receiving, possessing 74,958 4,091 15,858 59,100 118 813 3,160 2,987 3,902 4,878 5,250 5,034 4,318 3,779
Vandalism 165,574 28,253 65,664 99,910 2,294 8,727 17,232 11,374 13,046 12,991 11,375 9,294 7,291 7,105
Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc. 108,759 7,480 22,502 86,257 415 1,876 5,189 4,007 4,832 6,183 7,103 6,766 6,164 5,898
Prostitution and commercialized vice 20,127 71 366 19,761 2 18 51 43 101 151 306 449 520 591
Sex offenses (except forcible rape and prostitution) 62,234 6,565 12,601 49,633 381 1,978 4,206 2,095 1,926 2,015 2,318 2,281 2,126 2,044
Drug abuse violations 903,656 16,999 112,254 791,402 236 1,970 14,793 18,956 31,320 44,979 60,907 61,957 55,904 50,356
Gambling 6,749 163 1,081 5,668 0 27 136 194 301 423 439 451 415 360
Offenses against the family and children 73,756 1,446 3,996 69,760 207 378 861 708 878 964 1,422 1,608 1,753 2,118
Driving under the influence 842,770 254 12,270 830,500 93 17 144 490 3,024 8,502 20,443 27,740 31,647 41,632
Liquor laws 348,869 5,212 70,249 278,620 112 369 4,731 9,363 20,351 35,323 56,154 61,327 51,697 11,077
Drunkenness 355,973 1,050 10,607 345,366 74 96 880 1,546 2,563 5,448 10,629 11,913 12,132 16,314
Disorderly conduct 364,695 38,239 97,173 267,522 1,240 10,504 26,495 18,612 19,741 20,581 18,516 16,662 15,640 18,629
Vagrancy 16,158 286 1,162 14,996 9 48 229 218 304 354 579 485 439 434
All other offenses (except traffic) 2,036,108 52,758 206,197 1,829,911 2,443 11,517 38,798 37,852 51,788 63,799 82,890 97,475 99,329 99,562
Suspicion 6,103 217 835 5,268 5 40 172 154 220 244 257 265 226 240
Curfew and loitering law violations 70,874 18,999 70,874 — 392 3,489 15,118 15,466 20,376 16,033 — — — —
Runaways 36,339 13,028 36,339 — 689 2,736 9,603 8,667 9,550 5,094 — — — —
PROSECUTING MINORS AS ADULTS
Many people believe that some crimes are so terrible that the courts should focus on the type of offense and not the age of the accused in determining the type of trial court. The increase in violent crime among juveniles from the late 1980s through the mid-1990s saw U.S. juvenile courts handling 84% more criminal homicide cases in 1995 than in 1986. Voters were outraged over the crime wave, and lawmakers responded with tough new policies, including trying more juveniles in adult criminal courts.
Juvenile arrest rates by offense and race, 1980–2001
White Black American Indian Asian
Offense 1980 1990 2001 1980 1990 2001 1980 1990 2001 1980 1990 2001
*Violent crime index includes murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.
**Property crime index includes burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
Note: Persons of Hispanic ethnicity may be of any race. Arrests of Hispanics are not reported separately.
source: Adapted from "Juvenile Arrest Rates by Offense, Sex, and Race (1980–2001)," National Center for Juvenile Justice, May 31, 2003, http://ojjdp.ncjrs.org/ojstatbb/excel/JAR_053103.xls (accessed July 29, 2004)
Total including suspicion 6905.8 7232.9 6374.0 11599.9 14077.6 11063.1 7456.2 7242.5 7477.3 3417.0 3407.1 2774.6
Violent crime index* 189.4 253.7 213.4 1190.4 1435.3 765.8 211.8 217.0 239.5 134.0 133.5 110.8
Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter 4.2 5.8 2.4 19.2 45.8 12.3 5.1 3.9 11.7 2.4 3.7 5.9
Forcible rape 8.2 14.3 10.9 60.5 67.7 31.3 16.8 13.3 8.9 7.5 5.6 3.8
Robbery 65.9 68.3 41.6 757.8 642.4 283.3 59.7 42.9 37.8 77.1 49.6 35
Aggravated assault 111.1 165.4 158.5 352.9 679.4 438.9 130.1 156.9 181.1 47.0 74.6 66.2
Property crime index** 2251.6 2341.0 1343.4 4885.9 4412.6 2595.2 2759.1 2566.7 1829.1 1693.8 1248.8 728.6
Burglary 708.9 492.0 257.2 1449.0 765.9 417.4 686.0 485.9 293.8 364.7 208.3 95.9
Larceny-theft 1320.7 1565.9 947.6 3017.7 2731.5 1781.1 1799.1 1783.3 1341.7 1155.6 856.8 560.1
Motor vehicle theft 191.9 252.5 108.9 388.8 882.1 368.9 256.2 272.8 165 164.7 176.0 65.3
Arson 30.2 30.5 29.7 30.4 33.0 27.8 17.9 24.6 28.6 8.8 7.7 7.3
Other assaults 243.6 421.3 594.0 682.9 1288.0 1517.8 257.7 430.1 724.4 171.4 253.7 222.9
Vandalism 445.9 480.8 333.8 376.5 542.4 334.8 308.3 358.3 334 114.8 152.3 93.8
Weapons carrying, possessing, etc. 78.2 112.3 98.5 176.2 354.5 221.9 74.0 54.6 86.9 47.3 61.3 39.1
Drug abuse violations 386.2 188.0 573.2 375.1 966.9 1004.0 208.2 107.7 463.6 107.6 54.4 168.2
Driving under the influence 125.5 84.6 71.8 19.8 16.3 16.2 128.6 97.6 88.9 12.5 11.0 14.6
Liquor laws 589.5 666.9 488.6 80.2 162.2 116.2 608.9 1033.5 975.1 78.2 102.8 87.1
Drunkenness 168.4 98.0 72.5 43.8 55.4 28.9 369.5 124.1 97.8 16.0 8.2 8.1
Disorderly conduct 405.1 376.0 419.4 767.1 931.8 1153.6 414.9 276.3 462.4 51.3 88.3 110.4
Curfew and loitering law violations 236.9 304.0 410 294.3 439.1 734.3 356.2 283.0 350.5 85.2 187.8 177.4
Runaways 512.5 622.7 396.9 499.7 658.6 469.1 684.9 695.9 447.5 316.9 362.5 457
Historically, the states relied mainly on a judge's decision to waive delinquents to adult criminal court, but between 1992 and 1997 all but six states enacted laws that made it easier for more juveniles to be transferred. As a consequence, all states have some provisions to try juveniles as adults in criminal court. In 1999 fourteen states and the District of Columbia had laws that allowed prosecutors to decide in some cases whether to file in juvenile or criminal court.
Twenty-nine states had laws that required certain juvenile offenders to be waived to criminal court. The number of juvenile cases waived to criminal court more than doubled between 1985 and 1994, the peak year, and then declined 58% through 2000. (See Figure 8.7.) In 2000 more offenses against persons were referred to criminal court (2,200) than any other, followed by property offenses (2,000).
Does the Practice Make a Difference?
An OJJDP study released in 2000 explored the issue of transferring juvenile offenders to adult criminal courts and the impact on recidivism (reoffending) (H. Snyder, M. Sickmund, and E. Poe-Yamagata, Juvenile Transfers to Criminal Court in the 1990s: Lessons Learned from Four Studies). The authors of the study discuss research from the 1990s that compared the recidivism rate of juveniles transferred to adult court with the rate of juveniles who were retained in the juvenile system. The research showed that transfers to adult court were more likely than juveniles kept in juvenile court to reoffend within two years. A six-year follow-up study showed that there was no difference between the groups in the proportion of offenders who reoffended, but the transferred juveniles who reoffended did so more quickly and more often than the retained juveniles who reoffended. In explaining these results, the authors found that transfer to adult court is usually reserved for the most serious cases and the most serious juvenile offenders. In making the decision to waive a juvenile offender, judges tended to look upon a history of reoffending after serving time in a correctional facility as a key factor.
Changing Philosophies
Traditionally, the philosophical difference between juvenile delinquency proceedings and adult criminal proceedings was that the juvenile offender was viewed as misguided and correctable rather than as criminal. Juveniles were considered "delinquent," not guilty; they received treatment, not punishment. Juvenile proceedings took place in a closed court to protect the offender and his or her family, and there were wide discretionary powers for probation officers, the court, and correction agencies,
depending upon a youth's history. Long-term incarceration was rare, and cases were disposed of quickly with a broad range of disposition alternatives.
The new trend in juvenile justice is to process juveniles as adults. If they are treated like adults, chronic offenders may receive adult sentences, removing them from society, avoiding the notion of rehabilitation, and replacing it with punishment for a crime committed. On the other hand, in an adult court juveniles are entitled to open courtroom proceedings and jury trials, and they avoid a closed system controlled by one judge.
OPENING JUVENILE RECORDS
Traditionally, juvenile hearings were closed to the public and the records were sealed based on the belief that delinquent behavior by a child should not be held against him or her for the rest of his or her life, but many states are now allowing more openness. According to the National Center for Juvenile Justice, in 2002 twenty-one states required that under certain conditions delinquency hearings be open to the public, and fifteen states had laws that closed all delinquency hearings to the public. Forty-three states required that police departments notify school officials when a student was charged with a crime.
STATUS OFFENSE CASES
Status offenses are behaviors that are law violations only when committed by a juvenile (such as possession of alcohol, truancy, and running away from home). According to the OJJDP, juvenile courts formally handled an estimated 158,500 status offense cases in 1997 (the latest year for which statistics are available). In many communities social service agencies rather than juvenile courts have assumed responsibility for status offenders. National estimates of informally handled status offense cases are not calculated because of differences in screening procedures. The statistics, therefore, focus on formally handled (petitioned) status offense cases.
In 1997 approximately 26% of petitioned status offenses involved a liquor law violation, 26% a truancy charge, 13% ungovernability, and 15% runaway charges. Other types of status offenses, such as curfew violations, accounted for the remaining 20%. Between 1993 and 1997 the rate for runaway cases increased 14%, truancy grew by 14%, liquor law violations rose by 39%, and the case rate for ungovernability offenses increased 35%. The nation's juvenile courts processed 5.5 cases for every one thousand juveniles in the population in 1997.
The FBI reported that more than 55% of formal status offense cases in 1997 involved youths fifteen years old or younger. The most common offense in this age group was truancy (34%), while older youths most often violated the liquor laws (42%).
CHILDREN IN CUSTODY
There are many different types of facilities for delinquent youth, including juvenile detention centers, shelters, reception and diagnostic centers, training schools, and group homes. Not all youths placed in these facilities are accused delinquent and status offenders, however. Some are placed for treatment or as a result of abuse, dependency, or neglect. Others are held temporarily while arrangements are being made.
According to a Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) survey, in 1998 1.4% of 592,462 individuals confined in adult jails were seventeen or younger. The number of juveniles confined in the adult jails surveyed increased 366% between 1983 and 1998. The BJS survey revealed that 0.4% (4,775) of one million prisoners confined in state prisons in 1998 were juveniles. Most state prison systems house juveniles. Florida and Connecticut had the highest numbers of juvenile prisoners in adult prisons (572 and 505, respectively), and Hawaii and Rhode Island had the lowest numbers (two and zero, respectively). About 23% of the youths were being held as adjudicated juvenile offenders or pretrial detainees, while 75% had been sentenced as adults.
HOLDING PARENTS RESPONSIBLE
Many Americans became frustrated by the rising juvenile crime rates in the 1980s and early 1990s. In response, communities and states passed laws holding parents responsible for their children's actions. According to the National Center for Juvenile Justice, a nonprofit research organization, at the end of the 1998 legislative session, thirty-four states had statutes that made parents of delinquent children liable to the victim of the crime. Thirty-nine states had statutes that either allowed or required parents of delinquents to participate in treatment, counseling, or probation with their children.
All states have laws that make it mandatory or optional for the court to require parents to pay at least some of the costs for a child who is delinquent and placed out of the home. Some have laws that hold parents partially responsible for their children's delinquent behavior. A Louisiana law allows parents to be fined up to $1,000 and imprisoned for up to six months if they are found guilty of "improper supervision of a minor" (for example, if the child is associating with drug dealers, members of a street gang, or convicted felons). In 1995 Judge Wayne Creech of Family Court in Columbia, South Carolina, ordered that a fifteen-year-old girl with a history of shoplifting and truancy be chained to her mother for one month. A Florida mother was convicted of truancy and sentenced to a year's probation because three of her five children refused to go to school.
Because of the rise in rates of juvenile crime from the 1980s through the mid-1990s, many of the nation's jurisdictions imposed youth curfews. A 2000 survey of 490 cities by the National League of Cities found that 69% (337) had nighttime curfews and 14% (68) had daytime curfews. Thirty-five of the cities surveyed reported that they were considering adopting a curfew.
Most curfew laws restrict juveniles to their home or property between the hours of 11p.m. and 6 a.m. weekdays, allowing them to stay out later on weekends. The laws allow exceptions for young people going to and from school, church events, or work, and for youths who have a family emergency or are accompanied by their parents. Critics of such ordinances argue that they violate the equal protection clause of the U.S. Constitution and abridge parental rights. The critics also argue that no studies have proven the effectiveness of curfew laws.
Court Rulings on Curfews
In 1994 the U.S. Supreme Court let stand a lower court ruling that a Dallas, Texas, curfew law was constitutional. But in 2003 the Washington State Supreme Court struck down the city of Sumner's curfew law (Walsh v. City of Sumner [No. 71451–7]). The court ruled that Sumner's curfew ordinance, which makes it unlawful for juveniles to "remain" in a public place during certain hours, is unconstitutionally vague because "it does not provide 'ascertainable standards for locating the line between innocent and unlawful behavior.'" The court noted that "it may be difficult for a city to draft a curfew ordinance that is not unconstitutionally vague" because "curfew ordinances attempt to make activities that are normally considered innocent, unlawful, i.e., walking, driving, going to the store." And in July 2004 the U.S. District Court in the Southern District of Indiana issued an injunction prohibiting enforcement of Indiana's juvenile curfew law.
Do Curfews Reduce Crime?
The U.S. Conference of Mayors conducted a 1997 survey of 276 cities with a nighttime youth curfew and asked city officials how they felt about it. Officials in nine out of ten of the cities thought that curfew enforcement was a good use of police officers' time; 88% felt that enforcing a curfew made their city's streets safer; and 83% said curfews help curb gang violence. Of the 154 cities that had had their curfew in effect for ten years or less, officials in 53% of them noted a decrease in juvenile crime (attributed by them to the curfew), 11% saw no change, and 10% saw an increase in juvenile crime (the remaining 26% of cities had no data on the curfew's effects available because of its recent implementation).
However, the effects of curfews on juvenile crime rates are still controversial. In their study entitled "An Analysis of Curfew Enforcement and Juvenile Crime in California" (Western Criminology Review, 1999), Mike Males and Dan Macallair concluded that there was "no support for the proposition that stricter curfew enforcement reduces youth crime or risk of violent fatality…. Curfew enforcement generally has no discernible effect on youth crime." A national study done by David McDowall, Colin Loftin, and Brian Wiersma also found that curfew laws had little effect on juvenile arrests ("The Impact of Youth Curfew Laws on Juvenile Crime Rates," Crime and Delinquency, 2000).
YOUTH GANGS
The modern street gang takes many forms. Individual members, gang cliques, or entire gang organizations may traffic in drugs; operate car theft rings; commit shootings, assaults, robbery, extortion, and other felonies; and terrorize neighborhoods. The most ambitious gangs spread out from their home jurisdictions to other cities and states. Many are supported by the sale of crack cocaine, heroin, and other illegal drugs, and they often have relatively easy access to high-powered guns and rifles. Furthermore, in many impoverished and transitional neighborhoods, children are born into or must contend with second- and third-generation street gangs.
Defining Gangs
Attempts to collect data about gangs at the national level have been complicated by the fact that definitions differ as to what constitutes a gang. The 1998 National Youth Gang Survey asked law enforcement officials about the characteristics they consider important in defining a youth gang. The characteristics most often named were that a gang:
Commits crimes together.
Has a name.
Hangs out together.
Claims a turf or territory of some sort.
Displays/wears common colors or other insignia.
Has a leader or several leaders.
In the 2002 National Youth Gang Survey, a gang was defined as "a group of youths or young adults in [the respondent's] jurisdiction that [the respondent] or other responsible persons in [the respondent's] agency or community are willing to identify or classify as a 'gang.'" The survey respondents (law enforcement agents) were instructed to exclude motorcycle gangs, hate or ideology groups, prison gangs, and exclusively adult gangs.
Young Juveniles in Gangs
Gangs sometimes serve as families for children whose own families are dysfunctional. Gang members have said there is often little need to intimidate youngsters in order to recruit them because they know what children need and are willing to provide it in return for their commitment. Gangs provide emotional support, shelter, and clothing—in essence, just what the child's family may not be providing. However, some children are intimidated into joining gangs either out of fear or for protection from other gangs.
A Pervasive Problem
According to the OJJDP, only nineteen states reported gang problems in the 1970s, but by the late 1990s youth gangs were reported in all fifty states and the District of Columbia (The Growth of Youth Gang Problems in the United States: 1970–98, April 2001). By 1998, 3,700 localities—including about 2,550 cities, towns, and villages, and 1,150 counties—had reported gang problems. Between the mid-1990s and 2002, however, there was a steady decline in reported gang problems, particularly in suburban counties and small cities. (See Figure 8.8.)
Traditionally, gangs were big-city problems. It is still true that the larger the population of a city the greater the likelihood that gangs operate in that city. But gangs have spread to small towns, villages, and rural areas that often do not have their own police departments. In 2002 there were active youth gangs in all of the nation's largest cities, 87% of mid-size cities (with populations between 100,000 and 249,000), 38% percent of suburban counties, 27% of small cities (population below 25,000), and 12% of rural counties. The OJJDP estimated that 21,500 gangs were operating in the United States in 2002, with 731,500 members.
Portrait of the Modern Youth Gang
The authors of "Hybrid and Other Modern Gangs" examined survey data and the latest research to offer a portrait of the modern youth gang. The stereotypical view holds that youth gangs are tightly organized groups comprised of African-American or Hispanic inner-city males operating under strict codes of conduct with explicit punishments for infractions of the rules. The new "hybrid" gangs may have as members people of both genders, from different racial groups, espousing radically opposing viewpoints; for example, the authors note, a modern gang might be made up of African-Americans, white supremacists, and girls. The gangs are found in schools and the military and in territories as small as shopping malls. Rules or codes of conduct may be unclear. Hybrid gangs sometimes borrow the symbols, graffiti, and even the names of established Los Angeles- or Chicago-based organizations (Bloods and Crips, Black Gangster Disciples, or Vice Lords, for example) but are actually locally based and have no connection to those organizations. Rival gangs may cooperate in criminal activity and mergers of small gangs are common.
The 1998 National Youth Gang Survey reported that an estimated 36% of youth gangs had members from two or more racial or ethnic groups, and that small cities, particularly in the Midwest, had the largest proportion of gangs with mixed race/ethnicity. Other studies show that in most cases the modern adolescent may refuse to join a gang without fear of reprisal, even though gangs try to maintain the illusion that leaving is impossible. OJJDP-supported longitudinal studies in Denver, Colorado (1988–99), Rochester, New York (1986–97), and the Seattle Social Development Project in Seattle (1985–2001) showed that well over half (54–69%) of youths who joined gangs in those cities remained for one year or less, while only 9–21% stayed for three or more years.
According to "Hybrid and Other Modern Gangs," in places where gangs are a fairly recent phenomenon, drug sales and distribution are less likely to be major problems. Gang member involvement in drug sales is most prevalent in areas where gangs emerged between 1981 and 1985, at the height of the crack cocaine epidemic. Highly organized, entrepreneurial, gang control of drug distribution across wide areas—and the violent crime that goes with it—are associated with the gangs that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s in Los Angeles and Chicago.
Court Rulings on Gang Loitering
In order to combat the rise in violent and drug-related crime, which was attributed to a rise in criminal street gang activity, the city of Chicago enacted a Gang Congregation Ordinance in 1992. The ordinance prohibited "criminal street gang members from loitering with one another or with other persons in any public place," regardless of whether the others were fellow gang members. Police officers were required to order any group of people standing around "with no apparent purpose" to move along if the officers believed at least one of them belonged to a street gang. The ordinance had considerable support in the high-crime neighborhoods in which it was implemented. During the three years the law was in effect, more than 42,000 people were arrested for refusing to obey police orders to move along. The ordinance was struck down in 2001 when the U.S. Supreme Court agreed with a lower court that it was unconstitutionally vague and encompassed a great deal of harmless behavior (Chicago v. Morales [No. 97–1121]).
According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, death rates from homicide doubled from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, fell in the mid-1980s, rose again in the late 1980s, then declined sharply through 2001, reaching an overall rate of 7.1 per one hundred thousand people, including those who died in the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. But beginning in the mid-1980s the number of teens involved in homicide as either victims and perpetrators rose dramatically. In 2001 homicides were the fourth-leading cause of death in children younger than five years old; the fourth-leading cause for children five to fourteen; and the second-leading cause in fifteen- to twenty-four-year-olds. The youngest victims were more likely to know the perpetrator than adult victims were. More than one-quarter of the victims of gang-related murders were under the age of eighteen. Between 1976 and 1999 children made up 9.8% of the victims of homicide; 10.7% of offenders were under eighteen.
Homicide rates among teens vary dramatically by race. In 2000 young African-Americans of both sexes ages fifteen to twenty-four were six times more likely (20.5 per one hundred thousand) than young whites (3.3 per one hundred thousand) to be murdered. Young African-American men are particularly vulnerable. According to the National Center for Health Statistics, 85.7 out of every one hundred thousand African-American males ages fifteen to twenty-four were victims of homicide, down from a high of 137.1 per one hundred thousand in 1990 (National Vital Statistics Reports, vol. 52, no. 9, November 7, 2003).
Trends in Gang Homicides
The number of youth gang homicides declined in the 1990s, but the trends varied by city and also varied between the early and later parts of the decade, according to the OJJDP report "Youth Gang Homicides in the 1990s" (March 2001). From 1990 to 1996 the total number of homicides decreased by 256 (almost 15%) in the 408 cities surveyed, from 1,748 to 1,492 incidents.
Although the total number of gang-related homicides was down even further in 2002 (1,232), 91 out of 142 cities reported at least one gang-related homicide. Los Angeles and Chicago reported more gang-related homicides (655) than the other 89 cities combined (577). In those two cities approximately half the homicides were gang-related.
Schools, neighborhoods, and even private homes can be dangerous places for children and adolescents. Knives, handguns, and shotguns turn up in searches of school lockers. News reports describe incidents of children being shot on playgrounds or of youths firing rifles as they cruise the streets in cars. M. H. Swahn et al., in "Prevalence of Youth Access to Alcohol or a Gun in the Home" (Injury Prevention, 2002), found that nearly one-quarter (24.3%) of adolescents ages twelve to eighteen have easy access to a gun in their homes.
From 1983 to 1994 gun homicides by juveniles tripled, while homicides involving other types of weapons decreased. (See Figure 8.9.) Between 1994 and 1997, however, gun homicides by young people declined sharply, back to approximately 1989 levels.
Young Homicide Victims
In 2002, 1,357 youths under age eighteen were murdered—9.7% of all homicides that year. (See Table 8.5.) A slightly higher percentage of young victims were white (50.8%) than African-American (45%). Almost two-thirds of the young victims (63.9%) were male and one-third (36%) were female. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Injury Fact Book 2001–2002), in 1998 82% of homicide victims under age eighteen were killed with guns.
Firearm Deaths among Children and Youth
The teen death rate for firearm-related injuries more than doubled between 1970 and 1995 before beginning to decline. During those peak years, the overwhelming majority of deaths among young African-American males were firearm-associated, and American teenage boys were more likely to die from gunshot wounds than from all natural causes combined. In 2001 more than one out of every five deaths among all fifteen- to twenty-four-year-olds and half of all deaths among African-American males fifteen to twenty-four were caused by firearms.
Carrying a Weapon
The 2003 Youth Risk Behavior Survey reported that 17.1% of all students in grades nine through twelve claimed to have carried a weapon at least once within the previous thirty days, and 6.1% had carried a gun. (See Table 8.6.) Males were significantly more likely to carry a
Murder victims age 24 and under, by age, sex, and race, 2002
Sex Race
Age Total Male Female Unknown White Black Other Unknown
2Does not include unknown ages.
source: Adapted from "Table 2.5. Murder Victims by Age, Sex and Race, 2002," in Crime in the United States 2002, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2003, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_02/pdf/2sectiontwo.pdf (accessed September 16, 2004)
Percent distribution1 100.0 76.7 23.1 0.2 48.1 47.9 2.7 1.4
Under 182 1,357 867 489 1 689 610 45 13
Under 222 3,398 2,624 772 2 1,581 1,683 104 30
18 and over2 12,406 9,703 2,699 4 5,945 6,009 331 121
Infant (under 1) 180 96 84 0 102 71 4 3
1 to 4 328 180 147 1 176 134 14 4
weapon (26.9%) than females (6.7%), and males were even more likely than females to carry a gun (10.2% and 1.6%, respectively). Non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic African-American, and Hispanic students were equally likely to carry a weapon.
Tracing "Crime Guns"
Rising rates of violent crime involving the use of firearms in the late 1980s and early 1990s led the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) to initiate the Youth Crime Gun Interdiction Initiative in 1996. In 2000 law enforcement agencies in the forty-four large cities that participated in the program submitted 88,570 trace requests on "crime guns" to the ATF's National Tracing Center. Firearms were traced to the point of original sale as one component of the national effort to reduce youth violence involving firearms.
In 2002 the ATF announced the results of these year-2000 traces (Crime Gun Trace Reports 2000 National Report, July 2002). More than 18,000 crime guns (20%) had been confiscated from youths ages eighteen to twenty-four, the peak years of age for being a crime gun possessor. Juveniles made up 8% of crime gun possessors (4,112 guns). Six of every ten handguns confiscated from youths and juveniles were semiautomatic pistols, slightly higher than the five of every ten confiscated from adults. Most of the crime guns had been obtained from firearm traffickers, who illegally sell new, used, or stolen weapons. The serial numbers had been obliterated from most of the traced guns, indicating that someone in the chain of possession assumed that the gun would be used for a crime. The ATF investigation revealed that nearly a third of the crime guns had entered the retail market between December 1996 and December 1997. This short "time to crime" indicated the ease with which a criminal could "fence" (sell a stolen item to a third party) a gun and the pervasiveness of the illegal firearms market.
Weapons offenses are violations of local, state, and/or federal statutes or regulations that control deadly weapons. Deadly weapons include firearms and their ammunition, silencers, explosives, and certain knives. Between 1985 and 1993 the juvenile arrest rate for weapon offenses more than doubled, from about ninety per one hundred thousand juveniles to about 225 per one hundred thousand. After the peak in 1993, however, the rate of arrests declined sharply to about 1985 levels by 2000. (See Figure 8.10.)
Teenage males arrested for weapons offenses in 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2001 far outnumbered females arrested. (See Table 8.2 and Table 8.3.) However, between 1980 and 2001 the arrest rate for weapons offenses increased two-and-a-half times for females age ten to seventeen, from 10.6 to 25.4 arrests per one hundred thousand; at the same time the rate for males only increased from 169.8 to 197.7 arrests per one hundred thousand. (See Table 8.7.) In 1980 the rate for males was sixteen times that for females; in 2000 the rate for males was not quite eight times that for females.
Survey Results: Teens and Violence
The largest survey of teens ever undertaken in the United States, "Protecting Adolescents from Harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health" (Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 278, no. 10, September 1997), was conducted by researchers at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and the University of Minnesota. The researchers questioned 90,000 students in grades seven through
Percentage of high school students who carried a weapon1 or a gun2, by sex, race, ethnicity, and grade, 2003
Carried a weapon Carried a gun
Category Female
% Male
% Total
% Female
1For example, a gun, knife, or club on ≥ 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey.
2On ≥ 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey.
3Non-Hispanic.
source: "Table 6. Percentage of High School Students Who Carried a Weapon or a Gun, by Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Grade," in "Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2003," Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Surveillance Summaries: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 53, no. SS–02, May 21, 2004, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/SS/SS5302.pdf (accessed September 16, 2004)
White3 5.5 27.1 16.7 1.5 10.0 5.9
Black3 9.8 24.9 17.3 1.4 10.6 6.0
Hispanic 8.5 24.3 16.5 2.6 8.2 5.4
9 8.8 26.6 18.0 2.1 9.3 5.8
10 5.2 26.5 15.9 1.4 10.4 5.9
Total 6.7 26.9 17.1 1.6 10.2 6.1
twelve at 145 schools around the country. They found that almost one-fourth of students surveyed had easy access to guns at home. Adolescents living in homes where guns were kept were more likely to behave violently and more likely to contemplate or attempt suicide.
Teens who said they had strong family ties were less likely to be involved in interpersonal violence than those who said they did not have close family ties. Older teens (ninth through twelfth grades) who had a parent present at breakfast, after school, at dinner, and at bedtime were also less likely to behave violently.
More than 10% of males and 5% of females interviewed said they had committed a violent act in the previous year. These acts included participating in fights, injuring someone, threatening someone with a weapon, using a weapon in a fight, or shooting or stabbing someone.
Younger teens (seventh and eighth graders) more often reported having been involved in violent activities than older teens. Urban teens, teens whose families received welfare, and Native American teens seemed more likely than others to have been involved in violence. About one in eight students said that they had brought a weapon to school in the month prior to being surveyed.
