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__label__wiki	0.82227	0.82227	Support independent, student journalism. Donations are integral to the continued success of The Dartmouth. Please consider making a tax deductible contribution to support the student journalists and important work of the school newspaper. SUPPORT THE DARTMOUTH $5 $10 $25 $50 $100 $500 $1000 Advertise Subscribe eSubscribe Donate Classifieds Archival Book Slavin Memorial Latest Issue \| January 21, 2020 \| 9° F Dartbeat ‘Isle of Dogs’ displays Anderson’s alluring but self-absorbed style by Sebastian Wurzrainer \| 5/15/18 2:10am Ever since filmmaker and critic François Truffaut published his 1954 essay “A Certain Tendency of French Cinema,” auteur theory has played a prominent role in both film theory and film criticism. Put simply, Truffaut and his contemporaries contended that directors were the true authors of their films. I remain wary of auteur theory because of its pernicious tendency to devalue the accomplishments of the many artists who collaborate with a director during the making of a film. Yet Wes Anderson seems to exist for the sole sake of being an exception. Few filmmakers craft films that feel so thoroughly like the product of a singular vision. His style is so unique that anyone familiar with his work can identify a Wes Anderson shot half a mile away. It isn’t even that difficult to describe the specific techniques that give such shots their distinctive look: knolling, symmetrical frames and the use of flat space all contribute to this carefully controlled aesthetic. Precisely because his obsessive dedication to this aesthetic is writ large across all of his films, Anderson is one of the few auteurs about which I feel it is acceptable to ask, “What is he obsessing over?” The problem I have long had with his lesser outings is that his style often seems to exist purely for its own sake. He clearly wants you to notice how much time he’s spent composing every aspect of every frame in every film. But sometimes that becomes overwhelming. No matter how much you enjoy his characters or the dilemmas in which they find themselves, everything about the film feels detached and distanced, as if seen through a display window. Such is the case with Anderson’s latest offering, “Isle of Dogs.” It tells the story of a futuristic Japan wherein an evil government conspiracy has quarantined all dogs on Trash Island. When Atari Kobayashi, ward to the villainous mayor of Megasaki City, arrives on the island in search of his dog, Spots, five eccentric canines agree to join his quest. Of course, Anderson’s work is never really about the plot. “Isle of Dogs” has enough flashbacks, interludes and chapter titles to make the likes of Quentin Tarantino and Christopher Nolan dizzy, but these narrative flourishes are misleading. The flashbacks don’t really exist to provide backstory or flesh out character — they exist to give the narrative the same meticulously constructed sense that can be found in every other aspect of the film. Just like Anderson’s visual designs, though, this can all feel a little empty. Ultimately, one has to search elsewhere in the film for something of greater substance. During this search, one might notice that “Isle of Dogs” is, like so many of Anderson’s films, permeated by a sense of melancholy. In part, this is derived — as it should be — from the characters, their personalities and their problems. While the film is intended to be a comedy, the protagonists are steeped in a surprising amount of loss and pain, and Anderson is never afraid to embrace the accompanying ambiguity and lack of closure. That said, this atmosphere of ennui just as often seems to be motivated less by character and story and more by Anderson’s personal predilections. The ennui feels less like a grounded emotion and more like a seasoning or flavor tossed into the stewpot along with flashbacks and symmetrical frames. Watching any Anderson film, particularly “Isle of Dogs,” is the process of finding something more substantive to latch onto, only to constantly be redirected back to the director’s superficial aesthetic obsessions. The result is a film that feels oddly hollow. One senses it has so much more to offer, yet the film can never quite get past Anderson’s many preoccupations. This is made all the worse because the stop motion animation used in “Isle of Dogs” grants him a level of precise control that is nigh impossible to achieve with live action. I’m not implying that Wes Anderson is a shoddy filmmaker. Sometimes, often seemingly by accident, his unique style truly does manage to reveal something almost profound, as was the case with “Rushmore.” And sometimes he’s at his best when he embraces his own frivolous and depthless impulses, as in “The Grand Budapest Hotel.” But “Isle of Dogs,” as entertaining as it can be in the theater, falls on neither end of the spectrum and thus achieves next to nothing. It’s just another Wes Anderson film. And when you know exactly what is in “another Wes Anderson film” without having seen it, you know how little it has to offer. It’s worth noting that some have accused the film of appropriating Japanese culture. While I can’t for the life of me understand why Anderson felt the need to set this story in Japan, I think BuzzFeed’s Alison Willmore hit the nail on the head when she declared that the film has more to do with the “insides of Anderson’s brain than it does [with] any actual place.” Anderson uses Japan as an aesthetic. While that is deeply problematic in its own right, it’s also not shocking — Anderson’s films are always about the insides of his brain. Sometimes that brain can be delightful, sometimes it can be insightful, but often times, as is the case with “Isle of Dogs,” it seems like it’s on autopilot, generating the same fluff over and over again. Tags: arts The Booth’s termly exhibit of student art will be opening Friday Hood exhibit spotlights marginalized narratives through art Review: ‘1917’ is visually stimulating but lacks effective screenplay Latest Print Edition The Dartmouth The Dartmouth's Archival Book The Dartmouth: Through the Ages presents a curated collection of the newspaper's archives from 1900 to the present. Questions? Email publisher@TheDartmouth.com	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528022
__label__wiki	0.68205	0.68205	JeffCo school involved in sexting investigation Posted: 3:58 PM, Apr 12, 2016 By: Mark Boyle One again, sexting allegations are rocking a school in Colorado. Parents of students at Bear Creek K-8 School in Lakewood learned of the incident late last week when a letter went home to families. MORE\| Read the principal's letter to parents The district says right now, the allegations involve more than five 8th grade students. A district spokesperson told Denver7, school administrators heard rumors of students sharing inappropriate photos by text message and on social media last week. The district said in a letter home to parents that the rumors were found to be true after school leaders began investigating. Denver7 spoke with parents of students at the school who were stunned to learn that this was going on at their children’s school. “We started to discuss with them the severity of the ramifications of their actions in regards to this type of stuff,” said Aaron Espinoza, who’s a parent of two students at Bear Creek K-8 School. “Whether it be small talk on the playground or using devices that are technologically advanced enough to be able to do such things.” Now the district is warning students of the serious consequences sexting carries with it, which could in some cases ultimately end in expulsion from the district. “It's important to respect other people, to respect yourself, to make responsible decisions, you know follow our code of conduct, it's there for a reason and that not only can you get in trouble at school you hurt people," said Diana Wilson, Jefferson County School District Spokesperson. Wilson said the investigation has been turned over the Lakewood Police Department, which early in the process hasn’t yet found that a crime has been committed. “There were no nudity images I should say on anyone’s phone that we’ve been able to find as of yet, so without that, we don’t even know that we have a crime that’s occurred,” said Steve Davis, Lakewood Police Department spokesperson. Legislators tackled a bill just weeks ago that would make underage sexting a misdemeanor. Rep. Rhonda Fields is a co-sponsor of the bill and tells Denver7 she believes rash decisions by minors shouldn’t impact them with felony charges for the rest of their lives. The bill stalled in the House Committee on Public Health Care and Human Services and will die if a committee member doesn’t make a motion to re-assign the bill to a different committee by Friday. Fields tells Denver7, the time to act on the bill is now and she’s going to use the Bear Creek allegations as leverage when pushing other lawmakers to act on the bill. “I’m going to have to gather the facts so that when I am lobbying someone on the committee that I have all of the details to express a higher sense of urgency, the time to address this issue is now,” said Fields. The investigation continues.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528023
__label__cc	0.575694	0.424306	Open 24/7 - No Fees Unless We Win Amusement Park Accidents Crane Injuries Dog Bite Law Drowning and Aquatic Accidents Fraternity Hazing Offshore Worker Injury Scaffold Accidents Our Locations: Meetings By Appointment Only Perfil Del Abogado PF’s No Promesa Cuota Los Accidentes De Trafico Herida Grave Olefins Plant Explosion Injures at Least 37 Workers, Creates Smoke Plume Over Baytown By The Doan Law Firm, PLLC Shortly after 11:00 a.m. on Wednesday, July 31, 2019, an explosion ripped through a processing unit at the Baytown Olefins Plant, an ExxonMobil oil refinery. The Olefins Plant explosion resulted in a large fire in the unit, the blaze contained by firefighters but still burning on Thursday. A large and growing smoke plume arose from the explosion site, drifted across the city of Baytown. The smoke plume potentially contains harmful toxins because the Baytown refinery processes light hydrocarbons, including propylene and propane, chemicals used in the manufacture of plastics and other industrial products. Numerous Workers Injured in Baytown Refinery Explosion A couple of hours after the explosion, a representative of the Olefins Plant advised that three workers had sustained minor injuries and were able to transport themselves to an area hospital. In fact, as the story developed, at least 37 workers were injured as a result of the explosion and fire at the plant. A rumor circulated on Thursday that one worker was killed as a result of the explosion. However, neither plant officials nor emergency personnel confirmed a fatality at the Olefins Plant. A spokesperson for the refinery noted that many of the injured workers suffered “minor burns.” With that noted, medical personnel have not yet released information on the actual degree of burns suffered by workers or other injuries arising from the explosion and fire. Burn injuries tend to be the most painful of wounds sustained in accidents. In addition, burns can result in permanent damage and disfigurement. In many instances, because of the long-term damage caused by burn injuries, a victim of an explosion or fire is unable to return to work for some time. Indeed, there are instances in which a burn victim is precluded from returning to the type of employment enjoyed before an accident. Shelter in Place and Ongoing Air Quality Monitoring Immediately after the explosion, a shelter in place directive issued for areas of Baytown west of the Olefins Plant. The shelter in place directive was the result of concerns about potential health risks associated with the smoke plume billowing from the Olefins Plant following the explosion. Officials commenced air quality monitoring in Baytown and surrounding areas. The air quality monitoring is ongoing. As a result of this continuing analysis of contaminates in the air following the Olefins Plant explosion, the shelter in place directive was lifted later in the day on Wednesday. The Olefins Plant explosion is the third major incident of this nature in the Houston area in 2019 that resulted in injuries, including at least one fatal injury. An explosion occurred in Crosby at a chemical plant. Another explosion and fire occurred at a petrochemical plant in Deer Park. In addition, a minor fire broke out at the Olefins Plant earlier this year as well. The Olefins Plant itself has been cited for emissions-related violations three times fairly recently by OSHA and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality for harmful emissions. TCEQ is the Texas equivalent of the EPA. Harris County filed suit against ExxonMobil, the owner, and operator of the Olefins Plant,, in June. The lawsuit is being pursued because of harmful emissions from the plant that Harris County contends violates the provisions of the federal Clean Air Act. Industrial Plant Accident Injury Hotline The Doan Law Firm, a nationwide legal practice headquartered in Houston, maintains an industrial plant accident injury attorney hotline at (713)869-4747. A person suffering an industrial plant accident injury like those that occurred following the Olefins Plant explosion can access vital information about protecting legal rights and interests in the aftermath of this type of incident. With offices located from coast to coast, an initial consultation can be scheduled any time that is convenient for a prospective client. The Houston office, serving the Baytown area, is located at: 1 Riverview In addition, an appointment can be scheduled at a person’s home, at a hospital, or via a virtual consultation online. The Doan Law Firm makes an attorney fee guarantee. The firm never charges a fee unless an industrial plant accident injury lawyer wins for a client. Explosion Accident Plant Explosion Contact an Experienced Personal Injury Lawyer After an accident, the responsible party's insurance company may try to reduce the claim amount. Commonly, insurance adjusters are trained to get information from the injured to assist in reducing the claim. Though some insurers are less guilty of this practice than others, it is important to realize that insurance companies are profit-oriented corporations and reducing claims results in increased profits for shareholders. This can create a situation for the injured in which they are offered a settlement that does not truly reflect the damages suffered. If you accept this settlement, you lose the ability to get more money should your injuries require further medical treatments. It is critical that victims get legal assistance in any personal injury case, and The Doan Law Firm is prepared to fight relentlessly for your rights. Submit Your Information For Our Lawyer to Contact You Within 1 Hour For a Free Case Evaluation.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528025
__label__wiki	0.856753	0.856753	FIRE > STORER et al. v. BROWN, SECRETARY OF STATE OF CALIFORNIA, et al. Burger Court, 1973 Clayton P. Roche Paul N. Halvonik Joseph Remcho Potter Stewart Byron White Warren Burger Harry Blackmun Lewis Powell William Rehnquist William Douglas Thurgood Marshall William Brennan STORER ET AL. BROWN, SECRETARY OF STATE OF CALIFORNIA, ET AL. No. 72-812. Supreme Court of United States. Argued November 5, 1973. Decided March 26, 1974.[] APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA. 726 Paul N. Halvonik and Joseph Remcho argued the cause for appellants in both cases. With them on the brief for appellants in No. 72-812 was Charles C. Marson. Appellant pro se filed a brief in No. 72-6050. Clayton P. Roche, Deputy Attorney General of California, argued the cause for appellee Brown in both cases. With him on the brief were Evelle J. Younger, Attorney General, and Iver E. Skjeie, Assistant Attorney General.[] The California Elections Code forbids ballot position to an independent candidate for elective public office if he voted in the immediately preceding primary, § 6830 (c) (Supp. 1974),[1] or if he had a registered affiliation with a qualified political party at any time within one year prior to the immediately preceding primary election. § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974). The independent candidate must also file nomination papers signed by voters not less 727 in number than 5% nor more than 6% of the entire vote cast in the preceding general election in the area for which the candidate seeks to run. § 6831 (1961). All of these signatures must be obtained during a 24-day period following the primary and ending 60 days prior to the general election, § 6833 (Supp. 1974), and none of the signatures may be gathered from persons who vote at the primary election. § 6830 (c) (Supp. 1974). The constitutionality of these provisions is challenged here as infringing on rights guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth Amendments and as adding qualifications for the office of United States Congressman, contrary to Art. I, § 2, cl. 2, of the Constitution. Prior to the 1972 elections, appellants Storer, Frommhagen, Hall, and Tyner, along with certain of their supporters, filed their actions[2] to have the above sections of the Elections Code declared unconstitutional and their enforcement enjoined. Storer and Frommhagen each sought ballot status as an independent candidate for Congressman from his district.[3] Both complained about the party disaffiliation requirement of § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974) and asserted that the combined effects of the provisions were unconstitutional burdens on their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Hall and Tyner claimed the right to ballot position as independent candidates for President and Vice President of the United States. They 728 were members of the Communist Party but that party had not qualified for ballot position in California. They, too, complained of the combined effect of the indicated sections of the Elections Code on their ability to achieve ballot position. A three-judge District Court concluded that the statutes served a sufficiently important state interest to sustain their constitutionality and dismissed the complaints. Two separate appeals were taken from the judgment. We noted probable jurisdiction and consolidated the cases for oral argument. 410 U. S. 965 (1973). We affirm the judgment of the District Court insofar as it refused relief to Storer and Frommhagen with respect to the 1972 general election. Both men were registered Democrats until early in 1972, Storer until January and Frommhagen until March of that year. This affiliation with a qualified political party within a year prior to the 1972 primary disqualified both men under § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974); and in our view the State of California was not prohibited by the United States Constitution from enforcing that provision against these men. In Williams v. Rhodes, 393 U. S. 23 (1968), the Court held that although the citizens of a State are free to associate with one of the two major political parties, to participate in the nomination of their chosen party’s candidates for public office and then to cast their ballots in the general election, the State must also provide feasible means for other political parties and other candidates to appear on the general election ballot. The Ohio law under examination in that case made no provision for independent candidates and the requirements for any but the two major parties qualifying for the ballot were so burdensome that it was “virtually impossible” for other parties, new or old, to achieve ballot position for their candidates. 729 Id., at 25. Because these restrictions, which were challenged under the Equal Protection Clause, severely burdened the right to associate for political purposes and the right to vote effectively, the Court, borrowing from other cases, ruled that the discriminations against new parties and their candidates had to be justified by compelling state interests. The Court recognized the substantial state interest in encouraging compromise and political stability, in attempting to ensure that the election winner will represent a majority of the community and in providing the electorate with an understandable ballot and inferred that “reasonable requirements for ballot position,” id., at 32, would be acceptable. But these important interests were deemed insufficient to warrant burdens so severe as to confer an effective political monopoly on the two major parties. The First and Fourteenth Amendments, including the Equal Protection Clause of the latter, required as much. In challenging § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974), appellants rely on Williams v. Rhodes and assert that under that case and subsequent cases dealing with exclusionary voting and candidate qualifications, e. g., Dunn v. Blumstein, 405 U. S. 330 (1972); Bullock v. Carter, 405 U. S. 134 (1972); Kramer v. Union Free School District, 395 U. S. 621 (1969), substantial burdens on the right to vote or to associate for political purposes are constitutionally suspect and invalid under the First and Fourteenth Amendments and under the Equal Protection Clause unless essential to serve a compelling state interest. These cases, however, do not necessarily condemn § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974). It has never been suggested that the Williams-Kramer-Dunn rule automatically invalidates every substantial restriction on the right to vote or to associate. Nor could this be the case under our Constitution where the States are given the initial task of determining the 730 qualifications of voters who will elect members of Congress. Art. I, § 2, cl. 1. Also Art. I, § 4, cl. 1, authorizes the States to prescribe “[t]he Times. Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives.” Moreover, as a practical matter, there must be a substantial regulation of elections if they are to be fair and honest and if some sort of order, rather than chaos, is to accompany the democratic processes. In any event, the States have evolved comprehensive, and in many respects complex, election codes regulating in most substantial ways, with respect to both federal and state elections, the time, place, and manner of holding primary and general elections, the registration and qualifications of voters, and the selection and qualification of candidates. It is very unlikely that all or even a large portion of the state election laws would fail to pass muster under our cases; and the rule fashioned by the Court to pass on constitutional challenges to specific provisions of election laws provides no litmus-paper test for separating those restrictions that are valid from those that are invidious under the Equal Protection Clause. The rule is not self-executing and is no substitute for the hard judgments that must be made. Decision in this context, as in others, is very much a “matter of degree,” Dunn v. Blumstein, supra, at 348, very much a matter of “consider[ing] the facts and circumstances behind the law, the interests which the State claims to be protecting, and the interests of those who are disadvantaged by the classification.” Williams v. Rhodes, supra, at 30; Dunn v. Blumstein, supra, at 335. What the result of this process will be in any specific case may be very difficult to predict with great assurance. The judgment in Dunn v. Blumstein invalidated the Tennessee one-year residence requirement for voting but agreed that the State’s interest was obviously sufficient 731 to limit voting to residents, to require registration for voting, and to close the registration books at some point prior to the election, a deadline which every resident must meet if he is to cast his vote at the polls. Subsequently, three-judge district courts differed over the validity of a requirement that voters be registered for 50 days prior to election. This Court, although divided, sustained the provision. Burns v. Fortson, 410 U. S. 686 (1973); Marston v. Lewis, 410 U. S. 679 (1973). Rosario v. Rockefeller, 410 U. S. 752 (1973), is more relevant to the problem before us. That case dealt with a provision that to vote in a party primary the voter must have registered as a party member 30 days prior to the previous general election, a date eight months prior to the presidential primary and 11 months prior to the nonpresidential primary. Those failing to meet this deadline, with some exceptions, were barred from voting at either primary. We sustained the provision as “in no sense invidious or arbitrary,” because it was “tied to [the] particularized legitimate purpose,” id., at 762, of preventing interparty raiding, a matter which bore on “the integrity of the electoral process.” Id., at 761. Later the Court struck down similar Illinois provisions aimed at the same evil, where the deadline for changing party registration was 23 months prior to the primary date. Kusper v. Pontikes, 414 U. S. 51 (1973). One consequence was that a voter wishing to change parties could not vote in any primary that occurred during the waiting period. The Court did not retreat from Rosario or question the recognition in that case of the States’ strong interest in maintaining the integrity of the political process by preventing interparty raiding. Although the 11-month requirement imposed in New York had been accepted as necessary for an effective remedy, the Court was unconvinced that the 23-month period established 732 in Illinois was an essential instrument to counter the evil at which it was aimed. Other variables must be considered where qualifications for candidates rather than for voters are at issue. In Jenness v. Fortson, 403 U. S. 431 (1971), we upheld a requirement that independent candidates must demonstrate substantial support in the community by securing supporting signatures amounting to 5% of the total registered voters in the last election for filling the office sought by the candidate. The Court said: “There is surely an important state interest in requiring some preliminary showing of a significant modicum of support before printing the name of a political organization’s candidate on the ballot— the interest, if no other, in avoiding confusion, deception, and even frustration of the democratic process at the general election.” Id., at 442. Subsequently, in Bullock v. Carter, 405 U. S., at 145, a unanimous Court said: “The Court has recognized that a State has a legitimate interest in regulating the number of candidates on the ballot. Jenness v. Fortson, 403 U. S., at 442; Williams v. Rhodes, 393 U. S., at 32. In so doing, the State understandably and properly seeks to prevent the clogging of its election machinery, avoid voter confusion, and assure that the winner is the choice of a majority, or at least a strong plurality, of those voting, without the expense and burden of runoff elections. Although we have no way of gauging the number of candidates who might enter primaries in Texas if access to the ballot were unimpeded by the large filing fees in question here, we are bound to respect the legitimate objectives of the State in avoiding overcrowded ballots. 733 Moreover, a State has an interest, if not a duty, to protect the integrity of its political processes from frivolous or fraudulent candidacies. Jenness v. Fortson, 403 U. S., at 442.” Against this pattern of decisions we have no hesitation in sustaining § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974). In California, the independent candidacy route to obtaining ballot position is but a part of the candidate-nominating process, an alternative to being nominated in one of the direct party primaries. The independent candidate need not stand for primary election but must qualify for the ballot by demonstrating substantial public support in another way. Otherwise, the qualifications required of the independent candidate are very similar to, or identical with, those imposed on party candidates. Section 6401 (Supp. 1974) imposes a flat disqualification upon any candidate seeking to run in a party primary if he has been “registered as affiliated with a political party other than that political party the nomination of which he seeks within 12 months immediately prior to the filing of the declaration.” Moreover, §§ 6402 and 6611 provide that a candidate who has been defeated in a party primary may not be nominated as an independent or be a candidate of any other party; and no person may file nomination papers for a party nomination and an independent nomination for the same office, or for more than one office at the same election. The requirement that the independent candidate not have been affiliated with a political party for a year before the primary is expressive of a general state policy aimed at maintaining the integrity of the various routes to the ballot. It involves no discrimination against independents. Indeed, the independent candidate must be clear of political party affiliations for a year before the primary; the party candidate must not have been registered with another party for a year before he files 734 his declaration, which must be done not less than 83 and not more than 113 days prior to the primary. § 6490 (Supp. 1974). In Rosario v. Rockefeller, there was an 11-month waiting period for voters who wanted to change parties. Here, a person terminating his affiliation with a political party must wait at least 12 months before he can become a candidate in another party’s primary or an independent candidate for public office. The State’s interests recognized in Rosario are very similar to those that undergird the California waiting period; and the extent of the restriction is not significantly different. It is true that a California candidate who desires to run for office as an independent must anticipate his candidacy substantially in advance of his election campaign, but the required foresight is little more than the possible 11 months examined in Rosario, and its direct impact is on the candidate, and not voters. In any event, neither Storer nor Frommhagen is in position to complain that the waiting period is one year, for each of them was affiliated with a qualified party no more than six months prior to the primary. As applied to them, § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974) is valid. After long experience, California came to the direct party primary as a desirable way of nominating candidates for public office. It has also carefully determined which public offices will be subject to partisan primaries and those that call for nonpartisan elections.[4] Moreover, after long experience with permitting candidates to run in the primaries of more than one party, California forbade the cross-filing practice in 1959.[5] A candidate in 735 one party primary may not now run in that of another; if he loses in the primary, he may not run as an independent; and he must not have been associated with another political party for a year prior to the primary. See §§ 6401, 6611. The direct party primary in California is not merely an exercise or warm-up for the general election but an integral part of the entire election process,[6] the initial stage in a two-stage process by which the people choose their public officers. It functions to winnow out and finally reject all but the chosen candidates. The State’s general policy is to have contending forces within the party employ the primary campaign and primary election to finally settle their differences. The general election ballot is reserved for major struggles; it is not a forum for continuing intraparty feuds. The provision against defeated primary candidates running as independents effectuates this aim, the visible result being to prevent the losers from continuing the struggle and to limit the names on the ballot to those who have won the primaries and those independents who have properly qualified. The people, it is hoped, are presented with understandable choices and the winner in the general election with sufficient support to govern effectively. Section 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974) carries very similar credentials. It protects the direct primary process by refusing to recognize independent candidates who do not make early plans to leave a party and take the alternative course to the ballot. It works against independent candidacies prompted by short-range political goals, pique, or personal quarrel. It is also a substantial barrier to a party fielding an “independent” candidate to capture and bleed off votes in the general election that might well go to another party. 736 A State need not take the course California has, but California apparently believes with the Founding Fathers that splintered parties and unrestrained factionalism may do significant damage to the fabric of government. See The Federalist, No. 10 (Madison). It appears obvious to us that the one-year disaffiliation provision furthers the State’s interest in the stability of its political system. We also consider that interest as not only permissible, but compelling and as outweighing the interest the candidate and his supporters may have in making a late rather than an early decision to seek independent ballot status. Nor do we have reason for concluding that the device California chose, § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974), was not an essential part of its overall mechanism to achieve its acceptable goals. As we indicated in Rosario, the Constitution does not require the State to choose ineffectual means to achieve its aims. To conclude otherwise might sacrifice the political stability of the system of the State, with profound consequences for the entire citizenry, merely in the interest of particular candidates and their supporters having instantaneous access to the ballot. We conclude that § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974) is not unconstitutional, and Storer and Frommhagen were properly barred from the ballot as a result of its application.[7] Cf. Lippitt v. Cipollone, 404 U. S. 1032 (1972). Having reached this result, there is no need to examine the constitutionality of the other provisions of the Elections Code as they operate singly or in combination as applied to these candidates. Even if these statutes were wholly or partly unconstitutional. Storer and Frommhagen were still properly barred from having their names placed on 737 the 1972 ballot. Although Williams v. Rhodes, 393 U. S., at 34, spoke in terms of assessing the “totality” of the election laws as they affected constitutional rights, if a candidate is absolutely and validly barred from the ballot by one provision of the laws, he cannot challenge other provisions as applied to other candidates. The concept of “totality” is applicable only in the sense that a number of facially valid provisions of election laws may operate in tandem to produce impermissible barriers to constitutional rights. The disaffiliation requirement does not change its character when combined with other provisions of the electoral code. It is an absolute bar to candidacy, and a valid one. The District Court need not have heard a challenge to these other provisions of the California Elections Code by one who did not satisfy the age requirement for becoming a member of Congress, and there was no more reason to consider them at the request of Storer and Frommhagen or at the request of voters who desire to support unqualified candidates.[8] 738 II We come to different conclusions with respect to Hall and Tyner.[9] As to these two men we vacate the judgment of the District Court and remand the case for further proceedings to determine whether the California election laws place an unconstitutional burden on their access to the ballot. We start with the proposition that the requirements for an independent’s attaining a place on the general election ballot can be unconstitutionally severe. Williams v. Rhodes, supra. We must, therefore, inquire as to the nature, extent, and likely impact of the California requirements. Beyond the one-year party disaffiliation condition and the rule against voting in the primary, both of which Hall apparently satisfied, it was necessary for an independent candidate to file a petition signed by voters not less in number than 5% of the total votes cast in California at the last general election. This percentage, as such, does not appear to be excessive, see Jenness v. Fortson, supra, but to assess realistically whether the law imposes excessively burdensome requirements upon independent candidates it is necessary to know other critical facts which do not appear from the evidentiary record in this case. 739 It is necessary in the first instance to know the “entire vote” in the last general election. Appellees suggest that 5% of that figure, whatever that is, is 325,000. Assuming this to be the correct total signature requirement, we also know that it must be satisfied within a period of 24 days between the primary and the general election. But we do not know the number of qualified voters from which the requirement must be satisfied within this period of time. California law disqualifies from signing the independent’s petition all registered voters who voted in the primary. In theory, it could be that voting in the primary was so close to 100% of those registered, and new registrations since closing the books before primary day were so low, that eligible signers of an unaffiliated candidate’s petition would number less than the total signatures required. This is unlikely, for it is usual that a substantial percentage of those eligible do not vote in the primary, and there were undoubtedly millions of voters qualified to vote in the 1972 primary. But it is not at all unlikely that the available pool of possible signers, after eliminating the total primary vote, will be substantially smaller than the total vote in the last general election and that it will require substantially more than 5% of the eligible pool to produce the necessary 325,000 signatures. This would be in excess, percentagewise, of anything the Court has approved to date as a precondition to an independent’s securing a place on the ballot and in excess of the 5% which we said in Jenness was higher than the requirement imposed by most state election codes.[10] 740 We are quite sure, therefore, that further proceedings should be had in the District Court to permit further findings with respect to the extent of the burden imposed on independent candidates for President and Vice President under California law. Standing alone, gathering 325,000 signatures in 24 days would not appear to be an impossible burden. Signatures at the rate of 13,542 per day would be required, but 1,000 canvassers could perform the task if each gathered 14 signers a day. On its face, the statute would not appear to require an impractical undertaking for one who desires to be a candidate for President. But it is a substantial requirement; and if the additional likelihood is, as it seems to us to be, that the total signatures required will amount to a substantially higher percentage of the available pool than the 5% stipulated in the statute, the constitutional claim asserted by Hall is not frivolous. Before the claim is finally dismissed, it should be determined whether the available pool is so diminished in size by the disqualification of those who voted in the primary that the 325,000-signature requirement, to be satisfied in 24 days, is too great a burden on the independent candidates for the offices of President and Vice President. Because further proceedings are required, we must resolve certain issues that are in dispute in order that the ground rules for the additional factfinding in the District Court will more clearly appear. First, we have no doubt about the validity of disqualifying from signing an independent candidate’s petition all those registered voters who voted a partisan ballot in the primary, although they did not vote for the office sought by the 741 independent. We have considered this matter at greater length in American Party of Texas v. White, see post, at 785-786, and we merely repeat here that a State may confine each voter to one vote in one primary election, and that to maintain the integrity of the nominating process the State is warranted in limiting the voter to participating in but one of the two alternative procedures, the partisan or the nonpartisan, for nominating candidates for the general election ballot. Second, the District Court apparently had little doubt that the California law disqualified anyone voting in the primary election, whether or not he confined his vote to nonpartisan offices and propositions.[11] The State of California asserts this to be an erroneous interpretation of California law and claims that the District Court should have abstained to permit the California courts to address the question. In any event, the State does not attempt to justify disqualifying as signers of an independent’s petition those who voted only a non-partisan ballot at the primary, such as independent voters who themselves were disqualified from voting a partisan ballot. See § 311 (Supp. 1974). With what we have before us, it would be difficult to ascertain any rational ground, let alone a compelling interest, for disqualifying nonpartisan voters at the primary from signing an independent candidate’s petition, and we think the District Court should reconsider the matter in the light of tentative views expressed here. Under the controlling cases, the District Court may, if it is so advised, abstain and permit the California courts to construe the California statute. On the other hand, it may be that adding to 742 the qualified pool of signers all those nonpartisan voters at the primary may make so little difference in the ultimate assessment of the overall burden of the signature requirement that the status of the nonpartisan voter is in fact an insignificant consideration not meriting abstention.[12] Third, once the number of signatures required in the 24-day period is ascertained, along with the total pool from which they may be drawn, there will arise the inevitable question for judgment: in the context of California politics, could a reasonably diligent independent candidate be expected to satisfy the signature requirements, or will it be only rarely that the unaffiliated candidate will succeed in getting on the ballot? Past experience will be a helpful, if not always an unerring, guide: it will be one thing if independent candidates have qualified with some regularity and quite a different matter if they have not. We note here that the State mentions only one instance of an independent candidate’s qualifying for any office under § 6430, but disclaims having made any comprehensive survey of the official records that would perhaps reveal the truth of the matter. One of the difficulties will be that the number of signatures required will vary with the total vote in the last election; 743 the total disqualifying vote at the primary election and hence the size of the eligible pool of possible signers will also vary from election to election. Also to be considered is the relationship between the showing of support through a petition requirement and the percentage of the vote the State can reasonably expect of a candidate who achieves ballot status in the general election. As a preliminary matter, it would appear that the State, having disqualified defeated candidates and recent defectors, has in large part achieved its major purpose of providing and protecting an effective direct primary system and must justify its independent signature requirements chiefly by its interest in having candidates demonstrate substantial support in the community so that the ballot, in turn, may be protected from frivolous candidacies and kept within limits understandable to the voter. If the required signatures approach 10% of the eligible pool of voters, is it necessary to serve the State’s compelling interest in a manageable ballot to require that the task of signature gathering be crowded into 24 days?[13] Of course, the petition period must end at a reasonable time before election day to permit nomination papers to be verified. Neither must California abandon its policy of confining each voter to a single nominating act—either voting in the partisan primary or a signature on an independent petition. But the question remains whether signature gathering must 744 await conclusion of the primary. It would not appear untenable to permit solicitation of signatures to begin before primary day and finish afterwards. Those signing before the primary could either be definitely disqualified from a partisan vote in the primary election or have the privilege of canceling their petition signatures by the act of casting a ballot in the primary election. And if these alternatives are unacceptable, there would remain the question whether it is essential to demonstrate community support to gather signatures of substantially more than 5% of the group from which the independent is permitted to solicit support.[14] Appellees insist, however, that the signature requirements for independent candidates are of no consequence because California has provided a valid way for new political parties to qualify for ballot position, an alternative that Hall could have pursued, but did not. Under § 6430, new political parties can be recognized and qualify their candidate for ballot position if 135 days before a primary election it appears that voters equal in number to at least 1% of the entire vote of the State at the last preceding gubernatorial election have declared to the 745 county clerks their intention to affiliate with the new party, or if, by the same time, the new party files a petition with signatures equal in number to 10% of the last gubernatorial vote.[15] It is argued that the 1% registration requirement is feasible, has recently been resorted to successfully by two new political parties now qualified for the California ballot, and goes as far as California constitutionally must go in providing an alternative to the direct party primary of the major parties. It may be that the 1% registration requirement is a valid condition to extending ballot position to a new political party. Cf. American Party of Texas v. White, post, p. 767. But the political party and the independent candidate approaches to political activity are entirely different and neither is a satisfactory substitute for the other. A new party organization contemplates a state-wide, ongoing organization with distinctive political character. Its goal is typically to gain control of the machinery of state government by electing its candidates to public office. From the standpoint of a potential supporter, affiliation with the new party would mean giving up his ties with another party or sacrificing his own independent status, even though his possible interest in the new party centers around a particular candidate for a particular office. For the candidate himself, it would mean undertaking the serious responsibilities of qualified party status under California law, such as the conduct of a primary, holding party conventions, and the promulgation of party platforms. But more fundamentally, the candidate, who is by definition an independent and desires to remain one, must now consider himself a party man, 746 surrendering his independent status. Must he necessarily choose the political party route if he wants to appear on the ballot in the general election? We think not. In Williams v. Rhodes, the opportunity for political activity within either of two major political parties was seemingly available to all. But this Court held that to comply with the First and Fourteenth Amendments the State must provide a feasible opportunity for new political organizations and their candidates to appear on the ballot. No discernible state interest justified the burdensome and complicated regulations that in effect made impractical any alternative to the major parties. Similarly, here, we perceive no sufficient state interest in conditioning ballot position for an independent candidate on his forming a new political party as long as the State is free to assure itself that the candidate is a serious contender, truly independent, and with a satisfactory level of community support.[16] Accordingly, we vacate the judgment in No. 72-812 insofar as it refused relief to Hall and Tyner and remand the case in this respect to the District Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. In all other respects, the judgment in No. 72-812 and No. 72-6050 is affirmed. 747 APPENDIX TO OPINION OF THE COURT § 41. “Nonpartisan office” “Nonpartisan office” means an office for which no party may nominate a candidate. Judicial, school, county, and municipal offices are nonpartisan offices. § 311 [Supp. 1974]. Declaration of political affiliation; voting at primary elections At the time of registering and of transferring registration, each elector may declare the name of the political party with which he intends to affiliate at the ensuing primary election. The name of that political party shall be stated in the affidavit of registration and the index. If the elector declines to state his political affiliation. he shall be registered as “Nonpartisan” or “Declines to state,” as he chooses. If the elector declines to state his political affiliation, he shall be informed that no person shall be entitled to vote the ballot of any political party at any primary election unless he has stated the name of the party with which he intends to affiliate at the time of registration. He shall not be permitted to vote the ballot of any party or for delegates to the convention of any party other than the party designated in his registration. § 2500. General election There shall be held throughout the State, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of November in every even-numbered year, an election, to be known as the general election. § 2501. Direct primary For the nomination of all candidates to be voted for at the general election, a direct primary shall be held at 748 the legally designated polling places in each precinct on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the immediately preceding June. § 2502. Primary elections Any primary election other than the direct primary or presidential primary shall be held on Tuesday, three weeks next preceding the election for which the primary election is held. § 6401 [Supp. 1974]. Party affiliation No declaration of candidacy for a partisan office or for membership on a county central committee shall be filed, either by the candidate himself or by sponsors on his behalf, (1) unless at the time of presentation of the declaration and continuously for not less than three months immediately prior to that time, or for as long as he has been eligible to register to vote in the state, the candidate is shown by his affidavit of registration to be affiliated with the political party the nomination of which he seeks, and (2) the candidate has not been registered as affiliated with a political party other than that political party the nomination of which he seeks within 12 months immediately prior to the filing of the declaration. The county clerk shall attach a certificate to the declaration of candidacy showing the date on which the candidate registered as intending to affiliate with the political party the nomination of which he seeks, and indicating that the candidate has not been affiliated with any other political party for the 12-month period immediately preceding the filing of the declaration. § 6402. Independent nominees This chapter does not prohibit the independent nomination of candidates under the provisions of Chapter 3 749 (commencing at Section 6800) of this division, subject to the following limitations: (a) A candidate whose name has been on the ballot as a candidate of a party at the direct primary and who has been defeated for that party nomination is ineligible for nomination as an independent candidate. He is also ineligible as a candidate named by a party central committee to fill a vacancy on the ballot for a general election. (b) No person may file nomination papers for a party nomination and an independent nomination for the same office, or for more than one office at the same election. § 6430. Qualified parties A party is qualified to participate in any primary election: (a) If at the last preceding gubernatorial election there was polled for any one of its candidates who was the candidate of that party only for any office voted on throughout the State, at least 2 percent of the entire vote of the State; or (b) If at the last preceding gubernatorial election there was polled for any one of its candidates who, upon the date of that election, as shown by the affidavits of registration of voters in the county of his residence, was affiliated with that party and was the joint candidate of that party and any other party for any office voted on throughout the State, at least 6 percent of the entire vote of the State; or (c) If on or before the 135th day before any primary election, it appears to the Secretary of State, as a result of examining and totaling the statement of voters and their political affiliations transmitted to him by the county clerks, that voters equal in number to at least 1 percent of the entire vote of the State at the last preceding gubernatorial election have declared their intention to affiliate with that party; or 750 (d) If on or before the 135th day before any primary election, there is filed with the Secretary of State a petition signed by voters, equal in number to at least 10 percent of the entire vote of the State at the last preceding gubernatorial election, declaring that they represent a proposed party, the name of which shall be stated in the petition, which proposed party those voters desire to have participate in that primary election. This petition shall be circulated, signed, verified and the signatures of the voters on it shall be certified to and transmitted to the Secretary of State by the county clerks substantially as provided for initiative petitions. Each page of the petition shall bear a caption in 18-point blackface type, which caption shall be the name of the proposed party followed by the words “Petition to participate in the primary election.” No voters or organization of voters shall assume a party name or designation which is so similar to the name of an existing party as to mislead voters. Whenever the registration of any party which qualified in the previous direct primary election falls below one-fifteenth of 1 percent of the total state registration, that party shall not be qualified to participate in the primary election but shall be deemed to have been abandoned by the voters, since the expense of printing ballots and holding a primary election would be an unjustifiable expense and burden to the State for so small a group. The Secretary of State shall immediately remove the name of the party from any list, notice, ballot, or other publication containing the names of the parties qualified to participate in the primary election. § 6490 [Supp. 1974]. Declaration of candidacy No candidate’s name shall be printed on the ballot to be used at a direct primary unless a declaration of his 751 candidacy is filed not less than 83 and not more than 113 days prior to the direct primary. The declaration may be made by the candidate or by sponsors on his behalf. When the declaration is made by sponsors the candidate’s affidavit of acceptance shall be filed with the declaration. § 6611. Unsuccessful candidate; ineligibility as candidate of another party A candidate who fails to receive the highest number of votes for the nomination of the political party with which he was registered as affiliated on the date his declaration of candidacy or declaration of acceptance of nomination was filed with the county clerk cannot be the candidate of any other political party. § 6803. Group of candidates for presidential electors; designation of presidential and vice presidential candidates Whenever a group of candidates for presidential electors, equal in number to the number to the number of presidential electors to which this State is entitled, files a nomination paper with the Secretary of State pursuant to this chapter, the nomination paper may contain the name of the candidate for President of the United States and the name of the candidate for Vice President of the United States for whom all of those candidates for presidential electors pledge themselves to vote. § 6804. Printing of names on ballot When a group of candidates for presidential electors designates the presidential and vice presidential candidates for whom all of the group pledge themselves to vote, the names of the presidential candidate and vice presidential candidate designated by that group shall be printed on the ballot. 752 § 6830 [Supp. 1974]. Contents Each candidate or group of candidates shall file a nomination paper which shall contain: (a) The name and residence address of each candidate, including the name of the county in which he resides. (b) A designation of the office for which the candidate or group seeks nomination. (c) A statement that the candidate and each signer of his nomination paper did not vote at the immediately preceding primary election at which a candidate was nominated for the office mentioned in the nomination paper. The statement required in this subdivision shall be omitted when no candidate was nominated for the office at the preceding primary election. (d) A statement that the candidate is not, and was not at any time during the one year preceding the immediately preceding primary election at which a candidate was nominated for the office mentioned in the nomination paper, registered as affiliated with a political party qualified under the provisions of Section 6430. The statement required by this subdivision shall be omitted when no primary election was held to nominate candidates for the office to which the independent nomination paper is directed. § 6831. Signatures required Nomination papers shall be signed by voters of the area for which the candidate is to be nominated, not less in number than 5 percent nor more than 6 percent of the entire vote cast in the area at the preceding general election. Nomination papers for Representative in Congress, State Senator or Assemblyman, to be voted for at a special election to fill a vacancy, shall be signed by voters in the district not less in number than 500 or 1 percent of the entire vote cast in the area at the preceding 753 general election, whichever is less, nor more than 1,000. § 6833 [Supp. 1974]. Time for filing, circulation and signing; verification Nomination papers required to be filed with the Secretary of State or with the county clerk shall be filed not more than 79 nor less than 54 days before the day of the election, but shall be prepared, circulated, signed, verified and left with the county clerk for examination, or for examination and filing, no earlier than 84 days before the election and no later than 5 p. m. 60 days before the election. If the total number of signatures submitted to a county clerk for an office entirely within that county does not equal the number of signatures needed to qualify the candidate, the county clerk shall declare the petition void and is not required to verify the signatures. If the district falls within two or more counties, the county clerk shall within two working days report in writing to the Secretary of State the total number of signatures filed. If the Secretary of State finds that the total number of signatures filed in the district or state is less than the minimum number required to qualify the candidate he shall within one working day notify in writing the counties involved that they need not verify the signatures. § 10014. Ballots for voters at primary elections At a primary election only a nonpartisan ballot shall be furnished to each voter who is not registered as intending to affiliate with any one of the political parties participating in the primary election; and to any voter registered as intending to affiliate with a political party participating in a primary election, there shall be furnished only a ballot of the political party with which he is registered as intending to affiliate. 