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__label__wiki	0.541003	0.541003	A little over a year after the 2015 earthquake had decimated- villages and towns across Nepal, the National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) issued a directive to halt the construction of transitional shelters and schools — causing organizations throughout Nepal, including Chaudhary Foundation, to shift from humanitarian relief to more permanent and self-sustaining strategies. After several meetings with the NRA, Binod and Nirvana Chaudhary had an idea to design a prototype village that would integrate as many of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). One of the objectives of the model village project was to create a successful template that could be replicated across Nepal and throughout the world. The aim was to construct 70–100 households that would serve a community of over 350 residents. It would include all basic utilities — like clean drinking water, plumbing and a reliable energy source, along with a school, community and health centers. After conducting assessments and visiting locations across several districts, Giranchaur, Sindhupalchowk, was identified for the model village. Giranchaur, which has nearly 400 residents, was destroyed during the earthquake. The community was ideal because though it had received no assistance, it had already self-organized to pool their land together and create a construction committee. Through this partnership, the first community in the world to try to incorporate all the UN SDGs was designed. Apart from providing houses, several other projects were incorporated to create a more sustainable and healthy community — livelihood training, education, health, water and sanitation were deemed top priorities and need to be one hundred percent sustainable after construction is completed. Many of the projects also incorporate women’s empowerment, like women’s health education and micro-enterprise development training. Giranchaur’s school was fitted with a digital classroom that provides students access to modern technology and innovative multimedia learning tools. Giranchaur started producing sustainable, earthquake-resilient bricks in 2018, which was the first major step towards completing construction. State-of-the-art machines, which use locally sourced soil mixed with cement, and training were provided by the foundation. The machines produce an interlocking brick that is dried in the sun for 21 days before being used for the houses. Construction is expected to finish by mid-2019.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line296
__label__wiki	0.78919	0.78919	Pakistan offers to host Saudi-Iran direct talks Monday 14 October, 2019 Pakistan is pushing for direct talks between Saudi and Iranian officials as part of its ongoing diplomatic efforts to defuse tensions in the Persian Gulf region, two officials with the knowledge of the development told The Express Tribune on Monday. Prime Minister Imran Khan, who was accompanied by the foreign minister and head of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), put forward the proposal during his visit to Tehran on Sunday, said the officials, who requested anonymity since they were not authorised to speak to the media on the subject. The prime minister told Iranian leadership that Pakistan is not only ready to facilitate the dialogue but also willing to arrange face-to-face talks in Islamabad. Iranian side expressed their inclination towards the proposal with ‘some caveats’, said officials. The prime minister will take the same proposal to Riyadh when he goes there on Tuesday (Today) and meets Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman to discuss peace efforts. One official said Pakistan’s proposal is aimed at opening some channels of communication between the Saudi and Iranian authorities at a time when tensions between the two arch rivals have been building up following the September 14 missile attacks on the Saudi oil facilities. Riyadh and Washington blamed Tehran for being behind the drone attacks, a charge Tehran strongly rebutted. Yemen’s Houthi rebels on the other hand claimed the attacks. The unprecedented missile strikes have raised the specter of a potential conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia. The immediate threat of escalation, however, receded as the Trump administration showed reluctance to retaliate on behalf of Saudi Arabia. Nevertheless, the US has recently sent thousands of additional troops to the region in order to deal with any eventuality. Pakistan, having close strategic ties with Saudi Arabia and being a neighbour to Iran, is increasingly concerned that any conflict between the two countries will have serious implications for the country as well as for the region. The major worry for Pakistan is that any war between Iran and Saudi Arabia will put the government in an awkward situation. As part of strategic pact, Pakistan is under obligation to support Saudi Arabia if its territorial integrity and sovereignty comes under attack. But that scenario will put Pakistan in direct conflict with Iran, something that can have devastating consequences. “Therefore, in order to avoid such a situation, Pakistan is seeking de-escalation in tensions between Iran and Saudi Arabia,” said the official. When