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Home > Catholic Encyclopedia > S > Scripture
Sacred Scripture is one of the several names denoting the inspired writings which make up the Old and New Testament.
Use of the word
The corresponding Latin word scriptura occurs in some passages of the Vulgate in the general sense of "writing"; e.g., Exodus 32:16: "the writing also of God was graven in the tables"; again, 2 Chronicles 36:22: "who [Cyrus] commanded it to be proclaimed through all his kingdom, and by writing also". In other passages of the Vulgate the word denotes a private (Tobit 8:24) or public (Ezra 2:62; Nehemiah 7:64) written document, a catalogue or index (Psalm 86:6), or finally portions of Scripture, such as the canticle of Ezechias (Isaiah 38:5), and the sayings of the wise men (Sirach 44:5). The writer of 2 Chronicles 30:5, 18, refers to prescriptions of the Law by the formula "as it is written", which is rendered by the Septuagint translators kata ten graphen; para ten graphen, "according to Scripture". The same expression is found in Ezra 3:4 and Nehemiah 8:15; here we have the beginning of the later form of appeal to the authority of the inspired books gegraptai (Matthew 4:4, 6, 10; 21:13; etc.), or kathos gegraptai (Romans 1:11; 2:24, etc.), "it is written", "as it is written".
As the verb graphein was thus employed to denote passages of the sacred writings, so the corresponding noun he graphe gradually came to signify what is pre-eminently the writing, or the inspired writing. This use of the word may be seen in John 7:38 and 10:35; Acts 8:32; Romans 4:3 and 9:17; Galatians 3:8 and 4:30; 2 Timothy 3:16; James 2:8; 1 Peter 2:6; 2 Peter 1:20; the plural form of the noun, ai graphai, is used in the same sense in Matthew 21:42; 22:29; 26:54; Mark 12:24; 14:49; Luke 24:27, 45; John 5:39; Acts 17:2, 17 and 18:24-28; 1 Corinthians 15:3-4. In a similar sense are employed the expressions graphai hagiai (Romans 1:2), ai graphai ton propheton (Matthew 26:56), graphai prophetikai (Romans 16:26). The word has a somewhat modified sense in Christ's question, "and have you not read this scripture" (Mark 12:10). In the language of Christ and the Apostles the expression "scripture" or "scriptures" denotes the sacred books of the Jews. The New Testament uses the expressions in this sense about fifty times; but they occur more frequently in the Fourth Gospel and the Epistles than in the synoptic Gospels. At times, the contents of Scripture are indicated more accurately as comprising the Law and the Prophets (Romans 3:21; Acts 28:23), or the Law of Moses, the Prophets, and the Psalms (Luke 24:44). The Apostle St. Peter extends the designation Scripture also to tas loipas graphas (2 Peter 3:16), denoting the Pauline Epistles; St. Paul (1 Timothy 5:18) seems to refer by the same expression to both Deuteronomy 25:4 and Luke 10:7.
It is disputed whether the word graphe in the singular is ever used of the Old Testament as a whole. Lightfoot (Galatians 3:22) expresses the opinion that the singular graphe in the New Testament always means a particular passage of Scripture. But in Romans 4:3, he modifies his view, appealing to Dr. Vaughan's statement of the case. He believes that the usage of St. John may admit a doubt, though he does not think so, personally; but St. Paul's practice is absolute and uniform. Mr. Hort says (1 Peter 2:6) that in St. John and St. Paul he graphe is capable of being understood as approximating to the collective sense (cf. Westcott, "Hebr.", pp. 474 sqq.; Deissmann, "Bibelstudien", pp. 108 sqq., Eng. tr., pp. 112 sqq., Warfield, "Pres. and Reform. Review", X, July, 1899, pp. 472 sqq.). Here arises the question whether the expression of St. Peter (2 Peter 3:16) tas loipas graphas refers to a collection of St. Paul's Epistles. Spitta contends that the term graphai is used in a general non-technical meaning, denoting only writings of St. Paul's associates (Spitta, "Der zweite Brief des Petrus und der Brief des Judas", 1885, p. 294). Zahn refers the term to writings of a religious character which could claim respect in Christian circles either on account of their authors or on account of their use in public worship (Einleitung, pp. 98 sqq., 108). But Mr. F.H. Chase adheres to the principle that the phrase ai graphai used absolutely points to a definite and recognized collection of writings, i.e., Scriptures. The accompanying words, kai, tas loipas, and the verb streblousin in the context confirm Mr. Chase in his conviction (cf. Dict. of the Bible, III, p. 810b).
Nature of Scripture
According to the Jews
Whether the terms graphe, graphai, and their synonymous expressions to biblion (Nehemiah 8:8), ta biblia (Daniel 9:2), kephalis bibliou (Psalm 39:8), he iera biblos (2 Maccabees 8:23), ta biblia ta hagia (1 Maccabees 12:9), ta iera grammata (2 Timothy 3:15) refer to particular writings or to a collection of books, they at least show the existence of a number of written documents the authority of which was generally accepted as supreme. The nature of this authority may be inferred from a number of other passages. According to Deuteronomy 31:9-13, Moses wrote the Book of the Law (of the Lord), and delivered it to the priests that they might keep it and read it to the people; see also Exodus 17:14; Deuteronomy 17:18-19; 27:1; 28:1; 58-61; 29:20; 30:10; 31:26; 1 Samuel 10:25; 1 Kings 2:3; 2 Kings 22:8. It is clear from 2 Kings 23:1-3, that towards the end of the Jewish kingdom the Book of the Law of the Lord was held in the highest honour as containing the precepts of the Lord Himself. That this was also the case after the Captivity, may be inferred from II Esdr., viii, 1-9, 13,14, 18; the book here mentioned contained the injunctions concerning the Feast of Tabernacles found in Lev., xxiii, 34 sq.; Deuteronomy 16:13 sq., and is therefore identical with the pre-Exilic Sacred Books. According to I Mach., i, 57-59, Antiochus commanded the Books of the Law of the Lord to be burned and their retainers to slain. We learn from II Mach., ii, 13, that at the time of Nehemias there existed a collection of books containing historical, prophetical, and psalmodic writings; since the collection is represented as uniform, and since the portions were considered as certainly of Divine authority, we may infer that this characteristic was ascribed to all, at least in some degree. Coming down to the time of Christ, we find that Flavius Josephus attributes to the twenty-two protocanonical books of the Old Testament Divine authority, maintaining that they had been written under Divine inspiration and that they contain God's teachings (Contra Appion., I, vi-viii). The Hellenist Philo too is acquainted with the three parts of the sacred Jewish books to which he ascribes an irrefragable authority, because they contain God's oracles expressed through the instrumentality of the sacred writers ("De vit. Mosis", pp. 469, 658 sq.; "De monarchia", p. 564).
According to Christian living
This concept of Scripture is fully upheld by the Christian teaching. Jesus Christ Himself appeals to the authority of Scripture, "Search the scriptures" (John 5:39); He maintains that "one jot, or one tittle shall not pass of the law, till all be fulfilled" (Matthew 5:18); He regards it as a principle that "the Scripture cannot be broken" (John 10:35); He presents the word of Scripture as the word of the eternal Father (John 5:33-41), as the word of a writer inspired by the Holy Ghost (Matthew 22:43), as the word of God (Matthew 19:4-5; 22:31); He declares that "all things must needs be fulfilled which are written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, and in the psalms, concerning me (Luke 24:44). The Apostles knew that "prophecy came not by the will of man at any time: but the holy men of God spoke, inspired by the Holy Ghost" (2 Peter 1:21); they regarded "all scripture, inspired of God" as "profitable to teach, to reprove, to correct, to instruct in justice" (2 Timothy 3:16). They considered the words of Scripture as the words of God speaking in the inspired writer or by the mouth of the inspired writer (Hebrews 4:7; Acts 1:15-16; 4:25). Finally, they appealed to Scripture as to an irresistible authority (Romans, passim), they supposed that parts of Scripture have a typical sense such as only God can employ (John 19:36; Hebrews 1:5; 7:3 sqq.), and they derived most important conclusions even from a few words or certain grammatical forms of Scripture (Galatians 3:16; Hebrews 12:26-27). It is not surprising, then, that the earliest Christian writers speak in the same strain of the Scriptures. St. Clement of Rome (I Corinthians 45) tells his readers to search the Scriptures for the truthful expressions of the Holy Ghost. St. Irenæus (Against Heresies II.38.2) considers the Scriptures as uttered by the Word of God and His Spirit. Origen testifies that it is granted by both Jews and Christians that the Bible was written under (the influence of) the Holy Ghost (Against Celsus V.10); again, he considers it as proven by Christ's dwelling in the flesh that the Law and the Prophets were written by a heavenly charisma, and that the writings believed to be the words of God are not men's work (De princ., iv, vi). St. Clement of Alexandria receives the voice of God who has given the Scriptures, as a reliable proof (Stromata I.2).
According to ecclesiastical documents
Not to multiply patristic testimony for the Divine authority of Scripture, we may add the official doctrine of the Church on the nature of Sacred Scripture. The fifth ecumenical council condemned Theodore of Mopsuestia for his opposition against the Divine authority of the books of Solomon, the Book of Job, and the Canticle of Canticles. Since the fourth century the teaching of the Church concerning the nature of the Bible is practically summed up in the dogmatic formula that God is the author of Sacred Scripture. According to the first chapter of the Council of Carthage (A.D. 398), bishops before being consecrated must express their belief in this formula, and this profession of faith is exacted of them even today. In the thirteenth century, Innocent III imposed this formula on the Waldensians; Clement IV exacted its acceptance from Michael Palaeologus, and the emperor actually accepted it in his letter to the Second Council of Lyons (1272). The same formula was repeated in the fifteenth century by Eugenius IV in his Decree for the Jacobites, in the sixteenth century by the Council of Trent (Sess. IV, decr. de can. Script.), and in the nineteenth century by the Vatican Council. What is implied in this Divine authorship of Sacred Scripture, and how it is to be explained, has been set forth in the article INSPIRATION.
Collection of Sacred Books
What has been said implies that Scripture does not refer to any single book, but comprises a number of books written at different times and by different writers working under the inspiration of the Holy Ghost. Hence the question, how could such a collection be made, and how was it made in point of fact?
Question of right
The main difficulty as to the first question (quoestio juris) arises from the fact that a book must be Divinely inspired in order to lay claim to the dignity of being regarded as Scripture. Various methods have been suggested for ascertaining the fact of inspiration. It has been claimed that so-called internal criteria are sufficient to lead us to the knowledge of this fact. But on closer investigation they prove inadequate.
Miracles and prophecies require a Divine intervention in order that they may happen, not in order that they may be recorded; hence a work relating miracles or prophecies is not necessarily inspired.
The so-called ethico-aesthetic criterium is inadequate. It fails to establish that certain portions of Scripture are inspired writings, e.g., the genealogical tables, and the summary accounts of the kings of Juda, while it favours the inspiration of several post-Apostolic works, e.g., of the "Imitation of Christ", and of the "Epistles" of St. Ignatius Martyr.
The same must be said of the psychological criterium, or the effect which the perusal of Scripture produces in the heart of the reader. Such emotions are subjective, and vary in different readers. The Epistle of St. James appeared strawlike to Luther, divine to Calvin.
These internal criteria are inadequate even if they be taken collectively. Wrong keys are unable to open a lock whether they be used singly or collectively.
Other students of this subject have endeavored to establish Apostolic authorship as a criterium of inspiration. But this answer does not give us a criterium for the inspiration of the Old Testament books, nor does it touch the inspiration of the Gospels of St. Mark and St. Luke, neither of whom was an Apostle. Besides, the Apostles were endowed with the gift of infallibility in their teaching, and in their writing as far as it formed part of their teaching; but infallibility in writing does not imply inspiration. Certain writings of the Roman pontiff may be infallible, but they are not inspired; God is not their author. Nor can the criterium of inspiration be placed in the testimony of history. For inspiration is a supernatural fact, known only to God and probably to the inspired writer. Hence human testimony concerning inspiration is based, at best, on the testimony of one person who is, naturally speaking, an interested party in the matter concerning which he testifies. The history of the false prophets of former times as well as of our own day teaches us the futility of such testimony. It is true that miracles and prophecy may, at times, confirm such human testimony as to the inspiration of a work. But, in the first place, not all inspired writers have been prophets or workers of miracles; in the second place, in order that prophecies or miracles may serve as proof of inspiration, it must be clear that the miracles were performed, and the prophecies were uttered, to establish the fact in question; in the third place, if this condition be verified, the testimony for inspiration is no longer merely human, but it has become Divine. No one will doubt the sufficiency of Divine testimony to establish the fact of inspiration; on the other hand, no one can deny the need of such testimony in order that we may distinguish with certainty between an inspired and a non-inspired book.
Question of fact
It is a rather difficult problem to state with certainty, how and when the several books of the Old and the New Testament were received as sacred by the religious community. Deuteronomy 31:9, 24 sqq., informs us that Moses delivered the Book of the Law to the Levites and the ancients of Israel to be deposited "in the side of the ark of the covenant"; according to Deuteronomy 17:18, the king had to procure for himself a copy of at least a part of the book, so as to "read it all the days of his life". Josue (24:26) added his portion to the law-book of Israel, and this may be regarded as the second step in the collection of the Old Testament writings. According to Isaiah 34:16 and Jeremiah 36:4, the prophets Isaias and Jeremias collected their respective prophetic utterances. The words of 2 Chronicles 29:30, lead us to suppose that in the days of King Ezechias there either existed or originated a collection of the Psalms of David and of Asaph. From Proverbs 25:1, one may infer that about the same time there was made a collection of the Solomonic writings, which may have been added to the collection of psalms. In the second century B.C. the Minor Prophets had been collected into one work (Ecclus., xlix, 12) which is cited in Acts 7:42, as "the books of the prophets". The expressions found in Daniel 9:2, and I Mach., xii, 9, suggest that even these smaller collections had been gathered into a larger body of sacred books. Such a larger collection is certainly implied in the words II Mach., ii, 13, and the prologue of Ecclesiasticus. Since these two passages mention the main divisions of the Old-Testament canon, this latter must have been completed, at least with regard to the earlier books, during the course of the second century B.C.
It is generally granted that the Jews in the time of Jesus Christ acknowledged as canonical or included in their collection of sacred writings all the so-called protocanonical books of the Old Testament. Christ and the Apostles endorsed this faith of the Jews, so that we have Divine authority for their Scriptural character. As there are solid reasons for maintaining that some of the New-Testament writers made use of the Septuagint version which contained the deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament, these latter too are in so far attested as part of Sacred Scripture. Again, II Pet., iii, 15-16, ranks all the Epistles of St. Paul with the "other scriptures", and 1 Timothy 5:18, seems to quote Luke 10:7, and to place it on a level with Deuteronomy 25:4. But these arguments for the canonicity of the deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament, of the Pauline Epistles, and of the Gospel of St. Luke do not exclude all reasonable doubt. Only the Church, the infallible bearer of tradition, can furnish us invincible certainty as to the number of the Divinely inspired books of both the Old and the New Testament. See CANON OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES.
Division of Scripture
Old and New Testaments
As the two dispensations of grace separated from each other by the advent of Jesus are called the Old and the New Testament (Matthew 26:28; 2 Corinthians 3:14), so were the inspired writings belonging to either economy of grace from the earliest times called books of the Old or of the New Testament, or simply the Old or the New Testament. This name of the two great divisions of the inspired writings has been practically common among Latin Christians from the time of Tertullian, though Tertullian himself frequently employs the name "Instrumentum" or legally authentic document; Cassiodorus uses the title "Sacred Pandects", or sacred digest of law.
Protocanonical and deuterocanonical
The word "canon" denoted at first the material rule, or instrument, employed in various trades; in a metaphorical sense it signified the form of perfection that had to be attained in the various arts or trades. In this metaphorical sense some of the early Fathers urged the canon of truth, the canon of tradition, the canon of faith, the canon of the Church against the erroneous tenets of the early heretics (St. Clem., I Corinthians 7; Clement of Alexandria, Stromata I.16; Origen, De Principiis IV.9; etc.). St. Irenæus employed another metaphor, calling the Fourth Gospel the canon of truth (Against Heresies III.11); St. Isidore of Pelusium applies the name to all the inspired writings (Epist., iv, 14). About the time of St. Augustine (Contra Crescent., II, xxxix) and St. Jerome (Prolog. gal.), the word "canon" began to denote the collection of Sacred Scriptures; among later writers it is used practically in the sense of catalogue of inspired books. In the sixteenth century, Sixtus Senensis, O.P., distinguished between protocanonical and deuterocanonical books. This distinction does not indicate a difference of authority, but only a difference of time at which the books were recognized by the whole Church as Divinely inspired. Deuterocanonical, therefore, are those books concerning the inspiration of which some Churches doubted more or less seriously for a time, but which were accepted by the whole Church as really inspired, after the question had been thoroughly investigated. As to the Old Testament, the Books of Tobias, Judith, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, I, II, Machabees, and also Esther, x, 4- xvi, 24, Daniel, iii, 24-90, xiii, 1-xiv, 42, are in this sense deuterocanonical; the same must be said of the following New- Testament books and portions: Hebrews, James, II Peter, II, III John, Jude, Apocalypse, Mark 13:9-20, Luke 22:43-44, John 7:53-8:11. Protestant writers often call the deuterocanonical Books of the Old Testament the Apocrypha.
Tripartite division of Testaments
The prologue of Ecclesiasticus shows that the Old-Testament books were divided into three parts, the Law, the Prophets, and the Writings (the Hagiographa). The same division is mentioned in Luke 24:44, and has been kept by the later Jews. The Law or the Torah comprises only the Pentateuch. The second part contains two sections: the former Prophets (Josue, Judges, Samuel, and Kings), and the latter Prophets (Isaias, Jeremias, Ezechiel, and the Minor Prophets, called the Twelve, and counted as one book). The third division embraces three kinds of books: first poetical books (Psalms, Proverbs, Job); secondly, the five Megilloth or Rolls (Canticle of Canticles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther); thirdly, the three remaining books (Daniel, Esdras, Paralipomenon). Hence, adding the five books of the first division to the eight of the second, and the eleven of the third, the entire Canon of the Jewish Scriptures embraces twenty-four books. Another arrangement connects Ruth with the Book of Judges, and Lamentations with Jeremias, and thus reduces the number of the books in the Canon to twenty-two. The division of the New-Testament books into the Gospel and the Apostle (Evangelium et Apostolus, Evangelia et Apostoli, Evangelica et Apostolica) began in the writings of the Apostolic Fathers (St. Ignatius, "Ad Philad.", v; "Epist. ad Diogn., xi) and was commonly adopted about the end of the second century (St. Irenaeus, Against Heresies I.3; Tertullian, "De praescr.", xxxiv; St. Clement of Alexandria, Stromata VII.3, etc.); but the more recent Fathers did not adhere to it. It has been found more convenient to divide both the Old Testament and the New into four, or still better into three parts. The four parts distinguish between legal, historical, didactic or doctrinal, and prophetic books, while the tripartite division adds the legal books (the Pentateuch and the Gospels) to the historical, and retains the other two classes, i.e., the didactic and the prophetic books.