VICTIMIZATION OF JUVENILES
Teenagers and young adults—especially African-Americans—are the most likely groups to become victims of violent crime. In 2002 the rate of serious violent crime ranged from a high of more than 58.2 per one thousand
FIGURE 8.10
persons ages sixteen to nineteen to a low of 3.4 per one thousand persons age sixty-five or older (Callie Marie Rennison and Michael R. Rand, "Table 6. Rates of Violent Crime and Personal Theft, by Gender, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2002," in "Criminal Victimization, 2002," National Crime Victimization Survey, NCJ 199994, U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justic Statistics, Washington, DC, August 2003).
JAMES ALAN FOX EXAMINES TRENDS IN JUVENILE VIOLENCE
Juvenile Violent Crime Rate Jumps in the Late 1980s to Mid-1990s
The late 1980s to 1994 saw a tremendous rise in violent crimes committed by juveniles and in the homicide victimization of teens and young adults. In 1996 James Alan Fox, Ph.D., of Northeastern University wrote in Trends in Juvenile Violence: A Report to the United States Attorney General on Current and Future Rates of Juvenile Offending (Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC) that there were two violent crime trends ongoing in America—one for the young and one for the mature. These trends, Fox theorized, were moving in opposite directions.
For example, between 1990 and 1994, the rate of homicide committed by adults age twenty-five and older declined 18% as the baby boomers matured into their middle-age years. At the same time, however, the homicide rate among teens ages fourteen to seventeen increased
Juvenile arrest rates by offense and gender, selected years, 1980–2001
Offense 1980 1990 2001
Total including suspicion 7414.3 8032.2 6889.8
Violent crime index* 334.1 428.4 296.1
Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter 6.4 11.9 4.3
Forcible rape 15.9 21.8 13.8
Robbery 167.5 155.3 80.8
Aggravated assault 144.3 239.4 197.1
Property crime index** 2562.2 2563.4 1499.1
Burglary 794.2 513.2 270.3
Larceny-theft 1520.9 1677.6 1053.3
Motor vehicle theft 221.9 347.1 150.3
Arson 25.2 25.6 25.3
Other assaults 299.8 537.8 717
Vandalism 398.3 450.1 309.8
Weapons carrying, possessing, etc. 91.9 146.8 113.9
Drug abuse violations 383.7 304.2 623.4
Driving under the influence 109.3 71.8 58.4
Liquor laws 511.4 577.3 413.5
Drunkenness 150.4 88.0 62.1
Disorderly conduct 447.8 443.8 521.3
Curfew and loitering law violations 245.0 319.9 449.3
Runaways 502.5 620.1 403.7
Juvenile male arrest rates (arrests of males ages 10–17/100,000 males ages 10–17)
Total including suspicion 11543.2 12091.9 9587.8
Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter 11.6 22.0 7.5
Robbery 305.1 276.8 143.9
Burglary 1456.7 920.6 463.2
Arson 44.1 44.9 43
Other assaults 462.7 803.1 949.1
Weapons carrying, possessing, etc. 169.8 268.1 197.7
Drug abuse violations 626.5 526.9 1027.7
Driving under the influence 191.7 120.3 93.5
Drunkenness 253.9 145.0 95.4
22% at a time when the population in this age group was declining. Between 1985 and 1994 the rate of homicide committed by teenagers aged fourteen to seventeen years increased 172%. For African-American males the rate of increase was 261 percent. In 1994 African-American males ages fourteen to twenty-four made up slightly more than 1% of the population yet were 17% of the victims of homicide and 30% of the perpetrators of homicide.
Fox also found a rise in the number of killings among family and friends. Guns, he reasoned, made it easy for juveniles to have deadly disputes over small matters such as a pair of athletic shoes or a dirty look. Also, he stated that while the negative impact of drugs, guns, and gang culture became more threatening, the positive socializing forces of family, school, religion, and neighborhood became weaker. The problem of unsupervised youth was reflected in the time-of-day patterns of juvenile violence. The prime time for juvenile crime was during the after-school hours.
*Violent crime index includes murder & nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.
Note: Persons of Hispanic ethnicity may by of any race. Arrests of Hispanics are not reported separately.
Juvenile female arrest rates (arrests of females ages 10–17/100,000 females ages 10–17)
Violent crime index* 70.4 104.6 111.6
Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter 1.0 1.2 0.9
Forcible rape 0.6 0.8 0.4
Robbery 23.8 27.3 14.3
Aggravated assault 45.0 75.3 96
Property crime index** 975.7 1151.7 976.9
Burglary 102.6 84.0 66.6
Larceny-theft 821.6 986.6 851.1
Motor vehicle theft 45.9 75.9 52.6
Arson 5.6 5.2 6.6
Vandalism 65.4 78.4 84.1
Weapons carrying, possessing, etc. 10.6 19.0 25.4
Drug abuse violations 130.3 69.4 196.7
Driving under the influence 23.2 20.7 21.4
Drunkenness 42.3 28.0 27
Dire Predictions in 1996
Fox concluded that too many teenagers, particularly teens in urban areas, were plagued with idleness and even hopelessness. A growing number of teens and preteens saw few feasible or attractive alternatives to violence, drug use, and gang membership. Fox believed that this generation of youth had more dangerous drugs in their bodies, more deadly weapons in their hands, and a seemingly more casual attitude toward violence than previous generations. He predicted in his 1996 report that youth violence would worsen because by the year 2005 the number of teens ages fourteen to seventeen was predicted to be 20% higher than the 1994 level.
Facing the Future—The Rise of Teen Drug Abuse and Teen Violence (Committee on the Judiciary and International Narcotics Control Caucus, Washington, DC, 1995) also warned, "Not only are we facing a rise in violent crime by children, but we are also facing a rising number of children. The combination adds up to expectations that our nation will face an unprecedented number of crimes committed by juveniles."
Predictions Revised in the Face of a Decline in Juvenile Crime
The ominous predictions Fox made in 1996 did not come true. According to the FBI, the juvenile arrest rate for murder fell 74% between 1993 and 2000. Fox wrote two follow-ups to his 1996 report. In Trends in Juvenile Violence: 1997 Update, Fox warned that teen violence had not disappeared—the rates of homicide had fallen but remained at levels twice as high as in the 1980s. In Homicide Trends in the United States: 2000 Update, Fox and his colleagues wrote that teen homicide rates had fallen to levels not seen since the late 1960s, "reversing one of the most dramatic trends in homicide victimization."
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Crime and Punishment in America Reference Library
In the early twenty-first century most people assumed juveniles would be treated differently than adults in the U.S. criminal justice system. This distinction did not come to pass until the end of the nineteenth century. In criminal justice, juveniles are youths who are not old enough to be held fully responsible for their crimes. Juvenile justice is largely a state matter and is separate from the regular adult criminal justice system.
Most states set the age of eighteen as when a person assumes the responsibilities of being an adult in criminal law. Some states send youth as young as seven to juvenile courts. Though there are federal juvenile laws for persons under age eighteen, for youths accused of committing federal crimes, this is a very minor part of criminal law.
Juvenile courts have jurisdiction over children in three basic kinds of situations: (1) when they are accused of conduct that would be a crime by an adult; (2) when parents or guardians abuse or neglect them or when they are in need; and, (3) when they violate rules that apply only to juveniles, called status offenses. Status offenses include unapproved absence from schools (truancy), running away, alcohol and tobacco use, or refusing to obey parents. Juveniles who commit acts considered adult crimes are referred to as delinquents.
Juvenile courts also perform duties such as determining paternity and child support, or custody in divorce cases (where a child lives and how often he or she visits the other parent). In adoption cases, the court grants parental rights to foster parents or guardians.
Juvenile court procedures are less formal than those in adult criminal courts. For status offenders and delinquents, rather than punish the offenders, juvenile courts seek to rehabilitate, supervise, or provide counseling. Treatment of juveniles is usually more lenient than for adults. The purpose is to protect youth and guide them to more productive lives while still holding them accountable to some degree for their actions.
Changing social attitudes toward children
Determining the minimum age of responsibility for criminal actions has been a problem throughout history. Until the nineteenth century the public considered children below seven years of age incapable of crime, while those above seven were considered adults and responsible for their actions. Children over seven years of age could face criminal charges and, if convicted, be placed in adult prisons. They faced the same punishment as adults including whipping, branding, and hanging. At times, however, courts informally considered an offender's age in their deliberations, especially those under fourteen.
Many social changes, however, occurred throughout the nineteenth century including perceptions of children and how they should be punished for committing criminal acts. Children began to be viewed as different from adults, since their thoughts and decisions were made in a different manner than adults. They were innocent and vulnerable to bad influences since they had not gained wisdom from experience. Because of this innocence, it was believed states should not hold them accountable for their actions. Rather than being punished, youthful offenders needed to be reformed and educated.
In the 1800s the Child Savers Movement was dedicated to improving the conditions of children in America. They promoted free public education and child labor laws restricting the use of children in factories. Social reformers in the nineteenth century were distressed that youngsters charged with crimes were placed in facilities along with hardened adult criminals. Reformers claimed children who came out of prison were more likely to turn to a life of crime or be harmful to society. Most states created work farms and reform schools for children convicted of crimes.
During the nineteenth century, juvenile crime rates were low and not considered a major issue. With rapid population growth, however, both in city size and through east European immigration, children faced serious neglect and poverty. Uneducated children who lived in poverty were likely to commit crimes, and reformers believed they were a threat to not only themselves but to the nation as well.
Reformers hoped supervision of children whose parents worked long hours in factories would help prevent crime. They turned to the English common law concept of parens patriae, where the government had the right to become the parent of children in need, to save them from terrible living conditions and protect them from criminal influences. The government was responsible for shaping the habits and morals of juveniles.
Reformers including Chicago social worker Jane Addams (1860–1935) argued for a separate legal system for juveniles to teach them the proper way to behave. Some supported this idea for the sake of the children, others simply feared immigrant street youths. As a result, Illinois was the first state to establish a separate court system for juveniles in 1899. In these new courts, specially trained judges had many choices in how to deal with youthful offenders.
Judges acting like parents instead of doling out harsh punishment dominated for the next century. During this period, the law defined a juvenile as a person less than sixteen years of age. Rather than prosecute juveniles for a crime, courts placed them in reform schools or with foster parents. These juveniles then remained under court supervision until age twenty-one.
To further reduce the stigma of formal courts, the terms used in juvenile proceedings were borrowed from civil rather than criminal courts. For example, prosecutors charged juvenile offenders using petitions rather than indictments. Juveniles were not arraigned before the court upon their arrest, but given an intake hearing instead. In addition, court proceedings were not called trials, but hearings. Juveniles, rather than being found guilty, were ruled delinquent. Less proof was needed to find a youth delinquent, called a "preponderance of evidence," rather than the criminal court's requirement of an evidence level considered to be "beyond a reasonable doubt."
Juvenile Crime Statistics
The National Center for Juvenile Justice offered the following statistics on their Internet Web site for 1999: law enforcement arrested some 2.4 million juveniles, and for every 1,000 juvenile delinquency cases handled, 238 resulted in probation and 93 received residential placement.
On a given day, October 27, 1999, nearly 109,000 juveniles were held in residential placement nationwide. Of all juveniles who went to court, about 25 percent were charged with violent crimes. Fifty-seven percent of the juvenile cases were handled formally through court proceedings and 43 percent were handled informally by law officers or court workers.
Of the status offenses, about 25 percent of runaway cases, 40 percent of those judged unruly, 34 percent of alcohol cases, and 47 percent of truancy cases resulted in formal probation. For all offenses committed in the United States in 1999, juvenilescommitted 16 percent of the violent crimes, or 68,000 arrests, and 32 percent of property crimes. Property offenses tended to occur in mid-teen years and violent offenses in later teen years. Juveniles comprised almost 28 percent of all arrests with juvenile males accounting for over 16 percent of total male arrests and juvenile females almost 22 percent of all female arrests.
About 1 percent of all juvenile cases are transferred to adult criminal court. Of those, 55 percent were black Americans and 90 percent were male. Of those transferred to adult courts, 75 percent resulted in prison sentences. Of those sent to prison 61 percent were for violent crimes, 22 percent for property crimes, and 16 percent for drug or other public disorder crimes. Approximately 2 percent of the adult prison population is teens, amounting to some 15,400 juveniles. Some states had only a few juveniles in prison, while Florida and Connecticut had over 500.
Black Americans made up 15 percent of the U.S. juvenile population in 1999 but accounted for 25 percent of all juvenile arrests, almost 41 percent of violent crimes, and over 27 percent of property crimes.
In determining treatment for young offenders, courts tried to take the best interest of the juvenile into account. Protecting the constitutional rights of the child was not a concern, since the court was supposed to be acting on his or her behalf. Rather than hearing arguments by attorneys, judges made decisions based on the facts presented by the plaintiff and a background investigation of the juvenile.
By 1925 almost all states had juvenile systems using the Illinois law as a model. Although varying slightly from state to state, eighteen generally became the age of transition from juvenile to adult criminal courts. Much of the twentieth century was a period in which the courts and the public clearly favored rehabilitation over punishment for youth. The states increasingly intervened in family issues, creating status offenses in addition to criminal laws. The government considered these lesser violations to be a stepping-stone to criminal behavior.
Into the 1960s juvenile justice remained informal and flexible, records were kept confidential, and the media was not allowed in the courtroom. The court kept only two records, the original police report and the report of a probation officer who interviewed anyone familiar with the juvenile and the case. During the hearing, the judge would question the juvenile defendant and witnesses; unlike other courts, however, the juvenile did not have the right to an attorney or to cross-examine witnesses.
In 1947 Congress passed the federal Juvenile Courts Act to establish a more consistent informal process for juveniles among the states and to emphasize treatment (rehabilitation) over punishment.
Changes in the system
Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, thoughts on how to treat juveniles in the criminal justice system changed as the public became increasingly concerned about delinquent behavior. Some states changed to a more formal and harsher process in the 1950s as criticism of the juvenile system increased.
In the 1960s, the U.S. Supreme Court issued several rulings strengthening civil liberty protections in adult criminal courts. Supporters of juvenile justice feared youthful offenders were not benefiting from such decisions because of the informality of the juvenile court system. By protecting juveniles from the harshness of the adult system, they were being denied their constitutional protections as well. As a result, adults enjoyed more constitutional safeguards than juveniles.
Concerns over the rights of youthful offenders led to a series of Supreme Court decisions affecting juvenile courts beginning in the late 1960s. In 1967 the Court ruled that constitutional protections were not only for adults but for juveniles as well. Parents had to be notified in a timely manner concerning charges against their child and juveniles had a right to a lawyer, the right of protection against self-incrimination, and the right to cross-examine witnesses.
These safeguards, known as due process requirements, also stated that the court had to notify juveniles of charges and hearings. In a 1970 case the Court increased the level of proof needed to find juveniles guilty. The level of proof changed from a preponderance (significant amount) of evidence to guilty beyond a reasonable doubt as in adult criminal courts.
Following the initial Supreme Court rulings on juvenile justice procedures, Congress passed the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Act in 1972. The act set out general rules for state juvenile justice systems, such as keeping juveniles separate from adults in jails and prisons, and required juveniles to have a court-appointed guardian. In another case affecting juvenile justice, the Supreme Court ruled in Breed v. Jones (1975) that a person could not be tried for the same offense in both juvenile and criminal courts.
A New Justice Approach
General disappointment with the juvenile justice system in the early twenty-first century led to exploring alternative processes. One approach, called the "restorative justice approach," came into use in several countries including the United States. Called a community-based approach, in these cases the juvenile offender, the victim, their families, and several members of the community meet to repair the harm done. A person not associated with either of the parties guides the group to an agreed upon consequence or punishment for the juvenile. Positive results with this approach led to increasing interest and proposals that less serious juvenile offenders be treated through such community-based programs, leaving the more serious cases for the adult criminal justice system.
Getting tough on crime
By 1980 youth gangs coupled with gun violence caught the public's attention. In Schall v. Martin (1984) the Court
ruled that juvenile court judges could arrest and hold (detain) juveniles, but they must have a special hearing and inform parents of the date, charges, and reasons for detention. Juveniles were sent in greater numbers to adult courts to face more severe punishment, including possible execution. Some states even passed laws making parents legally responsible for their children's criminal acts.
Juvenile crime rates rose steadily from 1980 to 1994. A rash of fatal school shootings in the 1990s kept fear of juvenile crime high and many believed dangerous offenders were not punished enough in the juvenile justice system. Violent juvenile crime rates, however, declined after 1994 and by 2000 had fallen back to 1980 levels.
Despite lower crime rates, fear of juvenile violence remained high. As a result, the line between juvenile and adult criminal justice was less clear than in earlier decades—juvenile sentences were tougher, a higher number of cases were deferred to adult criminal courts, and youthful offenders were held to greater levels of accountability for their crimes.
Modern juvenile justice
In the early twenty-first century all states had juvenile courts and laws identifying the rights of juveniles and the options available to judges. Larger U.S. jurisdictions had full-time juvenile courts, while smaller ones were part time and often combined with some other form of court.
Juvenile judges were licensed attorneys in most states and often elected officials. Because of the large caseloads in some areas, experienced attorneys acted as assistant judges under supervision of the juvenile judge. The most frequent violent offense for juveniles is aggravated assault, while the most common property crime is larceny-theft.
Delinquency proceedings
Though juvenile justice procedures vary among the states, they do share certain basic features. For juveniles accused of criminal acts or status offenses, police often issue reprimands or notify parents instead of taking offenders into custody. If juveniles are taken into custody, they have a right to telephone their parents and an attorney. Juveniles in custody are usually separated from adults but some occasionally find themselves among adult defendants. Almost half of the states require a juvenile's school receive some form of notification.
Within hours of an arrest, a juvenile will be interviewed by an intake worker, a person trained to work with youthful offenders, such as a probation officer. Most jurisdictions have a detention center, which is used for intake interviews and houses juveniles awaiting hearings or serving short sentences. The worker also interviews the parents and the victim or person who filed the complaint.
After the hearing, the juvenile is usually released to a parent or guardian. The intake worker then decides whether the case should be dismissed, go to court for a hearing, or be handled informally with a warning to the offender or referring the family to a social worker. Many cases are dismissed or settled informally. If the intake worker decides the case should proceed, then the information is forwarded to a prosecutor. Parents are advised of the right to legal representation, if the prosecutor proceeds by petitioning (formally requesting) a hearing before the court to began prosecution.
Juveniles and their parents have a right to hear any pending charges and to have an attorney. The court will appoint an attorney if the juvenile's family cannot afford one. Youthful offenders cannot be made to testify against themselves and prosecutors must prove their guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, just like in adult criminal cases.
Like adult criminal court, a prosecutor presents evidence before a judge, the offender responds to the evidence and is able to question witnesses. Unlike adult cases, however, juveniles cannot have jury trials and their records are sealed (kept private) in most states. In addition, juvenile court proceedings are held in rooms separate from adult courtrooms.
If juvenile offenders are found delinquent, they face another hearing with a probation officer who prepares a more detailed report on the youth's background. The officer may require alcohol and drug tests, check for learning disabilities, and explore mental health needs. The report is shared with the juvenile and his or her lawyer before the sentencing hearing is held. During the hearing, the victim or a victim's family can talk about how the offender's crime has affected them.
Treatment of delinquent youths
Juvenile court judges have many sentencing choices, such as probation, issuing fines, sending offenders to juvenile correctional institutions or foster homes, referrals to day treatment or social skills classes, mental health programs, or community service. A combination of treatments is often ordered by the judge. These can include probation, community service, fines, or medical treatment. Repeat offenders can be declared juvenile delinquents and removed from their homes and placed in foster care or a state facility.
The harshest treatment a judge may order is commitment to a secure reform facility. In other words, the juvenile is locked into the facility for the duration of his or her sentence. These facilities are often called youth development centers. Though rehabilitation is the goal of juvenile justice, these centers resemble prisons and serve to protect the community from the juvenile.
The length of time juveniles serve in secure facilities can vary. Since offenders are only sentenced to confinement for more serious crimes, they often remain there until they reach eighteen years of age. Most states, however, allow juvenile courts to keep jurisdiction over the offenders beyond eighteen. Some states, like New Hampshire, place juvenile offenders in adult prisons if they commit a violent crime and are at least sixteen years of age.
Most youth offenders receive a sentence of probation. Probation means a juvenile is released back into the community under the supervision of a youth services officer. The juvenile has to meet certain conditions such as completing school with a good record and not using drugs or alcohol. If the juvenile does not fulfill these conditions, the judge can order him or her to be confined in a development center.
By the early twenty-first century the privacy of juvenile records was no longer assured. About half of U.S. states do not allow records of serious or violent offenses to be sealed or destroyed. Some thirty states grant access to sealed records under certain circumstances, as spelled out in state laws. Nine states allowed the release of juvenile court records without any restrictions, while thirteen permitted or required delinquency hearings be open to the public.
Juveniles in adult criminal court
Thousands of youths are transferred to adult courts every year. In the most serious cases, juveniles can be reassigned immediately, and in some states the move is automatic for certain offenses. Assigning juveniles to adult courts has always been controversial. As a result, state laws differ as to what offenses deserve to be transferred and how it should be handled. In 1997 forty-six states allowed reassignment. These offenses increased during the "get tough" period of the 1980s and 1990s.
In most states, cases involving murder, rape, aggravated assault, and armed robbery are transferable. Other offenses include drug violations, running away from juvenile facilities, stalking, and various sex offenses. Juveniles have the right to appeal court decisions to adult courts. In federal courts a juvenile can be sent to an adult criminal court for violating federal firearms laws or selling illegal drugs.
The process requires a prosecutor to request a transfer from juvenile to adult court and to show the juvenile is the one who committed the crime. The prosecutor may also say the juvenile is not likely to be helped by treatment and is a danger to the community. According to the 1966 Supreme Court ruling in Kent v. U.S., juveniles have the right to be present at the transfer request with an attorney.
Juvenile offenders can provide evidence at transfer hearings and cross-examine witnesses to prevent moving to adult court. The decision often depends on the crime and the offender's prior offenses. If the decision is made to transfer the case, the prosecutor notifies the adult court in another hearing.
Juveniles tried in adult courts are considered first offenders and generally receive lighter sentences. The transfer of a juvenile to adult courts, however, can have serious consequences. The juvenile could be sentenced to life in prison or even execution. In 1988 the Supreme Court ruled that no juvenile younger than sixteen years of age at the time of the crime could be executed by a state.
As emphasis shifted from rehabilitation to crime control, most states passed laws in the 1980s and 1990s making it easier to send juveniles to adult courts. As a result, the number of cases transferred between 1988 and 1994 increased by 73 percent before declining in the late 1990s. Another consequence was that the number of juveniles in prison doubled between 1985 and 1998.
Cases of abuse or neglect
Besides handling cases of delinquency and status offenses, juvenile justice systems also deal with cases involving abuse, neglect, custody, adoption, paternity (identification of the biological father), and parental rights in general. Where abuse or neglect is a concern, a state agency or private citizen may petition a juvenile court to take action.
In cases of suspected physical or emotional abuse, the judge will assign a guardian or trained volunteer to serve as an advocate for the juvenile in court and in dealing with other services. This person may also prepare a report on the youth's living conditions to help the judge make a decision. The judge will usually place the juvenile in foster care or a state home, and keep certain people from having contact with the juvenile.
Removal of a juvenile from home may also occur when the court determines the parents do not have enough money to raise the child. In such cases, the parents have the right to be heard in court and the juvenile may also testify. Many times the judge will refer the juvenile or parents for counseling.
Reasons for juvenile crime
Various theories for juvenile crime have been offered through the years. Some researchers point to individual traits, such as neurological (brain) functioning, nutritional deficiencies, and psychological or emotional problems. Others point to the youth's living environment. Poor children often do not have educational, economic, and social opportunities. Drug use and other criminal activity may be occurring within the family. The juvenile may be hanging around with other delinquent youths, sometimes in gangs who offer alternative ways to gain social status.
Many still believe the major factor affecting delinquent behavior is poor parenting, with little or no control over the youth or worse, when parents simply do not care. The favored method to solving juvenile crime for some is not through harsh punishment, but in childcare and educational programs to address the issues of poverty, drug abuse, and neglect.
The future of juvenile justice
Public support for a separate juvenile system declined in the late twentieth century. Critics argued they should be abolished, claiming juvenile courts coddled youthful offenders and rehabilitation was ineffective in many individuals. Critics further claimed the courts were established only to handle status offenses such as truancy, not the violent mass murders of the late twentieth century.
Youthful offenders, critics believed, should be punished according to their crimes, just like adults. If offenders believed juvenile courts would not hold them fully responsible for their crimes, they would be more likely to commit serious crimes. Juveniles who were confined for serious crimes were released by age twenty-one or even eighteen, serving far shorter sentences than adults who committed the same offense. Critics of the juvenile justice system believed the age of an offender should be a factor, but only on an individual basis during sentencing.
Defenders of juvenile courts claimed youth crime rates have decreased and the court system should not be judged on the highly publicized violent acts of a few, such as the school shootings of the late 1990s. They claimed the court system allows judges to transfer the most violent offenders to adult courts, which did occur on an increasing basis by the early 2000s. Supporters further remarked that since children are treated differently than adults in every other part of society, it should be the same in the criminal justice system as well.
Juvenile justice defenders believed exposing youthful offenders to the violent world of adult prisons increased the potential of future criminal behavior. Rather than pay for a juvenile to be imprisoned, the funding would be better spent on rehabilitation programs, including education and job training. Instead of branding youthful offenders as adult convicted criminals, give them the chance to learn from their mistakes. Statistics showed youths who went through juvenile courts had lower rates of returning to criminal behavior than those who went through adult courts. Most importantly, supporters of juvenile justice believed society had to address the basic social and economic causes of juvenile crime while still holding violent offenders accountable for their actions.
Clement, Mary. The Juvenile Justice System. 3rd ed. Woburn, MA: Butterworth Heinemann, 2002.
Mones, Paul. When a Child Kills. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.
Platt, Anthony. The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1969.
Whitehead, J. T., and S. P. Lab. Juvenile Justice: An Introduction. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson, 1999.
National Center for Juvenile Justice.http://www.ncjj.org (accessed on August 20, 2004).
National Center for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice.http://www.ncmhjj.com (accessed on August 20, 2004).
"Juvenile Justice." Crime and Punishment in America Reference Library. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Juvenile Justice." Crime and Punishment in America Reference Library. . Encyclopedia.com. (July 18, 2019). https://www.encyclopedia.com/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/juvenile-justice
"Juvenile Justice." Crime and Punishment in America Reference Library. . Retrieved July 18, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/juvenile-justice
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The (Not So Secret) History Of Sexist Political Campaign Buttons
Sexism in campaign buttons isn’t new, but with Hillary Clinton, we’re seeing an entirely new kind of attack.
By Elizabeth Segran 4 minute Read
In 2013, campaign buttons comparing Hillary Clinton to fried chicken hit the concession stands at the California Republican Party Convention. “KFC Hillary Special,” they announced. “2 fat thighs, 2 small breasts, …left wing.” This was three years before this election, and long before Clinton officially announced her candidacy.
When a journalist tweeted a picture of the KFC button, Republican party officials quickly apologized and removed the vendor selling them from the premises. But they couldn’t stop other people from selling equally offensive buttons, which continued to pop up like whack-a-moles at each of the following conventions.
The offensive KFC slogan isn’t exceptional. There’s been a cottage industry of creating anti-Hillary buttons ever since it became clear she was gunning for the presidency. Unsurprisingly, they often trade in sexism, with slogans highlighting the fact that she is a woman: “Life’s a bitch, so don’t vote for one,” “Hillary sucks, but not as well as Monica,” and “The last time I saw a woman like Hillary, someone dropped a house on her.”
“Hillary sucks, but not as well as Monica,”
E-commerce sites like CafePress and Zazzle can turn around customized buttons for as little as $1.49 a pop in a matter of days, making it easy for anyone to come up with an attention-grabbing slogan, slap it on a button and sell it at, say, a Donald Trump rally. This cheap button-making technology sparked a resurgence in campaign buttons at a time when they would have otherwise been obsolete. After all, buttons are a very old form of political paraphernalia.
Michael Allen, a historian at the University of Washington Tacoma, says that political buttons are a uniquely American innovation. They first entered the scene during Andrew Jackson’s election campaign in 1824 and were an instant hit. Everybody wanted to get their hands on one to show their allegiance to a particular candidate or party. They were a fun form of political engagement, like “parades, drinking parties and barbeques, songs, banners,” he says. And they were a kind of personal branding, much like we now use Facebook and Twitter to assert our political identities.
The very first buttons were so expensive to make that they “more closely resembled jewelry and formal fashion accessories than what would become the modern political button, a product of postbellum American technological innovation,” he says. But with cheaper materials — particularly the invention of celluloid in 1868 — buttons quickly became accessible to the masses.
And with these mass-produced buttons came slogans that attacked women, long before women were running for public office. Since the early 20th century, there have been buttons disparaging the wives of the men running for president. The slogans were designed to besmirch the candidates, but possibly also stir up anxiety that a strong woman might have too much influence in the White House.
“Gender roles are associated with institutions: the family, the workplace, the military or in this case, the government,” Eileen McDonagh, a political scientist at Northeastern University points out. “Sexism often emerges out of a sense that women’s changing behavior may threaten the very foundation of those institutions.”
In 1932, when Franklin Roosevelt was running for president, buttons began to show up that said “We Don’t Want Eleanor Either”. Another said, “Eleanor? No Soap!” which was a colloquial way of saying, “No way!”