asked to comment on the success of Pakistan’s diplomatic initiative, the official acknowledged that the issues between the two countries are complicated and required sustained efforts. Historically, Pakistan has always pushed for unity among the Muslim countries particularly between the Arab states and Iran. Former dictator General Ziaul Haq had made several visits to the region to seek an end to the animosity between Iran and Iraq but those efforts could not make any head way and war between the two countries continued for 8 long years. Former prime minister Nawaz Sharif in 2015 sought to mediate between Iran and Saudi Arabia over the Yemen conflict but with little success. In fact the current war in Yemen has still been the major sticking point between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Some of the preconditions attached by Iran for talks with Saudi Arabia include end to the Gulf countries’ military campaign in Yemen. Source: https://tribune.com.pk/story/2079467/1-pakistan-offers-host-saudi-iran-talks/	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line299
__label__wiki	0.75361	0.75361	Boundaries of illegality blur as Hong Kong protests rumble on October 16, 2014 8.31am EDT Surya Deva, City University of Hong Kong Surya Deva Associate Professor, City University of Hong Kong Surya Deva does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. Occupy Central Roadblock in Mong Kok. Wing1990hk, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY We often think of the distinction between legal and illegal as a matter of black and white – but with its universal suffrage movement still underway, Hong Kong is dealing with a much more complicated reality. Throughout the saga of the protests, which have pitted tens of thousands of pro-democracy protesters against opposition from both government officials and anti-occupiers, many shades of suspected behaviour have been on display on all sides – and there seems to be little consensus over who, or what, counts as illegal any more. The most obvious impropriety – and the one at the root of the current democracy protests – involves people and institutions misusing their legal powers in the service of improper political objectives. The barriers to democracy that the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (NPCSC) has erected by using its power of interpretation under Hong Kong’s Basic Law are a good example of this illegality, where the actions of a state institution violate both the letter and spirit of the law. With brazen disregard for the explicit substantive and procedural limitations under which it’s supposed to operate, the NPCSC has used its power of interpretation to take decisions which in effect amend the Basic Law so as to serve the interests of the Chinese Communist Party. In a rule-of-law society like Hong Kong, courts are entrusted with the task of controlling this first type of illegality. The mechanism works in many situations, but in this high-stakes stand-off Hong Kong’s Court of Final Appeal is highly unlikely to take on the NPCSC, at least not for the time being. This makes the NPCSC a law unto itself; under the current system, there are no real checks on its powers. Dodgy dealings The second type of illegality is when people comply with the letter of the law, but not with its spirit. Everyday examples in Hong Kong include open discrimination against mainlanders, as well as “creative compliance” with corporate tax law. But a more potent instance is CY Leung’s highly controversial HK$50m contract with the Australian company UGL. CY Leung. VOA via Wikimedia Commons Although Leung signed the contract before he was elected chief executive in March 2012, the contract required him to perform a number of obligations for two years from December 4 2011 (after his election campaign had already begun). In other words, the HK$50m was not a payment entirely for things done prior to taking office. In fact, half of the promised payment rested on DTZ’s senior management team continuing with DTZ after acquisition by UGL. So, the extent of payment to Leung in essence depended upon his ability to persuade DTZ management to continue after his resignation from DTZ. Under the contract, Leung had to provide until 3 December 2013 “such assistance in the promotion of the UGL Group and the DTZ Group as UGL may reasonably require, including but not limited to acting as a referee and adviser from time to time”. Even if he provided no such assistance to UGL as claimed, and hence avoided an explicit conflict of interest, the fact remains that he pocketed UGL’s money in return for a promise to do something at a time when he was planning to be in office. While the “non-poach, non-compete” arrangement with UGL was a standard practice, it made no sense once Leung was elected the Chief Executive, as he could no longer have worked for one of UGL’s competitors or poached any staff from them. All in all, it’s hard to imagine why a company would pay HK$50m to someone for doing almost nothing. One may also wonder whether this deal with UGL was one of the reasons why Leung did not accept the recommendation of an Independent Review Committee to bring the office of Chief Executive within the purview of section 3 of the Prevention of Bribery Ordinance. There have also been cases of people operating against