Arrangement of books
The catalogue of the Council of Trent arranges the inspired books partly in a topological, partly in a chronological order. In the Old Testament, we have first all the historical books, excepting the two books of the Machabees which were supposed to have been written last of all. These historical books are arranged according to the order of time of which they treat; the books of Tobias, Judith, and Ester, however, occupy the last place because they relate personal history. The body of didactic works occupies the second place in the Canon, being arranged in the order of time at which the writers are supposed to have lived. The third place is assigned to the Prophets, first the four Major and then the twelve Minor Prophets, according to their respective chronological order. The Council follows a similar method in the arrangement of the New- Testament books. The first place is given to the historical books, i.e., the Gospels and the Book of Acts; the Gospels follow the order of their reputed composition. The second place is occupied by the didactic books, the Pauline Epistles preceding the Catholic. The former are enumerated according to the order of dignity of the addresses and according to the importance of the matter treated. Hence results the series: Romans; I, II Corinthians; Galatians; Ephesians; Philippians; Colossians; I, II Thessalonians; I, II Timothy; Titus; Philemon; the Epistle to the Hebrews occupies the last place on account of its late reception into the canon. In its disposition of the Catholic Epistles the Council follows the so- called western order: I, II Peter; I, II, III John; James; Jude; our Vulgate edition follows the oriental order (James; I, II, III, John; Jude) which seems to be based on Galatians 2:9. The Apocalypse occupies in the New Testament the place corresponding to that of the Prophets in the Old Testament.
Liturgical division
The needs of liturgy occasioned a division of the inspired books into smaller parts. At the time of the Apostles it was a received custom to read in the synagogue service of the sabbath-day a portion of the Pentateuch (Acts 15:21) and a part of the Prophets (Luke 4:16; Acts 13:15, 27). Hence the Pentateuch has been divided into fifty-four "parashas" according to the number of sabbaths in the intercalary lunar year. To each parasha corresponds a division of the prophetic writings, called haphtara. The Talmud speaks of more minute divisions, pesukim, which almost resemble our verses. The Church transferred to the Christian Sunday the Jewish custom of reading part of the Scriptures in the assemblies of the faithful, but soon added to, or replaced, the Jewish lessons by parts of the New Testament (St. Just., "I Apol.", lxvii; Tert., "De praescr.", xxxvi, etc.). Since the particular churches differed in the selection of the Sunday readings, this custom did not occasion any generally received division in the books of the New Testament. Besides, from the end of the fifth century, these Sunday lessons were no longer taken in order, but the sections were chosen as they fitted in with the ecclesiastical feasts and seasons.
Divisions to facilitate reference
For the convenience of readers and students the text had to be divided more uniformly than we have hitherto seen. Such divisions are traced back to Tatian, in the second century. Ammonius, in the third, divided the Gospel text into 1162 kephalaia in order to facilitate a Gospel harmony. Eusebius, Euthalius, and others carried on this work of division in the following centuries, so that in the fifth or sixth the Gospels were divided into 318 parts (tituli), the Epistles into 254 (capitula), and the Apocalypse into 96 (24 sermones, 72 capitula). Cassiodorus relates that the Old Testament text was divided into various parts (De inst. div. lit., I, ii). But all these various partitions were too imperfect and too uneven for practical use, especially when in the thirteenth century concordances (see CONCORDANCES) began to be constructed. About this time, Card. Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, who died 1228, divided all the books of Scripture uniformly into chapters, a division which found its way almost immediately into the codices of the Vulgate version and even into some codices of the original texts, and passed into all the printed editions after the invention of printing. As the chapters were too long for ready reference, Cardinal Hugh of St. Cher divided them into smaller sections which he indicated by the capital letters A, B, etc. Robert Stephens, probably imitating R. Nathan (1437) divided the chapters into verses, and published his complete division into chapters and verses first in the Vulgate text (1548), and later on also in the Greek original of the New Testament (1551).
Since Scripture is the written word of God, its contents are Divinely guaranteed truths, revealed either in the strict or the wider sense of the word. Again, since the inspiration of a writing cannot be known without Divine testimony, God must have revealed which are the books that constitute Sacred Scripture. Moreover, theologians teach that Christian Revelation was complete in the Apostles, and that its deposit was entrusted to the Apostles to guard and to promulgate. Hence the apostolic deposit of Revelation contained no merely Sacred Scripture in the abstract, but also the knowledge as to its constituent books. Scripture, then, is an Apostolic deposit entrusted to the Church, and to the Church belongs its lawful administration. This position of Sacred Scripture in the Church implies the following consequences:
(1) The Apostles promulgated both the Old and New Testament as a document received from God. It is antecedently probable that God should not cast his written Word upon men as a mere windfall, coming from no known authority, but that he should entrust its publication to the care of those whom he was sending to preach the Gospel to all nations, and with whom he had promised to be for all days, even to the consummation of the world. In conformity with this principle, St. Jerome (De script. eccl.) says of the Gospel of St. Mark: "When Peter had heard it, he both approved of it and ordered it to be read in the churches". The Fathers testify to the promulgation of Scripture by the Apostles where they treat of the transmission of the inspired writings.
(2) The transmission of the inspired writings consists in the delivery of Scripture by the Apostles to their successors with the right, the duty, and the power to continue its promulgation, to preserve its integrity and identity, to explain its meaning, to use it in proving and illustrating Catholic teaching, to oppose and condemn any attack upon its doctrine, or any abuse of its meaning. We may infer all this from the character of the inspired writings and the nature of the Apostolate; but it is also attested by some of the weightiest writers of the early Church. St. Irenæus insists upon these points against the Gnostics, who appealed to Scripture as to private historical documents. He excludes this Gnostic view, first by insisting on the mission of the Apostles and upon the succession in the Apostolate, especially as seen in the Church of Rome (Haer., III, 3-4); secondly, by showing that the preaching of the Apostles continued by their successors contains a supernatural guarantee of infallibility through the indwelling of the Holy Ghost (Haer., III, 24); thirdly, by combining the Apostolic succession and the supernatural guarantee of the Holy Ghost (Haer., IV, 26). It seems plain that, if Scripture cannot be regarded as a private historical document on account of the official mission of the Apostles, on account of the official succession in the Apostolate of their successors, on account of the assistance of the Holy Ghost promised to the Apostles and their successors, the promulgation of Scripture, the preservation of its integrity and identity, and the explanation of its meaning must belong to the Apostles and their legitimate successors. The same principles are advocated by the great Alexandrian doctor, Origen (De princ., Praef.). "That alone", he says, "is to be believed to be the truth which in nothing differs from the ecclesiastical and Apostolical tradition". In another passage (in Matth. tr. XXIX, n. 46-47), he rejects the contention urged by the heretics "as often as they bring forward canonical Scriptures in which every Christian agrees and believes", that "in the houses is the word of truth"; "for from it (the Church) alone the sound hath gone forth into all the earth, and their words unto the ends of the world". That the African Church agrees with the Alexandrian, is clear from the words of Tertullian (De praescript., nn, 15, 19). He protests against the admission of heretics "to any discussion whatever touching the Scriptures". "This question should be first proposed, which is now the only one to be discussed, 'To whom belongs the faith itself: whose are the Scriptures'?. . .For the true Scriptures and the true expositions and all the true Christian traditions will be wherever both the true Christian rule and faith shall be shown to be". St. Augustine endorses the same position when he says: "I should not believe the Gospel except on the authority of the Catholic Church" (Con. epist. Manichaei, fundam., n. 6).
(3) By virtue of its official and permanent promulgation, Scripture is a public document, the Divine authority of which is evident to all the members of the Church.
(4) The Church necessarily possesses a text of Scripture, which is internally authentic, or substantially identical with the original. Any form or version of the text, the internal authenticity of which the Church has approved either by its universal and constant use, or by a formal declaration, enjoys the character of external or public authenticity, i.e., its conformity with the original must not merely be presumed juridically, but must be admitted as certain on account of the infallibility of the Church.
(5) The authentic text, legitimately promulgated, is a source and rule of faith, though it remains only a means or instrument in the hands of the teaching body of the Church, which alone has the right of authoritatively interpreting Scripture.
(6) The administration and custody of Scripture is not entrusted directly to the whole Church, but to its teaching body, though Scripture itself is the common property of the members of the whole Church. While the private handling of Scripture is opposed to the fact that it is common property, its administrators are bound to communicate its contents to all the members of the Church.
(7) Though Scripture is the property of the Church alone, those outside her pale may use it as a means of discovering or entering the Church. But Tertullian shows that they have no right to apply Scripture to their own purposes or to turn it against the Church. He also teaches Catholics how to contest the right of heretics to appeal to Scripture at all (by a kind of demurrer), before arguing with them on single points of Scriptural doctrine.
(8) The rights of the teaching body of the Church include also that of issuing and enforcing decrees for promoting the right use, or preventing the abuse of Scripture. Not to mention the definition of the Canon (see CANON), the Council of Trent issued two decrees concerning the Vulgate, and a decree concerning the interpretation of Scripture (see EXEGESIS, HERMENEUTICS), and this last enactment was repeated in a more stringent form by the Vatican Council (sess. III, Conc. Trid., sess. IV). The various decisions of the Biblical Commission derive their binding force from this same right of the teaching body of the Church. (Cf. Stapleton, Princ. Fid. Demonstr., X-XI; Wilhelm and Scannell, "Manual of Catholic Theology", London, 1890, I, 61 sqq.; Scheeben, "Handbuch der katholischen Dogmatik", Freiburg, 1873, I, 126 sqq.).
Attitude of the Church towards the reading of the Bible in the vernacular
The attitude of the Church as to the reading of the Bible in the vernacular may be inferred from the Church's practice and legislation. It has been the practice of the Church to provide newly-converted nations, as soon as possible, with vernacular versions of the Scriptures; hence the early Latin and oriental translations, the versions existing among the Armenians, the Slavonians, the Goths, the Italians, the French, and the partial renderings into English. As to the legislation of the Church on this subject, we may divide its history into three large periods:
(1) During the course of the first millennium of her existence, the Church did not promulgate any law concerning the reading of Scripture in the vernacular. The faithful were rather encouraged to read the Sacred Books according to their spiritual needs (cf. St. Irenæus, Against Heresies III.4).
(2) The next five hundred years show only local regulations concerning the use of the Bible in the vernacular. On 2 January, 1080, Gregory VII wrote to the Duke of Bohemia that he could not allow the publication of the Scriptures in the language of the country. The letter was written chiefly to refuse the petition of the Bohemians for permission to conduct Divine service in the Slavic language. The pontiff feared that the reading of the Bible in the vernacular would lead to irreverence and wrong interpretation of the inspired text (St. Gregory VII, "Epist.", vii, xi). The second document belongs to the time of the Waldensian and Albigensian heresies. The Bishop of Metz had written to Innocent III that there existed in his diocese a perfect frenzy for the Bible in the vernacular. In 1199 the pope replied that in general the desire to read the Scriptures was praiseworthy, but that the practice was dangerous for the simple and unlearned ("Epist., II, cxli; Hurter, "Gesch. des. Papstes Innocent III", Hamburg, 1842, IV, 501 sqq.). After the death of Innocent III, the Synod of Toulouse directed in 1229 its fourteenth canon against the misuse of Sacred Scripture on the part of the Cathari: "prohibemus, ne libros Veteris et Novi Testamenti laicis permittatur habere" (Hefele, "Concilgesch", Freiburg, 1863, V, 875). In 1233 the Synod of Tarragona issued a similar prohibition in its second canon, but both these laws are intended only for the countries subject to the jurisdiction of the respective synods (Hefele, ibid., 918). The Third Synod of Oxford, in 1408, owing to the disorders of the Lollards, who in addition to their crimes of violence and anarchy had introduced virulent interpolations into the vernacular sacred text, issued a law in virtue of which only the versions approved by the local ordinary or the provincial council were allowed to be read by the laity (Hefele, op. cit., VI, 817).
(3) It is only in the beginning of the last five hundred years that we meet with a general law of the Church concerning the reading of the Bible in the vernacular. On 24 March, 1564, Pius IV promulgated in his Constitution, "Dominici gregis", the Index of Prohibited Books. According to the third rule, the Old Testament may be read in the vernacular by pious and learned men, according to the judgment of the bishop, as a help to the better understanding of the Vulgate. The fourth rule places in the hands of the bishop or the inquisitor the power of allowing the reading of the New Testament in the vernacular to laymen who according to the judgment of their confessor or their pastor can profit by this practice. Sixtus V reserved this power to himself or the Sacred Congregation of the Index, and Clement VIII added this restriction to the fourth rule of the Index, by way of appendix. Benedict XIV required that the vernacular version read by laymen should be either approved by the Holy See or provided with notes taken from the writings of the Fathers or of learned and pious authors. It then became an open question whether this order of Benedict XIV was intended to supersede the former legislation or to further restrict it. This doubt was not removed by the next three documents: the condemnation of certain errors of the Jansenist Quesnel as to the necessity of reading the Bible, by the Bull "Unigenitus" issued by Clement XI on 8 Sept., 1713 (cf. Denzinger, "Enchir.", nn. 1294-1300); the condemnation of the same teaching maintained in the Synod of Pistoia, by the Bull "Auctorem fidei" issued on 28 Aug., 1794, by Pius VI; the warning against allowing the laity indiscriminately to read the Scriptures in the vernacular, addressed to the Bishop of Mohileff by Pius VII, on 3 Sept., 1816. But the Decree issued by the Sacred Congregation of the Index on 7 Jan., 1836, seems to render it clear that henceforth the laity may read vernacular versions of the Scriptures, if they be either approved by the Holy See, or provided with notes taken from the writings of the Fathers or of learned Catholic authors. The same regulation was repeated by Gregory XVI in his Encyclical of 8 May, 1844. In general, the Church has always allowed the reading of the Bible in the vernacular, if it was desirable for the spiritual needs of her children; she has forbidden it only when it was almost certain to cause serious spiritual harm.
Other scriptural questions
The history of the preservation and the propagation of the Scripture-text is told in the articles MANUSCRIPTS OF THE BIBLE; CODEX ALEXANDRINUS (etc.); VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE; EDITIONS OF THE BIBLE; CRITICISM (TEXTUAL); the interpretation of Scripture is dealt with in the articles HERMENEUTICS; EXEGESIS; COMMENTARIES ON THE BIBLE; and CRITICISM (BIBLICAL). Additional information on the foregoing questions is contained in the articles INTRODUCTION; OLD TESTAMENT; NEW TESTAMENT. The history of our English Version is treated in the article VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE.
A list of Catholic literature on Scriptural subjects has been published in the American Ecclesiastical Review, xxxi (August, 1904), 194-201; this list is fairly complete up to the date of its publication. See also the works cited throughout the course of this article. Most of the questions connected with Scripture are treated in special articles throughout the course of the ENCYCLOPEDIA, for instance, in addition to those mentioned above, JEROME; CANON OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES; CONCORDANCES OF THE BIBLE; INSPIRATION OF THE BIBLE; TESTAMENT, etc. Each of these articles has an abundant literary guide to its own special aspect of the Scriptures.
APA citation. Maas, A. (1912). Scripture. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13635b.htm
MLA citation. Maas, Anthony. "Scripture." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13635b.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Robert B. Olson. Offered to Almighty God for Timothy and Kris Gray, and for a holy love and understanding of Sacred Scripture for all members of Our Blessed Lord's Church.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. February 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, D.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
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About AEBA
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The late Sir David Nicolson MEP, founded the American European Business Association (AEBA) in London and New York in 1980 in consultation with the late Lord Roy Jenkins OM, PC, then President of the European Commission.
AEBA is a dynamic forum, of fewer than 30 select transatlantic corporate members, which promotes and facilitates lively and informed debate on key business, economic and political topics over lunch. The association’s chief goals are to improve and increase understanding and cooperation between the business community and governments in Europe and North America, so as to advance opportunities in the globalised world.
AEBA does this by bringing together senior international business, political, diplomatic, and academic representatives to engage in productive dialogue through the open exchange of views in an atmosphere of trust, which adds valuable insight behind today’s headlines. A major factor in the success of these debates is the diversity of the participants’ backgrounds, industries, and their shared interest in many of the issues under the spotlight. Limiting the number of participants to 22-25 people at each boardroom lunch guarantees added value for all concerned, resulting in dialogue of greater intensity and depth, yielding more tangible results. Meetings are governed by the Chatham House Rule.
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Charlotte Laycock comes to the American European Business Association after having worked at a senior level for high profile American media companies, including Time Warner and Dow Jones, in London, Paris and New York. She thoroughly enjoys bringing together international business leaders and creating the environment for unique, confidential and insightful discussions to take place.
Charlotte received her B.A in European Studies with a concentration in French from Loughborough University and studied abroad at L’Institut d’Etudes Politiques in Lyon, France.
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Jonathan Matz is Board Certified in Internal Medicine as well as Allergy & Immunology. He attended the George Washington University School of Medicine in Washington, DC, and completed his Residency in Internal Medicine and Primary Care in the Department of Health Care Sciences at George Washington University Medical Center. He then completed a Fellowship in Allergy and Clinical Immunology at the National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine and University of Colorado in Denver, Co.
Dr. Matz is the Director of Chesapeake Clinical Research, Inc which was founded in 1992 and is the instructor in the Department of Medicine at the John Hopkins School of Medicine in addition to working as a clinical physician. Dr. Matz is a fellow of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, and the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Dr. Matz was born and raised in Baltimore. He is an avid skier and golfer, although his handicap hovers around 12- he keeps trying. He spends most of his free time with his wife and four children. He has been selected a Top Doc in Baltimore Magazine numerous times.
Dr. Golden graduated from McGill University School of Medicine in 1976, where he also completed his residency in Internal Medicine. He entered a fellowship training program in Allergy-Clinical Immunology at Johns Hopkins University, where he then directed a program of research studies on anaphylaxis and insect sting allergy for 30 years. In 1984, he founded what grew to Golden & Matz, LLC. Dr. Golden has published dozens of research papers, and is invited to give lectures at national and international scientific meetings. He is now an Associate Professor of Medicine and a teaching clinician at the Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center. In addition to developing educational programs for the American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, Dr. Golden presents an allergy-immunology curriculum for medical residents in teaching community hospitals in Baltimore. Dr. Golden is the Chief of the Allergy Division of Internal Medicine at Franklin Square Hospital, and is the Director of Allergy in the Department of Medicine, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore. He is also the father of 2 grown and successful children and the proud new grandfather of baby Jack. Dr. Golden has been voted TOP DOC in Baltimore Magazine numerous times.
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Jessica M. Nguyen, M.D.