“We Don’t Want Eleanor Either!”
In 1964, when Lyndon Johnson was running for office, there were buttons asking Lady Bird Johnson to fly away.
“Lady Bird, Lady Bird, Fly Away”
And of course, when Bill Clinton was in office, the attacks against his wife began, with buttons asking, “Who Elected Hillary?”
While sexism in buttons is not new, there has been a distinct shift in tone in the recent spate of anti-Hillary buttons. The slogans in the past were less vitriolic and hateful than the most recent ones. “They were tamer,” McDonagh says. But she also points out that they were much less personal than the attacks we’re seeing now against Hillary Clinton.
“Who elected Hillary?”
“In the past, there was resistance to the idea that women were stepping out of their roles, but this is very different from what I would call ‘personalized misogyny,'” McDonagh says. “Rather than just hating all women, a few women are targeted; Hillary Clinton is one of them. There’s a hatred that is focused on her as a woman, not just as a person.”
“In the past, there was resistance to the idea that women were stepping out of their roles, but this is very different from what I would call ‘personalized misogyny.'”
These personal attacks against Hillary Clinton have dovetailed with the rise of Donald Trump, who has been willing to throw out political correctness and make overtly sexist comments about Clinton, accusing her of playing the “women’s card” and bringing up her husband’s infidelities. In fact, people have spotted that very same KFC button on sale at Donald Trump rallies around the country.
But the good news, according to Jennifer Lawless, a professor of political science at American University, is that these buttons tend to represent fringe elements. “There’s no question that there have been sexist products that have been produced in relation to Clinton’s 2016 race,” Lawless says. “But these are not mainstream communications: they are not put out by the campaigns themselves and the percentage of people who wear a button to support or oppose a candidate is in the low single digits.”
Given that campaign buttons are worn by such a small subset of the population, their purpose seems to have changed. They’re not a common way to identify with a particular candidate, since there are other digital channels like Facebook that are much easier ways to articulate your political beliefs. On the other hand, particularly offensive slogans do manage to get noticed, which is perhaps why there’s been a push toward more extreme sexist comments about Clinton. “They do generate news coverage,” Lawless says. “So they are not totally meaningless.”
Related Content: Should Facebook Censor Donald Trump?
Elizabeth Segran, Ph.D., is a staff writer at Fast Company. She lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts
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United States tour campaign revving the engines
FC Barcelona has unleashed ‘The Unstoppables’ campign to promote its matches against LA Galaxy, Manchester United, Chelsea and Fiorentina
10:00PM Thursday 02 Jul
After the club won its second treble, there are just a few days to go before a new preseason commences, with Luis Enrique taking his team on a tour that will visit Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington DC and Florence. Just a few weeks before the FC Barcelona first team reports back for duty, ‘The Unstoppables’ campaign has been launched to promote the US Tour.
The campaign also involves a special competition for Barça fans all around the world, which offers the chance for two supporters to win a trip to join the team in North America. The Barça Fans platform has set up the contest to choose the lucky twosome who will be getting a first-hand view of the International Champions Cup 2015.
Potential entrants simply have to read the competition rules published in Barça Fans and post a public video, in English, up until the closing date for entries, which is July 7. A jury made up of club staff will pick the best, basing their decision on creativity, originality and charisma.
While they are in the US, the two winning fans will have to describe their trip and the competition in first person via www.beabarcafan.com. And they will also have to take so-called ‘Unstoppable Challenges’ at each of the cities that the team visits, not just to bring the fans closer to the players, but also to unique locations, such as the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Participation in the International Champions Cup 2015
FC Barcelona are going to be competing for the first time ever in the International Champions Cup 2015, a competition in which they will be taking on some of the world’s other great teams, including Manchester United and Chelsea. Their first opponent will be one of the biggest teams in North America, the Los Angeles Galaxy.
Don’t forget that you’ll be able to keep up to date with every detail of the US tour here at www.fcbarcelona.com, as well as on all the club’s different social networks.
[[BOTOVERMELL::ENTER THE++competition::https://users.fcbarcelona.com/ad_campaigns/we-are-looking-for-two-fans-to-accompany-the-team-on-their-tour-to-the-united-states/no_session::HOR::NF::NO-TRACKING::::::]]
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News Archives 2012
Ferris Students Earn Awards as part of Women's History Month Celebration
Four Ferris State University students and a student organization were honored for making a difference on campus and in the community during “A Tribute to Women,” an event celebrating Women’s History Month.
The March 20 event was presented by Ferris’ Office of Multicultural Student Services in the Rankin Student Center.
Student award winners were nominated by faculty and staff members for making notable contributions toward furthering the image and issues of women on the Ferris campus and in the Big Rapids community.
They award winners are:
Progressive Woman Award – Brittany Lofton, a senior from Grand Rapids majoring in Psychology
This award is presented to a student who has displayed a commitment to and assisted with the creation and implementation of a particular program or issue of special relevance to women to improve the quality of life for women.
Professional Woman Award – Joy Haley, a senior majoring in Health Care Systems Administration from Detroit
This award is presented to a woman who continues to personify and distinguish herself by displaying and promoting outstanding professionalism.
Academic Achievement Award – Gabrielle Jackson, a junior from Inkster majoring in Forensic Biology/Biology Technology
This honor is awarded to a woman who has shown notable growth and achievement relative to academics (current cumulative and past semester grade point averages are used to measure such accomplishment).
Philanthrophy and Community Service Award – Breanna Alexander, a junior majoring in Applied Speech Communications from Detroit.
This honor is awarded to a woman who has displayed commitment, passion and support of causes for the community and community-based organizations.
Women Organization of Excellence Award – You Beautiful Black Woman, a registered student organization
This award is presented to a woman-based organization that epitomizes leadership, scholarship, service and a commitment to diversity on campus.
“I think Women’s History Month is important at Ferris State University because it provides members of our campus community opportunities to recognize women whom in every realm have made vast contributions to society that deserve to be promoted, taught and celebrated,” said Michael Wade, assistant director of OMSS.
The event included presentations from student organizations and other student leaders that highlighted the contributions women have made to society.
The OMSS “Tribute to Women” presentation was preceded by a reenactment of the Women’s Suffrage March, coordinated by the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. Zeta Rho Chapter.
The Ferris chapter staged the reenactment to pay tribute to Women’s History Month and to honor the sorority’s founders. The march in Washington D.C. took place on March 3, 1913, less than two months after Delta Sigma Theta, Inc. was founded, said Shaprese Smith, the Ferris chapter’s Social Action chair.
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Fresno adds Dr. Jesse Saenz to technical staff
By Fresno FC, 07/02/19, 11:30AM PDT
Dr. Jesse Saenz will become the club's Head of Injury Prevention for the rest of the 2019 season.
Dr. Jesse Saenz has been brought on as the club's Head of Injury Prevention
FRESNO, Calif. - Fresno Football Club is happy to welcome Dr. Jesse Saenz to the technical staff for the rest of the 2019 season. Dr. Saenz will assume the role of Head of Injury Prevention.
He worked previously as Head of Sports Science and First Team Chiropractor at Sacramento Republic FC, spending five years with USL Championship side. Saenz was also the First Team Chiropractor at Hull City AFC of the English Premier League and Championship and provides periodization consultation to several clubs in the United States and Europe.
"We're thrilled to welcome Jesse to our technical staff. He will be a tremendous asset to our club, helping to keep our players on the pitch as we strive for a USL Cup," said head coach Adam Smith.
Tag(s): Home News Club
©2019 Fresno FC / SportsEngine. All Rights Reserved.
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Milanese reflect on night of election drama
James Fontanella
As news of Prodi’s narrow victory filtered out, FT.com took to the streets of Milan, Italy’s business capital, to survey the city’s mood after a night of great drama.
Dolores, an English woman resident in Italy for more than 35 years, said: “I am happy the centre-left won, but I must say that the situation doesn’t look very encouraging.”
“The two sides will be moaning and groaning for the next month. I also expect that Berlusconi will say the election was rigged,” she commented.
Andrea, a student who voted for the centre-left, was disappointed with Prodi’s weak majority: “Berlusconi didn’t lose and Prodi didn’t win. Now Italy will be in a mess for the next five years, because the left has a weak majority and a weak coalition. This will make everything harder for Prodi to rule.”
Many Milanese founded it unfair that votes coming from abroad determined the results.
A banker, a supporter of the centre-right who didn’t want to reveal his name, said: “People who don’t live in Italy shouldn’t have the right to vote in general elections.”
Lidia, an elderly woman, agreed: “It is crazy that people who don’t live here have determined who will govern the country where I live. It’s a scandal.”
Some supporters of the centre-left held a different opinion. Laura, a young woman, said: “Italians living abroad are always Italians and it’s fair that they voted.”
She added: “Many people are living abroad because of the economic recession caused by the Berlusconi government. These people voted Prodi in the hope that the current economic situation will change.”
Many Milanese are eager to hear details of the centre-left’s tax plans.
Alberto, the owner of a travel agency, said: “I’m sure the communists will reintroduce a thousand new taxes. I expect inheritance tax and higher housing taxes to be introduced immediately. I’m terrified.”
Agense, a housekeeper, was of the opposite opinion: “I hope Prodi keeps his promises: raise taxes for the rich and reduce them for the poor. Then I will be happy.”
With the result so close, many saw the lack of a clear mandate as a real problem. Eddy, a young lawyer, called for a new election. “The situation is intolerable,” he said.
Many voters blamed the new electoral system.
Titti, a young woman, commented: “We need two main changes now: First, go back to a majority system; second - kick out both Prodi and Berlusconi.”
Another Milanese rushing to work agreed. “The electoral system confused everybody and is the cause of the stalemate. Berlusconi changed the system on purpose to create the situation we find ourselves in at the moment.”
Fabio, a banker, said: “The saddest fact of this election is that Italy is divided. There are two sides and they are not ready to talk to each other.”
He blamed the vicious electoral campaign: “In the 1970s when Andreotti [former Christian Democrat prime minister] and Berlinguer [former leader of the Italian Communist Party] went on TV debates they respected each other and the confrontation was political - and not based on who insulted the other more.”
Antonio, a young man originally from the south of Italy and a Berlusconi supporter, said: “I can’t believe what happened - he is like a father for me”.
Sunil and Perera, two immigrants from Sri Lanka who could not vote, were enthusiastic about the centre-left’s victory in the lower house. “Berlusconi is bad and Prodi is good,” they said simultaneously.
Sunil explained his preference: “Berlusconi and his Northern League allies want us out of Italy, but we are here to work and Prodi understands that.”
Marta, a young Berlusconi supporter, maintained the prime minister was still a strong leader. “Although we lost a considerable number of votes compared with the 2001 general elections, Forza Italia is still the biggest party in Italy.”
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Neurosurgeon is Advancing MR-guided Focused Ultrasound as a Treatment for Movement Disorders
FUSF Research Award recipient: W. Jeffrey Elias, M.D, University of Virginia, USA
Neurosurgeon W. Jeffrey Elias, M.D. first learned about the promise of MR-guided focused ultrasound a few years ago from colleague Neal F. Kassell, M.D. at the University of Virginia. At first, Elias was intrigued but, well, maybe a little busy. He was absorbed in a growing practice and had new twins at home. But he seized the chance to study the technology when UVA opened its Focused Ultrasound Center. “I realized it was going to be a very unique opportunity for us to be involved in early and innovative research,” Elias remembers.
Today, Elias is pioneering MR-guided focused ultrasound as a treatment for movement disorders. Backed by funding from the Focused Ultrasound Surgery Foundation, he has launched a first in the world clinical trial using MR-guided focused ultrasound to treat patients with essential tremor, a type of involuntary shaking with no known cause. Designed to assess the safety and initial efficacy of the treatment, the study is expected to treat as many as 15 patients and involves making a precisely targeted small lesion with focused ultrasound in the thalamus, a deep region within the brain.
Elias recently received two research awards from the Focused Ultrasound Surgery Foundation totaling $196,000. The first award is supporting preclinical research of the safety, feasibility and histology (tissue structure) of MR-guided focused ultrasound compared to other intracerebral lesioning techniques, specifically Gamma Knife radiosurgery and surgical implantation of heating probes. Gamma Knife, for instance, takes time to work, he says. It can take weeks or months for the radiation to take effect and cause a lesion in the brain and, in the meantime, the patient still has the disorder. And radiofrequency treatment carries an inherent risk of bleeding since a probe is inserted through the skull and into the brain.
“We think that focused ultrasound will provide precise and discreet lesioning that’s sharper and more well-demarcated than other techniques,” Elias said. “But that’s just the hypothesis. We’re in the process of studying and comparing these techniques. What we find may allow for very precise targeting and perhaps even safer treatments for movement disorders.”
The second research award is enabling Elias and his team to study the safety and feasibility of focused ultrasound for the further treatment of people who have undergone deep brain stimulation. DBS is currently the primary therapy for patients with Parkinson’s disease and similar movement disorders. Elias wants to know whether MRI-guided focused ultrasound is effective in treating residual symptoms when an implanted neurostimulator is already in place.
“Our hope is that this research will provide greater understanding of focused ultrasound technology and therapy and facilitate its use and acceptance into the clinic for the treatment of movement disorders,” Elias said.
Written by Ellen C., McKenna
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Office Grants Underwriters at Lloyd's Eligible Reinsurer Status
Jack McDermott
Jack.McDermott@floir.com
TALLAHASSEE, Fla. The Florida Office of Insurance Regulation (Office) today signed a Consent Order that will allow Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London to post reduced collateral and operate in Florida as an eligible reinsurer. Lloyd’s represents one of the oldest and largest non-U.S. reinsurers in the United States, and will represent the seventeenth eligible reinsurer operating in Florida with similar terms; it is also the first eligible reinsurer operating in Florida headquartered in the United Kingdom.
'We are very pleased the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation has recognized Lloyd's financial security and approved our application for reduced collateral,” remarked Sean McGovern, General Counsel and Director of Lloyd’s America.
"Lloyd's is committed to providing insurance and reinsurance to protect people and businesses in Florida. And the Florida Insurance Office and State of Florida have given us a clear signal that Florida is pro-business and actively encouraging investment."
Florida is the first state to allow ceding insurance companies to receive full credit on their financial statements for reinsurance purchased from non-U.S. based reinsurers that are highly rated, and financially sound. Lloyd’s reported statutory capital and surplus of $29.9 billion, which exceeds the $250 million requirement. Lloyd’s also indicated secure financial strength by demonstrating favorable ratings from two statistical rating organizations deemed acceptable by the commissioner as having experience and expertise in rating insurers doing business in Florida. Lloyd’s has already been granted status as an eligible reinsurer in the state of New York.
Other eligible reinsurers in Florida include (in alphabetical order): Ace Tempest Reinsurance, Allied World Assurance Company Ltd., Alterra Bermuda Ltd., Arch Reinsurance Ltd., Ariel Reinsurance Company Ltd., Aspen Insurance Ltd., Axis Specialty Ltd., DaVinci Reinsurance Ltd., Hannover Re (Bermuda), Hannover Re (Germany), Hiscox Insurance Co., Montpelier Reinsurance Ltd., Partner Reinsurance Co., Renaissance Reinsurance, Tokio Millennium Re Ltd. and XL Re Ltd.
About the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation
The Florida Office of Insurance Regulation (Office) has primary responsibility for regulation, compliance and enforcement of statutes related to the business of insurance and the monitoring of industry markets. For more information about the Office, please visit www.floir.com or follow us on Twitter @FLOIR_comm.
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What Happens When Nomadic Families Stop Traveling?
Lois Alter Mark Contributor
I cover travel: the places, the faces, the food, the suitcases.
Erin Holmes and her kids at Hosier Art Lane in Melbourne, Australia.
I met Erin Holmes and her kids on a press trip years ago and was so impressed that, at the ages of six and seven, Mia and Caius were already more well-traveled than me, having visited 64 countries. While their peers were reading about the world, they were experiencing it firsthand.
For five years, the family lived as nomads, documenting their experiences on Erin’s award-winning blog, Explore With Erin.
So, when I read that Erin and the kids had decided to unpack their suitcases and settle down in their native Australia, I was curious. Although there are lots of stories about the adventures of nomadic families, what happens when they put away their passports? What’s it like to have a daily routine after waking up in different cities every day?
I caught up with Erin to see what her family's life is like after nomadic traveling. Here’s what she had to say:
Did you always love travel?
My travel bug started in 1998. As a graduation present my parents took all of us to Bali. It was my first international trip, and I hated it. Ha ha. But it was exciting. So it wasn’t long before I saved all my pennies and boarded a one-way flight at 20 years old to London. I lived and worked there for a year, making my way to some of the more popular Europe destinations. I returned home at 21 to get married and “settle down.”
But I couldn’t. Before my kids came along I continued to travel throughout Southeast Asia. In 2007 I took a six-week trip through the US, Europe and the Middle East. This was my last hurrah since I had decided to have children and, of course, once you have children you never get to travel again. Take two of “settling down.”
Erin Holmes in Bali.
What made you decide to take the kids and become “nomads?”
I have to admit it was never my idea. I thought the idea was insane! But in 2012, after two years of persistent pressure, I was convinced that a six-month journey around Southeast Asia would be quite the adventure. And, after all, it was only going to be six months.
I stored all our personal items in the garage and rented out our house. I got a dog sitter, sold my car and booked a one-way ticket to Bali. I had the entire six months planned out. It was never my intention to be a nomad; that kind of just happened.
How old were the kids when you started? How long were you nomads?
We left when they were two and three. After six months in Southeast Asia I realized the lifestyle was really working. We were becoming closer as a family, my blog had taken off and I wasn’t ready to go home.
So I booked a one-way ticket to the U.S. to start our discovery of the other side of the world.
That continued for over five years.
How many countries did you visit?
64, but we visited several over and over again as we developed favorites. I have now visited more than 70 countries.
Erin Holmes and her kids dogsledding in Rovaniemi, Finland.
What were some of the highlights of your travels?
We each have our favorite adventures, but top of my list is the Christmas we spent in Finland. The kids were three and four so it was so magical for them to meet the real Santa, ride in a reindeer sleigh, enjoy a husky sled and chase the Northern Lights on snowmobiles.
I’ll never forget the time we slid down a 60-foot chute in a cave far under the ground in Wales, or when my kids swam beside whale sharks the size of a bus in Mexico. Riding in a hot air balloon over Cappadocia in Turkey was incredible and so was taking the Maid of the Mist into Niagara Falls.
I bet people told you all the time that they were jealous of your life. What do you wish they knew about the un-glamorous part of nomadic traveling?
For all our amazing experiences, there are stories that stand out as not so great.
In Israel my son fell off a bunk bed and broke his arm. Navigating the language difference in a foreign country is never fun. Having a cast on a three-year-old in 40-degree Celsius heat was definitely not glamorous.
In Guatemala we needed a certain type of medication for my kids. Again, the language difference made things difficult and our mimicking and hand actions were laughed at by the pharmacy staff – and by us.
Also in Guatemala my mobile phone was pickpocketed. Attempting to find police at midnight and grieving the loss of my photos was hard.
So, yeah, we had some unglamorous stories. But the most un-glamorous parts came from after years of travel in a post I titled The Realities of Nomadic Travel. Certain things started taking a toll. Work started taking over and our family bonding was lost. My weight became uncontrollable from the constant time zone changes, eating out or not eating at all. My kids missed their extended family and simple things like friends’ birthday parties or team sports. These became our pitfalls.
Erin Holmes on Rothorn, The Mountain of 1000 Peaks in Switzerland.
Why did you decide it was time to stop nomadic traveling?
In 2015 the kids and I wanted to stop travelling so fast. But the blog was so consuming that my jobs were keeping us very busy and in 2016 we found ourselves on many trips. Our plan, as of July 2016, was to finally slow down and find a primary residence again either in Canada, US or Australia.
I wanted a place where the kids could go to school, make friends and join a sports team, a place where I could buy shoes and keep them, a place where we could travel with only a carry-on and not all our life belongings in several big suitcases. A place where I could focus on my health and organize a better work/life balance. A place where we could be part of a community.
At the end of 2016 the kids and I had an extreme change in our family dynamic and we returned to Australia to refocus. What started as a visit to Melbourne ended up becoming our new home.
What were your kids’ reactions?
They were very excited. I initially thought it would be a short-term move, but they didn’t want to leave. In many ways I have them to thank for slowing us down and allowing us to restart our new lives.
So what’s life like after nomadic traveling?
Surprisingly wonderful. Sure, I get itchy feet to see new places and take on new experiences, but only for a visit, not permanently. I adore having a home and a community. And the experiences we are now having are just as new and exciting as our travel lifestyle was. Watching my kids’ faces light up over simple things like an achievement award at karate or cycling to school is everything. Plus, I still get to write about my favorite experiences.
Erin Holmes and her kids at Brighton Beach in Melbourne, Australia.
Was it hard to get used to your new lifestyle? What was the most challenging part?
School holidays! We were so used to the flexibility of being able to travel in the off season that getting used to traveling during expensive holiday periods has been the hard to adjust to.
Are there days you wish you were still on the road? How about the kids?
Definitely. You always wear rose-colored glasses. But at this time in our lives we all needed some stability and routine. The kids have no interest in taking up travel again. Nomadic travel is fabulous but you have to know when to stop. Nomadic travel is filled with experiences, learning, knowledge, but so is being in a home base. There’s a time for both.
Would you recommend nomadic traveling to families?
I really believe it takes something special to be nomadic. You have to be motivated to balance your work and travel during those years or you have to be motivated before you go to save enough money to live on.
Would I recommend it to everybody? Yes – at least for six months to connect and establish a strong family bond. It can be a very special and awakening experience, where you discover yourself and those around you. But we all come home to roost eventually so don’t feel pressure to keep going when the sirens call you home.
Erin Holmes in Cappadocia, Turkey.
Can families do it without turning it into “work,” e.g. blogging, doing social media, sponsorships?
Sure. Many families take a gap year by saving or selling a house so they can spend a year just traveling. Having a job that you can take on the road, though, enables you to keep going if you want to.
What’s your travel like these days?
Presently the kids and I are exploring Australia. There is a lot of this country I have never seen, which is crazy! We always seem to save home for last.
I’ve already been back to Bali three times, and in April I’m heading to Vietnam for the first time. It’s been a few years since I’ve been to a new destination and I can already feel the excitement building.
That’s something I missed when traveling permanently. There was a sense of weariness that caused a lack of enthusiasm. But having a home base, I now look forward to these trips. And I only have to pack a carry on.
Do you think you’ll ever go back to nomadic traveling?
Yes. Maybe one day. When the kids are old and grown I’d love to continue to travel the world slowly. But then, who knows, maybe grandkids will be more important to me than my desire to experience everything the world has to offer. Maybe I’ll take them with me. Or maybe I’ll never do it again. I don’t know. But I do know one thing. I’ll never stop traveling.
Lois Alter Mark
I believe the world would be a better place if we all traveled more, and I write about everything from luxury spas, cruises and hotels to quirky museums and street food
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Bishop helps migrant family at border cross into U.S. on asylum trek
Post by Catholic News Service
WASHINGTON (CNS) — Bishop Mark J. Seitz of El Paso, Texas, was able June 27 to help a migrant family seeking asylum successfully cross an international bridge from Mexico into the United States.
Under current policy, migrants seeking asylum must stay on the other side of the border while their claims are heard, a provision of the “Remain in Mexico” program instituted by the Trump administration this year.
“There are supposed to be exceptions that are not being respected,” said Bishop Seitz, who spoke with immigration officials about allowing the family to enter.
One of the migrants the border bishop accompanied has a cognitive disability and another suffers from a heart problem, news agency Reuters reported June 27. It’s unclear how many people were able to enter. For the moment, the family is being held at a facility on the U.S. side of the border while their claim is processed, said a video released by the Diocese of El Paso after the event.
Dylan Corbett, executive director of the Hope Border Institute, which helped coordinate the effort, said on June 27 that the family is supposed to remain under custody at least one night.
“We, their lawyers, nobody is able to contact them, we’re going to be out of communication,” Corbett said in the video. “So, it’s fingers crossed. They’re in. They’re in the United States. They’re at least safe tonight. We hope that continues.”
Along with other U.S. prelates, Bishop Seitz has argued that the policy forcing asylum-seekers and others to stay in the Mexican border towns while waiting for their cases to be processed exposes them to danger. Before crossing the bridge, the bishop spoke with a group of people who had not been able to enter. The video shows a man who introduces himself to Bishop Seitz from among the crowd and tells him he’s Cuban and was in detention for a month — in Mexico — and not allowed to shower.
“Pray for us,” the man asked him after showing the bishop a black eye and telling him that he was robbed and beaten after being released in Mexico. The bishop then gave him a blessing.
The video later shows a relieved Bishop Seitz after the family he accompanied was allowed into the U.S.
“Right now, I’m just so very grateful to God,” he said. “These days, when so many things can seem to work against those who are seeking refuge in our country, today something went well. Today, somebody listened, and they were able to pass through. They will be able to go through their asylum process here in the in the United States with loved ones in safety and security. We’re so grateful for that.”
Earlier in the day, he had called attention toward anti-immigrant attitudes in the United States and the dangers that have resulted and the loss of lives, particularly of children along the border. Bishop Seitz walked the bridge and also prayed with migrants and other Catholics on the other side of the border.
“These people we accompanied today have suffered more than any of us us can imagine in their short lifetimes and now they can experience at least a moment of peace,” he said.
By Rhina Guidos | Catholic News Service
From Catholic News Service
To learn more, click here.
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Blessed Solanus Casey
Image: Blessed Solanus Casey Shrine | Saint Mary Magdalen Church, Brighton, Michigan | photo by Nheyob
Saint of the Day for July 30
(November 25, 1875 – July 31, 1957)
https://wp.franciscanmedia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/SODJul30.mp3
Blessed Solanus Casey’s Story
Barney Casey became one of Detroit’s best-known priests even though he was not allowed to preach formally or to hear confessions!
Barney came from a large family in Oak Grove, Wisconsin. At the age of 21, and after he had worked as a logger, a hospital orderly, a streetcar operator, and a prison guard, he entered St. Francis Seminary in Milwaukee—where he found the studies difficult. He left there, and in 1896, joined the Capuchins in Detroit, taking the name Solanus. His studies for the priesthood were again arduous.
On July 24, 1904, Solanus was ordained, but because his knowledge of theology was judged to be weak, he was not given permission to hear confessions or to preach. A Franciscan Capuchin who knew him well said this annoying restriction “brought forth in him a greatness and a holiness that might never have been realized in any other way.”
During his 14 years as porter and sacristan in Yonkers, New York, the people there recognized Solanus as a fine speaker. James Derum, his biographer writes, “For, though he was forbidden to deliver doctrinal sermons, he could give inspirational talks, or feverinos, as the Capuchins termed them.” His spiritual fire deeply impressed his listeners.
Father Solanus served at parishes in Manhattan and Harlem before returning to Detroit, where he was porter and sacristan for 20 years at St. Bonaventure Monastery. Every Wednesday afternoon he conducted well-attended services for the sick. A co-worker estimates that on the average day 150 to 200 people came to see Father Solanus in the front office. Most of them came to receive his blessing; 40 to 50 came for consultation. Many people considered him instrumental in cures and other blessings they received.
Father Solanus’ sense of God’s providence inspired many of his visitors. “Blessed be God in all his designs” was one of his favorite expressions.
The many friends of Father Solanus helped the Capuchins begin a soup kitchen during the Depression. Capuchins are still feeding the hungry there today.
In failing health, Solanus was transferred to the Capuchin novitiate in Huntington, Indiana, in 1946, where he lived for ten years until needing to be hospitalized in Detroit. Father Solanus died on July 31, 1957. An estimated 20,000 people passed by his coffin before his burial in St. Bonaventure Church in Detroit.
At the funeral Mass, the provincial Father Gerald said: “His was a life of service and love for people like me and you. When he was not himself sick, he nevertheless suffered with and for you that were sick. When he was not physically hungry, he hungered with people like you. He had a divine love for people. He loved people for what he could do for them—and for God, through them.”
In 1960, a Father Solanus Guild was formed in Detroit to aid Capuchin seminarians. By 1967, the guild had 5,000 members—many of them grateful recipients of his practical advice and his comforting assurance that God would not abandon them in their trials. Solanus Casey was declared Venerable in 1995, and beatified on November 18, 2017.
His biographer James Patrick Derum writes that eventually Father Solanus was weary from bearing the burdens of the people who visited him. “Long since, he had come to know the Christ-taught truth that pure love of God and one’s fellowmen as children of God are in the final event all that matter. Living this truth ardently and continuously had made him, spiritually, a free man—free from slavery to passions, from self-seeking, from self-indulgence, from self-pity—free to serve wholly both God and man” (The Porter of St. Bonaventure’s, page 199).
Click here to visit our page devoted to Solanus Casey!
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The Division 2's Open Beta Adds An Extra Main Mission
by Imran Khan on Feb 25, 2019 at 12:40 PM
The upcoming open beta for The Division 2 will allow everyone to play a bit of Ubisoft's upcoming live shooter and sequel to 2016's The Division. Even if you played the closed betas that have been hitting over the last month, however, the open beta will still have new content for people eager to play more The Division 2.
The open beta offers one more main mission to the closed beta's two, so there's more content to play with in the current beta. If you haven't played any Division betas, that's a huge amount of new content. Check out the open beta trailer below.
The beta will also offer endgame content, so you'll be able to fight against some of the members and weaponry of the Black Tusk organization. The beta begins in just a few days on March 1 and runs through March 4.