the letter of law, but without necessarily violating the spirit of law. Most obviously, by blocking major streets and refusing to move, umbrella movement supporters and Occupy Central leaders are potentially committing a number of crimes. Civil disobedience of course offers no legal defence against criminal charges. But considering that the protesters are pursuing a constitutional goal, have been peaceful and are willing to bear legal consequences of their actions, they clearly belong to a different category. This is all the more true given there is hardly any viable institutional forum or space available to engage with the local government on the subject of democratic reforms. Engagement with the central government, which tramples human rights of its own people as a matter of policy, also appears to be futile. Ultimately, the protesters have been pushed to occupy streets by governments to defend freedoms to which they should be entitled. Throughout the protests, Hong Kong has also witnessed actions which breach both the letter and spirit of law, but which are masked with attempts to cover their illegality by reference to a legitimate goal (say, protecting one’s business interests) or a “noble” cause such as supporting the police. The actions of diverse strands of the anti-occupy movement, including by the triads, have followed this path. Both the Occupy Central and anti-Occupy Central groups have used the pursuit of legitimate goals as a justification for illegal actions. Yet there are fundamental differences between the two. The Occupy supporters are relying on a collective constitutional goal, whereas their anti-Occupy counterparts merely invoke inconvenience or reduction in their business profit as a justification. And while one can protest against protesters or against the cause they pursue, this right does not extend to indulging in unprovoked violence or disturbing others’ pursuit of their rights. Finding a way to distinguish between these different shades of illegality is crucial for all members of Hong Kong society. We have to stop comparing apples with oranges; if we keep doing so, judgements will be clouded – and unlawful, unethical responses will follow. The sight of Hong Kong police beating a handcuffed democracy protesters in a dark corner illustrated this risk all too well. It is vital for the police not to bracket democracy protesters with hooligans, people selling fake designer bags, or triad members indulging in unlawful trade. Also, unless both Beijing and the local government appreciate what Hong Kong people mean by universal suffrage and the rule of law, protests and social divisions will continue. Political protest Democracy protest Occupy Central	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line301
__label__cc	0.616729	0.383271	Featured News PAP MP busks at Orchard Road as next General Election nears PAP MP busks at Orchard Road as next General Election nears In a diversion from the norm, Sim Ann, a Senior Minister of State and Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Bukit Timah division of Holland-Bukit Timah Group Representation Constituency (GRC), tried her hand at busking over the weekend Photo: FB screencapture Weeks after the first firm step towards the next General Election (GE) was announced in the form of the convening of the Electoral Boundaries Review Committee (EBRC), People’s Action Party (PAP) parliamentarian Sim Ann was spotted busking at Orchard Road. Sim Ann, a Senior Minister of State and Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Bukit Timah division of Holland-Bukit Timah Group Representation Constituency (GRC), tried her hand at busking over the weekend as she sought feedback on how the Somerset belt at Orchard Road should be reshaped. Sharing a video of her singing, she wrote on social media: “What if… the Orchard Road Somerset Belt was filled with more street music? I tried singing on the street for the first time at Somerset Belt prototyping day’s “Busk at Dusk” station. “Conclusion: for sure we need better singers than me. But the idea is there! Let us know how you think we should reshape the Somerset Belt” Street busking – my first try What if… the Orchard Road Somerset Belt was filled with more street music? I tried singing on the street for the first time at Somerset Belt prototyping day's "Busk at Dusk" station. Conclusion: for sure we need better singers than me. But the idea is there! Let us know how you think we should reshape the Somerset Belt here: https://www.mccy.gov.sg/shapeyoursomerset(Thank you Raihan for playing the guitar and Diyana for lending me your mike!) Posted by Sim Ann 沈颖 on Saturday, September 21, 2019 On 4 Sept, the Elections Department (ELD) announced that the EBRC was formed sometime last month. The formation of the EBRC precedes the calling of the next election and has been taken to mean that the next GE is imminent. In the past three General Elections (GEs), the EBRC has taken between two to four months to complete the review. The time between the release of the EBRC’s report and polling day has ranged from as little as 17 days to as long as six months, in Singapore history. For the next GE, the EBRC has particularly been tasked to reduce the average size of group representation constituencies (GRCs) and increase the number of single-member constituencies (SMCs). This likely means that the electoral map will be altered significantly. Speculation on the timing of the next GE has become especially fevered since the EBRC was formed, with both netizens and political observers opining that the next GE could be held as soon as November/December 2019 or in the first quarter of 2020, after the next Budget.