Dr. Jessica M. Nguyen is a board-certified Allergist & Immunologist. As a Philadelphia native, Dr. Nguyen graduated with High Honors and was elected into the Phi Beta Kappa Honor Society from Haverford College, and then went on to earn her medical degree from the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine during which time she was selected to complete a Doris Duke Clinical Research Fellowship at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Nguyen completed a Residency in Internal Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, followed by a fellowship in Allergy & Clinical Immunology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine during which time she was involved in asthma clinical trials research through the American Lung Association and was selected to receive a Fellow-In-Training Award for Health Outcomes, Education, Delivery and Quality from the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. She is a member of the Maryland Asthma & Allergy Society; the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology; and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Dr. Nguyen delivers humanistic & compassionate care to both her pediatric and adult patients, and has experience in treating a wide span of allergy conditions including asthma, allergic rhinitis (hay fever), eczema, food allergies, urticaria & angioedema (hives & swelling), drug allergies, insect allergies, & immunodeficiencies. In her free time, Dr. Nguyen enjoys spending time with her husband & family traveling, cooking & being active outdoors.
Sudhir Sekhsaria, M.D., FAAAAI, FACAAI
Dr. Sekhsaria has been practicing since founding the Asthma, Allergy & Sinus Center in 1992. He is board certified in Allergy & Immunology, and has been certified in Diagnostic and Clinical Immunology. Dr. Sekhsaria completed his fellowship in Allergy & Immunology at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, after completing a pediatric residency at Howard University Hospital. He has published many scientific articles in asthma, allergy and immunology. He is actively involved in teaching physicians-in-training about asthma, allergic disease and immune problems. Dr. Sekhsaria has been elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the specialty’s premier organization. He has been voted a TOP DOC in Baltimore Magazine multiple times.
Manav Singla, M.D., FAAP, FAAAI, FACAAI
Dr. Singla is board certified in Allergy & Immunology. He completed his Allergy & Immunology fellowship at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where he also spent a year on the medical school’s faculty. He is a graduate of the Northeast Ohio Medical University’s combined BS/MD program. He has published articles in allergy and immunology. He is actively involved in teaching physicians-in-training about asthma, allergic disease and immune problems.
Dr. Singla holds the rank of Adjunct Assistant Professor at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and Assistant Professor of Clinical Pediatrics at Georgetown University School of Medicine. Dr. Singla has been elected a Fellow of both the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the specialty’s premier organizations, as well as the American Academy of Pediatrics. Dr. Singla has been voted as TOP DOC by Baltimore Magazine multiple years.
Amber Viel, FNP-C
Amber Viel. FNP-C, earned her Bachelor of Science and Nursing degree from Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing. She also completed her Masters of Science and Family Nurse Practitioner training at Johns Hopkins University. She holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts and a Bachelor of Arts in Mass Communication from Point Lorna Nazarene University in San Diego, CA. Amber is certified by the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. She joined the Asthma, Allergy & Sinus Center in November 2012. Previously she worked for an allergy asthma group in Los Angeles. Her past nursing experiences include running a community health clinic in East Baltimore where she specialized in chronic disease management for both children and adults.
Amber is a member of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners and Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing. Before becoming a nurse practitioner, Amber spent two and a half years in Madagascar as a U.S. Peace Corps community health volunteer. Amber is also a certified yoga instructor and teaches yoga in her free time.
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Browse: Home » 2018 » September » 30 » BOOK REVIEW: Asymmetry by Lisa Halliday — September 2018
BOOK REVIEW: Asymmetry by Lisa Halliday — September 2018
Reviewed by Jane Tompkins
The book’s title tells you what it’s about: asymmetry, which refers here to an imbalance in the power relations between the novel’s main characters, a young woman who works for a publisher in Manhattan and aspires to be a writer and her older lover, a highly acclaimed author, winner of important prizes, whose name is practically a household word. The novel’s mid-section concerns a young Iraqi man, raised in the United States (he has dual citizenship), who is on his way to Kurdistan to be with his family – his brother has disappeared. He’s being detained by airport security in Heathrow because of his ethnic background. In this case, the unequal power relation is not only between the young man and airport security, but between the two geopolitical units he represents, Iraq and the Middle Eastern Islamic nations on the one hand, and the predominantly Christian United States and Western Europe on the other. The book’s third section consists of a radio interview with the famous novelist conducted some years later by an NPR type. Almost a parody of the genre, its relation to the theme of power imbalance is initially unclear.
The concept of asymmetry is achingly portrayed in the first two-thirds of the book – the young woman is compliant to the point of self-effacement; Iraq is completely at the mercy of America’s giant military machine. But the situations are not exactly analogous. The young woman has a choice whether or not to remain in the relationship with the older man and, we’re never sure quite what she thinks of her renowned lover. There are periods of time in which she stays away from him with no explanation. The young Iraqi-American, on the other hand, cannot choose to leave Heathrow and, from several conversations about the war he remembers having been present at, we know that both he and the author view the war as a horrible mistake.
In part three, things become more complex. We learn that the young editorial assistant has become a published novelist herself, a hint that she’s written the book we’re now reading, which means she may be having the last laugh at her former lover’s expense, for while the older man in part one is depicted as thoughtful and kind in many respects—he pays off her large student loan, for example—he’s also narcissistic, quietly demanding, and self-important. Sometimes it seems as if we’re supposed to accept the relationship uncritically, at others to take her side against his. Are the two situations—young woman vs. famous author, and Iraq vs. the U.S.—supposed to illuminate one another? comment on one another? mirror one another? Are we supposed to have sympathy only for the individual or country that is being imposed upon? Or are we to find a way to understand and have compassion for the dominant figure as well? I finally decided that these open questions are a good thing, not a flaw. This novel makes us think: think about power imbalances (asymmetry) between the sexes, about power asymmetry between cultures and nations, about our own experience of these situations, about our own values, our own behavior, our own mistakes.
Beyond all this, the sheer virtuosity of the writing deserves attention. It’s hard to believe that this is a first novel, the writing is so assured, fluid, and well-paced. Lisa Halliday can command our interest in any incident or topic, whether or not it affects the plot or relates to the theme; her gift for keeping us absorbed in the moment is remarkable. There’s a wonderful passage where the young Iraqi holds forth on the subject of free will and predestination, and an incredibly life-like episode in which the young woman plays with the older man’s grandchildren, passages which, when I first read them, seemed unrelated to anything else. Later on, though, I realized that each subtly develops the subject of power and agency; you just have to look more closely.
The book’s third act–the radio interview–remains a mystery. The cat and mouse game that goes on between interviewer and interviewee represents a power struggle, but there’s more than one way to interpret it: for one thing, it’s not absolutely clear who has the upper hand. In any case, it seems like an anticlimax after the highly charged situations we’ve been involved in up until then. But maybe that’s the point: most situations we’re in contain a balance of power, whether it’s an interchange between heads of state at a world summit, or the interaction between you and the man who’s come to fix your TV. In the second instance the power relations for the most part remain unconscious, while in the first they’re front and center, but that doesn’t mean they’re not equally present in both cases. After reading this novel, you become more conscious of how much of your life is enmeshed in power relationships. A friend who’d spent his life working in Washington once told me it’s a good idea to ask yourself, in any situation, exactly how much power you do or don’t have. My guess is Lisa Halliday would have agreed with him. I’m not sure I do.~
September 30, 2018 Book Reviews, Jane Tompkins,
ANDES HOLIDAY TREE LIGHTING-January 2020
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THE LION KING, JR. ENTHRALLS AT ANDES SCHOOL – December 2019
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ACS ANNOUNCES CLASS OF 2018 TOP STUDENTS – June 2018
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MOUNTAINEER TRACKS – February 2017
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Bucharest Stock Exchange mirrors global markets to reach all-time highs as BET-TR index which also includes the dividends spikes 35 percent in the first 7 months
The BET-TR index, which includes the dividends paid by the companies from the BET index, spiked 35 percent in the first 7 months of the year to reach an all-time high of 14,732 points.
The BET index, including the most-traded 16 companies except for the Financial Investment Companies, closed at 9,204 points at the end of July. It is the highest level from the past 10 and a half years.
Adrian Tanase, BVB CEO: The paradox of the Romanian market is that too few investors were in the market at a time when we are talking about all-time highs for BET-TR and the climax of the last decade for the BET index. Our efforts will be focused on attracting a greater number of people to the capital market so that the savings of as many Romanians as possible benefit from the favorable developments that the capital market offers in the long run. Broader participation of the population in the capital market will significantly impact the Romanian economy and the size of the stock market, which is now one of the smallest in the European Union as it accounts for only 10 percent of GDP.
Lucian Anghel, BVB President: The capital market has proven to be the most generous producer of welfare. It is difficult to find today a better, regulated and transparent environment that can generate over 35% profit in just seven months, as was the case with the BET-TR index, which also includes the dividends offered by the largest companies listed on the stock exchange in Romania.
The Bucharest Stock Exchange (BVB) reached new all-time highs for the BET-TR index, which also includes the dividend paid by the companies included in the BET index. The trading session from July 31st saw the BET-TR index closing at 14,732 points or some 35 percent over the end of last year. The extensive growth rate was also fueled internationally. A strong positive boost of the investor sentiment sent US’s Dow Jones and S&P 500 to new record highs.
The international rally was a hop-on for the BET index, mirroring the evolution of the most-traded 16 companies except for the Financial Investment Companies. The last trading session from July propelled the BET index to 9,204 points, a level which was last witnessed 10 and a half years ago. From the beginning of the year, BET has spiked 25 percent.
The high tide did not flood all the areas of the capital market, as the trading zone was left dry. The up and down swings from the beginning of the year had their say when it came to the average daily trading value. Seven months into the year, it stood at the same level as in the same period last year, accounting for some EUR 9 million.
"The paradox of the Romanian market is that too few investors were in the market at a time when we are talking about all-time highs for BET-TR and the climax of the last decade for the BET index. Our efforts will be focused on attracting a greater number of people to the capital market so that the savings of as many Romanians as possible benefit from the favorable developments that the capital market offers in the long run. Broader participation of the population in the capital market will significantly impact the Romanian economy and the size of the stock market, which is now one of the smallest in the European Union as it accounts for only 10 percent of GDP", said Adrian Tanase, CEO of BVB.
"The capital market has proven to be the most generous producer of welfare. It is difficult to find today a better, regulated and transparent environment that can generate over 35% profit in just seven months, as was the case with the BET-TR index, which also includes the dividends offered by the largest companies listed on the stock exchange in Romania", said Lucian Anghel, President of the Board of Governors of BVB.
The market value of the Romanian companies listed on BVB topped RON 103 billion at the end of July. It was the seventh-highest value recorded by the locally listed companies, while record-high capitalization was witnessed in April 2018, at a peak of RON 103.7 billion posted on April 24, 2018.
MONTHLY_REPORT_JULY 2019.pdf
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Ian Dawe
Ian Dawe is a writer, teacher, and pop culture observer based in Vancouver, Canada.
He earned an MSc from Simon Fraser University and an MA in film from the University of Exeter in the UK. He spent a decade teaching at the college level, delivering courses in genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, biological anthropology, and film history. His academic work includes peer-reviewed papers on the work of Alan Moore, Harvey Pekar for Studies in Comics, and a dissertation on Terry Gilliam for the University of Exeter.
He has contributed to several books, including a chapter about the TV show Archer in James Bond and Popular Culture and two chapters on Breaking Bad for Breaking Bad and Masculinity. He is also a Supervising Editor for Sequart, where he has authored a chapter for New Life and New Civiliations: Exploring Star Trek Comics, as well as upcoming books about Star Wars, Alan Moore, and 1970s horror comics.
sequart.org
@iandawe42
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Call for Proposals: MUTEK-AVATAR Production Residency
Apply before February 9, 2020
Credit: Joni Void & Sonya Stefan, MUTEK Édition 20 by Ashutosh Gupta
MUTEK and the artist-run centre AVATAR are joining forces for the initial MUTEK-AVATAR Production and Presentation Residency.
This call for proposals is for women and non-binary artists of all origins, residing in Canada. The successful candidate will be hosted by AVATAR in Quebec City for a 4-week production residency to create a performance piece using any form of technology (audiovisual works, experimental practices, modular synthesis, artificial intelligence, audio art, DIY practices, mapping, etc.).
Artists can choose to develop a new original work or pursue a work already in progress. This residency includes the presentation of the finished work during the 21st edition of the MUTEK festival, which will take place from August 25 to 30 in Montreal.
Deadline to apply: February 9, 2020
Residency conditions offered by Avatar:
- Production fees: $3,000
- Accommodation(up to 4 weeks) and per diem ($50/day) for artists from outside Quebec City
- Travel (up to $1,000)
- Technical support: 30 hours (pre-residency + residency)
- Access to Avatar studios and equipment
The 4-week residency takes place between March and June 2020, with specific dates to be determined jointly between the artist and Avatar.
The artist will have access to Avatar’s satellite studios at the Conservatoire de musique de Québec and Université Laval’s School of Visual Arts.
Presentation conditions offered by MUTEK:
MUTEK offers optimal presentation conditions for artists. The exact venue and date of the performance will be determined by the programming team based on the work created. MUTEK will take place in Montreal from August 25 to 30, 2020.
The artist will receive a fee respecting the festival’s fee schedule.
Transportation, accommodation and per diem are covered for artists from outside Montreal (duration depending on the date of the performance).
Each artist will receive a festival passport and a passport for the IMG Forum (August 25-27, 2020).
Artists must send a proposal including
- a bio or CV,
- a project description
- examples of previous works (images, links, attached files)
by February 9, 2020 at 11:59 p.m. to residence-avatar@mutek.org.
About Avatar
Avatar is dedicated to the research, creation, circulation, and dissemination of audio and electronic artworks and artists. To support artistic practice, Avatar produces projects, invites artists, reflects on practices, and fosters new collaborations via a local and international network.
Located in the heart of Québec City, Avatar offers a venue for interactions and initiatives, explores new artistic territories, and facilitates access to equipment and specialized skills.
In North America, Avatar is a pioneer in research on audio and electronic arts.
At Avatar, sound creation covers a broad field of activities, ranging from the creation of listening devices, and the invention of musical instruments, to audio installation, including performance, radio art, and sound sculpture. Audio art crosses over the fields of music, visual arts, and poetry, opening itself to hybrid forms of audible performance, acoustic excavations, and environments. Avatar also takes part in the development of the programming of custom-made software and electronic interfaces, as well as interactive and kinetic installation systems, and telematic performances.
MUTEK is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to the dissemination and development of digital creativity in sound, music, and audio-visual art. Its mandate is to provide a platform for the most original and visionary artists currently working in their fields, with the intent of providing an outlet of initiation and discovery for the audiences we seek to develop.
MUTEK’s principal activity is the annual presentation of its namesake festival, which has taken place in Montreal since 2000. Since its first edition, the MUTEK festival has distinguished itself as an international rendezvous for original and avant-garde programming. In terms of content, the festival’s range strives to be diverse, with interests in both the experimental and the playful sides of digital creativity. MUTEK’s programming intends to create a sonic space that can support innovation in new electronic music and digital art. This is a world of constant evolution and incessant refinement – the “MU” in MUTEK refers consciously to the notion of “mutation”.
Over the years, the MUTEK festival has presented a considerable number of renowned artists while simultaneously providing an important showcase for up-and-coming talent. Each edition offers a notable array of Canadian, North American, and even international premieres. The festival provides an open, inviting environment that encourages rewarding exchanges between artists, professionals, and the public; MUTEK is a point of convergence, drawing participants from all over the world to profit from a context of active discovery. Many of the festival’s participants have gained concrete and positive opportunities from their involvement with MUTEK.
A MUTEK network exists today, with ramifications in North America, South America, Asia and Europe, which provides an essential platform to promote and explore wide-ranging artistic content, all the while reflecting a cultural effervescence that is both local and global.
MUTEKLIVE203 - Matmos
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Behind the Visor
Garrick Hagon
At conventions and in letters I'm often asked, 'How did you get on the film?'
Well, the road to Star Wars must have begun when my parents sent me to acting class when I was six, then came radio acting on a Saturday show out of CBC, Toronto, then my own disc jockey show for kids on Saturdays which I inherited from Peter Jennings, as good as a kid presenter as he later was as ABC news anchorman. I acted as a kid at the Stratford Festival of Canada, playing the Prince of Wales opposite Alec Guinness as Richard III.
And the acting bug stuck through high school and into university at UofT where I spent 4 years getting my Honours BA. After that, I came to England on a scholarship to study, did my acting apprenticeship in theatres all round the UK and finally got my first big film with Charlton Heston, "Antony and Cleopatra", playing Eros, Antony's faithful servant who kills himself rather than see his master suffer. My first starring role, in a film called "Some Kind of Hero" playing a Vietnam draft dodger, bombed, but I stayed in London, was known by Irene Lamb, the Star Wars casting director, and was called in to audition for one of the guys in "A New Hope". Irene Lamb told all of us before we went in to meet George that he might be shy and not talk too much. But somehow George and I started talking about Morocco , shooting in the desert (where I had just done "The Message"with Anthony Quinn) and Moroccan cloaks. Somebody later told me that George had a marking system for auditions. I must have been lucky and scored high. I was offered Biggs, one of the best roles that were cast out of London.
So what happened to Biggs and how did I feel when he wasn't around as much in the final cut as he was in the script?
Sure, I felt bad. Who wouldn't? But George and the editors had hard decisions to make to get the film in under 2 hours and the scene lasts about 5 minutes. Later, at a convention in Holland, Gary Kurtz told me the editorial reasons for cutting the Anchorhead scenes and I think they make sense. To include the group of Luke's friends at the station took the film in a different direction as well as slowing down the impetus into the main action of the film led by the two robots. Still, now that we don't care so much about a film's length and kids can sit for hours at Harry Potter or The Lord of the Rings, I'd like to see more of Luke's old friend Biggs and the gang around him. It would make more of Luke's reaction to Biggs' death in the dogfight. Anyway, it was a great kick finally seeing the Anchorhead scene on the CD-Rom "Behind the Magic". And who knows? We may see it again on the DVD of Episode IV.
What's happened since on the Star Wars scene?
Nothing but good-lots of travelling round the world on various conventions, meeting hundreds of fans, good laughs and a great time with the Star Wars Alumni. Roll on Celebration 2!
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Toussaint, Tennie. (x) ›
Sparrow, Bradford. (x) ›
Sprague, George. (x) ›
Barton, Lyman, 1839-1936. (x) ›
Recruiting and enlistment. (x) ›
Lyman Barton to Hiram Barton
Lyman Barton describes a turntable built for a Confederate railway gun which was captured before it was operational. He also writes of an attack of the 11th Pennsylvania Cavalry led by Colonel Spear near Hanover Court House, during which General William Henry Fitzhugh Lee was captured.
Lyman Barton mentions an attack on his Brigade at Deep Creek, Virginia and the death of two men from the 9th New Jersey Regiment who had just returned from a furlough. He also writes of men returning to the 8th Connecticut Regiment after their reenlistment furlough, who had second thoughts about...
Show moreLyman Barton mentions an attack on his Brigade at Deep Creek, Virginia and the death of two men from the 9th New Jersey Regiment who had just returned from a furlough. He also writes of men returning to the 8th Connecticut Regiment after their reenlistment furlough, who had second thoughts about reenlisting. Also he writes of how many got married while on leave. At the end of the letter he gives news of his brothers Henry, James and Theodore and their addresses.