754 § 10232. Inconveniently large ballots If the election board of a county determines that due to the number of candidates and measures that must be printed on the general election ballot, the ballot will be larger than may be conveniently handled, the board may order nonpartisan offices and local measures omitted from the general election ballot and printed on a separate ballot in a form substantially the same as provided for the general election ballot. If the board so orders, each voter shall receive both ballots, and the procedure prescribed for the handling and canvassing of ballots shall be modified to the extent necessary to permit the use of two ballots by a voter. The board may, in such case, order the second ballot to be printed on paper of a different tint and assign to those ballots numbers higher than those assigned to the ballots containing partisan offices and statewide ballot measures. § 10318. Inconveniently large ballots If the election board of a county determines that due to the number of candidates and measures that must be printed on the direct primary ballot the ballot will be larger than may be conveniently handled, the board may provide that a nonpartisan ballot shall be given to each partisan voter, together with his partisan ballot, and that the material appearing under the heading “Nonpartisan Offices” on partisan ballots, as well as the heading itself, shall be omitted from the partisan ballots. If the board so provides, the procedure prescribed for the handling and canvassing of ballots shall be modified to the extent necessary to permit the use of two ballots by partisan voters. § 18600 [Supp. 1974]. Write-in votes Any name written upon a ballot shall be counted, unless prohibited by Section 18603, for that name for the 755 office under which it is written, if it is written in the blank space therefor, whether or not a cross (+) is stamped or made with pen or pencil in the voting square after the name so written. § 18601 [Supp. 1974]. Declaration required Every person who desires to have his name as written on the ballots of an election counted for a particular office shall file a declaration stating that he is a write-in candidate for the nomination for or election to the particular office and giving the title of that office. § 18602 [Supp. 1974]. Declaration; filing The declaration required by Section 18601 shall be filed no later than the eighth day prior to the election to which it applies. It shall be filed with the clerks, registrar of voters, or district secretary responsible for the conduct of the election in which the candidate desires to have write-in votes of his name counted. § 18603 [Supp. 1974]. Requirements for tabulation of write-in vote No name written upon a ballot in any state, county, city, city and county, or district election shall be counted for an office or nomination unless (a) A declaration has been filed pursuant to Sections 18601 and 18602 declaring a write-in candidacy for that particular person for that particular office or nomination and (b) The fee required by Section 6555 is paid when the declaration of write-in candidacy is filed pursuant to Section 18602. The Court’s opinion in these cases, and that in American Party of Texas v. White, post, p. 767, hold—correctly 756 in my view—that the test of the validity of state legislation regulating candidate access to the ballot is whether we can conclude that the legislation, strictly scrutinized, is necessary to further compelling state interests. See ante, at 736; American Party of Texas v. White, post, at 780-781; for, as we recognized in Williams v. Rhodes, 393 U. S. 23, 30 (1968), such state laws “place burdens on two different, although overlapping, kinds of rights—the right of individuals to associate for the advancement of political beliefs, and the right of qualified voters, regardless of their political persuasion, to cast their votes effectively.” The right to vote derives from the right of association that is at the core of the First Amendment, protected from state infringement by the Fourteenth Amendment. NAACP v. Button, 371 U. S. 415, 430 (1963); Bates v. Little Rock, 361 U. S. 516, 522-523 (1960); NAACP v. Alabama, 357 U. S. 449, 460-461 (1958). Indeed, the right to vote is “a fundamental political right, because preservative of all rights,” Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U. S. 356, 370 (1886), and “[o]ther rights, even the most basic, are illusory if the right to vote is undermined,” Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U. S. 1, 17 (1964). See also Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U. S. 533, 555 (1964). Thus, when legislation burdens such a fundamental constitutional right, it is not enough that the legislative means rationally promote legitimate governmental ends. Rather, “governmental action may withstand constitutional scrutiny only upon a clear showing that the burden imposed is necessary to protect a compelling and substantial governmental interest. Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 U. S. [618, 634 (1969)]; United States v. Jackson, 390 U. S. 570, 582-583 (1968); Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U. S. 398, 406-409 (1963). And once it be determined that a burden has been 757 placed upon a constitutional right, the onus of demonstrating that no less intrusive means will adequately protect compelling state interests is upon the party seeking to justify the burden. See Speiser v. Randall, 357 U. S. 513, 525-526 (1958).” Oregon v. Mitchell, 400 U. S. 112, 238 (1970) (separate opinion of BRENNAN, WHITE, and MARSHALL, JJ.). See also Dunn v. Blumstein, 405 U. S. 330, 336-337 (1972); Kramer v. Union Free School District, 395 U. S. 621, 627 (1969); Williams v. Rhodes, 393 U. S., at 31. I have joined the Court’s opinion in American Party of Texas v. White, supra,[1] because I agree that, although the conditions for access to the general election ballot imposed by Texas law burden constitutionally protected rights, nevertheless those laws “are constitutionally valid measures, reasonably taken in pursuit of vital state objectives that cannot be served equally well in significantly less burdensome ways.” Post, at 781. I dissent, however, from the Court’s holding in these cases that, although the California party disaffiliation rule, Cal. Elections Code § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974), also burdens constitutionally protected rights, California’s compelling state interests “cannot be served equally well in significantly less burdensome ways.” The California statute absolutely denies ballot position to independent candidates who, at any time within 12 months prior to the immediately preceding primary election, were registered as affiliated with a qualified political party. Intertwined with Cal. Elections Code §§ 2500-2501 (1961), which require primary elections 758 to be held five months before the general election, § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974) plainly places a significant burden upon independent candidacy—and therefore effectively burdens as well the rights of potential supporters and voters to associate for political purposes and to vote, see Williams v. Rhodes, supra, at 30; Bullock v. Carter, 405 U. S. 134, 143 (1972)—because potential independent candidates, currently affiliated with a recognized party, are required to take affirmative action toward candidacy fully 17 months before the general election. Thus, such candidates must make that decision at a time when, as a matter of the realities of our political system, they cannot know either who will be the nominees of the major parties, or what the significant election issues may be. That is an impossible burden to shoulder. We recognized in Williams v. Rhodes, supra, at 33, that “the principal policies of the major parties change to some extent from year to year, and . . . the identity of the likely major party nominees may not be known until shortly before the election . . . .” Today, not even the casual observer of American politics can fail to realize that often a wholly unanticipated event will in only a matter of months dramatically alter political fortunes and influence the voters’ assessment of vital issues. By requiring potential independent candidates to anticipate, and crystallize their political responses to, these changes and events 17 months prior to the general election, § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974) clearly is out of step with “the potential fluidity of American political life,” Jenness v. Fortson, 403 U. S. 431, 439 (1971), operating as it does to discourage independent candidacies and freeze the political status quo. The cases of appellants Storer and Frommhagen pointedly illustrate how burdensome California’s party disaffiliation rule can be. Both Storer and Frommhagen sought to run in their respective districts as independent 759 candidates for Congress. The term of office for the United States House of Representatives, of course, is two years. Thus, § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974) required Storer and Frommhagen to disaffiliate from their parties within seven months after the preceding congressional election. Few incumbent Congressmen, however, declare their intention to seek re-election seven months after election and only four months into their terms. Yet, despite the unavailability of this patently critical piece of information, Storer and Frommhagen were forced by § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974) to evaluate their political opportunities and opt in or out of their parties 17 months before the next congressional election. The Court acknowledges the burdens imposed by § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974) upon fundamental personal liberties, see ante, at 734, but agrees with the State’s assertion that the burdens are justified by the State’s compelling interest in the stability of its political system, ante, at 736. Without § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974), the argument runs, the party’s primary system, an integral part of the election process, is capable of subversion by a candidate who first opts to participate in that method of ballot access, and later abandons the party and its candidate-selection process, taking with him his party supporters. Thus, in sustaining the validity of § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974), the Court finds compelling the State’s interests in preventing splintered parties and unrestricted factionalism and protecting the direct-primary system, ante, at 736.[2] 760 But the identification of these compelling state interests, which I accept, does not end the inquiry. There remains the necessity of determining whether these vital state objectives “cannot be served equally well in significantly less burdensome ways.” Compelling state interests may not be pursued by “means that unnecessarily burden or restrict constitutionally protected activity. Statutes affecting constitutional rights must be drawn with `precision,’ NAACP v. Button, 371 U. S. 415, 438 (1963); United States v. Robel, 389 U. S. 258, 265 (1967), and must be `tailored’ to serve their legitimate objectives. Shapiro v. Thompson [394 U. S. 618, 631 (1969)]. And if there are other, reasonable ways to achieve those goals with a lesser burden on constitutionally protected activity, a State may not choose the way of greater interference. If it acts at all, it must choose `less drastic means.’ Shelton v. Tucker, 364 U. S. 479, 488 (1960).” Dunn v. Blumstein, 405 U. S., at 343. While it is true that the Court purports to examine into “less drastic means,” its analysis is wholly inadequate. The discussion is limited to these passing remarks, ante, at 736: “Nor do we have reason for concluding that the device California chose, § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974), was not an essential part of its overall mechanism to achieve its acceptable goals. As we indicated in Rosario, the Constitution does not require the State to choose ineffectual means to achieve its aims. To conclude otherwise might sacrifice the political stability of the system of the State, with profound consequences 761 for the entire citizenry, merely in the interest of particular candidates and their supporters having instantaneous access to the ballot.” Naturally, the Constitution does not require the State to choose ineffective means to achieve its aims. The State must demonstrate, however, that the means it has chosen are “necessary.” Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 U. S. 618, 634 (1969). See also American Party of Texas v. White, post, at 780-781. I have searched in vain for even the slightest evidence in the records of these cases of any effort on the part of the State to demonstrate the absence of reasonably less burdensome means of achieving its objectives. This crucial failure cannot be remedied by the Court’s conjecture that other means “might sacrifice the political stability of the system of the State” (emphasis added). When state legislation burdens fundamental constitutional rights, as conceded here, we are not at liberty to speculate that the State might be able to demonstrate the absence of less burdensome means; the burden of affirmatively demonstrating this is upon the State. Dunn v. Blumstein, supra, at 343; Shapiro v. Thompson, supra, at 634; Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U. S. 398, 406-409 (1963). Moreover, less drastic means—which would not require the State to give appellants “instantaneous access to the ballot”—seem plainly available to achieve California’s objectives. First, requiring party disaffiliation 12 months before the primary elections is unreasonable on its face. There is no evidence that splintering and factionalism of political parties will result unless disaffiliation is effected that far in advance of the primaries. To the contrary, whatever threat may exist to party stability is more likely to surface only shortly before the primary, when the identities of the potential field of candidates and issues 762 become known. See Williams v. Rhodes, 393 U. S., at 33. Thus, the State’s interests would be adequately served and the rights of the appellants less burdened if the date when disaffiliation must be effected were set significantly closer to the primaries. Second, the requirement of party disaffiliation could be limited to those independent candidates who actually run in a party primary. Section 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974) sweeps far too broadly in its application to potential independent candidates who, though registered as affiliated with a recognized party, do not run for the party’s nomination. Such an independent candidate plainly poses no threat of utilizing the party machinery to run in the primary, and then declaring independent candidacy, thereby splitting the party. I also dissent from the Court’s remand, in the case of appellants Hall and Tyner, of the question concerning the constitutionality of the petition requirements imposed upon independent candidates. Under the relevant statutes, Hall and Tyner, candidates for President and Vice President, were required to file signatures equal to 5% of the total vote cast in California’s preceding general election. § 6831. However, the pool from which signatures could be drawn excluded all persons who had voted in the primary elections, including voters who had cast nonpartisan ballots. § 6830 (c) (Supp. 1974). Furthermore, circulation of the petitions was not permitted until two months after the primaries, and the necessary signatures were required to be obtained during a 24-day period. § 6833 (Supp. 1974). The Court avoids resolving the constitutionality of these election laws by remanding to the District Court for further proceedings. On remand, the District Court is directed to determine (1) the total vote cast in the last general election as a predicate 763 to computation of the 5% of signatures required by the statutory provision, and (2) the size of the pool to which appellants were required to limit their efforts in obtaining signatures. The Court reasons that these findings are necessary to a determination “whether the available pool is so diminished in size by the disqualification of those who voted in the primary that the 325,000-signature requirement, to be satisfied in 24 days, is too great a burden on the independent candidates for the offices of President and Vice President.” Ante, at 740. If such a remand were directed in the cases of Storer and Frommhagen I could agree, for in those cases there is a complete absence of data necessary to facilitate determination of the actual percentage of available voters that appellants Storer and Frommhagen were required to secure. A remand in the case of Hall and Tyner, however, is unnecessary because the data upon which relevant findings must be based are already available to us. The data are cited by the Court, ante, at 742 n. 12 and at 744 n. 14. Evaluated in light of our decision in Jenness v. Fortson, supra, the data leave no room for doubt that California’s statutory requirements are unconstitutionally burdensome as applied to Hall and Tyner. Official voting statistics published by the California Secretary of State indicate that 6,633,400 persons voted in the 1970 general election. See Secretary of State, Statement of Vote, General Election, November 7, 1972, p. 6. Appellants were required to secure signatures totaling 5% of that number, i. e., 331, 670. The statistics also indicate the size of the total pool from which appellants were permitted to gather signatures. The total number of registered voters on September 14, 1972—the last day appellants were permitted to file nomination petitions—was 9,953,124. See Secretary of State, Report of Registration, September 1972, p. 8. Of that number, 6,460,220 764 registered voters could not sign petitions because they had voted in the 1972 primary elections. See Secretary of State, Statement of Vote, Consolidated Primary Election, June 6, 1972, pp. 3, 4-23. Thus, the total pool of registered voters available to appellants was reduced to approximately 3,492,904, of which the required 331,670 signatures was 9.5%.[3] In my view, a percentage requirement even approaching the range of 9.5% serves no compelling state interest which cannot be served as well by less drastic means. To be sure, in Jenness we acknowledged that: “There is surely an important state interest in requiring some preliminary showing of a significant modicum of support before printing the name of a political organization’s candidate on the ballot—the interest, if no other, in avoiding confusion, deception, and even frustration of the democratic process at the general election.” 403 U. S., at 442. We there upheld the constitutionality of Georgia’s election laws requiring potential independent candidates to gather the signatures equal to 5% of the total eligible electorate at the last general election for the office in question. However, candidates were given a full six months to circulate petitions and no restrictions were placed upon the pool of registered voters from which 765 signatures could be drawn. In that circumstance, we found that Georgia imposed no unduly burdensome restrictions upon the free circulation of nominating petitions. We noted: “A voter may sign a petition even though he has signed others, and a voter who has signed the petition of a nonparty candidate is free thereafter to participate in a party primary. The signer of a petition is not required to state that he intends to vote for that candidate at the election. A person who has previously voted in a party primary is fully eligible to sign a petition, and so, on the other hand, is a person who was not even registered at the time of the previous election. No signature on a nominating petition need be notarized.” Id., at 438-439 (footnotes omitted). Thus, although Georgia’s 5% requirement was higher than that required by most States, the Court found it “balanced by the fact that Georgia . . . imposed no arbitrary restrictions whatever upon the eligibility of any registered voter to sign as many nominating petitions as he wishes.” Id., at 442. California seeks to justify its election laws by pointing to the same substantial interests we identified in Jenness, of insuring that candidates possess a modicum of support, and that voters are not confused by the length of the ballot. But in sharp contrast to the election laws we upheld in Jenness, California’s statutory scheme greatly restricted the pool of registered voters from which appellants Hall and Tyner were permitted to draw signatures. The 5% requirement, in reality, forced them to secure the signatures of 9.5% of the voters permitted by law to sign nomination petitions. Moreover, unlike Georgia’s six-month period for gathering signatures, 766 the California election laws required appellants to meet that State’s higher percentage requirement in only 24 days. Thus, even conceding the substantiality of its aims, the State has completely failed to demonstrate why means less drastic than its high percentage requirement and short circulation period—such as the statutory scheme enacted in Georgia—will not achieve its interests. Accordingly, I would reverse the judgment of the District Court dismissing these actions, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. [*] Together with No. 72-6050, Frommhagen v. Brown, Secretary of State of California, et al., also on appeal from the same court. [] Rolland R. O’Hare filed a brief for the Committee for Democratic Election Laws as amicus curiae in No. 72-812. [1] The relevant provisions of the California Elections Code are printed in the appendix to this opinion. [2] Storer’s action, No. 72-812, was filed first. Frommhagen was allowed to intervene. Hall and Tyner later filed suit. In its opinion the District Court noted that “[b]y appropriate orders and stipulations, although the cases were never consolidated, the parties to Hall will be bound by the rulings made in Storer which are common to both cases and any separate issues in Hall stand submitted without further briefing or oral argument. The view taken by the Court herein is such that there are no separate issues in Hall and the rulings expressed are dispositive of both cases.” [3] Storer sought to be a candidate from the Sixth Congressional District, Frommhagen from the Twelfth. [4] The California Elections Code § 41 provides that judicial, school, county, and municipal offices are nonpartisan offices for which no party may nominate a candidate. [5] See Gaylord, History of the California Election Laws 59, contained in West’s Ann. Elec. Code (1961), preceding §§ 1-11499. [6] See In re McGee, 36 Cal. 2d 592, 226 P. 2d 1 (1951). [7] Moreover, we note that the independent candidate who cannot qualify for the ballot may nevertheless resort to the write-in alternative provided by California law, see §§ 18600-18603 (Supp. 1974). [8] The 1972 election is long over, and no effective relief can be provided to the candidates or voters, but this case is not moot, since the issues properly presented, and their effects on independent candidacies, will persist as the California statutes are applied in future elections. This is, therefore, a case where the controversy is “capable of repetition, yet evading review.” Rosario v. Rockefeller, 410 U. S. 752, 756 n. 5 (1973); Dunn v. Blumstein, 405 U. S. 330, 333 n. 2 (1972); Moore v. Ogilvie, 394 U. S. 814, 816 (1969); Southern Pacific Terminal Co. v. ICC, 219 U. S. 498, 515 (1911). The “capable of repetition, yet evading review” doctrine, in the context of election cases, is appropriate when there are “as applied” challenges as well as in the more typical case involving only facial attacks. The construction of the statute, an understanding of its operation, and possible constitutional limits on its application, will have the effect of simplifying future challenges, thus increasing the likelihood that timely filed cases can be adjudicated before an election is held. [9] In California, presidential electors must meet candidacy requirements and file their nomination papers with the required signatures. §§ 6803, 6830. The State claims, therefore, that the electors, not Hall and Tyner, are the only persons with standing to raise the validity of the signature requirements. But it is Hall’s and Tyner’s names that go on the California ballot for consideration of the voters. § 6804. Without the necessary signatures this will not occur. It is apparent, contrary to the State’s suggestion, that Hall and Tyner have ample standing to challenge the signature requirement. Hereafter, in the text and notes, reference to Hall should be understood as referring also to Tyner. [10] See also Auerbach v. Mandel, 409 U. S. 808 (1972) (3%); Wood v. Putterman, 316 F. Supp. 646 (Md. 1970) (three-judge court), aff’d mem., 400 U. S. 859 (1970) (3%); and Beller v. Kirk, 328 F. Supp. 485 (SD Fla. 1970) (three-judge court), aff’d mem. sub nom. Beller v. Askew, 403 U. S. 925 (1971) (3%). We note that in Socialist Labor Party v. Rhodes, 318 F. Supp. 1262 (SD Ohio 1970) (three-judge court), the District Court struck down a 7% petition requirement. That issue became moot on appeal, Socialist Labor Party v. Gilligan, 406 U. S. 583, 585 (1972). [11] Two ballots are authorized in California primaries, the one for partisan office and the other for nonpartisan offices and propositions. See §§ 10014, 10232, 10318. A voter may take only the nonpartisan ballot and refrain from voting on partisan candidates. [12] From the official published voting statistics published by the California Secretary of State, it would appear that the total vote in the 1972 primaries, seemingly the total number of persons voting, was 6,460,220, while the total vote for partisan presidential candidates was 5,880,845. Thus all but approximately 579,000 voted for a partisan candidate in the presidential primary and it is likely that many of the 579,000 not voting for President cast a partisan ballot for other candidates. But assuming that they did not, the maximum addition to the pool available to Hall would be 579,000, probably a relatively small difference in terms of the total number of eligible signers. See Secretary of State, Statement of Vote, State of California, Consolidated Primary Election, June 6, 1972, pp. 3, 4-23. [13] Appellees argue only that the independent candidate’s canvassing for signatures should await the announcement of the primary winners and the promulgation of party platforms so that the voters eligible to sign, i. e., those not voting in the primary, will have a meaningful choice between the primary nominations and the independents. This does not appear to be a matter particularly relevant to signing petitions for ballot position, for the meaningful choice referred to by appellees will be finally presented at the general election. [14] It may help to put this case in proper context to hypothesize the scope of Hall’s petition and signature burden under the California law by employing the election statistics available from official sources in California. Assuming that the “entire vote” in the last general election was the total number of persons voting in the 1970 election, 6,633,400, 5% of that figure, or the total number of signatures required, is 331,670. See Secretary of State, Statement of Vote, General Election, November 7, 1972, p. 6. The total registration for the 1972 primary was 9,105,287. See 1972 Primary Vote, p. 3. Adding to this figure an estimate of the increase in registration since the primary date and subtracting the minimum partisan vote at the primary election, the available pool of possible signers, by this calculation, would be 4,072,279, see Secretary of State, Report of Registration, September 1972, p. 8, of which the required 331,670 signatures was 8.1%. [15] The 1% registration requirement contemplates independent voters registering as affiliated with the party. The 10%-signature requirement, on the other hand, need not involve signers changing their registration. [16] Appellants also contend that § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974) purports to establish an additional qualification for office of Representative and is invalid under Art. I, § 2, cl. 2, of the Constitution. The argument is wholly without merit. Storer and Frommhagen would not have been disqualified had they been nominated at a party primary or by an adequately supported independent petition and then elected at the general election. The non-affiliation requirement no more establishes an additional requirement for the office of Representative than the requirement that the candidate win the primary to secure a place on the general ballot or otherwise demonstrate substantial community support. [1] MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS adheres to the views stated in his opinion dissenting in part in American Party of Texas v. White, post, p. 795. [2] The Court also opines that § 6830 (d) (Supp. 1974) may be “a substantial barrier to a party fielding an `independent’ candidate to capture and bleed off votes in the general election that might well go to another party,” ante, at 735. But the State suggests no reliance upon this alleged interest and we are therefore not at liberty to turn our decision upon our conjecture that this might have been a state objective. In any event, the prospect of such a misuse seems more fanciful than real and, as we said in Williams v. Rhodes, 393 U. S. 23, 33 (1968), “[n]o such remote danger can justify [an] immediate and crippling impact on . . . basic constitutional rights . . . .” [3] The Court’s computations, ante, at 744 n. 14, suggest that Hall and Tyner need only have collected signatures from 8.1% of the available voter pool. The Court’s calculation assumes that the voter pool available to Hall and Tyner included approximately 579,000 persons who may have only voted in nonpartisan primaries. Section 6830 (c) (Supp. 1974) makes no such exception; the pool available for signatures is expressly limited to those voters who “did not vote at the immediately preceding primary election . . . . ” I agree with the Court, however, that exclusion of persons voting at nonpartisan primaries is not supported by a compelling state interest.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528026
__label__cc	0.592457	0.407543	PALACE SPLIT Billionaire Frank Giustra linked to Harry and Meghan’s Canadian refuge Ben Hoyle, Los Angeles \| Marc Bennetts, Moscow January 14 2020, 12:01am, The Times The owner of Mille Fleurs, where the couple stayed, is not named on deedsIMP FEATURES/GOFF PHOTOS Like many before them the Duke and Duchess of Sussex took a break from their regular routine over the festive period and emerged with a fresh perspective on their future. What remains unclear is who provided the couple with the multimillion-dollar refuge in western Canada where they reflected on their position before making their plans public and setting off a crisis within the royal family. Mille Fleurs, the house where they are understood to have spent the last fortnight of their long holiday, including Christmas and New Year’s Eve, with their son, Archie, and Doria Ragland, the duchess’s mother, is a 12,000 sq ft waterfront property set in four acres of land at the end of a private road in North Saanich, a wealthy satellite…	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528027
__label__wiki	0.509912	0.509912	Court: Criminal database is public record Feb 18, 2014 at 12:01 AM Feb 18, 2014 at 2:29 PM RALEIGH � A three-judge panel says North Carolina's criminal records database is a public record and the court system must disclose it when requested, even though the information comes from local courthouse documents. A Court of Appeals panel largely overturned Tuesday a lower-court decision that had sided with the Administrative Office of the Courts and Wake County's Superior Court clerk. The case involves attempts by data-collection company Lexis/Nexis to obtain a copy of the database within the Automated Criminal/Infraction System. The court system said it couldn't provide the database because local clerks were the custodians of the actual records. The Wake County clerk said she was unable to copy the database. Appeals judges found the database is a distinct public record as the law defines and subject to release.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528028
__label__wiki	0.906899	0.906899	Tag Archives: PP-XAT December 31, 2019 Aviation42-108981, Aircraft Accident, c/n 13658, Century Equipment inc., Civil Transport, Douglas Aircraft Company, Douglas C-47A-25-DK Skytrain, Douglas DC-3C, Eric Hilliard Nelson, N1325, N136H, N711Y, PP-XAT, PP-YPB, Pratt & Whitney R-1830-75, Pratt & Whitney R-1830-92, Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp S1C3-G, Rick Nelson, Ricky NelsonBryan Swopes Eric Hilliard Nelson (8 May 1940–31 December 1985) (Guy Webster) 31 December 1985: At 5:14 p.m., Central Standard Time, a Douglas DC-3C, N711Y,¹ crash-landed in a field near DeKalb, Texas. The airplane struck a wire and several trees and was extensively damaged. The airplane, already on fire, was completely destroyed. The pilot and co-pilot escaped through cockpit windows, but all seven passengers, including singer Rick Nelson, died. N711Y was a Douglas C-47A-25-DK Skytrain twin-engine military transport, serial number 42-108981, built at the Midwest City Douglas Aircraft Company Plant, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, circa 1943–1944. Following U.S. military service, the transport was operated in Brazil. The Skytrain had been converted to a civil DC-3C in 1959, and registered N136H. At one time the airplane had been owned by the DuPont family, and later by singer Jerry Lee Lewis. It was registered to the Century Equipment Co., Los Angeles, California, 13 March 1981. Rick Nelson’s Douglas DC-3C, N711Y. (Thomas P. McManus via lostflights) At 5:08 p.m., the pilot informed Air Traffic Control that he had a problem and was going to divert from the intended destination of Dallas, Texas, to Texarkana. At 5:11 p.m., ATC received a call from N711Y saying that there was smoke in the cockpit. At 5:12 p.m., it was seen on radar at an altitude of 600 feet (183 meters). The airplane disappeared from radar at 5:14 p.m. Witnesses reported seeing the airplane descending in a left turn to line up with a farm field. It was trailing smoke. Small pieces of metal fell off which started several small fires. The DC-3 struck two power wires suspended about 30 feet (9 meters) above the ground, then a utility pole and several trees. The pilot and co-pilot, who were both severely burned, gave differing statements as to what had occurred. The National Transportation Safety Board investigation found that there had been an in-flight fire in the passenger cabin which had probably started in the on-board cabin heater. The board concluded that the pilot in command did not follow proper procedures or check lists. Burned-out wreckage of Douglas DC-3C N711Y. (Unattributed) The Douglas C-47 Skytrain is an all-metal twin-engine, low wing monoplane transport with retractable landing gear. It was operated by a minimum flight crew of two pilots, a navigator and a radio operator. The wing is fully cantilevered and the fuselage is of semi-monocoque construction. Control surfaces are fabric-covered. The C-47A variant used a 24-volt electrical system. The C-47 is 64 feet, 5½ inches (19.647 meters) long with a wingspan of 95 feet (28.956 meters) and height of 17 feet (5.182 meters). The wing center section is straight, but outboard of the engine nacelles there is 5º dihedral. The wings’ leading edges are swept aft 15.5°. The trailing edges have no sweep. Empty weight of the C-47A is 17,257 pounds (7,828 kilograms) and the maximum takeoff weight is 29,300 pounds (13,290 kilograms). The C-47 is powered by two 1,829.4-cubic-inch-displacement (29.978 liter) air-cooled, supercharged R-1830-92 (Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp S1C3-G) two-row 14-cylinder radial engines. These had a maximum continuous rating for normal operation was 1,060 horsepower at 2,550 r.pm., up to 7,500 feet (2,286 meters), and 1,200 horsepower at 2,700 r.p.m., at Sea Level, for takeoff. Each engine drives a three-bladed Hamilton Standard Hydromatic constant-speed full-feathering propeller with a diameter of 11 feet, 6 inches (3.505 meters) through a 16:9 gear reduction. The R-1830-92 is 48.19 inches (1.224 meters) long, 61.67 inches (1.566 meters) in diameter, and weighs 1,465 pounds (665 kilograms). (N711Y had been re-engined with Pratt & Whitney R-1830-75 engines, rated at 1,350 horsepower at 2,800 r.p.m.) The C-47 has a cruising speed of 185 miles per hour (298 kilometers per hour) at 10,000 feet (3,048 meters) and service ceiling of 24,100 feet (7,346 meters). The C-47 could carry 6,000 pounds (2,722 kilograms) of cargo, or 28 fully-equipped paratroopers. Alternatively, 14 patients on stretchers could be carried, along with three attendants. The C-47A served with the United States Air Force until 1971. Hundreds of C-47s and DC-3s are still operational, worldwide. Crash site of Douglas DC-3C N711Y, near DeKalb, Texas. (Unattributed) ¹ N711Y was registered to Century Equipment, Inc., Los Angeles, California. The airplane was sold to Rick Nelson on 2 May 1985, but was never re-registered.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528031
__label__wiki	0.746861	0.746861	‘The state must assume its rightful role’ says Parks Tau 26 October 2018 Photo Stephen Collett Parks Tau, who delivered this year’s JN Boshoff lecture, believes that the state should assume its rightful role as leader of all citizens. The state entered into a covenant with society. The state is therefore obliged to provide essential services to the people. Holding into account the public sector is the White Paper on Local Government which was implemented at the birth of democracy. Now that the post-apartheid period has matured, leaders are unpacking the loaded subject of public service. In his capacity as the South African Local Government Association president, Parks Tau delivered the 2018 JN Boshoff Memorial Lecture. He shared his views on: ‘What is the significance of the Public Service in nation-building within a democracy?’ The lecture was hosted by the Department of Public Administration and Management, at the University of the Free State’s Bloemfontein Campus on Wednesday 17 October 2018. Tau reiterated that the founding principles of social development and economic growth, integration, empowerment, and learning should be treated as a commitment by the government to the citizens of South Africa. Constitutional rights reserved In addition to communities being entitled to basic services such as the provision of water, sanitation, and safety, it is necessary to “move beyond merely stating the principle of Batho Pele. It requires of us to appreciate the role of the state in promoting equity and development in all communities”, Tau said. Rights coupled with responsibilities Citizens and communities are responsible for safeguarding public property and making certain public officials are held accountable. “This covenant therefore goes both ways. It is about a relationship of mutual interest and benefit, and one that promotes both community and nationhood,” said the former Executive Mayor of the city of Johannesburg. Tau stated that much work needed to be done through effective policies, legislation and investments to return the country to the levels of investor confidence that our national economy enjoyed during its highest rating from Moody’s in the 2008/9 financial year. This would ensure that the state assumed its rightful role as leader and organiser of different stakeholders and “takes its rightful place as a sovereign state in the family of nations”, as enshrined in the constitution.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528034
__label__cc	0.529533	0.470467	Ukiah Unified putting $75 million bond for… Ukiah Unified putting $75 million bond for school improvement on 2020 ballot $75 million would fund facility improvements By Ukiah Daily Journal \| udj@ukiahdj.com \| Citing critical needs to repair and update older schools, improve school security and support 21st-century instructional methods, the Ukiah Unified School District’s Board of Trustees unanimously voted to place a $75 million school improvement bond measure on the March 3, 2020, ballot during its regular meeting on Thursday night. In 2017, UUSD employees, local community members, and facilities experts worked together to create a Facilities Master Plan to identify and prioritize school repair needs and costs at all schools. The final Master Plan approved by the board identified more than $70 million in immediate unfunded code and maintenance needs and more than $150 million for additional updates to our schools. “Our facilities need important upgrades for our students to have opportunities to learn in improved academic environments. We continually address small problems as they arise and make campus improvements, but there are not enough funds to address all the needs at our schools,” stated Superintendent Deb Kubin. “This measure reflects our strong community commitment to provide a safe and modern learning environment for every one of our students.” Several UUSD facilities have leaky roofs, deteriorating plumbing and sewer systems, and inadequate electrical and ventilation systems. On nearly every campus, portable classrooms have outlived their 20-year lifespan and are still being used daily. In addition, all-weather fields at Ukiah High School have also been reviewed and reported to the board by Ukiah Unified’s Artificial Turf Field Committee, citing a need to serve more than 1,200 students daily. Other facility-related needs include enhancing campus safety across the district like new fencing and updated communications systems. Modernizing outdated classrooms, including those focused on Career and Technical Education, is also in the plans. If approved, the bond measure would generate $75 million in locally controlled funding to repair and upgrade local schools. The proposed measure would extend the current tax rate to $50 per $100,000 of assessed value (not market value) annually, for as long as bonds are outstanding. The assessed value is based on the original purchase price of a home and is often lower than the current market value. With this funding secured, Ukiah Unified would be eligible for about $20 million in matching funds from the State of California. Mandatory fiscal accountability provisions are written into the measure to ensure the proper use of funds. A citizen’s oversight committee, annual audits, and detailed project list are all required, and legally no funds could be used for administrators’ salaries. All funds must be used locally to improve our local schools, meaning nothing could be taken away by the state or federal government. Ukiah Daily Journal	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528037
__label__wiki	0.954005	0.954005	Professional Pioneer, 1941 Women's Am Champ Hicks Dies February 21, 2011 By Rhonda Glenn Betty Hicks won the 1941 U.S. Women's Amateur before becoming a pioneer for women's professional golf. (USGA Museum) Elizabeth “Betty” Hicks, 90, 1941 U.S. Women’s Amateur champion, a dedicated pioneer of two women’s professional golf circuits, journalist and flight instructor, died Feb. 20 in Aptos, Calif., of Alzheimer’s disease. One of golf’s earliest feminists, Hicks co-founded one women’s professional golf tour and worked hard to keep another one alive. She wrote pointed articles for national publications, and feuded with Babe Zaharias. Her love of teaching extended from golf to flight instruction, which she pursued well into her eighties. Born in Long Beach, Calif., on Nov. 16, 1920, Hicks began studies at Long Beach City College at 16 and that same year began playing golf in a school golf class. In 1938, Hicks won her first tournament, the Long Beach City Championship. She reached the semifinals of the 1939 U.S. Women’s Amateur at Pebble Beach, losing to Betty Jameson, the eventual champion. In 1940, she won two of the five tournaments in which she played on the Florida winter women’s amateur circuit. The year 1941 was one of the most eventful of her life: She won the Doherty and the California Women’s Amateur, married and became Elizabeth Hicks Newell, won the U.S. Women’s Amateur and was named the Associated Press Woman Athlete of the Year. Prior to the 1941 Women’s Amateur at The Country Club in Brookline, Mass., Hicks visited Helen Hicks (no relation) and three-time Women’s Amateur champion Virginia Van Wie. When Betty complained of woes with her golf swing, Hicks and Van Wie took her to Women’s National G.C., where she met and worked with Ernest Jones, the famed golf instructor. Jones put a record of the Blue Danube waltz on the phonograph, told Hicks to swing the clubhead, and to forget everything else. It was a propitious pairing and Hicks forever after subscribed to Jones’s swing theories. In the semifinals of the 1941 Women’s Amateur, Hicks was one hole down to Estelle Lawson Page going to the 18th. She faced a 15-foot putt for a par to win the hole and stay alive. “I was thinking, ‘This is MY tournament, so it’s got to be MY match, so it must be MY putt,’” Hicks recalled in 1992. She made the putt and won the match on the 19th hole. In the final she met Helen Sigel from Philadelphia, “but I swung to the Blue Danube Waltz all the way through it,” she remembered. She defeated Sigel, 5 and 3, and was presented with the trophy on The Country Club’s clubhouse porch, since women were not allowed to enter the clubhouse. Hicks assessed herself as a streaky putter with a great sand game who enjoyed practicing. She admittedly had a terrible temper on the golf course when she was young. Following the trophy presentation at the Women’s Amateur, Hicks immediately announced that she would entertain professional offers, which was unusual in that day. “I was being pushed by my then-husband on the issue because neither one of us made much money, needless to say,” Hicks said. “I think I would have preferred to remain amateur because the war had already begun and there wasn’t going to be much competitive opportunity... That would have been my preference, to remain amateur and see what developed after the war.” Betty Hicks Tournament Wins Southern California Women's Amateur (1939) Palm Springs Invitational (1939) Western Women's Stroke Play (1939) South Atlantic Championship (1940) Palm Beach Invitational (1940) U.S. Women's Amateur (1941) California Women's Amateur (1941) Miami-Biltmore Invitational (1941) Chicago Victory Open (1943) All-American Open (1943) Portland Open Open (1943) Hicks got some offers, but they were not the lucrative sponsorship offers of today because there was no women’s professional tour. Her first job was as an assistant pro at Recreational Park Golf Course in Long Beach, where she gave lessons and repaired clubs for $83 a month. An equipment contract with J.A. Dubow Company, which also made the famed bomber jackets for airmen during the war, provided some royalty income. During the war, Hicks joined the U.S. Coast Guard as a public relations officer and played in a few tournaments. At the time, George S. May sponsored tournaments for pros and amateurs at Tam O’Shanter G.C. in Chicago, but there was a great disparity in prize money. “Byron Nelson won the All-American Open in 1943 and got $14,000,” Hicks said. ”I won the women’s division and received $500. “We decided we’d form our Women’s Professional Golf Association to try to deal with sponsors on a more equitable basis,” she said. “At that point, the disparity was so great that I think we didn’t really recognize it… Many people had the attitude that we shouldn’t be out on tour in the first place.” So in 1944, Hicks took a step that would influence the future of women’s golf: With Hope Seignious and Ellen Griffin, she founded the Women’s Professional Golf Association, the first professional tour for women, and was its first president. “A very important part of our objective was to promote golf in schools and colleges,” Hicks said. There were few WPGA tournaments for pros to play in but the school division got off the ground promptly because it needed little financial backing. The WPGA dissolved after only three years because of financial difficulties. By 1949, when Babe and George Zaharias, Patty Berg and sports promoter Fred Corcoran formed the Ladies Professional Golf Association, the WPGA had given the new organization a foothold with the Women’s Open and Tampa Women’s Open. “I think some of these people just don’t want to recognize there was a WPGA, which I resent a little bit because we were the pioneers,” Hicks said. Hicks became part of the LPGA retinue that drove some 35,000 miles per year, staying in motels, where Hicks sometimes cooked meatballs in the bottom of an electric coffee pot. "We couldn’t skip one tournament,” Hicks said. “If one or two people dropped out of a 30-player field, it could be disaster. The competition was still there, and Babe could be extremely difficult at times. There wasn’t a great deal of love lost among the top players, no matter what the TV documentaries claim. It was competitive, and yet at times, the camaraderie was quite excellent.” In 1954, after Corcoran resigned as LPGA tournament director, Zaharias held the post for two months, then Hicks became tournament director for $200 a month, “which just about paid for my electric typewriter and postage,” she said. “(Betty) was a lifesaver, until we could get somebody else,” said Mary Lena Faulk in 1992. “When the big three sporting goods people dropped out as sponsors, they dropped us just like that.” Beginning in 1939, Hicks had written sports stories for the Long Beach Press-Telegram. Now she taped player interviews to give to radio stations and took all of the tour’s photographs. She wrote magazine articles about the players for Sports Illustrated and The Saturday Evening Post. One series of player profiles she wrote for ThePost caused a furor. Zaharias ranted about “that terrible article” Hicks wrote and temporarily resigned from the tour, saying she would start her own tour if Hicks didn’t resign as publicity director. The resulting contretemps prompted large galleries to turn out for the Tampa Open. Hicks said she thought she knew where the “feud” started. In 1940, Zaharias had said to Hicks, “Why don’t you and me start a feud, and then we can go on an exhibition tour, and make us both a bunch of money,” Hicks recalled. The feud, however, had triggered new interest in the professional personalities and “Babe knew how to milk the publicity cow,” Hicks said. “Betty wrote some controversial things about the tour,” said Louise Suggs in a 1992 interview. “Were they accurate? They weren’t far from it. They really weren’t.” With fellow player Carol Bowman driving from town to town, Hicks pounded out stories on her portable typewriter, which rested on her lap. Hicks, with all of her extra-curricular duties, never became a big winner on the professional circuits, although she captured a few tournaments. She played in her last LPGA tournament in 1965. After retiring from the tournament trail, she became a flight instructor and an FAA Written Test Examiner, having logged 6,000 hours in total pilot time. She coordinated the aviation department of Foothill College in Los Altos Hills, Calif., and coached the college’s women’s golf team. She was a productive journalist, writing more than 300 magazine articles that appeared in some of the nation’s top publications, from Sports Illustrated to Atlantic Monthly. With Ellen Griffin, Hicks wrote, “Golf Manual for Teachers,” which became a bible of sorts for golf instructors in the 1940s and ‘50s. Rhonda Glenn is a manager of communications for the USGA. E-mail her with questions or comments at rglenn@usga.org.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528041
__label__wiki	0.562713	0.562713	Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia Contact and Office Hours Management of the Court Membership in International Institutions and Organizations List of International Professional Symposiums and Conferences org. by the Constitutional Court List of Working Meetings and Official Visits of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia Ambassador of India in Croatia in a curtesy call on President Šeparović Working and Official Visit to the Constitutional Court of Hungary Working meeting with the judges of the Constitutional Court of Italy Working meeting with the Judges of the Constitutional Court of Slovenia Judicial officials from the European Judicial Training Network at the Constitutional Court Working meeting with the judges of the Constitutional Court of Kosovo President Šeparović gave a speech at the 25th "Petar Simonetti" symposium of legal professionals Official working visit of a delegation of the Constitutional Court of Austria Visit of the High-Ranking Delegation of the Kingdom of Thailand XXIst International Congress of European and Comparative Constitutional Law, Madrid The official opening of the ECHR’s judicial year Members of Indonesian Parliament visited the Constitutional Court The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia is involved in the flourishing international multilateral cooperation. It is a full member of the Conference of European Constitutional Courts, World Conference on Constitutional Justice and the Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) of the Council of Europe. It also has contacts with other relevant institutions of the Council of Europe, in particular with the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, and the European Union. In addition to multilateral cooperation, the Croatian Constitutional Court establishes contacts and permanently co-operates with constitutional courts and other highest national courts that exercise constitutional jurisdiction in other countries. Bilateral cooperation is realised either through working and official meetings of the Croatian Constitutional Court judges with their fellow judges abroad, or through such meetings held in Croatia. Furthermore, official working meetings are also held with the judges of the European Court of Human Rights and Court of Justice of the European Union. The Croatian Constitutional Court often hosts ambassadors accredited in the Republic of Croatia and representatives of different international organisations, institutions and associations as well as with international delegations visiting the Republic of Croatia. Trg svetog Marka 4 - map	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528042
__label__wiki	0.683303	0.683303	Persecution of the Uyghurs: The West Must Respond to Chinese Oppression BRICS, RELIGION, 9 Dec 2019 Bernhard Zand – Der Spiegel 4 Dec 2019 – There are many disturbing aspects to modern-day China, but its treatment of the Uighurs is the most despicable. The West must come up with a response to the inhuman persecution. Chinese troops in Kashgar. Getty Images Working as a reporter in the Xinjiang region of China is an experience both exhilarating and depressing. From the vast expanse of the Taklamakan Desert to the majestic peaks of the Pamir range, the panoramas are overwhelming, the landscapes straight out of a painting. Fully two hours are needed to fly across China’s largest province from east to west. On the ground, it can take days. But few are interested in talking — neither the man sitting next to you on the airplane nor the family sharing your compartment on the high-speed train. After a while, you grow hesitant about addressing anyone at all. Every encounter could have consequences: unpleasant ones for the reporter, but potentially dreadful ones for his counterpart. Living in Xinjiang, after all, is dangerous. Those who talk to the wrong people or take the risk of speaking with foreigners, those who read the wrong books, visit the wrong websites or express the wrong thoughts: They all risk being interrogated or locked up that same night. Hundreds of thousands of people, and likely more than a million, have suffered that fate. Beijing has set up a surveillance state in the homeland of the Muslim Uighurs of a kind that the world has never seen before. People across the globe have been broadly aware of the situation for years. But in the last few weeks, the New York Times and an international collective of investigative journalists have published details that had remained secret until now. They provide an in-depth look at how the camp system was conceived and how the state put it into practice. The documents include procedures for answering the questions of children whose parents are locked away in a camp. They include an instruction manual for running hundreds of penal and re-education camps, which Beijing euphemistically refers to as “vocational training centers.” It makes it clear that it is of utmost importance to “prevent escapes,” and states that inmates must be strictly monitored “while they are at class, dining, using the toilet, washing, receiving medical care or meeting with family.” Of all the disturbing aspects of the Chinese regime, it is what it is doing in Xinjiang that is the most disturbing. It reveals the true nature of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and may shape modern China’s global image more lastingly than any event since the brutal crushing of the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989. It remains doubtful whether Beijing understands the intensity of the shock that the recent reports have triggered around the world. The problem now facing the West is that of coming up with an adequate response to these hundreds of thousands of violations of basic human rights. Of breaking the silence about the fate of the Uighurs, a silence that is still there despite the recent revelations. Of determining what can actually be done for Muslims in China beyond empty statements of solidarity, given the tight political and economic relations the United States and Europe have with Beijing. A Conflict over Values The West finds itself involved in a number of conflicts with the burgeoning global power, from the U.S. trade war to the pro-democracy movement in Hong Kong, from Beijing’s industrial policies to its influence along the New Silk Road, from the bickering over telecommunications company Huawei to the territorial disputes in the South China Sea. Some of these clashes are the inevitable consequence of an emerging China stepping on the toes of an insecure West that is worried that its days of supremacy may be fading. On most issues, there are interests and arguments on both side, but compromise is fundamentally possible. Xinjiang is different. There are, to be sure, interests at stake here as well: the Chinese population’s legitimate need for security along with the equally legitimate concerns of the many countries to which thousands of oppressed Uighurs have fled. But at its core, the Xinjiang conflict is one over values. The degree of discrimination combined with the severity with which Beijing is persecuting its Muslim minority, represents a violation of fundamental values that are not up for negotiation. Rather, they are anchored in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which China also signed when it joined the United Nations — and which Beijing isn’t shy about invoking when it feels the rights of Chinese citizens have been violated abroad. This conflict of values has been exacerbated by the technological aspect. In Xinjiang, China is relying on digital tools for mass surveillance to an unprecedented degree. DNA-profiling, compulsory installation of spying apps, algorithm-driven facial recognition, identifying citizens based on ethnic characteristics: Beijing is essentially using all of the technical tools at its disposal to keep the Uighurs under tight control. Even many Chinese harbor fears that these technological tools could soon be used elsewhere in China and even beyond the country’s borders. These concerns are justified. The scale of digital surveillance being used in Xinjiang is nothing short of a civilizational rupture. For the first time, it has become conceivable that an authoritarian regime will succeed in robbing an entire population of its culture and religion using digital means. An Aside How should the West react to something like that? The first step must be that of ascribing the diplomatic and political weight to the Xinjiang issue that it demands. Thus far, only the U.S. government has done so sufficiently. European heads of government, by contrast, have “addressed” the persecution of the Uighurs during their recent visits to China, but only as a side note and among other issues. Second, European countries must insist more forcefully than they have thus far that Western diplomats be guaranteed unimpeded access to Xinjiang. It is important that they get a firsthand look at a situation that only very few journalists have thus far laid eyes on. Furthermore, such visits to the region by European diplomats are necessary to shine the spotlight on oppression. In contrast to the protest movement in Hong Kong, whose representatives have traveled the world to drum up attention for their demands, and in contrast to Tibet, whose plight is never completely ignored because of the presence of the Dalai Lama, the Uighurs have few prominent supporters abroad. Third, the West must significantly increase both the political and economic cost for Beijing should it continue its human rights violations in Xinjiang. That could include import restrictions for companies that benefit from the tech-powered surveillance regime in Xinjiang, including firms like Dahua, Hikvision and Iflytek. Should the conflict escalate, the West could also consider targeted export bans. Some of this may sound dated and somewhat futile given China’s current economic strength. And one shouldn’t have any illusions about how much influence the West has on Chinese domestic policy. It’s not much. But for Beijing, the use of severe — or even extreme — measures in foreign policy is a matter of course. Norway learned as much in 2011 after regime critic Liu Xiaobo received that year’s Nobel Peace Prize. South Korea likewise bore the brunt in 2017 after the deployment of a U.S. missile defense system in the country, and Canada was penalized by Beijing in 2018 after arresting the chief financial officer of Huawei, including the arrest of two Canadian citizens who are still behind bars to this day. To be sure, China wouldn’t be alone in bearing the costs for a more robust Xinjiang policy. Western companies would suffer as well. And Germany, because of its reliance on exports, is particularly exposed. But together with its European and American allies, Berlin does have significant influence. And because of its own history, Germany has a greater responsibility than any other country to flex its muscles. Earlier this year, the European Commission released a report in which it referred to China as a “systemic rival.” That is particularly true when it comes to Xinjiang. Still, the West must resist the temptation to conflate the human-rights violations in Xinjiang with other ongoing China conflicts and turn it into an all-encompassing confrontation between two worldviews. That would neither be a fruitful approach to the Xinjiang question, nor would it contribute to finding solutions to the other disputes. On the contrary, it would constitute a relapse into a world divided along an ideological fault line. With humanity currently facing an array of problems that cannot be solved without China — nuclear proliferation, climate change, the fight against poverty and the consequences of globalization, to name a few — that is something we can ill afford. What is taking place in Xinjiang is unacceptable. Even as a million Uighurs have been separated from their children for indoctrination in camps, hundreds of millions of people further to the east in this vast country are living the “Chinese dream,” working hard, ensuring a good education for their children, amassing consumer goods and traveling the world. But sometimes, even in faraway Beijing, the reality of the surveillance state in western China makes an appearance. A few weeks after I had returned to the capital after my last trip to Xinjiang and written about the oppressive realities in the region for DER SPIEGEL, I was called in by the Foreign Ministry. An official there lectured me about the “irresponsibility” of my coverage and about my ignorance of the true conditions in Xinjiang. “You sit in your air-conditioned office,” he said, “and don’t have a clue what is going on there.” When I reminded him that I had just spent a week in the region, he pulled out a slip of paper and said: “Yes, and you pressured a taxi driver into talking about his family, among other things.” He knew the exact place, date and time: the morning of July 7 in the oasis city of Kashgar. It