-/TISG	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line305
__label__wiki	0.774193	0.774193	THE MARCO PERMITS FLORIDA COASTAL DEVELOPMENT PRIOR TO THE MID 1960s The Mackle Brothers’ business, since the days of General Development Corp. was to make home sites affordable through the "installment contract". As described earlier, the installment contract provided for monthly payments over a long period of time and an obligation to deed the property - with the promised improvements - after the buyer had completed all the payments. The typical Deltona Corporation installment contract was for eight and a half years. Dragline Operation Hydraulic Dredge Operation Marco relative to other State, Federal and privately protected lands At Marco the improvements to the land typically included filling and grading of the lot, and the installation of a seawall, a road, and a water line to the property. After clearing the natural mangrove forest good fill was moved from the planned waterways into the area where it was needed by dragline or hydraulic dredge. The fill was then move to its design location by large earth moving pans and bulldozers and graded to fine tolerances by scrapers. Like all permits - building or development - the government specifications were known and understood. If you could meet those standards you were assured of getting a permit. All specifications were clearly laid out and understood by the engineers responsible for them. So it was for the first two thirds of the twentieth century as far as dredge and fill permits were concerned. When development began on Marco the job of obtaining permits was a routine matter. As it was always the Mackles' program to meet or exceed the dredge and fill standards, there was never any urgency or concern to apply for permits until the work was scheduled. Further, since permits were typically issued for three years, to apply for permits at an earlier date would be foolish since they would expire prior to the eight and a half year home site delivery date - forcing re-application a second or even third time. Again, even dredge and fill permits were routinely granted by all jurisdictions including the Corps of Engineers. In those days Corps permits were solely dependant upon determination that the project would not adversely affect navigation. At Marco, the planned development of canals and waterfront property would not hinder and would in fact improve navigation. Since man was first able to move dirt in sufficient amounts it was an admirable thing to turn swampland into something habitable. In the first half of the century statues were erected in honor of developers converting "swamplands" into beautiful waterfront communities. Dredging and filling of mangrove swamps had been done up and down the coast of Florida since at least the early 1900s. The Mackles themselves had developed thousands of acres of land at Key Biscayne, Pompano Beach and Port Charlotte using land and water based dredging methods. But the knowledge of and the attitudes about those "swamplands" were changing. And Marco Island along with its developer were about to be caught up in one of the great liberal movements of the 60's and 70's - the Environmental Movement. EARLY MARCO PERMITTING It is true that from the start there were local " friends of the island" who resented that developers were changing their backwater nature preserve and fishing haven into a populated community. And they received a good bit of attention from the press. The Mackles knew that they had to take special care of this special place. So - from the beginning - they were determined to be a leader among community builders in the cause of preserving the environment. This was not the only policy it was the best policy - as it fit in to the allure of the product that they were selling - a gorgeous, nature filled - tropical resort. So their environmental protection and preservation plans for Marco were to be well ahead of other developments of the day. And - for the first year or two - the Mackles were commended - even by environmentalists - for their farsightedness. Marco Permit Areas Marco Island was designed to be permitted in five permit areas: Marco River, Roberts Bay, Collier Bay, Barfield Bay and Big Key. Marco Shores would be divided in to additional permit areas. The permit for the first phase of Marco Shores, known as Unit 24, would follow in the path of the island permits. Soon after the property was acquired in early 1964 planning began. The opening - less than a year away would require the development of the initial "cash area" home sites and sites for model homes and a sales office. Soon after the opening the Mackles planned to open the Marco island Country Club and other island amenities. Development of the rest of the island would proceed from there in an orderly fashion. So they set out to obtain the first permits required - the Marco River Permit. All governmental requirements of that time were obtained in a routine