The Division 2 releases on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC on March 15.
West Coast News Editor
Imran has been playing games since he was five, but it is less the length of time and more the frequency that tends to alarm people.
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The King of Fighters XII - Street Fight by a Cafe Gameplay Movie
Ryo beats the heck out of Leona and takes on Nikaido in The King of Fighters XII.
By Aaron Sampson on July 29, 2009 at 5:25PM PDT
The King of Fighters XII More Info
The King of Fighters XII is the first KOF game in almost a decade to feature a complete visual overhaul.
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Home News Xoma to Halt Development of Gevokizumab in Osteoarthritis Indication
Inflammatory Diseases
Xoma to Halt Development of Gevokizumab in Osteoarthritis Indication
Xoma reported discouraging results from a Phase II trial of gevokizumab in patients with erosive osteoarthritis of the hand (EOA), and will cease development of the drug for EOA. Data from the trial did not show drug-related benefits for patients after six months. The company will, however, continue to assess gevokizumab in patients with non-infectious and Behçet’s uveitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and other rare diseases.
Last month, the FDA awarded orphan drug designation to gevokizumab for the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. Gevokizumab already has orphan drug designation in the U.S. for noninfectious and Behçet’s uveitis.
“We launched our proof-of-concept program for gevokizumab just over two years ago. We developed a thoughtful plan that would allow data derived from well-designed clinical studies using gevokizumab to lead us to the best opportunities to follow our ongoing Phase III studies in non-infectious and Behçet’s uveitis. While we are disappointed in today’s results, the new information we received from these Phase II studies informs our next decisions. The data we generated in our erosive osteoarthritis of the hand studies enabled our decision not to initiate large Phase III studies for this indication. In contrast, the data that we generated last fall in pyoderma gangrenosum allowed us to select this orphan indication as our next Phase III effort,” stated John Varian, CEO of Xoma. “The data Servier and we are generating in six additional indications we have disclosed, as well as other indications we haven’t yet disclosed, will continue to light our pathway forward.”
Xoma’s future is very much tied to the success of gevokizumab as was evident in its fourth quarter and full year 2013 financial results also reported yesterday. The company recorded total revenues of $35.5 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2013, compared with $33.8 million during the same period of 2012. For the three months ended December 31, 2013, Xoma recorded revenues of $12.5 million compared to $7.4 million during the corresponding period of 2012. The increase in the fourth-quarter and full-year 2013 revenues was due primarily to the receipt of license and collaboration fees, which were offset by reductions in contract revenue and related expenses from NIAID government contracts and from reimbursements by Servier for gevokizumab-related activities.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, Xoma had a net loss of $124.1 million, compared with a net loss of $71.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2012. Annual research and development (R&D) expenses for 2013 were $74.9 million compared to $68.5 million in 2012. For the three-month periods ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, R&D expenses were $22.9 million and $15.8 million, respectively. The increases in both of the 2013 periods reflect the increased external clinical trial costs associated with Xoma’s gevokizumab clinical development programs.
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The Best General Contractors in Philadelphia
Philadelphia is eclectic in every way, providing strong, fascinating contrasts in all aspects of life. It’s known as a foodie hub, and that’s due to its sophisticated fine-dining scene, but also because of the reputation of its famous food trucks. One of the oldest American cities, Philadelphia’s history is everywhere to be seen, but against the 300 year old, ivy-covered buildings you will find industrial warehouses covered with murals and mosaics. Philadelphia embraces a range of lifestyles, from cutting-edge artists and working-class natives to the affluent movers and shakers of the Fairmont and Chestnut Hills neighborhoods.
Philadelphia has a rich architectural history as well. Almost 60% of the population of Philadelphia lives in a row house, and many of those homes date back to the colonial era. And if you’re not living in a colonial row house, then you’re almost certainly living in a colonial home. Beautiful brick facades are everywhere, announcing Philadelphia’s roots that predate the founding of the Union.
Like Philadelphia, the firms on this list are eclectic, and have various styles and strengths. We chose firms that have won prestigious awards, and have been featured in local and national magazines. The best firm on this list, fittingly, is one that focuses on the preservation of old buildings and homes, and at the same time has transformed itself into a green builder. Like Philadelphia, it lives simultaneously in the past and the present.
15) Hallmark Remodelers
Website| 215-309-9516 | 2417 Welsh Rd., Philadelphia, PA 19114
Hallmark was founded by Al Portnoy who first started out as an apprentice for a local home remodeling contractor. After learning more about the trade, Portnoy worked as a general contractor and extended his career into building up Hallmark Remodelers.
The firm does home renovations and home improvements in the Greater Philadelphia area. Since its establishment in 1965, the firm has done 1228 bathroom remodels and 2122 kitchen remodels, and the firm held the 55th rank within Qualified Remodeler’s 2007 Top 500 list.
Along with its kitchen, bathroom, and basement remodels, the firm also does small projects like repairs for patio decks, flooring, and siding. These projects usually demand a traditional style but one of the firm’s most notable projects is a craftsman-style kitchen remodel. With an inviting and light color palette, the room is bathed in warm lighting that highlights the fine craftsmanship and natural materials.
14) Bella Brothers Construction
Website| 215-633-0333 | 1872 Hulmeville Road Bensalem, PA 19020
A premier home builder for Philadelphia, Bucks, Montgomery County, South Jersey, and the surrounding areas, Bella Brothers Construction specializes in residential construction, remodeling and restoration. These services include everything from the basement to the roof. The firm’s projects usually exhibit craftsman and traditional styles.
The firm was included in Qualified Remodeler’s Top 500 list from 2010 to 2017. Though the firm was established in 1995 by Thomas Denicolo, it already has four generations worth of experience helping it provide excellent service, beautiful craftsmanship, and exceptional professionalism. Its most notable project is a kitchen remodel in the craftsman style. Boasting a cool, rustic feel, the kitchen has a darker color palette that mixes well with the modern features and appliances.
13) Kradzinski Remodeling
Website| 215-442-1562 | 1240 Barness Dr., Warminster, PA 18974
25 years ago, Kradzinski Remodeling started as a small, family-run business. The firm focused on kitchen and bathroom projects that used only a limited number of subcontractors and were done one at a time. The firm team still doesn’t throw itself into numerous projects, perferring focus and accuracy to speed and quantity. And the approach has paid off: the firm won the Regional and National Contractor of the Year Awards in 2014 for a residential kitchen built under $40,000. In the next year, the firm claimed its place as Regional Contractor of the Year for building residential kitchens within the $100,000 to $150,000 price bracket.
Founder Dan Kradzinski helped bring in these prestigious awards. In addition to being a certified kitchen and bath remodeler and a master plumber, Kradzinski is also an active member of the National Association of the Remodeling Industry (NARI) which has recognized him multiple times.
12) Osborne Construction
Website| 917-586-2098 | 6351 McCallum St., Philadelphia, PA 19144
Osborne Construction is committed to the adaptive reuse of existing buildings. The firm built a reputation for delivering hand-crafted, highly efficient, commercial spaces in and around Philadelphia and New York. As a firm that builds high-quality homes, Osborne Construction has collaborated with many local architects and builders including Re-Vision Architecture, Brian Johnston Studios, C2 Architecture, Kohl Made, IV/VI Studio and Rohe Creative. In 2017, the firm’s team attended rigorous training sessions and wrote a difficult exam to become a certified as Passive House Builders.
The firm is a member of the Passive House Institute US and was featured in Domino Magazine, Philly Magazine Insider, and Sprudge. Some of its notable projects include a renovation of a mid-century modern Frank Weiss designed residence in Bala Cynwyd. They also performed the the historic restoration to a George Woodward commissioned residence by architect Robert R. McGoodwin in West Mt. Airy.
11) West Chester Design Build
Website| 610-594-2394 | 602 Jeffers Circle, Suite 110, Exton PA, 19341
Serving the Greater Philadelphia suburbs, West Chester Design Build is a US Veteran-owned company established in 2007. It’s an award-winning firm that provides high-quality architectural design, construction, and home renovations. It is a member of the National Association of the Remodeling Industry (NARI) and was awarded Remodeling Magazine’s Big 50 status in 2014. In addition, NARI has awarded the firm countless Contractor of The Year Awards.
It was founded by Chris Payson who’s known for designing “Common Sense Spaces”. Unlike other architects and firms, West Chester Design Build focuses on spaces that are beautiful, yet practical. Though the firm has won numerous awards for design, Payson always focuses on practicality, and keeps a strict eye on project cost.
10) Bellweather Construction
Website| 215-724-1116 | 4613 Woodland Avenue Philadelphia, PA 19143
Established in 2002, Bellweather Construction is a member of Remodelers Advantage, NARI, the National Kitchen and Bath Association (NKBA), the Association of Preservation Technologies, the Building Performance Institute, and the National Historic Preservation Trust. The firm also won the 40 under 40 Award from the Professional Remodeler Magazine. The design-build contractor assists clients with a professionally developed design process. A notable recent project is this Italianate twin kitchen featuring contemporary finishes and classic contrast color tones that blend well with the home’s existing architectural style.
Bellweather Construction was founded by Will Giesey. Since 2012, he has been the Chairman of the Gloucester City Historical Commission, and he also holds multiple certifications with the NARI.
9) Performance Kitchens and Homes
Website| 215-482-0700 | 4429 Main St., Manayunk, Philadelphia, PA 19127
Founded in 1974, Performance Kitchens and Homes has a carefully selected team that consists of talented senior kitchen designers, an expert cabinet maker, a creative director, an expediter, and a controller to make sure all aspects of a project are addressed. Before working for this company, one has to complete at least 50 kitchens that fit Performance Kitchens and Homes’s standards and have at least three years experience in product and cabinetry knowledge, and, have a familiarity with all aspects of home remodeling.
The firm’s founder, Brian Forman, personally trained his employees and spent 40 years collaborating with trade experts, and he has completed over 2,000 beautiful kitchen and addition projects. The firm is a member of the National Kitchen and Bath Association (NKBA). It also earned the Crystal Cabinetry Design Award and was also included in the 2016 and 2017 Best of Philadelphia Happening list.
8) Janiczek Homes
Website| 484-580-8104 | P.O. Box 416, Wayne, PA 19087
An award-winning home builder, Janiczek Homes designs custom homes for the most discerning clients in Philadelphia. In the years after its establishment in 1984, Janiczek Homes developed close working relationships with a number of preferred subcontractors, suppliers, and service providers. It is a member of the American Institute of Architects (AIA), the Delaware Valley Green Building Council (DVGBC), and the Greater Philadelphia Passive House Association. In 1999, the NAHB awarded the firm with numerous Pyramid, Pinnacle, and Judges awards, from the area’s “Best Residential Innovation” to “Best Custom Homes.” Supporting its awards, it was also featured in MainLine Today three times.
The firm’s founder and president, Mark Janiczek, was known for his attention to detail and had a reputation for making fine homes. An associate member of the Philadelphia Chapter of the American Institute of Architects and the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB), Janiczek was awarded multiple Pinnacle and Pyramid awards for his extraordinary residential projects. In 2003, he was named “One of the people to watch under 40” by Main Line Life. He is still active in the DVGBC and he is also the consultant site designer for the Finca Las Brisas sustainable development project in Costa Rica.
7) Myers Constructs, Inc.
Website| 215-438-6696 | PO Box 27490, Philadelphia, PA 19118
The team of Myers Constructs, Inc. identify themselves as members of a larger community of artisans and think of themselves as ‘makers’ and culture junkies. Their passion shows: Myers Constructs, Inc. won NARI’s Contractor of the Year awards from 2016 to 2018 and was named Best of Philly in 2015. It is a member of NARI, the NKBA, and has an EPA Lead RRP Certification. It was also featured in The Philadelphia Inquirer five times, and in the Philadelphia Row Home Magazine and Remodeling Magazine.
Established in 1997, Myers Constructs, Inc. was founded by Tamara Myers and Diane Menke who worked as sole proprietors in the carpentry and faux finishing trades respectively. The beach houses or cottages that they build usually carry traditional, modern, or old-world styles.
6) J. Schwartz
Website| 610-644-6700 | 7 East King St., Malvern, PA 19355
A national award-winning remodeling and home improvement contractor, and a fine home builder, J. Schwartz is a member of NARI, the Home Builders Association (HBA), and the NKBA. It is also an Energy Star partner and an EPA certified renovator. In addition to its many accreditations, the firm’s efforts were also recognized by Qualified Remodeler’s Magazine. From 2009 to 2015, it was also included in the Top 500 list. And for the fourth year in a row, it received the Pulse of the City News Award for excellence in customer satisfaction, asserting the team’s belief in the motto: “Responsive, Accessible, and Detail Oriented.”
Established in 2001, the firm was founded by Joe Schwartz, an architectural and civil engineer that’s been involved with construction since 1984. During those years he was able to lead a variety of crews, from framing to trim teams. He was also able to supervise field construction and he was able to run small to multi-million dollar residential projects. He also worked in the commercial sector, focusing on health care sites and office building projects ranging from $7 Million to $40 Million.
As expected, this experience and knowledge helped him become more involved in all aspects of residential construction and fine home-building. One of his most notable works is the Straw Bale Buildings, which showcases the latest in technologically advanced Green Building.
5) Sullivan Building and Design Group
Website| 215-804-1100 | 2320 Trumbauersville Rd., Quakertown, PA 18951
Sullivan Building and Design Group is a full-service design-build firm that focuses on a truly hands-on approach where the team works with the homeowner from the conceptual stages to the end product. For the past 35 years, Sullivan Building and Design Group has created unique new homes, renovations and custom woodwork. These works have earned them places in NARI and the NKBA. In addition, the firm also collected numerous awards from 2012 to 2017. Its most recent award came in 2017 from Master Design Awards.
Well into its second generation of providing the finest quality of design and construction services in the region, Sullivan Building and Design Group was featured in countless magazines, some of which are Qualified Remodeler, Bucks County Home and Garden, Professional Remodeler Magazine, and Elle Decor.
4) E.B. Mahoney Builders
Website| 610-527-6584 | 718 West Lancaster Ave. Bryn Mawr, PA 19010
Established in 1926, E.B. Mahoney Builders defined a home building standard on the Main Line and surrounding communities. For the past 90 years, the phrase “Mahoney-built” has signified a home crafted to high standards of quality and integrity. E.B. Mahoney Builders is a member of the Home Builders Association of Bucks and Montgomery Counties, the Institute of Classical Architecture and Art (ICAA), the Main Line Builders Association (MLBA), the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB), and the NAHB Builder 20.
In addition to its many affiliations, it won the Pyramid Awards for Best Custom Home and Best Residential Renovation. It’s also a five-time winner of the MLBA’s the Builder of The Year Award, a 16-time winner of the Best Single-Family/Custom Home Award, and the seven-time winner of the Best Residential Renovations Award. Along with these awards, it also won the Best of Mainline in 2016.
The Luxury of Home Magazine featured the firm that same year. According to principal Edwin Mahoney, you can quickly recognize the firm’s projects when you see their timeless design and extraordinary details. Jeremiah Mahoney formed the company in 1926 and his uncompromising work ethic still guides the firm.
3) Phillip Johnson Construction
Website | 215-790-0725 | 728 Pine Street, Philadelphia PA 19106-4005
For over 30 years, Phillip Johnson Construction has been rebuilding historic Philadelphia with some of the finest carpenters and craftsmen on the East Coast. The firm has an EPA LEAD Certification, and in 2016, the Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia won the Grand Jury Award for Preservation and the 2002 American Architecture Awards. Countless magazines and national periodicals have featured the firm, including The Wall Street Journal, Philadelphia Magazine, and Philadelphia Style Magazine. The Phaidon Atlas of Contemporary World Architecture in 2004 also highlighted their achievements.
The firm has expert experience in all aspects of historic reconstruction. It has done historic structural restoration for organizations like The Athenaeum of Philadelphia and The Archdiocese of Philadelphia. From modest renovations to multi-million dollar total restorations, Phillip Johnson Construction always produces homes and buildings that are well known their beauty and craftsmanship.
2) Ferrarini Kitchens
Website| 215-242-3014 | 110 S 20th St #202a, Philadelphia, PA 19103
Since 2008, Ferrarini and Co. has been a leader in residential kitchen and interior spaces. One of the most respected American firms, Ferrarini and Co. is renowned for its world-class design, bespoke materials, and premier customer service. This service was so renowned that Gordon Ramsey hired the team to remodel a Philadelphia row house.
Affiliated with the NKBA, Ferrarini and Co. won the NKBA 2018 National Design Award and the Chrysalis best kitchen remodel award. One of its projects was also featured in Philadelphia Magazine’s list of the Top 10 Bathrooms to Swoon over. Furthermore, it was featured in Architectural Digest, People Magazine, Food and Wine, the Weekend, Delish Magazine, Home Magazine, and Stylight Magazine.
Donna and Matthew Ferrarini founded the firm. Donna does interior design and manages the showroom, and keeps focused on material selection and detailed designs which bring refined tastes to the team’s projects. Co-founder Matthew Ferrarini, meanwhile, is known as a naturally creative, award-winning designer and construction expert who has found national recognition. In 2013, the NKBA awarded him with the 30 under 30. And right after his national debut, Matthew was awarded the Chrysalis “Best Kitchen Remodel” and featured in Philadelphia Magazine as the 2016 “Top 10 Bathroom Designs.” As a world-class firm, it also branched out to New York, Los Angeles, and Miami.
1)Hanson
Website | 215-483-8338 | 86 West Johnson Street, Philadelphia, PA 19144
This Philadelphia firm was established by John Hanson in 1986 and specializes in fine renovations, sustainable building practices, and historic preservation for older homes and historic structures. Hanson’s raison de être: to link historic preservation to green building. To this firm, historic structures are the greenest homes. By reusing existing materials and implementing energy efficient technology, the firm was able to reduce waste and create valuable homes like the Wallingford Passive House. In 2013, Hanson received certification to build passive homes: a building standard that is truly energy efficient, comfortable, affordable, and ecological all at the same time.
Not surprisingly, Hanson ended up collecting many awards for preservation in the years 2009, 2011, 2013, 2016, and 2017. Along with these preservation awards, Hanson also gained AIA’s 2011 Philadelphia Award of Excellence.
In addition to countless awards, the firm is also a member of many organizations involved in the preservation of buildings like the Association of Preservation Technology and the Philadelphia Preservation Alliance. They maintain green affiliations as well, including Greater Philadelphia Passive House Association. Along with these affiliations and awards, the firm has also been featured in many publications. Its most recent feature was from Dwell Magazine in 2018, which focused on the Wallingford Passive House project.
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The club was first started in November 1963 by five railwaymen from Thornton Motive Power Depot as a club for the sons of railway workers. The leader of the group was Willie Smith (Fitter) who had come to Thornton from Inverurie Works where he had tried to start a club previously. The others were Willie Laird (Cleaner), Jim Duthie (Fireman), Dave Simpson (Shed Master at Leith Central) and Charlie Meacher (Running Foreman). A grant of £25 was received from the Railway Staff Association for Scotland (a social club for railway workers) to get wood to build the baseboards on condition that only sons of railway workers were admitted. The use of the Railway Ambulance Hut was secured as premises, on condition that the layouts were dismantled every weekend to allow First Aid training to be carried out.
The club’s first layout was a model of Thornton Station and although the platforms were slightly shorter than those on the actual station and the track curved away to the fiddle yard immediately after leaving the station, it was a good representation and was well received at exhibitions. The first exhibitions were held in the clubrooms on summer Sundays (when there were no first aid classes), during the height of the train spotting frenzy of the mid sixties. This was the time when coach loads of “anoraks” tried to see as many steam engines as possible before they were scrapped. As the Ambulance hut was at the bottom of the road leading up to the shed, whenever a coach passed Willie Laird followed in his Mini and badgered them to come back to see the exhibition on their way out. The exhibition consisted of the layout, a small selection of museum pieces (obtained from the sheds) and a slide show of the local railway scene.
Eventually being fed up of having to dismantle the layouts (we now had two) every weekend, suitable new premises were sought. The new premises were a disused shop on Thornton Main Street with two big windows. As the premises were right at a bus stop and we had a small layout in each window, news of the club soon spread and we were soon inundated with young boys and girls wanting to become members. At least now we didn’t have to take the layout down each week, even though we now only had room for one large layout (as well as the two small ones in the windows). During this time Glenrothes ran a festival week and the club exhibited at this in St Margarets Church Hall every weekday evening and all day on Saturday. This was the start of Model Railway Exhibitions in the area. After a year in the shop premises new ones were found: the old Billiard hall. This was the best yet as we now had enough space for two large layouts. The Billiard Hall provided great premises especially in the winter months when a roaring fire was lit in the old fashioned open fireplace. If boredom set in the younger members, as long as no adults were present, used to have cycle races around the layouts.
In 1968 Decorland, a fitted Kitchen and DIY retailer, who had the shop in front of the clubrooms bought the Billiard hall from the landlord for an extension to their shop. This left the club homeless and the layouts were put into storage. Willie Smith badgered the local councillors, especially (Sir) George Sharp, who still worked on the railway at that time, for new premises to “keep the young lads off the street”. Eventually we were rented a room in the newly refurbished Balbirnie Wool Mill, and although we have changed premises we are still in the Wool Mill Complex.
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The single sign-on account hijacking threat and what can we do about it?
Zeljka Zorz, Managing Editor June 4, 2019
Apple debuts privacy-minded “Sign in with Apple” SSO
Among the many news shared during Apple’s annual developer conference there’s one that stands out: the introduction of “Sign in with Apple”.
About the “Sign in with Apple” feature
Apple’s new single sign-on (SSO) authentication mechanism is similar to the one provided by Facebook, Google, LinkedIn, Twitter, and others, in that it will allow users to sign in to apps and websites without creating a new account.
But there are important differences, mainly focused on assuring users’ privacy.
Users will be able to effectively sign in with their Apple IDs, but apps will only be able to collect the user’s name and email address. In fact, if users decide so, they won’t even be able to collect the latter, as Apple will provide them with the option of providing a randomly generated relay email address (hosted by Apple).
This means that every app or website that the user signs into will receive a different, unique email address. This will prevent user tracking, as well as effectively make the selling or sharing of this information pointless: if the user starts receiving unwanted emails, he or she can simply deactivate that particular email address.
Apple, on the other hand, promises not to track users as they interact with apps or websites that offer the Sign in with Apple option.
Also, the company made sure to point out, every account using Sign In with Apple is automatically protected with two-factor authentication and, on Apple devices, users are persistently signed in and can re-authenticate anytime with Face ID or Touch ID.
What’s in it for the app developers?
Apple says that the new feature will help developers spot fraudulent accounts.
“Sign In with Apple is designed to give you confidence in your new users. It uses on-device machine learning and other information to provide a new privacy-friendly signal that helps you determine if a new user is a real person or an account you might want to take another look at,” the company explains.
Nevertheless, Apple is not giving them much of a choice on whether to implement the option or not.
“Sign In with Apple will be available for beta testing this summer. It will be required as an option for users in apps that support third-party sign-in when it is commercially available later this year,” the company pointed out in the updated App Store Review Guidelines, which also bring a number of new privacy-protecting rules for developers.
“The biggest problem with cybersecurity and raising awareness is the fact people tend to favour ease of use over protection as a rule. Being pushed by Apple should make this new feature the new normal and make those favouring minimal security realise how easy it can be to implement and use,” Jake Moore, Security Specialist at ESET, commented for Help Net Security.
Nearly 12 million Quest Diagnostics patients affected by data breach
Tripwire’s EMEA cybersecurity business sees 144% growth
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Study Supports Safety of Heart Drug, but Not Its Effectiveness
ANDREW POLLACK
Results showed that Johnson & Johnson’s controversial heart drug, Natrecor, did not work in the population studied.
A new study presented at a cardiology conference yesterday might allay some fears about the safety of Johnson & Johnson’s controversial heart drug, Natrecor, but the results also showed the drug did not work in the population studied.
The findings on Natrecor were among the results presented over the weekend at the American College of Cardiology meeting in New Orleans.
A small study showed that a new, easier-to-administer stem cell treatment was safe when given to patients after heart attacks. There also was preliminary unexpected evidence that the treatment improved heart function.
“We went beyond safety and showed provisional evidence of efficacy,” Dr. Joshua Hare, chairman of cardiology at the University of Miami and lead investigator in the study, said at a news conference. The therapy was developed by Osiris Therapeutics, a small biotechnology company in Baltimore.
Natrecor was approved in 2001 to treat people with acute heart failure who arrive at the hospital gasping for air. But doctors had also started using it off-label as a chronic treatment for patients not hospitalized.
That practice was called into question when some studies in 2005 suggested the drug could cause kidney problems and deaths. Sales of the drug have fallen, and Johnson & Johnson’s product marketing is being investigated by federal authorities.
The new study involved 920 patients with severe heart failure who were given Natrecor weekly or twice-weekly over 12 weeks.
Patients treated with the drug did not show a lower rate of death or subsequent hospitalizations from heart or kidney problems, compared with those who got a placebo, but neither did they have more deaths or kidney problems.
The Osiris therapy used mesenchymal stem cells, which are derived from bone marrow that can be turned into bone, cartilage and some other types of tissues. These cells are different from embryonic stem cells, which are ethically controversial because their derivation involves destroying human embryos.
The Osiris therapy, being developed with Boston Scientific, uses off-the-shelf cells derived from adult donors, rather than bone marrow taken from each patient. And the cells were injected into the arm, rather than through heart surgery or a catheter.
The early-stage study, involving 53 patients, did not turn up safety problems, Dr. Hare said. There were also some signs that heart function improved, he said, though much larger studies are needed to show if the treatment reduces deaths and additional heart attacks.
Dr. Hare said there was little evidence that the stem cells actually turned into beating heart muscle cells. Rather, he said, the injected cells appeared to stimulate the heart to repair itself in ways not fully understood.
In another development, a drug developed by Schering-Plough to help prevent blood clots in patients who had undergone artery-clearing procedures did not increase the risk of internal bleeding, a problem seen with many other drugs.
And an experimental drug developed by Otsuka Pharmaceutical of Japan appeared to help patients hospitalized with heart failure breathe easier, though it did not reduce death or subsequent hospitalizations.
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Articles by Alexis Egi
Alexis Egi (Waterloo ‘21)
Alexis is a planning student at the University of Waterloo. Alexis has published a young adult novel and has had her work published in a number of Canadian anthologies. Alexis loves writing, cooking and reading.
Christmas Ghosts
The Christmas season and the end of the year always comes with a lot of reflection. It is almost as though I have been visited by the...
By Alexis Egi • Waterloo Contributor • Lifestyle January 12, 2019
Back to School, Back to Fall
Students’ return to school signifies the beginning of the change of season! The weather is slowly shifting from bright, sunny days to the...
By Alexis Egi • Waterloo Contributor September 21, 2018
A List of My Favourite Things for Summer 2018
After a busy school year, it’s always nice to sit back and catch up on reading, listen to music, and just have fun. The summer is the best...
By Alexis Egi • Waterloo Contributor April 24, 2018
Quotations for Some of Life’s Challenges
I am truly of the belief that words have power, or, better yet, as J.K. Rowling wrote in Harry Potter: "Words are, in my not-so-humble...
By Alexis Egi • Waterloo Contributor March 29, 2018
What to Do After a Breakup
Although this article has been written time and time again, I figured one more time wouldn’t hurt. For whatever reason, your relationship...
By Alexis Egi • Waterloo Contributor March 2, 2018
So I’m 20, Now What?
So you’re 20 years old, or at least getting close, and a few things start to set in for you. Here’s a list of the top 5 things you’ve...
By Alexis Egi • Waterloo Contributor January 31, 2018
5 Things That Make Having a Long-Distance Best Friend the Best
After high school, a lot of people don’t end up going to the same university as their best friends. This can suck but it also can have its...
By Alexis Egi • Waterloo Contributor November 14, 2017
Why siblings are so important?
If anyone were to ask me about myself, some of the first words from my mouth would be “I have two older brothers”. The reason for this is...
By Alexis Egi • Waterloo Contributor November 2, 2017
Young Adult Novels on My Summer Reading List
I am obsessed with fiction books- more specifically young adult fiction books. I like to get lost in the pages of these books. It’s an easy...
My Experience With Procrastination and Time Management
I have always been a procrastinator. I am the type of person who thrives under pressure and, at a point, I wasn’t really able to get work...
A Letter to My Grade 12 Self
Dear Grade 12 Me, I know you’ve been stressing about university and the future, but it’s about time you take everybody’s advice and relax a...
Mental Illness and Bell Let's Talk Day
Mental illness. I remember a time when I didn’t know what this truly meant. My mother is a mental health nurse but even that didn’t give me...
By Alexis Egi • Waterloo Contributor February 1, 2017
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Welsh race body backs Sikh girl's kada
Sarika Watkins-Singh, who was barred from school over wearing kada, has decided to mount a legal challenge against the school's decision.
world Updated: Nov 09, 2007 01:38 IST
Prasun Sonwalkar
Sarika Watkins-Singh, the Sikh teenager who has been excluded from her school in south Wales for refusing to remove the kada, a symbol of Sikhism, has been backed by the local race equality council.
Sarika, who decided to become a practising Sikh after a visit to Amritsar in 2005, has decided to mount a legal challenge against the school's decision that, she believes, amounted to infringing her human rights.
Sarika was sent home on Monday by the Aberdare Girls School, south Wales. According to the school, wearing the kada is against regulations because it is a piece of jewellery. The school is known for strictly enforcing rules.