Lyman Barton writes of the events surrounding the Battle of Port Waltham Junction on May 6 and 7. He also lists some of the wounded and killed, including his brother, James Barton, who died of wounds received at the Battle of the Wilderness.
Lyman Barton writes a detailed description of the capture of the Confederate battery at Hill’s Point on May 19, 1863, when his company and six others from the 8th Connecticut Infantry Regiment and eight companies of the 89th New York Infantry Regiment boarded the U.S.S. Stepping Stones and...
Show moreLyman Barton writes a detailed description of the capture of the Confederate battery at Hill’s Point on May 19, 1863, when his company and six others from the 8th Connecticut Infantry Regiment and eight companies of the 89th New York Infantry Regiment boarded the U.S.S. Stepping Stones and traveled up the Nansemond River to assault the rifle pits and fort.
Lyman Barton writes of his Regiment’s march from White House to near Hanover Junction and back, and then on to a camp near Portsmouth, Virginia. He then writes of his military unit being renumbered (from 9 A C to the 7 A C now 2nd Brigade 2nd Division 7 A C), of news from home, that his two other...
Show moreLyman Barton writes of his Regiment’s march from White House to near Hanover Junction and back, and then on to a camp near Portsmouth, Virginia. He then writes of his military unit being renumbered (from 9 A C to the 7 A C now 2nd Brigade 2nd Division 7 A C), of news from home, that his two other brothers, James and Henry were drafted, and continues with his views on how the war is progressing.
Lyman Barton to Melissa Barton
Lyman Barton writes of his return to his regiment after spending time at home on sick leave. He also writes of two men being shot for desertion from his regiment, one from his own company. Both men were drafted and he tells the story of the wife of one man coming to camp after his execution, of...
Show moreLyman Barton writes of his return to his regiment after spending time at home on sick leave. He also writes of two men being shot for desertion from his regiment, one from his own company. Both men were drafted and he tells the story of the wife of one man coming to camp after his execution, of her being told the news of his death by the company cook, of Portsmouth newspaper reports on Gen Grant and Gen Meade's capture of Rebel prisoners, of comfortable tent to live in with stove.
Lyman Barton comments on the Second Battle of Petersburg on June 15 to 18, writing that though they were almost successful in taking Petersburg, the arrival of General Hancock slowed the assault until the defenses were fortified. He also writes of his sister mistaking shoulder scales, worn by...
Show moreLyman Barton comments on the Second Battle of Petersburg on June 15 to 18, writing that though they were almost successful in taking Petersburg, the arrival of General Hancock slowed the assault until the defenses were fortified. He also writes of his sister mistaking shoulder scales, worn by privates, for an officer’s badge in a photograph she received, mentioning that the Colored Troops wore these shoulder scales but discarded them when in the field. He gives only a passing mention to the Battle of Cold Harbor.
Lyman Barton writes of his travels from Fredericksburg to Newport News via a steamer, and then on to Suffolk. While at Newport News he saw a monitor and the U.S.S. Galena, as well as the wrecks of the U.S.S. Merrimack (C.S.S. Virginia) and the U.S.S. Cumberland and U.S.S. Congress. He also...
Show moreLyman Barton writes of his travels from Fredericksburg to Newport News via a steamer, and then on to Suffolk. While at Newport News he saw a monitor and the U.S.S. Galena, as well as the wrecks of the U.S.S. Merrimack (C.S.S. Virginia) and the U.S.S. Cumberland and U.S.S. Congress. He also comments on the lack of alcohol available to the troops and that while he is not a drinker, he is “as bad can be” and that it is “hard spoiling a rotten egg.”
Lyman Barton writes of the movements of his Brigade and mentions that the Regiment has received 166 conscripts and that all but one are substitutes. He also mentions that he is unwell.
Lyman writes about wishing to receive more letters from his sister, as he is lonely in camp, even though it sounds like he is enjoying himself. He points out the battles printed on the bottom of the writing paper he is using, saying that he was in the last four of them. The letter continues with...
Show moreLyman writes about wishing to receive more letters from his sister, as he is lonely in camp, even though it sounds like he is enjoying himself. He points out the battles printed on the bottom of the writing paper he is using, saying that he was in the last four of them. The letter continues with a detailed description of the movements of his Brigade. He also mentions “confiscating” a beef, writing that soldiers don’t steal, only confiscate and the only difficulty was getting the beef into the camp.
Lyman Barton writes of how disgusted he is with the outcome of the Battle of the Crater (i.e. Battle of Petersburg Cater, Va.) ,and how he feels it was the “shamefullest thing that I have seen or herd of since I have been out” blaming generals of jealousy of one another resulting in great loss of...
Show moreLyman Barton writes of how disgusted he is with the outcome of the Battle of the Crater (i.e. Battle of Petersburg Cater, Va.) ,and how he feels it was the “shamefullest thing that I have seen or herd of since I have been out” blaming generals of jealousy of one another resulting in great loss of men. He also writes of having been in 12 or 13 battles and not gotten hurt yet plus gives news of two of his brothers, Henry and Hiram, who are both in the hospital.
Barton, Melissa. (8) + -
Families of military personnel. (4) + -
Draft -- United States. (3) + -
Marching. (3) + -
Military camps -- Virginia. (3) + -
Battle casualties. (2) + -
Confederate States of America Army. (2) + -
Petersburg (Va.) -- History -- Siege, 1864-1865. (2) + -
Picketing. (2) + -
Suffolk (Va.). (2) + -
United States Army -- Military life. (2) + -
African American soldiers. (1) + -
Armed Forces -- Officers. (1) + -
Desertion, Military. (1) + -
Draftees. (1) + -
Executions and executioners. (1) + -
Food. (1) + -
Grant Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson) 1822-1885. (1) + -
Gunboats. (1) + -
Hancock Winfield Scott 1824-1886. (1) + -
Horses. (1) + -
Lee William Henry Fitzhugh 1837-1891. (1) + -
Meade George Gordon 1815-1872. (1) + -
Merrimack (Frigate). (1) + -
Military leaves and furloughs. (1) + -
Monitor (Ironclad). (1) + -
Newport (N.C.). (1) + -
Newspapers. (1) + -
Pillage. (1) + -
Portsmouth (Va.). (1) + -
Prisoners of war. (1) + -
Reporters and reporting. (1) + -
Rivers. (1) + -
Skirmishing. (1) + -
Soldiers -- Alcohol use. (1) + -
Steamboats. (1) + -
Tents. (1) + -
United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Destruction and pillage. (1) + -
United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Military reconnaissance. (1) + -
Wilderness, Battle of the, Va., 1864. (1) + -
Suffolk (Va.) (1) + -
Barton Family Correspondence (11) + -
Vermonters in the Civil War (11) + -
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XCOM: Enemy Unknown will place you in control of a secret paramilitary organization called XCOM. As the XCOM commander, you will defend against a terrifying global alien invasion by managing resources, advancing technologies, and overseeing combat strategies and individual unit tactics. The original XCOM is widely regarded as one of the best games ever made and has now been re-imagined by the strategy experts at Firaxis Games. XCOM: Enemy Unknown will expand on that legacy with an entirely new invasion story, enemies and technologies to fight aliens and defend Earth. You will control the fate of the human race through researching alien technologies, creating and managing a fully operational base, planning combat missions and controlling soldier movement in battle.
XCOM: Enemy Unknown release date for iOS June 20, 2013 6 Years Ago (US)
XCOM: Enemy Unknown was released on iOS 2406d ago in the US and the UK.
June 20, 2013Confirmed
https://youtube.com/embed/fC6S2x4qNuQ
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Topics - J. E. Lovelock
J. E. Lovelock J. E. Lovelock was one of the early pioneers in gas chromatography. He graduated in chemistry from Manchester University, obtained his Ph. D. in medicine at the London School of Hygiene and was later awarded his D. Sc. in Biophysics at the University of London. He then joined the Medical Research Council with whom he remained for twenty years. In 1954 he was at Harvard Medical School and in the late 1950s became a visiting scientist at Yale University. He was professor at the University of Houston (1961-1964) and since 1964 has acted as a free lance scientist. J. E. Lovelock has published over 200 papers in medicine, biology, gas chromatography and atmospheric science. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1975 and has received many awards for his work, particularly in the field of chromatography. He invented three forms of the argon ionization detector and, in particular, the electron capture detector which is probably the most sensitive gas chromatography detector in use today.
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Luke Piper
Boscastle Harbour
14.17 x 22.05 in / 76 x 56 cm
> Enquire About this Work
< Return to Artist
Luke Piper (born 1966) is an English landscape painter.
Luke Piper is the son of the painter Edward Piper. He is also the eldest grandson of another artist, John Piper. He grew up in Frome, Somerset. He studied at Frome College and then read geography at the University of Cambridge.
Piper's first major show of artworks was at the CCA Galleries, Dover Street, London, in 1992, also used by his father. Since that time he has exhibited regularly in London and at venues such as the Henley Festival, the River and Rowing Museum, Stonor and elsewhere around southern England.
He has travelled around the world to paint, including Nairobi via Western Sahara and Zaire in 1995, the Sahara dessert in 1999 and 2000, Nepal and the Himalayas in 1998 and 2000–01, and Australia, New Zealand and Fiji in 2002–03. His has also painted in France, Ireland and Spain as well as around the United Kingdom, including many paintings of the River Thames.
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Notification of Rights under FERPA
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) affords students certain rights with respect to their education records. These rights are:
The right to inspect and review the student’s education records. The student should submit to the appropriate record custodian a written request that identifies the record(s) he or she wishes to inspect. The record custodian will make arrangements for access and notify the student of the time and place where the records may be inspected. Access shall be granted within a reasonable period of time, but no later than 45 calendar days following the request. If the records are not maintained by the university official to whom the request was submitted, that official shall advise the student of the correct record custodian to whom the request should be addressed.
The right to request the amendment of a portion of a student’s education records that the student believes to be inaccurate or misleading. To request such an amendment, the student should write to the appropriate record custodian, clearly identify the part of the record that he or she wants to be changed, and specify why it is inaccurate or misleading. If the university decides not to amend the record as requested by the student, the university will notify the student of the decision and advise the student of his or her right to a hearing regarding the request for amendment. Additional information regarding the hearing procedures will be provided when the student is notified of the right to a hearing.
The right to consent to disclosures of personally identifiable information contained in the student’s education records, except to the extent that FERPA authorizes disclosure without consent. One exception that permits disclosure without consent is disclosure to school officials with legitimate educational interests. A school official is defined as a person employed by the university in an administrative, supervisory, academic, or support staff position (including law enforcement unit and health staff); a person or company with whom the university has contracted (such as an attorney, auditor, or collection agent); a person serving on the Board of Trustees or assisting another school official in performing his or her tasks. A school official has a legitimate educational interest if the official needs to review an education record in order to fulfill his or her professional responsibility. The university may also disclose information protected under FERPA when other exceptions apply. Exceptions include, but are not limited to, the parents of a student who is claimed as a dependent for Federal income tax purposes, to the parents of a student under age 21 who commits a drug or alcohol violation, to the appropriate officials during a health or safety emergency, or to the appropriate parties if a residential student is reported as a missing person.
The right to file a complaint with the U.S. Department of Education concerning alleged failure by the university to comply with the requirements of FERPA. The name and address of the office that administers FERPA is:
Notice regarding Directory Information
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) is a federal law that permits Shawnee State University to disclose appropriately designated “directory information” without a student’s written consent, unless you have advised the university to the contrary in accordance with university procedures. The primary purpose of directory information is to allow Shawnee State University to include this type of information from your education records in certain publications. Examples include:
A playbill, showing your role in a drama production
Dean’s List, President’s List or other recognition
Graduation programs
SSU Student Directory
Directory information, which is information that is generally not considered harmful or an invasion of privacy if released, can also be disclosed to outside organizations without prior written consent. Outside organizations include, but are not limited to, companies that manufacture class rings or sell vacation trips. If you do not want Shawnee State University to disclose directory information from your education records without your prior written consent, you must notify the university in writing by completing the appropriate form in the Office of the Registrar. If you do not complete this form before September 18, 2019, your directory information will be included in the 2019-2020 Student Directory.
Shawnee State has designated the following information as directory information:
Address (local, home and university-assigned email)
Telephone (local and home)
Program of study (including college of enrollment, major and concentration)
Enrollment status (e.g. full-time, part-time, withdrawn)
Class rank (freshman, sophomore, etc.)
Dates of attendance
Degree(s) and honors awarded
Previous educational agencies or institutions attended
Participation in officially recognized activities and sports
Weight and height of intercollegiate athletic teams
For more information, please contact the Student Business Center at 740.351.4357.
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Christchurch City Council owns and looks after some of the city’s heritage buildings and sites on behalf of Christchurch’s citizens.
Addington Water Tower
Located on Clarence Street, Addington, the tower is listed as an Historic Place Category 1.
After the earthquakes
A Detailed Engineering Evaluation (DEE) report concluded that the tower is not considered to be earthquake prone.
As part of the DEE process further investigation of the tower’s structure will be undertaken. The purpose is to confirm the strength and capacity of the building in terms of a percentage of New Building Standard (% NBS).
Investigations of structural elements of the building will include:
Concrete wall investigation: removal of a section of concrete to determine if steel reinforcing bars are present
Foundations investigation: removal and replacement of floorboards to gain access to foundations for inspection of the condition and size.
There is more information about the Addington Water Tower on the Heritage New Zealand website.(external link)
Find this and other heritage points of interest on our heritage map.
The Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings (1858−1865) is a masterpiece of one of New Zealand’s most distinguished Victorian architects B.W. Mountfort.
The buildings were the finest example of Gothic Revival architecture in New Zealand prior to their severe earthquake damage. They are also the only remaining purpose built provincial government buildings in the country.
Sections in timber and stone were built around an internal courtyard and linked by flagstone corridors. There are two debating chambers, one in timber and one stone; the stone chamber which remains in part, collapsed in the February earthquake was considered the finest Gothic Revival interior outside England.
A programme of careful deconstruction to secure the building along with weatherproofing and retrieval and storage of material has been undertaken. The buildings are currently closed to the public.
Listed as Historic Place Category 1.(external link)
Timber buildings
The earliest timber buildings were relatively plain. The Council Chamber, where the councillors regularly met, was at the heart of the buildings as well as being the most impressive. You can still admire its arched ceiling of native timber and the galleries for the press and public at either end. Something to look out for particularly is the fine tracery on the bay window on the south side.
In 1859, work began on the second group of buildings. The province was better off financially and could afford something more elaborate and spacious. The result was a building of strong Victorian Gothic Revival style.
These first two timber buildings were connected by a long, low-ceilinged corridor, paved with flagstones and still has an atmosphere suggestive of the hushed cloisters of Medieval monks.
Stone Chamber and Bellamys
By 1861, the numbers on the Provinc ial Council had swelled to 35 making it a tight squeeze in the small Timber Chamber. Benjamin Mountfort drew up plans for a new chamber along with social and dining facilities (giving them the same name, Bellamy’s, as those in London’s Westminster), and accommodation for a housekeeper.
With these buildings, Mountfort used a variety of local stone as the main building material. The Stone Chamber is in a High Victorian Gothic style and the stonework is magnificently elaborate.
As Canterbury historian John Wilson said, 'the interior of the Council Chamber is the building’s greatest glory'. There is a double-faced clock, encaustic (inlaid) tiling, beautiful stained glass windows, and carvings done in Christchurch by William Brassington.
Visitors can share Brassington’s sense of fun by searching for heads, birds, a cat, frog and other creatures. The timbers used in the interior of the Stone Chamber include native kauri and rimu.
Council and provincial building history
British colonisation of New Zealand occurred as a series of planned settlements. The Canterbury Association, a group with strong connections to the Anglican Church, brought their first group of migrants out in 1850.
There were already five settler communities in other parts of the country but they were very scattered and means of communication and transport were slow. It was decided that each province would be largely self-governing. In effect, six miniature Parliaments were set up to govern a country of fewer than 50,000 settlers.
The Provincial Councils took themselves very seriously, modelling their hierarchies on the British 'Mother of Parliaments' at Westminster.
Three years after establishment, Christchurch was still a straggling village. In 1853, elections were held for the position of Superintendent and later, for the twelve-seat Council.
Only men over the age of 21 who owned property were eligible to vote (it was a good 40 years before New Zealand became the first country in the world to give women the right to vote). There were no secret ballots and no restrictions on treating the voters, so elections were very festive occasions.
Building a home for the new Council
The Provincial Council first met in temporary accommodation but plans for a permanent building began almost immediately. Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings (1858 to 1865) were designed by Benjamin Mountfort, Canterbury's leading Gothic Revival architect. Although the style of the buildings looks back to Europe, they use local stone and timbers. They sit beside the meandering Avon River, telling the story of Christchurch's early European settlement.
On the 6th of January 1858, the foundation stone was laid for the Provincial Council Buildings. The day was declared a public holiday with a procession through town and a nine-gun salute.
The buildings were first used by the Council in September 1859.
Because of the buildings' great architectural and historical significance, the Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings have been given Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga's highest classification. They are also identified as a significant heritage place for listing and protection through Christchurch City Council's District Plan.
Interpretation centre
Formerly there was an Interpretation Centre within the buildings. The buildings are currently closed as they suffered significant damage in the Canterbury earthquakes but there are a number of interpretation panels outside the building for your interest.
There is more information about the history of these buildings on the Christchurch City Libraries website.(external link)
Christchurch Hospital Nurses Memorial Chapel
Completed in 1928, the Christchurch Hospital Nurse's Memorial Chapel is located on Riccarton Avenue by the Christchurch Hospital.
The Nurses’ Memorial Chapel was dedicated as a memorial to New Zealand Nurses who died in WWI and the influenza pandemic which followed in 1918. It is significant as the only memorial chapel in NZ commemorating women who died in war or the pandemic, and is likely to be the only purpose-built memorial chapel in the world commemorating nurses who died in the Great War. It was also New Zealand’s first hospital chapel. As well as being a general memorial to nurses, the building holds a number of individual memorials to local, national and internationally known medical names. It also provided hospital patients and staff a place for spiritual contemplation as well as a place for baptisms, weddings, funerals and regular service.
The idea of building a memorial chapel at Christchurch Hospital began soon after the Marquette disaster during WWI. The Marquette was a transport ship that was torpedoed while crossing the Aegean Sea on 19 October 1915. Among the 741 people on board were 36 nurses from the New Zealand Army Nursing Service and staff from the New Zealand medical corps. Of the 10 New Zealand nurses who perished, three had trained at Christchurch Hospital. At a local memorial service held for those lost in the disaster, a collection was taken with the intention of building a memorial chapel at Christchurch Hospital in honour of all 10 nurses. This idea was met with enthusiasm from the public and supported by the North Canterbury Hospital Board and members of the nursing community.