fashion. For the Marco River permit area bulkheads lines were established in October 1964. A county dredge and fill permit was issued in October 1964. The state dredge and fill permit was issued on October 22, 1964. And the Corps of Engineers’ dredge and fill permit was issued on October 27, 1964. Six months after acquisition all permits for the first phase of Marco were in hand! The Corps permit itself had taken nine days! The undeveloped lots within this area were registered for sale by the State of Florida on December 31, 1964. And the project of Marco Island and the sale of homes and home sites commenced on January 31st of 1965. Over the next two years - with no concern for obtaining permits - all permit areas of Marco Island were released for sale. In may of 1970, Unit 24, the first area of Marco Shores, was released for sale. After all - permits were routine. EVOLVING ATTITUDES, REGULATIONS AND LAWS The definition of "routine" was changing, however. Commencing in 1967, new and revised environmental legislation and regulation had begun to be adopted. These recognized the increasing concern for the environment and were designed to insure more comprehensive reviews prior to any dredging, filling, or bulkheading tidal areas such as Marco. These and other statutes, regulation and judicial decisions expanded and lengthened the permitting process. They also expanded the claimed "jurisdiction" that agencies had over areas of development. Early on jurisdiction was to "navigable waters" or to "state lands" which were considered to be the mangrove edge. Later jurisdiction claims crept landward to include all wetlands and even " periodically wet" lands. But the idea that all conditions - even the new ones - could not be met was inconceivable. They were only making it more difficult. Designs of water depth might have to be modified. Seawall design might have to be altered. Ways to insure water quality might have to be adopted. It might be more costly but the company was willing to meet the revised standards. Just tell us what they were. Several major new state and federal environmental protection laws were passed which began to seriously impact the approval process. In 1967, Chapter 253, of the Florida Statutes, was substantially revised to provide for detailed environmental state review. In January 1970 the National Environmental policy Act was passed by Congress which required the preparation and review of an environmental impact statement. In April of 1970 the Federal Water Quality Improvement Act was passed by the Congress of the United States. In 1970 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created. And - later the EPA was given veto power over permitting decisions of the Corps of Engineers. In 1972 the Federal Water Quality Improvement Act was amended by passage of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. As a result it was mandated that, as a condition precedent to application for a Corps permit, that the responsible state agency certify that there is reasonable assurance that the dredging and filling activity will not violate applicable water quality standards. This approval became known as "Water Quality Certification". This new requirement obligated Deltona to undertake massive studies, engage in protracted hearings, and present evidence of satisfactory water quality. These laws were all designed to protect the environment. Still, even land sales regulators did not deem them a threat to the sale and delivery of installment land sale contracts. It was only in October of 1973 that the Florida Land Sales Law, Chapter 478, Florida Statutes, was amended to require, for the first time, that necessary environmental approvals be received prior to registering properties for sale with the state. Even then - existing registrations were not held to the same requirement. For new projects just starting out the new regulations could be dealt with. And while a great deal of interpretation would still evolve at least they would know what the "rules of the ballgame" were before opening a project for sale. Deltona did not have that luxury. We were already committed to a design and to sales contracts that had been entered in to years before these laws were even contemplated. And there were no "grandfather" clauses. There were no provisions to deal with the Marco type of situation where planning, development and sales had already commenced. On top of the new laws agency rules and jurisdictions were being re-interpreted and enforced by the environmentalist who headed up the local, state and federal permitting agencies. These re-interpretations were done without legislative involvement. Often it took a court battle to resolve whether the agency had over-reached their authority or not. But until it went through the court system their interpretation would be used. So as the new laws went on to the books Deltona continued its very successful marketing of home sites - and promising that improvements would be made on schedule. Nothing in the new laws said you couldn't develop wetlands. They were just redefining the process of obtaining the permits. By the end of 1969 seventy seven percent of all Marco Island home sites had been sold. Ninety five percent of the island had been sold by the beginning of 1970. DELTONA GEARS UP FOR THE PERMIT BATTLE By the late 