was true. On that day, a driver in Kashgar had taken me to the airport. And we chatted along the way, about our children. Bernhard Zand has been working at SPIEGEL since 1998. He was a correspondent in Istanbul, Cairo and Dubai and deputy head of foreign affairs. He has reported as a Middle East correspondent on the wars in Iraq, Gaza and Lebanon. Zand has been working in Beijing since 2012. E-mail: Bernhard.Zand@spiegel.de Go to Original – spiegel.de Tags: BRICS, China, Human Rights, Islam, Justice, MATW, Politics, Power, Racism, Religion, Social justice, Uyghur, Violence There are no comments so far. We welcome debate and dissent, but personal — ad hominem — attacks (on authors, other users or any individual), abuse and defamatory language will not be tolerated. Nor will we tolerate attempts to deliberately disrupt discussions. We aim to maintain an inviting space to focus on intelligent interactions and debates. BRICS: Russian Political Earthquake: Putin Sets out Plan for Kremlin Departure & Medvedev Resigns Bolsonaro, under Fire, Dismisses His Culture Minister for Giving a Nazi Speech, but It Is Still Representative of Brazil’s Governing Ethos India: A Dangerous New Low in State-Sponsored Hate Why All Religions Are Not the Same Christianity, Imperialism, Capitalism: Christian Dogma Should Be Questioned New Citizenship Law in India ‘Fundamentally Discriminatory’: UN Human Rights Office	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528044
__label__cc	0.68379	0.31621	Athletes Ready for the 2019 Visalia Senior Games Last updated 5/28/2019 at 7pm \| View PDF Photo courtesy Visalia Parks and Recreation Dept Based on early registration numbers, pickleball will again be among the most popular competitions at the Visalia Senior Games. Winning never gets old for the athletes who participate in Visalia Senior Games. The 4th Annual Visalia Senior Games return this spring, spanning the last two weekends of March (March 23-24 and 30-31). The Visalia Senior Games, sponsored by the Kaweah Delta HealthCare District, promote a healthy, active lifestyle for adults ages 50 and better. This is an event that not only recognizes active seniors but draws attendees from all over California and the Western United States, contributing to our local economy. Participants do not need prior athletic or competition experience, just a love of sports, fitness and camaraderie to enjoy the games. Nearly 150 athletes are already registered for this year's games and hundreds more are expected to register before the March 14th deadline. Pickleball, swimming and track and field are the most popular events so far, based on the number of athletes registered when this issue went to press. The youngest athlete registered is 51 years of age, the oldest is 79. Registrants are from as far north as Folsom and as far south as Oceanside. There is currently one athlete registered from out of state (Nevada). The Visalia Senior Games will feature events ranging from archery to swimming to track and field, and include new events such as basketball and a 5k/10k cycling time trial. A social event is also scheduled each weekend of the games. Socials are open to everyone 50+. The Visalia Parks and Recreation Department encourages the public to join the athletes for some fun and light-hearted competition. The "I Love the 80's" Game Night Senior athletes give their full effort when they compete in the Visalia Senior Games. will be held on March 23 at the Anthony Community Center. This event is free to attend, with food and beverages available. Enjoy party games and costume contests, or sign-up for darts and a Texas Hold'Em Tournament for $5 per event. Medals will be awarded to the top three finishers in each event. The "Party in the Park" Social on March 30 at Plaza Park will include food, live music, dancing, drinks and a cornhole tournament. Tickets are $10 per person for dinner or $15 per person for dinner and entry into the cornhole tournament. If you are not ready to compete but still want to participate, you can attend a social event or sign up to become a volunteer at sporting events, socials or building packets for the athletes. For more information about registration, volunteering or social events, visit http://www.visaliaseniorgames.com. Kings County Works within Budget to Fight Elder Abuse Visalia Senior Center to Host Fall Open House on September 13 When a Claim is Denied 'Six-Bed Bill' Aims to Streamline Facility Regulations Visalia Senior Center Spring Open House Set for April 5	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528047
__label__cc	0.512542	0.487458	The Grable Group Tim Grable Seen On Americas Got Talent Live Artist Search Speakers Offer Form Talent Buyer, Booking Agency and Management for Keynote Speakers, Comedians, Unique Artists and Entertainers You are here: Home / Archives for musician 4 Of The Most Memorable Music Acts From America’s Got Talent October 15, 2019 by Tim Grable Tim Grable founded The Grable Group.The Grable Group is an international event and entertainment company.In addition to managing the schedules of our speakers, comedians artists and entertainers, we handle their literary, commercial, film/TV, social media and licensing opportunities. Latest posts by Tim Grable (see all) 4 Comedians to Watch Right Now if You Enjoy One Liner Jokes - January 21, 2020 4 Comedians That Will Convince You To Download Dry Bar App - January 16, 2020 4 Unforgettable Moments From Britain’s Got Talent: The Champions - January 15, 2020 Last updated on November 4th, 2019 at 05:30 am Great music is not just about what you hear -- but also about how you feel. That is why the most memorable music acts have two key ingredients in common: They spark emotion in us; they touch our hearts and make us feel something, whether it’s melancholia, sadness, happiness, or any other feeling. They bring something new and exciting. Maybe it’s a unique voice, a distinctive way of performing, or an exciting way of approaching a certain music genre. That’s the theory, but how does it all translate on stage? These music acts from America’s Got Talent are the perfect examples of acts that are hard to forget, so let’s get to it! 1. Jackie Evancho America’s Got Talent season 5 runner-up, Jackie Evancho, hit it out of the ballpark with a breathtaking performance of Ave Maria in the finals of the show. Considering she was only ten years old at the time, saying that her achievement was impressive is an understatement. From the get-go, the judges were struck by Jackie’s unforgettable voice. Listening to her sing, it was hard to believe that such a powerhouse voice belonged to a child. Since then, Jackie went on to record multiple albums that went platinum and build a successful career as a singer. Recently, Evancho, who is now a stunning young woman, returned to America’s Got Talent Champions to perform -- and it was magical. Take a look: Jackie Evancho: 18-Year-Old STUNNING Opera Singer Is BACK! \| AGT Champions 2. The CraigLewis Band The R&B/Gospel vocal duo act delivered some of the most memorable music acts from America’s Got Talent, season 10. Their soulful renditions made them an instant hit with audiences from all over the world, and it’s no surprise why. It’s hard not to get goosebumps when listing to this amazing duo of extremely talented musicians sing. But don’t just take our word for it. Watch their performance from the finals of the show and see for yourself. For this rendition of “Beggin,” the two received standing ovations from all the judges. America's Got Talent 2015 S10E25 Finals - The CraigLewis Band Full Video 3. Brian Justin Crum Pop singer Brian Justin Crum competed on Season 11 of America’s Got Talent and dazzled everyone with his distinctive voice and authenticity. One of the things the judges, as well as the audience, appreciated most about him was that he didn’t just sing the lyrics of a song -- he told a story through music. His ability to create emotion and connect to his audience at a profound level is what makes Brian stand out from the rest and helps him create truly memorable music acts. Here’s one of his breathtaking performances from the show, which is likely to send chills down your spine. Brian Justin Crum Creep America's Got Talent July 19, 2016 AMAZING- lol fine nuage is amazing 4. Laura Bretan Laura Bretan started singing in church when at four years old, but it was at age seven when she discovered she could sing differently. Later on, after expanding her musical knowledge and listening to different genres, Laura discovered her love for classical music. From that point on, Laura began working relentlessly towards fulfilling her biggest dream, that of becoming a professional opera singer. On season 11 of America’s Got Talent, Laura finished in the Top 10, but her one-of-a-kind voice had the entire country talking long after the show came to an end. Check out her awe-inspiring performance from the finals of the show in the video below. America's Got Talent 2016 Finals Opera Singer Laura Bretan S11E22 Memorable Music Acts Are Not Easy to Come by If you wish to create an unforgettable experience for guests attending your next event, then we recommend investing in the best entertainment. But when you don’t know where to start looking, booking a memorable act is not always easy. However, a specialized entertainment booking agency like The Grable Group can make your job a lot easier. Get in touch with us today at (615) 283-0039 for more information. Filed Under: Artists Tagged With: america's got talent, Booking Agency, entertainment, entertainment booking agency, music, musician Best Voices on AGT: 4 Performances that Are Impossible to Forget September 5, 2019 by Tim Grable Last updated on December 30th, 2019 at 02:32 am America’s Got Talent has provided us with some of the best musical performances ever seen on live television. The sheer number of talented singers who gave it their all and dazzled us with their extraordinary voices is impressive. However, some of them stood out from the rest. Here are four of the best voices on AGT we won’t be forgetting anytime soon. 1. Sal Valentinetti Sal competed in Season 11 of America’s Got Talent. He quickly made a name for himself with a golden voice whose style has been influenced by the iconic Dean Martin, Tony Bennett, and Frank Sinatra. In addition to his flawless vocals, Sal is known for incredible stage charisma, larger than life personality and a heart of gold, which have all made him an instant hit with audiences from all over the world. In the video below you can watch Sal put a suave twist on “Mack the Knife” and see why he’s one of the best voices on AGT. Make sure to hit play: Sal Valentinetti: Singer Puts Suave Twist On "Mack The Knife" - America's Got Talent: The Champions 2. Anna Graceman Anna was only 11-years old when she first auditioned for America’s Got Talent. However, despite her young age, she took command of the stage and impressed everyone with her poise and ability to control her voice incredibly. She even received a standing ovation from the crowd and judges. In addition to her being a gifted singer, Anna is also a talented pianist and an evolving musician. Now 19 years old, Anna is a successful folk/rock/pop artist and a prolific composer. So far, she has written and performed over 70 of her own published songs. 3. Mandy Harvey Mandy Harvey is the voice behind some of the most emotional performances from America’s Got Talent. In addition to her rich, captivating vocals, Mandy also has an inspiring life story which holds a universal message “Hope, Dream, Believe, no matter what.” For those of you who don’t know this, the young singer lost her hearing at age eighteen. However, you would never be able to guess that by listening to her pitch-perfect performances. It is easy to see why she is one of the best voices on AGT. Although she can’t hear how amazing she sounds, she feels the energy she receives from her audience every time she sings. On America’s Got Talent, Mandy managed to get to the finals of the competition when she sang her song called “This Time.” Take a look: America's Got Talent 2017 Mandy Harvey Finals Full Clip S12E23 4. Barbara Padilla A Mexican-American operatic soprano, Barbara was the runner-up on the fourth season of America’s Got Talent. Her powerful vocals and fearless performances have earned her the title as one of the best voices on America’s Got Talent. People don’t just remember her for her voice, but also for the determination with which she fought for her dream. After being diagnosed with Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and undergoing radiation treatment, Barbara was told she might never be able to sing again. However, Barbara didn’t give up on her dream to become a professional singer and went on to release her debut album in 2014. Best Voices on AGT: Which One Is Your Favorite? We hope you enjoyed this look back at some of the most extraordinary musical moments from America’s Got Talent and that it has opened up your appetite for high-quality entertainment. If you want to provide your guests with an exquisite musical experience they will never forget, then we recommend booking one of the musical acts featured in our portfolio. If you have any questions, feel free to contact us at (615) 283-0039. Filed Under: Artists Tagged With: Agt, america's got talent, Best Music, entertainment, music, musician 3 Outstanding Acts from The World’s Most Popular Talent Shows August 20, 2019 by Tim Grable Throughout the world, popular talent shows feature a wide array of highly-entertaining, outstanding acts, some of which have never been seen before. The entertainers seen on stage make audiences laugh, cry with emotion, and experience suspense like never before. If you want to learn more about three amazing entertainers who were also contestants on today’s most famous talent shows, then keep reading. 1. Wayne Hoffman Wayne Hoffman is a world-famous mentalist, a top keynote speaker, and the author of the best-selling book “Mind Candy.” Another thing you should know about him is that he has extensive knowledge of sociology, psychology, and human behavior. On stage, he dazzles and inspires his audiences who get to experience seemingly supernatural phenomena in a fun, high-energy way. Body language, human behavior, and visual magic all come together to create an upbeat show like no other. It’s this unexpected combination of elements which made Wayne be a hit with the judges when he performed on America’s Got Talent a few years back. If you’re curious to see Wayne Hoffman do what he does best -- perform -- then check out the video below from AGT. America's Got Talent 2015 S10E02 Wayne Hoffman The Dangerous Mentalist 2. Sara Carson Although she is only in her twenties, Sara Carson is already considered to be one of the top trick dog instructors in the world. Sara found her passion for dog training early on in life, and for over five years, she ran her own dog training business. Alongside her adorable and incredibly-intelligent dog Hero, Sara managed to captivate audiences from all over the world with her performances on America’s Got Talent and America’s Got Talent: The Champions. People loved not only the tricks performed on stage but also the special connection which exists between Sara and Hero. In the video below, you can watch one of their outstanding acts from America’s Got Talent: The Champions. This is, without a doubt, the most adorable bank heist of all time! Sara and Hero: Adorable Dog And Trainer Perform Amazing Tricks - America's Got Talent: The Champions 3. Jordan McKnight Jordan McKnight is a world-class contortionist whose impressive work history includes: starting as a rhythmic gymnast in New York City becoming a member of the Youth National Team of rhythmic gymnastics training with world-famous Cirque du Soleil performers. As part of her outstanding acts, Jordan can incorporate not one, not two, but five different contortion disciplines: back bending, front bending, hand balancing, twisting, and dislocation. However, the best way to get a real sense of just how extraordinary her skills are is to see them in action. Watch Jordan redefine flexibility on stage at The World’s Best and get ready to be blown away by how she bends, folds, and twists her body into positions which look unreal. Contortionist Jordan McKnight Redefines Flexibility - The World's Best Battle Rounds Which of These Outstanding Acts Is Your Favorite? If you enjoyed learning about these amazing entertainers from famous talent shows, then you’ll be happy to know you can book them for your events. You can get more details about this by reaching out to us at (615) 283-0039. Need more options? Don’t worry, we’ve got you covered! You can find a wide array of premium entertainers, artists, comedians, and musicians featured in our portfolio. Start browsing for the best entertainment now. Filed Under: Artists Tagged With: Agt, america's got talent, entertainment, musician Which Are The Best Music Acts That Have Ever Been On America’s Got Talent AGT is the place where talents from all over the world come to test their mettle. Over the course of the show’s history, we have got the chance to see some of the best performers out there. There have been many types of performers competing for the top prize on America’s Got Talent -- but throughout the years, it has had no shortage of talented musicians. The audience and judges have widely praised many of the music acts which have been on AGT. And if we were to judge by how the last few seasons fared, it’s safe to say that music is quite at home on the AGT stage. Considering how music has been such a defining factor for the show, it’s important to talk about the musicians who made it all happen. This time, we’re taking a look at the musicians who graced the stage of AGT. So in the following article, we will showcase 8 of the most memorable musicians the audiences had the pleasure of seeing. 1. Laura Bretan -- Season 11 Laura Bretan is a young opera singer who took the music industry by storm. She is fondly remembered by the viewers of America’s Got Talent, as no one expected a frail child to have such incredible vocal chops. When she first auditioned for the show, everybody could feel her shyness -- yet, it all went away when she started singing. Her opera voice filled the entire audience hall, and it gave shivers to everyone. Her performance was an absolute wow moment -- even seasoned opera singers would envy her. The judges noted that they were astonished. So much that Mel B pressed the Golden Buzzer in Laura’s favor. 2. Cami Bradley -- Season 8 Calling Cami Bradley, an incredible musician, would be an understatement. Words can’t encompass her level of skill and the intensity of the performance she manages to pull off. When Cami goes on stage, she isn’t there to sing but to create an entire musical experience. She’s primarily a singer, but she also knows how to play the piano -- and doesn’t shy away from singing and playing at the same time. She has a very imposing presence with an extensive vocal range, being able to go from highs to lows without effort. Auditioning for America’s Got Talent was a great move on her part, as she got the chance to showcase her incredible talent to the entire world! 3. Chase Goehring -- Season 12 Chase Goehring is a young singer/songwriter who stole the hearts of both the audience and judges, during the 12th season of AGT. Before pursuing music more seriously, he was a student who often played guitar and sang out of passion. It turns out he made the right choice because his talent was too good to be left as a hobby. The judges of AGT echoed on this sentiment, as they came to appreciate his voice, guitar skill, and ability to perform. So much that judge DJ Khaled pressed the Golden Buzzer. People were not expecting this, but the truth is that it was a well-deserved award. Chase lived up to the praise and put on some incredible performances through the entire leg of the show! America's Got Talent 2017 Chase Goehring Singer Songwriter Is Next Ed Sheeran Full Audition S12E02 4. Grace VanderWaal -- Season 11 When you see a 12-year-old girl go on stage with her ukulele, it’s hard to resist not going “awwww!” -- Don’t let Grace’s age and frail appearance fool you. This young lady can play, and she’s quite passionate about it! She made her big debut when she auditioned for the 11th season of AGT. During this phase, she performed an original song called “I Don’t Know My Name,” and it left audiences applauding and chanting her name. The judges were impressed as well, Simon Cowell even going on to say she may very well be the next Taylor Swift. This is flattering indeed, but Howie Mandel sealed the deal when he pressed the Golden Buzzer in her favor. Grace VanderWaal: 12-Year-Old Ukulele Player Gets Golden Buzzer - America's Got Talent 2016 5. Michael Grimm -- Season 5 Michael Grimm is a singer and songwriter who debuted on the show’s stage during the 5th season. He is remembered for his soulful and incredibly emotional guitar covers of many popular American hits. He has managed to impress judge Sharon Osbourne and her husband Ozzy, who was not affiliated with the show, but declared he was rooting for Michael. In the later stages of the show, he upped his guitar game and put even more passion into it. His final performance is perhaps the most viewed in the entire show’s history, with 16.41 million viewers tuning in to watch. Michael Grimm- America's Got Talent Audition "You Don't Know Me" 6. Forte -- Season 8 Forte is a trio of tenors who dominated the eight season of AGT with the power of their thunderous and compelling voices. They have a fascinating story behind the inception of the group, the three meeting for the first time only a few days before their audition on America’s Got Talent -- effectively meaning that they almost went blindly into the competition. Many people were skeptical about how their performance would turn out, but Forte would prove them otherwise. They would pass through the auditions in a blaze of glory, receiving standing ovations from everyone. Further on into the competition, Forte’s performances would only get better, taking them into the finals. 7. Kevin Skinner -- Season 4 It’s no secret; musicians make up a majority of the contestants on AGT. And because of this, the competition between them is way fiercer. A musician has to bring something off-the-wall to impress the audiences and the judges. Kevin Skinner auditioned for AGT back in the fourth season of the show, and he brought the spirit of American country music with him. True and heartfelt country music hadn’t yet been featured on the show. And Kevin brought it in all its glory by signing performing some heartwarming covers of American classics. Kevin’s performances were so inspiring, and he eventually won the entire 4th season. 8. Bianca Ryan -- First Season Bianca Ryan is perhaps one of the most influential musicians in the entirety of AGT’s history. To better understand this, you have to look back at the show’s beginning. We are talking, of course, about the very first season of America’s Got Talent, which served as proving grounds for many artists at the time. Bianca Ryan was among the first musicians who participated in the show. And her combination of pop and R&B was something the judges and the American audiences hadn’t seen yet. She soared throughout the competition and eventually won, paving the way for many aspiring musicians to showcase their talent on AGT. Bianca Ryan: First Winner Makes HUGE Comeback After Losing Voice \| America's Got Talent: Champions Musicians from America’s Got Talent, Right at Your Event Without a doubt, music is a defining part of AGT, and it would be hard to imagine how the show would have been without it. If what you’ve read about these musicians seemed impressive, then wait until you hear them play live -- that’s where they truly shine! Speaking of which, if you’re interested in having them perform live at one of your upcoming events, then why not book their services? If you would like your event to have musicians as amazing as those from AGT, then we can assist you with that. Give us a call at 615-283-0039, and we will gladly help you find the best musicians for any of your upcoming events. Filed Under: Artists Tagged With: Agt, got talent, music, musician Get The Party Started With The Help Of These Corporate Musicians July 1, 2019 by Tim Grable Last updated on January 20th, 2020 at 06:45 am The party begins when the music starts playing. However, to truly get a corporate party going, you’ll need high-quality live music. So to do that, you’ll have to put some effort into finding the right musicians. As opposed to recorded music, live music has that human touch to it, which makes it just a bit more pleasant to the ear. Also, besides the difference in how it sounds, live music offers the benefit of having performers onstage to engage with the audience. When planning corporate events, it can be quite the challenge to find musicians with talent that’s original, exciting, and unique, especially when it comes to for your next corporate event. You don’t want to make the wrong choice and end up with a bored audience, right? Well, guess what…you’ve come to the right place, or website rather. However, if you’re struggling to find any to fit your standards, then maybe we can be of help. That is why we wrote this article; to help you find corporate musicians who can truly rock your event, no matter what type of corporate event you are planning. Be sure to keep on reading! Are There Any Fresh Faces in Music For Corporate Events? Michael and Amy Pickering Recorded music doesn’t capture the feeling of having a performer onstage screaming for people to put their hands up. There are many bands you can hire, but few manage to put on a live show better than Michael and Amy Pickering. They are two corporate musicians who engage in a piano duel. During their performance, they go at it, trying to outdo one another by playing some of the most enthralling piano pieces. Their show is incredibly funny and engaging, with many people describing it as “hysterical” and “unexpected.” Your guests better are prepared because one moment they might be laughing and the other, they may be clapping along to some of the most beautiful piano leads. Backtrack Vocals Backtrack Vocals are an award-winning acapella group which use vocal arrangements to create very compelling melodies. These corporate musicians will have your guests sit down and observe to absorb the whole performance. And if you were wondering, yes, they don’t use instruments, just the power of the human voice. Also, it would be best if you didn’t let this discourage you because it’s the only instrument they need to sound incredible. As an acapella band, they share vocal duties among each other to recreate different types of sound which would correspond to a real instrument. Through this group effort, they’re able to recreate the sound of a live band. For example, they use beatboxing as percussion and a lower baritone voice to serve as a bass. Their songs cover a wide array of genres ranging from classical music to modern pop hits. However, regardless of what they play, you can be sure that they have enough material to impress even the toughest audiences. The harmonies they create a sound very pleasing and just a few notes in and you’ll be surely hearing people applaud them for their musicality! It’s time for a little #throwbackThursday with these unique musicians that are perfect for your next corporate event. These ten performers are throwin’ it back as close as the 2000’s and even as waaaaaaay back as the 70’s. How? By recreating the songs that out bands on the map, such as Shot Through the Heart by Bon Jovi, Wannabe by Spice Girls, Poker Face by Lady Gaga, and so many more! But these talented musicians aren’t just going to bring the songs to your corporate event, what would the fun in that be? You could have just gotten a DJ instead if that was the case. Not this band, they bring so much more to the stage…literally! Alter Ego brings dancing, lights, special effects, and a spectacular 60 costume changes in just an hour and a half. Yep, you read that right! This Montreal based music group is sure to excite, throwback, and wow the audience at your next corporate events, no matter what the occasion. Spags Lively, upbeat, and in tune with the audience, all the things you want your corporate event entertainer to be. Sadly, however, talent like this is quite hard to come by these days. Luckily there are those very few musicians who break down the walls of trends and establish their own authentic uniqueness. Spags just so happens to be one of the very few. What sets her out? She’s an electric violinist who dances around the stage performing jubilant songs and sporting dazzling costumes. Spags Music Reel Blow the audience away at your next corporate events with a violin performance they won’t soon forget. Recycled Percussion From hanging upside down on the ceiling to enter a show to breakdancing on stage, Recycled Percussion certainly knows how to keep their audience entertained. With energetic performances that have the entire room on their feet dancing along to the original music being performed, this group certainly breaks the standard from what a traditional percussion section is supposed to sound like to the modern day entertainment that earned them 3rd place in the fourth season of NBC’s America’s Got Talent. Recycled Percussion (from Season 7) ROCK The Results Show \| America’s Got Talent 2016 High energy, upbeat tempos, and countless possibilities, Recycled Percussion is the perfect fit for any corporate event in need of a unique twist on a classic act. String Angels Evening gowns, violins, and three classy young ladies, String Angels is perfect for your next event. These women bring a classic vibe to any party or show. Performing covers of classical features such as Mozart to more modern, yet still a classic, The Beatles, this unique talent adds the extra umph to any special event. String Angels: 2016 EPK If you’re looking for a less energy, but still a breathtakingly spectacular performance, String Angels is the perfect musical fit for you! Lights. Camera. Action! At least, those are the words that should come to your mind when you watch the amazing ECLIPSE perform. This talented bunch is nothing short of spectacular. Using technology, music, and dance, this group brings you only brilliance and aw as they perform a show that you will never forget. ECLIPSE: 2018 EPK (acrobatic, dance and shadow entertainment) From the moment they step on stage, there’s a wonderful array of sights, sounds, and colors that dance around on the stage, leaving you relaxed, but energized after watching such a unique performance. For a corporate event like no other, book Eclipse and watch your audience become inspired and amazed at authenticity everywhere. Corporate Musicians Are a Perfect Fit Seize the opportunity! We’ve given you some of the best musicians we’ve got and quite admittedly, some of the best in the world. Now it’s up to you whether or not you get to watch them perform live at your next event. Not on TV. Not on the internet. Live! We can’t stress enough just how well live music goes with a corporate event. To be 100% convinced, you’ll have to see it for yourself -- or better said, hear it! What are you waiting for? Go book your musician for the next corporate event today! In that case, if you’d like to have a musician play at your event, then give us a call at (615) 283 0039, and we will gladly help you! Filed Under: Artists Tagged With: Best Music, Corporate Event, corporate events, corporate party, entertainment, Live Music, music, music for corporate events, musician, your event Copyright © 2020 Grable Group, Inc Log in	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528048
__label__wiki	0.62012	0.62012	https://www.theintelligencer.com/news/article/Health-Careers-Day-seeks-to-uplift-job-seekers-14663841.php Health Careers Day seeks to uplift job seekers with accessible information Brittany Johnson, bjohnson@edwpub.net Updated 3:39 pm CDT, Thursday, October 31, 2019 EDWARDSVILLE — Southern Illinois University Edwardsville’s (SIUE) School of Education, Health and Human Behavior (SEHHB) and Edwardsville Public Library are teaming up for Health Careers Day — a community initiative seeking to make information accessible for career-minded individuals — Saturday afternoon in Edwardsville. The event invites attendees to learn more about careers in dental medicine, art therapy, exercise science, medical technology, nursing, nutrition, pharmacy, psychology, public health, social work and speech-language pathology. More than 15 faculty and staff, representing a dozen disciplines, will volunteer at the event, as well as provide information about their disciplines. The healthcare experts will share information alongside several SIUE students. “We need more people from diverse backgrounds and disciplines to enter our healthcare system in order to meet evolving needs,” said Alyson Siglock, first-year master’s student in public health, of Glen Carbon. “A variety of professionals working together to improve our nation’s health provides a comprehensive approach that is sure to expand all that our healthcare system can offer.” Paul Rose, Ph.D., SEHHB associate dean, feels that it is “crucial” for the university to be involved with local organizations; both can display value simultaneously, making it a mutually beneficial partnership. “It is deliberately an all-ages event because many of these health and science disciplines have shortages and will for a while,” he said. “We want to spread the news about great opportunities and some of the reasons these fields should be carefully considered.” Planning began back in February, with conversations between Rose and Edwardsville Public Library Director Jill Schardt about productive partnerships between SIUE and the library. Rose said one of the first ideas to emerge was career-focused events at the library. “Because we have so many strong health and science programs, this felt like the best idea to start with,” he said. “We know that employment opportunities for health care professionals are projected to grow faster than many other occupations, so we want to give people the opportunity to explore the options available to them,” Schardt said. Jacob Del Rio, head librarian of adult services, said he believes the need for employment opportunities is evident. “On a daily basis, we see people search job sites to find a career today or a path for the future,” he said. He added the event is also a good opportunity for those looking to switch fields, move further in their career, or merely curious. “There’s no pressure to commit to anything,” he said. “Just come out for the information.” Health Careers Day is on Saturday, Nov. 2, from 1:30 to 4:30 p.m. at the library, located at 112 S Kansas St.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528051
__label__wiki	0.871397	0.871397	With hit films, the surprise is that there’s no surprise If the plot of the latest blockbuster seems more than a little familiar, that’s not a coincidence, says Rob Long Rogue One will cover territory that is very familiar to Star Wars fans. Jonathan Olley / Lucasfilm / AP If the plot of the latest blockbuster seems more than a little familiar, that’s not a coincidence ‘Everything has been thought of before,” wrote the German poet and author Goethe. “But the difficulty is to think of it again.” Goethe clearly wasn’t thinking about Hollywood when he wrote those words. We in the entertainment industry have no trouble at all thinking of things again. And again and again, if there’s money to be made. And maybe a few more times, just to make sure the money well is dry. When the promotional trailer for the newest instalment of the Star Wars series of films Rogue One: A Star Wars Story hit the internet, the story was remarkably familiar. A motley band of rebels sets about trying to destroy a powerful and terrifying planet-sized weapon, much like the original Star Wars film in which a motley band of rebels sets about trying to destroy a powerful and terrifying planet-sized weapon, and not so dissimilar to last year’s blockbuster Star Wars film, Star Wars: The Force Awakens, in which a motley band of (yes, you’ve got it) rebels sets about trying to destroy a powerful and terrifying – brace yourself – planet-sized weapon. I’m guessing that they succeed, though don’t hold me to that. This isn’t really a criticism, of course. Ever since last year, when director and producer JJ Abrams took the reins of the Star Wars universe, fans have been eagerly anticipating his creative and engaging surprises. But he’s hemmed in by the limitations and the expectations of the Star Wars storylines, which centre mostly around light sabres, The Force, and planet-sized weapons. As Goethe might have observed, there’s only so much you can do with Star Wars. That said, the constellation of Star Wars characters and mythologies are a richly complex tapestry compared to, say, the world of Baywatch. Baywatch, as many of you will recall – and if you’re too young to remember that worldwide smash-hit of a television show, ask someone older that 35 to explain it – told the two-dimensional story of a collection of two-dimensional characters who served as lifeguards along the beaches of Southern California. Mostly the show was an excuse to show scantily-clad, though contextually appropriate, female lifeguards looking purposefully out along the surfline of Santa Monica Bay. The show’s appeal ignited an international passion for surfing, bright red bathing suits, and the actress and model Pamela Anderson. It was also responsible for the baffling popularity of its male star, David Hasselhoff, in Germany, and even more baffling, his second career as a pop singer. The show has been out of production for over a decade, but as Goethe reminds us, the trick is to think of it again. Baywatch is about to become a movie. Sometime in May next year, the feature film version of the television show will arrive in cinemas, just in time for America’s beach season. The picture will star Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson in roughly the Hasselhoff role, along with Zac Efron, Indian superstar Priyanka Chopra, and appearing in cameo roles, Hasselhoff and Pamela Anderson in their former red-suited glory. The one-sentence summary of the film’s story – what we insiders call the “logline” – suggests that the film will keep the two-dimensional and by-the-numbers traditions of Baywatch alive. Basically, it’s this: “Lifeguard Mitch Buchannon (Dwayne Johnson) and a brash new recruit (Zac Efron) uncover a criminal plot that threatens the future of the bay.” If you close your eyes for a moment, you can probably play the entire movie for yourself, moment by moment. Mitch and the brash recruit will clash. Efron’s character will be called a “cowboy” and a “maverick”. He’ll be accused of taking needless risks. Mitch will worry that he’s become out of touch and old. There will be a romantic triangle. Mitch and Efron’s character will end up saving someone – probably a child – from watery peril by (spoiler alert) learning to work together. In between these moments will be attractive young people dressed for the beach. It’s tempting, naturally, to sneer and cavil at these kinds of movies – not just Baywatch but 21 Jump Street before it, and the endless forthcoming versions of Star Wars personnel blowing up death stars – but there’s something reassuring, to audiences as well as media company shareholders, about the same-old same-old, especially now that the real world seems to be more alarmingly unpredictable every day. But that’s always been what Hollywood has excelled at: delivering familiar experiences with satisfying (read: expected) outcomes, with mild variations in between. Love stories resolve themselves happily. Disasters are averted. The brash recruit and the older veteran clash, but come to respect each other. And the death star gets exploded, eventually, by the unlikely heroes. There are more than enough nasty surprises in store in our daily lives, and all too many unexpected plot twists and turns. Goethe, fortunately for him, didn’t have to come up with an explanation for 2016. Rob Long is a writer and producer in Los Angeles On Twitter: @rcbl Updated: December 9, 2016 04:00 AM	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528054
__label__wiki	0.733648	0.733648	February 22, 2009 \| General News Credit Crunch! Britain To Repatriate 800 Nigerian Source: http://nigeriafilms.com APPARENTLY feeling the impact of the global credit crunch and the increase in crime among her residents, the United Kingdom government is desperate to repatriate over 800 Nigerian prisoners serving various jail terms for sex, drug, immigration and other minor offences in various British prisons. Consequently, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) invited some Nigerian lawmakers and the Controller of the Nigerian Prisons to London last week with the sole aim of hastening the exchange process. But despite the pressure from their hosts, the five-man delegation resisted being pressured to act until the legal framework was in place. Though The Guardian learnt that there was a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) and ongoing discussions for the past two years, the Nigerian side, led by Senate Olalekan Mustapha (Ogun East), was not ready to be rushed into the exercise, citing the amendment of the Prison Act, as one major hindrance. There is also the fear that if the prisoners' rights are infringed, the two countries can be dragged before Human Rights organisations. As Mustapha disclosed before leaving London at the weekend: "Our current law does not allow prisoners, who are Nigerians, to be sent home except they complete their terms. "So, we want to see if that Act can be amended. Otherwise, if it is done, it becomes an illegality and the prisoners can then take either the Nigerian government - that is accepting them - or the British government - that is sending them away - to court. "But when we get home, we're going to look into how it (Prison Act) can be amended." The Chairman, House of Representatives' Sub-committee on Immigration, Warman Ogoniba (from Yenagoa/Kolokuma/Opokuma Federal Constituency in Bayelsa State), was part of the delegation to London. He confirmed to The Guardian that the Nigerian delegation resisted the pressure being put on them to hasten the prisoners' exchange. He said: "We're here on the invitation of the FCO, and it's in respect of the Prisoners Transfer Agreement between Nigeria and Britain. "There's already a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed between the two countries. But before it can become an instrument of law, the House must pass a bill. We need to look at the issues. "For now, there's no Bill before either the Senate or the Lower House." Having met with British Ministers and also holding meetings with the United Kingdom Border Agency (UKBA), among others, the British side expressed their willingness to send the Nigerian prisoners away. "But we are saying it is wrong to just send them home because the Executive is yet to introduce the Bill," Ogoniba said. On when the Bill would be passed, he said: "Well, it's not a private Bill, it's a government one. But when it comes to the House, we'll look at it and when it eventually comes to the committee stage, we will do a public hearing to see what Nigerian people want us to adopt." Addressing the issue further, Mustapha, who's the chairman, Senate Committee on Interior, stated that; "before you can be moved from where you're serving, you must accept to be moved because that's the right of the prisoner." Another condition is; "if the law that operates in the country does not allow the prisoners to be sent home before the expiration of their jail term," then, they will have to finish their terms where they committed the offences. On why the British government wants to send the prisoners back, Mustapha said, "apparently, it must be for economic reasons. We visited some of their prisons and almost all of them are filled to capacity." Moreover, "they complained that people still continue to commit crime. That means if prisoners are not exchanged across borders in the next few months, British prisons will no longer be able to accommodate their prisoners." Ogoniba also affirmed this, saying, "what is happening now is that there's a stretch on British facilities and the British people are very agitated now because, not only are British prisons nearing their capacities, but the money their government is spending on foreign prisoners is enormous." "So, they're thinking of sending them to their various countries to finish their terms there." Asked if there are other hindrances apart from the legal framework, Mustapha answered in the affirmative. His words: "There're some other issues involved because, if you look at the conditions of British prisons, it's far better than the conditions of prisons back home (in Nigeria). "So, we also are afraid of bringing them back to such prisons at home so that they don't come home and cause some kind of revolution there. "These are some of the factors we're considering before actions can be taken." From Tunde Oyedoyin, London	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528055
__label__wiki	0.89371	0.89371	IFA-TUNDE THE ORACLE HAS RETURNED IFA-TUNDE “The Oracle has returned” to herald a strong message to the world. Born in Camberwell, South London to Jamaican parents, Ifa-tunde grew up in Peckham before leaving for Jamaica to live at the age of five years old. He lived in Bambury, St Catherine where he attended Victoria All Age School. His first experience with music was when he would gather pots and pans and play on them like musical instruments. Later on his father took a sound system to Jamaica on which he further developed and grew to love his craft. At the age of 11 he moved to Kingston settling at Bull Bay with his mother and three brothers. There again, he was exposed to more music with various sound systems that would play in the area. Those days were rough as stated by Ifa when he experience extreme poverty. At one stage his mother had no choice but to put her sons into a boy’s home. Their Ifa would leave from Ray Town to go to Alfa Boys home where he would learn music. Alfa Boys home is the home of many of Jamaica’s top musicians including Yellowman, Leroy Smart, Dean Fraser to name a few. He later attended Kingston Senior School. He did not get to graduate as the needs of the family came first so he went to Chestervale Training Camp where he learned electrical engineering. There he experienced strong discipline. After leaving Chestervale he started working at Brown’s Hardware on Spanish Town Road in Kingston. He left there to return to England in the year 1984. He started to sing on a sound called Mafia and later on Youth Man Promotion where he went under the name Winston General as a close friend and associate of Mikey General who was living in Peckham in England at the time. He also used to sing harmonies with Junior Chin on Asher-World, which was one of leading sounds in the UK at that time. He appeared on shows up and down the country. He traveled to the USA where he spent a number of months singing on Exodus. Soon after returning to the UK he became more afro-centric and traveled to Nigeria and Ghana where he was a initiated into the ways of the Orisha’s as a IFA priest (indigenous African spiritual way of life) and given the name Ifa-Tunde; meaning the oracle has returned. While in Africa he broadened his musical experience by performing with various traditional African musicians. In 2004 he successfully launched Orisha’s Music, his company, and went to Jamaica where he recorded a number of songs including ‘the way that I feel’ the new single, which is also the sound track for an emotional action thriller feature film called “NILES”. Also soon to be released is 3 singles called ‘Hold and Strong, Melanin. And Each and Everyday’ which was used as one of the original sound tracks for feature film called “Quiet Storm” that was screening at cinemas in the USA. In 2018, 3 new singles are being released from Ifa -Tunde’s forthcoming album- ‘Melanin.’ Which the lead singer of ‘’Inner Circle’ Trevor Bonnick AKA ‘Scatter’ helped co produce. On the road to greater success this singer/songwriter/producer and man of many talents is determined to spread the message of love to the world. Listen and learn and full-joy the music of Ifa-tunde. The Oracle has truly returned. Ifa-Tunde Orunmila - "Neglecting A Child" (Official Video)	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528057
__label__cc	0.516854	0.483146	Alternative Energy & Fuels Back Office/Call Centers/Data Centers Bio & Pharmaceutical Food & Agriculture Related Logistics, Warehousing & Distribution Technology, Research & Development East-North Central East-South Central West-North Central West-South Central U.S. Foreign Trade Zones CiCi Awards 2019 CiCi Awards Automotive Manufacturing Biotech, Pharma & Medical Technology > Industry > Technology/R&D Related topics: Maryland Technology/R&D MD: WeddingWire to Expand HQ in Montgomery County, Add 200 New Jobs WeddingWire Inc., the leading global online marketplace for the wedding and event industry, announced plans to expand its corporate headquarters in Montgomery County. Currently located in Chevy Chase, WeddingWire is confirmed to lease a total of 68,000 square feet of space in the county to accommodate its continued growth. As part of the expansion, the company plans to add 200 new jobs to its existing workforce of more than 350 local employees. “On behalf of the entire WeddingWire Team, I share our excitement and commitment to WeddingWire’s continued growth in Montgomery County, Maryland,” said Timothy Chi, CEO and co-founder, WeddingWire. “WeddingWire was founded nearly 10 years ago in my living room in Chevy Chase and the State of Maryland has been a wonderful place to grow our business. With access to valuable resources and incredible talent, we look forward to our extended residency here in Montgomery County.” Launched in 2007, WeddingWire connects engaged couples with over 400,000 creative event professionals, like wedding venues and photographers, through an extensive database of reviewed vendors. In 2012, the company landed a $25 million equity investment and has since ranked annually on Inc. magazine’s 500\|5000 fastest growing companies and Deloitte’s Technology Fast 500 lists. Today, the company’s portfolio spans 15 countries covering North America, Latin America and Europe, where last year it acquired the top international wedding resource as part of its global expansion. WeddingWire’s international services host more than 10 million unique users each month. “WeddingWire has consistently ranked among the fastest-growing technology companies in the country and we are proud to support their expansion here in Maryland,” said Governor Larry Hogan, who visited the company and met with employees in April. “Our administration is committed to making sure Maryland is truly open for business and partnering with innovative companies like WeddingWire demonstrates our state is a place where all businesses can grow and thrive.” “WeddingWire is a home-grown Maryland company that is a leader in serving the $200 billion global wedding and events industry,” said Maryland Commerce Secretary Mike Gill. “Working with cutting-edge companies like WeddingWire to ensure their growth and success in Maryland is one of our most important priorities.” To support the expansion, the Maryland Department of Commerce has approved a $1 million conditional loan through the Maryland Economic Development Assistance Authority and Fund (MEDAAF). Additionally, Montgomery County has approved a $500,000 conditional grant through its Economic Development Fund. The company is also eligible for a number of state and local tax credits. “WeddingWire has become very successful and Montgomery County is happy to help the company expand its footprint and employment in the County,” said County Executive Ike Leggett. WeddingWire is currently hiring technology engineers, sales representatives, marketing specialists, and more. To learn about available opportunities and life at WeddingWire, visit WeddingWire’s website. About Maryland Commerce The Maryland Department of Commerce stimulates private investment and creates jobs by attracting new businesses, encouraging the expansion and retention of existing companies, and providing financial assistance to Maryland companies. The Department promotes the State's many economic advantages and markets local products and services at home and abroad to spur economic development and international investment, trade and tourism. Because they are major economic generators, the Department also supports the Arts, film production, sports and other special events. For more information, visit commerce.maryland.gov. About WeddingWire, Inc. WeddingWire, Inc. is the leading global online marketplace connecting consumers with event and creative professionals. Operating within a $200 billion industry, WeddingWire, Inc. hosts 10 million monthly unique users across its mobile and web platforms. Consumers are able to read over 3 million vendor reviews and search, compare and book from a database of over 400,000 businesses. Globally, it provides these businesses the technology they need to serve their clients through advertising, marketing and business management tools such as websites, payment processing, invoicing and contracts. Founded in 2007, the WeddingWire portfolio of sites serves couples and businesses across 15 countries in North America, Latin America, Europe and Asia, making it the worldwide leader in weddings with brands including Bodas.net, Casamentos.com.br, Matrimonio.com and more. The company employs more than 800 and maintains global headquarters in Chevy Chase, MD and international headquarters in Barcelona, Spain. Montgomery County Department of Economic Development Economic Development Links (c)2003-2020 Trade & Industry Development is a publication of Due North Media - a division of Due North Consulting, Inc. Copyright 2001-2020, Due North Consulting, Inc. -- All rights reserved. 