The late Gothic Revival chapel was designed and supervised free of charge by prominent Christchurch architect John Goddard Collins in 1927. Construction was undertaken by Williamson Construction; William Williamson described it as the 'finest building he ever built'. The interior was very much inspired by the Arts and Crafts movement, incorporating significant sculptural elements and the vivid contrast of extensive timberwork and an Oamaru stone chancel arch. The oak carving in the sanctuary was mostly executed by Frederick Gurnsey and his apprentice Jake Vivian. An influential and gifted sculptor, many of Gurnsey's works can be found around Christchurch and feature in the Christchurch Cathedral and Bridge of Remembrance. There are nine stained glass windows - four by Veronica Whall, a prominent English stained glass artist, three thought to be by The Glass House in London, and three are from the former St Mary's Anglican Church in Merivale.
A detailed publication listing the building's most significant architectural elements can be downloaded from the Christchurch City Libraries website(external link).
Earthquake and rebuild
The Canterbury earthquakes of 2010 and 2011 damaged the chapel and it was closed. Restoration work began in 2017 with internal brick sections being replaced with sturdier masonry block, the basement re-clad and the two gable ends and sanctuary arch deconstructed and repaired. Amazingly, all nine stained glass windows remained intact and have since been restored following the extensive building renovations.
Originally the chapel was connected to the main hospital and accessed via the main corridor, but this changed when the old hospital buildings were replaced in the 1980s and 1990s. Threatened with demolition three times in the wake of hospital expansion, it now stands within a hemispherical garden between Riccarton Ave and the hospital access road. Maintained by Botanic Gardens' staff, the garden holds approximately 27 varieties of heritage rose as well as perennials and medicinal herbs. Each rose in the garden has been donated by friends and relatives in memory of someone associated with the hospital and nursing.
Nearby in Hagley Park is the Bandsmen's Memorial Rotunda, also the first of its kind in New Zealand. This memorial to bandsmen who died in WW1 is often seen as a 'brother' site to the Nurses Memorial Chapel.
For more information about the Nurses' Memorial Chapel, both the district plan(external link) and the Friends of the Chapel(external link) website are great resources.
Cuningham House
The largest and oldest of the Botanic Gardens display houses, Cuningham House, originally known as the Winter Garden, opened to the public in 1924. The building was funded by a bequest made to the Botanic Gardens by Mr C.A.C Cuningham, a Christchurch law clerk, on his death in 1915.
Well stocked with an array of tropical plants, many were hand picked by Botanic Gardens Curator at the time, James Young, while on a dedicated plant sourcing trip to Australia. The jungle-like collection included orchids, breadfruit, guava, paw paw, date and sago palms and new kinds of bananas, some of which still survive today some 80 years later.
With its symmetrical facade, Tuscan columns and Italianate balusters, Cuningham House firmly falls into the style of a Neo-Classical glasshouse. Local architectural firm Collins and Harman modelled the design of the building on the Reid Winter Gardens at Springburn Park in Glasglow.
Cuningham House was considered an improvement because of its reinforced concrete structure and in this way differs from a number of glasshouses built at a similar time. Adding to the classical nature of the building, local resident George Scott donated four Italian marble statues from his Opawa estate to be displayed although the remaining statues have since been removed for preservation.
Cuningham House is divided into two main sections, a lower house on the ground floor and an upstairs gallery for plants that have high light requirements. The central section on the ground floor allows for the growth of taller species. The Rosary, redeveloped in 1934, was specifically designed to suit the form of Cuningham House with the circular design creating an axis with the entrance and making it a focal point. Later, rose covered archways were constructed along the pathway, framing the conservatory and creating one of the most photographed views in the Gardens.
Cuningham House is of significant cultural and heritage value to the Botanic Gardens. Not only does it offer a practical way to display indoor plants but it provides continuous interest throughout the seasons when other displays may not be at their best. The conservatory also gives us an interesting glimpse into post war society where a fascination with the exotic, other-worldliness of the jungle is tempered by a need for the stability and order provided by the Neo-Classical structure it is housed in.
Godley House
Godley House, Diamond Harbour’s iconic heritage building and destination was badly damaged by the Canterbury earthquakes and has since been demolished.
Godley House was built in 1880 by Mr Harvey Hawkins on land purchased from Mark Stoddart, who lived in nearby Stoddart Cottage. As well as being a family home and pleasure ground, the property was famed for its lavish parties, where boatloads of people would arrive from Lyttelton on Hawkins' steam launch, Waiwera. After a bad financial run, Hawkins went bankrupt, the house was put up for sale and the contents auctioned off in 1896. With no buyers for the property, it reverted back to the Stoddart family, who were the secured creditors.
Anna Stoddart and three of her daughters moved into Godley House in 1896. Here they helped to manage the farm and were known for hosting members of the art community, the house described as being "a mecca of many artists, botanists and sundry guests." When Anna died in 1911, the remaining members of the Stoddart family sold the Diamond Harbour estate to the Lyttelton Borough Council and Government and it was used as a hotel, restaurant and conference centre up until the September 2010 earthquake.
Download a short history of Godley House [PDF, 3.8 MB].
Deconstruction and demolition
The 4 September 2010 earthquake damaged Godley House significantly but the building was considered to be repairable. After the 22 February 2011 earthquake however, hopes of restoration were dashed as two independent reports from structural engineers concluded the building was unsalvageable and advised demolition. On 11 September 2011, a wake was held for Godley House and the Diamond Harbour community and visitors from around the region turned out to farewell the historic home. Through careful deconstruction recorded by an archaeologist, a lot of heritage fabric was saved.
When the large concrete foundations on the southern side of the building were removed, a number of features were found beneath them including a fireplace foundation, concrete pathways and brick footing. This footing changes previous ideas about the layout and development of the south side of the house and it is now believed to have been extended in two parts. Two rain water tanks were also found, one dating back to the nineteenth century and the other likely to be its twentieth century replacement. These were constructed from concrete and brick and were left in-situ with a cover made of corrugated iron. The second tank was probably built in 1919 and contained reinforcing steel. The presence of these tanks shows us how a lack of water on the site was dealt with.
Sixty artefacts were excavated from Godley House, all glass and metal. The glass artefacts were all alcohol bottles likely to have contained dark beers such as porters and stouts, or spirits. A number of different sizes were found ranging from pint (60 to 70 millimetres in base diameter) to the larger quart (75 to 88 millimetres in base diameter). All bottle sizes found correspond directly to quantities in which beer and spirits were sold both retail and wholesale. Quarts of beer would have sold for 6 to 9 pence per bottle (depending on the beer) and pint bottles would have cost about half that. Maker's marks were found on three black beer bottles although none could be identified to a manufacturer, one has however been found on other nineteenth-century sites in Christchurch. Other bottles included case gins and ring sealed wine and beer bottles.
The one metal item found was a lead roofing nail. It has a rectangular cross section suggesting cut manufacture commonly used prior to the 1970s before the use of wire nails increased in popularity. It's possible the nail was used in construction of the house though the house was built in 1870.
The artefact composition is unusual because of what is absent. Nineteenth century domestic excavations usually produce large numbers of ceramics, food remains (animal bones) and other glass items like food related jars and non-alcoholic bottles. Knowing the domestic history of Godley House, it is a reasonable assumption to assume the family deposited their waste elsewhere on or off the property. Why the particular assemblage was deposited close to the house and without any other waste is unknown but it is unlikely that it is an accurate representation of the occupants and their activities. Based on bottle manufacturing methods, the bottles found were likely to have been deposited after the 1860s.
Future plans for the site
The Godley House grounds are currently being used for community events. The Council will work closely with the local community and key stakeholders to look at all future options for the development of this historic site.
New Regent Street
The street is significant as the only commercial street in New Zealand to have been designed as a coherent whole and is one of the best examples of Spanish Mission style architecture in New Zealand.
A plaque notes the role of Arthur Stacey(external link) in the street's development.
New Regent Street's architectural style and continuous facade give it high public recognition and landmark significance(external link) and it was described at its 1932 opening by Mayor DG Sullivan as "the most beautiful street in New Zealand".
The buildings are listed on the Christchurch City Plan as Group 2 heritage buildings and are registered as a historic area and a Category 1 building with Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga(external link).
The Old Municipal Chambers was completed and opened in 1887 and was the first Queen Anne styled building in New Zealand and the first permanent, purpose-built building designed for the Municipal Council.
Currently closed, the Municipal Chambers were severely damaged in the 2010/11 Canterbury earthquake sequence. The building was protected, weatherproofed and stabilised in 2014, and the Council is regularly inspecting, monitoring and maintaining the building until repair, strengthening, reconstruction and restoration work commences.
The building was designed in 1885 by London born Samuel Hurst Seager, who was a young, newly qualified architect at the time. Seager emigrated to New Zealand with his parents and three sisters in 1870 and went on to became an important and major contributor to Christchurch’s architectural development in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Seager’s design was selected as the winning submission for a design competition for the proposed Christchurch Municipal Chambers. The building’s Queen Anne style was unlike any other building in a city, which was dominated by the conventional Gothic and Renaissance Revival styles.
With its rich history and abundant interior and exterior decorative qualities, this beautiful heritage building within its picturesque setting along on the banks of the Avon River is an important contribution to the city’s identity and sense of place.
Old Stone House
The Old Stone House was built in 1870 by Sir John Cracroft Wilson to house the native Indian and Eurasian employees who travelled with him to New Zealand from India. Born in India himself, Wilson was educated in England and returned to India to work as a magistrate.
In 1854, with his health in decline, Wilson had taken extended leave and travelled to Australia. Not finding Australia to his liking, he continued on to New Zealand where he took leases out on three Canterbury stations and purchased 108 hectares of swampy land he named Cashmere after his favourite Indian region of Kashmir. After undertaking work to drain the swamps and build his Cashmere estate, Cracroft, Wilson returned to India and left the running of the Cashmere estate to his son.
In 1857, after seeing action in the Indian Mutiny, Wilson returned to New Zealand with his family and more native Indian and Eurasian employees. Initially, his employees lived in huts on what is now Shalamar Drive but many struggled with the cold Christchurch weather. To help, Wilson built them the large stone house to live in communally, making The Old Stone House the home of the first Indian community in Christchurch. Little is known about the construction of the Old Stone House, the stones were probably taken from a quarry on Marley's Hill and the architectural style is that of English vernacular.
Although Wilson died in 1881, the family continued to run the Cashmere estate despite a period of requisition by the military during the Second World War when the building was used to house the Signals Section of the Combined Head Quarters Southern Command. Workers still lived in the Old Stone House until the 1950s, when subdivision of the section and better farming technology reduced the need for so many employees. The building was then often vacant or used for storage.
In 1966, Sir John's descendant gave the Old Stone House to the Student Christian Movement, who had made use of the building in the years before. Members restored the building but the interior was gutted by fire in 1971 leaving only a shell. In 1972 the Cracroft Community Centre was founded and fundraising began to restore the building. Much of the work was done by volunteers, including sourcing roof materials from other local historic buildings, cutting decorative boards, pointing stonework and landscaping. By the late 1970s the Old Stone House was open to the public with a slightly altered layout that gave the main room a cathedral-style ceiling.
Well used by the community, it was also a popular venue for weddings until the Canterbury Earthquakes of 2011 when it closed after sustaining damage. It re-opened in February 2018 and resumed its status as a community and event venue.
Find out more or book the Old Stone House.(external link)
Rose Historic Chapel
Formerly St Mary's Convent Chapel, located on Colombo Street, the chapel is listed as a Historic Place Category 2.
The Rose Historic Chapel in Colombo Street reopened in July 2018 after two years' careful restoration work.
The collapsed gable walls were restored, the roof and foundations strengthened, and the stained glass windows were reconstructed and reinstalled.
The heritage-listed Rose Historic Chapel, formerly known as the St Mary’s Convent Chapel, was built in Colombo St in 1910 and was the first of six church designs the Luttrell brothers, Alfred and Sydney, undertook as the unofficial Diocesan architects for the Roman Catholic Church.
The chapel, which featured an outstanding collection of stained glass windows, was bought by Christchurch City Council in 1996 to ensure its retention.
There is more information on the listing at Heritage New Zealand(external link).
Book the Rose Historic Chapel for an event(external link)
Sign of the Bellbird
Radical conservationist and liberal MP Harry Ell envisioned a Summit Road that would link the scenic reserves and walking tracks in the Port Hills.
To provide refreshments to weary walkers, 14 rest and tea houses were planned to be staged at regular intervals along the Summit Road.
In the end, only four rest houses were ever built:
The Sign of the Bellbird.
The Sign of the Kiwi.
The Sign of the Takahe (which also incorporated a tram terminus).
The Sign of the Packhorse(external link).
The first of these four rest houses, The Sign of the Bellbird, close to the summit crest of Kennedy's Bush, New Zealand's first established scenic reserve, started life in 1913 as a caretaker's cottage. Within a year a tearoom had be added and accommodation in huts and tents was on offer. The Bellbird also functioned as a post office and telephone bureau.
The Sign of the Bellbird was designed by Samuel Hurst Seager, a prominent local exponent of the Arts and Crafts movement which advocated an authentic architecture of place. Consequently Seager sought to harmonise the Bellbird with its landscape by building it of locally quarried volcanic stone with a slate roof.
The cottage was occupied between 1913 and 1942 by a number of caretakers including Harry and his wife Ada. By 1942 the effects of the Second World War had taken their toll on the Bellbird. Motoring restrictions in particular had resulted in all-time low sales and a temporary closure was agreed when the last caretaker left due to ill health.
The isolated location of Sign of the Bellbird made it an easy target for vandals and over the years the building fell into disrepair. Eventually it was demolished and materials from the ruins were used to partially reconstruct the building as a shelter. This has proved popular with walkers, cyclists and picnickers in the area.
In 2015 a fire gutted the shelter's roof(external link). This was replaced in 2017.
Sign of the Kiwi
Located on Dyers Pass Road and Summit Road, the building is listed as an Historic Place Category 1.
The historic Sign of the Kiwi serves as a popular café for visitors and a beloved feature of the rugged Port Hills landscape.
Sign of the Kiwi was one of four rest houses to be built around the Summit Road as part of Harry Ell's plan to provide access to those out walking the scenic reserves of the Port Hills.
Designed by Samuel Hurst Seager, the building is a fine example of the arts and crafts style as it blends in seamlessly with the natural landscape, using local volcanic stone of varying colours. The other three rest houses were Sign of the Takahe, Sign of the Packhorse(external link) and Sign of the Bellbird.
Opened in 1917, Sign of the Kiwi operated as a tea room, hostel and toll house. Between 1920 and 1926 Harry Ell and his wife Ada lived in the cottage with Ada running a successful tearoom and Harry working as the tollgate keeper. During the 1920s motorists began to complain that the tollgate meant they were paying road maintenance tax twice and the Heathcote County Council eventually removed it.
During the Second World War the rest house was closed. In 1948 it was taken over by the Christchurch City Council and later used as a custodian's residence. Renovations began in 1986–1987 and eventually saw the building reopen as a tearoom in 1996. With the added visitor information centre, Sign of the Kiwi was popular with residents and tourists alike until the Canterbury earthquakes of 2010–2011 put it temporarily out of commission.
Closed for nearly six years after the earthquakes, the Sign of the Kiwi was repaired and strengthened to 67 per cent of the New Building Standard during 2016. The building reopened as a cafe and visitor centre in January 2017 only to be immediately threatened by the Port Hills fires. Fortunately it survived unscathed and reopened again in March 2017.
There is more information about the Sign of the Kiwi's heritage significance in the Statement of Significance for the Christchurch District Plan(external link) and in the Heritage New Zealand listing.(external link)
The Sign of the Takahe on Hackthorne Road is a well-known landmark in Christchurch and is highly significant both architecturally and aesthetically as an example of 20th century Neo-Gothic romanticism. It is currently operating as a cafe, bar and function centre(external link).
One of four historic rest houses constructed for those walking the scenic reserves of the Port Hills, the Sign of the Takahe is a part of Harry Ell's legacy to Christchurch.
Designed to be the entrance to the Summit Road, this rest building was envisioned as a great Gothic-style teahouse.
Construction began in 1918 and the partially completed Tram Terminus Rest House, as it was then known, opened for business in 1920, with the lower section operating as the tram terminus and tearoom to try and offset building costs.
Argument, financial difficulty, depression and war were to delay its completion for almost three decades.
Ell was able to hire a number of skilled craftsmen thanks to government-funded work schemes during the Great Depression. These men produced the fine detailed carving in both wood and stone that typify both the interior and exterior of the Sign of the Takahe.
Working within a very tight budget, incredible ingenuity saw ornate friezes carved from packing cases, local Hillmorton stone quarried and hand-chiselled on site, tools made from scraps and huge kauri beams salvaged from an old bridge and used in the living area.
The interior of the Sign of the Takahe is full of heraldic symbols: coats of arms of Canterbury settler families, governors-general and prime ministers grace the walls alongside English shields, while the dining room contains a fireplace that is an exact replica of one in historic Haddon Hall in Derbyshire.
When Harry Ell died suddenly in 1934, his workers (known locally as Ell's Angels) continued construction, until the outbreak of the Second World War, under the direction of leading Christchurch architect J.G. Collins.
In 1942 the Christchurch City Council purchased the building and it was finally completed in 1948, some 14 years after Ell's death. Collins was instrumental in shaping the final design and created an outstanding example of a neo-Gothic style building. Christchurch City Libraries website provides further information on Sign of the Takahe.(external link)
The other three rest houses built by Harry Ell were Sign of the Kiwi, Sign of the Packhorse(external link) and Sign of the Bellbird.
The building suffered moderate damage in the form of cracking to stone masonry walls and the loss of several parapet stones.
The treasured facility at 200 Hackthorne Road, a restaurant and function centre, closed following the February 2011 earthquake and has now been repaired and strengthened to 67 per cent of New Building Standard.
There is more information about the Sign of the Takahe's heritage significance in the Statement of Significance for the Christchurch District Plan(external link) and in the Heritage New Zealand listing(external link).
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The Need for 85.02
Yesterday the City Council voted unanimously to extend LA Municipal Code 85.02, the law that guides where people can live in their vehicles and prohibits doing so in a residential zone. This law had been in effect for the past few years, but it has to be extended every six months. Unfortunately, it had lapsed for a few weeks during the Council recess because it wasn’t scheduled for its extension vote prior to the recess.
The law itself, 85.02, was a necessity given by a court ruling that vacated the City’s prohibition about dwelling anywhere in the city in one’s vehicle. A few years ago the courts ruled against the city in Desertain v. City of Los Angeles. In response, the Council was forced to draft an ordinance (85.02) to allow people living in vehicles some legal places to go. This was the only way to maintain a prohibition in residential areas. It was meant to be a temporary fix until either enough housing was available to legally allow the city to reinstall its citywide prohibition against vehicle living or until another solution could be found.