60's Dad knew he had a fight on his hands. The Marco River permit had been routine. The next one necessary to the orderly development of the island was the Roberts Bay permit. By now the voices of the environmentalists were getting louder. The Corps of Engineers were still operating under the 1899 Rivers and Harbors act which gave them authority over "navigable waters". But they were beginning to be pushed. In July of 1967 - as a result of mounting concerns for the nations wetlands - the Corps entered into a Letter of Understanding with the Interior Department whereby a full scale Washington level review would be required on any permit of which the Interior Department did not approve. Still, it was just a review and Interiors' role was simply advisory. The Corps would still make the final decision. And this was the same Interior Department that - in October of 1964 - had issued a letter from their Fish and Wildlife Service to Deltona for its " responsible development plan" and even suggested that Deltona communicate its story to conservation organizations and magazines! Nevertheless, Interior - with its new permitting role - did oppose the Roberts Bay dredge and fill proposals. During the processing of the Roberts Bay permit the state had revised - in 1967 - Chapter 253, of the Florida Statutes. Detailed environmental state review would now be required for dredge and fill permits. Dad and Jim Vensel began to see "the writing on the wall". They faced the fact - during this process - that permits would require a much greater effort in order to meet the promises we had made to Marco customers. Dad employed the small but prominent Tallahassee firm of Peeples & Moore. Jack Peeples and Ed Moore became close allies in the battle for Marco permits. The Roberts Bay dredge and fill permits were routinely approved by the county in February 1968. The state permits - in spite of the newly revised state laws were routinely granted in April of 1968. The Corps permits for Roberts Bay were applied for in September of 1967. Between then and December of 1969 when the Corps issued the Roberts Bay permits the process was beginning to change significantly. At the same time the Corps and state and Federal agencies began altering and re-interpreting existing rules and regulations to a more stringent "environmental protection" bias. Dredging and drag line operations were scrutinized more closely. Rules were being put in placed and enforced which did not exist a couple of years earlier. Conflicts arose. During the processing of the Roberts Bay permits the company had been doing as much as it could on Marco in areas which did not require permits. Jurisdiction still ran only to the edge of the mangroves - not to other privately owned lands uplands of "navigable water". Two incidents which exemplify the changing relationship with the Corps and the creeping jurisdictional claims that were in process are described in Douglas Waitleys book, "The Last Paradise". These kind of complications characterized the on-going development process for the remaining years of the Marco dredge and fill activities. "The Saga of the Landmark Waterway Dredge Work in a certain portion of Roberts Bay area did not need a Corps permit. this area included the large Unit Seven swamp, bounded by SR 92, South Collier, South Heathwood, and Winterberry. Operations here had started in 1967. Once in the Unit Seven swamp, the dredge sucked huge amounts of material from the bottom and deposited it in three areas. The first was along the swamp's western edge, where it formed such short projections as Tulip, Birch, and Aster Courts. At the same time the aircraft landing strip was converted into Landmark Street (at which time a new landing strip was opened in the Unit Six swamp along what would become Edgewater Court.) On the eastern edge of the swamp a second series of landfill courts was created running off Heathwood. these included Shenendoah, Whiteheart, Mistletoe, and Treasure. finally, in the middle of the swamp, dredgings were poured onto a finger of pre-existing, semi-dry land to form Lamplighter Court and its appendages such as Coronado, Lighthouse, and Driftwood Courts. By Autumn 1968 the land contract requirements had been met in the former swamp, and Deltona wished to move the dredge into other areas requiring attention. It would seem a simple matter to dig a channel south so the dredge could exit into Roberts Bay. But the Corps, under prodding from the Department of the Interior, now declared its jurisdiction covered not only by navigable water but the shorelines of this water and waterways leading to the shoreline. Under these new rules the Corps denied Deltona the right to cut a channel south to permit the dredge to leave the Landmark area. neither would the Corps permit Deltona to send the dredge back north the way it had come and exit through the channel it had may (and since plugged up) to Collier Bay. The dredge was effectively bottled up and useless. To make the matters worse, Deltona was renting the dredge for $3,300 per day! Deltona wrote the Corps about the "dire emergency" relating to the dredge and the fact tht the exit channel would pass through a mainly swampy area that had no value in terms of navigable waterways. The Corps finally relented and Deltona dug south from the Landmark Waterway to where