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__label__wiki	0.857116	0.857116	Gov-Local Cornish To Hire Road Agent By Maggie Cassidy Published: 8/12/2016 2:22:02 PM Modified: 3/12/2014 12:00:00 AM Cornish — Voters at Town Meeting granted the power to hire a road agent to the Selectboard, ending a long-standing practice of townspeople electing a resident to a one-year term in the position. The measure, which was petitioned onto the warrant for the floor portion of the meeting, passed by a show of hands with 70 people voting in favor. There were about two dozen nays, which were not tabulated. Resident Heather Meeks was one of several residents who spoke in favor of making the position appointed. She said the one-year term leaves little time for long-term planning, and that hiring someone would broaden the candidate pool. “I think in the long run it would be better for the town,” she said. The change will take effect in 2015. During all-day ballot voting, residents took one more opportunity to elect the road agent, choosing Wayne Gray for a one-year term. Voters also decided a contested Selectboard race, which saw incumbent Merilynn Bourne ousted by challenger Dale Lawrence, president of the Cornish Rescue Squad and a former longtime member of the volunteer fire department. Lawrence won the three-year seat, 237-195. After the results were released Tuesday evening, she said she was looking forward to joining the board. “I’m looking forward to working with the other two selectmen and working with the folks in town,” she said. During the five-hour floor meeting, which at its peak drew about 100 attendees, residents approved all other warrant articles, some with minor amendments. Spending includes a nearly $1 million operating budget, not including the expense of county taxes, and a roughly $557,000 highway budget. Bourne had previously said that if all warrant articles passed, the town’s municipal property tax rate would increase just more than $1 to $3.79 per $1,000 of valuation. That translates into a annual tax bill of nearly $950 on a $250,000 home, up 37 percent from last year. After the floor meeting, Bourne said that several additions and subtractions to the budget at Tuesday’s meeting would more or less level out, and she expects the impact to the tax rate to remain roughly the projected $1 increase. Several voters spoke to the road agent article, which was shot down by voters several years ago when the Selectboard put it on the warrant. Proponents have said having the road agent appointed by the board would allow for a more thorough vetting process, especially as the position evolves and becomes more demanding, and would allow for easier dismissal. Resident Jim Fitch said he voted to keep the road agent an elected position the last time, but said he’s “changed (his) mind on the subject.” “I really think it’s time to do a change,” he said during discussion. “I think we can still complain about the roads if you want to, but I think (having a road agent hired by the Selectboard) will help smooth things out in the office,” he added. There were also opponents, including Bill Wall, who suggested that taking away residents’ direct choice “in a day when we’re having less and less democracy” was a bad idea. He said an elected road agent is more invested in the position and connected to the community, whereas an employee might see the post as just a job. Meanwhile, much of the discussion and residents’ questions centered around the police, fire and highway budgets, which are all increasing. The police budget is up 16 percent compared to last year, largely due to a 38 percent increase in the salary line to pay for additional daytime patrol hours. Previously, the department was staffed primarily in the evenings, and the town relied on daytime coverage from state police or mutual aid, which sometimes has led to longer response times. Police Chief Doug Hackett said the daytime hours are a response to an increase in petty thefts, as well as an increase in heroin use in the region. Hackett attempted to quell some residents’ concerns that the increased hours signaled a move to a full-time force. “This is an attempt to stop needing a full-time police department,” he said. The $84,000 police budget passed in a unanimous voice vote. The $44,000 fire budget, up 10 percent over last year, also passed unanimously in a voice vote after some discussion, but residents had more to say about a separate appropriation to raise $22,000 for the fire department capital reserve fund. Deputy Fire Chief Paul Whalen made a motion to increase the amount to $35,000 in order to replace a 1995 fire truck in a few years without depleting the reserve. After some debate, Whalen’s amendment ultimately carried in show of hands, 54-41, and the $35,000 appropriation was then approved unanimously in a voice vote. Wall also objected to the highway budget, which increased 13 percent to $556,930, and a separate article to establish a paving capital reserve fund and raise $50,000 to add to it for paving within the next few years. He made a motion to cut $20,000 from the highway budget, referencing over-spending on some equipment line items from last year’s budget. Officials attributed over-spending to severe rainstorms and flooding last July, which forced the budget up, although up to three-quarters of those costs are expected to be reimbursed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Wall’s motion to cut the budget failed in a voice vote, with a few people supporting it, and the budget as warned passed with a smattering of naysayers. Wall and Neil agreed that maintaining the town’s 23 miles of paved roads was unsustainable. Wall suggested that paved roads with bad foundations be reverted to dirt roads. Bourne said even if voters opt to go that route during Town Meeting next year, money would still be needed. “Everyone agrees we’ve got to do something ... Seems to me it’s prudent to put the money aside now,” she said. That article also passed, over the opposition of a number of no votes. Elsewhere in the meeting, in a 40-31 show of hands, voters approved a petitioned article asking the town to urge the Legislature to call upon Congress to amend the constitution to establish that constitutional rights “were established for people, not corporations” and that money, unlike free speech, should be regulated. Although supporters pointed out that a similar measure appeared on more than 50 warrants throughout the state, several in attendance argued that the floor meeting was the wrong venue for the question and complained that it should have been on the ballot. Voters also unanimously approved an article to designate Paget Road a scenic road, and voted to put a question on the November ballot that would open Town Meeting voting two hours earlier, at 8 a.m. In a nonbinding voice vote, the Selectboard asked townspeople to provide some guidance on whether to allow limited hunting at the Cornish Recreation and Education Area behind the fire station, a roughly 80-acre parcel commonly used for school projects. Three self-identified hunters in attendance said they felt that hunting was not appropriate for the property. A supporter of hunting at the property suggested the Selectboard should seek input from a broader cross-section of residents since the question had not been warned. Maggie Cassidy can be reached at mcassidy@vnews.com or 603-727-3220. The estimated Cornish municipal tax rate of $3.79 per $1,000 of valuation would result in an annual tax bill of nearly $950 on a $250,000 home, an increase of $255. An earlier version of this story overstated the amount of the increase. CornishNH	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528061
__label__cc	0.676211	0.323789	VEDIC BOOKS » Advanced Search » Search Results MY ACCOUNT \| MY CART \| CHECKOUT Principles and Short Practice of Cosmetic Care in Unani Medicine Surrender all actions to God. God is the supreme underlying intelligence behind all the creation. By surrendering you allow the Divine Intelligence to guide your actions. Search results for: The Mother Displaying 51 to 75 (of 647 products) Result Pages: [<< Prev] 1 2 3 4 5 ... [Next >>] Author+ Title Price Buy Now The Mother Commentaries on "Elements of Yoga" $4.95 $3.71 The Mother's commentaries on Sri Aurobindo's Elements of Yoga, touching upon various practical problems encountered in day-to-day life. About the Author: Born in Paris in 1878, the Mother studied painting at an art studio and became an accomplished artist. Primarily interested in inner development, she was associated with several groups of spiritual seekers in France. In 1914 she journeyed to India to meet the Indian mystic Sri Aurobindo in Puducherry and settled there permanently in 1920.... The Mother Commentaries on "The Life Divine" $4.95 $3.71 On two of the last chapters of Sri Aurobindo's The Life Divine: Man and the Evolution The Evolution of the Spiritual Man The Triple Transformation (third chapter ). About the Author: Born in Paris in 1878, the Mother studied painting at an art studio and became an accomplished artist. Primarily interested in inner development, she was associated with several groups of spiritual seekers in France. In 1914 she journeyed to India to meet the Indian mystic Sri Aurobindo in... The Mother Flowers and their Messages $21.49 $16.12 Flowers have a very special place in the life of men, and perhaps more so in the life of the devotees of Sri Aurobindo and The Mother. In the Ashram, the Mother used flowers as a help to the Sadhaks in their Sadhana. "I give you flowers", she once told to a sadhak, "so that you may develop the Divine qualities they symbolise". In this book more than eight hundred flowers have been given by their botanical names along with their spiritual names and significances as revealed... The Mother The Spiritual Significance of Flowers (English) $179.96 $134.97 Each variety of flower, according to the Mother, has its own special quality and meaning. During her lifetime she gave names or significances to 898 flowers. In this book these flowers, with their significances, are arranged thematically in twelve chapters. In each chapter flowers of related significance are grouped together and placed in a sequence that develops the chapter's theme. Brief quotations from the works of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother accompany many significances as an aid to... The Mother The Spiritual Significance of Flowers (German) $179.96 $134.97 The Mother The Spiritual Significance of Flowers (French) $132.99 $99.74 The Mother Mantras of the Mother $4.95 $3.71 Facsimiles of short messages providing spiritual guidance, written by the Mother in a disciple's diary. About the Author: Born in Paris in 1878, the Mother studied painting at an art studio and became an accomplished artist. Primarily interested in inner development, she was associated with several groups of spiritual seekers in France. In 1914 she journeyed to India to meet the Indian mystic Sri Aurobindo in Puducherry and settled there permanently in 1920. For nearly fifty years, she was... The Mother Paintings and Drawings $31.49 $23.62 Trained as a painter in the 1890s at one of the best art studios in Paris, the Mother continued to express herself in art throughout her life. This collection of all the Mother's paintings and drawings will reveal to the discerning eye her rare artistic abilities. The book is beautifully produced with several colour plates. Contents: Introduction Portrait of Sri Aurobindo Self-portraits The Paintings The Drawings The Mother as an Artist The Mother on Art Catalogue of... The Mother The Supreme Discovery $4.95 $3.71 An inspiring piece written in 1912, with special relevance to spiritual seekers assailed by difficulties on the path. Extract: You who weep, you who suffer, you who tremble, not daring to foresee the term of your ills, the issue of your pangs, behold! There is no night without daybreak, when darkness is thickest dawn is ready; there is no fog that the Sun does not dissipate, no cloud that it does not gild, no tear that it does not one day dry, no storm after which its bow of triumph does... The Mother The Mother by Sri Aurobindo, with the Mother's Comments $4.95 $3.71 This book contains The Mother by Sri Aurobindo and the Mother's spoken comments on passages from that book, made during her evening classes at the Ashram Playground. The first set of comments were given in 1951 and the second in 1954. From the publisher's note, "These comments do not form a systematic commentary on Sri Aurobindo's work, but are rather explanations of certain passages, phrases and words. The Mother usually began the class by reading out a passage from the book, then commented... The Mother Burning Brazier: Prayers of the Mother $4.95 $3.71 A small collection of prayers of the Mother. About the Author: Born in Paris in 1878, the Mother studied painting at an art studio and became an accomplished artist. Primarily interested in inner development, she was associated with several groups of spiritual seekers in France. In 1914 she journeyed to India to meet the Indian mystic Sri Aurobindo in Puducherry and settled there permanently in 1920. For nearly fifty years, she was the head of the Sri Aurobindo Ashram, from its founding in... The Mother Education (Part 1): Essays on Education with Commentaries $4.95 $3.71 Essays and conversations outlining an educational discipline aimed at developing all the principal faculties of the individual. About the Author: Born in Paris in 1878, the Mother studied painting at an art studio and became an accomplished artist. Primarily interested in inner development, she was associated with several groups of spiritual seekers in France. In 1914 she journeyed to India to meet the Indian mystic Sri Aurobindo in Puducherry and settled there permanently in 1920. For... The Mother Education (Part 2): Advice to Students and Teachers $4.95 $3.71 Correspondence and conversations, mostly explaining various aspects of the teaching method known as the 'free progress system' which is followed at the Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education, Pondicherry, India. About the Author: Born in Paris in 1878, the Mother studied painting at an art studio and became an accomplished artist. Primarily interested in inner development, she was associated with several groups of spiritual seekers in France. In 1914 she journeyed to India to meet the... The Mother Education (Part 3): Physical Education $4.95 $3.71 This compilation deals primarily with the fundamentals of physical education, with the disciplines and attitudes helpful to developing a strong, healthy and conscious body. About the Author: Born in Paris in 1878, the Mother studied painting at an art studio and became an accomplished artist. Primarily interested in inner development, she was associated with several groups of spiritual seekers in France. In 1914 she journeyed to India to meet the Indian mystic Sri Aurobindo in Puducherry... The Mother Education, Life and Yoga: A Concise Encyclopedia of the Mother's Teachings $31.49 $23.62 An encyclopedia compiled from the Mother's works, covering a vast range of subjects arranged alphabetically. References to the Mother's Collected Works are provided. About the Author: Born in Paris in 1878, the Mother studied painting at an art studio and became an accomplished artist. Primarily interested in inner development, she was associated with several groups of spiritual seekers in France. In 1914 she journeyed to India to meet the Indian mystic Sri Aurobindo in Puducherry and settled... The Mother Health and Healing in Yoga $11.99 $8.99 As expounded in all ancient traditions and as is increasingly being rediscovered by modern medical research, the physical body is the gross material expression of a more subtle body. The body is surrounded by a nervous envelope through which disease must first penetrate before affecting the physical body. This book spells out in the words of the Mother the secret inner causes of health and disease. The methods of mastering the body's functioning in the light of a deeper knowledge of the... The Mother Ideal Parent $4.95 $3.71 Selections from the Mother on parentage, maternity and how to bring up children. About the Author: Born in Paris in 1878, the Mother studied painting at an art studio and became an accomplished artist. Primarily interested in inner development, she was associated with several groups of spiritual seekers in France. In 1914 she journeyed to India to meet the Indian mystic Sri Aurobindo in Puducherry and settled there permanently in 1920. For nearly fifty years, she was the head of the Sri... The Mother Love $4.95 $3.71 A selection of sentences from the Mother's writings on various aspects of love. The themes covered are: What is Love? Finding the Source of Love True Love Love and Humanity Love for the Divine Divine's Love Divine Love Power of Love About the Author: Born in Paris in 1878, the Mother studied painting at an art studio and became an accomplished artist. Primarily interested in inner development, she was associated with several groups of spiritual seekers in France. In 1914 she... The Mother Rays of Light $9.49 $7.12 A collection of short written statements on a wide variety of subjects related to the spiritual way of life and its difficulties. Helpful not only to spiritual seekers but also to the common man trying to solve the problems of life. About the Author: Born in Paris in 1878, the Mother studied painting at an art studio and became an accomplished artist. Primarily interested in inner development, she was associated with several groups of spiritual seekers in France. In 1914 she journeyed to... The Mother Right Attitude in Day-to-day Life $4.95 $3.71 A very helpful selection from the talks of the Mother. About the Author: Born in Paris in 1878, the Mother studied painting at an art studio and became an accomplished artist. Primarily interested in inner development, she was associated with several groups of spiritual seekers in France. In 1914 she journeyed to India to meet the Indian mystic Sri Aurobindo in Puducherry and settled there permanently in 1920. For nearly fifty years, she was the head of the Sri Aurobindo Ashram, from its... The Mother Search for the Soul in Everyday Living $6.99 $5.24 Selections with a practical orientation providing the seeker steps towards "true integration of the inner and the outer, spirit and matter, leading towards a revolutionary new consciousness, founded in Oneness and expressing true harmony in life and action". The aim of the book is to show how to blend "daily life with the life of the spirit". About the Author: Born in Paris in 1878, the Mother studied painting at an art studio and became an accomplished artist. Primarily interested in inner... The Mother Seeds of Light $4.95 $3.71 101 sentences from the Mother, specially chosen to serve as "Seeds of Light" for young readers. About the Author: Born in Paris in 1878, the Mother studied painting at an art studio and became an accomplished artist. Primarily interested in inner development, she was associated with several groups of spiritual seekers in France. In 1914 she journeyed to India to meet the Indian mystic Sri Aurobindo in Puducherry and settled there permanently in 1920. For nearly fifty years, she was... The Mother The Soul and its Powers $14.49 $10.87 Man has been searching for the meaning of life even before the birth of Christ. Various religion/spiritual disciplines have been developed over the centuries. But inevitably the solution was to escape from life towards a nirvana or a heaven that gave peace and salvation but left this earth unchanged. The Mother and Sri Aurbindo had a contrary view however, formulated upon their experiences and realization. There is more to life than to escape from it. Even though they recognized the value of... The Mother Stories Told by the Mother: Part 1 $4.95 $3.71 Almost all of these stories have been culled from the Mother's Questions and Answers, the English translation of her Entretiens in French. The anecdotes were published in French in 1994 under the title La Mère Raconte, and are now brought out in English, in two volumes. The compiler's note states "These stories are not just stories; they are revelations of living truths conveyed to us by the Mother." "If they bring the reader closer to the Mother, their purpose will be... Almost all of these stories have been culled from the Mother's Questions and Answers, the English translation of her Entretiens in French. The anecdotes were published in French in 1994 under the title La Mère Raconte, and are now brought out in English, in two volumes. The compiler's note states "These stories are not just stories; they are revelations of living truths conveyed to us by the Mother." "If they bring the reader closer to the Mother, their purpose will be well served." About... 01. Human Physiology - Expression of Veda and the Vedic Literature 02. Building Architecture of Sthapatya Veda 03. Caraka Samhita (7 vols): Text in Sanskrit with English translation 04. Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha 05. Astanga Hrdayam - 3 Volumes 06. A Systematic Course in the Ancient Tantric Techniques of Yoga and Kriya 07. The One Straw Revolution: An Introduction to Natural Farming 08. Introduction to Sanskrit (Volume I and Volume II) 09. Siddhas: Masters of Nature (2nd Edition) 10. Secrets of the Pulse: The Ancient Art of Ayurvedic Pulse Diagnosis 11. Kundalini Tantra 12. Health In Your Hands: Acupressure and Natural Therapies (2 Vols.) Dharma Sindhu (Sanskrit Text and Hindi Translation) Katyayana Srautasutra (Vol. 1) Reflections on Reality: The Three Natures and Non-Natures in the Mind-Only School Krishna Yajur Veda Taittiriya Samhita - 4 Volumes Letters on Poetry, Literature and Art Siddhanta Ratnakarah Indian Reaction to British Policies A.L. Basham and Problems and Perspectives of Ancient Indian History and Culture Lilavati of Bhaskaracaarya: A Treatise of Mathematics of Vedic Tradition Thank you so much for quick delivery....	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528062
__label__wiki	0.938565	0.938565	Home Products Europe 1943 The map: Vintage map of Europe in 1943 during World War II. Countries are shown with color-tinted areas, along with cities, major rivers and bodies of water. This genuine print is over 73 years old. The original mapmakers were Matthews-Northrup Works, published by World Publishing Company. Page Size: 13 3/4 (w) by 10 1/8 (h) inches Snapshot in time: Italy’s Mussolini is deposed and placed under arrest. The cost of a U.S. first-class stamp: $0.03. The Pentagon is completed, becoming the world’s largest office building. Collections: Europe and Subregions Austria-Hungary 1914 from $ 39.00 Austria-Hungary 1914 The map: Antique map of Austria-Hungary in 1914 at the start of World War I. Countries are shown with political boundaries, cities and waterways. Topographic detail is engraved as hachures to represent mountain ranges. This lovely original print, over 100 years old, represents exceptionally fine engraving techniques. The map was drawn in 1914 and published a year later in 1915. Page Size: 14 (w) by 11 1/4 (h) inches Map Size: 13.5 (w) by 11 (h) inches Snapshot in time: WWI started in Europe. The Panama Canal finally opened to ship traffic after decades of demolition and construction. Woodrow Wilson was in the first of his two terms as U.S. President. Mothers Day was made official in the U.S. View full product details Austria-Hungary-Czechoslovakia-Yugoslavia 1933 from $ 39.00 Austria-Hungary-Czechoslovakia-Yugoslavia 1933 Vintage original print: Austria-Hungary-Czechoslovakia-Yugoslavia map with detailed country borders, cities, railroads (red lines), rivers (black lines) and terrain (brown hachures) and other reference map features. Publisher/Author: World Syndicate Publishing Company Page Size: 9 1/8 (w) by 13 (h) inches Map Size: 9 (w) by 11 (h) inches Snapshot in time: When this map was published, Franklin D. Roosevelt was in the first year of his presidency and Fay Wray starred in King Kong. Balkan States 1917 from $ 39.00 Balkan States 1917 Vintage original print: The Balkan States share an orographic (landforms) and bathymetric (subsea terrain) map focused on the natural features of the region and its surrounding seas. Terrain is shown by elegant hypsometric tints, colors used to indicate land elevations and ocean depth. Details include geographic regions, rivers, waterbodies, coastal bays and harbors. Inset maps of Constantinople and Athens are included. Publisher/Author: Oxford Press Map Size: 8 ¾ (w) by 14 1/8 (h) inches Snapshot in time: The year this map was published, the U.S. entered WWI by declaring war on Germany. All Puerto Ricans became U.S. citizens after it became a territory. Nicholas II, the last Russian Tsar, abdicated.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528064
__label__wiki	0.965361	0.965361	Global (AU) UNHCR Multi-Country Representation in Canberra Human lives, Human rights A joyous return for Central African refugees after years in exile UN High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi greets a fourth group of refugees returning to the Central African Republic. Minister for Humanitarian Action and National Reconciliation Virginie Baïkoua (left) and UN High Commission for Refugees Filippo Grandi (centre) greet refugees returning to Bangui, Central African Republic. © UNHCR/Adrienne Surprenant By Don Murray in Bangui, the Central African Republic \| 03 December 2019 \| Español \| Français \| عربي It was as joyous a boat trip as they will ever take. The passengers sang cheerfully from the moment the launch left the dock in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. They were refugees, 200 of them returning home across the Oubangui River, to the Central African Republic, or CAR, for the first time in six years. They had fled violence and upsurges of civil conflict that erupted in 2013. Now, thanks to a voluntary repatriation agreement signed in July between the governments of the two countries and UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, they were going back. They sang of thanks and hope. “Goodbye RDC, thank you UNHCR …. Central African Republic, my beautiful country.” “I feel very good,” Marie Josephat Bemba, 51, said. She and her family of five became refugees in 2013. “And I’m proud. I have joy in my heart in returning to my country.” "I’m proud. I have joy in my heart in returning to my country.” They were met at the port of Bangui, the capital of CAR, by UN High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi. This was the fourth voluntary repatriation in the past two weeks, bringing 1,400 refugees home from exile in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Grandi spoke of shared joy, because, he said, in stepping on their country’s soil, they had ceased to be refugees. This is what UNHCR strives for. Their return is both a sign of confidence and a sign of courage. Minister for Humanitarian Action and National Reconciliation Virginie Baïkoua (left) and UN High Commission for Refugees Filippo Grandi (centre) greet refugees returning to Bangui, Central African Republic. © UNHCR/Adrienne Surprenant A boat carrying 200 voluntary returnees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo arrives in Bangui, the Central African Republic © UNHCR/Adrienne Surprenant Voluntary returnees wave as the boat carrying them back to the Central African Republic leaves Zongo port in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 21 November. © UNHCR/Adrienne Surprenant Returnee Marie Josephat Bemba (left) smiles on reaching Bangui with her daughters and grand daughter. © UNHCR/Adrienne Surprenant UN High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi (right) listens to returning refugees in the Central African Republic. © UNHCR/Adrienne Surprenant But Grandi said everyone must remain realistic. “In this moment, when we see refugees returning, we must remember that there are still many internally displaced in this country and they too deserve our help,” he said. "We must remember that there are still many internally displaced ... and they too deserve our help." “There are also hundreds of thousands of refugees on the other side of this river as well as in Republic of Congo, Cameroon, Chad and in other countries who continue to need a lasting solution.” It is estimated that there are more than 600,000 CAR refugees and at least 600,000 internally displaced, and this in a country of just under 4.7 million. That means that more than a quarter of the population has fled their homes and towns, and most are women and children. In the last three years, UNHCR has assisted the return of 13,500 and it is estimated that 127,000 have returned spontaneously. “We came back to help the country,” Reno Mauwina said. He’s a construction engineer and head of a family of seven who fled the civil unrest around Bangui in 2013. Two of his children were born in exile. “So, the government must now work to integrate us in the different sectors we can contribute to.” Returning refugees are provided with transport and a return package consisting of food rations for three months, cash and basic household items to help them initially once they are back in CAR. Mauwina’s happiness was tempered with worry. “My fear is that the situation that unsettled the country can happen again. We wouldn’t have the strength to face it again. Let us hope our children have returned to an atmosphere of peace.” But for most, happiness was unalloyed in returning to a capital of a country that people are no longer fleeing from. Key takeaways from the Global Refugee Forum UNHCR seeks international solidarity for refugees and hosts in Sudan Long way home for displaced Sudanese as fears of insecurity persist UN Refugee Agency honoured with Olympic Cup for sporting contribution UNHCR is deeply saddened by the deaths of two Eritrean asylum-seekers in Tripoli, Libya News comment by UNHCR's Chief of Mission for Libya, Jean-Paul Cavalieri, about shelling close to Gathering and Departure Facility in Tripoli	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528066
__label__cc	0.692228	0.307772	ICSC In BriefMandateHistoryThe CommissionICSC SecretariatACPAQ (Subsidiary Body)UN Common System Setting Compensation Compensation PackageDaily Subsistence AllowanceSalary ScalesPensionable RemunerationPost Adjustment Field Entitlements Danger PayMobility and Hardship AllowancesNon-family duty stationsRest & Recuperation (R&R) Managing Human Resources Human Resources ManagementJob Classification & Evaluation Annual ReportsCompendiumICSC LibraryICSC JobNet Job Evaluation (General Service)Job Evaluation (Professional)DSA Questionnairee-LibraryCommission SessionsACPAQ Sessions Danger PayMobility & HardshipNon-Family Duty StationsPost AdjustmentPensionable RemunerationRest & Recuperation Salary Scales Cost-of-Living Surveys Daily Subsistence Allowance Retail Price Indices Home ACPAQ Sessions 41 ACPAQ Session No. 41 ICSC is assisted by an expert subsidiary body, the Advisory Committee on Post Adjustment Questions (ACPAQ), which provides technical advice on the methodology of the post adjustment system. Other working groups and panels are established on an ad hoc basis as the need arises. ACPAQ Is composed Of six members And Is chaired by the Vice Chairman Of ICSC. The current members Of ACPAQ are: Mr. Aldo Mantovani (ACPAQ Chairman), Italy Mr. Edmundo Berumen-Torres, Mexico Mr. John Astin, UK Mr. Andrey Tatarinov, Russian Federation Mr. Akihiko Ito, Japan Mr. Michel Mouyelo-Katoula, Congo-Brazzaville The chief Of the Cost-Of-Living Division serves As secretary To ACPAQ. ACPAQ usually meets every year To review methodological And other technical issues related To the operation Of the post adjustment system, And makes recommendations For ICSC's consideration and approval. Restricted Access - Kindly Log-in The International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) is aware of various schemes, being circulated via e-mails (i.e. info@icscun.org, staffing@icscun.org), from the Internet web sites, and via regular mail, falsely stating that they are issued by or associated with ICSC. 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__label__wiki	0.589889	0.589889	Faculté de théologie Faculté de théologie Faculté & Cité Présentation de la faculté Enseignant-es, collaboratrices & collaborateurs Association des étudiant-es Société des Amis de la Faculté de Théologie (SAFT) Association des Collaborateur·trice·s de l’Enseignement et la Recherche en Théologie Présentation des enseignements MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) Calendrier académique / Horaires d'examens Bourses et subsides Services aux étudiant-es Présentation Faculté & Cité Conférences, colloques et cours publics Auditrices et auditeurs libres Medias et presse Oeuvres numérisées Parent site Bibliotheca Biblica Bibliotheca Biblica St Petersburg Library Sofia Library Belgrade Library Seventh East-West Symposium of New Testament Scholars in Moscow (26.9.-1.10.2016) Rabens Report on the Seventh East-West Symposium of New Testament Scholars in Moscow International Conference on the occasion of the opening of the Biblical Institute at the University of Belgrade From 10 till 13 September 2015, the Faculty of Orthodox Theology at the University of Belgrade hosted an international conference on the relevant topic of contemporary biblical theology, entitled: Christ of the Sacred Stories. The primary importance of this scholarly assembly is reflected through interactive considerations of Christ’s images in the sacred stories of biblical writers and ecclesial traditions, which in a rare manner suits the encountering of Eastern and Western exegetes in the city of everlasting encounter and under the vaults of the school of theology, which in itself comprehends both East and West. In addition to the prominent scholarly relevance, this conference conjoined the following triad of objectives, as well. First of all, it was the opening of the first Serbian Biblical Institute, whose mission of inspiring regional ecclesial, scholarly and cultural spirit naturally seeks cooperation with the conference participants and their home institutions; then, this assembly created an opportunity for expressing gratitude to New Testament scholar from the University of Bern, Ulrich Luz, for his decision to donate his rarely extensive library to the newly established Institute (to which special significance is given by the more than a century long affinity of the theological tradition of Bern towards that of Serbia); and finally, the entire assembly was a worthy way of thanksgiving to Bishop Irinej Bulovic for the contribution to Serbian New Testament scholarship through his professorship, the result of which is the Biblical Institute with its human and technical resources. With the donation of Ulrich Luz and a number of further but smaller contingents of books, the Biblical Institute in Belgrade now possess a strong core of a research library. But it must also be noted an urgent need for publications from the field of the Old Testament. Certain steps to start filling this vast and highly problematic gap in our stockings have already been undertaken, and the stuff of the institute would be most grateful in particular to our colleagues from Western Europe for their advice and support on these matters. September 10, 2015, Predrag Dragutinović See the web page of Belgrade Library Symposium Belgrade 2013 “The Holy Spirit and the Church according to the New Testament” International conference, Eastern Europe Liaison Committee (EELC) of the SNTS August 25 to 31, 2013 The Eastern Europe Liaison Committee (EELC) of the SNTS is currently organising its sixth international conference, which will be held at the Faculty of Theology of the State University of Belgrade (Serbia), August 25 to 31, 2013, and is officially supported by his Eminence Bishop Irinej of Novi Sad and Backa, Professor of New Testament at the above Faculty. The theme of the conference is “The Holy Spirit and the Church according to the New Testament”. There will be ten main papers given by Orthodox and "Western", i.e. Catholic or Protestant, New Testament scholars from various European countries as well as from the United States. In addition there will be three seminars, each chaired by three scholars of various geographical and denominational background. Bishop Irinej will give the introductory lecture, while Prof. N.T. Wright will give a public lecture on the occasion of the 1.700 years from the Edict of Milan. Parts of the program are group discussions and plenary meetings as well as meetings with students of the local Theological Faculty. On the 28th of August the Serbian-Orthodox Church celebrates the Dormition of the Mother of God. On that day there will be an excursion to Novi Sad, which will include attending the Orthodox Liturgy in the Cathedral and visting the Kovilj monastery. After the conference there will be optional excursions in Serbia, Croatia and/or Slovenia. List of speakers and chairmen Report about the Activity of Bibliotheca Biblica and the Department of Biblical Studies in St. Petersburg University Report BB St Petersburg 2016 Report on the activities of Bibliotheca biblica in Sofia Report BB Sofia 2016 Report about the Activities of the Eastern Europe Liaison Commitee (EELC) of SNTS (1995-2007):	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528068
__label__wiki	0.943206	0.943206	11-year-old boy drove 200 miles to live with a stranger he met on Snapchat, police say Updated: 5:01 AM CDT Sep 25, 2019 An 11-year-old boy drove 200 miles across South Carolina to meet a stranger he knew only on Snapchat, the Charleston Police Department said.After three hours of driving, the young boy spotted a police officer, pulled up next to his vehicle and said he was lost, according to police. The child drove from the northwest town of Simpsonville to Charleston.He told the officer early Monday morning he had taken his brother's car to go to Charleston where he wanted to live with "an unknown male he met on Snapchat," police said.But when he lost GPS signal on his father's tablet, he couldn't recover the man's address, police said, as Snapchat messages disappear or are deleted after they're read.The child was able to give the officer his name, his father's name and his cell phone. He was reunited with his family later in the day.Police have launched an investigation into the unknown male, Charleston spokesman Charles Francis told CNN affiliate WCSC."I would love tonight, right now, anybody who's watching this, who is a parent of a child, especially an 11-year-old, to sit down with your 11-year-old, right now, right this moment and have a conversation about what you're doing on social media, the dangers, the benefits and things that as a parent we need to talk about every day," Charleston Police Chief Luther T. Reynolds told CNN affiliate WCIV. An 11-year-old boy drove 200 miles across South Carolina to meet a stranger he knew only on Snapchat, the Charleston Police Department said. After three hours of driving, the young boy spotted a police officer, pulled up next to his vehicle and said he was lost, according to police. The child drove from the northwest town of Simpsonville to Charleston. He told the officer early Monday morning he had taken his brother's car to go to Charleston where he wanted to live with "an unknown male he met on Snapchat," police said. But when he lost GPS signal on his father's tablet, he couldn't recover the man's address, police said, as Snapchat messages disappear or are deleted after they're read. The child was able to give the officer his name, his father's name and his cell phone. He was reunited with his family later in the day. Police have launched an investigation into the unknown male, Charleston spokesman Charles Francis told CNN affiliate WCSC. "I would love tonight, right now, anybody who's watching this, who is a parent of a child, especially an 11-year-old, to sit down with your 11-year-old, right now, right this moment and have a conversation about what you're doing on social media, the dangers, the benefits and things that as a parent we need to talk about every day," Charleston Police Chief Luther T. Reynolds told CNN affiliate WCIV.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528073
__label__cc	0.568219	0.431781	Home Topics Geographies Europe Europe (general region) (569) Irish Republic (334) Research Papers (1) Last three years Last five years From 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 To 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 date Select Alcoholic drinks (1) Automotive (3) Clothing & accessories (1) Leisure & entertainment (1) Non-profit, public sector & education (1) Select adidas (1) European Commission (1) J&B (1) Nissan (1) Toyota (2) Select Cyprus (7) Germany (5) Belgium (5) Poland (5) Turkey (5) ────────────────── Austria (4) Bulgaria (2) Czech Republic (4) Denmark (2) Estonia (1) Finland (3) France (4) Georgia (1) Greece (4) Hungary (2) Irish Republic (5) Italy (2) Latvia (1) Lithuania (1) Luxembourg (1) Malta (1) Netherlands (4) Norway (2) Portugal (5) Romania (3) Russian Federation (1) Slovak Republic (4) Slovenia (1) Spain (5) Sweden (3) Switzerland (2) United Kingdom (3) Select ESOMAR Conference papers (1) Euro Effies (pan-European) (6) Select Cyprus (7) Germany (5) Belgium (5) Poland (5) Turkey (5) Austria (4) Bulgaria (2) Czech Republic (4) Denmark (2) Estonia (1) Finland (3) France (4) Georgia (1) Greece (4) Hungary (2) Irish Republic (5) Italy (2) Latvia (1) Lithuania (1) Luxembourg (1) Malta (1) Netherlands (4) Norway (2) Portugal (5) Romania (3) Russian Federation (1) Slovak Republic (4) Slovenia (1) Spain (5) Sweden (3) Switzerland (2) United Kingdom (3) Sort by Date: newest first Date: oldest first Directorate-General Health & Consumers (DG SANCO): Ex-smokers are Unstoppable Case Study • European Association of Communications Agencies, Gold, Best innovative use of print Award, Euro Effies, 2012 Rather than offer a direct anti-smoking message, this campaign celebrates the ability of ex-smokers to stay away from tobacco. J & B - Start a party Case Study • European Association of Communications Agencies, Silver winner, Euro Effies, 2009 Since 2004, long established blended whisky brand, J&B, faced noticeable downward sales trends in Turkey and Belgium. The Mediawatch in Cyprus: single source TV, radio and print measurements in real time Research Paper • Sophia Avraam, ESOMAR, Worldwide Multi Media Measurement (WM3), Dublin, June 2007 Until today, the advertising world would get information about media consumption that was impossible to compare as each medium's methodologies differed. adidas - Impossible Field Case Study • European Association of Communications Agencies, Grand Prix/Gold winner, 2006 In 2005, adidas launched a through-the-line campaign to reinforce its position as the number one football brand. Nissan Micra: New Micra Launch Case Study • European Association of Communications Agencies, Bronze winner, 2004 In 2002, Nissan is close to completing its 'revival plan', designed after the company suffered a serious downturn in the late 90's. Toyota Yaris: Yaris 'Intelligent Life' Case Study • European Association of Communications Agencies, Silver winner, 2004 In 2003 - twice as old as its segment’s average - the Yaris was beginning to fear aging. On the eve of its 5th anniversary, Toyota decided it needed a new campaign to defy the expected fate of its smallest model. Toyota Avensis: The new Toyota Avensis (The Quality Experience) The new generation Toyota Avensis was designed according to European benchmarks and represents the highest technical and quality standards. Carrefour: Black Supermarket Case Study • 19 June 2019 Carrefour, the supermarket chain, proved its commitment to food quality and improved brand love through a direct campaign centred on a brand-owned experience in France. Beyond binary: The lives and choices of Generation Z Article • 12 April 2019 Provides a better understanding of the initial signals on how Generation Z will be different to, or the same as, previous generations. Binet: Long-term brand building beats activation in financial services Article • Anna Hamill Financial services marketing has declined in effectiveness since the mid-00s recession, and marketers must reinvest in long-term brand building to turn it around. What we know about marketing to women Article • 06 February 2019 Looks at how women's roles in society have changed and continue to evolve, meaning brands have had to adopt how they engage this audience, by promoting female empowerment, removing gender bias and ensuring women are part of the client and agency teams. Beauty and brains: How we supercharged the Audi premium 2015-2018 Case Study • Will Lion Audi, an automotive brand, overtook BMW in the UK by launching two series of TVCs demonstrating how the beauty and intelligence of its cars overpowered speed. How rethinking qualitative research can help brands understand Generation Z Article • Emily Goldhill Livity, a youth marketing agency, distils what it has learned from over 17 years’ experience about how to effectively research and understand young people.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528074
__label__wiki	0.812897	0.812897	Answer Sheet closeAnalysis Interpretation of the news based on evidence, including data, as well as anticipating how events might unfold based on past events Florida governor is signing K-12 public education bill that critics call a ‘scam’ — at a Catholic school President Trump listens to Florida Gov. Rick Scott (R) during a meeting with mayors and governors for an infrastructure summit. (Pablo Martinez Monsivais/Associated Press) Valerie Strauss Reporter covering education, foreign affairs June 15, 2017 at 1:49 PM EDT Florida’s Republican governor, Rick Scott, on Thursday plans to sign a $419 million K-12 public education bill that has been labeled by critics as “scam” legislation — and he is holding the event at a private Catholic school. The measure, popular among many but not all Republicans and pro-school choice forces, sparked a tsunami of opposition from parents, school boards, district superintendents and unions. They have argued that it will harm traditional public school districts, threaten services for students who live in poverty and curb local control of education while promoting charter schools and a state-funded voucher program. What ‘school choice’ means in the era of Trump and DeVos When the legislation becomes law, more than 100 traditional public schools given low grades by the state will be converted into charters — even though the charter sector in Florida is deeply troubled; more than 300 have closed as a result of poor performance. Charter-friendly provisions are scattered throughout the bill, such as one that requires traditional public elementary schools to provide recess to students (without resources to expand the school day) but exempts charters from the same mandate. It’s hard to overstate how much critics hate Florida’s ‘scam’ education bill. Scott’s move is in line with the pro-school choice agenda of President Trump and Education Secretary Betsy DeVos, who has frequently cited Florida as a model choice state. DeVos, who has a home in Florida and is a longtime ally of former governor Jeb Bush, has visited a number of schools in the state since becoming education secretary. Trump made his first trip as president, with DeVos accompanying him, to a Catholic school in Orlando, St. Andrew. Scott, who joined Trump and DeVos on that school visit, had endorsed Trump in March 2016 during the Republican presidential primaries, and Trump has urged Scott to run for the U.S. Senate. Scott touts his “Florida first” budgets in the same way that Trump touts his “America first” agenda. Now Scott is set to sign the legislation at Morning Star Catholic School in Orlando, a symbolic move that underscores his support for the DeVos/Trump principle that public money should be used for private and religious school education. The legislation, incidentally, includes $30 million in additional funding for a school voucher program for students with disabilities. On Thursday, Scott also vetoed a sweeping higher education bill, saying it would “impede” the state’s nearly 30 public community colleges from providing low-cost education to students while giving priority to public university projects. Why the Trump/DeVos visit to a Catholic school is so unusual — and what it really means Critics of the K-12 education bill Scott is signing offered a long list of what they see as problems with it. For example, they blasted a provision that provides $140 million in funding for a “Schools of Hope” program, which is mostly aimed at helping charter schools open in predominantly high-poverty neighborhoods where traditional public schools are troubled. They also oppose a measure that will require traditional school districts to share millions of local dollars earmarked for education funding with charter schools, as well as one that cuts the power of local school districts to deny the replication or expansion of charter schools. And they have complained about the legislative process, saying it was conducted in secret, leading some to call it legislation by “scam.” This Orlando Sentinel piece said: Imagine for a moment that you went to the grocery store to buy a loaf of bread. But when you got there, the store manager said the only way you could buy bread would be for you to also buy a gallon of milk, 10 packs of adult diapers, a box of Popsicles, some day-old pastries, a 5-pound pork butt, three gallons of orange juice, a tin of anchovies and a fistful of lottery tickets. That would sound like a scam, right? Well, welcome to the way the Florida Legislature handled public education this year — legislation by scam. Here’s a letter to Scott sent by the Florida Association of District School Superintendents explaining what it sees as problems with the legislation as well as with other legislation funding public education. Scott has called for a special legislation session to work out funding differences.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528075
__label__wiki	0.933156	0.933156	Debunking 'Da Vinci' By - The Washington Times - Saturday, July 31, 2004 Dan Brown’s bestselling novel “The Da Vinci Code,” whose print run is now in the 6 million range a little more than a year after its release, is probably the only airport-rack whodunnit in history to spawn its own debunking industry. Although “Da Vinci” is a work of fiction, Mr. Brown has argued that its chief claim — that Jesus Christ married Mary Magdalene and founded a feminist religion which the official Christian church suppressed — is historically accurate and based upon reputable research by leading scholars. That claim, in turn, has provoked outrage among traditionalist Christians, especially Catholics, at what they believe are the gross liberties Mr. Brown has taken with the core historical beliefs of their faith. David Hogg mocks, insults Virginia gun-rights rallygoers: 'Put down the gun and pick up a book' “The Da Vinci Hoax,” by Carl E. Olson, editor of Envoy, a Catholic magazine, and Sandra Miesel, a trained medievalist and veteran Catholic journalist, is the latest and perhaps the most thorough (amply sourced and footnoted) and engrossing of the many anti-Brown books that have emerged as sales of “The Da Vinci Code” itself have soared. It’s also one of the longest, its 307 pages approaching the length of Mr. Brown’s 457-page novel. If that looks to be too long a read for you, try instead Amy Welborn’s “De-Coding Da Vinci” (published by Our Sunday Visitor), which covers the same ground in a brisk 124 pages. Mr. Brown’s bestseller rests on its author’s assertion that Jesus was not the Jewish Messiah, the founder of Christianity, the Savior of the world, or the Son of God, as Christians have traditionally believed. Instead, Mr. Brown claims in his book, Jesus was an ordinary rabbi who married his favorite disciple, Mary Magdalene, and sailed with her from the Holy Land to southern France, where their daughter, Sarah, became the head of the religion Jesus actually founded: a form of goddess-worship centered around the “sacred feminine,” as Mr. Brown calls it. The reason most Christians know nothing about this is that patriarchal and power-grabbing Christian bishops and emperors conspired to cover it up, squelching writings deemed heretical, turning Mary into a prostitute, and, in the most egregious step of all, voting to turn Jesus from mere human being into the Son of God at the Council of Nicaea in 325. Nonetheless, Jesus’ offspring and the religion they practiced survived underground in Europe in various forms: Gnostic teaching, the Cathar heresy, a medieval cult in southern France dedicated to Mary Magdalene, the Order of the Knights Templar, the Freemasons, and even the witches of today’s Wicca, as well as their claimed predecessors burned at the stake for practicing not witchcraft, but the true religion of Jesus, says Mr. Brown. The Merovingian dynasty — the Frankish kings who ruled during the early Dark Ages before the era of Charlemagne — were of the bloodline of Jesus, says Mr. Brown, so the Holy Grail of medieval legend (“sangreal,” or “royal blood” in medieval French, according to Mr. Brown) is also part of the story. The Grail, however, wasn’t really the chalice of Christ’s blood used at the Last Supper, as authors of the Middle Ages believed, but Mary Magdalene’s own female body, Mr. Brown asserts. Leonardo da Vinci is a key character in the novel because he painted a famous fresco of the Last Supper that includes a blond and beardless apostle John — who Mr. Brown insists was actually Mary Magdalene. For Leonardo was one of the underground faith’s secret followers too. Hence the name of the novel. Otherwise, as Mr. Olson and Mrs. Miesel shrewdly observe, Mr. Brown’s novel is essentially high-end chick-lit, a mystery-cum-bodice-buster featuring good-looking cardboard characters, a formulaic plot (boy meets girl, boy loses girl, etc.), and a smattering of erudition to flatter the reader’s intellectual vanity. The hero, Robert Langdon, is a Harvard professor, specializing in something called “symbology,” whatever that is. He meets lovely French anthropologist Sophie Neveu after the corpse of her uncle, a curator at the Louvre, turns up dead in Chapter One. The killer has arranged the body to resemble another of Leonardo’s famous artworks, his drawing of a naked man inside a compass circle. As the scholarly pair searches for the murderer, it is revealed that Sophie and her uncle are descendants of Jesus, and that the Roman Catholic Church, in the form of the secretive, sinister Catholic religious order Opus Dei, is determined to squelch this information in order to preserve its hegemony over Christian belief. This twist, too, is scarcely original; the year 2003 also saw the release of “The Order,” a film about a secretive, sinister, Opus Dei-like Catholic religious order also responsible for much villainy. Any biblical scholar — or medievalist — could have told you that the purported historical basis for Mr. Brown’s plot is so much hokum. For starters, although there was indeed a medieval cult of Mary Magdalene centered in Provence, there is no evidence that it existed before the 11th century, when the events leading up to the First Crusade generated a Western European rage for all things connected to the Holy Land, and legends about a voyage by Mary from the Levant to France suddenly sprang up out of nowhere. As for Jesus’ marrying her or anyone else, the New Testament, other early Christian literature, and even the Gnostic texts that Mr. Brown cites as authoritative do not support a conclusion that Jesus had a wife (contrary to Mr. Brown’s assertion in his novel, celibate holy men were a commonplace of first-century Judaism). In fact, Mr. Brown (as he freely admits) cribbed most of his supposed historical facts from “Holy Blood, Holy Grail” (1982), by Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, and Henry Lincoln, three non-scholars with vivid imaginations who also link Mary Magdalene, the Merovingians, the Cathars, the Grail, the Templars, and so forth. Nonetheless, when “The Da Vinci Code” emerged early last year, people who should have known better praised the novel’s supposed erudition. “Exhilaratingly brainy,” said the New York Times. The Chicago Tribune said that Mr. Brown’s book contained “several doctorates’ worth of fascinating history and learned speculation.” The New York Daily News called Mr. Brown’s research “impeccable.” ABC turned the novel into a documentary special, “Jesus, Mary and Da Vinci.” Mr. Brown had clearly told the nation’s cultural elite what it wanted to hear: that the traditional Christian Gospels were unreliable; that heretics, not orthodox Christians, were the true followers of Jesus; and that there had once been a feminist Christianity that the male-dominated Christian hierarchy had ruthlessly suppressed. It was not until late last year, as Mr. Olson and Mrs. Miesel point out, when professional art historians began ridiculing Mr. Brown’s misinformation about Leonardo — starting with the appellation “da Vinci,” which was not his last name as Mr. Brown assumes but merely the name of his hometown — that the novelist began to lose his high standing among intellectuals. All of this and much more Mr. Olson and Mrs. Miesel explore with a meticulousness verging on the finicky in their fine book, and they (unlike Mr. Brown) buttress their conclusions with the research of a panoply of leading scholars of ancient and medieval Christianity. Their explanation of why Western Christians identified Mary Magdalene with a reformed prostitute is especially thoughtful; they were not seeking to denigrate Mary but to see in her a powerful icon of repentance, “a model for Christians seeking to leave behind a life of sensuality and luxury, an encouragement to monks and nuns, as well as an exhortation to prostitutes,” they write. Nor was the Council of Nicaea the first anyone had ever heard of Jesus’ divinity. Mr. Olson and Mrs. Miesel note that Christians (including nearly all heretics) had believed that Jesus was “in the form of God” since earliest days, and Nicaea merely settled — by an overwhelming vote of the bishops — the technical language for expressing the belief that he was both human and divine. My own quibbles with this book are of the most niggling sort. I wish that the authors had quoted from more primary sources of ancient material: genuine Gnostic texts rather than scholars writing about Gnosticism. They incorrectly assert that the word “sangreal” could never have meant “royal blood” as well as “Holy Grail” in Old French. The word “real” was a perfectly good Old French word meaning “royal” (as it does in today’s Spanish); Mr. Brown’s error in translation springs from his vast ignorance of the history of the medieval Grail legend, not false etymology. Otherwise, Mr. Olson and Mrs. Miesel write gracefully, wear their erudition lightly, and have produced a work that is far more readable, intelligent and valuable than the novel it debunks. That is as it should be. Soon enough the world will forget Dan Brown’s silly work of fiction. The real battle, which Mr. Olson and Mrs. Miesel fight valiantly, is against the intellectual misapprehensions about Christian history that showered critical acclaim on such a fraudulent book as “The Da Vinci Code.” Charlotte Allen is the author of “The Human Christ: The Search for the Historical Jesus.”	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528076
__label__wiki	0.589028	0.589028	Home>Recycling Businesses, Cities Vow to ‘Recycle Right’ Responding to the U.S. recycling crisis, leading bin manufacturers join solution to make it easier for consumers, businesses and cities across the country to recycle properly. Waste360 Staff \| Aug 27, 2018 China has historically purchased more than 30 percent of U.S. recyclables. However, in January, it enacted the National Sword Policy, banning the purchase of the majority of U.S. recyclables due to the high levels of garbage, or contamination, mixed in with the recyclables. As a result of the ban, China now purchases less than 3 percent of U.S. recyclables. In an effort to resolve this problem, bin manufacturers, including BearSaver, Bigbelly Smart Waste and Recycling Systems, CleanRiver Recycling Solutions, EZ Dump Commercial, Landmark Studio & Design, Max-R and Securr are joining forces with nonprofit organization Recycle Across America (RAA) to offer the standardized recycling labels on their recycling, compost and trash bins to make it easy for the public to recycle properly throughout society. They are joining this national movement to help eliminate the public’s confusion at the bin, which has been the primary cause of the contaminated recycling and China’s ban. To date, there are nearly 9 million standardized labels displayed on recycling bins throughout the U.S., which are proving to often double and triple recycling levels and significantly reduce or eliminate the contamination. In turn, the standardized labels help reduce the cost of processing the recyclables and allow manufacturers in many industries to have access to high-quality recycled commodities at competitive prices, thereby preventing the depletion of finite natural resources. “There is an environmental bottleneck that has been happening as a result of public confusion, apathy and skepticism with recycling, which has been the byproduct of inconsistent labels throughout society,” said Mitch Hedlund, founder of RAA, in a statement. “That’s why this is truly a historic moment to have these bin manufacturers demonstrate their leadership, uniting with this solution on behalf of their customers and the public. They understand the societal, environmental and industry benefits that come when the public can instantly know how to recycle right, wherever they are in the U.S.” Additionally, RAA has launched a coast-to-coast, celebrity-led public service (PSA) campaign called, “Let’s recycle right!” to bring attention to the standardized labels solution and the need for proper recycling. As the largest multi-media campaign in U.S. history created to help society recycle right, the TV commercials are airing in all of the major cities across the U.S. and have already been increasing the adoption of the standardized labels for bins. TAGS: Business Operations Legislation & Regulation Business Waste Reduction	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528077
__label__wiki	0.574213	0.574213	Home Meet The Team Wayne County Land Bank Resource Network Business Services Featured Sites Aerotropolis Wayne County Land Bank Allen Park Belleville Brownstown Charter Township Canton Township Dearborn Dearborn Heights Detroit Ecorse Flat Rock Garden City Gibraltar Grosse Ile Township Grosse Pointe Grosse Pointe Farms Grosse Pointe Park Grosse Pointe Shores Grosse Pointe Woods Hamtramck Harper Woods Highland Park Huron Township Inkster Lincoln Park Livonia Melvindale City of Northville Northville Township City of Plymouth Plymouth Township Redford Township River Rouge Riverview Rockwood Romulus Southgate Sumpter Township Taylor Trenton Van Buren Township City of Wayne Westland Woodhaven Wyandotte Ecorse is a downriver community that is bordered by the Detroit River on the east and is surrounded by the cities of River Rouge, Detroit, Lincoln Park and Wyandotte; situated within the County of Wayne.Rolled and sheet metal, packaging, and meat processing are the chief industries of the community. Abundant riverfront and parks are vibrant and well maintained. The community's school system is known for quality educational opportunities. A new high school and a new elementary school houses Project Excel, a separate 3-8 school designed to provide a varied more challenging curriculum to younger students. New computers and SMART Board technology have been placed in every classroom, including the media center and technology lab. History & Demographics The area that would become Ecorse was originally home to the Native American tribes of the area. When settled by the French in the last two decades of the 18th century, it was named "The River of the Barks".In the 1836 after the community became part of the United States and settled by more English speakers, it was named Grand Port, but remained unincorporated within Ecorse Township. The settlement was incorporated as the village of Ecorse in 1902. Ecorse became a significant economic force in the region when its first steel mill, Michigan Steel Mill, began operation in 1923. The village incorporated as a city in 1941. As of the census of 2010, there were 9,512 people, 3,646 households, and 2,285 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,397.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 4,544 housing units at an average density of 1,622.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 44.0% White (36.5% non-Hispanic white), 46.4% African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 4.0% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.4% of the population. Detailed Community Profile City Of Ecorse Web Site Khalil Rahal Assistant County Executive	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528078
__label__cc	0.593821	0.406179	Partnership with Persimmon Homes sees three brickwork students guaranteed apprenticeships Home / News & Events / News / Partnership with Persimmon Homes sees three brickwork students guaranteed apprenticeships Three brickwork students from Warrington Collegiate have been guaranteed full-time apprenticeships thanks to an exciting new partnership with Persimmon Homes. Mark Cook, regional managing director of Persimmon Homes North West, visited the Winwick Road campus and met this year’s crop of students who are due to complete their level 3 diploma in brickwork in June. Three of them will be offered employment with Persimmon, thanks to the partnership. Following the visit, Mark said: “I was really impressed with the quality of tuition at the college, and the calibre of the students themselves. It was great to meet each one of the students and talk to them about their commitment to and aspirations for the construction industry. All are already working really hard on the course, and it’s going to be a tough decision in June to select just three. “As a business, we are committed to investing in the future, and this is only the start of our relationship with Warrington. Year on year, I hope to take on a minimum of three students, and hopefully in the future we will be able to look at other trade courses such as joinery and plumbing.” Andy Atkin, curriculum leader and brickwork tutor, said: “This is a brilliant opportunity for our students and a really positive partnership between us and Persimmon. “For Persimmon to offer 30% of this year’s students a guaranteed apprenticeship is incredible. It has created a really positive and competitive atmosphere among the group, and hopefully our students will provide Persimmon with some top quality young brickies who will be a real asset to the company. It really is a win-win.” As part of the sponsorship, Persimmon is promoting the construction industry across the college, offering a practical insight into what it’s like to work for one of the country’s leading house builders.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528079
__label__wiki	0.911785	0.911785	Six dead as sinkhole opens in China street China Sinkhole - AAP At least six people have died after a large sinkhole appeared in part of a street near a bus stop in northwestern China, the Xinhua news agency reports. Sixteen people were also injured when part of the road and footpath collapsed suddenly into the ground in the city of Xining in Qinghai province on Monday, according to Xinhua. A video shown by CGTN TV showed a bus crashing into the resulting sinkhole, causing an explosion. The hole was about 10 metres wide, according to that report. Emergency services were still searching for missing people on Tuesday. The cause of the accident was not known, but road collapses are common in China. Last February, 10 people died in the southern Chinese city of Foshan in Guangdong province after a hole appeared in a section of an eight-lane road the size of two basketball courts. At least six people have been killed and more than a dozen injured when part of a road and footpath collapsed suddenly into the ground in Xining, China. Iran FM: People lied to over Ukraine plane Iranians “were lied to” following the Islamic Republic accidentally shooting down a Ukrainian jetliner, killing 176 people, Iran’s foreign minister says. Cambodia begins treason trial of Kem Sokha Cambodian opposition leader Kem Sokha is facing trial in Phnom Penh on treason charges.