According to the most recent LAHSA Homeless Count, there are over 16,000 people across LA County living in their vehicles, many of whom have jobs and are struggling to maintain a sliver of stability. 85.02 isn’t about criminalizing homelessness, it is about making sure that our communities have some basic health and safety protections. Living in one’s vehicle should never be normalized — people need housing and our streets shouldn't be campgrounds. Though the West Valley has fewer homeless people when compared to other communities in the City, my staff and I receive calls about encampments, RV dumped waste, and problematic issues related to people living in vehicles. We also see real people struggling without viable alternatives other than living in their vehicles.
One humane alternative is Safe Parking. It is not a substitute for housing, nor an acceptable solution for someone experiencing homelessness. But, it is better than living in one’s vehicle on the street. I am a strong advocate of the Safe Parking LA program which offers safety, bathrooms, and services. A few weeks ago we opened up Safe Parking in my District Office/Library parking lot. I implore my colleagues, local business owners and anyone who owns a parking lot to learn more about how you can help by providing this minimal service that directly improves lives. We desperately need more spots throughout the city and it’s a simple, but crucial way to help the homelessness emergency. To see a video I made about safe parking, go to http://blumenfield.lacity.org/safe_parking_la.
The most important ways we are going to really reduce homelessness involve supportive housing and mental health and addiction care. Measure HHH and other large funding initiatives are helping fuel the needed housing, but we must get creative to truly incentive all of the types of necessary housing and it’s vital for every community to participate. Locally, I have been pushing building Bridge Housing in Canoga Park, fighting for inclusionary housing in Warner Center, creating an innovating drug treatment program in conjunction with Providence Hospitals and the Tarzana Treatment Center, looking at the feasibility of housing on public properties and much more. Please go to my website to read about these and other initiatives (http://blumenfield.lacity.org/facing_homelessness). The renewal of 85.02 is a short term, but important, measure to protect our residential communities and constitutionally comply with court decisions — it is not a way to prevent homelessness.
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Mt Washington Real Estate: A Look at the Numbers
For many years – decades, in fact – the LA district of Mount Washington was one of the hidden treasures of Los Angeles neighborhoods. All of that changed during the real estate boom of the mid-1990’s and since that time, the run on Mt. Washington homes for sale has been akin to the California Gold Rush. Homebuyers, investors, home flippers and creative types of have been snapping up Mt. Washington real estate as fast as they can. Let’s look at what the facts and the numbers tell us.
Mount Washington is located in Northeast Los Angeles just south of Eagle Rock, west of Highland Park and Northeast of Cypress Park. This mountainous community is located in the San Rafael Hills. Every house is situated on unique and hilly terrain. This eclectic community is home to many styles of houses, which allows people to build on lots of all shapes, sizes and slopes.
The various styles include: Cottages, Midcentury Moderns, Spanish, Hillside Midcenturies, Historic Craftsmen, Tree House Cabins, Bungalows and Craftsman Bungalows.
According to the LA Times, the population of Mount Washington was 13,531 people in 2008. With its 1.85 square mile radius there were 6,878 people per square mile. This is about average for Los Angeles County. The average income in 2008 was $57,725 and 2.9 people per household size. Both of these numbers are average for the county.
Even though the houses are on hills, Mount Washington is surprisingly accessible for walking, biking and public transportation. According to WalkScore Mount Washington is somewhat walkable with a score of 50. Some errands can be accomplished on foot. The transit score for Mount Washington is 59, meaning there are many convenient public transportation options – including the Gold Line Metro what deposits travelers at the Southwest Museum. Lastly, although this community is decorated with a slue of steep hills, there are some bike lanes on the main roads earning a bike score of 35.
Zillow states that the Home Value Index of Mount Washington is $720,100. This is an increase of 5.1% since last year. Zillow predicts the value to increase 2.8% up to $740,000 by the end of the year. The average price per square foot is $612, which is higher than the Los Angeles average of $451 per square foot. The average rental price is $2,942 per month.
Since Redfin named Mount Washington one of the hottest cities in the country, house flipping increased in like wildfire throughout the community. In effect Zillow has labeled the housing market as “Cold” because it has become ideal for the Buyer with so many fresh homes to choose from. Because of this increase in listings, approximately 11.5% of listings end up shaving their price down. Compared to other markets in the nation, Mount Washington has a market health of 2.2/10. This is part of the average real estate flux. People will continue to search for homes in Mount Washington, but eventually the majority of the homes will be house flipped and/or sold. Once the number of listings decrease the community will turn back to “Hot” – a Seller’s Market – with hoards of people trying to obtain property in this hidden oasis of Los Angeles.
What Is Tort Law Exactly?
Have you ever done something that was against the rules? Well, torts are something like that; but much more serious. Torts are civil wrong-doings; immoral behaviors and actions against civilians. The law identifies a tort as immoral, and approves it as grounds for a lawsuit. Most often, torts come with severe consequences, like serious injuries and death. These consequences establish a civilian’s right to file a personal injury claim against a wrongful party.
Torts that result in serious injury or death can be punishable by imprisonment; however, the objective of tort law is to acquire compensation for damages incurred by victims and families of victims. In addition, and equally important, intent is to prevent similar wrongdoings from occurring in the future. In fact, victims of tort can take legal action for an injunction in order to inhibit further torturous conduct of the opposing party.
Explaining Torts and Tort Law
Victims of tort can pursue fair compensation for damages incurred as a result of the offence. Exemplary damages include everything from pain and suffering to loss of companionship, and much more; such as lost wages, hospital bills, medical expenses, scarring or disfigurement, funeral expenses, prolonged rehabilitation, permanent disabilities, and much more. Injured victims can also pursue compensation for damages like diminished quality of life and loss of benefits from loved one’s death. Tort law is established to protect injured victims that were wrongfully hurt by a negligent party. Negligent parties can include people, companies, individuals, organizations, products, and much more.
Categories of Tort
There are several individual capacities of tort law that all depend on the type of injury or accident that harms a person. Types of tort include motor vehicle accidents, product liability, assault and battery, sexual harassment, drunk driving accidents, wrongful death, slip and falls, head or brain injuries, dog bites, nursing home neglect, motorcycle accidents, and several other types of deliberate inflictions of emotional or physical trauma.
Every type of tort can be grouped into three separate categories of tort law; these categories are Intentional Torts, Negligent Torts, and Strict Liability Torts. Intentional torts are deliberate, premeditated, and purposeful. Assault and battery, sexual misconducts, and nursing home neglect are some examples of intentional tort. Negligent tort occurs as a result of carelessness and disregard. Disobeying traffic signals and causing an accident that harms another person is an example of negligent tort. Other examples include pedestrian accidents, hit-and-run accidents, medical malpractice, legal malpractice, and slip and fall accidents. Strict liability torts, on the other hand, occur when a particular action causes harm or damage to another person; such as liability for making and selling defective products that are hazardous.
If you are a victim of tort, or was recently injured in an accident caused by the negligence or misconduct of another party, you may be entitled to compensation for your damages. Contact a licensed personal injury law firm for professional guidance and counsel. It is important to take immediate action following a serious injury before the State’s statutes of limitation runs out. An experienced tort lawyer will substantially increase your chances and likelihood of winning your personal injury claim recovering compensation for your damages.
Choosing A Houseboat In Alleppey For The Most Rewarding Trip
Alleppey in Kerala, India is probably most popular because of the endless backwaters, lagoons and canals it has to its name. It is therefore not a wonder that the Nehru Trophy Alleppey Snake Boat Race is among the most attractive for travelers including myself. Considering that the race falls in August, I have always planned my travel to be around the same time to ensure that I get to enjoy all the fun. Don’t get me wrong, Alleppey does have lots of other attractions including religious places, stunning beaches, old temples and paddy fields but houseboat cruises make some of my favorites here.
To complete my trip, I always make sure that I get myself a boathouse; there is really nothing as fulfilling like it. The well inter connected canal, lakes and rivers here make houseboat living simply amazing. Kerala may have lots of other places where house boat cruises can be enjoyed, but Kerala beats them all. The best thing is that I get to decide just how long I wish to enjoy the houseboat; it is possible for me to rent one for a few days to make my trip here nothing but rewarding. But for this to happen, I am always keen on the houseboat that I settle for and the process as well to get me the best.
I start by inspecting the houseboat before I commit to anything. I do not believe in booking early unless it is during peak months. Booking early before getting to Alleppey increases chances of having to deal with agents which could increase the costs. I believe in seeing my boathouse beforehand so I can ensure it has everything that matters and that the decoration is just superb. The boats here are in good condition, but it does not hurt to be sure before paying anything for mine.
Before paying for my houseboat in Alleppey, I also take time to compare the available options. By looking at a few of the available boats, it is easier for me to select the one I love most. The quality is not the same and hence sampling a few make it possible for me to end up with the best. Some of the things that matter when making the selection include bed, mattress, bathroom, mosquito net, air conditioning and meals. It is important to ensure that there is ample supply of bottled water, snacks and meal that I prefer so my needs are covered throughout the cruise.
Just like looking at any other accommodation property, size does matter when I am going through the houseboat options. Of course it will depend on the number of people I am taking with me and the kind of cruise I wish to enjoy. I love houseboats with an upstairs deck and an eating area downstairs. This way, I get to enjoy lots of privacy upstairs and enjoy amazing views from here separated from the staff offering important services.
Interesting Facts About Lamborghini
1. Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. is an Italian automobile company that makes luxury, high end sports cars. Its has it headquarters in Sant’Agata Bolognese, near the city of Bologna, Italy. Lamborghini was founded by an Italian engineer Feruccio in 1963.
2. Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. emerged as a result of competition between Feruccio Lamborghini and Enzo Ferrari (of Ferrari cars ) who at that time already had been known as a famous manufacturer of sports cars. Feruccio Lamborghini himself was an accomplished engineer; he was an owner and manager of a successful company, which produced agricultural machinery. Feruccio loved sports cars and owned a Ferrari 250 GT. A rumour has it, that two great constructors had a conflict after Lamborghini had turned personally to Enzo Ferrari because of the broken clutch on his Ferrari 250 GT. It is believed that quick-tempered Enzo recommended Feruccio to deal exclusively with tractors, and never even touch a sports car. Feruccio Lamborghini took it as a challenge resolving to use his assets, experience, and passion to found a company, capable of going toe-to-toe with Ferrari.
3. This may come up as a surprise to some of you, but Lamborghini never participated in any major motorsports competitions. According to the will of Feruccio Lamborghini, his company stayed away from racing, because the famous Italian engineer always believed the motorsports to be a big waste of time and resources.
4. One thing Lamborgini was always known for is its top-notch design. Some of the best professionals in the industry, including Franco Scaglione, Touring, Zagato, Mario Marazzi, Bertone, ItalDesign and Marcello Gandini, worked on its visual design.
5. People usually think of luxury and high-performance grand tourers, whenever someone mentions the name Lamborghini. Nevertheless, the Italian automaker has created few unusual models. Feruccio Lamborghini had an extensive experience in producing tractors, so it seemed natural for him to try his hand at designing an automobile with high off-road capabilities. Lamborghini LM002 was the first SUV, built by Italian vehicle manufacturer. Combining speed and luxuriousness with exceptional off-road capabilities, Lamborghini LM002 was in many respects far ahead of its time. When it comes to comfort and ability to cross the difficult terrain, only Land Rover could compete with LM002. Unfortunately, automobile market was not quite ready for the new luxury SUV. Therefore, despite the orders from armed forces of Saudi Arabia and Libya, Lamborghini sold only 301 vehicles.
6. The Italian automaker launched its first production model in 1963. With the top speed of 280 km / h, Lamborghini 350GTV was a leader among production cars of its time.
7. The Italian company uses very distinctive naming convention for its car models. Feruccio Lamborghini was quite a fan of Spanish bullfight. In 1963, he visited the cattle-bred farm Miura in Seville. It was owned by Don Eduardo Miura Fernandez, one of the most famous breeders of fighting bulls in Spain. This visit had a strong influence on the Italian industrialist. In fact, he was so impressed by the traditional art of bullfighting, that he made a decision to name all his new sports cars after famous fighting bulls. Traditionally in Spanish bullfight, bulls that manage to defeat a matador are given life, and their names are forever inscribed in the history of the sport. Ferruccio Lamborghini was convinced, that a name of a fighting bull will emphasize the untamed nature of sports cars created under Lamborghini marque. By the way, Ferruccio Lamborghini himself was also a bull in a sense, since his zodiac sign was Taurus. (He was born on April 28, 1916).
8. The first model to be introduced to the world under the “bullish” name was Lamborghini Miura. The sports car debuted at the Geneva Motor Show in 1966. The public warmly received it; however, spectators were somewhat confused, since they were not allowed to open the hood. This was not a coincidence: there was simply no engine under it! Since the engine was still being designed, the prototype was sent to the Geneva Motor Show with a ballast instead of an engine under the hood. Eventually, Miura proved to be a very good car.
9. Lamborghini Countach was produced by the Italian company for 16 years (from 1974 to 1990). Notably, this sports car is one of the a few Lamborghini models, with a name that has nothing to do with bulls and bullfighting. The word “countach” comes from the Piedmontese language, spoken in a region of Piedmont in North-West of Italy. It is an expression of excitement or astonishment and can be translated as “Heavens!” According to the legend, Nuccio Bertone himself made such an exclamation when he saw the first sketches of the future supercar.
10. The story of Lamborghini was not always a story of success. In 1987, the American automobile giant Chrysler, practically saved it from oblivion by acquiring it. The same year, the Italian vehicle manufacturer presented a peculiar concept car under the name of Portofino. It was a sedan with four doors of the guillotine type, powered by a 3.5-liter engine installed at the rear. Although it remained only a prototype, its image and design was subsequently embodied in many Chrysler cars.
11. In 1994, Lamborghini was acquired by an Indonesian investment group. It was a period of uncertainty for the Italian marque. The German automobile giant Volkswagen saved the famous vehicle manufacturer. Since 1998, Volkswagen has controlled Lamborghini through its subdivision Audi. Undoubtedly, this was a mutually beneficial union for both companies.
12. The design of modern Lamborghini is unusual even for supercars. The steel-cut body style, which became the signature of most Lamborghini models, makes it akin to fighter planes. The designer Filippo Perini admitted that he drew an inspiration from military aviation. He was particularly impressed by American B-2 and F-22 aircraft while working on Lamborghini Aventador.
13. It turned out that the powerful Lamborghini V12 engine is a perfect fit for speedboats as well as supercars. Such a technical symbiosis is not a common thing in automobile industry. The luxury boat Riva Aquarama became one of the leaders of the market thanks to high performance and versatility of the incredible Lamborghini V12 engine.
14. Interestingly, Lamborghini cars are used by the police of United Arab Emirates and Italy. It makes sense if you think about it; nothing can detract criminals and attract tourists like the world’s fastest police car!
15. As we have already mentioned, Feruccio Lamborghini neglected motorsports and tried to stay away from it. Nevertheless, the Italian vehicle manufacturer is revising this strict policy, since today it is a handicap for an automaker that specializes in supercars to ignore motorsports in its entirety. Currently, the company has some notable presence in the world of car racing. The Lamborghini Blancpain Super Trofeo is an example of a successful collaboration between the two legendary brands. Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. and the Swiss watchmaker Blancpain teamed up to launch this prestigious international motor racing series. In 2009, the Swiss company even presented a special watch, dedicated to this mono-brand championship.
16. This surprises no one that Lamborghini brand has some of the most impressive achievements in the automobile world. The last one was 384 km / h speed record set by the Lamborghini Huracan during half a mile race.
17. Lamborghini has a very long and fruitful relationship with Italian wheel manufacturer PIRELLI. From the day one, PIRELLI tyres were used on all Lamborghini vehicles. The Italian automaker even created the special version of Lamborghini AVENTADOR, dedicated to PIRELLI.
18. Lamborghini AVENTADOR has a designation of LP 700-4 700 where “700” stands for 700 h/p engine and “4” for a four-wheel-drive.
19. Lamborghini is partly responsible for the emerging of the well-known automobile marque Pagani. The founder of the Pagani Automobili S.p.A, Horacio Pagani, had worked as an engineer at Lamborghini until he quit due to inability to employ his own ideas. In 1988, the famous Argentinian constructor, eager to put in use his designer talent and make his own product, created a new company Pagani Automobili S.p.A.
20. Nowadays, Lamborghini supercars are powered by either V8 or V12 engines. The ratio between those two engine types is approximately 3:1.
Bengal Handloom Sarees Collection
India is country that has a splendid heritage of various cultures and heritages that have resulted in innumerable traditional crafts and art forms in every nook and corner of this massive country. Over the years however the artforms responsible for many of the most resplendent of Indian traditional dresses have faded away because of the lack of proper preservation and government aid. Many of the artisans and craftsmen have been forced to give up these art forms that have been passed on through the generations in the families, in order to earn a decent livelihood.
The Bengali handloom industry like many other handloom industries from around the country have been ignored for far too long. The traditional sarees of Bengal are known for their intricate and unique craftsmanship. The broad range and palette of colors that these exotic sarees employ are a testament to their spell-binding power and allure. The sheer appeal of these traditional size yard wonders is what makes them all so sought after in the Indian ethnic fashion scene today. Like most other traditional handloom saree styles, these sarees are outmatch the magnificence of any western trend. These sarees are perfect to flaunt on any festive, wedding or traditional celebratory occasion. One way to spruce up these other traditional styles is to perhaps try new and trendy methods of draping your saree or even amplify your style with voguish accessories. The best part about Bengali sarees is the fact that you can store them for long periods without letting them wither away by just having them dry-cleaned or even subjecting them to fabric treatments. All one has to do to make the sarees suitable for wearing them again after long periods of storage is to rise the fabric delicately in cold water.
These sarees have quite a strong fan following among Bollywood celebrities. They are also a favorite of youngsters. A lot of celebrities such as Priyanka Chopra, Dia Mirza, Vidya Balan and Konkana Sen Sharma are major fans of Bengali handloom sarees and can be seen sporting them regularly at red carpet events, award shows and even promotional events for their movies. Another way to really spice up these traditional styles is to pair them with suitable crop tops that will amplify the look to incredible extents. Pairing them with full sleeved polo neck t-shirts as well as statement necklaces for a more Indowestern style is also a good option. Sporting a pair of leggings instead of the traditional petticoat and wearing some fancy headgear or a scarf are all ways to go about sprucing up your look. You could also try giving your traditional Bengali sarees style a bohemian touch by accessorising with chokers and large danglers or hoops. If you are someone who doesn’t quite like completely traditional styles and would like to spruce things up then there are endless options for you to go about doing so.
Buy Bengal Handloom Sarees
After reading this article on the sheer grandeur of Bengal Handloom Jamdani sarees, if you have made up your mind on getting yourself some sensational Tantuja saree Bengal or Bengali heavy dresses online, then the best place to so from is a well-reputed ethnic fashion website which is known for its collections of all the latest Bengal handloom sarees as well as all other varieties of traditional silk saree, linen sarees and handloom cotton saree styles from all over the country, all available at unbelievably affordable prices that you can get with everyday discounts, sales, offers and more.
5 Benefits of Raising Pets With Children
Pets Are Constant Companion
Your child is bound to get bored and lonely. This happens most when you are raising a single child. However, having a pet around helps your child to have a constant companion in the house.