After the case hit the headlines, Sarika has found support from the Valleys Race Equality Council. Its director, Ron Davies, told the media, "We are supporting Sarika, and believe the school is acting unlawfully by refusing to let her wear the bangle.
"We have arranged for her to be represented by a solicitor and an application will be made to the High Court for a judicial review of the school's decision. We believe the school is acting in contravention both of the 1976 Race Relations Act and of human rights legislation.
"We also believe there is a need for the guidance on these issues to schools from the Welsh Assembly Government to be more explicit."
According to advice given to the council by the the Equality and Human Rights Commission, "Legal precedence has previously been set which clearly recognises Sikhs as a racial group for the purpose of the Race Relations Act. Therefore, the school should consider carefully their actions in relation to this case.
"The wearing of a kada bangle is a significant expression of faith. Although some issues can be taken into consideration such as health and safety, the school would be expected to be proportionate in its response to the requirement to wear a kada bangle.
"For example, the school could require the bangle to be covered or removed during PE. However, it would find it more difficult to justify this requirement where the student is sitting at her desk in the classroom."
In a legal precedent dating to 1983, the House of Lords had decided that a school had acted unlawfully by refusing to accept as a pupil a Sikh boy who wore a turban. The judgment held that Sikhs were a racial group within the terms of the Race Relations Act, and were capable of being discriminated against.
Sarika's mother, Sanita Watkins-Singh, told the Western Mail, "Sarika made her first visit to India in 2005, looking at her cultural background and her roots. I don't believe in putting pressure on children to follow a certain religion, but Sarika decided for herself that she wanted to be a practising Sikh.
"Her views have crystallised over the last six months, and she started wearing the kada. At first it didn't seem to be a problem, but then a PE teacher asked her to remove it. Later, after she refused to remove it in class, she was isolated from the rest of the girls. Then this week she was sent home."
Sarika said, "We went to quite a lot of places during my visit to India, including the Golden Temple in Amritsar, which was just amazing. I became very interested in Sikh history and was inspired to follow the religion."
"The kada is a very important Sikh symbol and a constant reminder to me to do good, and that God is One. I am very disappointed that my school does not recognise my right to wear the kada. I did not like being put into isolation, which to me was like a prison. I feel my education was suffering.
"On Monday I was sent home for the day, and now I have been told I will be excluded for a fixed period. We are waiting for a letter saying how long that will be. It is very unfair that I am not being allowed to follow my religion, and I want to challenge the decision."
Jane Rosser, head teacher of Aberdare Girls' School, said, "We have a strict and clear code of conduct that has been in place for many years. A copy is given to all girls before they are even a pupil at the school and is also issued at the start of every new term in September.
"We use this established code of conduct to ensure equality between all pupils. The code clearly states the only two forms of jewellery that girls are allowed to wear in school is a wrist watch and one pair of plain metal stud earrings."
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Home :: Space :: Library :: News :: 2018 :: August ::
Space Menu
China unveils Chang'e-4 rover to explore Moon's far side
People's Daily Online
(Xinhua) 07:35, August 16, 2018
BEIJING, Aug. 15 (Xinhua) -- China's moon lander and rover for the Chang'e-4 lunar probe, which is expected to land on the far side of the moon this year, was unveiled Wednesday.
Images displayed at Wednesday's press conference showed the rover was a rectangular box with two foldable solar panels and six wheels. It is 1.5 meters long, 1 meter wide and 1.1 meters high.
Wu Weiren, the chief designer of China's lunar probe program, said the Chang'e-4 rover largely kept the shape and conditions of its predecessor, Yutu (Jade Rabbit), China's first lunar rover for the Chang'e-3 lunar probe in 2013.
However, it also has adaptable parts and an adjustable payload configuration to deal with the complex terrain on the far side of the moon, the demand of relay communication, and the actual needs of the scientific objectives, according to space scientists.
Like Yutu, the rover will be equipped with four scientific payloads, including a panoramic camera, infrared imaging spectrometer and radar measurement devices, to obtain images of moon's surface and detect lunar soil and structure.
It will also endure vacuum, intense radiation and extremes of temperature. The moon has a large temperature difference between day and night, which can reach more than 300 degrees Celsius.
Both the lander and rover will carry international payloads for other countries.
The Chang'e-4 lunar probe will land on the Aitken Basin of the lunar south pole region on the far side of the moon, which is a hot spot for scientific and space exploration.
Direct communication with the far side of the moon, however, is not possible, which is one of the many challenges for the Chang'e-4 lunar probe mission.
China launched a relay satellite, named Queqiao, in May, to set up a communication link between the Earth and Chang'e-4 lunar probe.
The global public will have a chance to name the rover, according to State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense.
Participants can submit their proposed names for the rover through the internet from Aug. 15 to Sept. 5, and the official name will be announced in October after several selection rounds.
Winners will be rewarded at most 3,000 yuan and invited to watch the lunar probe launch.
The name Yutu was chosen from 200,000 proposals submitted over two months worldwide.
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Home :: WMD :: Library :: News :: Turkey :: 2018 :: March ::
WMD Menu
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
13 people detained in Turkey for opposing Afrin operation
Iran Press TV
Sat Mar 3, 2018 05:30PM
Turkish forces have arrested more than a dozen people over their vehement opposition to the Ankara government's military operation in Syria's northwestern region of Afrin against the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) militant group.
Judicial sources, speaking on condition of anonymity, said that 13 people were detained in the country' northeastern province of Kars on Saturday for taking part in an online campaign against the offensive.
The sources added that the suspects had also insulted President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
The development came on the same day that Prime Minister Binali Yildirim said Turkish military forces and allied militants from the so-called Free Syrian Army had cleared Turkey's southeastern border areas of YPG militants.
"Afrin is surrounded. We have cleared all nearby border areas of terror nests," Yildirim said in the central Turkish city of Konya.
He said that Turkish soldiers had been conducting "successful" ground and air operations in Afrin.
Meanwhile, the Turkish General Staff said in a statement on Saturday that a total of 2,434 YPG militants had been "neutralized" since the launch of "Operation Olive Branch" in Syria's Afrin on January 20.
Ankara views the YPG as the Syrian branch of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) militant group that has been fighting for an autonomous region inside Turkey since 1984.
Erdogan has repeatedly said that Afrin should be cleared of "terrorists," and demanded the deployment of Turkish troops there during a speech back in November 2016.
This is while US officials regard the YPG as the most effective fighting force against the Daesh Takfiri terrorist group in northern Syria, and have substantially increased their weaponry and technology support to the group.
The controversy over a possible Syria border force first started on January 14 when a report emerged on Reuters saying that the military coalition led by the United States in Syria was planning to set up a large border force of up to 30,000 personnel with the aid of its militia allies.
The Syrian government has already condemned the Turkish offensive against Afrin, rejecting Ankara's claim about having informed Damascus of the operation.
Damascus "strongly condemns the brutal Turkish aggression on Afrin, which is an inseparable part of Syrian territory," Syria's official news agency SANA cited a Syrian Foreign Ministry source as saying on January 20.
"Syria completely denies claims by the Turkish regime that it was informed of this military operation," the source added.
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Tag : gold medal
title : Michael Phelps Wins 19th Gold Medal at Rio Olympics 2016, Opens Final Chapter on Golden Note
summary : Michael Phelps picked up his 19th gold medal on a second night of world records in the Olympic pool, with Katie Ledecky cruising to women's 400 meters freestyle victory and Britain's Adam Peaty running away with the men's 100 breaststroke.
date : Aug 08, 2016 09:51 AM EDT
title : Sochi 2014: Yuna Kim, South Korea's Two-Time World Figure Skating Champion, to 'Enjoy' Final Olympics (English Interview)
summary : The Winter Olympics in Sochi is one of the most anticipated sporting events of the year and 23-year-old South Korean icon, Yuna Kim is returning to the ice to defend her prestigious gold medal against several favorited competitors. What may seem as a competitive season, Kim chooses to be at "peace" with the hype surrounding the Sochi Games and to not "focus on the title" alone this time around.
date : Feb 07, 2014 07:09 AM EST
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How landlords can avoid set-off when getting a possession order
Admin, 10th February, 2017
A tenant’s right to set-off can cause problems for landlords who are trying to gain possession of their property on the grounds of rent arrears. Property solicitor, Rachel Garton, explains set-off and how you can avoid the pitfalls.
What is set-off?
When a debtor has a monetary counterclaim against a creditor, the right of set-off reduces the amount of the creditor’s claim.
For example, a tenant owes rent to her landlord but also has a claim for damages against the landlord for failure to carry out repairs.
The equitable right of set-off allows the tenant to offset the damages claim against the rent. Set-off is essentially a defence, or excuse, for non-payment.
For equitable set-off to take place, the cross-claims must be connected.
Where they both arise from a single contract, such as a tenancy agreement, the right to set-off will arise.
Why is set-off a problem?
Set-off can be a problem for landlords trying to get possession of their properties on grounds of rent arrears because it can reduce the amount due from their tenant.
For example, the landlord might be relying on Ground 8 of Schedule II of the Housing Act 1988 to get a possession order, which relies on at least two months or eight weeks’ rent arrears.
The tenant might come to the possession hearing and raise issues of disrepair. If the damages for the disrepair, when set off against the rent owed to the landlord, potentially bring the rent arrears below the two months/eight weeks required to get a mandatory possession order, the possession claim on Ground 8 would fail.
In practice, the court would probably adjourn the proceedings and invite the parties to return with evidence to prove the validity of the disrepair claim, and its value.
A possession order might be salvaged out of the first hearing if arrears were very high, and it was clear that even with the disrepair damages the arrears were going to be well in excess of two months.
In that scenario, the court might be persuaded to make the possession order there and then, and adjourn only the arrears or disrepair issues.
The value of the claim doesn’t have to be known for the tenant to exercise the right of set-off.
It will be for the court to decide on the level of damages (if any) payable to the tenant on hearing evidence.
The damages will be offset against any rent due. The court would have to:
Establish the amount of the arrears
Establish the validity of the disrepair claim, and the amount due as damages for disrepair
Calculate interest on both
Offset one against the other
Deposit protection
Another way a tenant could exercise the right of set-off would be if the landlord hadn’t protected the tenancy deposit in a scheme.
Unlike with a Section 21 Notice, failure to protect the deposit doesn’t stop a valid Section 8 notice being served.
But the tenant could make a claim under the Housing Act 2004 Section 214 for a penalty. The penalty can be up to three times the deposit.
The amount of the penalty can be set-off against the rent arrears, potentially bringing them to less than two months’ arrears and preventing a possession order on Ground 8.
How you can avoid set-off
Add a clause in the tenancy agreement
The most obvious way to avoid set-off is to put a clause in the tenancy agreement excluding this right.
It’s not uncommon to find these clauses. But that’s by no means a failsafe solution.
As a landlord, you’re typically acting in the course of a business. A tenant is typically a consumer.
So an exclusion of set-off in an Assured Shorthold might fall foul of the Consumer Rights Act 2015 and the CMA Guidance on unfair terms in tenancy agreements.
If found to be an unfair term, it will be void.
The CMA Guidance is not binding in court, so it’s up to the judge to decide if the exclusion clause can be relied on.
If you have a clause excluding set-off, just be aware you may not be able to rely on it at court.
Follow CMA guidance
CMA guidance suggests that rather than excluding the right to set-off, you give your tenant a warning of the consequences of relying on the right of set-off to withhold rent for sums that are not properly owing to them.
The main consequence is that you might seek to recover possession of your property on grounds of rent arrears.
If your tenant fails to prove their disrepair claim, they could be forced to give up possession.
To help avoid claims to set-off for disrepair, carry out regular inspections, know the repairing obligations and ‘flush out’ any potential repair issues before issuing proceedings on rent arrears grounds.
Know your grounds
When serving a Section 8 notice on rent arrears grounds, always rely on Grounds 10 and 11 (some rent arrears, and a history of persistent arrears) as well as Ground 8.
Grounds 10 and 11 are discretionary grounds, which means the court will only make a possession order on those grounds if reasonable to do so.
Those grounds might be the fall-back position you have to revert to if set-off has reduced the arrears to less than two months.
Section 21 possession claims shouldn’t be affected by set-off.
Because entitlement to possession under this claim is dependent on the correct valid notice being served, and not related to the level of rent arrears.
You can sue your tenant separately for the rent arrears, but you might still be faced with a set-off or counterclaim for disrepair.
Protect the deposit
If your tenant wants to set-off a penalty for failing to protect the deposit, you can do little to avoid that.
Once you’ve failed to protect the deposit within 30 days of receipt, it’s not possible to right that wrong.
You can’t avoid a claim by protecting the deposit later or by repaying it.
But the sooner you protect the deposit on realising the omission, the lower any penalty is likely to be.
If there’s a chance there will be a deposit penalty and you want to get possession on rent arrears grounds, there will be less chance of set-off preventing a possession order on Ground 8 if you wait until the arrears are at least 2 months’ rent in excess of the maximum penalty, which is three times the deposit.
In that scenario, the court would still have to make the possession order. But you might not necessarily get a money judgement for the rent arrears if the penalty was offset.
Need advice? Get in touch today
Please call Rachel Garton on 01482 324252.
Or email Rachel here.
You can find out more about how we can help you here:
Landlord & Tenant services
Property & Real Estate Law services
Are you using the correct form of Section 21 Notice?
What you need to know about the Consumer Rights Act 2015
How to end an Assured Shorthold Tenancy
More Posts.
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Project of the Week: National Veterans Wheelchair Games
Dr. GovLoop July 19, 2010
Two weeks ago, as America celebrated its hard-fought freedom on the Fourth of July, hundreds of U.S. military veterans gathered in Denver, CO, for the
30th National Veterans Wheelchair Games.
HP, one of GovLoop’s 2010 Partners, was a proud National Sponsor of the Games
and they wanted to bring the event to the attention of the GovLoop community.
The National Veterans Wheelchair Games has grown to become the largest annual wheelchair sports event in the world. Each year, the Games bring together hundreds of U.S. military Veterans who compete for medals in 17 Olympic-style events. Participation in the Games has grown from 74 athletes in 1981 to more than 600 competitors in 2010. The Games, presented by Paralyzed Veterans of America and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), are open to all U.S. military veterans who use wheelchairs for sports competition due to spinal cord injuries, certain neurological conditions, amputations or other mobility impairments. Veterans at the Games compete in events like swimming, table tennis, weightlifting, archery, air guns, basketball, nine ball, softball, quad rugby, bowling, hand-cycling, wheelchair slalom, sled hockey, power soccer, a motorized wheelchair rally, track and field and trapshooting. Athletes compete in all events against others with similar athletic ability, competitive experience or age. Click here to learn more about the Games.
Q & A with Jim Shea, HP Federal Account Manager
GovLoop: How does HP support the Games?
Shea: HP provides the technology and resources that help with game management and online monitoring of athletes. We applaud the PVA for giving our country’s heroes the opportunity to exceed their potential,” said Tom Hempfield, vice president of the U.S. Federal Business Organization at HP.
GovLoop: What motivated HP to get involved with the Games?
Shea: The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has been a very important HP customer going back to the mid 1980’s. Since that time HP has provided both systems and services to support VA hospital information systems on a nationwide basis. Through this effort we have come to know and understand the important mission that the VA has in supporting veterans and their families. The VA teams with the Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA) to sponsor the annual National Veterans Wheelchair Games (NVWG) that provides these veterans an opportunity to gather together, and compete in athletic events that allow them to concentrate on their ability, rather than any disability. These games are held in a different city each year and are attended by over 600 wheelchair athletes competing in 17 different sporting events such as swimming, basketball, softball, weightlifting, and track and field. This year marks the 12th year that HP has been a national sponsor on these games.
What motivated us to get involved in this sponsorship? When you work so closely with a customer such as the VA, their dedication to their customer, the veterans, becomes your dedication as well.
GovLoop: What were some of the highlights from this year’s event?
Shea: This year’s event was held in Denver and was kicked-off on the fourth of July, a fitting date to honor the sacrifices that these men and women have made on behalf of our nation. The events ran throughout the week and included the largest number of wheelchair athletes taking part in the Games since they began 30 years ago. Throughout the events you could not help but be struck by the camaraderie, and inspiration that characterized every athlete and every competitive event. These games have inspired newly injured soldiers to get up off the couch and get back into life. They have given older veterans a chance to be with close friends that share a special bond and gives them an opportunity and a reason to continue to strive for greater mobility and well-being. These games give HP the opportunity to show our support for these special athletes and the families that support them.
Some highlights of this year’s event includes HP’s sponsorship of Kids Day where local children with disabilities take part in a day of fun outdoor activities and are paired with veteran wheelchair athletes who act as mentors in showing these children how to focus not on limitation, but on what is possible. HP also sponsored the 10th Annual Kids Day on Thursday, July 8, offering local children from the Denver area with physical disabilities an opportunity to interact and participate in several athletic events, under the guidance of wheelchair athletes competing in this year’s National Veterans Wheelchair Games. Under the watchful eyes of the athlete mentors, the children enjoyed both interactive and educational activities. Each year, Kids Day introduces the exciting world of adaptive sports and recreation to children with physical disabilities.
At the conclusion of a fun-filled afternoon, a special closing ceremony takes place, where the athletes present the children with their own medals for participating in Kids Day.
Below is a video of Jim at Kids Day:
More from Shea: In addition to Kids, Day HP also sponsors an Internet Café for use throughout the week by veterans and their families. HP’s Vice President of Federal Enterprise Business Tom Hempfield attended the opening of the games this year and through his generosity we were able to raffle off a new TouchSmart PC to one lucky Veteran wheelchair athlete.
GovLoop: How do the Wheelchair Games differ from other events that HP sponsors?
Shea: With all of the good causes that HP supports throughout the world, I’m not sure this event is completely unique. I can’t say that it is the only event HP sponsors in support of persons with disabilities. I can’t say that this is the only event HP sponsors that is philanthropic in nature rather than marketing or sales oriented. What I can say is that I am proud to be a part of a company that sponsors the National Veterans Wheelchair Games.
In addition, HERE is another great perspective on the Games from HP’s Christina Morrison.
More on Paralyzed Veterans of America
Sixty-four years ago, Paralyzed Veterans of America was founded by a band of spinal cord injured service members who returned home from World War II to a grateful nation, but also to a world with few solutions to the challenges they faced. These veterans from the “Greatest Generation” made a decision not just to live, but to live with dignity as contributors to society. They created an organization dedicated to veterans service, medical research and civil rights for people with disabilities. And for more than six decades, Paralyzed Veterans and its 34 chapters have been working to create an America where all veterans, and people with disabilities have everything they need to thrive.
Jack Walton, Associated Director of Corporate and Cause Marketing for Paralyzed Veterans of America, attended his first event this year and summarized the games in this way:
“Being my first games experience, I came away deeply touched by the commitment of the numerous people required to make all the moving parts of such an event work so well. My primary responsibility at PVA is raising sponsorship commitments for the games. Many of our sponsors have been participating for multiple years, some as many as twenty-five years, and when you talk to them you understand how much they care for the athletes.
These games are so much more than simply competition, for many of the wheelchair athletes got their first look at a real life after injury through their experiences at the games. One cannot attend the games in person and not be touched by the spirit of competition, courage and sportsmanship exhibited and these athletes do not have the word ‘quit’ in their vocabulary. Emotional, remarkable, uplifting…one must attend these games in person. You will not regret attending.”
So maybe we’ll see you all at the Games next year – one things for sure: HP will be there!
Tags: HP, jobs, National Veterans Wheelchair Games, Paralyzed Veterans of America, Project, projectofweek
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Andrew Krzmarzick July 20th, 2010
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Home United Kingdom England British Mania: Where to See the Royal Guard
British Mania: Where to See the Royal Guard
There’s no more iconic image of the British Empire than a redcoat soldier. From Buckingham Palace to Windsor Castle, here are 10 places to see them.
Rich Grant
No trip to England is complete without seeing a redcoat. There’s no more iconic image of the British Empire than a redcoat soldier, either at a changing of the guard, protecting one of the Queen’s palaces (as they have done for 359 years), or in paintings from Bunker Hill to Waterloo. And yet the place most people see one (or try to) is probably the worst – the massive and touristy daily changing of the guard at Buckingham Palace.
Of course, you have to see that. At least once. But here are some other places and ideas where you can see redcoats in much better circumstances.
The Changing of the Guard at the National Army Museum. Photo by Rich Grant
Why Did the British Wear Redcoats?
In the 21st century, it seems insane for soldiers to wear bright red coats since that would make them an easy target. The theory that red coats hid blood doesn’t hold up. Blood stains show up very well as black on a red coat.
The main reason British soldiers wore red was that red dye was cheaper than blue or other colors. And red had a long association with England. Throughout history, red and purple were the preferred colors of royalty. Also, on a battlefield filled with smoke, it didn’t hurt to be able to see red so as not to fire on your own troops – a constant problem in gunpowder warfare. British soldiers wore red in battle until 1885, when the redcoats retired to ceremonial use only.
A Horse Guard stands ready in London. Photo by Rich Grant
The main sources for the red dye were the roots of the rose madder plant, which had been used to make red dye by King Tut in 1500 BC through the Roman Empire. In the 1500s, a much brighter scarlet dye was brought to Europe by Cortez. It was made from cochineal, a small bug that lived on cactus in Mexico. Montezuma, king of the Aztecs, received tax payments in cochineal, which could take 100,000 bug shells to create one kilo of dye.
The Spanish kept the source of their red dye secrete for 300 years. Despite many spies and bribes, the British never learned the truth that it came from a bug — they thought that cochineal was a berry. As a consequence, they always had to buy their red scarlet dye from the Spanish. However, they got to a good start in 1597 when, acting as pirates, Sir Walter Raleigh and the Earl of Essex captured three Spanish ships with 27 tons of cochineal and presented 10 percent of the treasure to Queen Elizabeth I.
The author’s brother, Donald, examines a genuine bearskin hat at the Waterloo 200th Anniversary.
Are the Queen’s Guard Hats Really Bearskin?
And the hats? Yes, they really are bearskin. In fact, each 1.5-pound hat requires a full bearskin. The British army buys 50-100 bearskins a year from among the thousands of black bears killed annually by native Inuit hunters in Canada. Private soldiers get black bearskins; the officers wear brown bear hats, which are thicker and prettier, though they have to be dyed black. A well maintained bear hat can last for decades. Here’s where to see those famous black hats.
Changing of the Royal Guard at Buckingham Palace
Well, everyone has to see the changing of the guard at Buckingham Palace at least once. Household Troops, better known as ‘the Guards,’ have guarded the Sovereign and the Royal Palaces since the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. The challenge is that most of this “changing of the guard” takes place behind a big fence on the palace grounds.
There are huge crowds, you have to get there an hour early (at least by 10 a.m. for the 11 a.m. show) and there are very few photo opportunities. A better idea is to walk two blocks east from the palace and hang out at Wellington Barracks on the pleasantly named street, Birdcage Walk.
This is where the “new guard” and the band form up. There’s fewer people, you can see just as many redcoats, and you’ll actually hear (fleetingly) the 50-soldier band and drum corps as they begin their march to the palace and the crowds. This same band (accompanied by the “old guard”) comes back this way a half hour later. Spend the interval strolling around adjacent and pretty St. James Park, watching swans swim across the lake.
Horse guards parading from Hyde Park. Photo by Rich Grant
The Horse Guards
Every day since 1660, no matter what the weather, mounted cavalry troops have ridden down the streets of London and stood at the House Guards – the official entrance to Buckingham Palace.
Today, the task is assigned to the Queen’s Life Guards (red uniforms with white plumed helmets) and the Blues and Royals (blue uniforms and red plumed helmets), all on immaculately groomed horses. They are members of the Household Cavalry and they ride each morning with polished breastplates and gleaming helmets from the barracks and stables in Hyde Park, performing a half hour changing of the guard ceremony on horseback at 11 a.m. weekdays and 10:00 a.m. Sundays.
Horse Guard. Photo by Rich Grant
There are no barricades between you and the troops and it’s a grand show. When the Queen is at residence in Buckingham, it’s even better with slightly more troops and a Royal Salute performed by trumpet.
After the changing, the most photographed celebrities in England are the dismounted sentries, who stand patiently while thousands of tourists run up and snap a selfie next to them.
One mounted cavalry troop stands next to a sign that says, “Beware: Horses May Kick or Bite.” They’re not the only ones. Remember, despite the swords, these are modern troops, many of whom have seen combat. The occasional tourist who gets too close might get a bite – and a kick in the ass – which often goes viral on Facebook.
Changing of the Guard at Windsor Castle. Photo by Rich Grant
Changing of the Guard at Windsor Castle
Windsor Castle is the largest and oldest continuously inhabited castle in the world. It’s also the Queen’s favorite residence, where she spends most weekends. You can tell if she’s home by the flagpole on the round tower. If she’s there, it flies her standard; if not the you’ll see a Union Jack.
Built in the 11th century, the castle has been home to 39 monarchs. It’s located just 35 minutes from Paddington Station with trains leaving every 15 minutes, and should be a must for anyone going to London.
The surrounding town, the castle grounds, walking paths along the river, historic pubs and the countryside are like a Great Britain theme park, a completely different experience than the bustle of London. It also has the best changing of the guard ceremony.
Times vary for the Changing of the Guard at Windsor Castle, and it’s not a daily occurrence, so always check the schedule. https://changing-guard.com/dates-windsor-castle.html
Windsor Castle. Photo by Rich Grant
Visiting Windsor Castle
You can watch the guards and band stop traffic and march through town for free, but better is to buy your castle ticket in advance (online to save waiting) and be in place by 10:30. The guards march in at 11 a.m. at the Henry VIII Gate, unless the Queen is in residence, in which case they use the St. George’s Gate.
You can watch half the ceremony, which takes place very photogenically beneath the castle walls, then be in position by the gate when the band and the old guard march out. From here, you are so close you could touch them, but of course, one look at the bayonets and that might be the last thing you do.
A good tip is to get your ticket stamped and exit with the old guard for a pub lunch. The tour buses will leave after the changing, and when you go back to tour the castle after a pint in a pub, the crowds will be greatly reduced. But save time to walk the castle grounds (most recently famous for the royal wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle), take a stroll along the River Thames with its many swans, then cross the bridge and visit the college town of Eaton.
Guard at the Tower of London. Photo by Rich Grant
The Tower of London has been a storehouse for jewels, crowns and royal robes for more than 600 years. Some 30 million people have seen the “Crown Jewels,” which include the Sovereign’s Scepter with the world’s largest diamond (530.2 carats!); the Imperial State Crown with 2,868 diamonds, 17 sapphires, 11 emeralds, 269 pearls and 4 rubies; and, oh, some other crowns and robes covered with more than 25,000 gem stones. Most amazing is that this is a unique working collection – the Queen still wears the Imperial State Crown at the opening of Parliament.
And guarding all this? Well, besides high tech wonders, there are 15 guardsmen who take turns standing outside the Crown Jewels beside a row of cannons that were captured at Waterloo. The changing of the guard here is small, but it’s marvelous just to see the red coat and bearskin hatted guardsmen still on the job, guarding the greatest treasure on the planet.
View of Quebec City from the Citadel. Photo by Rich Grant
Changing of the Guard at the Citadelle in Quebec
What would it have been like if Napoleon had invaded England and won? Well, you can get some idea at the Citadelle in Quebec, Canada, where a daily changing of the guard looks just like the one in London – only the commands are shouted in French!
In the mid-19th century, British Canadians, fed up by two American invasions of Canada in the Revolution and War of 1812, decided to build the Citadelle, an impregnable “fort within a fort” — the “Gibraltar of America” — a place that was so powerful, it was never attacked. Today, the star-shaped Vauban fortifications offer a look at 300 years of military architecture.
Batisse the goat is the mascot of the Royal 22nd Regiment in Quebec. Photo by Rich Grant
The highlight of a summer visit to Quebec City is the daily changing of the guard. This is an active fort and the Royal 22nd Regiment is still stationed here, wearing the same scarlet uniforms and bear skin hats. Look for troops who seem to be shorter than the others. They are women. Some 10 percent of the regiment are women, and women participate in the changing of the guard ceremony, even as officers.
This is the only French regiment in Canada and so all orders to it must be given in French. Even Queen Elizabeth must give orders in French. The Queen gave the regiment a Persian goat in 1955 to act as mascot and now the third generation of the goat, always named Batisse, is at every changing of the guard ceremony, posing for photos.
Don’t tell anyone, but there are actually three goats named Batisse. The guides seem quite jealous of the goats. “Each goat has to work only once every three days and the rest of the time they get to hang out with their girlfriends,” our guide said.
The views from the Citadel over Quebec are the best in the city, but you’ll have to see them fast. This is a working fort and they don’t allow lingering.
Grenadier Pub. Photo by Rich Grant
Have a Pint with Grenadier in Belgrave Square
The Grenadier in Belgrave Square is a historic pub that dates back to 1720, when it was built as an officer’s mess. With swinging pub signs of red coated guardsmen, a bright red sentry box, and interior walls covered with battle scenes, uniforms and prints of soldiers, the pub was a favorite of the Duke of Wellington and now with its strong traditional English menu entertains notables like Madonna and Prince William. It’s hidden down an alley near Hyde Park Corner and the Wellington Arch, but well worth the effort to find it.
Take Home a Miniature Redcoat
In 1893, William Britain invented a way of making hollow lead toy soldiers, and hundreds of thousands of soldiers later, vast armies of redcoats have invaded every souvenir shop in London. Most places sell toy soldier guardsmen, Scottish pipers, or even Queen Elizabeth in a red coat on a horse, but the Armoury of St. James in the covered Victorian Piccadilly Arcade is the place to go.