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528083
__label__wiki	0.507338	0.507338	The Chained Library of St Wulfram's Home > Nottingham > Churches \| Free \| Libraries \| Places of Interest \| Unusual Things to do by Erin (subscribe) I travel as much as possible at home and abroad. I'm always ready for new experiences Published July 13th 2015 Discover rare books in one of the last chained libraries During the Middle Ages, books were very expensive and labour-intensive to produce. A number of solutions were devised to protect these precious books, such as locking them away in chests and private collections. The book curse, written into a manuscript by a scribe, was a potent warning for potential thieves. James Thompson in his book The Medieval Library records one such example: "Whoever steals this book let him die the death; let him be frizzled in a pan; may the falling sickness rage within him; may he be broken on the wheel and be hanged." Chained libraries were developed to both protect the books and allow access to readers. Books were physically chained to their shelves and desks were arranged for readers to consult them. With the development of the printing press, which reduced cost, increased speed of production, and greatly broadened access to books, chained libraries were no longer necessary. Today, only a handful of such libraries survive. St Wulfram's Church in Grantham, Lincolnshire is one of the finest medieval churches in England. The Francis Trigge Chained Library known as "the great treasure of the church" was established in 1598 by Reverend Francis Trigge, Rector of Welbourn. The library contains 356 items, including 80 chained volumes. One of the oldest items in the collection is a 1472 incunabulum (technical term for an early printed book prior to 1500). Photo by Erin Connelly The library is accessible via a small door and a circular medieval staircase of hand-cut stone steps. The library is contained in the medieval vicar's former residence. I wondered how often he tripped on these treacherous steps, especially in the dark with only a candle to light the way. The only evidence left in the library to signify that it was once a residence is a blocked fireplace and a piscina - term for a basin recessed into the wall that was used for washing. A corroded handle, which would have held a bucket, is still hidden within in the upper space of the piscina. In the second photo below the piscina is visible behind the open book on the stand. Trigge Library. Photo by Erin Connelly Vicar's Piscina. Photo by Erin Connelly The majority of the chained volumes are bibles, sermon collections, and theological texts, including the collected works of Aquinas and Calvin. There is a rare copy of the Vinegar Bible, which contains a printing error in the heading of Luke 20 which reads "The Parable of the Vinegar" instead of "The Parable of the Vineyard." The library also contains a miniature chained book that requires a magnifying glass to read (pictured below). Isaac Newton attended the King's School located near St Wulfram's. The warden stated that Newton was known to visit the library. It is remarkable to be in the presence of books read by the young Newton. A warden will accompany you on your visit to the library. The warden is full of knowledge about these volumes and the history of the library and will happily talk you through items of interest. St Wulfram's is one of the largest medieval churches in England. The chained library is a rare attraction, but it is not the only feature of note in the building. You may wish to explore the following on your visit. The Crypt Chapel The church's namesake, St Wulfram, was a seventh century missionary to North Germany. He was born in Fontainebleau and was the Archbishop of Sens. During the Middle Ages, the Crypt Chapel housed a shrine containing the relics of the saint. The church was a place of pilgrimage for medieval worshippers who made lengthy journeys to visit the saint's relics in hope of miracles. Today, the Blessed Sacrament is stored in the Chapel. In the second photo below, note the worn stone in front of the altar from centuries of worship. Crypt Chapel. Photo by Erin Connelly St Wulfram's Hippo In the Lady Chapel, a curious smiling hippo is carved into the base of an arch around a stained glass window. It has been eroded by time and it is somewhat difficult to see, but in the photo below you can just make out a hippo's wide grin and its tiny ear flaps. If you have trouble locating it, a warden will happily help you to find it. Its origins are a mystery and it is the only hippo carving in the church. As one of the largest medieval churches in England, expect to be overwhelmed by St Wulfram's awe-inspiring vaulted ceilings, elaborate altars, and intricate stained glass. The medieval font (1496) is decorated with a stunning cover from 1899. Within the cover are three carved figures - Edward the Confessor, St Hugh of Lincoln, and St Wulfram. The font is still in use to baptise about 50 children a year, according to the church's website. The stained glass panels range from the Victorian era to the present age and have a noticeably modern appearance. Visitor's Centre and Coffee Shop The Visitor's Centre contains a small museum of church artefacts, including the original medieval chest that housed the most prized treasures of the church. Unfortunately, the treasures were stolen in a later century, but the chest is an interesting item for its age and connection with the history of the church. The coffee shop serves tea, coffee, and a delightful selection of cakes made by the parishioners. The shop is open April to September, Wednesday to Friday, 10:00am - 4:00pm, and Saturday 10:00am - 1:00pm. Trigge Library The library is open during the summer at the following times: Mondays 10.00am - 12.00noon Wednesdays 2:00pm - 4:00pm Thursdays 10:00am - 12:00noon and 2:00pm - 4:00pm Fridays 2.00pm - 4.00pm Saturdays 10:30am - 12:30pm. It is best to phone the parish office (01476 561342) before your visit to ensure the library is open. From April to September, the church building is open Monday to Saturday,10.00am - 4.00pm. During the winter the church is open Monday to Friday, 9.00am - 1:00pm and Saturday 9.30am - 1.00pm Entry to the library and the church are free. Donations are accepted. Note: dates and church specifics were obtained from the official website and personal discussion with the wardens. subscribe to Erin 's articles Why? Visit one of the last chained libraries When: Variable - see above Website: www.stwulframs.org.uk Where: Church St, Grantham NG31 6RR Churches (subscribe) Free (subscribe) Libraries (subscribe) Places of Interest (subscribe) Unusual Things to do (subscribe) More articles by Erin An Autumn Walk in the Peak District Shakespeare and Company Bookstore 6 Tips to Overcome Writer's Block Home of the Pilgrim Fathers 15 Reasons to Visit Nottingham England's Best Trees View all articles by Erin Thanks for giving a great article and providing so many interesting places to visit. 1 reply reply by Susan J Bowes (score: 3\|1447) 142 days ago Top Things to Do in Birdsville (Brisbane) Butterfly Garden at Changi International Airport (Singapore) Top NE Pantos for 2014/15 Margate Shell Grotto Dartmouth Castle and St Petrox Church Top 5 Most Visited Attractions in Edinburgh Weekend Break to the Island of Coll The Ice Bucket Challenge Morris Dancing in the Peak District Travel Gibraltar on a Budget A World War One Walk Around the National Memorial Arboretum Top 10 Must-See Historic Cities in England The Top 6 Dunking Biscuits What are the Weirdest Laws in the UK?	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528086
__label__wiki	0.643008	0.643008	Biting the Hand that Feeds You? Verizon has just done something rather brave. The company has issued a report on “ICSA Labs Product Assurance Report” (http://www.icsalabs.com/sites/default/files/WP14117.20Yrs-ICSA%20Labs.pdf) that talks about the difficulties that most products have in meeting the requirements of ICSA Labs certification. Why is it brave? Because those companies provide ICSALabs with a healthy income, and might therefore be a Verizon has just done something rather brave. The company has issued a report on “ICSA Labs Product Assurance Report” (http://www.icsalabs.com/sites/default/files/WP14117.20Yrs-ICSA%20Labs.pdf) that talks about the difficulties that most products have in meeting the requirements of ICSA Labs certification. Why is it brave? Because those companies provide ICSALabs with a healthy income, and might therefore be a little upset to have it suggested that some of them need to be nursed through the certification process? Well, I don’t think security companies see it that way, though you might think that was the whole point, on a superficial reading of some of the news items inspired by this item. John Leyden says in The Register that “Most security products not up to scratch. But most of all, you’ve let yourself down” (http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/11/17/security_kit_testing_fail/) Dan Raywood says in SC Magazine that “Over three quarters of security products fail an initial test and do not adequately perform.” (http://www.scmagazineuk.com/over-three-quarters-of-security-products-fail-an-initial-test-and-do-not-adequately-perform/article/157883/) Thomas Claburn says in InformationWeek that “Most Security Products Fail Initial Certification Tests. A study based on the testing of thousands of security products over 20 years finds that most require several rounds of testing before achieving certification.” And I think that’s closer to the real process http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/vulnerabilities/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=221800223&cid=alert_art_sec_d_m To look at it the issue in terms of short term failure would be to miss the point, though. There has been a certain amount of criticism of ICSA Labs, among others, in the past, because it gives companies with products under test latitude when it comes to re-testing and re-certification. (And that’s where the bravery comes in…) That latitude runs contrary to the way that some testers work, stress-testing the product under test by “tricking” it into demonstrating its weaknesses rather than coaxing it into demonstrating its capability. [1] But that’s precisely why it’s a Good Thing. ICSA Labs certification isn’t just about saying whether a product is “good” or “bad”: I’d argue that any detection-oriented test that is entirely focused on that is probably not fully aware of the implementational difficulties and margin for error in even the best detection testing in the current threatscape. The value of the ICSA Labs certification process lies not just in the fact that it’s tough (and it is: apparently, only 4% of tested products pass during the first testing cycle) but in the fact that it’s a collaborative process that allows and encourages the vendor to work on the product until it passes, and then requires us to maintain those standards over time. Read the report: it’s about a lot more than product failure, and I can think of other testing and certification labs could learn from it…. [1] “Antimalware Evaluation and Testing” (Harley and Lee) in “AVIEN Malware Defense Guide” (Ed. Harley, Syngress, 2007) David Harley Director of Malware Intelligence	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528087
__label__wiki	0.650947	0.650947	Pastoral & Support Staff Mature Adults Arts & Tech Serving at West Highland Worship & Growth Mandarin Translation Live/Media John Mahaffey Rev. John Mahaffey Born and raised in Toronto, John Mahaffey became a follower of Christ in his teenage years through the witness of his late uncle, the Rev. Gordon Lean, who was then Pastor of the Boston Baptist Church, Boston Ontario. In October 1972, John was baptized at Churchill Heights Baptist Church (now Morningstar). During his high school years, John witnessed many of his friends and classmates become Christians and began to sense God calling him into the ministry. After graduating from Central Baptist Seminary, John and his wife, Andrea, became missionaries with SEND International in the Philippines, where John led two Church Planting teams of national and foreign missionaries. In January 1990 he became Senior Pastor of Morningstar Christian Fellowship in Toronto. During John's 18 years of leadership at Morningstar, the church experienced unprecedented growth, changing from a predominantly homogeneous single congregation of 400 into a two congregation, multicultural church of over 1200 regular worshippers from 70 different nations. John became Senior Pastor of West Highland in January 2008. Shortly after his arrival, the church leadership launched "Operation Rehoboth", a plan to create more space to house our growing ministries and staff. In October 2016, through a capital campaign, West Highland celebrated the completion of an 18-month expansion which added some much needed space to our facilities. John is formerly the Chair of the Adam House Board, a special ministry to refugees in Toronto, and a former member of the Canadian Advisory Council to Exodus Global Alliance, an international ministry to the sexually broken. In addition to his pastoral duties, he is also a founding member of The Gospel Coalition Council, a group of evangelical leaders committed to gospel-centered ministry. When John is not busy leading West Highland's staff and team of pastors, he can usually be found enjoying fishing on a nearby lake or working on his vintage Vespa Scooter. John and Andrea have four children, two of whom are married, and two grandchildren. Children - STAR Kids Join us Sundays at 9:00 & 11:00 A.M. (summer @ 10:00 A.M.) Mandarin translation service Sundays at 11:00 A.M. 1605 Garth St., Hamilton ON L9B 1X8 \| Phone: 905-387-5385 Contact Us \| Map & Information © 2020 West Highland Church All Rights Reserved	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528089
__label__wiki	0.684368	0.684368	Fact checking the Trump administration on immigration The Trump administration on Tuesday sought to blame Democrats for what it calls a "border crisis," claiming that Demo... Posted: May 30, 2018 10:44 AM Updated: May 30, 2018 10:44 AM The Trump administration on Tuesday sought to blame Democrats for what it calls a "border crisis," claiming that Democrats were standing in the way of much-needed laws. The reality is more complicated, and the blame cannot be placed squarely on Democrats. In a call with reporters, White House top adviser Stephen Miller made a series of assertions in his argument that Congress should pass laws sought by the administration on illegal immigration, particularly migration by families and children. "The current immigration and border crisis and all of the attendant concerns it raises are the exclusive product of loopholes in federal immigration law that Democrats refuse to close," Miller said, citing a law to combat human trafficking, asylum law and court settlements that have protected children from detention. "These are all provisions that the administration has sought to rectify and sent proposals to close these loopholes, and the only reason they're not in law, those fixes today are exclusively and solely because of Democrats and only because of Democrats in Washington," Miller continued. "If we were to have those fixes in federal law, the migrant crisis emanating from Central America would largely be solved in a very short period of time." Here's the reality. Reality check: A 'crisis' at the border In March and April of this year, there was a seasonal uptick in illegal border crossings, resulting in roughly 38,000 apprehensions of people crossing illegally each of those months. With just over 16,000 Border Patrol agents stationed at the southern border, that comes out to roughly two-and-a-half apprehensions per agent per month. In most every year tracked except for last year, crossings tend to trend upwards in the spring, as weather for the journey improves. The numbers for 2018 are still consistent with Obama administration years -- slightly below fiscal years 2013 and 2014 but slightly above 2015 and 2016. The crossings in April of this year were more than triple April 2017, but that comparison is distorted, as crossings last April were at lower levels unseen in modern history before they started to pick up and stabilize more in line with recent years. Crossings have been trending downward for decades and are at historic lows, prompting Homeland Security to declare last fall that the border is the most secure than it has ever been. In fiscal year 2017, there were just over 304,000 apprehensions of people crossing the border illegally -- the lowest ever recorded, DHS said at the time, touting it as a 40-year low. In the first seven months of fiscal year 2018, there have been 211,821 apprehensions, a pace that would slightly exceed last year's level. The administration has complained in particular about the greater share of these crossings that involve children and family units, which have picked up in recent years, but are not inconsistent with the last few years of the Obama administration. In fiscal year 2017, family units were roughly 25% of all apprehensions and unaccompanied children accounted for roughly 14%, according to Customs and Border Protection statistics. Last month family units were 25% of apprehensions and unaccompanied children were another 11%. Reality check: Blaming 'loopholes' The administration has branded as "loopholes" a series of laws that are designed to provide human rights and due process rights protections to immigrants, especially children. "To be clear, asylum is not a loophole. Seeking asylum and the right to asylum is not a loophole, it is an international right and a right that is guaranteed by our own laws," said Michelle Bran-, the director of the Migrant Rights and Justice program at the Women's Refugee Commission, on a call with reporters Tuesday afternoon. The Trump administration has been trying to tighten the rights of asylum seekers, a policy under international law and US law that says non-citizens who can show they are likely to be persecuted in their home countries can legally stay in the US. If an immigrant tells an officer at the border that they fear persecution, they are given a "credible fear" test to determine if they may have a claim. Based on US Citizenship and Immigration Services data, the credible fear passage rate was nearly 80% in fiscal year 2017, which takes into account that these individuals are likely to be traumatized, unfamiliar with US law and have little English-language skills. Because of a massive backlog in the immigration courts, it can take years for those cases to work their way to completion, and many immigrants are given the ability to work and live in the US in the meantime, putting down roots. The funding for immigration courts and judges has increased only modestly over the years as funding and resources for enforcement have increased dramatically. The administration points to the much lower percent of asylum claims that are eventually granted as a sign that there are too many asylum claims. But statistical analyses have also shown that immigrants are far more likely to appear in court and win their cases when they have legal representation, something they are not guaranteed or provided by the government. Miller also attacked the 2008 Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act and a 2015 court ruling on what's known as the Flores Settlement Agreement, a court case that goes back decades. Both created protections for children in immigration custody. Unaccompanied minors from non-neighboring countries must be turned over to the Department of Health and Human Services for resettlement within three days of arrest, as opposed to being held in lengthy detention, and children with their families also cannot be held in lengthy detention. Miller said that because the Flores case prohibits the detention -- essentially jail-like conditions -- of children longer than three weeks, families are almost always released while they await court proceedings that will take much longer and that is a "loophole." He also complained that TVPRA requires the government to transfer children out of DHS custody and try to find them a suitable sponsor or family member to live with in the US and doesn't allow the administration to merely turn unaccompanied children around at the border, allowing them to pursue their claims in court. Democratic Sen. Dianne Feinstein, who helped sponsor the original TVPRA in 2008, has strongly pushed back on the labeling of these laws as "loopholes." "These are not loopholes," Feinstein said at a recent hearing. "They are laws that Congress passed to address the documented injustices facing children in our immigration system -- specifically the government's failure to treat these children humanely after decades, decades." Reality check: The 'loopholes' are the 'exclusive' cause of migration Some argue, as the administration does, that Central American migrants come to the US as families or as children alone to "exploit" the laws that exist to protect them and that by making it more difficult to seek protections, they will stop coming. The administration offered no evidence of its position, with Miller saying, "it's just common sense." Migration trends have continued even as administrations have sought to telegraph crackdowns at the border. Studies have found that migration from Central America is largely driven by conditions at home, where poverty, violence and gang activity are extremely high. Until those factors are improved, a Migration Policy Institute study concluded, flows to the US north to the border will continue. Reality check: Democrats are the only obstacle to change Miller's assertion that Democrats are "exclusively and solely" blocking changes to the law and court decisions -- which Congress cannot overrule -- is not backed up by evidence. It is true that Democrats have been united in opposing most of the administration's immigration efforts, but they are not alone in rejecting some of the proposals. A White House-backed bill earlier this year, which included hardline immigration measures, border security and drastic cuts to legal and family-based migration as well as a path to citizenship for certain young undocumented immigrants, got only 39 votes in the Senate, including those of three Democrats. A bipartisan proposal that did not include such hardline measures got 54 votes, including eight Republicans and nearly all Democrats. In the House, a proposal from immigration hardliners that also meets much of Trump's wish list has languished. Republican leadership has consistently told conservatives pushing the bill that it would not have nearly enough Republican votes to pass. Trump on immigration: Fact check Fact-checking Trump's immigration speech CNN fact-checks Trump immigration claims Fact-checking Trump on immigration, family separations Fact-checking Trump's SOTU claims Fact-checking Trump's Iran speech Fact-checking Trump's NATO claims 48 hours fact-checking Trump	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528090
__label__cc	0.691396	0.308604	The End Of NATO? Authored by Joaquin Flores via The Strategic Culture Foundation, With less than a month until the next big NATO meeting, scheduled for the first week of December, France’s Macron has jumped into public relations mode to prepare the public for some big changes on the horizon. Indeed, Macron’s major interview with the Economist on November 7th on the question of the US’s alleged wavering commitment to NATO is a stunning sign of the times. Europe wants its own Army Cutting through a lot of intentionally confusing messaging, is that France and Germany are just fine with any end to NATO because it helps justify the coming European Army – one that they want, and believe they need anyhow. It only happens to be part of the same reality that US hegemony, and its ability to finance NATO in turn, are coming to an end. In sounding more like a radical post-structuralist international relations theorist than a fiscally conservative leader of a capitalist democracy, Macron shocked the world when he stated in no uncertain terms that this period we are in marks the end of ‘Western Hegemony’. The real facts of motives behind big changes have an odd way of ultimately making themselves known for what they are at the end of the day. Often these are cloaked in the underlying framework of the politics of the time. Revealing these in the case of France and NATO can show some top-level word salad at play: justify independence not on the basis that being controlled isn’t fair, but rather that those doing the controlling aren’t doing it well enough and don’t seem committed to it as much as they ought to be. Macron is doing this very well, and mirrors Trump’s own discursive games. Occupiers aren’t doing their job – the End of Trilateralism Imagine if you will a French argument against the Nazi occupation not because it placed Germany in control of France’s fate, but rather on the basis that the Wehrmacht was decreasing its troop presence in France, or conversely appeared to be wavering on the Eastern Front, and as a consequence France was worried about Germany’s commitment to the Reich. This is, in short, what Macron is arguing today regarding the US and NATO. Imagine likewise, that the Wehrmacht said it was considering abandoning its occupation of France not because it had to move resources to the Eastern Front, but because France wasn’t giving enough to the war effort. This is the crux of Trump’s argument for public consumption. Under any other prior historical iterations, the US’s moves to reduce its NATO commitments to Western Europe would be hailed by progressives in the Democratic Party in the US as a step in the right direction. Yet now in this exciting time, one in which the US Empire is down-sizing and adjusting itself to its real force potential, progressives in the US are making geopolitical realism into a partisan issue: since the most obvious or observable stage is happening under a nominally conservative, Republican administration, it must therefore be a Democratic Party talking point to oppose this in principle. The matter is of course deeper than this, and the Democratic Party’s investment in the trilateralism (US + EU + Japan) of Rockefeller and Brzezinski has been at odds with the unilateralism of the neoconservatives. We will recall when President George W Bush attacked Iraq, it came not long after moves by the Iraqi government to do their oil dealings in Euros. The Europe-wide hatred for Bush’s war on Iraq seemed to the politically naïve as an expression of social-democratic pacifism, but in reality was an expression of Europe’s sovereign financial interests versus dollar hegemony. These questions really have not gone away. When NATO came onto the stage, it was couched in terms of protecting Western Europe from the growth of the Soviet sphere of influence which the latter had won from its victory over Germany in WWII. The idea that NATO was not a collaborative and mutual effort of freely-acting European states in defense of market freedoms and Western values, but instead more like a US led and sustained military occupation in Western Europe, in the past could be criticized as either Communist or even neo-Nazi propaganda. Against this view the entire media-academic industry was mobilized, assuring the public that all the European countries of NATO were members of their own accord and will: an outgrowth of the democratic mandate from the peoples of the member states, arrived at through fair parliamentary processes. Macron still needs to make everyone look good All this places Macron in an odd position. NATO is the military component of economic Atlanticism, but this transatlantic relationship experienced a major breach of trust in the years following the US market crash in 2007. This was because US based banks and government colluded to deceitfully push a significant portion of its liabilities onto the EU all the while claiming these were investments – who in turn placed an undue burden in PIIGS countries, in particular Greece. This all in turn has fueled a marked increase in Eurosceptic and ‘exit’ movements across the beleaguered EU. Then on top of that, the Trump administration makes the EU’s commitment to NATO a cornerstone of his Europe policy, along with a brewing trade war. These two are intimately connected. And so Macron’s apparent lamentations over the ‘brain death’ of NATO is quite revealing. In this, he refers to truths that everyone knew, but couldn’t say: “NATO is essentially a military occupying force against European sovereignty – for the EU to be a geostrategic entity, it must be in control of its own military forces”. This sounds like it could have been said by de Gaulle, even Pétain, and while the notion easily fits with Marine Le Pen’s platform, the reality of France forces Macron to hold it. Europe’s not in love with Atlanticism The problem is that even though transatlantic financial dealings have increasingly less to offer the EU, the US side of this equation needs to maintain the relationship and all the appearances and structures that go along with it, in order to leverage itself in any future potential dealings. In short, one way that the US believes it can hold onto things longer, or decrease the tempo at which they’re losing them, is by keeping up appearances. And these appearances are more than just superficial – they are real existing financial obligations which in all reality do not work well for European institutions. Macron has iterated the call for an EU army a number of times. But his statements in the economist represent a skillful if distorted way to couch the EU’s real situation within the accepted discourse of our time: Atlanticism is good. This mirrors Trump’s method and reasoning – and to be clear, it is not certain that Trump is very much committed to trans-Atlanticism, at least not in its present iteration. Back in August, speaking on how isolating Russia is a mistake, Macron explained that “Western hegemony” is over. This leave us an interesting formula: Western hegemony is over, European regional hegemony must begin. This implies that Western hegemony had always meant Europe plus the US together. Without the US, there is no Western hegemony. Trump’s calls that EU countries increase its funding of NATO on the rationale that Europe isn’t doing their share, could only have been to provoke a reaction from Europe to speak its own truth – ‘we don’t like NATO either’ – and to justify the US’s own eventual reorganization or dismantling of NATO. Like Imperial Japan told its puppet-state Manchukuo: it’s only natural that you should pay for the cost of your own occupation. If NATO member states no longer want to pay for their own occupation, then they will no longer get to enjoy it. Macron masters Trump’s Discursive Trap Macron, likewise, plays a similar game – and his discourse is aimed at being acceptable to multiple audiences, who themselves have greatly divergent interests and positions. The realists in the US, of which Trump is the most evident representative, know that the US simply cannot afford to continue with its NATO obligations. Underneath this is the fact that the US cannot offer Europe better deals than it can get elsewhere. The days of forcing Europe to work through the US through various ways, wherein using the US dollar as the primary transaction currency and the global reserve currency in the past meant that the US was middle-in to every deal. Those days are just about over. Rather than disclose that all this is about decreasing US influence, power, and wealth on the global scene, it is more prudent to make this about fairness – that the EU isn’t doing its part. And to wit, as we have said, for Macron’s part of the dance – he knows he needs to keep the trans-Atlanticists happy, they still exert tremendous political control in Brussels and are interwoven into Europe’s financial sector – the most important sector in capitalist Europe. There can be no doubt: Macron was the banking establishment’s choice against Le Pen. The question as to whether he was some Manchurian candidate from beyond the financial sector’s grasp, or whether there is some pro-European sovereigntist faction within the European side of this transatlantic financial sector, is a fascinating question for later investigation. But sufficed to say, those transatlantic deals aren’t the best deals, but these institutions are using whatever influence and capital they still have to force a political position. Macron, nominally, wants to keep them happy. Thus Macron’s ‘warnings’ and ‘lamentations’ that the US under Trump has abandoned its NATO commitments in controlling Europe’s military are anything but. These ‘lamentations’ will serve a perfect pretext for France and Germany to work together to organize a Europe-wide military force. In reality, this has been brewing for many years under the rubric of NATO command. In essence, all the structures are there, it is only necessary to remove US command from the structure and change some patches and flags. In speaking to the Economist regarding NATO’s Article V provision (in which NATO members must rally on the side of a NATO state if it is attacks and invokes the article), Macron seems to imply, in some twisted and round-about – really convoluted way – that he questions the US’s commitment to NATO because of the way it abandoned its allies, the Kurds. This is doubly odd – the adventure in Syria was not a NATO operation, and it is Turkey, the force attacking Kurdish separatists in Syria, that is the NATO ally. Turkey is NATO’s second largest army after the US. Macron isn’t wrong then to imply – what is NATO without the US and Turkey? It is the European Army. This is the view which both France and Germany enter into the December meeting with. So while Trump hides that the US simply can’t afford its empire anymore by blaming Europe for not doing its share, Macron hides that Europe’s been pushing for its own army for years before Trump assumed office. Indeed, the EU’s CSDP, known also as the European Defense Union, has been around in in developing form since 1999, the same year the currency was launched. This has been a part of the plan, it would seem, for quite some time. Macron and Trump can’t be faulted for the word salad they are serving: it’s only a reflection of what’s acceptable in our day. The US president and European leadership appear to agree that NATO’s days are over. It seems the transatlantic financial institutions are the primary team expressing deep concern of this, and are looking to slow the process down by reversing the most overt policies of Trump by ousting him from the White House in 2020. Doing so could drag the process out for another decade, but doing so would be more painful and costly for everyone in avoiding the inevitable. War Conflict	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528095
__label__cc	0.746862	0.253138	Quick links... Local News I Team National The Race 2020 The Now Buffalo News Tips NewsPolice Blotter Former Boy Scouts employee faces child porn charges By: Christine Streich The U.S. Attorney's Office is looking for anyone who may have known or been a victim of a former employee of the Boy Scouts who is now accused of having child pornography. U.S Attorney James Kenney says 34-year-old Russell Ruth not only had hundreds of images of child pornography on his cell phone and laptop, he also tried to upload images to the internet. According to the U.S. Attorney's Office, in March, Yahoo! contacted the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, reporting someone had uploaded five suspected child pornography files to a Yahoo! server. Law enforcement officials say they were able to trace those files back to Ruth. Last month, New York State Police officers executed a search warrant on Ruth's home in Lyons, N.Y. and confiscated Ruth's laptop and cell phone. Authorities say a forensic search revealed hundreds of images of child pornography involving minor boys. At the time, Ruth was working with the Boy Scouts of America in Ovid, N.Y. 7 Eyewitness News has learned that Ruth was an employee at Camp Babcock-Hovey, an overnight Boy Scout camp that serves Boy Scout troops from across the state, including those based in Western New York. The Seneca County Scout Executive Stephen Hoitt has provided the following statement regarding Ruth's arrest and connection to the Boy Scouts of America. For the last several weeks we have been participating with multiple law enforcement agencies regarding the investigation into Russell Ruth. This individual’s behavior is abhorrent and runs counter to everything for which the Boy Scouts of America stands. Upon learning of the investigation, we took immediate action to remove this individual and prohibit him from any future participation in our programs. At this point, we have been advised by law enforcement, there is no evidence of any improprieties happening anywhere within Camp or any Scouting program. Nothing is more important than the safety of our youth members. We seek to prevent child abuse through comprehensive policies and procedures to serve as barriers to abuse. These include a thorough screening process for adult leaders and staff, criminal background checks, requiring two or more adult leaders be present with youth at all times during Scouting activities, the prompt mandatory reporting of any allegation or suspicion of abuse and advocating on behalf of victims when abuse is identified. Anyone with any information on potential abuse should contact authorities to ensure the safety of our youth, in and out of Scouting. The U.S. Attorney's Office is asking anyone who has information related to this case to contact the local HSI Buffalo Office at 716-464-5949. Victim-witness specialists will be available to assist any parent or guardian should they need victim-related resources. In addition, anyone with general questions or concerns regarding sexual abuse of children or anyone who would like guidance on how to discuss this issue with children should call the Bivona Child Advocacy Center at 1-585-935-7800. Ruth was charged with possession of child pornography. The charge carries a maximum penalty of 10 years in prison and a $250,000 fine. He's currently locked up pending a detention hearing scheduled for Wednesday afternoon. Take WKBW Everywhere, on all your devices. Download below! Phone or Tablet: Apple, Android Set-top Device: Roku , Apple TV , Amazon Fire TV Personalize your news, get the latest 7 First Alert Forecast, and watch 7 Eyewitness News video wherever, whenever. Learn more here about what 7 Eyewitness News provides on all these devices.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528097
__label__wiki	0.788592	0.788592	Edith Grossman, Renowned Translator and Advocate for Translation, to Receive 2019 Ottaway Award By Words Without Borders Edith Grossman We are pleased to announce that Edith Grossman will receive the 2019 Ottaway Award for the Promotion of International Literature. “In a career that spans over half a century—translating, teaching the art of translation, and advocating for the value of translators—Edith has truly shown us all why translation matters,” said Words Without Borders Board Chair Samantha Schnee. Edith Grossman has earned renown as one of the most distinguished literary translators of our time and an outspoken advocate in the field. Grossman’s translations have brought into the English-language canon works by some of the most influential voices in Spanish-language literatures, including Miguel de Cervantes, Gabriel García Márquez, and Mario Vargas Llosa. She has received numerous accolades for her work,including the PEN/Ralph Manheim Medal for Translation, a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Arts and Letters Award in Literature,and the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Civil Merit, awarded by the King of Spain Felipe VI. Beyond her immense literary contributions, Grossman has advanced the field of international literature by raising awareness of the cultural imperative of translation and the value of translators in cultivating human understanding. In her seminal work, Why Translation Matters (2010), Grossman writes: Translation always helps us to know, to see from a different angle, to attribute new value to what once may have been unfamiliar. As nations and as individuals, we have a critical need for that kind of understanding and insight. The alternative is unthinkable. In action and in word, Grossman has been a tireless proponent of recognizing the indispensable role of translators in the literary world and beyond, calling for fair contractual terms and speaking out against the erasure of translators’ contributions from book reviews and book covers. Grossman has served future generations of translators not only through her teaching but also by changing attitudes and industry practices toward translators. Named in honor of the first chair of Words Without Borders, James H. Ottaway, Jr., the Ottaway Award recognizes an individual whose work and activism have supported WWB’s mission of promoting cultural understanding through the publication and promotion of international literature. Past awardees include editors Chad W. Post, Jill Schoolman, Barbara Epler, Sara Bershtel, the late Carol Brown Janeway, and Drenka Willen. Edith Grossman is the first literary translator to receive the Ottaway Award, which will be presented to her by writer, editor, and award-winning translator Daniel Hahn. The Words Without Borders Gala will take place on October 29, 2019, at Tribeca Three Sixty° in New York City. Gala co-chairs Jennifer Moross and Rebecca Servadio will be joined by honorary chair Emily Wilson, the acclaimed translator of The Odyssey. A full lineup of author hosts, special guests, and sponsors will be announced next week. For more information about the event or table sponsorship, please contact [email protected]. Published Sep 5, 2019 Copyright 2019 Words Without Borders Return to WWB Daily Founded in 2003, Words Without Borders promotes cultural understanding through the translation, publication, and promotion of the finest contemporary international literature. Our publications and programs open doors for readers of English around the world to the multiplicity of viewpoints, richness of experience, and literary perspective on world events offered by writers in other languages. We seek to connect international writers to the general public, to students and educators, and to print and other media and to serve as a primary online location for a global literary conversation. Learn more about WWB More about Words Without Borders	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528099
__label__wiki	0.718748	0.718748	Remembering the Y2K panic 20 years later How did you prepare for Y2K? Kristina Lucarelli Do you remember how you prepared for Y2K? Buying generators and gas, stocking up on canned food and bottled water, taking as much cash out of the ATM as it would allow? Or maybe your main focus in 1999 was just finding a fancy bottle of champagne to ring in the new millennium, and the Y2K fears didn't cross your mind.Whether you went into doomsday mode or not, there's no argument that the country as a whole spent a whole lot of time and resources preparing for Y2K. It's easy to laugh at now, 20 years later, but the threat back then felt very real. In fact, if you tried to explain it to someone under the age of 25, they'd probably think you were joking. With that in mind, we dug into our archives for a heavy dose of Y2K nostalgia and talked with WGAL Anchor Susan Shapiro, who covered the "Year 2000 Conversion" as it was happening, way back in 1999. So much of today’s news emanates from New York, Washington or Los Angeles, but what we know is that amazing, authentic and genuine stories are being told around the country every day. Each week, "Dispatches from the Middle," which originally aired on Facebook Watch, takes a deep dive into a powerful local news story and gets a behind-the-broadcast look at how it came together.For stories like this and more, follow "Dispatches from the Middle" on Facebook Watch and subscribe to Stitch on YouTube.RELATED:Digital scammers get more and more technologically advanced every day. To keep you and your loved ones safe, check out the video below: Do you remember how you prepared for Y2K? Buying generators and gas, stocking up on canned food and bottled water, taking as much cash out of the ATM as it would allow? Or maybe your main focus in 1999 was just finding a fancy bottle of champagne to ring in the new millennium, and the Y2K fears didn't cross your mind. Whether you went into doomsday mode or not, there's no argument that the country as a whole spent a whole lot of time and resources preparing for Y2K. It's easy to laugh at now, 20 years later, but the threat back then felt very real. In fact, if you tried to explain it to someone under the age of 25, they'd probably think you were joking. With that in mind, we dug into our archives for a heavy dose of Y2K nostalgia and talked with WGAL Anchor Susan Shapiro, who covered the "Year 2000 Conversion" as it was happening, way back in 1999. So much of today’s news emanates from New York, Washington or Los Angeles, but what we know is that amazing, authentic and genuine stories are being told around the country every day. Each week, "Dispatches from the Middle," which originally aired on Facebook Watch, takes a deep dive into a powerful local news story and gets a behind-the-broadcast look at how it came together. For stories like this and more, follow "Dispatches from the Middle" on Facebook Watch and subscribe to Stitch on YouTube. Digital scammers get more and more technologically advanced every day. To keep you and your loved ones safe, check out the video below:	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528100
__label__wiki	0.559481	0.559481	Farmall Tractor Clutch Farmall PTO Clutch Overhaul Kit - Overhaul kit for the PTO Clutch fits 1259531 valve housing. Contains complete disc package, gaskets and o-rings. For models: 5088, 5288, 5488. (Part No: 977724) $354.78 Farmall Clutch Disk - Fits M. 11 inch clutch disk replaces OEM number 52848, GV73340059, 14736D, 14736D-RO, 3JT9309-RO, 52848-RO, 52848DA-R6B. (Part No: 52848) $85.89 Farmall Clutch Assembly - For tractor models A, B, C, Super C, 100, 130, 140, 200, 230, 240, 404, 2404 all with Rockford Style Clutch. New disc and pressure plate assembly (with narrow style fingers). Solid disc, no springs, 9 inch disc with 6 splines 1 1\4 inch hub. New release bearing and new pilot bushing and alignment tool (not shown). This kit will replace the early and late style. If you have the graphite bearing, you will also need the new style bearing sleeve and you can order as part number 375493K-Sleeve. Replaces 375493R91, 56631DB, IHS958. (Part No: 375493K) $137.42 Farmall Remanufactured Clutch Kit - Our re-manufactured clutch kit contains: a 12 inch heavy duty, 17 spline 1 3\4 inch hub, 12 spring re-manufactured pressure plate assembly; a 12 inch 11 spline, 1 3\16 inch hub, 6 pad re-manufactured clutch disc; new release and pilot bearings. There is also a $50.00 refundable core charge that will be added to your order. IF ORDERING ON-LINE, THIS ADDITIONAL CHARGE WILL BE ADDED TO YOUR ORDER AFTER YOUR RECEIPT IS PRINTED. For tractors: 706, 756, 766, 786, 806, 826, 856, 986. (Part No: 104496K) $298.08 Farmall Clutch Kit - This single stage re-manufactured heavy duty clutch kit contains a heavy duty re-manufactured, 17 spline, 1 3\4 inch hub, 15 spring pressure plate assembly, a re-manufactured, heavy duty, 6 pad, 11 spline, 1 3\16 inch hub clutch disc; new release bearing and new pilot bearing. There will be an additional core charge of $50 (will be added after order is placed when ordering online) - this is refundable if you send your core to us. For tractor models WITH Hydraulic Assist. For tractors: 1066, 1086, 1206, 1256, 1456, 1466, 1468, 1486, 4100, 4156, 4166, 4186, 21206, 21256, 21456. (Part No: 67597K) $410.96 Farmall Clutch Disc - For Models: 2400, 2400A, 2400B, 248, 2500A, 2500B, 258, 268, 3400A, 3434A, 3434B, 3500, 3500A, 3514, 380B serial number below 18106, 4500A, 4500B, 3210, 3220, 3230, 3400, 485, 485L serial number below 8250, 485XL serial number below 703, 495, 574, 584, 674, 684 serial number below 10338, 685L serial number below 12349, 685XL serial number below 3234, 784 serial number below 9490, 785L serial number below 16712, 785XL serial number below 1840, 884 serial number below 9396, 885 serial number below 3083, 885L serial number below 2690, 885XL serial number below 2990 11 inch diameter, 1-1\8 inch hub, 10 spline, 6 ceramic pads. Replaces 1944253C1, 293248A1, 3121507R93, 70093C91. (Part No: 70093C91) $76.87 Farmall Clutch Disc - For Cub, Cub Lo-Boy, Pacer, Pony.(Rockford Style Clutch) 6-1\2 inch diameter, 15\16 inch hub, 10 spline, organic lining. (Part No: 351773R91) $17.82 Farmall Clutch Disc - For tractor models 454, 464, 574, 674 with gas engine 11 inch diameter, 1-1\8 inch hub, 10 spline, 3 Metallic Pads. (Part No: 401479R93) $149.85 Farmall Clutch Pressure Plate Assembly - New pressure plate assembly, 11 inch, 10 spline, 1-5\8 inch hub. For tractor models 454, 464, 484, 574, 584, 674, 684, 784, 884. (Part No: 70716C1) $182.89 Farmall Clutch Pressure Plate Assembly - Pressure plate assembly, 12 inch, 17 spline plate, 1-3\4 inch hub. For tractor models 766 diesel, 786, 826, 856, 886, 966, 2826, 2856, 3088, 3288. Not for over-center clutch. (Part No: 405300R92R) $237.78 Farmall Clutch Release Bearing, Greaseable - For tractor models A, Super A, B, C, Super C, H, Super H, 100, 130, 140, 200, 230, 240, 404, 2404. Bearing is 3.375 inch outside diameter, 2.0625 inch inside diameter. (Part No: 361292R91) $28.01 Farmall Clutch Housing Cover - For A, Super A, AV, B, BN, C, Super C, Cub. Clutch Housing Cover is Oval with Bracket and Screw. Cover is 3 x 4 inches. Check shape and size before ordering. (Part No: 57576DX) $14.25 Farmall Clutch Housing Cover - For Super A, AV, C, Super C, Cub, 100, 130, 140, 200, 230, 240. Clutch Housing Cover is Round with Bracket and Screw. 4-3\16 inches outside diameter, check shape and size before ordering. (Part No: 351486R1) $18.75 Farmall Clutch Kit - For tractor models H, HV to serial number 391357. This is a Rockford Style Clutch. 10 Inch Clutch kit containing- 1-10 Inch, 6 Spring Pressure Plate (52900D), 1-10 Inch Rigid Clutch Disc with 1 1\4 Inch 10 Spline hub(64772DA), 1-Release bearing (361292R91) and 1-Pilot Bearing (ST544). Includes alignment too (not shown). (Part No: 52900K) $139.02 Farmall Clutch Bearing and IPTO Seal Kit - For tractor models 706, 756, 766, 786, 806, 826, 856. Includes: clutch release bearing, pilot bearing, inner and outer IPTO seals, o-ring (Part No: R2991) $56.58 Farmall PTO Clutch Kit - 5 fiber discs and 12 steel plates. For 706 thru 1086 (from 1962) with single speed PTO, 56, 66, 86. (Part No: R2973) $56.13 Farmall PTO Clutch Kit - Heavy duty 7 fiber discs and 9 steel plates. For 706 thru 1086 (from 1962) with single speed PTO, 56, 66, 86, 88 series with dual speed PTO. (Part No: R2974) $56.13 Farmall PTO Overide Clutch - Override coupler for 1 1\8 inch female to 1 1\8 inch male, 6-spline. Free-wheels smoothly when implement exceeds PTO speed. WARNING: The use of PTO adapters can be hazardous if not used with adequate protection such that ASABE standard S318.16 requires suitable shielding be provided for any device intended for installation between the tractor PTO shaft and the implement input driveline . (Part No: C690F) $52.91 Farmall PTO Overide Clutch - Override coupler for converting 1 1\8 inch female to 1 3\8 inch male, (has 1 1\8 inch female at one end and 1 3\8 inch male at the other end) 6-spline. Free-wheels smoothly when implement exceeds PTO speed. WARNING: The use of PTO adapters can be hazardous if not used with adequate protection such that ASABE standard S318.16 requires suitable shielding be provided for any device intended for installation between the tractor PTO shaft and the implement input driveline . (Part No: C670F) $47.78 Farmall Clutch Kit - This new single clutch kit contains a 11 inch, 3 spring, 10 spline 1 5\8 inch hub pressure plate assembly (1500655C92), a 11 inch, 6 pad, 10 spline, 1 1\8 inch hub clutch disc (293248A1), release bearing (405625R91), pilot bearing (537290R91), and pilot tool. Tractors: 384, 454, 464, 484, 485, 574, 584, 585, 674, 684, 784, 884, 2400A, 2400B, 2500A, 2500B, 3500A.70716NC (Part No: S.61265) $242.17 Farmall Remanufactured Clutch Kit - Our re-manufactured clutch kit contains: 12 inch, 17 spline, 1 3\4 inch hub, 12 spring, re-manufactured pressure plate assembly; a 12 inch 11 spline 1 3\16 inch hub, re-manufactured clutch disc with woven lining; new release and pilot bearings. There is also a $50.00 refundable core charge that will be added to your order. IF ORDERING ON-LINE, THIS ADDITIONAL CHARGE WILL BE ADDED TO YOUR ORDER AFTER YOUR RECEIPT IS PRINTED. For tractors: Super MTA, 400, 450, 460. For 200, 230, HV, MTA, Super H, Super M. (Part No: 359121K) $247.02 Farmall Clutch Kit, 10-1\2 Inch - This re-manufactured single stage clutch kit includes a 10 � inch, 9 spring, 16 spline, 1 11\16 inch hub re-manufactured pressure plate assembly, a 10 1\8 inch, 10 spline, 1 1\8 inch hub, 4 pad re-manufactured clutch disc; new release bearing and two new pilot bearings. For tractors: 300, 320, 330, 340, 350, 460, 504, 544, 606. Industrial: 2500, 2504, 2544, 2606, 3616 (gas to serial number 1945 and diesels to serial number 2117). NO CORE CHARGE. (Part No: 360746NC) $344.08 Farmall Clutch Bearing - Release bearing for tractor models 2656, 300, 330, 340, 350, 400, 450, 460, 504, 544, 560, 606, 656, 660, 664, 666, 686. Inside diameter 2.0625 inches, outside diameter 3.625 inches, width .7969 inches. Please verify measurements before ordering. Replaces 18567D, 362028R91, 362028R92, 55211D, 55212D (Part No: N1087) $14.27 Farmall Remanufactured Clutch Kit - Our re-manufactured clutch kit contains: a 12 inch, 16 spline, 1 5\8 inch hub, 12 spring re-manufactured pressure plate assembly; a 11 inch, 10 spline, 1 3\32 hub, 4 pad re-manufactured clutch disc; new release and pilot bearings. For tractors 656, 664, 666, 686, 2656 For 2656, 656, 664, 666, 686. NO CORE CHARGE. (Part No: 388616K) $287.10 Farmall Bearing, Clutch - Clutch release bearings, 3.697 inch outside diameter, 2.249 inch inside diameter, .7970 inch wide bore. Tractors: M, MD, Super M, Super MD, W6, WD6. For M, MD, Super M, Super MD, W6, WD6. (Part No: 48974D) $36.39 Farmall Spring Clutch & Brake - Spring, torque amplifer clutch release spring, 3 5\8 inces overall length. For tractor models 100, 130, 140, 400, 450, 560, 660, Super MTA, Super W6TA. (Part No: 61084D) $10.14 Farmall PTO Clutch Kit - Clutch disc kit for single or dual speed independent PTO using 5 discs and 8 plates. Tractors: Hydro 84, 385, 395, 464, 484, 485, 495, 574 serial number 100001 and up, 84, 585, 595, 674, 684, 684, 685, 695, 784, 885, 2400A serial number 100001, 2500A serial number 100001 and up. For 2400A, 2500A, 385, 395, 464, 484, 485, 495, 574, 584, 585, 595, 634, 674, 685, 695, 784, 885, HYDRO 84. Kit includes, 5 DISCS (401716R2), 8 PLATES (66188C1), 1 O-RING (401723R1), 1 O-RING (401724R1), 6 SPRINGS (66182C1). (Part No: 66193C91) $107.50 Farmall PTO Clutch Disc - Clutch disc kit, for independent PTO using 12 discs 381489R3 and 5 plates 381490R1. For single and dual speed tractors. For 1026, 1066, 1086, 1206, 1256, 1456, 1466, 1468, 1486, 21026, 21206, 21256, 21456, 2544, 2656, 2706, 2756, 2826, 2856, 3388, 4100, 4156, 4166, 4186, 544, 656, 664, 666, 686, 706, 756, 766, 826, 856, 886, 966, 986, HYDRO 100, HYDRO 186, HYDRO 70, HYDRO 86 (Part No: 68802C91) $54.90 Farmall PTO Clutch Kit - Clutch disc kit for independent PTO using 9 discs 381489R3 and 7 plates 381490R1. Single speed IPTO tractors: 1486 serial number 26000 and up, 1566, 1568, 1586, 3588, 3788, 6588, 6788. Dual speed tractors: Hydro 186 serial number 12000 and up, 786, 886 serial number 17000 and up, 986 serial number 24000 and up. For 1086, 1486, 1566, 1568, 1586, 3088, 3288, 3388, 3588, 3688, 3788, 6388, 6588, 6788, 786, 886, 986, HYDRO 186, HYDRO 3488. (Part No: 68803C91) $57.13 Farmall Clutch Kit - This re-manufactured single stage clutch kit contains a 12 inch, 10 spline, 1 5\8 inch hub, 12 spring re-manufactured pressure plate assembly, a 12 inch 10 spline, 1 1\8 inch hub, 6 pad re-manufactured clutch disc; new release bearing and new pilot bearing. There will be an additional core charge of $27 (will be added after order is placed when ordering online) - this is refundable if you send your core to us. For 1440, 1460, 1480, 1640, 1644, 1660, 1666, 1680, 1688, 900, 914, 915 (Part No: 85025K) $551.89 Farmall Clutch disc - 5 1\2 inch new clutch disc, Spline DIAMETER: 0.9375 inch, spline COUNT : 10. Fits Cub Lo-Boy, Cub 154 Lo-Boy, Cub 185 Lo-Boy, Cub 184. Verify size before ordering. (Part No: 404640R93) $32.21 Farmall PTO Clutch Disc, 9 Inch - PTO Clutch disc, organic, 9 inch, Heavy duty hub, (1.750 inch, 10 spline). For the following tractors: 345, 354, 364, 384, 424, B414. Industrial: 2300, 2444, 3414, 3444. (Part No: 1753753M94) $34.43 Farmall PTO Gasket and Clutch Disc Kit - Same kit as 77721, PTO Gasket and Clutch Disc Kit but also includes disks. For tractor models 100, 1026, 1066, 1086, 1206, 1256, 1456, 1466, 1468, 21026, 21256, 21456, 2706, 2756, 2806, 2856, 3388, 3788, 706, 756, 766, 806, 826, 856, 886, 966, 986, all with independent PTO. Contains 9 plates (381489R3), 7 disks (381490R1), gaskets, o-rings (about 50 pieces). (Part No: PCK721) $163.38 Farmall Clutch Kit, 7 Inch - This new torque amplifier clutch kit contains a re-manufactured 7 inch, 6 spring pressure plate assembly (360215R94), a new 7 inch 14 spline 1 1\2 inch hub, solid, metallic clutch disc (375701R91), and new release bearing (362028R92). For tractors: Super MTA, 300, 330, 340, 350, 400, 450, 460, 504, 544, 560, 606, 656, 660, 664, 666, 686, 2504, 2606, 2656. (Part No: 360215NC) $351.28 Farmall Clutch Pressure Plate, 9 - Rockford Style with wide fingers. Fits Models: 100, 130, 140, 200, 230, 240, 2404, 404, A, B, C FARMALL, Super A, Super C. (Part No: 361581R91) $184.88 Farmall Clutch Release, Yoke (Left Hand) - Fits Cub above serial number 32229 and Cub Lo-Boy. (Part No: 353239R2) $16.64 Farmall Clutch Release, Yoke (Right Hand) - Fits Cub above serial number 32229 and Cub Lo-Boy. (Part No: 353240R2) $17.27 Farmall Clutch Disc - 12 inch, spring loaded, 1.500 inch spline diameter, 10 spline. For tractor models M, MD with serial number FBK294708 and above. Super M, Super MD. (Part No: 359168R91) $176.28 Farmall Clutch Disc, 12in - Organic, spring loaded, 1.500 inch spline diameter, 10 spline. For tractor models M, MD, MDV, MV all with serial number FBK294708 and above. Super M, Super MD. (Part No: 362013-RO) $143.96 Farmall Clutch Disc, 12in - Rockford Style 1.500 inch, 10 spline. For tractor models M, MD, MV, MDV all with serial number FBK294708 and above. Super M, Super MD. (Part No: 362013R91) $142.71 Farmall Clutch Disc, 11in - Organic, solid, 1.50 inch spline diameter, 10 spline. For tractor models M, MV, MD, MDV all with serial number between FBK501 and FBK294707. Super W6, WD6, W6. (Part No: 52848-RO) $67.21 Farmall Bearing, Clutch Release - Sealed for Models: M, MD, MV, MDV, Super M, Super MD, Super W6, W6, WD6. (Part No: 6182379R91) $33.69 Farmall Clutch Disc, 9in - Clutch disc, 9 inch, 4 button spring loaded, 1.250 inch spline diameter, 6 spline. For tractor models 100, 130, 140, 200, 230, 240, 2404, 404. There is an additional $7.00 for a core charge. IF ORDERING ON-LINE, THIS ADDITIONAL CHARGE WILL BE ADDED TO YOUR ORDER AFTER YOUR RECEIPT IS PRINTED. (Part No: 384384-R4B) $124.73 Farmall Clutch Release Fork - For tractor models 100, 1026, 1066, 1086, 1206, 1256, 1456, 466, 1468, 1486, 1566, 1568, 1586, 21026, 21206, 21256, 21456, 2706, 2756, 2806, 2826, 2856, 3088, 3288, 3388, 3588, 3688, 3788, 6388, 6588, 6788, 706, 756, 766, 786, 806, 826, 856, 966, 986. (Part No: 380110R1) $95.05 Farmall Clutch Release Shaft - For tractor models 100, 1066, 1206, 1256, 1456, 1466, 1468, 1566, 1568, 21206, 21256, 21456, 2706, 2756, 2806, 2826, 2856, 706, 756, 766, 806, 826, 856, 966. (Part No: 380180R12) $164.70 Farmall Clutch Bearing Carrier - Replaces 380109. For tractor models Hydro 100, 1026, 1066, 1086, 1206, 1256, 1456, 466, 1468, 1486, 1566, 1568, 1586, 21026, 21206, 21256, 21456, 2706, 2756, 2806, 2826, 2856, 3088, 3288, 3388, 3588, 3688, 3788, 6388, 6588, 6788, 706, 756, 766, 786, 806, 826, 856, 966, 986 (Part No: 380109R1) $153.76 Farmall Clutch, Dust Cover - For tractor models A, B, C, Super A, Super C, 100, 130, 200, 230. Cover is 2 inches outside diameter. Check shape and size before ordering. (Part No: 57579DX) $12.00 Farmall Clutch Disc, New - 12 inch, 4 button, spring loaded, 1.1875 inch spline diameter, 11 spline. For tractor models 2706, 2756, 2806, 2826, 2856, 3088, 3288, 3688, 400, 450, 500, 560, 600, 660, 706, 756, 766, 786, 806, 826, 856, 886, 966, 986, Super MTA. (Part No: 384395R94) $120.68 Farmall Clutch Alignment Tool - 1-1\8 inch 10 spline, 1-5\8 inch 10 spline, 3\4 inch pilot. For tractor models 364, 384, 385, 395, 494, 574, 584, 585, 595, 895, 995, 3230, 4210, 4220, 2400A, 2400B, (424, 2444 with single disc), 2500A, 2500B, 3500, 3500A. (Part No: S.70912) $21.17 Farmall Clutch Alignment Tool - 1-1\8 inch 10 spline, 1-3\4 inch 10 spline, 13\16 inch pilot. For tractor models 384, 414, 424, 444, 2300, 2300A, 2424, 2444. (Part No: S.70922) $24.95 Farmall Clutch Alignment Tool - 1-1\8 inch 10 spline, 1-3\4 inch 16 spline, 13\16 inch pilot. For tractor models 300, 330, 340, 350, 504, 544, 606, 656, 2500, 2504, 2544, 2606, 2656, (3444 with dial 9 inch, 11 inch discs). (Part No: S.70921) $24.95 Farmall Clutch Alignment Tool - 1-1\8 inch 10 spline, 1-11\16 inch 16 spline, .787 inch pilot. For tractor models 460, 664, 666, 686, 3616. (Part No: S.70927) $24.95 Farmall Clutch Alignment Tool - 1-13\16 inch, 11 spline, 1-3\4 inch, 17 spline, .787 inch pilot. For tractor models 706, 756, 766, 786, 806, 826, 856, 886, 966, 986, 1026, 1066, 1086, 1206, 1256, 1466, 1468, 3088, 3288, 3688, 2706, 2756, 2806, 2856. (Part No: S.70928) $24.95 Farmall Clutch Alignment Tool - 1-3\16 inch 11 spline, 1-3\4 inch 17 spline, .984 inch pilot. For tractor models Super MTA, 400, 450, 560. (Part No: S.70929) $24.95 Farmall Clutch Alignment Tool - 1-3\4 inch 10 spline, 1.180 inch pilot. For tractor models 4366, 4386, 4568, 4586. (Part No: S.70931) $22.46 Farmall Clutch Alignment Tool - For model 4786. (Part No: S.70932) $24.95 Farmall Clutch Disc, Organic - New, 10.5 inch, spring loaded, 1.125 inch spline diameter, 10 splines. For tractor models 2500, 2504, 2544, 2606, Farmall 300, 330, 340, Farmall 350, (3616 diesel serial number up to 2117 or gas up to serial number 1945), 460, 504, 544, 606. (Part No: 360488R92) $127.61 Farmall Clutch Alignment Tool - 15\16 inches x 10 spline. For model Cub, Cub Lo-Boy. (Part No: 900151) $6.17 Farmall Clutch Assembly, Dual - Contains Pressure Plate number 1539022C1, clutch disc number 1539025C1, PTO disc number 1539020C1. (Part No: 628135609) $894.56 Farmall Ramp Assembly, Bearing Carrier & Overrunning Clutch - This Remanufactured Bearing Carrier and Overrun Ramp Assembly is for tractor models 2504, 2544, 2606, 2656, 300, 330, 340, 350, 400, 450, 460, 504, 544, 560, 606, 656, 660, 664, 666, 686. Additional $25 core charge will be added to your order. IF ORDERING ON-LINE, THIS ADDITIONAL CHARGE WILL BE ADDED TO YOUR ORDER AFTER YOUR RECEIPT IS PRINTED. (Part No: 365402R11) $143.82 Farmall Clutch Release Shaft - For tractor models 1086, 1486, 1586, 3088, 3288, 3388, 3588, 3688, 3788, 6388, 6588, 6788, 786, 886, 986. (Part No: 104037C2) $135.14 Farmall Clutch Release Bearing Carrier - For tractor models 2504, 2544, 2606, 2656, 300, 330, 340, 350, 454, 460, 464, 484, 504, 544, 574, 584, 606, 656, 664, 666, 674, 684, 686, 784, 884. (Part No: 360501R2) $65.62 Farmall Clutch Bearing & Seal Kit - Kit includes greasable release bearing N1174, pilot bearing 63042RS, inner 12363 and outer 19760 PTO seals, and o-ring 12250. For tractor models 1066, 1086, 1206, 1256, 1456, 1466, 1468, 1486, 21206, 21256, 21456, 2706, 2756, 2806, 2826, 2856, 3088, 3288, 3688, 3788, 4100, 4156, 4166, 4186, 706, 756, 766, 786, 806, 826, 856, 886, 966, 986. (Part No: N159763) $49.29 Farmall Clutch Bearing & Seal Kit - Kit includes sealed release bearing, pilot bearing, inner and outer PTO seals and o-ring. For tractor models 1066, 1086, 1206, 1256, 1456, 1466, 1468, 1568, 706, 756, 766, 786, 806, 826, 856, 886, 966, 986. (Part No: N158563) $39.66 Farmall Clutch Release Bearing Return Kit - Kit includes, 1 bracket, 1 return spring, 1 bolt and pin 1\4 inch, 1 washer, 1 cotter key. For tractor models 1066, 1206, 1256, 1456, 1466, 1566, 2706, 2756, 2826, 2856, 706, 756, 766, 806, 826, 856, 966. (Part No: 50191001) $22.77 Farmall Clutch Release Bearing Return Kit - Kit includes 1 bracket, and 1 return spring. For tractor models 1086, 1486, 1586, 