Pets also can match the energy and excitement level of a child. A human adult can never match the energy and enthusiasm a pet, in the form of a dog, has. The pet can keep your child busy and engaged. It can be your child’s constant playmate without getting bored.
Increase Your Child’s Activity Level
In the era of smart-phones and tabloids there are chances that your child might become less active. However, a recent study has shown that the kids, who own a dog, exercise eleven minutes more on average, than non-dog owning kids.
Eleven minutes might sound quite less but also when you add up the figure in terms of weeks and month you realize the benefits. A pet in the form of a dog really helps your child to walk the extra mile and keep him/her active.
Grows Responsibility
Children with pets become more responsible than the others. It keeps them alert whether the dog or the cat got their share of food or water. They also tend to share more than the other kids.
The kids learn to be accountable of someone else. In that way they grow up to be more responsible adults. They learn fast that how the pets are dependent on the human beings and from that understanding, the attachment develops.
Makes them Empathetic
Pets also teach your children to become empathetic and kind towards others. Kids without any kind of pets tend to become cruel or repulsive towards other animals. However, kids having pets like dogs or cats tend to care more for others.
The responsibilities of owning a pet makes them accountable and their self-esteem also increases. They grow-up to be dependable adults than kids who don’t own a pet. By keeping in mind their pet’s feeding and grooming routines, they also learn to keep track of their own routines.
Makes them Healthier
Studies have shown that there are also certain health benefits of having pets. Babies who are being raised near pets tend to fall less sick than the babies who are not. Pets, especially dogs, carry certain microbes from outside into your home. These microbes tend to help your baby by improving their immunity.
Interaction with pets also helps in releasing the dopamine hormone in your child. This makes them more cheerful than the others.
Food Specialities Of Different States Of India That Everyone Must Have
The variety of food India has to offer is simply unbelievable. Every state of it has an array of food and different cooking style. From the spiciest to the most ordinary preparations, they have something different to offer. To know more, we bring to you some authentic, must have, local dishes native to the various Indian states.
DAAB CHINGRI- West Bengal
Filled with green coconut, it is a traditional Bengali dish of soupy mustard prawn curry. The aroma of the coconut water and kernel gets mixed up with the prawn, giving it a most fabulous taste. This special delicacy is best served with a plate of boiled rice.
BAL MITHAI- Uttarakhand
This exquisite dish comes from the state of Uttarakhand which is made by roasting the evaporated milk cream with cane sugar and later coated with white sugar balls. It is one of a true delight for all the dessert lover.
KAMBU KOOZH- Tamil Nadu
It is cool refreshing and healthy dish from the state of Tamil Nadu. The dish is prepared from millet and is stored in the earthen pots to create a perfect taste.
MALAAI GHEWAR- Rajasthan
This round shaped food delicacy is a traditional dish of Rajasthan. It is made from flour, milk and pure ghee. There is a possibility that you might find it in the other parts of India also, but the one you get in Rajasthan is simply incomparable.
CHHENA PODA- Odisha
This is an Oriya desert prepared from the baked ricotta cheese. This sweet delight could also be taken as an Indian version of Cheesecake. Do explore when you plan your visit to the state.
THALIPEETH- Maharashtra
It could be taken as the multigrain pancake, prepared from roasted chana daal, wheat, sorghum, millet, rice and mildly spiced with coriander seeds, onion fresh coriander and cumin seeds. The delicacy is very nutritious and is best served with buffalo milk cream.
BHUTTE KA KEES- Madhya Pradesh
It is a dish made with spicy grated sweet corn. The tangy taste of this authentic delicacy is must to try when you plan to visit the state.
IRACHI ISHTU- Kerala
This is a traditional food item from Kerala which is made with Chicken, beef or lamb. This tasty stew is best served with appam or plain bread.
RUGDA- Jharkhand
When you planning to visit Jharkhand, do not forget to try Rugda. It is a variety of mushroom indigenous to the forests of Jharkhand. The dish is very healthy and is best eaten with rice or poori.
KALAADI CHEESE- Jammu and Kashmir
Prepared from cow’s milk, Kalaadi is a traditional local hill cheese which comes from the state of Jammu and Kashmir. You simply cannot forget to miss out on its divine taste when you are there.
MADRA- Himachal Pradesh
Coming from the state of Himachal Pradesh, Madra is a traditional pahadi gravy. The dish is prepared with yoghurt, coconut, almonds, peas and raisins. This special food item offers a very aromatic flavour and delicious taste.
BAJRA KHICHDI- Haryana
This amazing khichdi is made with coarsely crushed pearl millet and is served with pure ghee or sesame oil. The dish becomes all the more tasty with lassi, pickles, papad, gur or curd.
KHANDVI- Gujarat
This delectable snack is made from gram flour and yoghurt, tempered with sesame, mustard seeds and decorated with green chillies, coconut and coriander leaves for its amazing look.
BEBINCA- Goa
Famous for its seafood cuisine, Goa is also known for its authentic and exquisite pudding dessert. The traditional Bebinca in Goa is made up of 16 layers and is rightly served warm with cold ice cream.
DEHRORI- Chhattisgarh
It is a delicious dessert from the state of Chhattisgarh which consists of fried rice dumplings dipped in sugar syrup and garnished with nuts. The dish is usually prepared on Diwali eve to make the celebrations more joyful.
LITTI CHOKHA- Bihar
This crunchy dish from Bihar is prepared with wheat balls stuffed with Pitthi – roasted and spiced gram flour) and Chokha (mashed potatoes). The dish becomes all the more delicious with pure desi ghee on its side.
India – Jewellery Destination and Jewellery Shops in India
India and Jewellery, Jewellery and Indian women are interlinked with each other from decades. In almost every occasion starting from marriage to any event the fashion of a woman is incomplete without teaming up with proper jewellery. Some traditional and some modern styles of jewellery caters to the need of jewellery selection. Not only the affluent class can afford jewellery but there are also low cost jewellery items that cater the wide demand of jewellery in India. While picking up or choosing jewellery in India has lot to do with fashion trends heritage and culture. Different regions and culture follow their unique designs that go at par with their tradition. Kundan jewellery is a renowned art that we can see in Indian jewellery which usually comes from the state of Rajasthan. Almost every small and renowned jewellery shops in India showcases unique styles of Kundan art. Apart from Kundan jewellery Meenakari, the art of coloring the surface of metal to give a gorgeous look to the jewellery is quiet famous in India. Traditional temple style of Jewellery depicting the style of south India is quiet famous.
A married woman in India has to flaunt variety of Jewellery pieces as a part of culture that actually gives the lady a gorgeous look. A pair of toe rings is a symbol of a married lady these toe rings can be of silver or any other material. Apart from toe rings nose ring is also a part in Indian marriages. These nose rings are generally called nath that depicts prosperity of husband. Necklaces are an untouchable part of traditional bridal attire. Necklace can be of different designs. It can be of traditional temple design or it can be of curved design. This piece of jewellery actually is an essential part of bridal or non bridal attire. In any occasion women can flaunt a necklace simple or heavy as per their occasions. Bangles usually worn in the hands to decorate the hands of a woman are also a part of bridal attire.
In India there are a variety of jewellery shops catering to the wide demand of jewelleries. These shops provides almost every type and form of jewellery. Some of the important and renowned jewellery shops in India are P.C Chandra Jewellers, Malabar Gold & Diamond Jewellers, Kalyan Jewellers, etc. Apart from visiting a jewellery showroom nowadays online shopping from portals like Caratlane has become quiet famous among women who hardly gets time after their office hours. To brief out India and its craze for jewellery is inseparable.
Searching for a Personal Loan Just Got Simplified
Figuring where to get a loan with the best rates isn’t easy, but it’s still possible even after the credit crunch the United States has experienced in recent years. With a bit of research and persistence, it’s still possible to get a great personal loan. Many loans are still ridiculously high in spite of the Federal Reserve’s influence on rates which they’d hoped would trickle down to each and every loan type product.
It’s smart to know what determines interest rates in order to strike a better deal when wondering where to get a personal loan. A bit of research will help a person learn how to get the best rates on the following:
1. Mortgages
2. Lines of credit
3. Home equity loans
4. Auto loans
6. Student and personal loans
About Mortgages
There’s a lot that affects mortgage rates, and of course there are several different types of rates from fixed-rate to adjustable. Fixed-rate are always in relation to the current state of the economy. They are also subject to the expectations of the investor. They usually have long-term interest rates via treasury note as opposed to short-term personal loans that are regulated by The Fed.
ARMs or adjustable rate mortgages are affected by short-term rates. For those looking to find where to get personal loans at the best rates, they should prepare a portfolio that shows stable income, and a great credit score. A score of 740 or more is best. If they have a down payment that will also help, and cash reserves on top of that makes them a prime borrower.
Of course, that doesn’t mean there aren’t great rates for those who aren’t considered “perfect” borrowers. Making a larger down payment or borrowing less money will help get a personal loan, be it for a mortgage or other purpose, that’s a much lower rate.
Another way to reduce rates when searching for where to get personal loans is to pay an origination free up front, or even what are called discount points. This is simply a percentage of the loan amount that helps decrease the interest rate. Of course, this means one will pay more at closing if mortgage related.
How much these points lower the mortgage or rate of the loan depends on the market at the time of the loan. It’s smart to pay points because it reduces not only the interest for the total life of the loan but also lowers the monthly payment. Take into account how long the home will be owned to figure out if it’s a smart move. Most homeowners sell or refinance within 5 years of ownership, to give an idea.
Many prefer to take advantage of a home equity loan in lieu of trying to get a loan elsewhere. In this case, borrowers get money right away and in a lump sum. The loan is set at a fixed interest rate, which allows them to make the same payment every month for the entire loan term.
These type of personal loans are lines of credit that let the borrower take out money periodically when necessary. The interest rate can be different, depending on what is called the prime rate. The borrower may have the choice of making interest-only payments over a set period of time.
In any case, to get the best rate when looking for where to find personal loans, it’s best to be aware of one’s credit profile and secure a loan whenever interest rates are at their lowest.
Competitive rates and flexible terms are a click away, and you’ll have money from trusted lenders deposited directly into an account of your choosing. Applications are free, then fees and loans are up to the individual and the provider.
Three Ways to Increase Property Values
Real estate investors live and die by their ability to add value. With no added value, there are no profits. This is true with any business, but what makes real estate such a great business and a great investment, is the number of ways you can add value and cash in on big profits. Here are three ways you can add value to your properties.
Upgrades and Repairs: OK, this is the obvious one and is the reason fix and flippers can make money. Some repairs add a lot more value than it costs to do. The more creative you are with the improvements, the more value you can add. For example, I have a client that adds square footage to every house he buys. He really likes the inner city properties because they are the hardest to add square footage. You either need to finish an unfinished basement, or add a second story. There is not typically enough land on the lot to add an addition by increasing the foot print of the property. This client does a lot of basement finishes and “pop tops,” but where he has made the most money is the basement that is only 5 or 6 feet deep. He will go in and dig out the basement to a full 8 or 9 foot height and then finish it. Something most investors would not think of, so he is able to get the deal most other investors pass on. I have also seen some investors find houses that don’t really fit into a neighborhood and they make them fit. This could be limited bedrooms or bathrooms or funky floor plans. All of that can be changed. Obviously many cosmetic fixes like kitchens and bathrooms add a lot of value too. There is a lot more to it than this, but the idea is to buy a property at its true ‘as is’ value, (don’t over pay), and then add value with the repairs and upgrades.
Owner Finance: I love this one because it is so easy to add value with very little to no work. You will need to wait to cash in on your profits, but it is a way to increase a sell price significantly. You can also use this strategy to defer tax gains over a few years, instead of taking a big hit all in one year. When you have a property for sale there are a limited number of buyers for the house, although right now that pool of buyers seems pretty big. If you can increase the pool of buyers, the demand for that one house increases, which forces the price to go up. Someone that cannot qualify for an ordinary loan, limiting the supply of houses to choose from for that buyer, will likely buy your property. That also increases the price. You are adding value by giving them the chance to own a home that they normally would not be able to own. For this value, you should be compensated with a higher price and a decent interest rate on the profits, while you wait for the buyer to refinance and pay you off in full.
Shared Units: This is one area of real estate that I have not dabbled in, but it is extremely inviting. The idea here is to sell your property to multiple buyers. You are seeing this a lot in resort towns. It is always a vacation or second home. Have you ever been to a time share presentation? They are pretty enticing aren’t they? About 13 years ago my ex wife and I were in Florida and got sucked into a time share sales pitch. We decided to go because they offered us free tickets to Disney. We sat there for about an hour and a half and then the hard sale came. They were very good at selling the “idea” of the time share and had my ex wife sold. She asked me to move forward with the deal, but I could not bring myself to do it. I told her that I was not comfortable with an emotional purchase and that we needed time to think it through. “Can I please have our Disney tickets?” was my response. As we rode back to the hotel that afternoon, I started thinking about the math. Each unit can be sold to 52 different people because your purchase only gets you 1 week a year. Add that to the annual maintenance fees and the numbers are staggering. I know people who have flipped time shares successfully, because you can get them for free or near free on Craigslist, but it is not an investment I was interested in. With that said, I have considered doing a half or quarter share on a house in a ski town in Colorado. In this scenario, you are sharing a house with 1 to 3 other people so there is a ton more flexibility. You can use or rent out your weeks and you can be guaranteed valuable high demand weeks every year. It is a way to get a second home without the full expense. From the seller’s point of view, it is a way to get more for the house. ½ a share of a house is going to cost the buyer more than ½ of the fair market value. I have seen business plans from investors that would buy a house and quarter share it out. The idea was that after they improved the property and sold ¾ of the house to 3 different buyers, they would own the last ¼ free and clear. Obviously this strategy will work best in areas where people want second homes. The downside is if there are any improvements or major issues. I can see there being disagreements, so this is something you would want, as a buyer, to work out with all the other owners in writing before you buy.
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Tensions Remain around Georgia's Breakaway Regions Nine Years After Five-Day War
By Natalia Konarzewska
October 26, 2017, the CACI Analyst
In August, Georgia commemorated the ninth anniversary of its five-day war with Russia over the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and the 25th anniversary of the war in Abkhazia. Although years have passed since the hostilities, the conflicts remain unresolved while the political situation around the two de facto entities as well as Russia-Georgia relations remain tense. Russia’s President Vladimir Putin visited Abkhazia and reiterated Russia’s military support for the region. In the preceding months, Russia increased its military pressure on Georgia by conducting large-scale military exercises in South Ossetia and Abkhazia. In parallel, Russia continues the illegal demarcation of the so-called frontier between Georgian-controlled territory and the separatist regions, moving the occupation line further into Georgian territory.
BACKGROUND: Since the beginning of the conflict in Ukraine in 2014, Russia’s creeping annexation of Georgia’s breakaway regions has accelerated considerably. This process has also coincided with the conclusion of an Association Agreement between Georgia and the EU, which Russia perceives as a threat. In 2014, Abkhazia signed an alliance and partnership treaty with the Russian Federation, envisaging far-reaching harmonization of their legal systems in crucial areas such as defense and security, as well as in the economic and social spheres. South Ossetia signed a similar act of alliance and integration a year later. In reality, these agreements serve as a vehicle for the gradual incorporation of Georgia’s breakaway regions into Russia’s political and economic system without any formal act of annexation. Moscow has periodically leveraged the independent status of Abkhazia and South Ossetia against Tbilisi. Yet in the foreseeable future, Moscow will likely refrain from officially absorbing Georgia’s breakaway territories. This is especially the case after the annexation of Crimea, after which the West introduced sanctions on Russia.
Over the past several years, Georgians inhabiting the separatists regions have seen a gradual restriction of their human and civil rights, which continues to this day. Moreover, Russian military personnel continue the illegal demarcation, also called “borderization,” of the administrative boundary lines between the occupied territories and the rest of Georgia. Russia has also sought to increase its influence and soft power in Georgia through information operations. Russian propaganda utilizes various channels, such as NGOs and internet media outlets to play on Georgian cultural and national sensitivities in an effort to raise anti-Western and pro-Russian sympathies in Georgian society.
Consequently, rapprochement between Georgia and Russia, which broke diplomatic relations in 2008, remains stalled although Tbilisi has over the past several years made several conciliatory moves towards Moscow and the de facto authorities of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
IMPLICATIONS: Several years after the war, Russo-Georgian relations remain tense and Moscow continuously exerts political and military pressure on its southern neighbor. Two recent high-profile visits to Abkhazia by Russian officials served to reiterate Moscow’s support for the breakaway region. On April 18-19, Russia’s Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov paid a two-day visit to Abkhazia, during which he opened a Russian embassy. Aside from Russia, the major part of the international community does not recognize Abkhazia as independent and this step was widely seen as an attempt to legitimize the separatist entity and highlight its growing ties with Moscow. Some observers noted that Lavrov’s visit to Abkhazia coincided with the anniversary of the mass protests in Georgia’s capital, Tbilisi, on April 14, 1978, against a proposed constitutional change aiming to diminish the status of Georgian as a state language.
Likewise, Vladimir Putin visited Abkhazia while Georgia commemorated the anniversary of the Abkhazia and South Ossetia conflicts. During his meeting with de facto president Raul Khajimba, Putin reiterated that Russia guarantees Abkhazia’s security and independence. Moreover, he announced that Abkhazia’s economy will integrate further with Russian’s economic system by relaxing custom procedures and border controls to boost the local trade and travel sector. Putin’s trip Abkhazia also followed the visit of U.S. Vice President Mike Pence to Tbilisi, where he reaffirmed U.S. support for Georgia and attended NATO’s large-scale joint military drills Noble Partner, which started on July 31 in the Vaziani and Camp Norio military training areas. The timing of these Russian officials’ visits to Abkhazia suggest that they were deliberate moves to exert political pressure on the Georgian leadership and highlight geopolitical competition between the U.S. and Russia in the region.
Russia has also intensified pressure on Georgia through illegal borderization. As a result, not only has the property of many Georgian citizens ended up inside the occupation zone; so has a section of the Baku-Supsa oil pipeline. The latest adjustment of the demarcation line took place in June this year, near the Bershueti and Sobisi villages, when the administrative boundary was moved 700 meters into Georgian-controlled territory. Some observers have noted that border markings were installed in close proximity of the Baku–Tbilisi–Poti–Batumi highway, and anticipate that part of this crucial route could also be captured in the future. If this would happen, it would definitely disrupt regional trade and tourism activities involving Georgia and Azerbaijan. It could also endanger Georgia’s and Azerbaijan’s ambitious plans to reinvigorate the transport and logistics sector in the region, since the Baku-Batumi highway is a major land route connecting Baku’s planned international sea trade port Alyat with the Black Sea. Simultaneously, units of Russia’s 58th Combined-Arms Army, permanently stationed in a military base near South Ossetia’s capital Tskhinvali, carried out exercises involving 3,000 troops and 500 units of military hardware. In late June, Russian forces conducted military drills in Abkhazia.