The shop is simply stuffed with historic military hats, helmets, flags, swords, guns …. and toy soldiers, hundreds of which are presented in intricate dioramas of historic battles from Waterloo to the Zulu wars. These toy soldiers run in the neighborhood of $40 each, but are true historic models with every button and epaulette the correct colors.
British toy soldiers depicting Zulu wars. Photo by Rich Grant
Buy a Real Redcoat
There’s plenty of real military redcoats for sale at antique shops, London’s outdoor markets, and even in the outdoor stalls at Covent Gardens. Where you would ever wear a redcoat, is a different matter.
The British love history and they have plenty of it, so it’s a rare time when some famous event is not celebrating an anniversary. My brother and I happened to stumble on one celebrating the 200th Anniversary of Waterloo, where a half dozen Grenadiers, Life Guards and Blues and Royals were standing around waiting to march.
You have to remember these are soldiers, not actors, and as such, are often bored and happy to talk to a couple of yanks about the army, uniforms, history….and most important….let us hold a bearskin hat.
Of course, the biggest ceremony is Trooping the Colour, also known as the Queen’s Birthday Parade, which features 1,400 soldiers and officers, hundreds of horses, and 400 musicians.
This year it will be held on June 8, 2019 (not the Queen’s real 93rd birthday, but better weather). There are full dress rehearsals with smaller crowds and no Queen on May 25 and June 1, 2019. There are numerous other parades, artillery barrages, and ceremonies throughout the year at https://changing-guard.com
National Army Museum display. Photo by Rich Grant
Visit a Redcoat Museum
There a dozens and dozens of military museums in Great Britain, but probably the one with the largest volume of paintings, uniforms, battle dioramas and mementos is the free National Army Museum. You’ll find everything here from the musket ball that killed Sir Thomas Pincton at Waterloo to the skeleton of Napoleon’s horse, named Marengo. You can even try on a British redcoat and (simulated) bear skin hat.
Judging by the size of uniform they provide, this exhibit might be intended for children. Still, when no one was around, I was able to squeeze into it and for one brief shining moment, looked like a proper (if somewhat old) Grenadier Guard.
Author Bio: Rich Grant is a freelance travel writer in Denver, Colorado and a member of the Society of American Travel Writers and the North American Travel Journalists Association. He is, along with Irene Rawlings, co-author of “100 Things to Do in Denver Before You Die,” published by Reedy Press in 2016.
Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace
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A (contemporary artists)
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abelow, joshua... shows at art frieze, ny (5_5_12)
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abts, tomma... a painter... born in germany... (5_11_12)
acconci, vito (5_6_12)
ackerman, rita ... art at art fair NADA NYC (5_5_12)
adler, amy (3_11_12) L.A., on the faculty at UCSD
ahearn, john...art at ny's frieze art show...ny artist (5_5_12)
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alexander, peter... friend of ed moses in L.A. (3_11_12)
allen, terry (b. 1943)... artist and musician... more info here (6_28_12)
alma, ray (age 47)...a cartoonist for Mad Magazine... In the society of illustrators in new york.. drawing veterans at walter reed national military medical center.(5_27_12)
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amer, ghada...previously affiliated with Larry Gagosian (4_1_11)
anderson, scott (painter) of Westmont College, Santa Barbara, CA
andre, carl (b. 1935) (5_6_12)... american minimalist artist... more info here (6_28_12)
apritchard, francis... of london's hackney district (5_6_12)
aranda, julieta (b. 1965)... mexican artist... (7_14_12)
armusik, eric (painter) of Pennsylvania?, b. 1973 (10_1_10), in the style of Carravagio
arnold, anandamayi... uses heavyweight german crepe paper in her art dresses (6_14_12)
arnoldi, chuck... friend of ed moses in L.A. (3_11_12)
arrechea, alexandre ... cuban artist (5_21_12)
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ataman, kutlug... turkish artist (5_4_12)
attia, kader... french artist (6_23_12)
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axell, evelyne... art at ny's frieze art show (5_5_12)
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B (contemporary artists)
baca, judith (very prolific muralist and professor at UCLA) b. 1946, of L.A.
bader, darren... art at ny's frieze art show (5_5_12)
baer, josephine gail "jo"... (b. 1929)... american minimalist artist... more info here (8_22_12)
bailey, stuart (5_6_12)
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balmond, cecil... sri lankan architect (6_4_12) (6_9_12)
balzano, christian... of livorno, near tuscany (1_13_13)
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baranek, frida... brazil... (4_21_12)
barney, matthew (b. 1967) (5_11_12)... american artist... more info here (11_3_12)
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bedia valdes, jose(mildly dark abstract painter) b. 1959, of Cuba
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beltracchi, wolfgang... possibly the most skillful art forger in modern times... more info here (2_23_14)
benglis, lynda (5_27_12)
bengston, billy al (b. 1934)... american artist... more info here (6_28_12)
berlant, tony... friend of ed moses in L.A. (3_11_12)
bertolo, diane... buffalo, NY, 1977 (4_26_12)
berryhill, gene of Southern CA (photography and mixed media)... musician... (3_11_12)
bessone, amy... painter... married to the artist thomas houseago (5_14_13)
bhabha, huma... pakistani artist (5_13_12)
bidlo, mike (3_11_12)
biller, les of Santa Monica? (a friend to jazz musician and sculptor, Herb Alpert)
billich, charles.(b. 1934).. sport artist... more info here (7_17_12)
bleckner, ross... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
bochner, mel... conceptual art, much use of text (6_1_12)
boisvert, clinton... of ny (5_13_12)... in Dec. of 2002, Mr. Clinton irresponsibly created art that mimicked terrorism... more info here (9_14_12)
boland, grant(great painter) of NL, Canada
bond, rosario... miami artist of grotesque artwork... she briefly appears in bravo's new series "gallery girls"... more info here (9_17_12)
borofsky, jonathan (5_6_12)
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botis, razvan... romanian figurative work...art at ny's frieze art show (5_5_12)
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bradford, katherine... ny artist (5_4_12) (5_12_12) veteran new york artist (5_21_12)
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brainwash, Mr. (Thierry Guetta)... formerly a clothing store owner... then a videographer.... then a pop artist (1_13_12)... briefly appears in the 9_24_12 episode of bravo's "gallery girls".... more info here (9_24_12)... a video about him called "A Day in the Life" here (1_17_14)
bratsch, kerstin... partners with adele roder together to make "Das Institut"......at the L.A. Museum of Contemporary Art (5_8_12)
brooks, kimberly (painter of famous women, among others) of Venice, CA
*** brown, cecily.(b. 1969)..abstract painter (4_29_12) affiliated with Larry Gagosian (4_1_11) (5_11_12) ...more info here (7_10_12)
brown, glenn...british painter... affiliated with Larry Gagosian (4_29_12)
bruskin, grisha (b. 1945)... well-known russian artist (6_9_12)
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buren, daniel (6_14_12)
byrne, gerard... irish video artist... shows at documenta, the art fair in kassel, germany (6_9_12)
C (contemporary artists)
cai guo quiang.(b. 1957) ... modern artist... uses gun powder and other media to do paintings... (4_3_12) born in China (4_14_12)... yesterday, we saw a huge exhibition of his work at the geffen museum in l.a... it was pretty cool, especially the video showing him do his work...more info here (7_7_12)
cais, nino...up-and-coming brazilian artist (4_21_12)
callaghan, joshua of Los Angeles, CA (2_9_11)
calle, sophie ... (5_11_12)
calame, ingrid ... CalArts high-profile graduate, and a painter (5_11_12)
calzadilla, guillermo (b. 1971)... of puerto rico... more info here (9_29_12)
calzolari, pier paolo, 69 years old, of Italy (4_28_12) (6_14_12)
camejo, rachel valdes... cuban artist (5_21_12)
carey, ellen (5_6_12)
carpenter, merlin... british conceptual painter (5_27_12)
carrey, jim...actor, comedian, painter (5_27_12)
cattelan, maurizio (age 51) (5_11_12)... has worked with photographer pierpaolo ferrari (6_9_12)... more info here (11_3_12)
cavallaro, cosimo (b. 1961)... controversial italian-canadian artist... more info here (10_7_12)
cave, nick... chicago-based artist (6_14_13)
celmins, vija (b. 1938) ...L.A. contemporary artist... born in latvia (5_6_12) I just saw her work "torso" yesterday at the menil gallery in houston (6_16_12) )
chamberlain, trevor... born 1934... liked by artist Randy Brumley of College Station, TX (4_8_12) (5_6_12)
chan, paul... conceptual artist (6_1_12)
chapman, jake and dinos (b. 1966 & 1962) (2_25_12) Two of the YBA's (Young British Artists)... represented in the U.K. by jay jopling of the white cube gallery (6_10_12) art with naked, aggressive, doll-like figures (6_14_12)
chantel, dinkel (painter) of ?
charles, michael ray... formerly of Cedar Park, TX... currently resides in Austin, TX? (3_25_12)
chasemore, richard(cross-section Star Wars artist), of UK
cheek, ron a.... of fort worth...a gifted figurative artist...I met him briefly at his TAMU presentation...he studied under Dick Davidson of TAMU... Mr. Cheek is the director of the Texas Academy of Figurative Art (info here)...more info about Mr. Cheek here (9_27_12)
chia, sandro...(b. 1946) italian painter and sculptor (6_10_12)
chicago, judy (b. 1939)...L.A. artist (5_6_12)... american feminist artist... more info here (6_28_12)
chirulescu, marieta... shows at frieze ny (5_5_12)
choe, david... stands to make $200 million with the FB IPO, for doing artwork in their corporate office, and then receiving shares of stock as payment. (2_14_12)
chu teh-chun... chinese painter... shows at Art HK (6_9_12)
church, ryan , of Northern CA
cleijne, edgar... a dutch artist (5_5_13)
clemente, francesco (b. 1952)... italian and american artist... I somewhat like his portraits...more info here (6_26_12)
*** close, chuck.(b. 1940).. of Bridgehampton, NY... a painter and photographer of faces... Has the condition called 'Face Blindness.' Is partially paralyzed. (3_18_12) (4_28_12) (5_12_12) ... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)... more info here (7_9_12)
clough, charles, of buffalo (5_6_12)
cnaani, ofri... israeli artist (5_12_12)
coe, sue... english artist (6_1_12)
cole, michael... of ny (1_13_13)
colen, dan (b. 1979)... american artist... more info here (8_15_12)
collins, jacob (b. 1964)... nyc figurative artist... more info here (9_27_12)
condo, george (b. 1957) american artist (2_18_12)... collected by the Mugrabi family...more info here (9_4_12)
coolquitt, andy (age 48) currently lives near downtown austin...grew up in mesquite... studied at UCLA for one semester... taught at a school for the blind...collected by NY collectors Susan and Michael Hort and Ottawa collector Joe Friday...(4_27_12) (5_4_12) sculptures, art, funky design and architecture...studied under sculptor paul mccarthy... more info here (8_18_12)
cotton, will... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
cranston, meg (b. 1960)...contemporary artist... friends with artist john baldessari... more info here (6_23_12)
creed, martin... conceptual artist (5_11_12)
crewdson, gregory (b. 1962) american photographer... collected by Michael and Susan Hort, of NJ...(4_2_12)... more info here (11_3_12)
crosher, zoe... l.a. artist (5_9_12)
crumb, robert... more info here (4_18_19)
cruz-diez, carlos... venezuelan artist ... (4_21_12)
cui xiuwen (b. 1970 in china)... lives and works in beijing, china... her work briefly appears in bravo's docu-soap "gallery girls"... her work is shown in eli klein's gallery... more info here (10_1_12)
currin, john (b. 1962) (2_18_12)... he deals with satire and sexual themes... Collected by Michael and Susan Hort, of NJ...(4_2_12) "moved to gagosian from his first dealer andrea rosen" -- don thompson (6_10_12)... the Horts were currin's first collectors to buy his work at white columns gallery in '89...more info here (8_20_12)
***curry, aaron (5_27_12) (6_1_12) friends with the artist thomas houseago and his wife the painter amy bessone (5_14_13)... aaron was in Chicago in the 90's... aaron worked with artists like richard hawkins and liz larner... aaron was influenced by the artists barbara hepworth, immendorff, penck, picasso, noguchi, david smith, kiefer, beuys, polke, kippenberger, riemanschneider, mike kelley, richard hawkins, christopher williams, jeremy gilbert-roth, paul mccarthy, chris burden, john baldessari, dieter roth, and henry moore.... curry started doing sculpture around 2001... (5_17_13)... curry is a peer of the L.A. artist mark grotjahn (5_20_13) ... lives and works in L.A.... I saw his work in the MOCA in L.A. today (7_22_13)
D (contemporary artists)
danowski, jasmina...(5_27_12)
darger, henry... "so-called outsider"-- NYT (5_27_12) (6_1_12)
dave, shanti (b. 1931)...indian artist... more info here (8_31_12)
davis, ron (b. 1937)... of malibu...more info here (6_20_12)
dean, roger, of UK, artist for rock band YES, artistic inspiration for movie, Avatar (10_8_11)
dean, tacita... british artist (5_11_12) berlin studio (6_3_12)... shows at documenta, the art show in kassel, germany (6_9_12)
de balincourt, jules de... french artist (5_13_12)
de boer, manon (female)... artist... more info here (8_31_12)
deller, jeremy (b. 1966) (5_11_12)... english artist... more info here (9_29_12)
del rio, arles... cuban artist (5_21_12)
delvaux, paul (1897-1994)... Belgian painter... many female nude paintings (6_9_12)
delvoye, wim... belgian artist (3_30_12)
***demand, thomas (b. 1964, in munich, germany)... he builds elaborate sets from paper and cardboard with the purpose to photograph them... more info here (12_26_12)
demonte, claudia (6_3_12)
demuth, charles (3_18_12)
desportes, francois.... animal portraitist (5_5_12)
diabagate', salif... artist in abidjan, ivory coast ... (4_21_12)
dicianni, ron.... christian artist of So. Cal.. great skills. (3_29_12)
dill, john laddi... friend of ed moses in L.A. (3_11_12)... Mentor of Mark Bradford, going back 23 years....We met him briefly today in Venice, CA (7_17_13)
diller, elizabeth (5_27_12)
dine, jim... paintings of hearts... previously affiliated with art dealer leo castelli... (6_10_12)
dion, mark (5_13_12) internationally known (6_10_12)... in some of his art, he uses papier-mache to make objects used in dioramas (6_16_12)
dix, otto (5_13_12)
doig, peter (5_11_12)
***donnelly, brian (1979)... contemporary figurative artist...formerly a graffiti artist... also known as "KAWS"...his studio is located in williamsburg, brooklyn... more info here (8_25_12)
donnelly, trisha (5_6_12)
downton, david... very gifted fashion artist... more info here (8_22_12)
drew, leonardo...Collected by Michael and Susan Hort, of NJ...(4_2_12)
dumas, marlene (5_11_12)... collected by nj art collectors susan and michael hort (8_20_12)
durant, sam... pencil drawings (5_11_12)
duverney, oasa (5_4_12)
E (contemporary artists)
eberts, ken... american automotive artist... more info here (8_18_12)
eder, martin... painter (11_30_12)
eggleston, william (age 73) color photography (3_1_13)
ehrenberg, felipe, (boxes and prints) of Brazil
elespe, jeronimo ... art at art fair NADA NYC (5_5_12)
eliasson, olafur (b. 1967)... danish-icelandic artist...known for his grand-scale installations... more info here (7_29_12)
***emin, tracey... (b. 1963) A leading figure in the art world. According to the WSJ, one of the most prominent artists of her generation. She employs fifteen workers. (2_25_12) (5_11_12) (5_13_12) ... represented in the U.K. by jay jopling of the white cube gallery (6_10_12)... more info here (7_10_12)
entrekin, john of Newark, OH... portraits, figurative, etc. (12_13_10)
essenhigh, inka... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
etienne, nicole... California watercolorist...(3_24_12)
evangeline, margaret... of ny (1_13_13)
evans, simon ...collages... husband of artist sarah lannan... was a professional skateboarder until his mid-20's (5_27_12)
F (contemporary artists)
fahlstrom, ojvind... swedish artist (11_30_12)
***fairey, shepard (b. 1970)... one of the two most famous street artists in the world, along with Banksy (1_13_12)... he founded 'studio one,' a design agency... According to the WSJ, "Mr. Fairey was fined $25,000 and sentenced to 300 hours of community service for misdmeanor contempt of court" for legal issues related to his artwork about the President and a photograph taken by Mannie Garcia for the AP... In addition, Mr. Fairey was commissioned by Time magazine to make their "Person of the Year" cover...more info here (6_29_12)
falls, sam (age 28) on forbes' "30 under 30 list" (1_5_13)
fang lijun... a great chinese painter (7_6_12)
fanzhi, zeng...Larry Gagosian desires to represent him, according to the WSJ. (4_1_11)
fay, michael d. ... a former marine corps combat artist.. In the society of illustrators in new york.. drawing veterans at walter reed national military medical center (5_27_12).
feldmann, hans-peter... german artist... with shadow puppet installation (5_9_12)
fernandez, teresita... graphite panels sold at ny's frieze art fair (5_5_12)
***fischer, urs.(b. 1973).. zurich, switzerland born, new york-based sculptor...newly affiliated with Larry Gagosian... Urs is 38 years old. He depicts things falling apart. He says, "Everything I do is mechanical - It never goes through the hand." (2_24_12) Swiss contemporary artist (3_30_12) ...at the L.A. Museum of Contemporary Art (5_8_12)... "darling of the big ticket, international collector crowd"-- in 2013, he will have a mid-career exhibition at the MOCA in L.A. (LAT)... friends with the esteemed philanthropist, heiress, and art patron maja hoffman (10_27_12)... more info here (7_9_12)
***fischl, eric (age 65)... part of the east coast art scene (4_29_12)... CalArts high-profile graduate, and a painter (5_11_12)... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)... his work deals with naked humans... early on he was represented by the dealer mary boone...he is friends with the actor steve martin... he gave art lessons to john mcenroe... he did a portrait of mike nichols (5_11_13)
fischli, peter (b. 1952)... artist... friends with the esteemed philanthropist, heiress, and art patron maja hoffman... more info here (10_27_12)
fisher, jeff...(age 56) In the society of illustrators in new york.. drawing veterans at walter reed national military medical center... an illustrator from long island (5_27_12)
fitzgerald, sean robert... currently an MFA student of art at Yale University. After I wrote him an email out of the blue, he kindly wrote back with some book recommendations (8_25_13)
fitzpatrick, art (age 93)... automotive artist... more info here (8_18_12)
fleury, sylvie... swiss artist (4_7_12)
florian, douglas (5_4_12)
fonseca, caio... NY artist... "a modern day Joan Miro w/ abstract painting" (3_31_12)
fontana, bill... (age 65) sound sculpture artist (6_14_12)
forbes, bart (b. 1939)... more info here (7_29_12)
ford, walton (5_19_12) shown by dealer paul kasmin
frampton, hollis (4_26_12)
frampton, kenneth (5_27_12)
franco, james (b. 1978)... actor, and artist... more info here (6_29_12)
frey, jeremy... artist and weaver (6_23_12)
friedman, tom...previously affiliated with Larry Gagosian (4_1_11) (6_10_12)
fritz, laura...of portland, OR (5_3_12)
fukahori, riusuke... amazing 3-D fish-in-water sculptor... more info here (9_27_12)
furnas, barbaby ... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
G (contemporary artists)
gaines, charles (b. 1944) lives and works in L.A. ... conceptual artist (5_11_12) I saw his work in the MOCA in L.A. today (7_22_13)
gallagher, ellen (age 47)... artist (5_5_13)
gander, ryan... british artist (6_9_12)
garabedian, charles... friend of ed moses in L.A....ed moses says that he is the best painter to come out of L.A. (3_11_12)
garcia, antonio lopez (b. 1936)... spanish artist... more info here (9_27_12)
gates, theaster... an african-american artist... his home is in chicago (5_5_13).... has a staff of 20... has a 28,000 sf studio... he still works full time at the university of chicago, where he is currently the director of arts and public life (12_22_13)
gauldin, catherine of Katy, Texas, (great paintings and architectural illustrations) a successful Aggie grad
genzken, isa (4_28_12)
***gerhy, frank..(b. 1929). my favorite architect ...L.A. artist/architect (5_6_12) (6_9_12)...more info here (7_10_12)
*** gilbert and george (born 1943 & 1942) (5_6_12) ... "possibly Britain's most important conceptual artists," according to writer Sarah Thornton (5_11_12)...more info here (7_10_12)
gillick, liam (b. 1964) (6_14_12)... a british artist... moved to ny in 1998.... "investigates art's interconnections with architecture, design and cultural power structures" -- NYT... more info here (6_24_12)
gilot, francoise.. mother of two of Picasso's children... an artist in her own right (4_11_12) age 90 (5_13_12)
gober, robert (5_27_12)
goldsworthy, andy... noted british land artist (6_9_12)
goode, joe (b. 1937) ...veteran L.A. artist (5_6_12)... more info here (6_29_12)... lives and works in L.A.... I saw his work in the MOCA in L.A. today (7_22_13)
gorchov, ron (4_28_12)
gordon, douglas (b. 1966)... scottish artist... friends with the esteemed philanthropist, heiress, and art patron maja hoffman...more info here (10_27_12)
gormley, antony... british artist...sculptor, draftsman (6_16_12)
gornik, april ... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
glynn,liz ... of L.A... in Hammer Museum $100,000 contest... (3_14_12)
gold, claudia... graffiti street artist and painter (3_24_12)
graciano, lucas (fantasy artwork - a friend of my brother's friend
graham, sarah... married to art dealer ivor braka (4_28_12)
grant, deborah... artist of NY... she is very helpful and encouraging to emerging artists (2_6_14)
graves, michael (b. 1934)... an architect, artist, and emeritus professor at princeton... he has had many one-man shows in galleries and museums in ny... his drawings can be seen in the met., the museum of modern art, and the cooper-hewitt -- NYT...more info here (9_2_12)
greaud, loris... french artist (6_1_12)
greene, daniel e.... of North Salem, NY... a great oil painting artist (3_22_12)
greiner, max jr. of kerrville texas (painting, sculpture, etc., a successful Aggie grad)
grigorescu, ion... romanian figurative work...art at ny's frieze art show (5_5_12)
grignon, rex (b. 1962)... animator... featured in HP advertisement in the WSJ... more info here (6_19_12)
grober, robert... (3_18_12)
grossman, nancy (b. 1940) (6_9_12)
grosz, george (5_13_12)
***grotjahn, mark.(b. 1968) .. paintings (5_11_12) ... L.A. artist... a peer of the artists thomas houseago and aaron curry (5_20_13)... We stopped by his L.A. studio today, but were not able to meet him. (7_17_13)... lives and works in L.A.... I saw his work in the MOCA in L.A. today (7_22_13)
gunzburger, ron (4_27_12)
gursky, andreas (5_11_12)
***guyton, wade (b. 1972, lives in NY)... at the L.A. Museum of Contemporary Art (5_8_12)... some of his works sell for $800,000 (11_30_12)... more info here (11_3_12)
H (contemporary artists)
haacke, hans (5_11_12)
hadid, zaha... archiect (5_8_12)
hall, doug... video art (6_13_12)
halley, peter (b. 1953)... nyc abstract artist... more info here (9_2_12)
hammond, jane ... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
hammons, david (b. 1943) african-american artist in ny... more info here (5_13_12) (7_29_12)
han yajuan... chinese artist featured in bravo's new series "gallery girls"... more info here (8_14_12)
haring, keith (3_25_12)
harper, fred (age 46) ... In the society of illustrators in new york.. drawing veterans at walter reed national military medical center (5_27_12).
harrison, newton... eco-artist (6_9_12)
harrison, rachel (6_1_12)
hartzenberg, randy... cape-town based artist (5_28_12)
hashmi, zarina (b. 1937)... indian artist...more info here (8_31_12)
hatoum, mona ... represented in the U.K. by jay jopling of the white cube gallery (6_10_12)
hayes, sharon... (age 42)...artist.... more info here (11_23_12)
hayward, jimmy.... friend of ed moses in L.A. (3_11_12)
heikes, jay (4_28_12)
heilmann, mary ... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
hein, jeppe ...art at ny's frieze art show... (5_5_12)
heinecken, robert (5_9_12)
heizer, michael... land artist (1969) (6_9_12)
hendricks, barkley... paintings (6_1_12)
herold, georg... art at art fair NADA NYC (5_5_12)
hesse, eva... minimalism (4_27_12)
hill, charles... friend of ed moses in L.A. (3_11_12)
hirschhorn, thomas... (b. 1957)... swiss artist (6_14_12)
***hirst, damien (b. 1965) (assembly line, very successful artist)... his account manager is millicent wilner, for larry gagosian (4_1_11) Here is a NYT article about his recent new burst of "spot" art (12_13_11). One of the YBA's (Young British Artists) (2_25_12)(3_30_12) Affiliated with larry gagosian (4_29_12) ... a graduate of Goldsmiths (5_11_12) (5_13_12) (6_3_12) represented in the u.s. market by larry gagosian... represented in the U.K. by jay jopling of the white cube gallery (6_10_12) his work's popularity in the current art market seems to be waning... more info here (7_1_12)
***hockney, david (b. 1937) (famous artist, currently creating art on the Apple I-Pad), of a secluded house in the Hollywood Hills, CA, and Yorkshire, England, age 74. Many know him for his scenes of swimming pools and slender young men. He works in a staff in England and in L.A. He is growing deaf. He is now working in the seaside village of Bridlington, 75 miles from Bradford. He is a great admirer of Rembrandt. (2-12-12) (4_18_12) L.A. artist (5_6_12)...more info here (7_10_12)
horsey, david... L.A. Times political cartoonist (5_7_12)
***houseago, thomas (b. 1972 in leeds, lives in L.A.)... sculptor... more info here (11_30_12)... friends and studio mate with the artist aaron curry... houseago is married to the painter amy bessone (5_14_13)... influenced by beuys, picasso, miro, serra, calder, brancusi, david smith, jackson pollock, jan hoet, franz west, marlene dumas, thomas shutte, paul mccarthy, mike kelly, chris burden, martin kippenberger, franz west, enrico david, giacometti, and duchamp (5_17_13).... houseago is a peer of the L.A. artist mark grotjahn (5_20_13)... We stopped by his L.A. studio today, but were not able to meet him (7_17_13).