3088, 3288, 3388, 3588, 3688, 3788, 6388, 6588, 6788, 786, 886, 986. (Part No: 50191002) $17.97 Farmall Clutch Booster Seal Kit - For tractor models 786, 886, 986, 1086, 1486, 1586, 3088, 3288, 3388, 3588, 3688, 3788, 6388, 6588, 6788. (Part No: 75414C91) $42.97 Farmall Cover Assembly, Clutch Housing - For tractor models 1086, 1486, 1586, 3388, 3588, 3788, 4166, 4186, 786, 886, 986. Replaces 120018C91 & 399045R11. (Part No: 120017C91) $192.08 Farmall Clutch Kit - This new single stage clutch kit contains a re-manufactured pressure plate assembly, a re-manufactured, 14 inch, 11 spline, 1 3\16 hub with 6 large pads clutch disc, a new release bearing and new pilot bearing. For tractor models 3388, 3588, 6388, 6588. (Part No: 142078C91) $505.04 Farmall Clutch Disc, New - 12 inch disc (6 large pads), 1-1\8 inch hub, 10 spline. For tractor models 895, 995, 3210, 3220, 3230, 3400, 3434, 4210, 4220, 4230, 4240, 584, 684, 784, 884. (Part No: 85026C3) $72.34 Farmall Clutch Disc - 10-1\2 inch diameter, 1-1\8 inch hub, 10 spline. For tractor models 300, 330, 340, 350, 460, 504, 655, 606, 2500, 2504, 2544, 2606, 3616, 8000. (Part No: 384633R91) $112.61 Farmall Clutch Disc - 11 inch diameter, 1-3\32 inch hub, 10 spline. For tractor models 656, 664, 666, 686, 2656, 3616. (Part No: 388625R91) $107.23 Farmall Clutch Disc - 14 inch diameter, 1-3\16 inch hub, 11 spline. For tractor models 1066, 1086, 1206, 1256, 1456, 1466, 1468, 1486, 3388, 3588, 4100, 4156, 4166, 4186, 6388, 6588. (Part No: 393117R93) $200.53 Farmall Clutch Disc - 14 inch diameter, 1-3\8 inch hub, 13 spline. For tractor models 1566, 1568, 1586, 3788, 6788. (Part No: 67736C1) $212.33 Farmall Clutch Disc - 12 inch diameter, 1-3\16 inch hub, 11 spline. For tractor models Super MTA, Super W6, 400, 450, 560, 660. (Part No: 375564R91) $116.89 Farmall Clutch Lever - Used In 390011R91 Dual Clutch Assembly. For tractor models 424, 444, 2424, 2444. (Part No: 392499R2) $12.03 Farmall Independent PTO Clutch Kit - Kit includes 4 friction plates, 6 steel, 6 springs, 2 piston seals. For tractor models 454, 574, 2400, (2500 up to serial number 100000). (Part No: 534934R92) $77.21 Farmall Torque Amplifier Clutch Kit - Power shift, 6 friction plates, 4 steel plates, 2 piston seals. For tractor models 684, 784, 884, 485, 585, 685, 885, 395, 495, 595, 695, 895, 995, 4210, 3220, 3230, 4230, 4240, C50, C60, C80, C90, C100. Replaces 401717R3, 401724R1, 402571R1. (Part No: 401716R3) $93.43 Farmall Clutch Kit Complete - 6 1\2 Inch - This new single stage clutch kit contains a new 7 inch, 3 spring, cast plate pressure plate assembly (351760R91), a new 6 1\2 inch, 10 spline, 15\16 inch hub, rock-ford style clutch disc with organic lining (351773R91), new release bearing in carrier (350921R11-OE), bushing (251266R1), and alignment tool. For the Cub, Cub Lo-Boy. (Part No: 351760R91-Comp) $72.90 Farmall Clutch Kit - This single stage clutch kit contains a new pressure plate assembly (404639R94), a new 5 1\2 inch, 10 spline, 15\16 inch hub, woven clutch disc (404640R93), new pilot bushing (251266R1), and alignment tool. Release Bearing NOT included. For tractor models Cub 154 Lo-Boy, 184, 185 Lo-Boy. (Part No: 404639KLB) $116.94 Farmall Clutch Disc - TORQUE AMPLIFIER Clutch Disc. This disc is a 7 inch disc with 14 splines. For tractor models Super M, Super W6, 300, 330, 340, 350, 400, 450, 460, 504, 544, 560, 606, 656, 660, 664, 666, 686, 2504, 2606, 2544, 2656. (Part No: 375701R91) $112.62 Farmall CLUTCH, PRESSURE PLATE - Pressure Plate (7 1\4 inch) Diaphram Type. For Case\IH models 234, 244, 254, 235. (Part No: S.72822_) $55.19 Farmall Clutch Shaft - For tractor models 2424, 2444, 384, 424, 444, B275, B414. Also replaces 751048R2. (Part No: 3071270R1) $13.42 Farmall CLUTCH ALIGNMENT TOOL - CASE\IH MODELS with 10 splines with 1 1\2 inch hub discs. (Part No: 1712-7072) $13.49 Farmall Clutch Kit, 10 SPLINE DISC - For Farmall M, MD, MDV, MV, W6. Kit contains 52848DA 11 inch clutch disc with 10 splines and 1 1\2 inch hub, 52840D 11 inch pressure plate with 9 springs and 3 fingers, ST544 pilot bearing, 48974D release bearing and Alignment tool. (Part No: 1712-7074) $153.39 Farmall PTO Safety Clutch, 40 HP - 1-3\8 inch 6 spline male and female ends, 6 inch diameter, 40 horse power capacity. Heavy duty unit allows PTO driven implements to freewheel with adjustable safety protection under load. Prevents expensive damage to internal tractor PTO packs. Prevents single clutch tractors from being driven forward by PTO over-run. (Part No: B9164) $235.29 Farmall PTO Drive Clutch Drum - For tractor models Cub 154 Lo-Boy, Cub 185 Lo-Boy. Replaces: 527240R1, 547292R1. (Part No: 547292R1) $97.52 Farmall PTO Clutch Output Shaft - For tractor models Cub 154 Lo-Boy, Cub 185 Lo-Boy. Replaces 404917R11. Bearings are 276574R91. (Part No: 546651R11) $155.25 Farmall PTO Clutch Load Spring Plates - Includes two plates. For tractor models Cub 154 Lo-Boy, Cub 185 Lo-Boy. (Part No: 527236R1) $32.17 Farmall Steering Clutch Disc - Fiber Disc is 10.868 inch outside diameter, 59 spline. For model TD6. (Part No: 43729DC) $31.84 Farmall Clutch Kit - This new dual 12 inch clutch kit contains: 12 inch, 17 spline, 1.75 inch hub pressure plate assembly (405300R92); 12 inch, 11 spline, 1 3\16 inch hub, cerametallic clutch disc (384395R94); pilot (524598R91) and release (365867R91) bearings, and clutch alignment tool. For tractor models: 2706, 2756, 2806, 2826, 2856, 3088, 3288, 660, 706, 756, 766, 786, 806, 826, 856, 886, 966. (Part No: 384395R94-KIT) $292.92 Farmall Clutch Release Bearing Carrier - This clutch release bearing carrier is the carrier only, does not include bearing. For tractor models A, AV, B, BN, C, Super A, Super A-1, Super AV, Super AV-1, Super C, 100, 130, 140, 200, 230, 240, 404, 2404 (Direct replacement for the following when equipped with replaceable throwout bearing A, AV, B, BN, C, Super A, Super A-1, Super AV, Super AV-1, Super C) replaces the graphite style (non-replaceable) throwout bearing and carrier number 350830R31 used on early models. Replaces: 6116D, IHS1155. Uses release bearing part number 361292R91. (Part No: 375493K-Sleeve) $62.79 Farmall Clutch Release Yoke, Pair - Right and left hand sides. For tractor models: Cub above SN# 32229 and Cub Lo-Boy. Replaces 353240R2, 353239R2. (Part No: 3532LR) $28.43 Farmall Clutch PTO Disk 9 Inch - For double clutch, 10 spline on 1.75 inch hub, organic, rigid. For tractor models 2300, 3414, 3444, B414, 345, 354, 364, 374, 384, 424, 444. (Part No: 1539020C1) $46.92 Farmall Clutch Pressure Plate - Pressure Plate: 11 inch, with PTO disc, with 1.344 inch flywheel step (Auburn Design). For tractor models B414, 424, 434, 444, 2424, 2444. Replaces 399536R92. (Part No: 390011R92) $454.67 Farmall Clutch Drive Shaft - Clutch Drive Shaft. Fits tractor models Cub 154 Lo-Boy without creeper gear, serial number 18709 and up, Cub 185 Lo-Boy all without creeper. Oiled steel 1.060 inch diameter x 29 inches long total. Replaces: 543603R1. (Part No: 543603R1) $183.47 Farmall Clutch Kit - This New Clutch Kit, includes 537290R91 pilot bearing, 158125C91 release bearing, 85025C2 pressure plate-10 spline, 1 5\8 inch hub-12 inch diameter, 85026C3R clutch drive disc-10 spline with 1 1\8 inch hub and 10 spline-1 1\8 inch by 10 spline 1 5\8 inch pilot tool. Fits 3210 PATRIOT, 3220, 3230, 380B LOADER, 4210, 4220, 4230, 4240, 495, 584, 585, 595, 684, 685, 695, 784, 786, 795, 884, 885, 895, 985, 995. (Part No: 1712-7070) $350.22 Farmall Clutch Pedal Return Spring - This Clutch Pedal Return Spring is 6 inches total length. It fits H, HV, M, MD, O6, ODS6, OS4, OS6, Super H, Super HV, (Super M, Super MD both up to serial number 60000), Super MTA, W4, W6, W6TA, WD6; Replaces: 49444DA. (Part No: 49444DA) $14.95 Farmall Clutch \ Brake Return Spring - This spring has an overall length of 4.463 inch, with a wire diameter of 0.083 inch and an outside spring diameter of 0.744 inch. Fits: [1066, 1206, 1256, 1456, 1466, 1468, 1566, 1568, 706, 756, 766, 806, 826, 856, 966 (use on the following gear drive tractor when used as a clutch pedal return spring)], [4100, 4156, 4166 (use on the following model when used as a clutch pedal and brake pedal return spring)]. Replaces: 626206R1. (Part No: 626206R1) $12.95 Farmall Clutch Brake Puck - Plastic\Friction Pad. 0.6485 inch diameter body, 0.925 inch total length. Friction material out 0.115 inch from body and 0.500 inch diameter. Sold individually, 2 used per tractor. Replaces: 404642R1. (Part No: 404642R1) $9.50 Farmall Clutch Drive Shaft - This Clutch Drive Shaft is 24-1\2 Long and used on Cub 154 Bo-Boy 154 up to serial number 18708 with creeper drive. Replaces: 530422R2 (Part No: 530422R2) $188.37 Farmall Clutch Drive Shaft - This Clutch Drive Shaft is 31 inches long. It fits Cub 154 Lo-Boy without creeper drive up to serial number 18708. Replaces: 404670R4. (Part No: 404670R4) $188.37 Farmall Clutch Drive Shaft - This Clutch Drive Shaft is 22-5\8 inches long. Fits Cub 154 Lo-Boy serial number 18709 and up with creeper drive, and all Cub 185 Lo-Boy with creeper drive. Replaces: 543679R1. (Part No: 543679R1) $188.37 Farmall Clutch Housing Inspection Cover - This Clutch Housing Inspection Cover fits Cub, and Cub Lo-Boy. Replaces: 351485R2 (Part No: 351485R2) $15.60 Farmall Clutch Release Yoke Pivot Pin - This Clutch Release Yoke Pivot Pin has a 0.373 inch diameter and 5.695 inch length. It is made from improved 4140 steel. It fits Cub and Cub Lo-Boy and replaces original part number 350948R1. (Part No: 350948R1) $13.50 Farmall Clutch Shaft Carrier Seal - This clutch shaft carrier seal measures 1.125 inch inside diameter, 1.565 inch outside diameter, 0.250 inch wide. Fits (340, 460, 504, 656 fits as a clutch shaft carrier seal for forward and reverse transmissions), (544, 606, 665 fits as a forward\reverse transmission seal). Replaces: 350891R91, 358801R91, 358836R91, 370510R91, 371410R91, 515448R91. (Part No: 195501M1) $3.81 Farmall Clutch And Brake Pedal Shaft - This Clutch And Brake Pedal Shaft is 19.95 inches long with a 1.130 inch diameter. Used on a Farmall C, it replaces original part number 351212R1 (Part No: 351212R1) $59.13 Farmall PTO Clutch Rebuild Kit - This PTO Clutch Rebuild Kit contains 4 friction discs, 3 separator plates, 8 wavy spring washers, 4 shims. It is used on Cub 154 Lo-Boy and Cub 185 Lo-Boy. It replaces original part number 527245R92 except it does not contain hardware. (Part No: 527245R92) $144.90 Farmall Clutch Disc - This 11 inch diameter, organic, spring loaded clutch disc has 10 splines on a 1.125 inch hub. Replaces 3108790R91 and 3047748R93. This disc was used on models B250, B414, 276, 364, 384, 434, 444, 485, 575, 434. (Part No: 1539025C1) $243.36 Farmall Clutch Assembly - For tractor models A, B, C, Super A, Super C, 100, 130, 140, 200, 230, 240, 404, 2404 all with Rockford Style Clutch. New disc and pressure plate assembly (with narrow style fingers). Spring disc, 9 inch disc with 6 splines 1 1\4 inch hub. New release bearing and new pilot bushing and alignment tool (not shown). This kit will replace the early and late style. If you have the graphite bearing, you will also need the new style bearing sleeve and you can order as part number 375493K-Sleeve. Replaces 375493R91, 56631DB, IHS958. (Part No: 375493KSP) $161.47 Farmall Clutch Release Fork - This Clutch Release Bearing is used on IH 354, 364, and 384 Tractors. Replaces original part number 751049R2 (Part No: 751049R2) $39.33 Farmall Clutch Release Fork - This Clutch Release Fork is used with 1970934C1 Clutch Bearing Carrier when used with a 12 inch clutch and 1971045C1 Clutch Bearing Carrier when used with an 11 inch clutch. Replaces 398342R2. (Part No: 398342R2) $43.26 Farmall Clutch Release Yoke - This clutch release yoke is 7 5\8 inches overall length. For models A, AI, AV, B, BN, C, Super A, Super AV, Super AV-1, Super C, 100, 130, 140, 200, 230, 240, 404. Industrial A1, 2404. Replaces 47716D (Part No: 47716D) $48.23 Farmall PTO Clutch Disc and Gasket Kit - This kit consists of 1 - 68803C91 Disc Kit (7 - 381490R1 And 9 - 381489R3) and 1 - 77720C94 Gasket Set. (Part No: PCK720) $98.40 Farmall PTO Clutch Disc, Inner - This disc has 34 splines and a 3.590 inch spline diameter. It replaces 374033R1, 02003660. (Part No: 374033R1) $8.12 Farmall Clutch Release Bearing Carrier - This Release Bearing Carrier is used on Farmall M, MD, MDV, MV, Super M, Super MTA. Uses 6182379R91 Release Bearing (not included). (Part No: 6932D) $74.50 Farmall Clutch Kit, 11 Inch Dual - Used on International B250, B275 and 354 Tractors with Dual Clutch. The Kit contains; 1539021C1 pressure plate assembly with captive PTO disc, transmission disc, release bearing and pilot bearing. Replaces 709638R95, 709649R1, 405625R91, 537290R91, 1539025C1, 3047748R93, 3048529R91, 3108790R91 (Part No: 1539021C1KIT) $736.40	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528102
__label__wiki	0.988861	0.988861	York City Fire Dept. remembers former chief Kroll's dedication to job Former York City Fire Chief George Kroll died Sept. 13 at the age of 87. York City Fire Dept. remembers former chief Kroll's dedication to job Former York City Fire Chief George Kroll died Sept. 13 at the age of 87. Check out this story on yorkdispatch.com: https://www.yorkdispatch.com/story/news/2019/09/16/york-city-fire-dept-remembers-former-chief-krolls-dedication-job/2340431001/ Tina Locurto, York Dispatch Published 3:12 p.m. ET Sept. 16, 2019 \| Updated 3:58 p.m. ET Sept. 16, 2019 Several firefighters from the York City Department of Fire visited George Kroll on Friday, Sept. 6. A firetruck was brought along, fulfilling Kroll's wish of seeing one again. (Photo: City of York Fire Department) One of George Kroll's final wishes was to see something he hadn't in years — a shiny, bright red firetruck, once an integral part of his daily life as the former chief of the York City Fire Department. On Sept. 6, several members of the department surprised him at his Country Meadows residence with a visit from the last fire engine he purchased as chief. "It was good to see a smile on his face," said current Chief Chad Deardorff. "He had a lot of love for this department and the City of York." Kroll died a week later on Friday, Sept. 13, at the age of 87. Though Kroll had wanted to sit in the firetruck, Deardorff said he was unable to and instead posed next to it for several photos with a few members of the department. "It was a great hour for us," Deardorff said. Kroll worked with the York City Fire Department for 39 years, first joining in 1956, and served as the fire chief from 1976 to 1995. Several firefighters from the York City Department of Fire visited George Kroll on Friday, Sept. 6. A firetruck was brought along, fulfilling Kroll's wish of seeing one again. (Photo: York City Fire Department) "He definitely got a lot of things in motion as far as where we are as a department today," Deardorff said. "As far as history, he was instrumental in (establishing) the Fire Museum." Deardorff said he only knew Kroll for a short time, as Kroll retired soon after the younger firefighter joined the department. Despite this, Deardorff said he knew Kroll had a deep love and care for the fire department. Deputy Chief William Sleeger said he worked with Kroll back when he was first hired in 1992. Though Kroll retired shortly after, Sleeger said it was always a pleasure to see the former fire chief at retirement banquets. Describing Kroll as a tall, strong individual, Sleeger said he always "commandeered respect" of his peers. In his free time, Kroll was an avid racquetball player and was a former state champion, according to his obituary. He also served in the U.S. Navy during the Korean War. Both Deardorff and Sleeger agreed Kroll's place in the York City Fire Department is unparalleled. "This department was his whole life," Sleeger said. — Reach Tina Locurto at tlocurto@yorkdispatch.com or on Twitter at @tina_locurto. Read or Share this story: https://www.yorkdispatch.com/story/news/2019/09/16/york-city-fire-dept-remembers-former-chief-krolls-dedication-job/2340431001/	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528103
__label__wiki	0.888801	0.888801	Home In the news Always hoping for peace Always hoping for peace By Amy Blom - Matt and Cassandra Ryan reflected on the importance of Remembrance day in Byford. Photograph — Matt Devlin. Australians stopped to remember past conflicts this Remembrance day but according to Byford couple Cassandra and Matt Ryan it was just as important to keep current conflicts in mind. The two were well aware of the impact conflict had on service people having both served in the Australian navy, where they met. Mr Ryan joined the navy in 1990 as a marine technician and was deployed to Kuwait to help rehabilitate the devastated nation following the first gulf war. He was later deployed to East Timor then Afghanistan and Iraq following September 11. He left the navy in 2005. Commander Cassandra Ryan joined in 1997 after completing an engineering degree at Curtin university and was deployed to help rebuild Iraq. “I was only meant to join for a couple of years and I’ve been here 18 with no end in sight,” she said. “I come from a mining background, my hometown is a mining town and I thought the navy would be the best way to train and be transferrable to the mining industry but when I joined the navy I loved the travelling, being at sea and the mateship.” She said it was this mateship that encouraged her and her husband to become involved in the Serpentine Jarrahdale RSL. “When you come back (from deployment) it takes a while to adjust and sometimes you never do, which is one of the reasons why we’re part of the RSL,” she said. “Sometimes it’s important to have that camaraderie and people who understand. “It’s really hard to explain unless you’ve been there but on Remembrance day we appreciate that people are trying to understand and that for a brief moment the whole nation stops and gets it. “They get how much of a sacrifice it was, even for those who were able to come back because people still come back with scars.” She said for her Remembrance day symbolised a hope for peace. “The sound of the silence of the guns is what we should be aiming for,” she said. “We’re obviously both service people but we have children and we don’t want them to go through conflicts so we want to help the world any way we can to get through the conflicts in the most peaceful way possible. “The show of national commemoration is really important to us as service people because it means it wasn’t a waste of a year of our lives every time we went. We can’t leave people undefended either, as much as we don’t want to have conflict we can’t let bullies go over the top, it’s just very un-Australian.” She said Remembrance day was also of particular importance to her because her great grandfather was one of the original Anzacs serving in Gallipoli, her grandfather served in the pacific campaign in World War II and her uncle served in Vietnam. Mr Ryan said he hoped Remembrance day reminded people of the struggles of returning soldiers, particularly when it came to mental health and the high suicide rate. “We’ve got it down pat to focus on the world wars, which you see every Anzac day and Remembrance day but it’s the ones coming back now and the suicide rate is quite high for all services,” he said. “To us that is a really big thing in the RSL, we need to get to those people, get them involved and try to help.” Previous articleWall opens on Remembrance day Next articleWreath finished for Remembrance day Amy Blom	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528104
__label__wiki	0.807537	0.807537	Red kettles back again in Zanesville The Salvation Army's red kettles came out in full force on Friday. Red kettles back again in Zanesville The Salvation Army's red kettles came out in full force on Friday. Check out this story on zanesvilletimesrecorder.com: http://ohne.ws/2gprJGZ Kate Snyder, Reporter Published 5:03 p.m. ET Nov. 25, 2016 Mark Devlin thanks a donor outside Big Lots in Zanesville on Friday. Devlin is one of dozens of volunteers manning kettles for the Salvation Army this season.(Photo: Chris Crook/Times Recorder)Buy Photo ZANESVILLE - When he was a kid, Mark Devlin was one of the children who received Christmas from the Angel Tree program through the Salvation Army. Thirteen years ago, his daughter's first Christmas came from the Angel Tree. Now, he's spending whatever hours he can ringing bells for the Salvation Army red kettle fundraiser. "Zero-below weather and all," he said. "I'm willing to do it." The red kettles came out in full force on Friday. It's the Salvation Army's main fundraiser each year and accounts for a significant portion of its annual budget. Last year, the red kettles brought in about $120,000, said George Bates, of the Salvation Army. The local Salvation Army is still in debt with its own headquarters in Cleveland. Two years ago, the debt was at about $142,000; now, it's down to about $95,000, Bates said. Still a lot, but it's going down. The debt comes from hard times when the local Salvation Army couldn't raise enough money to meet its mission. In those cases, headquarters would step in and give the money which has to be paid back. And this time of year is the best time of year to pay down the debt, Bates said, because the holidays are when the most donations come in. Donations that come in earmarked for food or the shelter have to be used for those purposes, Bates said. The kettle fund, however, is far more versatile. With Christmas coming up, the organization still needs all the help it can get. Devlin said the fundraiser helps the Salvation Army give Christmas to children as well as serve the community through its hot meals each day and holiday dinners every year. "I've been (volunteering to ring bells) for four years now," he said. "It's not only for the children but for the adults." On Friday, Devlin planned to stand outside and ring bells for 10 hours. He offered everyone who came into Kroger and Big Lots a good morning or a Merry Christmas, and interacting with people, even if they didn't donate, was a great part of his day. Listening to parents explain to kids what the red kettles are for and seeing their faces light up makes the hours in the cold that much easier. "It's what makes it worth it," he said. Without the Salvation Army, Christmas as a kid wouldn't have been the same, Devlin said. Christmas for his daughter wouldn't have been the same. Christmas dinner might have been hot dogs, he said. If anything. "I might have gotten some kind of meal," he said. "Probably would've been one gift. Maybe an outfit." Christmas is one of those holidays that Devlin believes all children should get to experience. Part of that comes from his faith, and part comes from his desire to give kids the kind of holiday they deserve. "I think every child should have a Christmas," he said. "Every last child on this earth." ksnyder2@zanesvilletimesrecorder.com Twitter: @KL_Snyder Read or Share this story: http://ohne.ws/2gprJGZ	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528107
__label__cc	0.696579	0.303421	PHOTO.VA - OSSERVATORE ROMANO FORUM: Secular Slums and the Francis Option Pope Francis’ approach to carrying God’s mercy to our post-Christian culture maintains a dual focus on outward mission and an inward strengthening of local communities November 19, 2015 17:52ZENIT StaffNew Evangelization This reflection is provided by Archbishop Samuel J. Aquila of Denver, Colorado In a few short weeks, we will celebrate the beginning of the Jubilee Year of Mercy, which has great potential to bring many people back to the Lord, and to serve as a launching pad for bringing the Gospel to the spiritual slums created by secularism. Bl. Mother Teresa frequently pointed out that the modern mission field for the West is not overseas but on our shores. The greatest poverty of the West, she would say, is not material poverty but the spiritual poverty that can be seen in the many people who hunger for love and have a desire to experience God’s presence. In fact, she would tell people who wanted to volunteer in India that the best way they could help was to bring love to their own homes, offices and factories. During the Jubilee Year, we have the opportunity to carry mission territory to those who may not even realize that they are longing for mercy. When Pope Francis was asked who he is in an interview, he responded, “I am a sinner whom the Lord has looked upon.” Being able to say that requires an openness to the love and mercy of the Father, which brings with it the gift of humility and an awareness of how God is intimately involved in every aspect of life. Acknowledging our need for mercy returns us to our true selves, just as when St. Luke described the Prodigal Son’s realization of how badly he had fallen as “coming to himself” (cf. Lk. 15: 17). Whether we are the younger brother who squandered everything or the older brother who was filled with resentment, all of us need the mercy of the Father. But what does this look like for the Church and each of our families, especially as our society becomes less Christian? By way of an answer, I would like to share some thoughts with you that come from a talk I gave to the Orange County Prayer Breakfast last month. Some scholars argue that Western society has become so intolerant of faith that Christians need to start considering the “Benedict Option.” This concept was inspired by the last paragraph of Alasdair MacIntyre’s 1981 book, After Virtue, in which he wrote about waiting “for another — doubtless very different — St. Benedict.” This new Benedict would help construct “local forms of community within which civility and the intellectual and moral life can be sustained through the new dark ages,” just as the founder of Western monasticism did during the final days of the Roman Empire. Rod Dreher, one of the strongest advocates of the “Benedict Option,” asserts that in order for the Church to survive the present wave of secularism, it needs to focus its energy inward, rather than outward. However, it seems to me that Pope Francis by his words and actions is presenting the Church with a different way to respond to the secular world, which could be called the “Francis Option.” From Jesus sending forth the apostles to proclaim the Gospel to “the ends of the earth” at the end of Matthew’s Gospel (Mt. 28:19) to St. Paul telling the Corinthians “the love of Christ impels us” to bring the Gospel of reconciliation to all (2 Cor. 5:14-15), our faith has always been outwardly oriented, while drawing its strength from the power of the Holy Spirit’s action within local communities. The “Francis Option” places the emphasis on bringing God’s forgiveness to those on the spiritual and material outer limits of society, while also strengthening the health of our local communities with the balm of God’s mercy. In other words, Pope Francis’ approach to carrying God’s mercy to our post-Christian culture maintains a dual focus on outward mission and an inward strengthening of local communities. The “Benedict Option,” on the other hand, is primarily concerned with building inner strength. By allowing the mercy of God to enter our families, we strengthen the most important of local communities and equip ourselves for bringing Christ’s mercy into the despair-filled spiritual slums that are becoming more common in our society. But Pope Francis is calling us to do more than bring love to our local communities, he is reminding us of Jesus’ command to “make disciples of all nations” (Mt. 28:19). Christ showed us how to do this when he met the woman caught in adultery. First, he had mercy on her by protecting her from her accusers and the sentence of the Jewish law. Then, he spoke the truth to her, saying, “’Woman, where are they? Has no one condemned you?’ She said, ‘No one, Lord.’ And Jesus said, ‘Neither do I condemn you; go, and do not sin again.’” (Jn. 8:10-11). He does not condemn her but recognizes her sin and calls her out of it. As we approach the beginning of the Jubilee Year of Mercy on Dec. 8, I urge you to open yourself to God’s mercy through the sacrament of Reconciliation and strengthen yourself to serve as an instrument of true mercy, both in your families and in the world. To read Archbishop Aquila’s full talk, please visit,http://archden.org/archbishops_writing/evangelizing-with-mercy-in-a-post-christian-culture/. November 19, 2015 17:52New Evangelization Christians Uprooted by ISIS Find Fruitfulness in Suffering Pope Thanks Church in US for Aid to Churches in Latin America	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528108
__label__cc	0.727802	0.272198	Bishop Jeffrey M. Monforton - Diocese of Steubenville US Bishops Allocate $1.6 Million for Central and Eastern Europe Funding for 100 Projects in 22 Countries December 12, 2019 00:43ZENIT StaffEpiscopal Conferences The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops’ (USCCB) Subcommittee on Aid to the Church in Central and Eastern Europe approved $1.6 million in funding for 100 projects in 22 countries in Central and Eastern Europe at its meeting on November 10 in Baltimore, Maryland. “The Church in Central and Eastern Europe continues to work through the effects of decades of communism and repression. As the Church rebuilds and grows in the region, the faithful of the United States stand in solidarity and show our love to our brothers and sisters there through our prayers and generosity,” said Bishop Jeffrey M. Monforton of Steubenville, chairman of the USCCB’s Subcommittee on Aid to the Church in Central and Eastern Europe. Pastoral projects approved for funding include: ● In Bosnia and Herzegovina, support for the St. John Paul II Youth Centers, whose programs include leadership formation, annual meetings, workshops, and summer camps. ● In Lithuania, support for the Journey of Faith project by the Catechetical Center of the Diocese of Vilkaviskis, helping to develop adult formation programs that bring adults closer to Christ through the start-up of RCIA courses, programs to strengthen marriages, and retreats for parishioners and catechists. ● In Romania, support for 28 seminarians of the Archdiocese of Bucharest studying at the Inter-Diocesan Seminary in Iasi. ● Financial assistance for the operations of the Russian Federation Bishops’ Conference’s KANA television studio in Novosibirsk, links communities and faithful spread out over the eastern region of the country. ● Contribution towards the construction of Relentless Help of Our Lady parish church for the growing Catholic community near Kiev, the capital city of Ukraine. Other projects approved by the Subcommittee include scholarships and formation for church leadership; evangelization programs in dioceses; and repairs for physical structures such as churches, monasteries, and pastoral center buildings. Grants are funded by the annual Collection for the Church in Central and Eastern Europe. The date for this national collection is Ash Wednesday, although dioceses may take it up on different dates. The Subcommittee on Aid to the Church in Central and Eastern Europe oversees the collection and an annual grant program as part of the USCCB Committee on National Collections. More information on the collection and its beneficiaries may be found by visiting www.usccb.org/ccee. December 12, 2019 00:43Episcopal Conferences Mexico City Expects 10 Million Pilgrims for Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe Light of the Child Jesus	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528110
__label__cc	0.614406	0.385594	Whites Funeral and Cremation Services Maggie Lash May 14, 1922 ~ December 27, 2019 (age 97) Maggie Esther Lash was born May 14, 1922 in Italy, Texas. She completed her earthly journey, closed her eyes in peace and went to be with her Lord and Savior on Friday, December 27, 2019. Maggie was the second oldest child born as a twin to I.H. Wallace and Maggie Anderson. She graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in Texas and attended Baylor University in Waco, Texas. Her family moved to Columbus, Ohio in the early 1940’s. Maggie began her first job at Fat Fisher restaurant in Columbus as a cook and hostess. She continued to hone her cooking skills at various restaurants and facilities such as Jerry’s Drive-In, Worthington Social Club, Kinder Care and Lutheran Senior Citizen. Maggie retired as a kitchen supervisor from the Mt. Vernon Plaza Restaurant in the late 1980's. In her retirement, Maggie continued to work at St. Stephen's Health Center in service to the homeless for six years. During family occasions, Maggie, could be counted on for her cooking including baking pies and her famous cakes and famous banana pudding. Maggie accepted her LORD and Savior Jesus Christ in 1963 at the Church of Christ of Apostolic Faith and was Pastor by the late Bishop K.F. Smith and the late Elder Ernest Hardy. She served as an altar worker and as a missionary in the church for many years, traveling to many cities to minister the word of God. After the passing of the late Bishop K.F. Smith, Maggie attended Bethlehem Temple Apostolic Church pastored by the late Elder Trout. She was a missionary and apart of the prayer band ministry where she visited and prayed for patients in the hospital. Later, she returned to Church of Christ of the Apostolic Faith and continued to serve in the ministries. Maggie carried her missionary passion into her personal life as she had a heart for people who were displaced by providing food, a safe place to stay and money to assist along their journey. Maggie joined in marriage to William r. Lash, Jr. in 1948 and to this union five children were born; three daughters and two sons. Maggie is preceded in death by her parents I.H. Wallace and Maggie Harris, twin sister, Henrietta Williams- including 9 siblings, daughters Jacquelyn Bradley and Vickie Lash, son Gary Lash Sr., grandsons Rahim Tye, Kahlief Tye, and Gary Lash Jr., and granddaughter Brittany Lash. Left to cherish her memory is her sister Barbara Jo Franklin, son Apostle William A. Lash, III (Kendall), daughter Brenda Tucker (Daryl) and their father William R. Lash, Jr., son-in-law Robert Bradley, granddaughter Minounique Lash, grandsons Kevin Wade, Larry Wade, William “AJ” Lash, IV, Victor Lash and Anthony Lash and a host of great grandchildren, great-great- grandchildren, nieces, nephews, cousins, and friends. Family will receive friends Tuesday, January 7, 2020 from 10:00 am until time of service at 11:00 am at the Chapel of White's. Interment Glen Rest Memorial Estate. Arrangements by WHITE’S FUNERAL AND CREMATION SERVICES, 867 S. JAMES ROAD, COLS, OH 43227, BENJAMIN F. “BENNY” WHITE, JR, FUNERAL DIRECTOR, (614)947-1123, whitesfh867.com. White's Funeral & Cremation Services Chapel 867 S. James Road Interment following funeral service Glen Rest Memorial Estate © 2020 Whites Funeral and Cremation Services. All Rights Reserved. Funeral Home website by CFS	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528111
__label__wiki	0.637232	0.637232	Missing Japanese Boy Found Alive Six Days After Parents Abandoned Him Safe and well, the child has been reunited with his remorseful mum and dad. - by WHO Team After going missing during a family outing in the woods, Japanese child Yamato Tanooka has been found safe almost 5km near from where his parents last saw him. Local news station NHK reports that young Tanooka is ‘in relatively good health’ following the ordeal. The 7-year-old was abandoned by his parents as punishment for throwing rocks at cars during their woodland sejour on Saturday, May 28. His panic-stricken parents called emergency services when they returned to the area and could not find their child. Initially fearing shame, the parents told crews they were foraging for wild food when their son wandered off although later admitting this was not the case. A full-scale military search ensued, including nearby towns and villages. Police found Yamato at a disused military base at 7:50 a.m. local time, after an extensive search across the island of Hokkaido, which is known to be inhabited by bears. According to the Guardian, the treating doctor who assessed the 7-year-old at the scene said, ““He was incredibly calm considering he had been missing for seven days. He didn’t panic at all.” Upon their reunion, Yamato’s father Takayuki Tanooka showed his remorse for what happened. “I told him I was sorry for what had happened.” He also expressed his relief that the reunion had a happy ending. Takayuki’s son had sought shelter in a military hut since Saturday and was found, according to local police reports by a Self Defence Official on duty.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528112
__label__cc	0.715333	0.284667	Nonlinear system "Nonlinear dynamics" redirects here. For the journal, see Nonlinear Dynamics (journal). Collective consciousness Collective behaviour Social dynamics Self-organized criticality Agent-based modelling Ant colony optimization Particle swarm optimization Swarm behaviour Scale-free networks Small-world networks Community identification Adaptive networks Evolution and adaptation Artificial neural network Evolutionary computation Artificial life Evolutionary developmental biology Evolvability Spatial fractals Reaction–diffusion systems Dissipative structures Percolation Spatial ecology Self-replication Spatial evolutionary biology System dynamics Complexity measurement Nonlinear dynamics Iterative maps Phase space Coupled map lattices Prisoner's dilemma Irrational behaviour Evolutionary game theory This article is about "nonlinearity" in mathematics, physics and other sciences. For video and film editing, see Non-linear editing system. For other uses, see Nonlinearity (disambiguation). This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In mathematics and science, a nonlinear system is a system in which the change of the output is not proportional to the change of the input.[1][2][3] Nonlinear problems are of interest to engineers, biologists,[4][5][6] physicists,[7][8] mathematicians, and many other scientists because most systems are inherently nonlinear in nature.[9] Nonlinear dynamical systems, describing changes in variables over time, may appear chaotic, unpredictable, or counterintuitive, contrasting with much simpler linear systems. Typically, the behavior of a nonlinear system is described in mathematics by a nonlinear system of equations, which is a set of simultaneous equations in which the unknowns (or the unknown functions in the case of differential equations) appear as variables of a polynomial of degree higher than one or in the argument of a function which is not a polynomial of degree one. In other words, in a nonlinear system of equations, the equation(s) to be solved cannot be written as a linear combination of the unknown variables or functions that appear in them. Systems can be defined as nonlinear, regardless of whether known linear functions appear in the equations. In particular, a differential equation is linear if it is linear in terms of the unknown function and its derivatives, even if nonlinear in terms of the other variables appearing in it. As nonlinear dynamical equations are difficult to solve, nonlinear systems are commonly approximated by linear equations (linearization). This works well up to some accuracy and some range for the input values, but some interesting phenomena such as solitons, chaos,[10] and singularities are hidden by linearization. It follows that some aspects of the dynamic behavior of a nonlinear system can appear to be counterintuitive, unpredictable or even chaotic. Although such chaotic behavior may resemble random behavior, it is in fact not random. For example, some aspects of the weather are seen to be chaotic, where simple changes in one part of the system produce complex effects throughout. This nonlinearity is one of the reasons why accurate long-term forecasts are impossible with current technology. Some authors use the term nonlinear science for the study of nonlinear systems. This is disputed by others: Using a term like nonlinear science is like referring to the bulk of zoology as the study of non-elephant animals. — Stanislaw Ulam[11] 2 Nonlinear algebraic equations 3 Nonlinear recurrence relations 4 Nonlinear differential equations 4.1 Ordinary differential equations 4.2 Partial differential equations 4.3 Pendula 5 Types of nonlinear dynamic behaviors 6 Examples of nonlinear equations Definition[edit] In mathematics, a linear map (or linear function) f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} is one which satisfies both of the following properties: Additivity or superposition principle: f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) ; {\displaystyle \textstyle f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y);} Homogeneity: f ( α x ) = α f ( x ) . {\displaystyle \textstyle f(\alpha x)=\alpha f(x).} Additivity implies homogeneity for any rational α, and, for continuous functions, for any real α. For a complex α, homogeneity does not follow from additivity. For example, an antilinear map is additive but not homogeneous. The conditions of additivity and homogeneity are often combined in the superposition principle f ( α x + β y ) = α f ( x ) + β f ( y ) {\displaystyle f(\alpha x+\beta y)=\alpha f(x)+\beta f(y)} An equation written as f ( x ) = C {\displaystyle f(x)=C} is called linear if f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} is a linear map (as defined above) and nonlinear otherwise. The equation is called homogeneous if C = 0 {\displaystyle C=0} . The definition f ( x ) = C {\displaystyle f(x)=C} is very general in that x {\displaystyle x} can be any sensible mathematical object (number, vector, function, etc.), and the function f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} can literally be any mapping, including integration or differentiation with associated constraints (such as boundary values). If f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} contains differentiation with respect to x {\displaystyle x} , the result will be a differential equation. Nonlinear algebraic equations[edit] Main articles: Algebraic equation and System of polynomial equations Nonlinear algebraic equations, which are also called polynomial equations, are defined by equating polynomials (of degree greater than one) to zero. For example, x 2 + x − 1 = 0 . {\displaystyle x^+x-1=0\,.} For a single polynomial equation, root-finding algorithms can be used to find solutions to the equation (i.e., sets of values for the variables that satisfy the equation). However, systems of algebraic equations are more complicated; their study is one motivation for the field of algebraic geometry, a difficult branch of modern mathematics. It is even difficult to decide whether a given algebraic system has complex solutions (see Hilbert's Nullstellensatz). Nevertheless, in the case of the systems with a finite number of complex solutions, these systems of polynomial equations are now well understood and efficient methods exist for solving them.[12] Nonlinear recurrence relations[edit] A nonlinear recurrence relation defines successive terms of a sequence as a nonlinear function of preceding terms. Examples of nonlinear recurrence relations are the logistic map and the relations that define the various Hofstadter sequences. Nonlinear discrete models that represent a wide class of nonlinear recurrence relationships include the NARMAX (Nonlinear Autoregressive Moving Average with eXogenous inputs) model and the related nonlinear system identification and analysis procedures.[13] These approaches can be used to study a wide class of complex nonlinear behaviors in the time, frequency, and spatio-temporal domains. Nonlinear differential equations[edit] A system of differential equations is said to be nonlinear if it is not a linear system. Problems involving nonlinear differential equations are extremely diverse, and methods of solution or analysis are problem dependent. Examples of nonlinear differential equations are the Navier–Stokes equations in fluid dynamics and the Lotka–Volterra equations in biology. One of the greatest difficulties of nonlinear problems is that it is not generally possible to combine known solutions into new solutions. In linear problems, for example, a family of linearly independent solutions can be used to construct general solutions through the superposition principle. A good example of this is one-dimensional heat transport with Dirichlet boundary conditions, the solution of which can be written as a time-dependent linear combination of sinusoids of differing frequencies; this makes solutions very flexible. It is often possible to find several very specific solutions to nonlinear equations, however the lack of a superposition principle prevents the construction of new solutions. Ordinary differential equations[edit] First order ordinary differential equations are often exactly solvable by separation of variables, especially for autonomous equations. For example, the nonlinear equation d u d x = − u 2 {\displaystyle {\frac }=-u^} has u = 1 x + C {\displaystyle u={\frac }} as a general solution (and also u = 0 as a particular solution, corresponding to the limit of the general solution when C tends to infinity). The equation is nonlinear because it may be written as d u d x + u 2 = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac }+u^=0} and the left-hand side of the equation is not a linear function of u and its derivatives. Note that if the u2 term were replaced with u, the problem would be linear (the exponential decay problem). Second and higher order ordinary differential equations (more generally, systems of nonlinear equations) rarely yield closed-form solutions, though implicit solutions and solutions involving nonelementary integrals are encountered. Common methods for the qualitative analysis of nonlinear ordinary differential equations include: Examination of any conserved quantities, especially in Hamiltonian systems Examination of dissipative quantities (see Lyapunov function) analogous to conserved quantities Linearization via Taylor expansion Change of variables into something easier to study Perturbation methods (can be applied to algebraic equations too) Partial differential equations[edit] See also: List of nonlinear partial differential equations The most common basic approach to studying nonlinear partial differential equations is to change the variables (or otherwise transform the problem) so that the resulting problem is simpler (possibly even linear). Sometimes, the equation may be transformed into one or more ordinary differential equations, as seen in separation of variables, which is always useful whether or not the resulting ordinary differential equation(s) is solvable. Another common (though less mathematic) tactic, often seen in fluid and heat mechanics, is to use scale analysis to simplify a general, natural equation in a certain specific boundary value problem. For example, the (very) nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations can be simplified into one linear partial differential equation in the case of transient, laminar, one dimensional flow in a circular pipe; the scale analysis provides conditions under which the flow is laminar and one dimensional and also yields the simplified equation. Other methods include examining the characteristics and using the methods outlined above for ordinary differential equations. Pendula[edit] Main article: Pendulum (mathematics) Illustration of a pendulum Linearizations of a pendulum A classic, extensively studied nonlinear problem is the dynamics of a pendulum under the influence of gravity. Using Lagrangian mechanics, it may be shown[14] that the motion of a pendulum can be described by the dimensionless nonlinear equation d 2 θ d t 2 + sin ⁡ ( θ ) = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac \theta }}}+\sin(\theta )=0} where gravity points "downwards" and θ {\displaystyle \theta } is the angle the pendulum forms with its rest position, as shown in the figure at right. One approach to "solving" this equation is to use d θ / d t {\displaystyle d\theta /dt} as an integrating factor, which would eventually yield ∫ d θ C 0 + 2 cos ⁡ ( θ ) = t + C 1 {\displaystyle \int {\frac {\sqrt +2\cos(\theta )}}}=t+C_} which is an implicit solution involving an elliptic integral. This "solution" generally does not have many uses because most of the nature of the solution is hidden in the nonelementary integral (nonelementary unless C 0 = 2 {\displaystyle C_=2} ). Another way to approach the problem is to linearize any nonlinearities (the sine function term in this case) at the various points of interest through Taylor expansions. For example, the linearization at θ = 0 {\displaystyle \theta =0} , called the small angle approximation, is d 2 θ d t 2 + θ = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac \theta }}}+\theta =0} since sin ⁡ ( θ ) ≈ θ {\displaystyle \sin(\theta )\approx \theta } for θ ≈ 0 {\displaystyle \theta \approx 0} . This is a simple harmonic oscillator corresponding to oscillations of the pendulum near the bottom of its path. Another linearization would be at θ = π {\displaystyle \theta =\pi } , corresponding to the pendulum being straight up: d 2 θ d t 2 + π − θ = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac \theta }}}+\pi -\theta =0} since sin ⁡ ( θ ) ≈ π − θ {\displaystyle \sin(\theta )\approx \pi -\theta } for θ ≈ π {\displaystyle \theta \approx \pi } . The solution to this problem involves hyperbolic sinusoids, and note that unlike the small angle approximation, this approximation is unstable, meaning that \| θ \| {\displaystyle \|\theta \|} will usually grow without limit, though bounded solutions are possible. This corresponds to the difficulty of balancing a pendulum upright, it is literally an unstable state. One more interesting linearization is possible around θ = π / 2 {\displaystyle \theta =\pi /2} , around which sin ⁡ ( θ ) ≈ 1 {\displaystyle \sin(\theta )\approx 1} : d 2 θ d t 2 + 1 = 0. {\displaystyle {\frac \theta }}}+1=0.} This corresponds to a free fall problem. A very useful qualitative picture of the pendulum's dynamics may be obtained by piecing together such linearizations, as seen in the figure at right. Other techniques may be used to find (exact) phase portraits and approximate periods. Types of nonlinear dynamic behaviors[edit] Amplitude death – any oscillations present in the system cease due to some kind of interaction with other system or feedback by the same system Chaos – values of a system cannot be predicted indefinitely far into the future, and fluctuations are aperiodic Multistability – the presence of two or more stable states Solitons – self-reinforcing solitary waves Examples of nonlinear equations[edit] Algebraic Riccati equation Ball and beam system Bellman equation for optimal policy Boltzmann equation Colebrook equation Ginzburg–Landau theory Ishimori equation Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation Korteweg–de Vries equation Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation Liénard equation Navier–Stokes equations of fluid dynamics Nonlinear optics Nonlinear Schrödinger equation Power-flow study Richards equation for unsaturated water flow Self-balancing unicycle Sine-Gordon equation Van der Pol oscillator Vlasov equation Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov Dynamical system Initial condition Mode coupling Vector soliton Volterra series ^ Boeing, G. (2016). "Visual Analysis of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems: Chaos, Fractals, Self-Similarity and the Limits of Prediction". Systems. 4 (4): 37. arXiv:1608.04416. doi:10.3390/systems4040037. ^ "Explained: Linear and nonlinear systems". MIT News. Retrieved 2018-06-30. ^ "Nonlinear systems, Applied Mathematics - University of Birmingham". www.birmingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-06-30. ^ "Nonlinear Biology", The Nonlinear Universe, The Frontiers Collection, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007, pp. 181–276, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-34153-6_7, ISBN 9783540341529 ^ Korenberg, Michael J.; Hunter, Ian W. (March 1996). "The identification of nonlinear biological systems: Volterra kernel approaches". Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 24 (2): 250–268. doi:10.1007/bf02667354. ISSN 0090-6964. ^ Mosconi, Francesco; Julou, Thomas; Desprat, Nicolas; Sinha, Deepak Kumar; Allemand, Jean-François; Vincent Croquette; Bensimon, David (2008). "Some nonlinear challenges in biology". Nonlinearity. 21 (8): T131. Bibcode:2008Nonli..21..131M. doi:10.1088/0951-7715/21/8/T03. ISSN 0951-7715. ^ Gintautas, V. (2008). "Resonant forcing of nonlinear systems of differential equations". Chaos. 18 (3): 033118. arXiv:0803.2252. Bibcode:2008Chaos..18c3118G. doi:10.1063/1.2964200. PMID 19045456. ^ Stephenson, C.; et., al. (2017). "Topological properties of a self-assembled electrical network via ab initio calculation". Sci. Rep. 7: 41621. Bibcode:2017NatSR...741621S. doi:10.1038/srep41621. PMC 5290745. PMID 28155863. ^ de Canete, Javier, Cipriano Galindo, and Inmaculada Garcia-Moral (2011). System Engineering and Automation: An Interactive Educational Approach. Berlin: Springer. p. 46. ISBN 978-3642202292. Retrieved 20 January 2018. ^ Nonlinear Dynamics I: Chaos Archived 2008-02-12 at the Wayback Machine at MIT's OpenCourseWare ^ Campbell, David K. (25 November 2004). "Nonlinear physics: Fresh breather". Nature. 432 (7016): 455–456. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..455C. doi:10.1038/432455a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15565139. ^ Lazard, D. (2009). "Thirty years of Polynomial System Solving, and now?". Journal of Symbolic Computation. 44 (3): 222–231. doi:10.1016/j.jsc.2008.03.004. ^ Billings S.A. "Nonlinear System Identification: NARMAX Methods in the Time, Frequency, and Spatio-Temporal Domains". Wiley, 2013 ^ David Tong: Lectures on Classical Dynamics Diederich Hinrichsen and Anthony J. Pritchard (2005). Mathematical Systems Theory I - Modelling, State Space Analysis, Stability and Robustness. Springer Verlag. ISBN 9783540441250. Jordan, D. W.; Smith, P. (2007). Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations (fourth ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920824-1. Khalil, Hassan K. (2001). Nonlinear Systems. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-067389-3. Kreyszig, Erwin (1998). Advanced Engineering Mathematics. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-15496-9. Sontag, Eduardo (1998). Mathematical Control Theory: Deterministic Finite Dimensional Systems. Second Edition. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-98489-6. Command and Control Research Program (CCRP) New England Complex Systems Institute: Concepts in Complex Systems Nonlinear Dynamics I: Chaos at MIT's OpenCourseWare Nonlinear Model Library – (in MATLAB) a Database of Physical Systems The Center for Nonlinear Studies at Los Alamos National Laboratory Systems types Complex adaptive Coupled human–environment Holarchic Multi-agent Doubling time Limiting factor Theoretical fields Control theory Sociotechnical system Systems scientists Alexander Bogdanov Russell L. Ackoff William Ross Ashby Ruzena Bajcsy Béla H. Bánáthy Anthony Stafford Beer Margaret Boden Kenneth E. Boulding Murray Bowen Kathleen Carley Mary Cartwright C. West Churchman Manfred Clynes George Dantzig Edsger W. Dijkstra Fred Emery Heinz von Foerster Stephanie Forrest Jay Wright Forrester Barbara Grosz Charles A. S. Hall Mike Jackson Lydia Kavraki James J. Kay Faina M. Kirillova George Klir Allenna Leonard Mihajlo D. Mesarovic James Grier Miller Radhika Nagpal Howard T. Odum Talcott Parsons Ilya Prigogine Qian Xuesen Anatol Rapoport John Seddon Peter Senge Katia Sycara Eric Trist Francisco Varela Manuela M. Veloso Kevin Warwick Norbert Wiener Jennifer Wilby Anthony Wilden Systems theory in anthropology Systems theory in archaeology Systems theory in political science Principia Cybernetica Differential operator Notation for differentiation Differential-algebraic Integro-differential Holonomic Attributes of variables Nonhomogeneous Decoupled Exact differential equation Complex differential equation Relation to processes Difference (discrete analogue) Stochastic partial Solution topics Picard–Lindelöf theorem (existence and uniqueness) Wronskian Phase portrait Lyapunov stability Asymptotic stability Exponential stability Rate of convergence Series solutions Integral solutions Numerical integration Dirac delta function Solution methods Separation of variables Method of undetermined coefficients Variation of parameters Integrating factor Integral transforms Euler method Finite difference method Crank–Nicolson method Runge–Kutta methods Finite volume method Galerkin method List of named differential equations Leonhard Euler Jacob Bernoulli Émile Picard Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński Ernst Lindelöf Rudolf Lipschitz Joseph-Louis Lagrange John Crank Phyllis Nicolson Carl David Tolmé Runge Martin Kutta	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528113
__label__cc	0.576341	0.423659	Roger B. Taney Monument (Annapolis, Maryland) The Roger B. Taney Monument is a statue of Roger B. Taney (1777–1864), who was the fifth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, installed in Annapolis, Maryland, on the State House grounds. The sculpture, by the artist William Henry Rinehart, was unveiled on December 10, 1872.[1][2] The sculpture, made of bronze,[3] was commissioned by the Legislature of Maryland.[1] Removal from State House grounds[edit] In August 2014, House Speaker Michael E. Busch and Governor Larry Hogan called for its removal.[4][5] On August 16, 2017, a majority of the members of the Maryland State House Trust voted to move the statue from the State House grounds to storage.[6][7] Taney was the author of the infamous Dred Scott decision.[8] It was removed on August 18, 2017.[9] Roger B. Taney (sculpture), Baltimore Maryland portal ^ a b John Thomas Scharf (2003). History of Western Maryland: Being a History of Frederick, Montgomery, Carroll, Washington, Allegany, and Garrett Counties from the Earliest Period to the Present Day, Including Biographical Sketches of Their Representative Men. Genealogical Publishing Com. pp. 821–. ISBN 978-0-8063-4565-9. ^ "Maryland State Art Collection: Sculpture, Roger Brooke Taney". msa.maryland.gov. ^ Moses Foster Sweetser (1892). King's Handbook of the United States. Moses King Corporation. pp. 331–. ^ Cox, Erin (August 14, 2017). "House Speaker Busch: Time to remove Taney statue from Maryland State House grounds". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2017-08-16. ^ Pamela Wood, Hogan: Taney statue at Maryland State House should be removed, Baltimore Sun (August 14, 2017). ^ Wood, Pamela. "Crew prepares to remove Roger Taney statue from Maryland State House grounds". ^ Amara, Kate (17 August 2017). "Panel votes to remove Taney statue from State House grounds". ^ Kelly, Cindy, Outdoor Sculpture in Baltimore: A Historical Guide to Public Art in the Monumental City, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2011 pp. 65-66 ^ "Taney statue moved from Maryland state house grounds overnight". This Maryland-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528114
__label__wiki	0.856778	0.856778	This article is about the ancient king of Macedonia. For other uses, see Alexander the Great (disambiguation). King of Macedonia Basileus of Macedon, Hegemon of the Hellenic League, Shahanshah of Persia, Pharaoh of Egypt, Lord of Asia 3rd century BC statue of Alexander in Istanbul Archaeology Museum King of Macedon Hegemon of Hellenic League Strategos autokrator against Achaemenid Empire Pharaoh of Egypt Darius III Royal titulary Prenomen (Praenomen) stp.n-rꜤ mrj-jmn Setepenre meryamun Chosen by Ra, beloved by Amun Ꜥlwksjndrs Aluxsindres Horus name mk-kmt Mekemet Protector of Egypt Second Horus name: ḥḳꜢ-ḳnj tkn-ḫꜢswt Heqaqeni tekenkhasut The brave ruler who has attacked foreign lands Third Horus name: ḥḳꜢ ḥḳꜢw nw tꜢ (r) ḏr-f Heqa heqau nu ta (er) djeref The ruler of the rulers of the entire land Fourth Horus name: ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ Tjema'a The sturdy-armed one Nebty name mꜢj wr-pḥty jṯ ḏww tꜢw ḫꜢswt Mai werpehty itj dju tau khasut The lion, great of might, who takes possession of mountains, lands, and deserts Golden Horus kꜢ (nḫt) ḫwj bꜢḳ(t) ḥḳꜢ wꜢḏ(-wr) šnw n jtn Ka (nakht) khui baq(et) heqa wadj(wer) shenu en Aten The (strong) bull who protects Egypt, the ruler of the sea and of what the sun encircles King of Persia Lord of Asia 20 or 21 July 356 BC Pella, Macedon, Ancient Greece 10 or 11 June 323 BC (aged 32) Roxana of Bactria Stateira II of Persia Parysatis II of Persia Heracles of Macedon (alleged illegitimate son) Alexander III of Macedon Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος[d] Mégas Aléxandros lit. 'Great Alexander' Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας Aléxandros ho Mégas lit. 'Alexander the Great' Argead Olympias of Epirus Greek polytheism Alexander III of Macedon (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Γʹ ὁ Μακεδών; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, romanized: Aléxandros ho Mégas), was a king (basileus) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon[a] and a member of the Argead dynasty. He was born in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of 20. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, and by the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to northwestern India.[1][2] He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders.[3] During his youth, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until age 16. After Philip's assassination in 336 BC, he succeeded his father to the throne and inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. Alexander was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's pan-Hellenic project to lead the Greeks in the conquest of Persia.[4][5] In 334 BC, he invaded the Achaemenid Empire (Persian Empire) and began a series of campaigns that lasted 10 years. Following the conquest of Anatolia, Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew Persian King Darius III and conquered the Achaemenid Empire in its entirety.[b] At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Beas River. Alexander endeavoured to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea" and invaded India in 326 BC, winning an important victory over the Pauravas at the Battle of the Hydaspes. He eventually turned back at the demand of his homesick troops, dying in Babylon in 323 BC, the city that he planned to establish as his capital, without executing a series of planned campaigns that would have begun with an invasion of Arabia. In the years following his death, a series of civil wars tore his empire apart, resulting in the establishment of several states ruled by the Diadochi: Alexander's surviving generals and heirs. Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion and syncretism which his conquests engendered, such as Greco-Buddhism. He founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most notably Alexandria in Egypt. Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting spread of Greek culture in the east resulted in a new Hellenistic civilization, aspects of which were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-15th century AD and the presence of Greek speakers in central and far eastern Anatolia until the 1920s. Alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mould of Achilles, and he features prominently in the history and mythic traditions of both Greek and non-Greek cultures. He became the measure against which military leaders compared themselves, and military academies throughout the world still teach his tactics.[6][c] He is often ranked among the most influential people in history.[7] 1.1 Lineage and childhood 2 Philip's heir 2.1 Regency and ascent of Macedon 2.2 Exile and return 3 King of Macedon 3.1 Accession 3.2 Consolidation of power 3.3 Balkan campaign 3.4 Maps of campaigns 4 Conquest of the Persian Empire 4.1 Asia Minor 4.2 The Levant and Syria 4.4 Assyria and Babylonia 4.5 Persia 4.6 Fall of the Empire and the East 4.7 Problems and plots 4.8 Macedon in Alexander's absence 5 Indian campaign 5.1 Forays into the Indian subcontinent 5.2 Revolt of the army 6 Last years in Persia 7 Death and succession 7.1 After death 7.2 Division of the empire 7.3 Will 8.1 Generalship 8.2 Physical appearance 8.4 Personal relationships 9 Battle record 10 Legacy 10.1 Hellenistic kingdoms 10.2 Founding of cities 10.3 Funding of temples 10.4 Hellenization 10.4.1 Hellenization in Central Asia and India 10.5 Influence on Rome 10.6 Unsuccessful plan to cut a canal through the isthmus 10.7 Legend 10.8 In ancient and modern culture 11 Historiography 15.1 Primary sources 15.2 Secondary sources Lineage and childhood Bust of a young Alexander the Great from the Hellenistic era, British Museum Aristotle Tutoring Alexander, by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris Alexander was born in Pella, the capital of the Kingdom of Macedon,[8] on the sixth day of the ancient Greek month of Hekatombaion, which probably corresponds to 20 July 356 BC, although the exact date is uncertain.[9] He was the son of the king of Macedon, Philip II, and his fourth wife, Olympias, the daughter of Neoptolemus I, king of Epirus.[10] Although Philip had seven or eight wives, Olympias was his principal wife for some time, likely because she gave birth to Alexander.[11] Several legends surround Alexander's birth and childhood.[12] According to the ancient Greek biographer Plutarch, on the eve of the consummation of her marriage to Philip, Olympias dreamed that her womb was struck by a thunderbolt that caused a flame to spread "far and wide" before dying away. Sometime after the wedding, Philip is said to have seen himself, in a dream, securing his wife's womb with a seal engraved with a lion's image.[13] Plutarch offered a variety of interpretations of these dreams: that Olympias was pregnant before her marriage, indicated by the sealing of her womb; or that Alexander's father was Zeus. Ancient commentators were divided about whether the ambitious Olympias promulgated the story of Alexander's divine parentage, variously claiming that she had told Alexander, or that she dismissed the suggestion as impious.[13] On the day Alexander was born, Philip was preparing a siege on the city of Potidea on the peninsula of Chalcidice. That same day, Philip received news that his general Parmenion had defeated the combined Illyrian and Paeonian armies and that his horses had won at the Olympic Games. It was also said that on this day, the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, burnt down. This led Hegesias of Magnesia to say that it had burnt down because Artemis was away, attending the birth of Alexander.[14] Such legends may have emerged when Alexander was king, and possibly at his instigation, to show that he was superhuman and destined for greatness from conception.[12] In his early years, Alexander was raised by a nurse, Lanike, sister of Alexander's future general Cleitus the Black. Later in his childhood, Alexander was tutored by the strict Leonidas, a relative of his mother, and by Lysimachus of Acarnania.[15] Alexander was raised in the manner of noble Macedonian youths, learning to read, play the lyre, ride, fight, and hunt.[16] Statue of Alexander the Great in Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece When Alexander was ten years old, a trader from Thessaly brought Philip a horse, which he offered to sell for thirteen talents. The horse refused to be mounted, and Philip ordered it away. Alexander, however, detecting the horse's fear of its own shadow, asked to tame the horse, which he eventually managed.[12] Plutarch stated that Philip, overjoyed at this display of courage and ambition, kissed his son tearfully, declaring: "My boy, you must find a kingdom big enough for your ambitions. Macedon is too small for you", and bought the horse for him.[17] Alexander named it Bucephalas, meaning "ox-head". Bucephalas carried Alexander as far as India. When the animal died (because of old age, according to Plutarch, at age thirty), Alexander named a city after him, Bucephala.[18] When Alexander was 13, Philip began to search for a tutor, and considered such academics as Isocrates and Speusippus, the latter offering to resign from his stewardship of the Academy to take up the post. In the end, Philip chose Aristotle and provided the Temple of the Nymphs at Mieza as a classroom. In return for teaching Alexander, Philip agreed to rebuild Aristotle's hometown of Stageira, which Philip had razed, and to repopulate it by buying and freeing the ex-citizens who were slaves, or pardoning those who were in exile.[19] Mieza was like a boarding school for Alexander and the children of Macedonian nobles, such as Ptolemy, Hephaistion, and Cassander. Many of these students would become his friends and future generals, and are often known as the 'Companions'. Aristotle taught Alexander and his companions about medicine, philosophy, morals, religion, logic, and art. Under Aristotle's tutelage, Alexander developed a passion for the works of Homer, and in particular the Iliad; Aristotle gave him an annotated copy, which Alexander later carried on his campaigns.[20] During his youth, Alexander was also acquainted with Persian exiles at the Macedonian court, who received the protection of Philip II for several years as they opposed Artaxerxes III.[21][22][23] Among them were Artabazos II and his daughter Barsine, future mistress of Alexander, who resided at the Macedonian court from 352 to 342 BC, as well as Amminapes, future satrap of Alexander, or a Persian nobleman named Sisines.[21][24][25][26] This gave the Macedonian court a good knowledge of Persian issues, and may even have influenced some of the innovations in the management of the Macedonian state.[24] Suda writes that, also, Anaximenes of Lampsacus was one of his teachers. Anaximenes, also accompanied him on his campaigns.[27] Philip's heir Regency and ascent of Macedon Main articles: Philip II of Macedon and Rise of Macedon Further information: History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom) Philip II of Macedon, Alexander's father At age 16, Alexander's education under Aristotle ended. Philip waged war against Byzantion, leaving Alexander in charge as regent and heir apparent.[12] During Philip's absence, the Thracian Maedi revolted against Macedonia. Alexander responded quickly, driving them from their territory. He colonized it with Greeks, and founded a city named Alexandropolis.[28] Upon Philip's return, he dispatched Alexander with a small force to subdue revolts in southern Thrace. Campaigning against the Greek city of Perinthus, Alexander is reported to have saved his father's life. Meanwhile, the city of Amphissa began to work lands that were sacred to Apollo near Delphi, a sacrilege that gave Philip the opportunity to further intervene in Greek affairs. Still occupied in Thrace, he ordered Alexander to muster an army for a campaign in southern Greece. Concerned that other Greek states might intervene, Alexander made it look as though he was preparing to attack Illyria instead. During this turmoil, the Illyrians invaded Macedonia, only to be repelled by Alexander.[29] Philip and his army joined his son in 338 BC, and they marched south through Thermopylae, taking it after stubborn resistance from its Theban garrison. They went on to occupy the city of Elatea, only a few days' march from both Athens and Thebes. The Athenians, led by Demosthenes, voted to seek alliance with Thebes against Macedonia. Both Athens and Philip sent embassies to win Thebes' favour, but Athens won the contest.[30] Philip marched on Amphissa (ostensibly acting on the request of the Amphictyonic League), capturing the mercenaries sent there by Demosthenes and accepting the city's surrender. Philip then returned to Elatea, sending a final offer of peace to Athens and Thebes, who both rejected it.[31] Statue of Alexander in Istanbul Archaeology Museum As Philip marched south, his opponents blocked him near Chaeronea, Boeotia. During the ensuing Battle of Chaeronea, Philip commanded the right wing and Alexander the left, accompanied by a group of Philip's trusted generals. According to the ancient sources, the two sides fought bitterly for some time. Philip deliberately commanded his troops to retreat, counting on the untested Athenian hoplites to follow, thus breaking their line. Alexander was the first to break the Theban lines, followed by Philip's generals. Having damaged the enemy's cohesion, Philip ordered his troops to press forward and quickly routed them. With the Athenians lost, the Thebans were surrounded. Left to fight alone, they were defeated.[32] After the victory at Chaeronea, Philip and Alexander marched unopposed into the Peloponnese, welcomed by all cities; however, when they reached Sparta, they were refused, but did not resort to war.[33] At Corinth, Philip established a "Hellenic Alliance" (modelled on the old anti-Persian alliance of the Greco-Persian Wars), which included most Greek city-states except Sparta. Philip was then named Hegemon (often translated as "Supreme Commander") of this league (known by modern scholars as the League of Corinth), and announced his plans to attack the Persian Empire.[34][35] Exile and return When Philip returned to Pella, he fell in love with and married Cleopatra Eurydice in 338 BC,[36] the niece of his general Attalus.[37] The marriage made Alexander's position as heir less secure, since any son of Cleopatra Eurydice would be a fully Macedonian heir, while Alexander was only half-Macedonian.[38] During the wedding banquet, a drunken Attalus publicly prayed to the gods that the union would produce a legitimate heir.[37] At the wedding of Cleopatra, whom Philip fell in love with and married, she being much too young for him, her uncle Attalus in his drink desired the Macedonians would implore the gods to give them a lawful successor to the kingdom by his niece. This so irritated Alexander, that throwing one of the cups at his head, "You villain," said he, "what, am I then a bastard?" Then Philip, taking Attalus's part, rose up and would have run his son through; but by good fortune for them both, either his over-hasty rage, or the wine he had drunk, made his foot slip, so that he fell down on the floor. At which Alexander reproachfully insulted over him: "See there," said he, "the man who makes preparations to pass out of Europe into Asia, overturned in passing from one seat to another." — Plutarch, describing the feud at Philip's wedding.[39] In 337 BC, Alexander fled Macedon with his mother, dropping her off with her brother, King Alexander I of Epirus in Dodona, capital of the Molossians.[40] He continued to Illyria,[40] where he sought refuge with one or more Illyrian kings, perhaps with Glaucias, and was treated as a guest, despite having defeated them in battle a few years before.[41] However, it appears Philip never intended to disown his politically and militarily trained son.[40] Accordingly, Alexander returned to Macedon after six months due to the efforts of a family friend, Demaratus, who mediated between the two parties.[42] In the following year, the Persian satrap (governor) of Caria, Pixodarus, offered his eldest daughter to Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus.[40] Olympias and several of Alexander's friends suggested this showed Philip intended to make Arrhidaeus his heir.[40] Alexander reacted by sending an actor, Thessalus of Corinth, to tell Pixodarus that he should not offer his daughter's hand to an illegitimate son, but instead to Alexander. When Philip heard of this, he stopped the negotiations and scolded Alexander for wishing to marry the daughter of a Carian, explaining that he wanted a better bride for him.[40] Philip exiled four of Alexander's friends, Harpalus, Nearchus, Ptolemy and Erigyius, and had the Corinthians bring Thessalus to him in chains.[43] Further information: Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom) The Kingdom of Macedon in 336 BC. The emblema of the Stag Hunt Mosaic, c. 300 BC, from Pella; the figure on the right is possibly Alexander the Great due to the date of the mosaic along with the depicted upsweep of his centrally-parted hair (anastole); the figure on the left wielding a double-edged axe (associated with Hephaistos) is perhaps Hephaestion, one of Alexander's loyal companions.[44] In summer 336 BC, while at Aegae attending the wedding of his daughter Cleopatra to Olympias's brother, Alexander I of Epirus, Philip was assassinated by the captain of his bodyguards, Pausanias.[e] As Pausanias tried to escape, he tripped over a vine and was killed by his pursuers, including two of Alexander's companions, Perdiccas and Leonnatus. Alexander was proclaimed king on the spot by the nobles and army at the age of 20.[45][46][47] Consolidation of power Alexander began his reign by eliminating potential rivals to the throne. He had his cousin, the former Amyntas IV, executed.[48] He also had two Macedonian princes from the region of Lyncestis killed, but spared a third, Alexander Lyncestes. Olympias had Cleopatra Eurydice and Europa, her daughter by Philip, burned alive. When Alexander learned about this, he was furious. Alexander also ordered the murder of Attalus,[48] who was in command of the advance guard of the army in Asia Minor and Cleopatra's uncle.[49] Attalus was at that time corresponding with Demosthenes, regarding the possibility of defecting to Athens. Attalus also had severely insulted Alexander, and following Cleopatra's murder, Alexander may have considered him too dangerous to leave alive.[49] Alexander spared Arrhidaeus, who was by all accounts mentally disabled, possibly as a result of poisoning by Olympias.[45][47][50] News of Philip's death roused many states into revolt, including Thebes, Athens, Thessaly, and the Thracian tribes north of Macedon. When news of the revolts reached Alexander, he responded quickly. Though advised to use diplomacy, Alexander mustered 3,000 Macedonian cavalry and rode south towards Thessaly. He found the Thessalian army occupying the pass between Mount Olympus and Mount Ossa, and ordered his men to ride over Mount Ossa. When the Thessalians awoke the next day, they found Alexander in their rear and promptly surrendered, adding their cavalry to Alexander's force. He then continued south towards the Peloponnese.[51] Alexander stopped at Thermopylae, where he was recognized as the leader of the Amphictyonic League before heading south to Corinth. Athens sued for peace and Alexander pardoned the rebels. The famous encounter between Alexander and Diogenes the Cynic occurred during Alexander's stay in Corinth. When Alexander asked Diogenes what he could do for him, the philosopher disdainfully asked Alexander to stand a little to the side, as he was blocking the sunlight.[52] This reply apparently delighted Alexander, who is reported to have said "But verily, if I were not Alexander, I would like to be Diogenes."[53] At Corinth, Alexander took the title of Hegemon ("leader") and, like Philip, was appointed commander for the coming war against Persia. He also received news of a Thracian uprising.[54] Balkan campaign Main article: Alexander's Balkan campaign The Macedonian phalanx at the "Battle of the Carts" against the Thracians in 335 BC. Before crossing to Asia, Alexander wanted to safeguard his northern borders. In the spring of 335 BC, he advanced to suppress several revolts. Starting from Amphipolis, he travelled east into the country of the "Independent Thracians"; and at Mount Haemus, the Macedonian army attacked and defeated the Thracian forces manning the heights.[55] The Macedonians marched into the country of the Triballi, and defeated their army near the Lyginus river[56] (a tributary of the Danube). Alexander then marched for three days to the Danube, encountering the Getae tribe on the opposite shore. Crossing the river at night, he surprised them and forced their army to retreat after the first cavalry skirmish.[57] News then reached Alexander that Cleitus, King of Illyria, and King Glaukias of the Taulantii were in open revolt against his authority. Marching west into Illyria, Alexander defeated each in turn, forcing the two rulers to flee with their troops. With these victories, he secured his northern frontier.[58] While Alexander campaigned north, the Thebans and Athenians rebelled once again. Alexander immediately headed south.[59] While the other cities again hesitated, Thebes decided to fight. The Theban resistance was ineffective, and Alexander razed the city and divided its territory between the other Boeotian cities. The end of Thebes cowed Athens, leaving all of Greece temporarily at peace.[59] Alexander then set out on his Asian campaign, leaving Antipater as regent.[60] According to ancient writers Demosthenes called Alexander, "Margites" (Greek: Μαργίτης)[61][62][63] and a boy.[63] Greeks used the word Margites to describe fool and useless people, on account of the Margites.[62][64] Maps of campaigns Ionia 336 BC Media and Egypt 333 BC Persia 331 BC India 326 BC Conquest of the Persian Empire Main articles: Wars of Alexander the Great and Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia Further information: Battle of the Granicus, Siege of Halicarnassus, and Siege of Miletus Map of Alexander's empire and his route Alexander Cuts the Gordian Knot (1767) by Jean-Simon Berthélemy In 336 BC Philip II had already sent Parmenion, with Amyntas, Andromenes and Attalus, and an army of 10,000 men into Anatolia to make preparations for an invasion to free the Greeks living on the western coast and islands from Achaemenid rule.[65][66] At first, all went well. The Greek cities on the western coast of Anatolia revolted until the news arrived that Philip had been murdered and had been succeeded by his young son Alexander. The Macedonians were demoralized by Philip's death and were subsequently defeated near Magnesia by the Achaemenids under the command of the mercenary Memnon of Rhodes.[65][66] Taking over the invasion project of Philip II, Alexander's army crossed the Hellespont in 334 BC with approximately 48,100 soldiers, 6,100 cavalry and a fleet of 120 ships with crews numbering 38,000,[59] drawn from Macedon and various Greek city-states, mercenaries, and feudally raised soldiers from Thrace, Paionia, and Illyria.[67][f] He showed his intent to conquer the entirety of the Persian Empire by throwing a spear into Asian soil and saying he accepted Asia as a gift from the gods. This also showed Alexander's eagerness to fight, in contrast to his father's preference for diplomacy.[59] After an initial victory against Persian forces at the Battle of the Granicus, Alexander accepted the surrender of the Persian provincial capital and treasury of Sardis; he then proceeded along the Ionian coast, granting autonomy and democracy to the cities. Miletus, held by Achaemenid forces, required a delicate siege operation, with Persian naval forces nearby. Further south, at Halicarnassus, in Caria, Alexander successfully waged his first large-scale siege, eventually forcing his opponents, the mercenary captain Memnon of Rhodes and the Persian satrap of Caria, Orontobates, to withdraw by sea.[68] Alexander left the government of Caria to a member of the Hecatomnid dynasty, Ada, who adopted Alexander.[69] From Halicarnassus, Alexander proceeded into mountainous Lycia and the Pamphylian plain, asserting control over all coastal cities to deny the Persians naval bases. From Pamphylia onwards the coast held no major ports and Alexander moved inland. At Termessos, Alexander humbled but did not storm the Pisidian city.[70] At the ancient Phrygian capital of Gordium, Alexander "undid" the hitherto unsolvable Gordian Knot, a feat said to await the future "king of Asia".[71] According to the story, Alexander proclaimed that it did not matter how the knot was undone and hacked it apart with his sword.[72] The Levant and Syria Further information: Battle of Issus and Siege of Tyre (332 BC) Alexander Mosaic (c. 100 BC), ancient Roman floor mosaic from the House of the Faun in Pompeii showing Alexander fighting king Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Issus In spring 333 BC, Alexander crossed the Taurus into Cilicia. After a long pause due to an illness, he marched on towards Syria. Though outmanoeuvered by Darius' significantly larger army, he marched back to Cilicia, where he defeated Darius at Issus. Darius fled the battle, causing his army to collapse, and left behind his wife, his two daughters, his mother Sisygambis, and a fabulous treasure.[73] He offered a peace treaty that included the lands he had already lost, and a ransom of 10,000 talents for his family. Alexander replied that since he was now king of Asia, it was he alone who decided territorial divisions.[74] Alexander proceeded to take possession of Syria, and most of the coast of the Levant.[69] In the following year, 332 BC, he was forced to attack Tyre, which he captured after a long and difficult siege.[75][76] The men of military age were massacred and the women and children sold into slavery.[77] Further information: Siege of Gaza Name of Alexander the Great in Egyptian hieroglyphs (written from right to left), c. 332 BC, Egypt. Louvre Museum When Alexander destroyed Tyre, most of the towns on the route to Egypt quickly capitulated. However, Alexander met with resistance at Gaza. The stronghold was heavily fortified and built on a hill, requiring a siege. When "his engineers pointed out to him that because of the height of the mound it would be impossible... this encouraged Alexander all the more to make the attempt".[78] After three unsuccessful assaults, the stronghold fell, but not before Alexander had received a serious shoulder wound. As in Tyre, men of military age were put to the sword and the women and children were sold into slavery.[79] Alexander advanced on Egypt in later 332 BC, where he was regarded as a liberator.[80] He was pronounced son of the deity Amun at the Oracle of Siwa Oasis in the Libyan desert.[81] Henceforth, Alexander often referred to Zeus-Ammon as his true father, and after his death, currency depicted him adorned with the Horns of Ammon as a symbol of his divinity.[82] During his stay in Egypt, he founded Alexandria-by-Egypt, which would become the prosperous capital of the Ptolemaic Kingdom after his death.[83] Assyria and Babylonia Further information: Battle of Gaugamela Leaving Egypt in 331 BC, Alexander marched eastward into Mesopotamia (now northern Iraq) and again defeated Darius, at the Battle of Gaugamela.[84] Darius once more fled the field, and Alexander chased him as far as Arbela. Gaugamela would be the final and decisive encounter between the two. Darius fled over the mountains to Ecbatana (modern Hamedan), while Alexander captured Babylon.[85] Further information: Battle of the Persian Gate Site of the Persian Gate; the road was built in the 1990s. From Babylon, Alexander went to Susa, one of the Achaemenid capitals, and captured its treasury.[85] He sent the bulk of his army to the Persian ceremonial capital of Persepolis via the Persian Royal Road. Alexander himself took selected troops on the direct route to the city. He then stormed the pass of the Persian Gates (in the modern Zagros Mountains) which had been blocked by a Persian army under Ariobarzanes and then hurried to Persepolis before its garrison could loot the treasury.[86] On entering Persepolis, Alexander allowed his troops to loot the city for several days.[87] Alexander stayed in Persepolis for five months.[88] During his stay a fire broke out in the eastern palace of Xerxes I and spread to the rest of the city. Possible causes include a drunken accident or deliberate revenge for the burning of the Acropolis of Athens during the Second Persian War by Xerxes;[89] Plutarch and Diodorus allege that Alexander's companion, the hetaera Thaïs, instigated and started the fire. Even as he watched the city burn, Alexander immediately began to regret his decision.[90][91][92] Plutarch claims that he ordered his men to put out the fires,[90] but that the flames had already spread to most of the city.[90] Curtius claims that Alexander did not regret his decision until the next morning.[90] Plutarch recounts an anecdote in which Alexander pauses and talks to a fallen statue of Xerxes as if it were a live person: Shall I pass by and leave you lying there because of the expeditions you led against Greece, or shall I set you up again because of your magnanimity and your virtues in other respects?[93] Fall of the Empire and the East A contemporary depiction of Alexander the Great by close aides: this coin was struck by Balakros or his successor Menes, both former somatophylakes (bodyguards) of Alexander, when they held the position of satrap of Cilicia in the lifetime of Alexander, circa 333-327 BC. The reverse shows a seated Zeus Aëtophoros.[94] Alexander then chased Darius, first into Media, and then Parthia.[95] The Persian king no longer controlled his own destiny, and was taken prisoner by Bessus, his Bactrian satrap and kinsman.[96] As Alexander approached, Bessus had his men fatally stab the Great King and then declared himself Darius' successor as Artaxerxes V, before retreating into Central Asia to launch a guerrilla campaign against Alexander.[97] Alexander buried Darius' remains next to his Achaemenid predecessors in a regal funeral.[98] He claimed that, while dying, Darius had named him as his successor to the Achaemenid throne.[99] The Achaemenid Empire is normally considered to have fallen with Darius.[100] Alexander viewed Bessus as a usurper and set out to defeat him. This campaign, initially against Bessus, turned into a grand tour of central Asia. Alexander founded a series of new cities, all called Alexandria, including modern Kandahar in Afghanistan, and Alexandria Eschate ("The Furthest") in modern Tajikistan. The campaign took Alexander through Media, Parthia, Aria (West Afghanistan), Drangiana, Arachosia (South and Central Afghanistan), Bactria (North and Central Afghanistan), and Scythia.[101] In 329 BC, Spitamenes, who held an undefined position in the satrapy of Sogdiana, betrayed Bessus to Ptolemy, one of Alexander's trusted companions, and Bessus was executed.[102] However, when, at some point later, Alexander was on the Jaxartes dealing with an incursion by a horse nomad army, Spitamenes raised Sogdiana in revolt. Alexander personally defeated the Scythians at the Battle of Jaxartes and immediately launched a campaign against Spitamenes, defeating him in the Battle of Gabai. After the defeat, Spitamenes was killed by his own men, who then sued for peace.[103] Problems and plots The Killing of Cleitus, by André Castaigne (1898–1899) During this time, Alexander adopted some elements of Persian dress and customs at his court, notably the custom of proskynesis, either a symbolic kissing of the hand, or prostration on the ground, that Persians showed to their social superiors.[104] The Greeks regarded the gesture as the province of deities and believed that Alexander meant to deify himself by requiring it. This cost him the sympathies of many of his countrymen, and he eventually abandoned it.[105] A plot against his life was revealed, and one of his officers, Philotas, was executed for failing to alert Alexander. The death of the son necessitated the death of the father, and thus Parmenion, who had been charged with guarding the treasury at Ecbatana, was assassinated at Alexander's command, to prevent attempts at vengeance. Most infamously, Alexander personally killed the man who had saved his life at Granicus, Cleitus the Black, during a violent drunken altercation at Maracanda (modern day Samarkand in Uzbekistan), in which Cleitus accused Alexander of several judgmental mistakes and most especially, of having forgotten the Macedonian ways in favour of a corrupt oriental lifestyle.[106] Later, in the Central Asian campaign, a second plot against his life was revealed, this one instigated by his own royal pages. His official historian, Callisthenes of Olynthus, was implicated in the plot, and in the Anabasis of Alexander, Arrian states that Callisthenes and the pages were then tortured on the rack as punishment, and likely died soon after.[107] It remains unclear if Callisthenes was actually involved in the plot, for prior to his accusation he had fallen out of favour by leading the opposition to the attempt to introduce proskynesis.[108] Macedon in Alexander's absence When Alexander set out for Asia, he left his general Antipater, an experienced military and political leader and part of Philip II's "Old Guard", in charge of Macedon.[60] Alexander's sacking of Thebes ensured that Greece remained quiet during his absence.[60] The one exception was a call to arms by Spartan king Agis III in 331 BC, whom Antipater defeated and killed in the battle of Megalopolis.[60] Antipater referred the Spartans' punishment to the League of Corinth, which then deferred to Alexander, who chose to pardon them.[109] There was also considerable friction between Antipater and Olympias, and each complained to Alexander about the other.[110] In general, Greece enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity during Alexander's campaign in Asia.[111] Alexander sent back vast sums from his conquest, which stimulated the economy and increased trade across his empire.[112] However, Alexander's constant demands for troops and the migration of Macedonians throughout his empire depleted Macedon's strength, greatly weakening it in the years after Alexander, and ultimately led to its subjugation by Rome after the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC).[16] Indian campaign Main article: Indian campaign of Alexander the Great Forays into the Indian subcontinent The Phalanx Attacking the Centre in the Battle of the Hydaspes by André Castaigne (1898–1899). Alexander's invasion of the Indian subcontinent. After the death of Spitamenes and his marriage to Roxana (Raoxshna in Old Iranian) to cement relations with his new satrapies, Alexander turned to the Indian subcontinent. He invited the chieftains of the former satrapy of Gandhara (a region presently straddling eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan), to come to him and submit to his authority. Omphis (Indian name Ambhi), the ruler of Taxila, whose kingdom extended from the Indus to the Hydaspes (Jhelum), complied, but the chieftains of some hill clans, including the Aspasioi and Assakenoi sections of the Kambojas (known in Indian texts also as Ashvayanas and Ashvakayanas), refused to submit.[113] Ambhi hastened to relieve Alexander of his apprehension and met him with valuable presents, placing himself and all his forces at his disposal. Alexander not only returned Ambhi his title and the gifts but he also presented him with a wardrobe of "Persian robes, gold and silver ornaments, 30 horses and 1,000 talents in gold". Alexander was emboldened to divide his forces, and Ambhi assisted Hephaestion and Perdiccas in constructing a bridge over the Indus where it bends at Hund,[114] supplied their troops with provisions, and received Alexander himself, and his whole army, in his capital city of Taxila, with every demonstration of friendship and the most liberal hospitality. On the subsequent advance of the Macedonian king, Taxiles accompanied him with a force of 5,000 men and took part in the battle of the Hydaspes River. After that victory he was sent by Alexander in pursuit of Porus, to whom he was charged to offer favourable terms, but narrowly escaped losing his life at the hands of his old enemy. Subsequently, however, the two rivals were reconciled by the personal mediation of Alexander; and Taxiles, after having contributed zealously to the equipment of the fleet on the Hydaspes, was entrusted by the king with the government of the whole territory between that river and the Indus. A considerable accession of power was granted him after the death of Philip, son of Machatas; and he was allowed to retain his authority at the death of Alexander himself (323 BC), as well as in the subsequent partition of the provinces at Triparadisus, 321 BC. In the winter of 327/326 BC, Alexander personally led a campaign against the Aspasioi of Kunar valleys, the Guraeans of the Guraeus valley, and the Assakenoi of the Swat and Buner valleys.[115] A fierce contest ensued with the Aspasioi in which Alexander was wounded in the shoulder by a dart, but eventually the Aspasioi lost. Alexander then faced the Assakenoi, who fought against him from the strongholds of Massaga, Ora and Aornos.[113] The fort of Massaga was reduced only after days of bloody fighting, in which Alexander was wounded seriously in the ankle. According to Curtius, "Not only did Alexander slaughter the entire population of Massaga, but also did he reduce its buildings to rubble."[116] A similar slaughter followed at Ora. In the aftermath of Massaga and Ora, numerous Assakenians fled to the fortress of Aornos. Alexander followed close behind and captured the strategic hill-fort after four bloody days.[113] After Aornos, Alexander crossed the Indus and fought and won an epic battle against King Porus, who ruled a region lying between the Hydaspes and the Acesines (Chenab), in what is now the Punjab, in the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC.[117] Alexander was impressed by Porus' bravery, and made him an ally. He appointed Porus as satrap, and added to Porus' territory land that he did not previously own, towards the south-east, up to the Hyphasis (Beas).[118][119] Choosing a local helped him control these lands so distant from Greece.[120] Alexander founded two cities on opposite sides of the Hydaspes river, naming one Bucephala, in honour of his horse, who died around this time.[121] The other was Nicaea (Victory), thought to be located at the site of modern-day Mong, Punjab.[122] Philostratus the Elder in the Life of Apollonius of Tyana writes that in the army of Porus there was an elephant who fought brave against Alexander's army and Alexander dedicated it to the Helios (Sun) and named it Ajax, because he thought that a so great animal deserved a great name. The elephant had gold rings around its tusks and an inscription was on them written in Greek: "Alexander the son of Zeus dedicates Ajax to the Helios" (ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΣ Ο ΔΙΟΣ ΤΟΝ ΑΙΑΝΤΑ ΤΩΙ ΗΛΙΩΙ).[123] Revolt of the army Asia in 323 BC, the Nanda Empire and the Gangaridai of the Indian subcontinent, in relation to Alexander's Empire and neighbours. East of Porus' kingdom, near the Ganges River, was the Nanda Empire of Magadha, and further east, the Gangaridai Empire of Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. Fearing the prospect of facing other large armies and exhausted by years of campaigning, Alexander's army mutinied at the Hyphasis River (Beas), refusing to march farther east.[124] This river thus marks the easternmost extent of Alexander's conquests.[125] As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. For having had all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Ganges also, the width of which, as they learned, was thirty-two furlongs, its depth a hundred fathoms, while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-at-arms and horsemen and elephants. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand war elephants.[126] Alexander tried to persuade his soldiers to march farther, but his general Coenus pleaded with him to change his opinion and return; the men, he said, "longed to again see their parents, their wives and children, their homeland". Alexander eventually agreed and turned south, marching along the Indus. Along the way his army conquered the Malhi (in modern-day Multan) and other Indian tribes and Alexander sustained an injury during the siege.[127] Alexander sent much of his army to Carmania (modern southern Iran) with general Craterus, and commissioned a fleet to explore the Persian Gulf shore under his admiral Nearchus, while he led the rest back to Persia through the more difficult southern route along the Gedrosian Desert and Makran.[128] Alexander reached Susa in 324 BC, but not before losing many men to the harsh desert.[129] Last years in Persia Alexander, left, and Hephaestion, right Discovering that many of his satraps and military governors had misbehaved in his absence, Alexander executed several of them as examples on his way to Susa.[130][131] As a gesture of thanks, he paid off the debts of his soldiers, and announced that he would send over-aged and disabled veterans back to Macedon, led by Craterus. His troops misunderstood his intention and mutinied at the town of Opis. They refused to be sent away and criticized his adoption of Persian customs and dress and the introduction of Persian officers and soldiers into Macedonian units.[132] Alexander at the Tomb of Cyrus the Great, by Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes (1796) After three days, unable to persuade his men to back down, Alexander gave Persians command posts in the army and conferred Macedonian military titles upon Persian units. The Macedonians quickly begged forgiveness, which Alexander accepted, and held a great banquet for several thousand of his men at which he and they ate together.[133] In an attempt to craft a lasting harmony between his Macedonian and Persian subjects, Alexander held a mass marriage of his senior officers to Persian and other noblewomen at Susa, but few of those marriages seem to have lasted much beyond a year.[131] Meanwhile, upon his return to Persia, Alexander learned that guards of the tomb of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae had desecrated it, and swiftly executed them.[134] Alexander admired Cyrus the Great, from an early age reading Xenophon's Cyropaedia, which described Cyrus's heroism in battle and governance as a king and legislator.[135] During his visit to Pasargadae Alexander ordered his architect Aristobulus to decorate the interior of the sepulchral chamber of Cyrus' tomb.[135] Afterwards, Alexander travelled to Ecbatana to retrieve the bulk of the Persian treasure. There, his closest friend and possible lover, Hephaestion, died of illness or poisoning.[136][137] Hephaestion's death devastated Alexander, and he ordered the preparation of an expensive funeral pyre in Babylon, as well as a decree for public mourning.[136] Back in Babylon, Alexander planned a series of new campaigns, beginning with an invasion of Arabia, but he would not have a chance to realize them, as he died shortly after Hephaestion.[138] Death and succession Main article: Death of Alexander the Great A Babylonian astronomical diary (c. 323–322 BC) recording the death of Alexander (British Museum, London) On either 10 or 11 June 323 BC, Alexander died in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II, in Babylon, at age 32.[139] There are two different versions of Alexander's death and details of the death differ slightly in each. Plutarch's account is that roughly 14 days before his death, Alexander entertained admiral Nearchus, and spent the night and next day drinking with Medius of Larissa.[140] He developed a fever, which worsened until he was unable to speak. The common soldiers, anxious about his health, were granted the right to file past him as he silently waved at them.[141] In the second account, Diodorus recounts that Alexander was struck with pain after downing a large bowl of unmixed wine in honour of Heracles, followed by 11 days of weakness; he did not develop a fever and died after some agony.[142] Arrian also mentioned this as an alternative, but Plutarch specifically denied this claim.[140] Given the propensity of the Macedonian aristocracy to assassination,[143] foul play featured in multiple accounts of his death. Diodorus, Plutarch, Arrian and Justin all mentioned the theory that Alexander was poisoned. Justin stated that Alexander was the victim of a poisoning conspiracy, Plutarch dismissed it as a fabrication,[144] while both Diodorus and Arrian noted that they mentioned it only for the sake of completeness.[142][145] The accounts were nevertheless fairly consistent in designating Antipater, recently removed as Macedonian viceroy, and at odds with Olympias, as the head of the alleged plot. Perhaps taking his summons to Babylon as a death sentence,[146] and having seen the fate of Parmenion and Philotas,[147] Antipater purportedly arranged for Alexander to be poisoned by his son Iollas, who was Alexander's wine-pourer.[145][147] There was even a suggestion that Aristotle may have participated.[145] The strongest argument against the poison theory is the fact that twelve days passed between the start of his illness and his death; such long-acting poisons were probably not available.[148] However, in a 2003 BBC documentary investigating the death of Alexander, Leo Schep from the New Zealand National Poisons Centre proposed that the plant white hellebore (Veratrum album), which was known in antiquity, may have been used to poison Alexander.[149][150][151] In a 2014 manuscript in the journal Clinical Toxicology, Schep suggested Alexander's wine was spiked with Veratrum album, and that this would produce poisoning symptoms that match the course of events described in the Alexander Romance.[152] Veratrum album poisoning can have a prolonged course and it was suggested that if Alexander was poisoned, Veratrum album offers the most plausible cause.[152][153] Another poisoning explanation put forward in 2010 proposed that the circumstances of his death were compatible with poisoning by water of the river Styx (modern-day Mavroneri in Arcadia, Greece) that contained calicheamicin, a dangerous compound produced by bacteria.[154] Several natural causes (diseases) have been suggested, including malaria and typhoid fever. A 1998 article in the New England Journal of Medicine attributed his death to typhoid fever complicated by bowel perforation and ascending paralysis.[155] Another recent analysis suggested pyogenic (infectious) spondylitis or meningitis.[156] Other illnesses fit the symptoms, including acute pancreatitis and West Nile virus.[157][158] Natural-cause theories also tend to emphasize that Alexander's health may have been in general decline after years of heavy drinking and severe wounds. The anguish that Alexander felt after Hephaestion's death may also have contributed to his declining health.[155] See also: Tomb of Alexander the Great Alexander's body was laid in a gold anthropoid sarcophagus that was filled with honey, which was in turn placed in a gold casket.[159][160] According to Aelian, a seer called Aristander foretold that the land where Alexander was laid to rest "would be happy and unvanquishable forever".[161] Perhaps more likely, the successors may have seen possession of the body as a symbol of legitimacy, since burying the prior king was a royal prerogative.[162] 19th century depiction of Alexander's funeral procession based on the description of Diodorus While Alexander's funeral cortege was on its way to Macedon, Ptolemy seized it and took it temporarily to Memphis.[159][161] His successor, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, transferred the sarcophagus to Alexandria, where it remained until at least late Antiquity. Ptolemy IX Lathyros, one of Ptolemy's final successors, replaced Alexander's sarcophagus with a glass one so he could convert the original to coinage.[163] The recent discovery of an enormous tomb in northern Greece, at Amphipolis, dating from the time of Alexander the Great[164] has given rise to speculation that its original intent was to be the burial place of Alexander. This would fit with the intended destination of Alexander's funeral cortege. Detail of Alexander on the Alexander Sarcophagus Pompey, Julius Caesar and Augustus all visited the tomb in Alexandria, where Augustus, allegedly, accidentally knocked the nose off. Caligula was said to have taken Alexander's breastplate from the tomb for his own use. Around AD 200, Emperor Septimius Severus closed Alexander's tomb to the public. His son and successor, Caracalla, a great admirer, visited the tomb during his own reign. After this, details on the fate of the tomb are hazy.[163] The so-called "Alexander Sarcophagus", discovered near Sidon and now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum, is so named not because it was thought to have contained Alexander's remains, but because its bas-reliefs depict Alexander and his companions fighting the Persians and hunting. It was originally thought to have been the sarcophagus of Abdalonymus (died 311 BC), the king of Sidon appointed by Alexander immediately following the battle of Issus in 331.[165][166] However, more recently, it has been suggested that it may date from earlier than Abdalonymus' death. Division of the empire Main articles: Partition of Babylon and Diadochi Kingdoms of the Diadochi in 301 BC: the Ptolemaic Kingdom (dark blue), the Seleucid Empire (yellow), Kingdom of Pergamon (orange), and Kingdom of Macedon (green). Also shown are the Roman Republic (light blue), the Carthaginian Republic (purple), and the Kingdom of Epirus (red). Alexander's death was so sudden that when reports of his death reached Greece, they were not immediately believed.[60] Alexander had no obvious or legitimate heir, his son Alexander IV by Roxane being born after Alexander's death.[167] According to Diodorus, Alexander's companions asked him on his deathbed to whom he bequeathed his kingdom; his laconic reply was "tôi kratistôi"—"to the strongest".[142] Another theory is that his successors willfully or erroneously misheard "tôi Kraterôi"—"to Craterus", the general leading his Macedonian troops home and newly entrusted with the regency of Macedonia.[168] Arrian and Plutarch claimed that Alexander was speechless by this point, implying that this was an apocryphal story.[169] Diodorus, Curtius and Justin offered the more plausible story that Alexander passed his signet ring to Perdiccas, a bodyguard and leader of the companion cavalry, in front of witnesses, thereby nominating him.[142][167] Perdiccas initially did not claim power, instead suggesting that Roxane's baby would be king, if male; with himself, Craterus, Leonnatus, and Antipater as guardians. However, the infantry, under the command of Meleager, rejected this arrangement since they had been excluded from the discussion. Instead, they supported Alexander's half-brother Philip Arrhidaeus. Eventually, the two sides reconciled, and after the birth of Alexander IV, he and Philip III were appointed joint kings, albeit in name only.[170] Dissension and rivalry soon afflicted the Macedonians, however. The satrapies handed out by Perdiccas at the Partition of Babylon became power bases each general used to bid for power. After the assassination of Perdiccas in 321 BC, Macedonian unity collapsed, and 40 years of war between "The Successors" (Diadochi) ensued before the Hellenistic world settled into four stable power blocs: Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Mesopotamia and Central Asia, Attalid Anatolia, and Antigonid Macedon. In the process, both Alexander IV and Philip III were murdered.[171] Commemorative coin by Agathocles of Bactria (190–180 BC) for Alexander the Great Diodorus stated that Alexander had given detailed written instructions to Craterus some time before his death.[172] Craterus started to carry out Alexander's commands, but the successors chose not to further implement them, on the grounds they were impractical and extravagant.[172] Nevertheless, Perdiccas read Alexander's will to his troops.[60] Alexander's will called for military expansion into the southern and western Mediterranean, monumental constructions, and the intermixing of Eastern and Western populations. It included: Construction of a monumental tomb for his father Philip, "to match the greatest of the pyramids of Egypt"[60] Erection of great temples in Delos, Delphi, Dodona, Dium, Amphipolis, and a monumental temple to Athena at Troy[60] Conquest of Arabia and the entire Mediterranean basin[60] Circumnavigation of Africa[60] Development of cities and the "transplant of populations from Asia to Europe and in the opposite direction from Europe to Asia, in order to bring the largest continent to common unity and to friendship by means of intermarriage and family ties"[173] Generalship The Battle of the Granicus, 334 BC The Battle of Issus, 333 BC Alexander earned the epithet "the Great" due to his unparalleled success as a military commander. He never lost a battle, despite typically being outnumbered.[59] This was due to use of terrain, phalanx and cavalry tactics, bold strategy, and the fierce loyalty of his troops.[174] The Macedonian phalanx, armed with the sarissa, a spear 6 metres (20 ft) long, had been developed and perfected by Philip II through rigorous training, and Alexander used its speed and maneuverability to great effect against larger but more disparate[clarification needed] Persian forces.[175] Alexander also recognized the potential for disunity among his diverse army, which employed various languages and weapons. He overcame this by being personally involved in battle,[88] in the manner of a Macedonian king.[174] In his first battle in Asia, at Granicus, Alexander used only a small part of his forces,[citation needed] perhaps 13,000 infantry with 5,000 cavalry, against a much larger Persian force of 40,000. Alexander placed the phalanx at the center and cavalry and archers on the wings, so that his line matched the length of the Persian cavalry line, about 3 km (1.86 mi). By contrast, the Persian infantry was stationed behind its cavalry. This ensured that Alexander would not be outflanked, while his phalanx, armed with long pikes, had a considerable advantage over the Persians' scimitars and javelins. Macedonian losses were negligible compared to those of the Persians.[176] At Issus in 333 BC, his first confrontation with Darius, he used the same deployment, and again the central phalanx pushed through.[176] Alexander personally led the charge in the center, routing the opposing army.[177] At the decisive encounter with Darius at Gaugamela, Darius equipped his chariots with scythes on the wheels to break up the phalanx and equipped his cavalry with pikes. Alexander arranged a double phalanx, with the center advancing at an angle, parting when the chariots bore down and then reforming. The advance was successful and broke Darius' center, causing the latter to flee once again.[176] When faced with opponents who used unfamiliar fighting techniques, such as in Central Asia and India, Alexander adapted his forces to his opponents' style. Thus, in Bactria and Sogdiana, Alexander successfully used his javelin throwers and archers to prevent outflanking movements, while massing his cavalry at the center.[177] In India, confronted by Porus' elephant corps, the Macedonians opened their ranks to envelop the elephants and used their sarissas to strike upwards and dislodge the elephants' handlers.[133] Greek biographer Plutarch (c. 45 – c. 120 AD) describes Alexander's appearance as: The outward appearance of Alexander is best represented by the statues of him which Lysippus made, and it was by this artist alone that Alexander himself thought it fit that he should be modelled. For those peculiarities which many of his successors and friends afterwards tried to imitate, namely, the poise of the neck, which was bent slightly to the left, and the melting glance of his eyes, this artist has accurately observed. Apelles, however, in painting him as wielder of the thunder-bolt, did not reproduce his complexion, but made it too dark and swarthy. Whereas he was of a fair colour, as they say, and his fairness passed into ruddiness on his breast particularly, and in his face. Moreover, that a very pleasant odour exhaled from his skin and that there was a fragrance about his mouth and all his flesh, so that his garments were filled with it, this we have read in the Memoirs of Aristoxenus.[178] Greek historian Arrian (Lucius Flavius Arrianus 'Xenophon' c. 86 – c. 160 AD) described Alexander as: [T]he strong, handsome commander with one eye dark as the night and one blue as the sky.[179][180] The semi-legendary Alexander Romance also suggests that Alexander exhibited heterochromia iridum: that one eye was dark and the other light.[181] British historian Peter Green provided a description of Alexander's appearance, based on his review of statues and some ancient documents: Physically, Alexander was not prepossessing. Even by Macedonian standards he was very short, though stocky and tough. His beard was scanty, and he stood out against his hirsute Macedonian barons by going clean-shaven. His neck was in some way twisted, so that he appeared to be gazing upward at an angle. His eyes (one blue, one brown) revealed a dewy, feminine quality. He had a high complexion and a harsh voice.[182] Ancient authors recorded that Alexander was so pleased with portraits of himself created by Lysippos that he forbade other sculptors from crafting his image.[183] Lysippos had often used the contrapposto sculptural scheme to portray Alexander and other characters such as Apoxyomenos, Hermes and Eros.[184] Lysippos' sculpture, famous for its naturalism, as opposed to a stiffer, more static pose, is thought to be the most faithful depiction.[185] Alexander (left), wearing a kausia and fighting an Asiatic lion with his friend Craterus (detail); late 4th century BC mosaic,[186] Pella Museum Some of Alexander's strongest personality traits formed in response to his parents. His mother had huge ambitions, and encouraged him to believe it was his destiny to conquer the Persian Empire.[182] Olympias' influence instilled a sense of destiny in him,[187] and Plutarch tells how his ambition "kept his spirit serious and lofty in advance of his years".[188] However, his father Philip was Alexander's most immediate and influential role model, as the young Alexander watched him campaign practically every year, winning victory after victory while ignoring severe wounds.[48] Alexander's relationship with his father forged the competitive side of his personality; he had a need to outdo his father, illustrated by his reckless behaviour in battle.[182] While Alexander worried that his father would leave him "no great or brilliant achievement to be displayed to the world",[189] he also downplayed his father's achievements to his companions.[182] According to Plutarch, among Alexander's traits were a violent temper and rash, impulsive nature,[190] which undoubtedly contributed to some of his decisions.[182] Although Alexander was stubborn and did not respond well to orders from his father, he was open to reasoned debate.[191] He had a calmer side—perceptive, logical, and calculating. He had a great desire for knowledge, a love for philosophy, and was an avid reader.[192] This was no doubt in part due to Aristotle's tutelage; Alexander was intelligent and quick to learn.[182] His intelligent and rational side was amply demonstrated by his ability and success as a general.[190] He had great self-restraint in "pleasures of the body", in contrast with his lack of self-control with alcohol.[193] A Roman copy of an original 3rd century BC Greek bust depicting Alexander the Great, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen Alexander was erudite and patronized both arts and sciences.[188][192] However, he had little interest in sports or the Olympic games (unlike his father), seeking only the Homeric ideals of honour (timê) and glory (kudos).[194] He had great charisma and force of personality, characteristics which made him a great leader.[167][190] His unique abilities were further demonstrated by the inability of any of his generals to unite Macedonia and retain the Empire after his death—only Alexander had the ability to do so.[167] During his final years, and especially after the death of Hephaestion, Alexander began to exhibit signs of megalomania and paranoia.[146] His extraordinary achievements, coupled with his own ineffable sense of destiny and the flattery of his companions, may have combined to produce this effect.[195] His delusions of grandeur are readily visible in his will and in his desire to conquer the world,[146] in as much as he is by various sources described as having boundless ambition,[196][197] an epithet, the meaning of which has descended into an historical cliché.[198][199] He appears to have believed himself a deity, or at least sought to deify himself.[146] Olympias always insisted to him that he was the son of Zeus,[200] a theory apparently confirmed to him by the oracle of Amun at Siwa.[201] He began to identify himself as the son of Zeus-Ammon.[201] Alexander adopted elements of Persian dress and customs at court, notably proskynesis, a practice of which Macedonians disapproved, and were loath to perform.[104] This behaviour cost him the sympathies of many of his countrymen.[202] However, Alexander also was a pragmatic ruler who understood the difficulties of ruling culturally disparate peoples, many of whom lived in kingdoms where the king was divine.[203] Thus, rather than megalomania, his behaviour may simply have been a practical attempt at strengthening his rule and keeping his empire together.[204] Main article: Personal relationships of Alexander the Great A mural in Pompeii, depicting the marriage of Alexander to Barsine (Stateira) in 324 BC; the couple are apparently dressed as Ares and Aphrodite. Alexander married three times: Roxana, daughter of the Sogdian nobleman Oxyartes of Bactria,[205][206][207] out of love;[208] and the Persian princesses Stateira II and Parysatis II, the former a daughter of Darius III and latter a daughter of Artaxerxes III, for political reasons.[209][210] He apparently had two sons, Alexander IV of Macedon by Roxana and, possibly, Heracles of Macedon from his mistress Barsine. He lost another child when Roxana miscarried at Babylon.[211][212] Alexander also had a close relationship with his friend, general, and bodyguard Hephaestion, the son of a Macedonian noble.[136][182][213] Hephaestion's death devastated Alexander.[136][214] This event may have contributed to Alexander's failing health and detached mental state during his final months.[146][155] Alexander's sexuality has been the subject of speculation and controversy in modern times.[215] The Roman era writer Athenaeus says, based on the scholar Dicaearchus, who was Alexander's contemporary, that the king "was quite excessively keen on boys", and that Alexander sexually embraced his eunuch Bagoas in public.[216] This episode is also told by Plutarch, probably based on the same source. None of Alexander's contemporaries, however, are known to have explicitly described Alexander's relationship with Hephaestion as sexual, though the pair was often compared to Achilles and Patroclus, whom classical Greek culture painted as a couple. Aelian writes of Alexander's visit to Troy where "Alexander garlanded the tomb of Achilles, and Hephaestion that of Patroclus, the latter hinting that he was a beloved of Alexander, in just the same way as Patroclus was of Achilles."[217] Some modern historians (e.g., Robin Lane Fox) believe not only that Alexander's youthful relationship with Hephaestion was sexual, but that their sexual contacts may have continued into adulthood, which went against the social norms of at least some Greek cities, such as Athens,[218][219] though some modern researchers have tentatively proposed that Macedonia (or at least the Macedonian court) may have been more tolerant of homosexuality between adults.[220] Green argues that there is little evidence in ancient sources that Alexander had much carnal interest in women; he did not produce an heir until the very end of his life.[182] However, Ogden calculates that Alexander, who impregnated his partners thrice in eight years, had a higher matrimonial record than his father at the same age.[221] Two of these pregnancies — Stateira's and Barsine's — are of dubious legitimacy.[222] According to Diodorus Siculus, Alexander accumulated a harem in the style of Persian kings, but he used it rather sparingly,[223] showing great self-control in "pleasures of the body".[193] Nevertheless, Plutarch described how Alexander was infatuated by Roxana while complimenting him on not forcing himself on her.[224] Green suggested that, in the context of the period, Alexander formed quite strong friendships with women, including Ada of Caria, who adopted him, and even Darius' mother Sisygambis, who supposedly died from grief upon hearing of Alexander's death.