In the meantime, the human rights situation for the ethnic Georgian population in South Ossetia and Abkhazia is deteriorating. Following in Abkhazia’s footsteps, in late July South Ossetia’s de facto Ministry of Education announced that Georgian language schools located in the region will close in order to strengthen the Russian and South Ossetian component in the local schooling process, starting from the 2017/18 academic year. The Annual Human Rights and Democracy report prepared by the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, which was released in July, cites increased pressure on the local Georgian population inhabiting the occupied territories. According to the report, the de facto authorities severely limit the residency and property rights of ethnic Georgians. Georgians in the occupied regions are also subjected to restriction of movement, including limited access to documentation, closure of crossing points and frequent detentions across the administrative boundary lines.
CONCLUSIONS: The most recent frictions in Georgia-Russia relations can be attributed to several factors. During a meeting in early June between Russia’s Deputy Foreign Minister Grigory Karasin and Ambassador Zurab Abashidze, the special envoy of the Prime Minister of Georgia, the parties failed to agree on the establishment of trade corridors from Armenia to Russia through Georgian territory, including the occupied regions. Russia has repeatedly expressed a keen interest in establishing such transit links, because it lacks a land connection with its regional ally Armenia, and demands the inclusion of Georgia’s breakaway regions in the deal. However, Tbilisi refuses to include representatives of Abkhazia and South Ossetia in the negotiations, arguing that the agreement on trade administration, which is the legal basis for establishing such overland routes, was exclusively signed by Georgia and Russia.
In the wider context, recent developments in U.S. – Georgia relations is likely an additional reason for the renewed pressure from Moscow. Despite initial insecurity regarding bilateral relations under the Trump administration, several prominent U.S. officials have in recent months emphasized their country’s commitment to maintaining close relations with Georgia. Moreover, Georgia and the U.S. signed an important General Security of Information Agreement in May, which will facilitate bilateral intelligence sharing and the interoperability of Georgia’s military with NATO forces.
AUTHOR’S BIO: Natalia Konarzewska is a graduate of University of Warsaw and a freelance expert and analyst with a focus on political and economic developments in the post-Soviet space.
Image source: By kremlin.ru accessed on 10.26. 2017
Read 5312 times Last modified on Wednesday, 25 October 2017
AbkhazGeorgian conflict
RussoGeorgian relations
New Wave of Anti-Government Protests in Georgia
More in this category: « Uzbekistan Works to Reshape Central Asia Kadyrov, Moscow and Rohingya »
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Title: Approving real property tax abatement for improvements on a portion of real property located at 120 W. 12th Street within Enhanced Enterprise Zone 1, Kansas City, Missouri, and directing the City Clerk to provide a copy of this Ordinance to the Director of the Missouri Department of Economic Development.
6/15/2017 Referred to Planning, Zoning & Economic Development Committee
170459 Plan.pdf Plan 78K EEZ Resolution
170459 Fact Sheet.pdf Fact Sheet 392K Fact Sheet
EEZ ordinance (Spring Venture Group).docx Request for Ordinance 22K Spring Venture Group EEZ Ordinance Request
Approving real property tax abatement for improvements on a portion of real property located at 120 W. 12th Street within Enhanced Enterprise Zone 1, Kansas City, Missouri, and directing the City Clerk to provide a copy of this Ordinance to the Director of the Missouri Department of Economic Development.
WHEREAS, Section 135.963, RSMo, authorizes, upon governing body approval, up to twenty-five years of tax abatement for improvements made to real property within an Enhanced Enterprise Zone after the date of enterprise zone designation by the Missouri Department of Economic Development; and
WHEREAS, on August 25, 2005, by Resolution No. 051066, the City Council designated pursuant to Section 135.960, RSMo, an enhanced enterprise zone program area known as Enhanced Enterprise Zone 1; and
WHEREAS, the City Council directed that improvements to real property within Enhanced Enterprise Zone 1 shall be exempt from assessment and payment of at least 50% of the ad valorem taxes on such improvements for a period of ten years, and shall be eligible for abatement of ad valorem taxes for rates and periods exceeding the 50% for 10 year abatement by passage of an ordinance or resolution by the City Council authorizing the abatement and establishing the terms of such abatement; and
WHEREAS, on November 22, 2005, by Ordinance No. 051411, the City Council identified the types of business by NAICS sector names which would qualify for state and local incentives within Enhanced Enterprise Zone 1; and
WHEREAS, Spring Venture Group is an eligible enhanced business enterprise and has requested tax abatement for certain improvements to be made to real property located within Enhanced Enterprise Zone 1 at 120 W. 12th Street for use by the company; and
WHEREAS, Spring Venture Group, once it has selected its preferred site, will lease and improve only a portion of the real property for its business operations such that the tax abatement will take into account the portion of the property allocable to Spring Venture Group in relation to the whole; and
WHEREAS, Spring Venture Group, application complies with the requirements of Section 135.963, RSMo, and the City’s ordinances and resolutions governing enhanced enterprise zones; and
WHEREAS, pursuant to Section 135.963.3, RSMo, the requisite public notices were timely and properly mailed and published, and the requisite public hearing was timely and properly held; NOW, THEREFORE,
Section 1. That pursuant to Section 135.963, RSMo, the City Council hereby approves the application for tax abatement by Spring Venture Group for improvements made after the date of Enhanced Enterprise Zone designation to the portion of the real property to be leased by Spring Venture Group and located in the Enhanced Enterprise Zone 1 at 120 W. 12th Street, Kansas City, Missouri (the “Spring Venture Site”).
Section 2. That the tax abatement granted herein shall, except as provided in Section 3 hereof, be 100 percent of the value of the improvements made to the Spring Venture Site, and the resulting tax obligation shall be calculated pursuant to Exhibit A, attached hereto and incorporated herein. The tax abatement shall continue for a period of 12 calendar years beginning in 2018, provided however, the tax abatement shall terminate no later than 25 years from August 19, 2005, the date the Enhanced Enterprise Zones were designated by the Missouri Department of Economic Development. Further, the abatement granted herein shall apply to all ad valorem taxes, imposed by all political subdivisions with the power to tax, on improvements made on the Spring Venture Site after August 19, 2005, subject to continued compliance with Section 135.963, RSMo, and the City’s ordinances and resolutions governing enhanced enterprise zones. The affected political subdivisions are:
City - Kansas City
Kansas City Missouri School District
Board of Disabled Services
Metropolitan Community College
Kansas City Public Library
State Blind Pension
Section 3. That the tax abatement granted herein shall not extend to any property categorized by the Jackson County Assessor as residential real property for ad valorem taxation purposes. Furthermore, and notwithstanding anything to the contrary in Section 2 hereof, in the event that Spring Venture Group shall not have reached a total employee headcount of at least five hundred fifty (550) jobs at the Spring Venture Site within five (5) years from the date the tax abatement shall have commenced, the tax abatement granted herein shall be reduced to 75 percent of the value of the improvements made to the Spring Venture Site for the duration of the remaining term of abatement, and the allocation methodology as provided in Exhibit A shall be supplanted with the allocation methodology as provided in Exhibit B, attached hereto and incorporated herein.
Section 4. That the City Clerk is hereby directed to deliver a copy of this ordinance to the State Director of Economic Development within thirty days following passage of this ordinance.
Brian T. Rabineau
o The total square footage of the building occupied, in part, by Spring Venture Group will be as determined pursuant to Jackson County records (the “Total Square Footage”).
o Spring Venture Group is proposing to lease a portion of the building commencing on January 1, 2018 and may periodically increase the square footage of its leasehold during the abatement term.
o The 2017 appraised value of the building will be divided by the total square footage to establish the valuation per square foot. This square foot value shall control with respect to the square footage occupied by Spring Venture Group for the entirety of the tax abatement (the “Spring Venture Group Valuation”).
o To calculate taxable value for the building during the term of the abatement:
§ Step #1: Square footage occupied by Spring Venture Group as of September 15 of each year shall be multiplied by the Spring Venture Group Valuation to determine the value attributable to the total portion of the building occupied by Spring Venture Group.
§ Step #2: The appraised value of the building in years 2018 and forward, as established by Jackson County, shall be divided by the Total Square Footage to determine the per square foot value of the building without abatement.
§ Step #3: The per square foot value determined in Step #2 will be multiplied by the square footage of the building not occupied by Spring Venture Group to determine total value applicable to the portion of the building not occupied by Spring Venture Group.
§ Step #4: The values determined in Step #1 and Step #3 will be added together to determine the total appraised value of the building.
§ Step #5: No later than September 15, the total appraised value for EEZ purposes as determined in Step #4 will be reported by Spring Venture Group to Jackson County.
§ Step #6: Jackson County will apply the applicable assessment rate and mill levy rate to the appraised value generated in Step #5 and issue its tax bill to the property owner.
o The 2017 appraised value of the building will be divided by the total square footage to establish the valuation per square foot. This square foot value shall control with respect to seventy-five percent of the square footage occupied by Spring Venture Group for the remainder of the tax abatement (the “Spring Venture Group Valuation”).
§ Step #2: Seventy-five percent of the square footage occupied by Spring Venture Group as of September 15 of each year shall be multiplied by the Spring Venture Group Valuation to determine the value attributable to the seventy-five percent of the portion of the building occupied by Spring Venture Group. The remaining twenty-five percent of the square footage occupied by Spring Venture Group as of September 15 of each year shall be multiplied by the per square foot value determined in Step #1 to determine the value attributable to the twenty-five percent of the portion of the building occupied by Spring Venture Group. The two sums shall thereafter be added to determine the value attributable to the total portion of the building occupied by Spring Venture Group.
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Joanna Marie: June 2010
Joanna Marie Skillett is the latest soprano to be launched in the UK with an impressive recording contract; it's worth £1 million! Classical-Crossover.co.uk finds out just who Joanna Marie is, how she entered the classical world, how she was discovered and most importantly, how she feels about it all! We're ecstatic to discover a lively, happy and excited young star that can hardly believe her luck. And she laughs a lot!
You've been signed to a record label (congratulations!) How did it happen and how did it feel?
I'm signed to IMA productions and it's so exciting! I was finishing at the Royal Academy of Music in London and one of my teachers called me into a classroom and said: 'there are some guys here; they're looking for a new boy band.' I didn't think I really fitted the criteria! [laughs] But they really wanted to meet me, so we met in a corridor in the Academy, said hello, and I just sang for them and it just grew from there, really! I've known them for a couple of years now. We're working on some new material, as well as classical and operatic arias and creating a lovely sound. It's just been so much fun working with new people and new music; it's great!
Can you tell us about your musical journey that has brought you up to this point?
How much time have you got?! [laughs] I started music with my next door neighbour actually. I went next door when I was about four to have piano lessons and as I got older, I started playing every musical instrument that I could get my hands on and trying them out! As a teenager I became really interested in performing; really loved being on stage and sharing music with others. So a music competition in London came up, and to enter you have to have three disciplines to perform and I really wanted to do the competition. I thought it would be great to be part of this music business with all of these fantastic musicians! I primarily played the piano and flute, and I thought maybe I could sing a little bit. The singing literally happened like that. I got a piece of music that my friend was singing at school, who I always accompanied on the piano and I thought "well, I'll give it a go!" She helped me, and I performed it. I can't tell you how red I was! But it was so much fun and I really caught the buzz! It must have went well because I won it! [laughs]
The singing was just a different avenue; it gave me the spirit of music that I never had before, it was so intimate with the audience, so I started having singing lessons when I was sixteen. I was really fortunate to get to sing in school as well in the choir; singing with others was a great thing to do and a way of giving more back with more people which was just fab! Then I went to the Royal Academy when I was seventeen and learned so much more. I just caught the bug of opera; about areas of music that I had never experienced before. But it allowed my passion for performing on stage, my love for music and its colours, and for the imagination to come together. To bring in my passion for performing and acting through the dramatic side of the music to the stage. It was just a whirlwind, I'm still riding it!
You are about to get a whirlwind of attention - are you ready?!
[Instantly] Oh yeah! I'm just over the moon to be honest! I went to the Royal Academy because of their amazing background and their ability to draw in young musicians; to coach them and teach them and really nurture them in this world of music that we love and listen to. It's just a fantastic atmosphere and I learned a lot.
When I first started there, my way of getting into the more classical and opera world was by listening to Lesley Garrett and Katherine Jenkins and both of them are alumni of the Royal Academy. I was listening to their albums at seventeen/eighteen and I still listen to them very much. They really helped me to find out what I wanted. I'd listen to their music and think that if one day I could sing this kind of stuff and have so much fun like they're doing and reach their audience, if I could do that for one girl or the next generation of young singers alike that were at my age of seventeen/eighteen then... job done! And now I get the chance to and it's just phenomenal! It's an absolute privilege and I'm very, very proud, especially flying the flag for Essex of England! [laughs] As a young soprano, I'm only twenty-two, it's a great opportunity to bring the music of opera to the wider audience. It's just really exciting - you can probably tell! [laughs] I'm a little bit excited!
How would you best describe your voice?
It's weird; describing a voice... the thing about the voice is that it's internal. Kiri Te Kanawa recently said "The voice is an instrument but it happens to be inside you" and I think that's poignant because it's so individual to the person. Yamaha doesn't make them yet! Every single voice is a different colour and timbre. I'm still growing; I'm still finding out about mine and it's wonderful. I think the roles for me in the future will be the rich and the exuberant ones that are warm in tone. I love the European and English repertoire of opera. The warm tone can also be matched with the playfulness in my voice. I have great fun with it, on performing and dramatising bits, bringing out characters and colours. So if I were to describe it I think I would say that if you get to know me, you can hear it in my voice! It's very much my personality: bubbly, warm, friendly, colourful, exciting and... quite big! [laughs]
Are you going to train further in opera?
I'd like to. I'd like to study all areas of classical music, from the classical crossover right the way through to the wider opera, but I'm still very young. If I could make an opera album on this deal then it would just be fantastic because I'm all about the wider audience. I most definitely listen to it and I am very influenced by Anna Netrebko, Jonas Kaufmann, and all the artists in the field; although I am young it would be lovely to perform some of the opera arias on an album, it would be fantastic!
What can we expect from your debut album?
Oh! It's going to be so fun! I can't wait! [laughs] It's going to be... am I allowed to say this? I'm sure I am... oh well! We've done about three tracks and that was really fun in the studio with Jake and Jason [from IMA Productions]; they're really nice, it's great because they're also singers as well. It's lovely being on board from the very beginning - you get so much input and you can have fun, experiment, try things out. Sometimes they don't work but most of the time there are magical moments in the studio! I have my Britney moments when I really sing into the microphone! [laughs]
There will be a lovely selection of wedding songs; the ones where people have asked me 'can you sing that lovely one at my wedding?', so I think that would be nice to put on the album so then they can always listen to them! There's classical crossover, opera arias... it's just going to be lovely. I'd love to explore the way that classical music can spread to all different genres. As long as you stay true to your voice and yourself, rely on the good technique of training, then your voice, can, no doubt, sing all kinds of things.
When can we expect to see it on the shelves?
I think, I hope, it's the last quarter of the year! That's what I've been told! It would be lovely to be as soon as possible, but I really want to get it right. We are just so passionate about this project and so excited about the musicians that we found and the team we're getting together; it's going to be really something special and we really want to get it right. So the more we build the scaffolding on it, the higher we can reach, the higher we can climb. So we're going to make a good one for you guys!
Is there a tour or any big live events in the pipeline?
Yeah! Actually, that's a good point; I need to check that my passport is still valid! [laughs] I'm going to Italy next week to do a tour out there, a concert tour in Florence in the Northern parts of Italy. I'll be doing a concert tour of La Boheme and I'll be playing Mimi with the Royal Academy. We're also doing some outside events whilst we are over there, just filling our time! Which will be lovely!
When I get back to the UK I'm doing a couple of concerts and recitals for the Royal Society of St George in November which is in honour of Winston Churchill; I've been told there's a very special guest coming to that event, in the form of the patron, Dame Vera Lynn! I've been told that, but I don't know for sure! If she's there it will be wonderful! I'm also doing a lot of concerts around the London and Essex area and at the same time I'll be working on the album over the summer. I do a lot of outreach programmes as well; workshops in and around Essex and Greater London to do with music and the voice. It's really exciting; I'm going to be quite busy!
Is there anyone in particular you want to perform or work with?
Oh... good question... I don't know if she's still singing, but, oh, Doris Day! [laughs] Does that count? Am I allowed to say that? [laughs] She was my, she still is, my absolute idol, my favourite, and Dame Vera Lynn. As for people in the industry at the moment, I listen to Katherine and Lesley. Anna Netrebko is just the most wonderful exuberant performer and voice; I think she's an absolute diamond. Jonas Kaufmann is possibly one of the greatest tenors that I've ever heard. But I love listening to all sorts of artists. I love to listen to upcoming artists; what people are bringing to music and anyone that just really enjoys and has a passion for music. I'd love to work with people that are like minded; that just want to experience, explore and try. Who knows, maybe we can have a massive collaboration, it would be fantastic!
Are there any crossover artists that inspire you?
Definitely Lesley Garrett, Katherine Jenkins and Josh Groban just because they've achieved so much, bringing their music to a wider audience, to people like me when I was seventeen. I owe them a lot of "thank yous" in a way because they really opened me up to this music. I loved music before, have always loved music, but it was this kind of music and this avenue that just fitted me. I guess it's the way people see sport, I suppose? People enjoy sport and they have their favourite events; football, rugby, cricket or netball. I love music but for me I get the most out of classical music. It's wonderful when you find a singer that you can just relate to, just guiding you through and this opportunity to me is a way of giving it back and bringing it forward, I'm a strong believer of that, and if I could do that for the next generation it would be wonderful; I'd be very humbled.
What effect do you think classical crossover music has on pure classical and opera?
I think it has a wonderful effect, I really do! I've only been studying the classical side of music since being at the Royal Academy. Being in an environment like that where you have hundreds of musicians passing through the doors everyday, where you're seeing this vibrant world and you know people all around the world won't see this experience and this world that I get to go in and be part of everyday. The more that the classical side becomes a crossover, it's no longer crossover so much, it's just the merge, developing. When people say classical crossover it suggests that they are leaving, but I think it's a two way street - it shows that music can fit all lives and it can touch everybody. I think it's wonderful that they are popularizing classical music, and if I can help in any way, shape or form then I'm all for that. It's great to reach a wider audience because I was certainly touched by this music and you only have to look at the Three Tenors and their 'Nessun Dorma' to know that it touches others.
Only recently I put on an opera gala for charity in my home town which was great fun! The whole repertoire was really crossover stuff right the way through; ones that people would know but not necessarily have on their iPod and it was wonderful because I'm still receiving cards and lovely notes saying 'I really like that song and I really miss that'. And that's exactly what we want. We want to bring this repertoire out to the world. It's the most wonderful stuff, and it can be up there with Muse, and Britney, I'm sure it can!
To find more information on Joanna Marie Skillet, check her out her official website at www.joannamarieofficial.com
Interview by Nicola Jarvis: 22nd June, 2010
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