huan, zhang (b. 1965 in china)... a chinese artist based in shanghai and ny...represented by blum & poe (10_5_12)... more info here (10_5_12)
hugo, jean... great-grandson of writer/artist Victor Hugo (3_31_12)
hudinilson jr....brazil... (4_21_12)
hume, gary... one of the YBA's (Young British Artists) ... a graduate of Goldsmiths (5_11_12)
***hundley, elliot (b. 1975, lives in L.A.)... more info here (11_30_12)
hung liu... quite possibly the best chinese painter in the United States according to the WSJ (6_6_13)
huyghe, pierre (6_14_12)
I (contemporary artists)
icaro, paolo (b. 1936)... italian artist... collected by nj collectors susan and michael hort... more info here (8_21_12)
innerst, mark... (b. 1957)... american painter (6_1_12)
***irwin, robert (b. 1928) light and space artist (5_6_12) L.A. artist (5_6_12) (6_1_12)... he lives and works (in an extra bedroom in his home) in san diego... recently, he hired his first assistant joey huppert (age 33), a former security guard at the san diego museum of contemporary art... more info here (8_28_12)... today at the Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, I saw his "Untitled, 1968" a disc with 4 lights. It is pretty cool. The docent opened the nearby double doors after I asked her to do so, to try to see if it modified how it looked. It just made the disc protrude forward moreso. (7_22_13)
J (contemporary artists)
jacir, emily... palestinian artist (5_11_12)
jackel, ben... culver city artist, age 34... shares studio with artist dana weiser (5_7_12)
***jaeger, alexander (cool hand-drawings of cars) senior visual effects director for industrial light & magic, of San Rafael, CA... visual effects director for "the avengers" (5_6_12)...more info here (7_10_12)
jahn, jeff...of portland, OR (5_3_12)
kaneko, jun... ceramic sculptor in Omaha, Nebraska... one of assistants is Garrett Raynik (sp?).... More info here (8_11_13)
jensen, alfred (4_26_12)
jensen, bill... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
jenssen, hans(cross-section Star Wars artist), of UK
joffe, chantal... gifted english painter of women and children (6_1_12)
johanson, chris (age 44)... popular among apple employees (3_1_13)
johanson, patricia... land artist... more info here (8_25_12)
***johns, jasper (b. 1930) (age 80) of Sharon, Connecticut... according to the 4_1_11 WSJ, shows with dealer Matthew Marks... (4_26_12) in 2008, the most expensive living artist (5_11_12) (6_9_12) (6_10_12)... previously affiliated with art dealer leo castelli...(6_10_12) ...we just saw some of his paintings at the MOCA in L.A. (7_6_12) ...more info here (7_10_12)
johnson, rashid... chicago born artist (4_7_12)
jover, joel... (b. 1953) cuban painter... more info here (8_11_12)
JR (age 29) on forbes' "30 under 30 list" (1_5_13)
juhasz-alvarado, charles... young puerto-rican artist (5_13_12)
juhasz, victor... In the society of illustrators in new york.. drawing veterans at walter reed national military medical center... "known for his satirical drawings in Rolling Stone." -NYT(5_27_12)
K (contemporary artists)
kabakov, emilia / ilya... (b. 1933) well-known russian-american artist (5_19_12) (6_9_12)
kaloterakis, nick... his art is in "popular science" and "national geographic," among other publications.... he is very skilled, and his studio is in Sydney... I really like his newer stuff. (8_16_11)
kaneko, jun... ceramic sculptor in omaha, NE... his assistant is Garrett Raynik (sp?)... more info here (8_11_13)
***kapoor, anish (59 years old) (5_5_12)... known for large pieces made with great technical precision (5_17_13)
karawa, on... japanese conceptual artist (5_13_12)
kasper, dawn... L.A. artist, 35 years old... was an assistant to the deceased artist Mike Kelly (3_3_12)
kassay, jacob (age 28)... a 'young art star' according to the WSJ... minimalist... L.A. artist (4_7_12)... on forbes' "30 under 30 list" (1_5_13)
katz, alex... in 50's, did abstract expressionism... in the 60's, did figurative art....... Did many paintings of his wife Ada... He now is 84. (4_20_12) (5_6_12)
keene, tobias... a long-running friend of the actor Robert Downey Jr... a British artist, a third generation British painter, born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England in 1963. Currently living and working with his wife (studio manager Candian actress, former model, and screenwriter) Robbi Chong in Los Angeles.... Chong is the daughter of Tommy Chong (of Cheech and Chong), and sister of actress Rae Dawn Chong. (11_26_11)... We met him and his wife briefly today in Los Angeles (7_17_13)
***kelly, ellsworth (b. 1923) (4_28_12) (5_11_12) (5_13_12)...age 88... american abstract painter and sculptor (5_27_12) (6_1_12) (6_3_12) (6_9_12) ... represented in the U.K. by jay jopling of the white cube gallery (6_10_12)...more info here (7_10_12)
kentridge, william... S. African artist (drawings, animations, films) featured in PBS' "Art21" series (4_3_12).... "south africa's most famous working artist"--WSJ... (5_28_12) shows at the art fair documenta, in kassel, germany (6_9_12)
kiefer, anselm (b. 1945) (4_1_11) german painter and sculptor (4_27_12)... perhaps the marketability of his artwork is waning.. more info here (7_1_12)
kielar, anya ... art at art fair NADA NYC (5_5_12)
kilimnik, karen (4_28_12) (5_4_12) paintings... born in philadelphia in the 50's... studied architecture at temple university (5_5_12)
kippenberger, martin (b. 1953) prolific german artist... His work is being bought by billionaire Nicolas Berggruen for the LACMA. (3_20_12)... I am not his biggest fan... more info here (7_9_12)
kirkegaard, jacob (b. 1975 in denmark)... sound artist, who lives in germany... more info here (8_31_12)
kline, franz...(5_8_12)
koh, terence (b. 1970 in beijing)... a chinese-canadian artist (5_13_12)... more info here (9_29_12)
komar, vitaly (b. 1943) ... well-known russian artists (6_9_12)
***koons, jeff... (b. 1955) affiliated with Larry Gagosian (4_1_11)... works with a large staff... (3_29_12) (4_29_12) (5_4_12) (5_11_12) 57 years old (5_12_12) (6_3_12) a branded artist represented by larry gagosian (6_10_12)...more info here (7_10_12)
kruger, barbara (age 67)... lives in NY... works in red, black, and white large text...more info here (8_3_12)
kubrick, christiane, of UK... born in 1932... wife of deceased director Stanley Kubrick (2_17_12)
kul, julia (5_4_12)
***kusama, yayoi (b. 1929)... viewed as one of japan's most preeminent contemporary artists (5_11_12)...in 1957, she moved to ny and became friends with joseph cornell and donald judd... in 1973, she checked into a tokyo psychiatric hospital... she has lived there and worked there ever since...(7_7_12)... more info here (8_24_12) (11_23_12)
kyack, joel... at ny's frieze art fair (5_5_12)
L (contemporary artists)
lalanne, claude....husband of francois-xavier lalanne...(deceased)... a husband and wife sculpture and decorative arts team ...shown by dealer paul kasmin (5_19_12)
lamm, leonid... (b. 1928 in moscow) ... russian artist (6_9_12)... beginning in 1973, mr. lamm spent three years in prison and labor camps... in 1982, he moved to new york, where he lives and works today... more info here (10_27_12)
landseer, sir edwin... animal portraitist (5_5_12)
landau, sigalit... born 1969... sketches (5_12_12)
lannan, sarah...an illustrator...wife of artist simon evans (5_27_12)
larner, liz (b. 1960)... lives and works in L.A.... I saw her work in the MOCA in L.A. today (7_22_13)
lattier, christian... ivory coast superstar (4_21_12)
leon, glenda...cuba (5_28_12)
leonard, mark... american artist... also an art conservator by day...his painting is geometric abstraction... more info here (6_28_12)
lerma, jose ... shows art at NADA NYC (5_5_12)
le va, barry (b. 1941 in long beach)... american sculptor and installation artist... now lives and works in N.Y... we just saw a sculture of his of broken glass at the gagosian gallery in beherly hills... more info here (7_5_12)
levin, steven j. of Minneapolis, Minnesota...a great oil painting artist (3_22_12)
levine, sherrie (b. 1947) (5_12_12) lives and works in NY.... I saw her work in the MOCA in L.A. today (7_22_13)
lewitt, sol... minimalist (3_14_12) (4_28_12) (5_6_12)
liden, klara... swedish-born installation artist (6_3_12)
ligon, glenn (b. 1960)...american conceptual artist.. at the L.A. Museum of Contemporary Art (5_8_12)... more info here (11_3_12)
lim, minouk... of korea (6_4_12)
lin, maya... artist and architect (3_28_12)
***lin tianmiao (b. 1961)... chinese artist based in beijing... more info here (8_25_12)a leading chinese artist known for her large-scale installations and sculptures (9_15_12)
littschwager, david (5_27_12)
longo, robert (4_26_12) Friends with Cindy Sherman in the 70's. (5_6_12)
los carpinteros... more info here (12_8_12)
lucas, sarah (2_25_12) One of the YBA's (Young British Artists) (2_25_12) ... a graduate of Goldsmiths (5_11_12)
M (contemporary artists)
machado, alexis leyva... cuban artist (5_21_12)
makarevich, igor (b. 1943) ...russian artist (6_9_12)
maltzman, daniel... L.A. artist, in oils. I just briefly met him in Austin, TX at his gallery show at The Russell Collection. (7_8_11)... he is prominently featured in an episode of bravo's "real housewives of beverly hills" (1_23_13)
marclay, christian ernest (b. 1955)... a swiss and american artist & composer (5_11_12)... more info here (8_22_12)
marden, brice (b. 1938)...(4_21_12) minimalist.... painted wavy lines (6_10_12)
marin, john... a painter (3_18_12)
marine, carol, of blue cloud studios in Austin, TX (5_24_11)
marshall, kerry james... of the PBS series 'Art 21.' (3_28_12)
masullo, andrew (3_25_12)
mauss, nick (b. 1980) (3_18_12)... more info here (11_3_12)
maxwell, richard (3_18_12)
mayer, helen... eco-artist (6_9_12)
mccarthy, paul (b. 1945) ... His work is being bought by billionaire Nicolas Berggruen for the LACMA. (3_20_12) (6_16_12)... more info here (6_29_12) ... according to the LAT, he is an acclaimed L.A. artist (7_7_12)
mcelheny, josiah (b. 1966)... artist in glass... more info here (6_17_12)
***mcgee, barry... (b. 1966)... ny street artist... began spray-painting sf walls in the 1980's... does sculptures, immersive installations, and complex murals... he is formally trained (from sf arts institute)... I am a big fan of his artwork...he is represented by cheim and read in ny... more info here (8_25_12)
mcginley, ryan (b. 1977) famous photographer (4_28_12)... more info here (11_3_12)
mcginness, ryan ... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
mckenzie, lucy... scottish painter (5_11_12)
mcmillian, rodney (sp) (b. 1969)... lives and works in L.A.... I saw his work in the MOCA in L.A. today (7_22_13)
mcnaughton, jon... controversial political and religious artist (3_21_12)
mcqueen, steve... british artist (5_11_12)
meckseper, josephine (5_4_12)
mehretu, julie... at the L.A. Museum of Contemporary Art (5_8_12)... quasi-abstract painter (6_3_12) ... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
melamid, alexander...russian artist (6_9_12)
melgaard, bjarne... "over-the-top" artist (5_27_12) (6_1_12)
miao xiaochun (b. 1964 in china)... his work briefly appears in bravo's docu-soap "gallery girls"...his work is shown in eli klein's gallery... more info here (10_1_12)
miko, dave... art at art fair NADA NYC (5_5_12)
miller, james ... currently an MFA student of art at Yale University. After I wrote him an email out of the blue, he kindly wrote back with some book recommendations (8_25_13)
minagawa, yasuo (age 67)... nyc art framer... born in japan... more info here (8_15_12)
minter, marilyn (b. 1948).... Collected by Michael and Susan Hort, of NY...(4_2_12)... more info here (11_3_12)
miro, victorio (5_11_12)
mitchell, dean...b. 1957 (5_14_11)
mokgosi, meleko (age 30)... winner of $100,000 hammer award... from botswana ... now resides in l.a... more info here (8_18_12)
molnar, mark of (concept artist, similar to ryan church)
morimura, yasumasa... appropriation artist... greatly influenced by Warhol (3_17_12)
morley, malcom ... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
morris, robert... land artist (6_9_12)
***moses, ed (b. 1926)... of L.A., age 85... has cancer..father of Andy Moses... He works with assistants in his artwork. (3_11_12)... more info here (6_28_12)
moses, andy... son of ed moses (3_11_12)
moskowitz, robert... artist (6_23_12)
***mr brainwash (b. in france) of L.A. (large scale street artist)...more info here (7_10_12)
mueller, kurt... more info here (8_31_12)
mujica, frank... does pencil drawings of cuban landscapes (5_28_12)
muller, dave (5_11_12)
***mullins, craig (b. 1964) of HA...more info here (7_10_12)
mumford, steve... painter... In the society of illustrators in new york.. drawing veterans at walter reed national military medical center (5_27_12).... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
muniz, vik (b. 1961) ... I just saw his "haystack after monet 2" at the MFA Houston (6_18_12)... of sao paolo
***murakami, takashi (b. 1962) affiliated with Larry Gagosian (4_1_11) (4_29_12) (4_29_12) (5_11_12) represented by blum & poe (10_5_12)... more info here (6_29_12)
murillo, oscar... colombian artist (12_9_12)
musson, jayson (5_4_12)
muybridge, eadweard (4_26_12)
N (contemporary artists)
n. dash... collected by nj art collectors susan and michael hort... more info here (8_21_12)
nara, yoshitomo (b. 1959 in japan) (4_28_12)...represented by blum & poe (10_5_12)... more info here (10_5_12)
nares, james (5_19_12) shown by dealer paul kasmin
***nauman, bruce...(b. 1941). (3_11_12) ... His work is being bought by billionaire Nicolas Berggruen for the LACMA. He lives in NM. (3_20_12)...married to the artist susan rothenberg (4_3_12) (4_26_12) minimalism (4_27_12) former L.A. artist (5_6_12)...more info here (7_10_12)
navarro, ivan (5_19_12) shown by dealer paul kasmin... chilean artist
nerdrum, odd (b. 1944 in sweden)...norwegian figurative artist... more info here (9_27_12)
nicola l... art at ny's frieze art show (5_5_12)
nielly, francoise... very colorful paintings... looks like he paints with a knife... I would love to paint like this guy someday... (2_12_12)
nishi, tatzu... japanese conceptual artist (5_27_12)... more info here (8_13_12)
nutt, jim... chicago imagist (5_12_12)
O (contemporary artists)
odita, odili donald (4_28_12)
odutola, toyin (age 27) on forbes' "30 under 30 list" (1_5_13)
ofili, chris... paintings (5_11_12) paints with elephant dung... nigerian heritage... born 1968 (5_13_12)
ogut, ahmet... turkish artist (6_23_12)
o'hara, karen, of __ (set decorator) She just won an Oscar for "Alice in Wonderland." (2_27_11)
ohtake, shinro... tokyo-born artist... shows at documenta in kassel, germany (6_9_12)
***oldenburg, claes (b. 1929) sculptures of huge over-sized objects...(6_1_12) ... swedish pop artist (6_9_12) ... previously affiliated with art dealer leo castelli...(6_10_12)... collaborated formerly with his deceased wife coosje van bruggen (1942-2009) (6_1_12)... more info here (7_10_12)
oliver, kermit (b. 1943) of Texas Southern University (2_16_11)
olivier, gavin... south african visual artist (5_28_12)
ono,yoko (b. 1933)... widow of musician john lennon... photographer, videographer, musician... more info here (6_22_12)
orozco, gabriel... influential mexican artist (5_11_12)
os gemeos (b. 1974)... brazillian twin artists.. named otavio and gustavo pandolfo... more info here (8_25_12)
otero, angel (b. 1981)... puerto rican artist... more info here (12_8_12)
othoniel, jean-michel (b. 1964)... french artist... more info here (8_18_12)
owens, laura ... CalArts high-profile graduate, and a painter (5_11_12)
P (contemporary artists)
padamsee, akbar (b. 1928)... indian artist... more info here (8_31_12)
pagain, ivanny a. ... a puerto rican-american painter (5_11_12)
palermo, blinky... minimalist painter (5_27_12)
paolini, giulio (b. 1940)... italian artist... more info here (7_1_12)
papatheodorou-valyraki, mina... a greek painter specializing in sports art... the official artist of formula one racing... more info here (7_17_12)..."uses bottle caps to spread the paint thickly on the canvas" -- WSJ (8_18_12)
parke, lesley of Vermont (currently paints garbage, actual garbage, not the quality of her work)
parker, cornelia...internationally known artist (6_10_12)
parreno, philippe (b. 1964)... a french artist (6_14_12)... more info here (10_27_12)
parrish, graydon (b. 1970)... an austin figurative artist... I like his work a lot... more info here (9_27_12)
passmore, george (4_28_12)
pearlstein, philip ... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
pendleton, adam (age 28) on forbes' "30 under 30 list" (1_5_13)
peng yu...shows at the art hk fair in hong kong (6_9_12)
penn, irving (2_18_12)
perez, enoc... new york artist with brushless technique of painting/printing (6_23_12)
perry, grayson... one of britain's most famous artists (5_11_12)
peterson, charles (b. 1927)... watercolorist... paints maritime, and paintings with ghosts in them... more info here (8_21_12)
peyton, elizabeth (2_18_12)
perez, fabian of LA (formerly Argentina, Italy, and Japan) painter of dancers, etc.
piper, adrian (5_13_12)
pistoletto, michelangelo (b. 1933)... italian artist... more info here (7_1_12)
pivi, paola (5_11_12)
pivovarov, viktor (b. 1937)... russian artist (6_9_12)
polke, sigmar ... His work is being bought by billionaire Nicolas Berggruen for the LACMA. (3_20_12)
poons, larry... friend of ed moses in L.A. (3_11_12)
pramuk, andrea... of Austin, TX (2_19_12)
price, seth...at the L.A. Museum of Contemporary Art (5_8_12)
prieto, monique ... CalArts high-profile graduate, and a painter (5_11_12)
price, seth... (b. 1973)... a ny-based conceptual artist... more info here (8_4_12)
prina, stephen (5_11_12)
***prince, richard (1949-) American...affiliated with Larry Gagosian (4_1_11) (5_4_12) (5_11_12) (6_1_12) paintings (6_1_12) (6_3_12)... collected by nj art collectors susan and michael hort (8_20_12)...more info here (7_10_12)
proesch, gilbert (4_28_12)
puryear, martin (4_26_12)
pylpchuk, jonathan... from winnipeg, canada (5_13_12)
Q (contemporary artists)
R (contemporary artists)
rachofsky, howard...(4_1_11)
ramirez, martin... "so-called outsider"-- NYT (5_27_12) (6_1_12)
ramirez, paul... Collected by Michael and Susan Hort, of NY...(4_2_12)
rappaport, noam... formalism paintings (6_1_12)
rauch, neo (b. 1960)...german painter (6_16_12)
***ray, charles (b. 1953) L.A. based sculptor... His work is being bought by billionaire Nicolas Berggruen for the LACMA. (3_20_12)...I'm not a big fan of his sculptures... more info here (7_9_12) ... lives and works in L.A.... I saw his work in the MOCA in L.A. today (7_22_13)
reddy, krishna (b. 1925)... indian artist... more info here (8_31_12)
reeder, scott ... shows art at NADA NYC (5_5_12)
reinfurt, david (5_6_12)
RETNA (b. 1979) ... lives and works in L.A.... I saw his work in the MOCA in L.A. today (7_22_13)
revenko, lena... up-and-coming artist... shows in tel aviv (5_12_12)
reyle, anselm...art at ny's frieze art show... (5_5_12)
rhode, robin (b. 1976 in s. africa) ... based in berlin, germany... more info here (9_29_12)
ribak, louis (3_14_12)
richardson, terry (2_18_12)
***richter, gerhard (b. 1932) last year his art sold for $200 million... works out of a pair of studios in cologne (3_9_12) ... His work is being bought by billionaire Nicolas Berggruen for the LACMA. (3_20_12) This site of his work is pretty voluminous (3_30_12)... Abstract paintings (4_14_12) (5_11_12) (5_13_12) (6_3_12) shows at the art hk fair in hong kong (6_9_12) (6_16_12) In the new film, "Gerhard Richter Painting," Richter says, "Painting is a secretive business."... his studio manager is konstanze ell... he married marianne eufinger in 1957... he married isa genzken in 1982... he married sabine moritz in 1995...(6_18_12)... more info here (7_2_12)
ridlon, james... assemblage artist... former nfl football player... more info here (7_17_12)
riley, bridget (b. 1931)... english painter (5_11_12)... more info here (8_4_12)
rist, pipilotti (b. 1962)... swiss video artist... more info here (9_29_12)
ritchie, matthew ... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
rockburne, dorothea (born 1932) (5_27_12)
rocklen, ry... of L.A... in Hammer Museum $100,000 contest... (3_14_12)
rockman, alexis... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
roden, steve, of LA
roder, adele... partners with kerstin bratsch to make "Das Institut"......at the L.A. Museum of Contemporary Art (5_8_12)
roginsky, mikhail ... russian artist (6_9_12)
rollins, tim (4_28_12) at ny's frieze art fair (5_5_12)
***rosenquist, james (b. 1933) (3_14_12) (4_28_12) american modern artist... on Feb. 12, 1971, he and his family were victims of two car crashes in one night. His wife went into a coma for one month... His on went into a coma for six weeks. (rosenquist, p. 210)... in 2009, a forest fire burned up his house, his office, and his studio... nothing was left (--rosenquist, p. 350)...more info here (6_25_12)... formerly represented by the deceased gallery owner leo castelli (rosenquist changed dealers upon castelli's demise) (7_10_12)
rossho, amanda (b. 1975)... of los angeles... more info here (7_30_12)
rothenberg, susan, of NM... married to the famous artist bruce nauman... in PBS series Art 21... she has a great way of verbally expressing herself as an artist... (4_3_12)
***ruby, sterling (b. 1972... lives in L.A.)...at the L.A. Museum of Contemporary Art (5_8_12) an American artist... lives and works in Los Angeles, California...born in Bitburg, Germany... (6_16_12)... more info here (11_30_12)
ruiz, conrad (age 29) (3_1_13)
ruliffson, jess (age 26)... In the society of illustrators in new york.. drawing veterans at walter reed national military medical center (5_27_12)
rush, rick... sports artist... more info here (7_29_12)
*** ruscha, ed.(b. 1937)... formerly represented by the deceased leo castelli (4_1_11) His work is being bought by billionaire Nicolas Berggruen for the LACMA. (3_20_12) L.A. artist (5_6_12) (5_8_12) (5_11_12) a branded artist represented by larry gagosian (6_10_12) I just saw his painting "hurting the word radio" yesterday at the menil gallery in houston (6_16_12)... I just saw at least one of his paintings at the MOCA in L.A. ... more info here (7_10_12) lives and works in L.A.... I saw his work in the MOCA in L.A. and "Annie" in the Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena today (7_22_13)
ryman, robert (b. 1930)... minimalist (3_14_12).. his son is the large-scale sculptor will ryman... (4_14_12) (5_11_12) (5_27_12) ... he is represented by pace (8_9_11)... more info here (8_22_12)
S (contemporary artists)
saban, analia... of L.A. in Hammer Museum $100,000 contest... (3_14_12)
sachs, tom... (2_18_12) (5_13_12)
saligman, meg... muralist...mural in n. philadelphia (5_30_12)
salle, david, 80's art star (1_13_12) gagosian gave salle his first show (6_10_12)
samaras, lucas...(b. 1936 in greece)... more info here (7_10_12)
samba, cheri (5_11_12)
sanden, john howard... presidential portraits (6_8_12)
sanejouand, jean-michel (b. 1934) (6_9_12)
santos, cesar, of Miami, Florida
saraceno, tomas... argentine artist (5_12_12)... age 39... an architect by training... lives and works in frankfurt (5_13_12)... more info here (7_17_12)
saret, alan... earth artist (5_6_12)
sarkisian, paul (b. 1928)... american artist... more info here (6_28_12)
sasnal, wilhelm... of poland (1_13_13)
saville, jenny (5_11_12) represented by larry gagosian (6_10_12)
schabus, hans...austria (5_4_12) video art (5_27_12)
schad, christian (5_13_12)
schmid, richard... of Vermont... Mentor of Casey Baugh. (1_6_12).... liked by artist Randy Brumley of College Station, TX (4_8_12)
***schnabel, julian (b. 1951) of NY.. american painter, movie director.. (1_13_12) (5_11_12) (5_12_12) fascinating interview with him on "60 Minutes" in 2008 by Morley Safer (6_3_12)... I am not crazy about his artwork... more info here (6_26_12)
schutte, thomas ... His work is being bought by billionaire Nicolas Berggruen for the LACMA. (3_20_12)
schutz, dana... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
segal, george (b. 1924) white figures (6_9_12)
segui, antonio (b. 1934) argentinian artist... I just saw his "I am not a good looking girl" at the MFA Houston (6_18_12)
segura, esterio... cuban artist (5_21_12)
sehgal, tino (b. 1976)... a british-german artist based in berlin... more info here (8_31_12)
***serra, richard... mammoth sculptures (3_28_12) minimalism (4_27_12) ...part of the east coast art scene (4_29_12) drawings...(5_9_12) (5_12_12) a branded artist represented by larry gagosian (6_10_12)
serrano, andres (b. 1950)... controversial artist... more info here (10_7_12)
shapton, leanne... canadian artist and graphic novelist...of NY...illustrator, author and publisher (3_31_12) water-colorist (5_27_12)... more info here (7_1_12)
***sherman, cindy (b. 1954) (see under 'photographers') (5_11_12) (5_12_12)... collected by nj art collectors susan and michael hort... one of the two defining artists of the 1980's along with mike kelley according to author tulsa kinney (8_30_12)...more info here (8_20_12)
shih, quentin... a new york-based artist... shows at art asia miami... more info here (12_7_12)
shinohara, ushio AND noriko (he was b. 1932)... japanese neo-dadaist artist... more info here (6_25_12)... subjects of a new film "cutie and the boxer."... an interview of them and the director here (8_19_13) -- I can't wait to see this flick! (8_19_13)
shultz, dana (2_18_12)
siegel, michael of L.A. (2_29_12)
siena, james... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
sigmar polke... of germany (5_11_12)
sillman, amy (b. 1956) (5_11_12) ...american painter... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)... more info here (11_3_12)
simonds, charles... miniature dwellings in Manhattan (5_6_12)
slepyshev, anotolii (b. 1932) russian artist (6_9_12)
slinger, penny... art at ny's frieze art show (5_5_12)
smith, allison (6_13_12)
smith, josh...at the L.A. Museum of Contemporary Art (5_8_12)
smith, kiki (5_4_12)
smith, lucien (age 23) on forbes' "30 under 30 list"(1_5_13)
smithson, robert... land artist (5_6_12) 1970... (6_9_12)
snyder, joan (3_11_12)... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
sokol, jordon...of Queens, NY... lives and teaches art in Florence, Italy... a fantastic artist and painter... I really like his depiction of atmosphere between the viewer and the subject. (1-19_12)
song dong... chinese conceptualist (6_9_12)
soth, alec (2_18_12)
stanley, paul (lead singer of KISS - He sold $3 million worth of paintings in 2009. Wow.) My wife really likes his art.
starn, mike and doug (5_13_12)
steina...video pioneer (5_6_12)
***stella, frank (b. 1936) (3_9_12)... arrived in NY in 1958 after finishing at Princeton --NYT (4_27_12) "He helped bring the abstract expressionist chapter of the NY School of painting to a close... lay foundation for minimalism." -- NYT (4_27_12) part of the east coast art scene (4_29_12) (5_21_12) (5_27_12) (6_1_12) ... was affiliated with art dealer leo castelli... (6_10_12)...some of his metal sculptures have sold for $5 mil. at auction... more info here (7_1_12)
steyerl, hito (b. 1966)... berlin-based artist and writer... more info here (12_26_12)
stingel, rudolf (b. 1956) a ny based american artist...affiliated with Larry Gagosian (4_1_11...at the L.A. Museum of Contemporary Art (5_8_12)... more info here (8_22_12)
storr, robert (5_11_12)
stromberg, robert, of __ (visual effects supervisor) He just won an Oscar for "Alice in Wonderland." (2_27_11)
sucklord, the (b. 1969)... nyc pop artist... recently had a one day event/show at the end of century gallery...creates toys/collectable cards... appeals to young nyc art consumers... he disdains high art glitterati... featured in a recent episode of bravo's docusoap "Gallery Girls"... more info here (9_10_12)
sullivan, billy ... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
sun yuan... shows at the art hk fair in hong kong (6_9_12)
suvero, mark di...previously affiliated with Larry Gagosian (4_1_11)
swenson, erick... dallas based sculptor (4_7_12)
swoon (b. 1978)... american ny street artist, whose real name is caledonia dance curry... more info here (8_25_12)
syjuco, stephanie (5_27_12) (6_13_12)
***sze, sarah (b. 1969)... more info here (12_8_12) won a macarthur genius grant" (5_11_13)
T (contemporary artists)
tadanori, yokoo (b. 1936)... japanese graphic designer... more info here (10_16_12)
tafa... a west african artist... more info here (7_29_12)
taupin, bernie (b. 1950)...painter.... lyricist for elton john... taupin is soon having a solo show at the russell gallery in austin, tx... more info here (8_4_12)
taylor, henry... of L.A... in Hammer Museum $100,000 contest... (3_14_12)
therrien, robert (b. 1947 in chicago)... works in L.A... represented by gagosian gallery... I like his art.... more info here (7_9_12)
thiebaud, wayne... almost 91... CA artist (4_11_12)
***thomas, mickalene... young african-american artist of brooklyn... more info here (9_29_12) (11_20_12)
thomas, samantha... friend of ed moses in L.A. (3_11_12)... very much influenced by the deceased artist robert rauschenberg...she is a young artist/athlete... she lives in venice and works out of her studio in downtown L.A.... more info here (9_14_12)
tillmans, wolfgang (5_11_12)
titchner, mark (5_11_12)
tiravanija, rirkrit... Larry Gagosian desires to represent him -- WSJ(4_1_11) (6_14_12)
tisci, riccardo... partnered with kehinde wiley (4_28_12)
tomiselli, fred...Collected by Michael and Susan Hort, of NY...(4_2_12) ... featured in Joe Fig's book, Inside the Painter's Studio (6_12_12)
mario garcia torres (5_11_12)
torres, rigoberto... shows art at frieze ny (5_5_12)
trockel, rosemarie... (b. 1952)...german artist (6_16_12)
tudor, florin ... romanian figurative work...art at ny's frieze art show... partner with mona vatamanu (5_5_12)
turrell, james (b. 1943) american light and space artist...affiliated with Larry Gagosian (4_1_11)... more info here (6_28_12) age 70 (5_1_13)
***tuttle, richard... of NM...known as the 'artist's artist." (3_11_12) (6_1_12)... I just saw one of his pieces at the MOCA in L.A. ... more info here (7_10_12)
***tuymans, luc (b. 1958)... lives and works in antwerp, belgium... influential belgian painter (6_16_12)... more info here (11_2_12)
twaddle, randy... of houston, TX... designer, artist... draws transformers, wires, etc. ... Mr. Twaddle has been showing drawings and paintings in the U.S. in excess of twenty-five years... (7_21_11) ... more info here (8_30_12)
tyson, keith... a british artist (5_11_12)
U (contemporary artists)
ufan, lee (b. 1936 in korea)... japanese zen minimalist (4_14_12)...represented by blum & poe (10_5_12)... more info here (10_5_12)
umanets, vladimir... an artist working in london...vandalized a mark rothko painting in london... more info here (10_15_12)
uklanshi, piotr... polish born multimedia arist (3_24_12)
upson, kaari (b. 1972) lives and works in L.A.... I saw their work in the MOCA in L.A. today (7_22_13)
V (contemporary artists)
vasconcelos, joana... portuguese artist (3_24_12)
vasulka, woody...video pioneer (5_6_12)
vatamanu, mona... romanian figurative work...art at ny's frieze art show... partner with florin tudor (5_5_12)
ye yongquing (b. 1958)...of Dali, China... one of the most popular artists in China's thriving contemporary art world... (5_10_13)
vidokle, anton. (b. 1965 in moscow, russia)... an artist... he lives in ny and berlin... more info here (7_14_12)
vierkant, artie (age 26) digital artist...on forbes' "30 under 30 list"(1_5_13)
villegle, jacques (born 1926)... a huge influence on L.A. artist Mark Bradford (5_21_12)
von brandenburg, ulla (4_28_12)
von hellermann, sophie von (5_5_12)
von rydingsvard, ursula (6_3_12)
vriesendorp, madelon (b. 1945)... dutch artist... married to famous architect rem koolhaus... more info about her here (6_23_12)
W (contemporary artists)
walker, kara ... (b. 1969)... african-american artist... mentioned in "60 minutes" as a truly gifted young American artist" (2_18_12) (4_1_12) (5_11_12) (5_27_12)...more info here (7_10_12)
walker, kelley (b. 1969)...at the L.A. Museum of Contemporary Art (5_8_12)... friend of artist wade guyton (11_30_12)... more info here (8_22_12)
wall, jeff (5_11_12)... represented in the U.K. by jay jopling of the white cube gallery (6_10_12)
wang gongxin... chinese artist...married to chinese artist lin tianmiao... for more info, visit their shared website here (8_25_12)
washington, burl, painter of buffalo soldiers, and other subjects, of fort worth, TX, (1_22_11)... I really like his artwork!!! (8_25_12)
wearing, gillian (5_11_12)
webster, chuck... paintings (5_27_12)
weiner, lawrence... conceptual artist of new york... shows at documenta, in kassel, germany (6_9_12) (6_14_12)
weiser, dana... shares a studio with artist ben jackel in culver city (5_7_12)
west, franz ...affiliated with Larry Gagosian (4_29_12)
wheeler, doug (b. 1939) american light and space artist... more info here (6_28_12)
white, pae...internationally known artist (6_10_12)...attends art basel miami... collected by suzanne deal booth, of tx (1_5_13)
white, roger... contemporary american painter... showing at rachel uffner gallery... more info here (6_29_12)
white, timothy (photographer, buddy of deceased jim marshall)
white, wayne... L.A. artist... very funny... paints text on 2nd-hand paintings... was a designer/puppet dude on "Peewee's Playhouse."... star of a great documentary "Beauty is Embarrassing" (6_8_13)
whiteread, rachel (5_11_12) represented by larry gagosian (6_10_12)
***wiley, kehinde (3_25_12) Collected by nj art collectors Michael and Susan Hort, of NY...(4_2_12) age 35.. MFA from Yale (4_28_12) (6_1_12) (8_21_12)
wilke, hannah (4_26_12) (5_6_12)
wilson, fred (6_3_12)
wilson, robert (b. 1941)... american director and artist... more info here (8_22_12)
williams, christopher (5_11_12)
williams, robert... more info here (4_19_13)
williamson, kieron (young boy artist, prodigy, possible future picasso)
wojnarowicz, david (5_13_12)
wood, brian kuan... american artist... he works with anton vidokle and julieta aranda (7_14_12)
wood, jonas (5_9_12)
woods, lebbeus (cutting edge paper architect) of NY
woodman, francesca ...(5_27_12)
wool, christopher (b. 1955)...silk-screen paintings... at the L.A. Museum of Contemporary Art (5_8_12) letter paintings (5_13_12)... more info here (11_30_12)
wright, paul of UK. A portrait artist. I really like his artwork. I would love to paint like him! (10_8_11)
X (contemporary artists)
xiaogang, zhang (b. 1958) of beijing, china (fuzzy portraits replacing destroyed portraits (symbolically) from his childhood)... recently had two heart attacks... collected by uli sigg, liu lan, and budi tek...he has completed 600 oil paintings...more info here
xu bing...conceptual artist (6_14_12)
Y (contemporary artists)
yaccarino, dan (1_13_13)
yamamoto, yohji... (5_5_12)
***yan pei-ming (b. 1960)... grey or red portrait paintings... very great (6_1_12)... one of my favorites... lives in france?...a video about his studio here (5_26_13)
yang shaobin... a great chinese painter (7_6_12)
yank, karen... (3_14_12) a sculptor and former student of Agnes Martin
yue minjun... a great chinese painter (7_6_12)
yurlov, valery...russian artist (6_9_12)
yuskavage, lisa (b. 1962) (5_11_12)...american artist collected by nj art collectors susan and michael hort ... more info here (8_20_12)
Z (contemporary artists)
zhang xiaogang (b. 1958)... chinese artist... art sells for millions... more info here (8_25_12)
zheng xuewu... an artist and academic based in beijing... more info here (12_7_12)
zeng fanzhi (b. 1964)... shows at the art hk fair in hong kong (6_9_12)... a great chinese painter (7_6_12)... art sells for millions.. more info here (8_25_12)
ziablov, apelles... fictitious artist created by russian artists komar and melamid (6_9_12)
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Is Tesla’s Model 3 Really a Mainstream Electric Car?