[182] Battle record Opponent/s Country (present day) 338-08-02 2 August 338 BC Rise of Macedon Chaeronea Battle of Chaeronea .Thebans, Athenians Battle Greece Prince Victory 335 335 BC Balkan Campaign Mount Haemus Battle of Mount Haemus .Getae, Thracians Battle Bulgaria King Victory 335-12 December 335 BC Balkan Campaign Pelium Siege of Pelium .Illyrians Siege Albania King Victory Balkan Campaign Pelium Battle of Thebes .Thebans Battle Greece King Victory 334-05 May 334 BC Persian Campaign Granicus Battle of the Granicus .Achaemenid Empire Battle Turkey King Victory Persian Campaign Miletus Siege of Miletus .Achaemenid Empire, Milesians Siege Turkey King Victory Persian Campaign Halicarnassus Siege of Halicarnassus .Achaemenid Empire Siege Turkey King Victory 333-11-05 5 November 333 BC Persian Campaign Issus Battle of Issus .Achaemenid Empire Battle Turkey King Victory 332 January–July 332 BC Persian Campaign Tyre Siege of Tyre .Achaemenid Empire, Tyrians Siege Lebanon King Victory 332-10 October 332 BC Persian Campaign Tyre Siege of Gaza .Achaemenid Empire Siege Palestine King Victory 331-10-01 1 October 331 BC Persian Campaign Gaugamela Battle of Gaugamela .Achaemenid Empire Battle Iraq King Victory Persian Campaign Uxian Defile Battle of the Uxian Defile .Uxians Battle Iran King Victory 330-01-20 20 January 330 BC Persian Campaign Persian Gate Battle of the Persian Gate .Achaemenid Empire Battle Iran King Victory Persian Campaign Cyropolis Siege of Cyropolis .Sogdians Siege Turkmenistan King Victory Persian Campaign Jaxartes Battle of Jaxartes .Scythians Battle Uzbekistan King Victory Persian Campaign Sogdian Rock Siege of the Sogdian Rock .Sogdians Siege Uzbekistan King Victory 327 May 327 – March 326 BC Indian Campaign Cophen Cophen Campaign .Aspasians Expedition Afghanistan and Pakistan King Victory 326-04 April 326 BC Indian Campaign Aornos Siege of Aornos .Aśvaka Siege Pakistan King Victory Indian Campaign Hydaspes Battle of the Hydaspes .Paurava Battle Pakistan King Victory 325 November 326 – February 325 BC Indian Campaign Aornos Siege of Multan .Malli Siege Pakistan King Victory The Hellenistic world view after Alexander: ancient world map of Eratosthenes (276–194 BC), incorporating information from the campaigns of Alexander and his successors.[225] Alexander's legacy extended beyond his military conquests. His campaigns greatly increased contacts and trade between East and West, and vast areas to the east were significantly exposed to Greek civilization and influence.[16] Some of the cities he founded became major cultural centers, many surviving into the 21st century. His chroniclers recorded valuable information about the areas through which he marched, while the Greeks themselves got a sense of belonging to a world beyond the Mediterranean.[16] Hellenistic kingdoms Main article: Hellenistic period Plan of Alexandria c. 30 BC Alexander's most immediate legacy was the introduction of Macedonian rule to huge new swathes of Asia. At the time of his death, Alexander's empire covered some 5,200,000 km2 (2,000,000 sq mi),[226] and was the largest state of its time. Many of these areas remained in Macedonian hands or under Greek influence for the next 200–300 years. The successor states that emerged were, at least initially, dominant forces, and these 300 years are often referred to as the Hellenistic period.[227] The eastern borders of Alexander's empire began to collapse even during his lifetime.[167] However, the power vacuum he left in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent directly gave rise to one of the most powerful Indian dynasties in history, the Maurya Empire. Taking advantage of this power vacuum, Chandragupta Maurya (referred to in Greek sources as "Sandrokottos"), of relatively humble origin, took control of the Punjab, and with that power base proceeded to conquer the Nanda Empire.[228] Founding of cities Further information: List of cities founded by Alexander the Great Over the course of his conquests, Alexander founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most of them east of the Tigris.[105][229] The first, and greatest, was Alexandria in Egypt, which would become one of the leading Mediterranean cities.[105] The cities' locations reflected trade routes as well as defensive positions. At first, the cities must have been inhospitable, little more than defensive garrisons.[105] Following Alexander's death, many Greeks who had settled there tried to return to Greece.[105][229] However, a century or so after Alexander's death, many of the Alexandrias were thriving, with elaborate public buildings and substantial populations that included both Greek and local peoples.[105] Funding of temples Dedication of Alexander the Great to Athena Polias at Priene, now housed in the British Museum[230] In 334 BC, Alexander the Great donated funds for the completion of the new temple of Athena Polias in Priene.[231][232] An inscription from the temple, now housed in the British Museum, declares: "King Alexander dedicated [this temple] to Athena Polias."[230] This inscription is one of the few independent archaeological discoveries confirming an episode from Alexander's life.[230] The temple was designed by Pytheos, one of the architects of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus.[230][231][232][233] Main article: Hellenistic civilization Alexander's empire was the largest state of its time, covering approximately 5.2 million square km. Hellenization was coined by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen to denote the spread of Greek language, culture, and population into the former Persian empire after Alexander's conquest.[227] That this export took place is undoubted, and can be seen in the great Hellenistic cities of, for instance, Alexandria, Antioch[234] and Seleucia (south of modern Baghdad).[235] Alexander sought to insert Greek elements into Persian culture and attempted to hybridize Greek and Persian culture. This culminated in his aspiration to homogenize the populations of Asia and Europe. However, his successors explicitly rejected such policies. Nevertheless, Hellenization occurred throughout the region, accompanied by a distinct and opposite 'Orientalization' of the successor states.[236] The core of the Hellenistic culture promulgated by the conquests was essentially Athenian.[237] The close association of men from across Greece in Alexander's army directly led to the emergence of the largely Attic-based "koine", or "common" Greek dialect.[238] Koine spread throughout the Hellenistic world, becoming the lingua franca of Hellenistic lands and eventually the ancestor of modern Greek.[238] Furthermore, town planning, education, local government, and art current in the Hellenistic period were all based on Classical Greek ideals, evolving into distinct new forms commonly grouped as Hellenistic.[234] Aspects of Hellenistic culture were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-15th century.[239] Hellenization in Central Asia and India Main articles: Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek art, and Greco-Buddhism The Buddha, in Greco-Buddhist style, 1st to 2nd century AD, Gandhara, northern Pakistan. Tokyo National Museum. Some of the most pronounced effects of Hellenization can be seen in Afghanistan and India, in the region of the relatively late-rising Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (250–125 BC) (in modern Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan) and the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC – 10 AD) in modern Afghanistan and India.[240] On the Silk Road trade routes, Hellenistic culture hybridized with Iranian and Buddhist cultures. The cosmopolitan art and mythology of Gandhara (a region spanning the upper confluence of the Indus, Swat and Kabul rivers in modern Pakistan) of the ~3rd century BC to the ~5th century AD are most evident of the direct contact between Hellenistic civilization and South Asia, as are the Edicts of Ashoka, which directly mention the Greeks within Ashoka's dominion as converting to Buddhism and the reception of Buddhist emissaries by Ashoka's contemporaries in the Hellenistic world.[241] The resulting syncretism known as Greco-Buddhism influenced the development of Buddhism[citation needed] and created a culture of Greco-Buddhist art. These Greco-Buddhist kingdoms sent some of the first Buddhist missionaries to China, Sri Lanka and Hellenistic Asia and Europe (Greco-Buddhist monasticism). Some of the first and most influential figurative portrayals of the Buddha appeared at this time, perhaps modeled on Greek statues of Apollo in the Greco-Buddhist style.[240] Several Buddhist traditions may have been influenced by the ancient Greek religion: the concept of Boddhisatvas is reminiscent of Greek divine heroes,[242] and some Mahayana ceremonial practices (burning incense, gifts of flowers, and food placed on altars) are similar to those practiced by the ancient Greeks; however, similar practices were also observed amongst the native Indic culture. One Greek king, Menander I, probably became Buddhist, and was immortalized in Buddhist literature as 'Milinda'.[240] The process of Hellenization also spurred trade between the east and west.[243] For example, Greek astronomical instruments dating to the 3rd century BC were found in the Greco-Bactrian city of Ai Khanoum in modern-day Afghanistan,[244] while the Greek concept of a spherical earth surrounded by the spheres of planets eventually supplanted the long-standing Indian cosmological belief of a disc consisting of four continents grouped around a central mountain (Mount Meru) like the petals of a flower.[243][245][246] The Yavanajataka (lit. Greek astronomical treatise) and Paulisa Siddhanta texts depict the influence of Greek astronomical ideas on Indian astronomy. Following the conquests of Alexander the Great in the east, Hellenistic influence on Indian art was far-ranging. In the area of architecture, a few examples of the Ionic order can be found as far as Pakistan with the Jandial temple near Taxila. Several examples of capitals displaying Ionic influences can be seen as far as Patna, especially with the Pataliputra capital, dated to the 3rd century BC.[247] The Corinthian order is also heavily represented in the art of Gandhara, especially through Indo-Corinthian capitals. Influence on Rome This medallion was produced in Imperial Rome, demonstrating the influence of Alexander's memory. Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. Alexander and his exploits were admired by many Romans, especially generals, who wanted to associate themselves with his achievements.[248] Polybius began his Histories by reminding Romans of Alexander's achievements, and thereafter Roman leaders saw him as a role model. Pompey the Great adopted the epithet "Magnus" and even Alexander's anastole-type haircut, and searched the conquered lands of the east for Alexander's 260-year-old cloak, which he then wore as a sign of greatness.[248] Julius Caesar dedicated a Lysippean equestrian bronze statue but replaced Alexander's head with his own, while Octavian visited Alexander's tomb in Alexandria and temporarily changed his seal from a sphinx to Alexander's profile.[248] The emperor Trajan also admired Alexander, as did Nero and Caracalla.[248] The Macriani, a Roman family that in the person of Macrinus briefly ascended to the imperial throne, kept images of Alexander on their persons, either on jewelry, or embroidered into their clothes.[249] The Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius (reigned c. 200 – c. 180 BC), wearing an elephant scalp, took over Alexander's legacy in the east by again invading India, and establishing the Indo-Greek kingdom (180 BC–10 AD). On the other hand, some Roman writers, particularly Republican figures, used Alexander as a cautionary tale of how autocratic tendencies can be kept in check by republican values.[250] Alexander was used by these writers as an example of ruler values such as amicita (friendship) and clementia (clemency), but also iracundia (anger) and cupiditas gloriae (over-desire for glory).[250] Unsuccessful plan to cut a canal through the isthmus Pausanias writes that Alexander wanted to dig the Mimas mountain (today at the Karaburun area), but he didn't succeed. He also mentions that this was the only unsuccessful project of Alexander.[251] In addition, Pliny the Elder writes about this unsuccessful plan adding that the distance was 12 kilometres (7 1⁄2 mi), and the purpose was to cut a canal through the isthmus, so as to connect the Caystrian and Hermaean bays.[252][253] Main article: Alexander the Great in legend Legendary accounts surround the life of Alexander the Great, many deriving from his own lifetime, probably encouraged by Alexander himself.[254] His court historian Callisthenes portrayed the sea in Cilicia as drawing back from him in proskynesis. Writing shortly after Alexander's death, another participant, Onesicritus, invented a tryst between Alexander and Thalestris, queen of the mythical Amazons. When Onesicritus read this passage to his patron, Alexander's general and later King Lysimachus reportedly quipped, "I wonder where I was at the time."[255] In the first centuries after Alexander's death, probably in Alexandria, a quantity of the legendary material coalesced into a text known as the Alexander Romance, later falsely ascribed to Callisthenes and therefore known as Pseudo-Callisthenes. This text underwent numerous expansions and revisions throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages,[256] containing many dubious stories,[254] and was translated into numerous languages.[257] In ancient and modern culture Main articles: Cultural depictions of Alexander the Great and Alexander the Great in the Quran Alexander the Great depicted in a 14th-century Byzantine manuscript Alexander the Great depicted in a 14th-century Armenian miniature painting Detail of a 16th-century Islamic painting depicting Alexander the Great being lowered in a glass submersible. The coronation of Alexander depicted in medieval European style in the 15th century romance The History of Alexander's Battles Alexander the Great's accomplishments and legacy have been depicted in many cultures. Alexander has figured in both high and popular culture beginning in his own era to the present day. The Alexander Romance, in particular, has had a significant impact on portrayals of Alexander in later cultures, from Persian to medieval European to modern Greek.[257] Alexander features prominently in modern Greek folklore, more so than any other ancient figure.[258] The colloquial form of his name in modern Greek ("O Megalexandros") is a household name, and he is the only ancient hero to appear in the Karagiozis shadow play.[258] One well-known fable among Greek seamen involves a solitary mermaid who would grasp a ship's prow during a storm and ask the captain "Is King Alexander alive?" The correct answer is "He is alive and well and rules the world!" causing the mermaid to vanish and the sea to calm. Any other answer would cause the mermaid to turn into a raging Gorgon who would drag the ship to the bottom of the sea, all hands aboard.[258] In pre-Islamic Middle Persian (Zoroastrian) literature, Alexander is referred to by the epithet gujastak, meaning "accursed", and is accused of destroying temples and burning the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism.[259] In Sunni Islamic Persia, under the influence of the Alexander Romance (in Persian: اسکندرنامه‎ Iskandarnamah), a more positive portrayal of Alexander emerges.[260] Firdausi's Shahnameh ("The Book of Kings") includes Alexander in a line of legitimate Persian shahs, a mythical figure who explored the far reaches of the world in search of the Fountain of Youth.[261] Later Persian writers associate him with philosophy, portraying him at a symposium with figures such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, in search of immortality.[260] The figure of Dhul-Qarnayn (literally "the Two-Horned One") mentioned in the Quran is believed by scholars to be based on later legends of Alexander.[260] In this tradition, he was a heroic figure who built a wall to defend against the nations of Gog and Magog.[262] He then travelled the known world in search of the Water of Life and Immortality, eventually becoming a prophet.[262] The Syriac version of the Alexander Romance portrays him as an ideal Christian world conqueror who prayed to "the one true God".[260] In Egypt, Alexander was portrayed as the son of Nectanebo II, the last pharaoh before the Persian conquest.[262] His defeat of Darius was depicted as Egypt's salvation, "proving" Egypt was still ruled by an Egyptian.[260] According to Josephus, Alexander was shown the Book of Daniel when he entered Jerusalem, which described a mighty Greek king who would conquer the Persian Empire. This is cited as a reason for sparing Jerusalem.[263] In Hindi and Urdu, the name "Sikandar", derived from the Persian name for Alexander, denotes a rising young talent, and the Delhi Sultanate ruler Aladdin Khajli stylized himself as "Sikandar-i-Sani" (the Second Alexander the Great).[264] In medieval India, Turkic and Afghan sovereigns from the Iranian-cultured region of Central Asia brought positive cultural connotations of Alexander to the Indian subcontinent, resulting in the efflorescence of Sikandernameh (Alexander Romances) written by Indo-Persian poets such as Amir Khusrow and the prominence of Alexander the Great as a popular subject in Mughal-era Persian miniatures.[265] In medieval Europe, Alexander the Great was revered as a member of the Nine Worthies, a group of heroes whose lives were believed to encapsulate all the ideal qualities of chivalry.[266] In Greek Anthology there are poems referring to Alexander.[267][268] Irish playwright Aubrey Thomas de Vere wrote Alexander the Great, a Dramatic Poem. In popular culture, the British heavy metal band Iron Maiden included a song titled "Alexander the Great" on their 1986 album Somewhere in Time. Written by bass player Steve Harris, the song retells Alexander's life. Main article: Historiography of Alexander the Great Apart from a few inscriptions and fragments, texts written by people who actually knew Alexander or who gathered information from men who served with Alexander were all lost.[16] Contemporaries who wrote accounts of his life included Alexander's campaign historian Callisthenes; Alexander's generals Ptolemy and Nearchus; Aristobulus, a junior officer on the campaigns; and Onesicritus, Alexander's chief helmsman. Their works are lost, but later works based on these original sources have survived. The earliest of these is Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC), followed by Quintus Curtius Rufus (mid-to-late 1st century AD), Arrian (1st to 2nd century AD), the biographer Plutarch (1st to 2nd century AD), and finally Justin, whose work dated as late as the 4th century.[16] Of these, Arrian is generally considered the most reliable, given that he used Ptolemy and Aristobulus as his sources, closely followed by Diodorus.[16] History portal Greece portal Iran portal Egypt portal War portal Alexander the Great in the Qur'an Ancient Macedonian army Bucephalus Chronology of European exploration of Asia Diogenes and Alexander Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources List of people known as The Great ^ Macedon was an Ancient Greek polity. The Macedonians were a Greek tribe. Historiography and scholarship agree that Alexander the Great was Greek.[269] ^ By the time of his death, he had conquered the entire Achaemenid Persian Empire, adding it to Macedon's European territories; according to some modern writers, this was most of the world then known to the ancient Greeks (the 'Ecumene').[270][271] An approximate view of the world known to Alexander can be seen in Hecataeus of Miletus's map; see Hecataeus world map. ^ For instance, Hannibal supposedly ranked Alexander as the greatest general;[272] Julius Caesar wept on seeing a statue of Alexander, since he had achieved so little by the same age;[273] Pompey consciously posed as the 'new Alexander';[274] the young Napoleon Bonaparte also encouraged comparisons with Alexander.[275] ^ The name Ἀλέξανδρος derives from the Greek verb ἀλέξω (aléxō, lit. 'ward off, avert, defend')[276][277] and ἀνδρ- (andr-), the stem of ἀνήρ (anḗr, lit. 'man'),[278][277] and means "protector of men".[279] ^ There have been, since the time, many suspicions that Pausanias was actually hired to murder Philip. Suspicion has fallen upon Alexander, Olympias and even the newly crowned Persian Emperor, Darius III. All three of these people had motive to have Philip murdered.[280] ^ However, Arrian, who used Ptolemy as a source, said that Alexander crossed with more than 5,000 horse and 30,000 foot; Diodorus quoted the same totals, but listed 5,100 horse and 32,000 foot. Diodorus also referred to an advance force already present in Asia, which Polyaenus, in his Stratagems of War (5.44.4), said numbered 10,000 men. ^ Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009) The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Mosul to Zirid, Volume 3. (Oxford University Press Incorporated, 2009), 385; "[Khojand, Tajikistan]; As the easternmost outpost of the empire of Alexander the Great, the city was renamed Alexandria Eschate ("furthest Alexandria") in 329 BCE." Golden, Peter B. Central Asia in World History (Oxford University Press, 2011), 25;"[...] his campaigns in Central Asia brought Khwarazm, Sogdia and Bactria under Graeco-Macedonian rule. As elsewhere, Alexander founded or renamed a number of cities, such as Alexandria Eschate ("Outernmost Alexandria", near modern Khojent in Tajikistan)." ^ "Alexander the Great (356–323 BC)". UK: BBC. ^ Yenne 2010, p. 159. ^ Heckel, Waldemar; Tritle, Lawrence A., eds. (2009). "The Corinthian League". Alexander the Great: A New History. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-4051-3082-0. ^ Burger, Michael (2008). The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity to the Enlightenment. University of Toronto Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-55111-432-3. ^ Yenne 2010, p. viii. ^ Skiena, Steven; Ward, Charles B. (30 January 2014). "Guardian on Time Magazine's 100 personalities of all time". The Guardian. ^ Green, Peter (1970), Alexander of Macedon, 356–323 B.C.: a historical biography, Hellenistic culture and society (illustrated, revised reprint ed.), University of California Press, p. xxxiii, ISBN 978-0-520-07165-0, 356 – Alexander born in Pella. The exact date is not known, but probably either 20 or 26 July. ^ "The birth of Alexander the Great". Livius. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2011. Alexander was born the sixth of Hekatombaion. ^ McCarty 2004, p. 10, Renault 2001, p. 28, Durant 1966, p. 538 ^ Roisman & Worthington 2010, p. 171. ^ a b c d Roisman & Worthington 2010, p. 188. ^ a b Plutarch 1919, III, 2 ^ Renault 2001, p. 28, Bose 2003, p. 21 ^ Renault 2001, pp. 33–34. ^ a b c d e f g Roisman & Worthington 2010, p. 186. ^ Plutarch 1919, VI, 5 ^ Durant 1966, p. 538, Lane Fox 1980, p. 64, Renault 2001, p. 39 ^ Lane Fox 1980, pp. 65–66, Renault 2001, p. 44, McCarty 2004, p. 15 ^ Lane Fox 1980, pp. 65–66, Renault 2001, pp. 45–47, McCarty 2004, p. 16 ^ a b Cawthorne, Nigel (2004). Alexander the Great. Haus Publishing. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-1-904341-56-7. ^ Howe, Timothy; Brice, Lee L. (2015). Brill's Companion to Insurgency and Terrorism in the Ancient Mediterranean. Brill. p. 170. ISBN 978-90-04-28473-9. ^ Carney, Elizabeth Donnelly (2000). Women and Monarchy in Macedonia. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-8061-3212-9. ^ a b Morgan, Janett (2016). Greek Perspectives on the Achaemenid Empire: Persia Through the Looking Glass. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 271–72. ISBN 978-0-7486-4724-8. ^ Briant, Pierre (2012). Alexander the Great and His Empire: A Short Introduction. Princeton University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-691-15445-9. ^ Jensen, Erik (2018). Barbarians in the Greek and Roman World. Hackett Publishing. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-62466-714-5. ^ Suda, § al.1989 ^ Lane Fox 1980, p. 68, Renault 2001, p. 47, Bose 2003, p. 43 ^ Renault 2001, pp. 50–51, Bose 2003, pp. 44–45, McCarty 2004, p. 23 ^ Renault 2001, p. 51, Bose 2003, p. 47, McCarty 2004, p. 24 ^ Diodorus Siculus 1989, XVI, 86 ^ "History of Ancient Sparta". Sikyon. Archived from the original on 5 March 2001. Retrieved 14 November 2009. ^ Renault 2001, p. 54. ^ McCarty 2004, p. 26. ^ Green, Peter (1991). "Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age (Hellenistic Culture and Society)". The American Historical Review. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1. doi:10.1086/ahr/96.5.1515. ISSN 1937-5239. ^ a b Roisman & Worthington 2010, p. 179. ^ Plutarch 1919, IX, 1 ^ a b c d e f Roisman & Worthington 2010, p. 180. ^ A History of Macedonia: Volume III: 336–167 B.C. By N. G. L. Hammond, F. W. Walbank ^ Bose 2003, p. 75, Renault 2001, p. 56 ^ McCarty 2004, p. 27, Renault 2001, p. 59, Lane Fox 1980, p. 71 ^ Chugg, Andrew (2006). Alexander's Lovers. p. 78–79. ISBN 9781411699601. ^ a b McCarty 2004, pp. 30–31. ^ Renault 2001, pp. 61–62 ^ a b Lane Fox 1980, p. 72 ^ a b c Roisman & Worthington 2010, p. 190. ^ a b Green 2007, pp. 5–6 ^ McCarty 2004, p. 31, Renault 2001, p. 72, Lane Fox 1980, p. 104, Bose 2003, p. 95 ^ Stoneman 2004, p. 21. ^ Dillon 2004, pp. 187–88. ^ Arrian 1976, I, 1 ^ Arrian 1976, I, 3–4, Renault 2001, pp. 73–74 ^ Arrian 1976, I, 5–6, Renault 2001, p. 77 ^ a b c d e Roisman & Worthington 2010, p. 192. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Roisman & Worthington 2010, p. 199 ^ Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, §160 ^ a b Harpokration, Lexicon of the Ten Orators, § m6 ^ a b Plutarch, Life of Demosthenes, §23 ^ Advice to Young Men on Greek Literature, Basil of Caesarea, § 8 ^ a b Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. p. 817. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7. ^ a b Heckel, Waldemar (2008). Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire. John Wiley & Sons. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-4051-5469-7. ^ Arrian 1976, I, 11 ^ Arrian 1976, I, 20–23 ^ a b Arrian 1976, I, 23 ^ Green 2007, p. 351 ^ The Anabasis of Alexander/Book II/Chapter XIV/Darius's Letter, and Alexander's Reply – Arrian ^ Arrian 1976, II, 16–24 ^ Gunther 2007, p. 84 ^ Sabin, van Wees & Whitby 2007, p. 396 ^ Arrian 1976, II, 26 ^ Ring et al. 1994, pp. 49, 320 ^ Bosworth 1988, pp. 71–74. ^ Dahmen 2007, pp. 10–11 ^ Arrian 1976, III, 1 ^ Arrian 1976, III 7–15; also in a contemporary Babylonian account of the battle of Gaugamela ^ a b Arrian 1976, III, 16 ^ Arrian 1976, III, 18 ^ Foreman 2004, p. 152 ^ a b Morkot 1996, p. 121. ^ Hammond 1983, pp. 72–73. ^ a b c d Yenne, Bill (2010). Alexander the Great: Lessons from History's Undefeated General. New York City: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-230-61915-9. ^ Freeman, Philip (2011). Alexander the Great. New York City: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-4391-9328-0. ^ Briant, Pierre (2010) [1974]. Alexander the Great and His Empire: A Short Introduction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-691-15445-9. ^ O'Brien, John Maxwell (1994). Alexander the Great: The Invisible Enemy: A Biography. Psychology Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-415-10617-7. ^ CNG: Kings of Macedon. Alexander III 'the Great'. 336–323 BC. AR Tetradrachm (25mm, 17.15 g, 1h). Tarsos mint. Struck under Balakros or Menes, circa 333–327 BC. ^ Arrian 1976, III, 19–20. ^ Arrian 1976, III, 21. ^ Arrian 1976, III, 21, 25. ^ Gergel 2004, p. 81. ^ "The end of Persia". Livius. Retrieved 16 November 2009. ^ Arrian 1976, III, 23–25, 27–30; IV, 1–7. ^ Arrian 1976, IV, 5–6, 16–17. ^ a b Arrian 1976, VII, 11 ^ a b c d e f Morkot 1996, p. 111. ^ The Anabasis of Arrian ^ Heckel & Tritle 2009, pp. 47–48 ^ Roisman & Worthington 2010, p. 201 ^ a b c Tripathi 1999, pp. 118–21. ^ Lane Fox 1973 ^ Narain 1965, pp. 155–65 ^ McCrindle, J. W. (1997). "Curtius". In Singh, Fauja; Joshi, L. M. (eds.). History of Punjab. I. Patiala: Punjabi University. p. 229. ^ Tripathi 1999, pp. 124–25. ^ p. xl, Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare, J, Woronoff & I. Spence ^ Arrian Anabasis of Alexander, V.29.2 ^ Gergel 2004, p. 120. ^ Worthington 2003, p. 175 ^ Philostratus the Elder, Life of Apollonius of Tyana, § 2.12 ^ Kosmin 2014, p. 34. ^ Plutarch 1919, LXII, 1 ^ Tripathi 1999, p. 141. ^ Morkot 1996, p. 9 ^ Arrian 1976, VI, 27 ^ a b Arrian 1976, VII, 4 ^ Worthington 2003, pp. 307–08 ^ a b Roisman & Worthington 2010, p. 194 ^ a b Ulrich Wilcken (1967). Alexander the Great. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-393-00381-9. ^ a b c d Arrian 1976, VII, 14 ^ Berkley 2006, p. 101 ^ Arrian 1976, VII, 19 ^ Depuydt, L. "The Time of Death of Alexander the Great: 11 June 323 BC, ca. 4:00–5:00 pm". Die Welt des Orients. 28: 117–35. ^ a b Plutarch 1919, LXXV, 1 ^ Wood 2001, pp. 2267–70. ^ a b c d Diodorus Siculus 1989, XVII, 117 ^ Green 2007, pp. 1–2. ^ Plutarch 1919, LXXVII, 1 ^ a b c Arrian 1976, VII, 27 ^ a b c d e Green 2007, pp. 23–24. ^ a b Diodorus Siculus 1989, XVII, 118 ^ Lane Fox 2006, chapter 32. ^ "NZ scientist's detective work may reveal how Alexander died". The Royal Society of New Zealand. Dunedin. 16 October 2003. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2014. ^ Cawthorne 2004, p. 138. ^ Bursztajn, Harold J (2005). "Dead Men Talking". Harvard Medical Alumni Bulletin (Spring). Retrieved 16 December 2011. ^ a b Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Vale JA, Wheatley P (January 2014). "Was the death of Alexander the Great due to poisoning? Was it Veratrum album?". Clinical Toxicology. 52 (1): 72–77. doi:10.3109/15563650.2013.870341. PMID 24369045. ^ Bennett-Smith, Meredith (14 January 2014). "Was Alexander The Great Poisoned By Toxic Wine?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 15 January 2014. ^ Squires, Nick (4 August 2010). "Alexander the Great poisoned by the River Styx". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 12 December 2011. ^ a b c Oldach, DW; Richard, RE; Borza, EN; Benitez, RM (June 1998). "A mysterious death". N. Engl. J. Med. 338 (24): 1764–69. doi:10.1056/NEJM199806113382411. PMID 9625631. ^ Ashrafian, H (2004). "The death of Alexander the Great – a spinal twist of fate". J Hist Neurosci. 13 (2): 138–42. doi:10.1080/0964704049052157. PMID 15370319. ^ Marr, John S; Calisher, Charles H (2003). "Alexander the Great and West Nile Virus Encephalitis". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 9 (12): 1599–1603. doi:10.3201/eid0912.030288. PMC 3034319. PMID 14725285. ^ Sbarounis, CN (2007). "Did Alexander the Great die of acute pancreatitis?". J Clin Gastroenterol. 24 (4): 294–96. doi:10.1097/00004836-199706000-00031. PMID 9252868. ^ a b Kosmetatou, Elizabeth (1998). "The Location of the Tomb: Facts and Speculation". Greece.org. Archived from the original on 31 May 2004. Retrieved 16 December 2011. ^ "Bayfront Byline Bug Walk". UCSD. March 1996. Retrieved 25 March 2013. ^ a b Aelian, "64", Varia Historia, XII ^ Green 2007, p. 32. ^ a b Kosmetatou, Elizabeth (1998). "The Aftermath: The Burial of Alexander the Great". Greece.org. Archived from the original on 27 August 2004. Retrieved 16 December 2011. ^ Christides, Giorgos (22 September 2014). "Greeks captivated by Alexander-era tomb at Amphipolis". BBC News. ^ Studniczka 1894, pp. 226ff ^ Bieber, M (1965). "The Portraits of Alexander". Greece & Rome. Second Series. 12 (2): 183–88. doi:10.1017/s0017383500015345. ^ Graham Shipley (2014). The Greek World After Alexander 323–30 BC. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-134-06531-8. ^ Green 2007, p. 20 ^ Green 2007, pp. 26–29. ^ a b Diodorus Siculus 1989, XVIII, 4 ^ McKechnie 1989, p. 54 ^ a b Roisman & Worthington 2010, p. 193, Morkot 1996, p. 110 ^ Morkot 1996, p. 110. ^ a b c Morkot 1996, p. 122. ^ Plutarch 1919, IV, 1. ^ "Alexander the Great". Mithec. ^ Popovic, John J. "Alexander the Great" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2013. ^ Grafton 2010, p. 27. ^ a b c d e f g h i Green 2007, pp. 15–16. ^ "Images of Authority II: The Greek Example". SUNY Oneonta. 2005. Retrieved 16 December 2011. ^ Grout, James. "Lysippus: Apoxyomenos". Encyclopaedia Romana. Retrieved 16 December 2011. ^ Olga Palagia (2000). "Hephaestion's Pyre and the Royal Hunt of Alexander," in A.B. Bosworth and E.J. Baynham (eds), Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-815287-3, p. 185. ^ Green 2007, p. 4. ^ a b Plutarch 1919, IV, 4 ^ Plutarch 1919, V, 2 ^ Plutarch 1919, VII, 1 ^ a b Plutarch 1919, VIII, 1 ^ Roisman & Worthington 2010, p. 190, Green 2007, p. 4 ^ M Wood (edited by T Gergel) – Alexander: Selected Texts from Arrian, Curtius and Plutarch Penguin, 2004 ISBN 0-14-101312-5 [Retrieved 8 April 2015] ^ Maddox, Donald; Sturm-Maddox, Sara (February 2012). Medieval French Alexander, the. p. 7. ISBN 9780791488324. ^ G Highet – The Classical Tradition: Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature: Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature, Oxford University Press, 31 December 1949 p. 68 [Retrieved 2015-04-08] (ed. c.f. – Merriam-webster.com) ^ Merriam-Webster – epithet [Retrieved 8 April 2015] ^ Plutarch 1919, IX, IV ^ a b Plutarch 1919, XXVII, 1 ^ Plutarch 1919, LXV, 1 ^ Morkot 1996, p. 111, Roisman & Worthington 2010, p. 195 ^ Ahmed, S. Z. (2004), Chaghatai: the Fabulous Cities and People of the Silk Road, West Conshokoken: Infinity Publishing, p. 61. ^ Strachan, Edward and Roy Bolton (2008), Russia and Europe in the Nineteenth Century, London: Sphinx Fine Art, p. 87, ISBN 978-1-907200-02-1. ^ Livius.org. "Roxane." Articles on Ancient History. Retrieved on 30 August 2016. ^ Plutarch 1919, LXVII, 1. ^ Carney, Elizabeth Donnelly (2000), Women and Monarchy in Macedonia, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 978-0-8061-3212-9 ^ Plutarch 1936, II, 6. ^ "Alexander IV". Livius. Retrieved 13 December 2009. ^ Renault 2001, p. 100. ^ Diodorus Siculus 1989, XVII, 114 ^ Plutarch 1919, LXXII, 1 ^ Ogden 2009, p. 204. ^ Thomas K. Hubbard, ed. (2003). Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: A Sourcebook of Basic Documents. University of California Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0520234307. ^ Aelian, "7", Varia Historia, XII ^ Marilyn Skinner (2013). Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture (Ancient Cultures), 2nd edition. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-4443-4986-3. ^ Sacks 1995, p. 16. ^ Thomas Hubbard (2014). "Chapter 8: Peer Homosexuality". In Hubbard, Thomas (ed.). A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-4051-9572-0. ^ Ogden 2009, p. 208... three attested pregnancies in eight years produces an attested impregnation rate of one every 2.7 years, which is actually superior to that of his father. ^ Mary Renault (1979). The Nature of Alexander. Pantheon. p. 110. ISBN 978-0394738253. No record at all exists of such a woman [ie, Barsine] accompanying his march; nor of any claim by her, or her powerful kin, that she had borne him offspring. Yet twelve years after his death a boy was produced, seventeen years old, born therefore five years after Damascus, her alleged son "brought up in Pergamon"; a claimant and shortlived pawn in the succession wars, chosen probably for a physical resemblance to Alexander. That he actually did marry another Barsine must have helped both to launch and preserve the story; but no source reports any notice whatever taken by him of a child who, Roxane's being posthumous, would have been during his lifetime his only son, by a near-royal mother. In a man who named cities after his horse and dog, this strains credulity. ^ Diodorus Siculus 1989, XVII, 77 ^ Plutarch 1936. ^ "World map according to Eratosthenes (194 B.C.)". henry-davis.com. Henry Davis Consulting. Retrieved 16 December 2011. ^ Peter Turchin, Thomas D. Hall and Jonathan M. Adams, "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires Archived 22 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine", Journal of World-Systems Research Vol. 12 (no. 2), pp. 219–29 (2006). ^ a b Green 2007, pp. xii–xix. ^ Keay 2001, pp. 82–85. ^ a b "Alexander the Great: his towns". livius.org. Retrieved 13 December 2009. ^ a b c d Burn, Lucilla (2004). Hellenistic Art: From Alexander the Great to Augustus. London, England: The British Museum Press. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-0-89236-776-4. ^ a b "Alexander the Great". British Museum. "On reaching Priene, he made a further dedication to Athena. There the townspeople were laying out their new city and building a temple to its patron goddess. Alexander offered funds to complete the temple, and the inscription on this wall block, cut into a block of marble, records his gift. The inscription was found in the 19th century by the architect-archaeologist Richard Pullan leading an expedition on behalf of the Society of Dilettanti. It reads: 'King Alexander dedicated the Temple to Athena Polias'." ^ a b "Collection online". British Museum. "Marble wall block from the temple of Athena at Priene, inscribed on two sides. The inscription on the front records the gift of funds from Alexander the Great to complete the temple." ^ "Priene Inscription". British Museum. "Marble wall block from the temple of Athena at Priene, inscribed. Part of the marble wall of the temple of Athena at Priene. Above: "King Alexander dedicated the temple to Athena Polias." ^ a b Green 2007, pp. 56–59. ^ Waterman, Leroy; McDowell, Robert H.; Hopkins, Clark (1998). "Seleucia on the Tigris, Iraq". umich.edu. The Kelsey Online. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2011. ^ Green 2007, pp. 21, 56–59. ^ Green 2007, pp. 56–59, McCarty 2004, p. 17 ^ a b Harrison 1971, p. 51. ^ Baynes 2007, p. 170, Gabriel 2002, p. 277 ^ a b c Keay 2001, pp. 101–09. ^ Proser, Adriana (2011). The Buddhist Heritage of Pakistan: Art of Gandhara. Asia Society. ISBN 978-0-87848-112-5. ^ Luniya 1978, p. 312 ^ a b Pingree 1978, pp. 533, 554ff ^ Cambon, Pierre; Jarrige, Jean-François (2006). Afghanistan, les trésors retrouvés: Collections du Musée national de Kaboul [Afghanistan, the treasures found: collections of the Kabul national museum] (in French). Réunion des musées nationaux. p. 269. ISBN 978-2-7118-5218-5. ^ Glick, Livesey & Wallis 2005, p. 463 ^ Hayashi (2008), Aryabhata I ^ Brown, Rebecca M.; Hutton, Deborah S. (22 June 2015). A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture. p. 438. ISBN 9781119019534. ^ a b c d Roisman & Worthington 2010, Chapter 6, p. 114 ^ Holt 2003, p. 3. ^ a b Roisman & Worthington 2010, Chapter 6, p. 115 ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, §2.1.5 ^ Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, 5.31 ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) William Smith, LLD, Ed. ^ Plutarch 1919, LXVI, 1 ^ Stoneman 1996, passim ^ a b c Fermor 2006, p. 215 ^ Curtis, Tallis & Andre-Salvini 2005, p. 154 ^ Fischer 2004, p. 66 ^ Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, XI, 337 viii, 5 ^ Connerney 2009, p. 68 ^ Donde, Dipanwita (2014). "The Mughal Sikander: Influence of the Romance of Alexander on Mughal Manuscript Painting". International Conference of Greek Studies: An Asian Perspective – via Academia. ^ Noll, Thomas (2016). "The Visual Image of Alexander the Great". In Stock, Markus (ed.). Alexander the Great in the Middle Ages: Transcultural Perspectives. Translated by Boettcher, Susan. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-4426-4466-3. ^ GREEK ANTHOLOGY, BOOK 9 ^ GREEK ANTHOLOGY, BOOK 16 ^ Hornblower 2008, pp. 55–58; Errington 1990, pp. 3–4; Fine 1983, pp. 607–08; Hall 2000, p. 64; Hammond 2001, p. 11; Jones 2001, p. 21; Osborne 2004, p. 127; Hammond 1989, pp. 12–13; Hammond 1993, p. 97; Starr 1991, pp. 260, 367; Toynbee 1981, p. 67; Worthington 2008, pp. 8, 219; Cawkwell 1978, p. 22; Perlman 1973, p. 78; Hamilton 1974, Chapter 2: The Macedonian Homeland, p. 23; Bryant 1996, p. 306; O'Brien 1994, p. 25. ^ Danforth 1997, pp. 38, 49, 167. ^ Stoneman 2004, p. 2. ^ Goldsworthy 2003, pp. 327–28. ^ Plutarch 1919, XI, 2 ^ Holland 2003, pp. 176–83. ^ Barnett 1997, p. 45. ^ Plutarch 1919, IV, 57: 'ἀλέξω'. ^ a b Liddell & Scott 1940. ^ Plutarch 1919, IV, 57: 'ἀνήρ'. ^ "Alexander". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 11 December 2009. ^ Lane Fox 1980, pp. 72–73. Arrian (1976). de Sélincourt, Aubrey (ed.). Anabasis Alexandri (The Campaigns of Alexander). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044253-3. Quintus Curtius Rufus (1946). Rolfe, John (ed.). History of Alexander. Loeb Classical Library. Retrieved 28 April 2015. Siculus, Diodorus (1989). "Library of History". CH Oldfather, translator. Perseus Project. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Plutarch (1919). Perrin, Bernadotte (ed.). Plutarch, Alexander. Perseus Project. Retrieved 6 December 2011. Plutarch (1936). Babbitt, Frank Cole (ed.). On the Fortune of Alexander. IV. Loeb Classical Library. pp. 379–487. Retrieved 26 November 2011. Trogus, Pompeius (1853). Justin (ed.). "Epitome of the Philippic History". Rev. John Selby Watson, translator. Forum romanum. Retrieved 14 November 2009. . Barnett, C. (1997). Bonaparte. Wordsworth. ISBN 978-1-85326-678-2. Baynes, Norman G (2007). "Byzantine art". Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization. Baynes. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-4067-5659-3. Berkley, Grant (2006). Moses in the Hieroglyphs. Trafford. ISBN 978-1-4120-5600-7. Retrieved 13 January 2011. Bose, Partha (2003). Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74114-113-9. Bosworth, A. B. (1988). Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. New York: Cambridge University Press. Cawthorne, Nigel (2004). Alexander the Great. Haus. ISBN 978-1-904341-56-7. Connerney, R. D. (2009). The upside-down tree: India's changing culture. Algora. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-87586-649-9. Curtis, J.; Tallis, N; Andre-Salvini, B (2005). Forgotten empire: the world of ancient Persia. University of California Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-520-24731-4. Dahmen, Karsten (2007). The Legend of Alexander the Great on Greek and Roman Coins. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-39451-2. Danforth, Loring M. (1997). The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-04356-2. Dillon, John M. (2004). Morality and custom in ancient Greece. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34526-4. Durant, Will (1966). The Story of Civilization: The Life of Greece. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-41800-7. Fermor, Patrick Leigh (2006). Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponnese. New York Book Review. p. 358. ISBN 978-1-59017-188-2. Fischer, MMJ (2004). Mute dreams, blind owls, and dispersed knowledges: Persian poesis in the transnational circuitry. Duke University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-8223-3298-5. Foreman, Laura (2004). Alexander the conqueror: the epic story of the warrior king. Da Capo Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-306-81293-4. Lane Fox, Robin (1980). The Search for Alexander. Boston: Little Brown & Co. ISBN 978-0-316-29108-8. ——— (2006). Alexander the Great. ePenguin. ASIN B002RI9DYW. Gabriel, Richard A (2002). "The army of Byzantium". The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-275-97809-9. Gergel, Tania, ed. (2004). The Brief Life and Towering Exploits of History's Greatest Conqueror as Told By His Original Biographers. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-200140-0. Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith, eds. (2005). Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96930-7. Goldsworthy, A. (2003). The Fall of Carthage. Cassel. ISBN 978-0-304-36642-2. Grafton, Anthony (2010). Most, Glenn W; Settis, Salvatore (eds.). The Classical Tradition. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0. Green, Peter (2007). Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Age. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-7538-2413-9. Gunther, John (2007). Alexander the Great. Sterling. ISBN 978-1-4027-4519-5. Hammond, NGL (1983). Sources for Alexander the Great. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-71471-6. ——— (1986). A History of Greece to 323 BC. Cambridge University. Harrison, E. F. (1971). The language of the New Testament. Wm B Eerdmans. p. 508. ISBN 978-0-8028-4786-7. Holland, Tom (2003). Rubicon: Triumph and Tragedy in the Roman Republic. Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11563-4. Holt, Frank Lee (2003). Alexander the Great and The Mystery of the Elephant Medallions. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23881-7. Hornblower, Simon (2008). "Greek Identity in the Archaic and Classical Periods". In Zacharia, K. (ed.). Hellenisms: Culture, Identity and Ethnicity from Antiquity to Modernity. Ashgate. pp. 37–58. ISBN 978-0-7546-6525-0. Keay, John (2001). India: A History. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5. Kosmin, Paul J. (2014), The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-72882-0 Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). Jones, Sir Henry Stuart; McKenzie, Roderick (eds.). A Greek-English Lexicon on Perseus Digital Library. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Luniya, Bhanwarlal Nathuram (1978). Life and Culture in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to 1000 AD. Lakshmi Narain Agarwal. LCCN 78907043. McCarty, Nick (2004). Alexander the Great. Camberwell, Victoria: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-04268-5. McKechnie, Paul (1989). Outsiders in the Greek cities in the fourth century BC. Taylor & Francis. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-415-00340-7. Retrieved 28 December 2010. Morkot, Robert (1996). The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece. Penguin. Narain, A. K. (1965). Alexander the Great: Greece and Rome–12. Ogden, Daniel (2009). "Alexander's Sex Life". In Heckel, Alice; Heckel, Waldemar; Tritle, Lawrence A (eds.). Alexander the Great: A New History. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-3082-0. Pingree, D. (1978). "History of Mathematical Astronomy in India". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 15. pp. 533–633. Pratt, James Bissett (1996). The Pilgrimage of Buddhism and a Buddhist Pilgrimage. Laurier Books. ISBN 978-81-206-1196-2. Renault, Mary (2001). The Nature of Alexander the Great. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-139076-5. Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M; Berney, KA; Schellinger, Paul E, eds. (1994). International dictionary of historic places. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1994–1996. ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2010). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. Sabin, P; van Wees, H; Whitby, M (2007). The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare: Greece, the Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78273-9. Sacks, David (1995). Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World. Constable & Co. ISBN 978-0-09-475270-2. Stoneman, Richard (2004). Alexander the Great. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-31932-4. Stoneman, Richard (1996). "The Metamorphoses of Alexander Romance". In Schmeling, Gareth L (ed.). The Novel in the Ancient World. Brill. pp. 601–12. ISBN 978-90-04-09630-1. Studniczka, Franz (1894). Achäologische Jahrbook 9. Tripathi, Rama Shankar (1999). History of Ancient India. ISBN 978-81-208-0018-2. Heckel, Waldemar; Tritle, Lawrence A, eds. (2009). Alexander the Great: A New History. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-1-4051-3082-0. Wood, Michael (2001). In the Footsteps of Alexander the Great: A Journey from Greece to Asia. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23192-4. Worthington, Ian (2003). Alexander the Great: A Reader. Routledge. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-415-29187-3. Yenne, Bill (2010). Alexander the Great: Lessons From History's Undefeated General. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-61915-9. Badian, Ernst (1958). "Alexander the Great and the Unity of Mankind". Historia. 7. Beazley, JD; Ashmole, B (1932). Greek Sculpture and Painting. Cambridge University Press. [ISBN missing] Bowra, Maurice (1994). The Greek Experience. Phoenix. ISBN 978-1-85799-122-2. Boardman, John (2018). Alexander the Great: From His Death to the Present Day – illustrated history of his representations in art and literature[ISBN missing] Burn, AR (1951). Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Empire (2 ed.). London: English Universities Press. Rufus, Quintus Curtius. "Quintus Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander the Great" (in Latin). U Chicago. Retrieved 16 November 2009. Cartledge, Paul (2004). "Alexander the Great". Overlook. Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) Doherty, Paul (2004). "The Death of Alexander the Great". Carroll & Graf. Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) Engels, Donald W (1978). Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army. Berkeley: University of California Press. Fawcett, Bill, ed. (2006). How To Lose A Battle: Foolish Plans and Great Military Blunders. Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-076024-3. Fuller, JFC (1958). The Generalship of Alexander the Great. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. ISBN 978-0-306-80371-0. Green, Peter (1992). Alexander of Macedon: 356–323 BC. A Historical Biography. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07166-7. Greene, Robert (2000). The 48 Laws of Power. Penguin. p. 351. ISBN 978-0-14-028019-7. Hammond, NGL (1989). The Macedonian State: Origins, Institutions, and History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814883-8. Hammond, NGL (1994). Alexander the Great: King, Commander, and Statesman (3 ed.). London: Bristol Classical Press. Hammond, NGL (1997). The Genius of Alexander the Great. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Mercer, Charles (1962). The Way of Alexander the Great (1 ed.). Boston: American Heritage Inc. McCrindle, J. W. (1893). The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as Described by Arrian, Q Curtius, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Justin. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co. Murphy, James Jerome; Katula, Richard A; Hill, Forbes I; Ochs, Donovan J (2003). A Synoptic History of Classical Rhetoric. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-880393-35-2. Nandan, Y; Bhavan, BV (2003). British Death March Under Asiatic Impulse: Epic of Anglo-Indian Tragedy in Afghanistan. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. ISBN 978-81-7276-301-5. O'Brien, John Maxwell (1992). Alexander the Great: The Invisible Enemy. London: Routledge. Pomeroy, S; Burstein, S; Dolan, W; Roberts, J (1998). Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509742-9. Prevas, John (2004). Envy of the Gods: Alexander the Great's Ill-Fated Journey Across Asia (3 ed.). Da Capo. Roisman, Joseph, ed. (1995). Alexander the Great Ancient and Modern Perspectives. Problems in European Civilization. Lexington, MA: DC Heath. Savill, Agnes (1959). Alexander the Great and His Time (3 ed.). London: Barrie & Rockliff. Stewart, Andrew (1993). Faces of Power: Alexander's Image and Hellenistic Politics. Hellenistic Culture and Society. 11. Berkeley: University of California Press. Stoneman, Richard (2008). Alexander the Great: A Life in Legend. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11203-0. Tarn, WW (1948). Alexander the Great. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wheeler, Benjamin Ide (1900). Alexander the Great; the merging of East and West in universal history. New York: GP Putnam's sons. Wilcken, Ulrich (1997) [1932]. Alexander the Great. New York: WW Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-00381-9. Worthington, Ian (2004). Alexander the Great: Man And God. Pearson. ISBN 978-1-4058-0162-1. Alexander the Greatat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Library resources about Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Alexander the Great (king of Macedonia) at the Encyclopædia Britannica Delamarche, Félix (1833), The Empire and Expeditions of Alexander the Great . Romm, James; Cartledge, Paul, "Two Great Historians On Alexander the Great", Forbes (conversations) Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5, Part 6. Alexander the Great at Curlie Alexander the Great: An annotated list of primary sources, Livius . The Elusive Tomb of Alexander the Great, Archæology . Alexander the Great and Sherlock Holmes, Sherlockian Sherlock . In Our Time: Alexander the Great BBC discussion with Paul Cartledge, Diana Spencer and Rachel Mairs hosted by Melvyn Bragg, first broadcast 1 October 2015. Argead dynasty Born: 356 BC 323 BC Philip II King of Macedon 336–323 BC Succeeded by Philip III and Alexander IV Darius III Great King (Shah) of Persia New creation Lord of Asia Kings of Macedon Caranus Coenus Tyrimmas Perdiccas I Argaeus I Aeropus I Alcetas I Amyntas I Alcetas II Perdiccas II Craterus Orestes / Aeropus II Argaeus II Alexander II Amyntas IV Alexander III (Alexander the Great) Ptolemy of Aloros Perdiccas Peithon and Arrhidaeus Antipatrid Philip IV Alexander V Antipater II Antipater Etesias Sosthenes Antigonid Antigonus II Antigonus III Andriscus (Philip VI) Non-dynastic Ptolemy Keraunos Hellenistic rulers Argeads Alexander III the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Antigonids Antigonus I Monophthalmus Philip VI (pretender) Ptolemies Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra (regent) Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy IX Lathyros Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Berenice IV Epiphanea Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion Kings of Cyrene Ptolemy Apion Seleucids Demetrius I Soter Demetrius II Nicator Antiochus XI Epiphanes Antiochus XII Dionysus Lysimachids Ptolemy Epigonos Antipatrids Attalids Greco-Bactrians Diodotus I Eucratides I Eucratides II Heliocles I Indo-Greeks Antimachus II Menander I Zoilos I Antialcidas Polyxenos Amyntas Epander Peukolaos Thraso Menander II Artemidoros Archebius Telephos Apollodotus II Hippostratos Strato II Strato III Kings of Bithynia Boteiras Etazeta (regent) Socrates Chrestus Kings of Pontus Mithridates I Ctistes Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos Mithridates V Euergetes Mithridates VI Eupator Pharnaces II Arsaces Kings of Commagene Kings of Cappadocia Orophernes Kings of the Cimmerian Bosporus Paerisades I Satyros II Eumelos Spartokos III Hygiainon (regent) Paerisades II Spartokos IV Leukon II Spartokos V Paerisades III Paerisades IV Paerisades V Asander with Dynamis Scribonius’ attempted rule with Dynamis Dynamis with Polemon Polemon with Pythodorida Mithridates III with Gepaepyris Hellenistic rulers were preceded by Hellenistic satraps in most of their territories. Protodynastic to First Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC) Pharaohs (male female♀) Protodynastic (pre-3150 BC) Hedju Hor [de; fr] Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor [de; es] Mekh Double Falcon Wash [de] Finger Snail [de] Pen-Abu Canide Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Scorpion II Narmer / Menes Early Dynastic (3150–2686 BC) Hor-Aha Djer Merneith♀ Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni Snefru Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Shepseskaf Thamphthis Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah 1st Intermediate VII/VIII Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare V Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC) Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu♀ 2nd Intermediate Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre 'Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Webenre Nebsenre Sekheperenre Djedkherewre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Pepi III Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC) New Kingdom Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Thutmose III Hatshepsut♀ Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten♀ Horemheb Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret♀ Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI 3rd Intermediate (1069–664 BC) Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Shoshenq V Osorkon IV Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini Tefnakht Bakenranef Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun Late Period and Hellenistic Period (664–30 BC) (664–332 BC) Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I Artaxerxes I Darius II Amyrtaeus Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Nectanebo I Nectanebo II Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses (332–30 BC) Ptolemaic Ptolemy VIII Euergetes Ptolemy IX Soter Ptolemy X Alexander I Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Berenice IV♀ Cleopatra♀ Dynastic genealogies 21st to 23rd List of pharaohs Shahnameh of Ferdowsi Pishdadian Keyumars Hushang Tahmuras Jamshid Fereydun Iraj Manuchehr Nowzar Zaav Garshasp Kayanian Kay Kawād Kay Kāvus Kay Khosrow Kay Lohrasp Goshtāsb Kay Bahman Humay Chehrzad Kay Darab Siamak Mardas Zahhak Shahrasp Kayanoush Kāve Qobád Qaren Gostaham Nariman Sām Zāl Rostam Sohrab Esfandiyār Pashotan Faramarz Fariborz Siyâvash Farud Zangay-i Shavaran Kashvad Goudarz Rohham Hojir Bahram Bizhan Japasp Gorgin Mehrab Kaboli Zavara Shaghad Rostam Farrokhzād Faranak Arnavāz Shahrnāz Sindukht Rudaba Sudabeh Tahmina Gordafarid Farangis Manizheh Katāyoun Zadashm Pashang Aghrirat Garsivaz Afrasiab Shideh Arjasp Viseh Nastihan Piran Viseh Houman Biderafsh Clans and Kashvadian House of Goudarz House of Viseh House of Nowzar House of Sasan House of Sām and animals Akvan Div Kharvazan Div Arzhang Div Div-e Sepid Koulad-Ghandi Huma bird Rakhsh Shabdiz Shabrang Zabulistan Sistan Ctesiphon Estakhr Alborzkouh Mount Damavand Tammisha Kasa-Roud Gonbadan Castle Dez-i Roein Bahman Castle Dez-i Alanan Kang-dez Baysonghor Shahnameh Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp Florence Shahnameh Shahnameh of Rashida Windsor Shahnameh Great Mongol Shahnameh (or Demotte) Shahnameh of Ghavam al-Din Daqiqi Abu-Mansuri Shahnameh Derafsh Kaviani Babr-e Bayan Zal and Rudabeh Rostam and Sohrab Rostam's Seven Labours Davazdah Rokh Bijan and Manijeh Persian mythology Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Hellenistic Greece Hellespont Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Ancient Greek colonies Koinon Proxeny Amphictyonic League Areopagus Graphe paranomon Heliaia Apella Ephor Gerousia Synedrion Athenian military Scythian archers Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Pezhetairos Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai List of ancient Greeks Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philocles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Pederasty Wedding customs Greek Revival architecture Musical system mythological figures Twelve Olympians Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Aphaea Hera, Olympia Zeus, Olympia Mycenaean Greek numerals Attic numerals Greek colonisation South Italy Alision Brentesion Chone Cumae Heraclea Lucania Hipponion Krimisa Laüs Medma Pandosia (Lucania) Poseidonia Pixous Rhegion Scylletium Sybaris on the Traeis Terina Thurii Akrillai Calacte Casmenae Helorus Heraclea Minoa Hybla Gereatis Hybla Heraea Leontinoi Megara Hyblaea Selinous Tauromenion Tyndaris Didyme Euonymos Ereikousa Hycesia Lipara/Meligounis Phoenicusa Strongyle Therassía Balagrae Cyrene (Apollonia) Ptolemais Akra Leuke Alonis Helike Hemeroscopion Kalathousa Kypsela Menestheus's Limin Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus Salauris Black Sea north coast Borysthenes Charax Chersonesus Dioscurias Eupatoria Gorgippia Kepoi Kimmerikon Myrmekion Nikonion Nymphaion Panticapaion Pityus Tyritake Black Sea south coast Mesambria Salmydessus Tium Sesamus Cytorus Abonoteichos Zaliche Oinòe Polemonion Thèrmae Cotyora Kerasous Trapezous Rhizos Bathus in Epirus Stoae The works of Plutarch Moralia "De genio Socratis" "On the Malice of Herodotus" Pseudo-Plutarch Alcibiades and Coriolanus1 Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar Aratus of Sicyon / Artaxerxes and Galba / Otho2 Aristides and Cato the Elder1 Crassus and Nicias1 Demetrius and Antony1 Demosthenes and Cicero1 Dion and Brutus1 Fabius and Pericles1 Lucullus and Cimon1 Lysander and Sulla1 Numa and Lycurgus1 Pelopidas and Marcellus1 Philopoemen and Flamininus1 Phocion and Cato the Younger Pompey and Agesilaus1 Poplicola and Solon1 Pyrrhus and Gaius Marius Romulus and Theseus1 Sertorius and Eumenes1 Agis / Cleomenes1 and Tiberius Gracchus / Gaius Gracchus Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus1 Themistocles and Camillus Translators and editors Jacques Amyot Philemon Holland Thomas North 1 Comparison extant 2 Four unpaired Lives Ancient Greek and Roman wars First Messenian War Second Messenian War Lelantine War Greek–Punic Wars (Sicilian Wars) Greco-Persian Wars Aeginetan War Wars of the Delian League Samian War Peloponnesian War Corinthian War First / Second / Third Sacred War Social War (357–355 BC) Expansion of Macedonia Wars of Alexander the Great Wars of the Diadochi Lamian War Chremonidean War Cleomenean War Cretan War Aetolian War War against Nabis Roman–Latin wars (First Latin War (Battle of Lake Regillus) Second Latin War) Samnite Wars Pyrrhic War Punic Wars (First Third) Macedonian Wars (Illyrian First Macedonian Second Macedonian Seleucid Third Macedonian Fourth Macedonian) Jugurthine War Cimbrian War Roman Servile Wars (First Social War (90–88 BC) Sulla's civil wars (First Second) Mithridatic Wars (First Gallic Wars Julius Caesar's civil war Augustus' rise to power (Battle of Mutina Liberators' civil war Sicilian revolt Perusine War (Fulvia's civil war) Final War of the Roman Republic) Germanic Wars (Marcomannic Visigothic) Conquest of Britain Wars of Boudica Armenian War Four Emperors Jewish wars Domitian's Dacian War Trajan's Dacian Wars Parthian Wars Wars against Persia Third-century civil wars Decline and fall of the Western Empire (Colonies) Akkadian Neo-Sumerian Old Babylonian Neo-Babylonian Hittite Maurya Satavahana Achaemenid Kushan Xianbei Post-classical Aksum Angevin Bruneian Castilian Jīn Zagwe Solomonic Holy-Roman Huetar Hunnic Gurjara-Pratihara Eastern Ganga dynasty Vijayanagara Samanid Kanem Majapahit Malaccan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Idrisid Almoravid Marinid Singhasari Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Songhai Srivijaya Turko-Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Wagadou Austro-Hungarian Central African First/Old Reich Second Reich Mysorean Afsharid Alaouite Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Tay Son Omani Polish–Lithuanian Couronian Ancient great powers Medieval great powers Modern great powers European colonialism BALaT: 120352 BNF: cb11946296j (data) NLK: KAC201620660 NSK: 000075806 RERO: 02-A000005596 ICCU: IT\ICCU\VEAV\023322 SNAC: w6p270nw Trove: 785558	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line1528115

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