The price of Tesla’s new electric car jumps up pretty quickly with any additional options.
Katie Fehrenbacher August 01, 2017
Photo Credit: Steve Jurvetson via Flickr
A decade ago, Tesla CEO Elon Musk envisioned building an electric car that would be both thrilling to drive and affordable.
Does the Model 3 car that Musk handed off to the first 30 customers last Friday meet that description? Almost. But Tesla still has more work to do to improve affordability.
The basic version of Tesla’s Model 3 car starts off at $35,000 (before incentives), which is the average transaction price for a car in the U.S. today. But the Model 3 can quickly run up into the $50,000 range if a customer adds on a few of the extra features. The fully loaded version will cost $57,000.
If a customer wants a paint color for the Model 3 that isn’t black, that’s an extra $1,000. A version with a longer battery range adds on an extra $9,000. Autopilot technology (Tesla’s self-driving car tech) will cost an extra $5,000 to $8,000, depending the level of sophistication.
Back in Tesla’s early days, when the lower-cost car had the code name “Bluestar,” Musk talked about making a car in the price range of $20,000 to $30,000. At that price, add-on features would probably deliver a transaction cost around $35,000 off the lot.
The reality is that many Model 3 customers will be paying much more than $35,000 for their cars (which, for the enthusiastic early adopters, is still probably acceptable).
The Model 3 is a big deal for Tesla and the electric-car industry in general. However, it shows how Tesla is still constrained by current battery costs, and how the electric car industry is still in a stage of transition.
The batteries that went into the first 50 Model 3 cars were made at the Gigafactory as planned. But the Gigafactory doesn’t appear to be operating at scale yet. It likely won’t be for quite some time.
The timing on this is critical. The Gigafactory (at scale) is supposed to lower Tesla's battery costs by a third. Previously, Musk said Tesla could not make the Model 3 at a reasonable price without the Gigafactory.
Part of the battery cost improvements will come from simple economies of scale. Part of the savings will come from vertical integration and sourcing chemicals from local sources. Tesla is also looking to lower costs by using a larger battery form factor in the Model 3, and even potentially a new chemistry.
It's unlikely that Tesla has achieved these cost savings in the as-yet-unfinished, still low-volume factory. Initial battery production at the Gigafactory started just six months ago in conjunction with Panasonic. Those batteries were mostly for Tesla’s grid projects.
At the Friday event, Tesla was unusually reticent about the battery specs for the Model 3. At the current juncture, the company seems only to want to talk about range in very general terms.
But although the Gigafactory is still a work in progress, Tesla is at the forefront of lithium-ion battery improvements. The company recently claimed a 35 percent cost reduction at the Gigafactory, even at limited production volumes.
GTM Research and Wood Mackenzie predict that lithium-ion battery costs will fall by around 65 percent between 2016 and 2030.
By the middle of the next decade, electric cars are likely to be cheaper than gasoline cars in the U.S. and Europe. (This is the reason why so many analysts are revising their electric car sales projections upward.)
Tesla's Model 3 is priced at $35,000 before incentives. That's good for early buyers. However, Tesla will lose its eligibility for the federal tax credit after it delivers 200,000 cars. It will hit that number fairly quickly.
State incentives could play a strong role in reducing the sticker price, but that will only help customers in states with aggressive subsidies such as California.
As Bloomberg points out, Tesla’s standard and long-range batteries for the Model 3 have already made big strides. The long-range Model 3 has the cheapest price per mile of range of any electric car out there.
Tesla will likely continue to lead in battery performance and cost improvements. But it's still at the beginning of a long road to true mass-market affordability.
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Classroom Links
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The octo-ant, a Canadian animal, is a combination of an ant and a spider that is the size of a large tarantula. Its exoskeleton is black in colour. Because it has 14 legs, it has a long thorax. Its abdomen is large and round. The octo-ant lives in a colony, like ants do, and it makes webs to catch a variety of bugs. It is able to spin webs and eat at the same time.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The dinocheebird has the head of a dinosaur, the body and legs of a cheetah, and the wings of an eagle. It is the size of a cheetah that you'd find in Africa, but it has large wings, and lives in the Arctic Ocean. There it eats fish. It can fly in and out of the water, and run along the sea bed. The dinocheebird sleeps at night, and fishes during the day. It also naps for about an hour then gets up again for another two hours, and naps some more. It likes to play with seals and walruses. If you're in the right place, you can easily spot a dinocheebird.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The giant mouse lives in the woods in Canada. It is the size of school bus and has five legs. It has three orange tails, a green furry body, an orange nose and huge eyes. It likes to eat garbage and people at night, and goes to the lake to drink water. It also sometimes plays in the water. During the day, the giant mouse sleeps in a cave.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The sand owl lives in Syria, and is brown with gray spots. It is the size of a great horned owl. It hunts for mice, frogs, and small birds by sitting in a tree, and swooping down when it sees something it wants to catch. The sand owl hunts at night and sleeps during the day in a tree.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The black-legged tiger is the size of a small tiger and lives in the forests of Syria. It has pink ears, and large black spots on its furry, orange body. Its legs and tail are black. At night, it travels to the beach to catch fish to eat. This special tiger hides when it sees people, but it likes to play ball with bears that live nearby.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The kittyflower lives in the forest in Canada. It is the size of a cow. It has rabbit ears, butterfly wings, a bunny tail, four cat legs, and the body of a cat. It is mostly brown, but it has colourful fur on its belly. Its wings are red and white. The kittyflower eats bugs in the summer, and hibernates in the winter. It catches the bugs in the daytime, by flying around with its mouth open and it sleeps at night. It also likes to play catch with its friends. The kittyflower is shy, so it hides when people or animals come around.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The bearyfly lives in the rainforest in South America. It is the size of a black bear, and has a blue body, blue wings, antlers, and a brown face, legs and tail. The bearyfly can fly up to its home in a tree, as well as to the ocean. It eats fish, and worms, and drinks water. It sleeps during the day, and finds food at night. It also plays in the grass and hides from other animals and people. Because the bearyfly is shy, it is hard to find.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The beautiful is a bird that is the size of a trumpeter swan. It lives on the beach in El Salvador, where it eats worms that it digs out of the sand. It is mostly blue in colour, with an orange head, one orange wing, and a tail that is also mostly orange. On its head, there are large plumes of turquoise, orange and purple. It can fly from the beach to the city, where it looks for fruit to eat. The beautiful builds a nest in the top of a palm tree, and prefers to be in the shade. Using its beak, it shapes the nest out of palm branches. Twice a year, the beautiful lays three orange and blue eggs, which hatch in about four weeks. The beautiful looks after it's babies until they are ready to fly.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The robostracow is the size of a big dog, and it lives in a cave in the mountains of British Columbia. It has the wings and beak of a robin, the body of an ostrich, the ears of a cow, a raccoon tail, and alligator legs. At night, it flies up into trees to collect pears to eat. It also likes to fly around at night. During the day, the robostracow sleeps.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The hiprhino has the body of a hippo, and the head and horns of a rhinoceros. It is pink, it is the size of a piglet, and it has a curly tail. It lives in the forest in Canada. The hiprhino eats fallen leaves and grass from the ground. It sleeps in a cave at night and looks for food during the day. It also plays with its friends. A hiprhino is hard to find because it is shy.
EAJ
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The red-spotted pig lives on a beach in Syria. It has fox ears, a giraffe tail, bird feet and fur that is red with black spots. It eats bird food, such as worms, bugs and seeds and is the size of a robin. It plays catch with its friends in the warm sunshine during the day, and sleeps at night. The red-spotted pig is shy, so it hides from people.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The ostricow lives in a cave in the United States. It has the pink legs of an ostrich, the body of a black and white cow, and the head of a bull with horns. It is the size of an ostrich. The ostricow eats corn on the cob that it finds in cornfields. It likes to play volleyball with its friends in the evening. The ostricow is shy, so it it hides, and it is hard to find.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The hippostricat, which is the size of a lion, has the grey body of a hippo, the legs and feet of an ostrich, and the peach-coloured head of a cat. It is a wild animal that lives in the forests of Alberta, where it hunts for deer to eat. It will actually eat any smaller animal that gets in its way, like birds, raccoons and beavers. The hippostricat hunts at night, when the animals are sleeping. It sleeps during the day. If you're in the right place in the forest, you can easily spot the hippostricat. It will even come out to play!
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The bird tiger lives in the forest in El Salvador. It is the size of a cow. It has three hands on its back, a blue body, a yellow head with a mane and a little beard, a raccoon tail, and four different legs. There is one bird leg, one green dog leg, one pink dinosaur leg, and one human leg. It also has four wings. The bird tiger sleeps in a cave during the day, and is awake at night, when it looks for tiny birds to eat. Fish is another favourite food, which it finds in ponds close to its cave. Because it can fly, it plays tag with big birds. The bird tiger is shy, so it is hard to find.
LAH
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. A hippo lizard fish has a huge, round, blue head, a small orange body covered in scales, and a long, pink raccoon tail. It also has eight legs, and spikes on the top of its head, between a pair of antennae. It has a beard and pair of red pincers on its chin that it uses to pinch strangers. The hippo lizard fish usually has scratches on its face from strangers that like to pinch it, even though it is the size of a big pig. Because it lives in the water, it catches fish with its pincers to kill them, so it can eat them. The hippo lizard fish lives near the bottom of the ocean, but it can swim very fast to the top of the water, where it likes to look around.
KL-D
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The uniliongiraffe lives in the United Kingdom, and is about the size of a giraffe. It has four legs, one black horn on its head, a really long neck, and lots of hair. Its body is orange and its face is yellow. The tail of the uniliongiraffe is orange and yellow, and it has a black mane. It lives in a very tall cave, where it eats the horse meat it hunts at night. It can run very fast on its giraffe-like hooves.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The licorhiporse lives in a cave in Canada. It is about the size of a lion, and has a brown body, with black spots, a yellow tail, and orange legs. Its face is white, and its ears are pink. It also has a red strip on its rump, and the wings of a unicorn. The licorhiporse chases butterflies and eats fish when it flies to a lake. Otherwise, it eats leaves and berries. It likes to play with other animals in the forest, but it's shy around humans, and hides when it sees one coming.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. I call it the rocky frog. It has a long, thin, purple body and curly, black tail. The side of its head is light purple, and it has light blue spikes on the top of its head. Its chin is medium blue, with a pair of pink wattles dangling from it. It is the size of a lion. The rocky frog makes its home in the ground in the United Kingdom close to water. It runs as fast as a cheetah on land, but it can swim very fast and for long distances, as well as jump up into trees. It eats small fish, spiders, butterflies, and grass. The rocky frog sleeps at night. During the day, it sniffs around, and plays in the sand.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The nadi is a mammal that is about the size of a small black bear and lives in Madagascar. It is covered in purple fur, and it has four legs with hooves. Its tail is long, and pink. The nadi's gold-coloured eyes help it see at night, when it hunts for meat. Its favourite food is lemur, but it will also eat tenrecs. The nadi makes a bed for itself out of palm fronds in the forest, and it can jump high to look around for its prey.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The spotty-legged shark lives in an underwater cave in Philippines. It is about 3.5 metres tall. It is covered in yellow fur, with black spots. This shark has a long neck, a shark tail, white eyes, four legs and feet, with sharp claws, and wings that also have claws. It can fly in the air, as well as run on the ground. It is nocturnal, so it hunts the Filipino eagles and pigs that it eats at night. It also eats whole trees, with leaves, as well as bugs. It sometimes swims around at night taking a bath, too. The spotty-legged shark is not shy, but it is still hard to find.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The bearcat is the size of a bear cub, and lives in Madagascar. It has the body of a bear, and the face of a cat, but it is turquoise and yellow. It has very good hearing, so it can easily hunt for the Madagascar fody, which is its favourite food. It also eats plants, such as the Madagascar pitcher plant. The bearcat's blue eyes help it see to attack the birds at night when they are sleeping. Then it goes back to its den, which is a hole under a tree, to sleep during the day. The bearcat is aggressive towards people as well as other animals.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The puffball bird, which is the size of a Labrador retriever, has green fur covering its body, a pair of yellow bird-like legs and feet, and orange insect wings. It lives in a birdhouse in Philippines where it flies around at night looking for doughnuts in doughnut shops. That's also when it drinks water from the ocean. The puffball bird is very shy and likes to eat and drink at night so no one can see it. While it eats, it makes dog and cat noises which wake up people around where it lives.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The colona is a mammal that's the size of a pony, and lives in a cold cave in the mountains. It has four blue legs, and soft, furry, blue paws. Brown fur covers its body and short tail. It has large antlers and colourful, sparkly wings. It has a white face with a gray nose and only one eye. The colona likes to eat ice in the winter, and leaves in the summer. It flies to the ocean in summer so it can swim in the salt water and roll around in the sand. It is playful and friendly towards other animals, but it is shy and hides when it sees people. The colona is a special animal, that can also climb a tree.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The angelica lives in our school basement, where it eats dog food during the day and sleeps at night. It is the size of ten grade three kids, and is covered in fur. It looks like a huge white dog with big ears and black spots, but it also has a pair of deer antlers on its head, and a pair of green wings on its back. The angelica drinks water through a straw. It flies to Mexico for the winter and comes back in the spring so it can play with kids on the playground. The angelica makes friends with the kids and helps them with school projects.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The cheepenquail is a combination of a mammal and two birds that is about the size of three large children. It lives in the coulees of Lethbridge, where it eats spicy food that it finds when it digs holes in the ground. It is nocturnal, so predators can't see it digging. The cheepenquail has two penguin feet, and two yellow quail legs and feet. Its furry body and tail are blue with black spots. It has a pair of small blue ears and a pair of large gray wings. For fun, it likes to fly around the world, so that it can learn more things. Because the cheepenquail reads the minds of animals, it knows if it can trust them. If you're lucky, you can find cheepenquails living in a colony.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The flying lion is the size of a lion, but it has large wings. It lives in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta. It looks like a lion that lives in Africa, except that it has a pair of orange wings. It uses the wings to fly around to look for food. The flying lion eats any kind of meat that it finds, but meat from birds is what it likes most. It sleeps at night, and hunts in the morning. After it eats, it naps in its cave until the afternoon. Then it goes looking for more food and water. The flying lion is shy, so it is very difficult to spot one.
I have discovered an animal that no one has seen until now. The hammerhead dog lives on an island in Philippines, where it can jump into the water whenever it wants. It has the body of a large dog, including huge feet that help it swim, and a forked tail it uses to catch fish. It wears a red collar, and has blue fur covering its body. It also wears a red toque on its hammerhead. The hammerhead dog will eat a person, if it can catch one. Because it is a very aggressive animal, watch for it if you visit Philippines.
May Jun 2019 Jul
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One Thing to Hold Onto
By Elizabeth Shean
"How about this one?" I asked, holding up a snapshot. "Do you recognize her?"
Mom extended her hand to take the photograph from me. Her eyes narrowed as she inspected it for a good minute. The color photo clearly dated from the 1960s depicted a young woman with a beehive hairdo dressed in a gold jumper who was seated on mid-century modern style sofa upholstered in a pinkish damask fabric. With her legs elegantly crossed and her arm outstretched along the top of the sofa, the woman smiled obligingly at the photographer. Who was she? What was the occasion? Whose house is this? No notation on the back gave us any clue.
Sunshine streamed through the sliding glass doors, warming the tile of the sitting room, where Mom and I had spent the past three days sorting through a lifetime of photographs. Mom’s lifetime, in fact.
"I don’t know who this is," Mom said at last, grimacing and shaking her head. "I guess you can toss it."
I dropped the snapshot into a wastebasket with one hand and reached into the box to my right with the other. "Next up, a photo of you and Gary on the farm, I believe," I said, holding up another photograph. Mom brightened. "Yes," she smiled, "that’s the old home farm – and my puppy, Zip. Put that one in Jan’s box."
In front of me, three medium-sized boxes sat partially filled with the history of Mom’s life: snapshots, framed photos, and memorabilia like newspaper clippings mentioning her senior class play, her mother’s autograph book from 1912 and a collection of World War II ration books. One box was destined for my sister Jan, one for my brother, and one for me. My siblings had no idea Mom and I had undertaken this task and would be surprised when their boxes arrived by mail in a few weeks.
"I was thinking we should, uh, we should...." Mom’s halting speech patterns have become familiar by now, as dementia robs her of the ability to pull together coherent sentences. "We should...Oh, I don’t know. I’ve lost it," she said with exasperation. "I’m losing everything now, my memories, the ability to find words. It’s like...I can’t hold on to anything anymore. It’s here and then it’s gone."
"I can’t imagine how frustrating that is," I replied. "Can I get you a cup of coffee, Mom?" Sometimes changing the subject seems to be the only thing to do.
Mom nodded yes, so I stood up, stretched and surveyed the chaos around me. The wastebasket was filled to the brim again with photos of people and places that could no longer be identified. People and places lost to memory and dementia.
When I returned with the hot coffee mug, Mom was picking through a few items in the wastebasket, looking at them one last time and then dropping them back in.
"I feel terrible throwing away all those old photos," I said, "but I can’t see any reason to hold on to them when no one can identify who they are."
"No, you shouldn’t feel guilty," Mom said. "There’s no reason to keep some of this stuff, I guess."
She picked up an aged piece of folded tan construction paper that threatened to come apart at the seam any moment. On it was drawn a large red heart in crayon. Inside someone had written in ink, "To my best Valentine of 1947. Your Lochinvar."
"Now who do you suppose my Lochinvar was?" Mom mused. She raised her chin and gazed into space. After a moment she murmured, "So faithful in love, and so dauntless in war. There never was a knight like the young Lochinvar." She turned to me and gave me a lopsided smile. "Isn’t it terrible that I can remember the words to an ancient Walter Scott poem about a chivalrous knight, but I can’t remember the story behind this card?"
Mom dropped her eyes to study the makeshift Valentine card again. "Well, I suppose this can go in the trash, too," she said with more than a hint of wistfulness. "My memory’s gone, and...now all my stuff is going, too."
As she moved to drop the card into the wastebasket, she stopped and brightened. "Oh, wait," she said with excitement. "I remember now! A boy named Henry made this for me in seventh or eighth grade. We had been reading poetry aloud in Mrs. Halvorson’s English class, and she had assigned him to read Lochinvar. He stood in front of the class and read it very dramatically and directly to me, which we all laughed about. I guess he was more sweet on me than I’d realized at the time."
I sat back in my chair, astonished not just at this story but at Mom’s ability to tell it without losing the thread of her thoughts. "Mom, that’s amazing," I said. "How on earth did you remember that?"
Mom sipped her coffee and again studied the makeshift Valentine. "I guess it’s not really gone, after all," she finally said. "I guess the memories are in there somewhere. I just...um. Now I forget what I was saying."
It was my turn to give her a lopsided smile. "What would you like to do with that card?" I asked.
"You know, I think I will keep this after all," she replied. "It is something I can hold on to."
17100 E Shea Blvd Suite 530 Fountain Hills AZ 85268
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“I was using a conference room there,” Withroe said in a recent interview. “I knew what I wanted to say. My aim was to get the delivery down pat. I walked around the room, delivering the remarks over and over and over.”
He imagined questions the justices might ask and responded to them out loud. He considered texting Kane, telling him he was sick, but decided he might not see the humor in that. He wondered if people would think he was crazy, seeing him walk in circles talking to himself.
Then it was game time.
LIKE A GAME AT AN ARENA, YET INTIMATE
For attorneys, taking a case to the Supreme Court is the legal equivalent of the championship match. They may have lost at the district or appellate court level, but they made it into the finals, where it’s sudden death, win or go home, while facing nine of the sharpest legal minds in the country.
With its 44-foot-high ceiling and seating for more than 250, the courtroom also lends itself to sports analogies.
“It’s almost like an arena, and it’s packed with people,” Kane said. “There are tour groups coming in and out, watching the proceedings for five or 10 minutes.”
At the same time, he said, the attorney arguing the case is standing only about 8 feet from the chief justice – much closer than at the Idaho Supreme Court or many lower courts – while the bench curves around them in an embrace.
“It’s a very intimate setting,” Kane said. “You’re close enough to see everyone’s facial expression. The interaction is more conversational. I think it reflects the purity of the court, the fact that this is an intellectual pursuit that’s bigger than you.”
The Supreme Court hears cases for only part of the year, so when it’s in session “it’s the big-ticket item in D.C.,” said Idaho Attorney General Lawrence Wasden, one of seven attorneys in his office who have argued cases before the court.
“There’s a long line of people waiting to get in,” Wasden said. “There are court watchers who really want to be in the courtroom. It’s like a ‘Who’s Who' of the legal profession.”
FEW CASES ACCEPTED FOR HEARINGS
The case that brought Withroe and Kane had to do with Medicaid and whether private service providers can sue states to force them to raise reimbursement rates.
In 2009, Idaho adopted new, higher reimbursement rates, based on studies indicating an increase was needed to ensure enough providers were available. The Legislature, however, refused to fund the higher rates due to budgetary concerns. Five companies that offer in-home services for people with mental disabilities sued, saying the state was violating federal requirements.
“The case addresses the ability of private citizens to sue states to force them to comply with their idea of federal law,” Withroe said. “It’s a pretty significant question. Our position was if there’s no other requirement for bringing a lawsuit, the supremacy clause would authorize essentially any private action” when someone disagrees with the way states implement a federal program.
He was assigned the case shortly after joining Wasden’s office in 2011. The providers prevailed in District Court soon thereafter and won again at the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.
Withroe was elated when the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case. Typically only about 1 percent of the 7,500 or so cases submitted to the court each year raise sufficient constitutional issues to be given a hearing.
“Getting a petition granted is like winning the lottery,” he said. “It’s very rare and a lot of things have to go right.”
CASE HAS NATIONAL IMPLICATIONS
He and Kane arrived in D.C. a week before the oral arguments. They spent much of that time participating in “moot” or practice court sessions put on by National Association of Attorneys General, Georgetown University and the Office of the Solicitor General, fielding endless questions and honing their answers.
“The preparation was unlike anything I’d ever done,” Withroe said. “You have nine justices, each of whom has several law clerks, scrutinizing every word you say – and they’re more active in questioning, so you really have to be ready to offer quick answers as you go along.”
The case also had national implications. Attorneys general from 28 states filed friend-of-the-court briefs supporting Idaho’s position, as did the solicitor general. The American Civil Liberties Union and a group of former Health and Human Services officials were among those supporting the Medicaid providers.
“There were a couple of constitutional law articles suggesting this case would be the sleeper blockbuster of the 2015 session,” Kane said.
The day of the oral arguments, Kane and Withroe arrived at court around 9 a.m., went through security and eventually made their way to the lawyers lounge, where the chief clerk gave them some last-minute instructions.
Then they entered the courtroom itself, passing through another intense security screening.
“The guards went through every pocket in my briefcase,” Kane said. “They took out my cough drops and made sure they were cough drops. It was tighter than any airport security.”
Their case was up first, so they sat at the counsel tables immediately in front of the bench. They each took one of the white quill pens from a tray on the table – a traditional gift dating to the 18th century. Then they waited.
“I felt prepared,” Withroe said. “It was a little like staring down (ace Major League pitcher) Randy Johnson in the World Series, finding out if I could hit a pitch.”
COURT RULES IN IDAHO’S FAVOR
The justices filed in at 10 a.m. After reading a few opinions and admitting some lawyers to the Supreme Court Bar – a requirement for any attorney who argues a case there – Chief Justice John Roberts called the Idaho case.
“As I walked to the podium, the thing I was most focused on was not tripping,” Withroe said. “I had about 45 seconds to deliver my opening, then Justice (Sonia) Sotomayor asked a question. From that point on, I never got back to my prepared remarks.”
Except in extraordinary cases, each side has 30 minutes to highlight key points from their written briefs and respond to questions. Withroe gave 10 minutes of that to an attorney from the federal Office of the Solicitor General. He also wanted to save some time for rebuttal, so his opening lasted only 16 minutes.
“It was the fastest 16 minutes ever,” he said. “I remember thinking that was an awful lot of work, and help from an awful lot of people, for 20 minutes.”
Kane was taking notes the whole time, focusing on the questions and jotting down any points that should be shored up.
“My whole focus was getting Carl ready for rebuttal,” he said.
The payoff came two months later, on March 31, when the court handed down a 5-4 decision in Idaho’s favor. If providers think states aren’t adhering to federal requirements, the court said, the proper avenue of relief is to petition the Department of Health and Human Services, which runs the Medicaid program.
“I was happy, wired, excited,” Withroe said. “It was the end of a long haul, and a lot of fun. I was ready to keep going. The whole process reaffirmed that this is a team game – and there’s no substitute for hard work.”
The takeaway for Kane was a little different.
Nothing about the case initially suggested it would go all the way to the Supreme Court, he said, so it’s understandable if an attorney had taken a pass.
“This is a perfect example that you really never know where a case will end up,” Kane said. “It’s easy to say no. This shows the power of yes.”
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