Winterberry Drive would be constructed, and then followed the future Heathwood until the dredge exited into the Roberts Bay channel between Forrest and Quintara Courts. it had taken twenty eight days to complete this simple act and had cost Deltona $92,400 in unnecessary rental payments. The Run-In over Frederick Bay Deltona was now desperate to complete its obligations under the Coordinated Growth contracts. The state had long ago approved its bulkhead lines, which set the parameters for the island and along which the mosquito dikes had been built. Because hitherto the Corps had jurisdiction only over the navigable waters outside of the bulkhead lines and because Deltona owned outright all the territory within the bulkhead lines, the company believed it had the right to begin digging the slips and waterways within the bulkhead line. Accordingly, the now-released dredge was put to work in Frederick Bay, a small, virtually landlocked swamp at the extreme southeast tip of the island. This caused a run-in with the district Corps agent, who inspected the area via helicopter late in August 1968. He warned that the Corps now considered such activities illegal and that in performing them Deltona opened itself to prosecution. The company had no choice except to stop work at the site, sealing the mouth of the waterway with an earthen plug." The rules of development were changing day to day as the Roberts Bay Corps of Engineers permit process dragged on. In September 1968 - after a lengthy review of the permit issues - the Interior Departments Fish and Wildlife Service recommended denial. Dad - for one of the few times in the whole permitting process - sought out political assistance. His friend Senator George Smathers - a long time visitor to the Key Biscayne Hotel - was approached as well as Florida's other Senator, Spessard Holland. They both expressed their support for the project to Russell Train, head of the Interior Department, and to the Corps of Engineers. Russell Train was not moved. Nevertheless - in spite of Interior Department objections - in December 1969 the Corps issued the Roberts Bay permit. They based their decision on their historical mandate to enhance and protect navigable waters. But it had taken over two years - compared with nine days for the Marco River permit area. And there had been a cost. The Corps - beginning to feel the influence of the environmental movement - had extracted promises from the company to reduce the amount of fill to be dredged as well as to preserve a small mangrove island named John Key in Smokehouse Creek and to construct a man-made mangrove island in the middle of Roberts Bay as an experiment in environmental research. Significant in the Roberts Bay permit - the meaning of which was debated many times over the next seven years - was an admonition from the Corps that "The granting of this permit does not necessarily mean that future applications for work in the same area will be similarly granted." Marco Island 1969 Roberts Bay Permit Area in Foreground M.A.M.E.S. Building - Marco M.A.M.E.S. Laboratory Artificial Fishing Reefs Man-made mangrove Island in Roberts Bay Marco 1972 Completed Roberts Bay in Foreground There was no special victory celebration. While the permit process was absorbing more of Dad time and Jim Vensels time than in the past and legal and other support was expanding permits were still considered a routine - if more involved - process. The 1969 Deltona annual report issued in the spring of 1970 contained not a word about permits or environmental matters. We weren't trying to hide anything. We simply did not - and would not until 1976 - have any doubt about permitting. It was still only a small part of the huge effort under way in the much larger on-going efforts to plan, design, sell and construct just one of the many Deltona master planned communities. To better deal with the growing effort necessary to obtain all Marco permits the company continued to expand its internal and external resources. In 1970 the company established a Department of Environmental Management headed by George Spinner a noted marine biologist under the direction of Jim Vensel. The company also established the Marco Applied Marine Ecology Station (M.A.M.E.S.) and built a modern laboratory building located on a waterway in the heart of Marco Island. A five year budget of $850,000 was established which among other things funded a study to determine the kinds and quantities of plant and marine life in the Marco area, a joint program with the University of Miami to survey marine resources, a series of artificial reefs, the establishment of mangrove forests in shallow waters starting with the Roberts Bay area and the erection of artificial nests for bald eagles. In 1971 Jack Peeples was persuaded to join the company as head of the Legal Department. Jack was soon recruiting the best and brightest young attorneys as he staffed up the department for all company legal matters but especially the pursuit of the Marco permits. Jack was also named to the Board of Directors at the same time. Between the Legal department and the engineering department a myriad of outside consultants were hired to monitor work and redesign the new permit areas to meet the changing standards and to argue their merits in the many public hearings. Land development activities at Marco were altered to conform to the stricter requirements of the new permits and the evolving rules of the various agencies now overseeing the work. Keeping silt from intruding on the natural waters around Marco became a major concern. Work was now done exclusively behind dikes whenever possible. When diking was impossible polyethylene barriers called "diapers" were strung around dredging operations. dredge captains had to be sensitive to currents which might degrade the "diapers" or render them ineffective. Any evidence of silt beyond the diapers was a cause for the entire dredging operation to be stopped. TWO MAJOR STATE DECISIONS - THE WAR IS WON ........ TWICE! While the struggle became harder and longer - every battle we fought - until April 1976 - resulted in a victory. After Marco River and Roberts Bay had been successfully obtained four permit areas remained. Each area required county, state and federal permits. Many of the permits were multi-faceted. Each area and each part of each permit were pursued. Even the attached "Permit Detail and Chronology" chart does not begin to show the many steps that had to be negotiated for each permit. Environmentalist, independent environmental groups such as the Audubon society, the Nature Conservancy and the Sierra Club as well as the environmentally biased agency staffs now opposed every permit. Their opposition grew to the level of a crusade - one of many in the growing Environmental Movement. In other arenas they were changing the way the United States looked at every enterprise. In Arizona they were protecting the scenic mountain ranges. In Wyoming they were protecting the scenic rivers. Nuclear power - once thought of as a boon to mankind was being opposed on environmental grounds. Oil companies were under fire as a threat to the environment. In Florida it was the wetlands that were prized. None of these crusades were wrong. We were environmentalists. We loved Florida as much as anyone. The Mackles whole business life had been spent extolling the virtues of the Florida environment. As the science - and the regulation - of the wetlands evolved over the next few years - and developers knew what the new rules were - they would be designing future communities with more than what was required in the way of the protection of the environment. What we needed now was someone to recognized the quandary that we had been caught in.... someone to bring an element of wisdom ... and justice ... and reason to these unique issues that were Marco Island. It seems, however that these movements - no matter how noble their cause - often ignore other principles that were once held dear. Time and again the opposition gave lip service to the plight of the Mackles. Time and again they commended us for our efforts to do what is right. Time and again they recognized that we were unfairly caught in the middle of this movement. But they were unwilling to compromise in any way. Such is the nature of crusaders. The Governor of the state and the State Cabinet understood the fix that we - and the State - were in. And they recognized that the State of Florida had a stake in the resolution of the matter. The Mackles had been recognized as outstanding developers for over twenty years. Dad and Elliott had been instrumental in creating the early regulatory authorities over the development industry. The state had permitted us to sell the land at Marco through their Division of Installment Land Sales. The county had already granted permits to develop Marco. Thousands of their constituents supported the development of Marco. The State - through its Land Sales regulation was in the business of seeing that developers delivered on their promises. With Deltona - it seemed - government agencies were obstructing a company from doing that very thing! At the same time the state was emerging as a strong protector of the Florida environment. And no politician wanted to oppose the emerging public concern for the wetlands. And so the Governor and the Cabinet were amenable to a solution - a compromise - between the developers and the environmentalists. The opportunity was now in their hands. The Collier Bay, the Barfield Bay and the Big Key permits had made it through the county processes and were now in Tallahassee for state approval. Controversy over the matter resulted in the larger Marco development issues coming before the Governor and the State Cabinet which in matters such as these sat as the Trustees of the Internal Improvement Fund or T.I.I.F. or more often the I.I.F. Unfortunately, the executive director for the I.I.F. was the newly appointed Joel Kuperburg. His most recent job was as head of the Collier County Nature Conservancy an arch enemy of Marco Island! Still he had to answer to the Governor and the Cabinet. After application and review by the staff of the I.I.F. a series of hearings before the Cabinet ensued wherein Kuperburg made his recommendations and the company presented its arguments. There emerged from the Cabinet meetings and private conversations with the Governor and his staff the concept of resolving all issues surrounding the Marco project in one massive State Settlement. The Company was willing to reduce the original scope of the project significantly and we were further willing to deed over significant and very valuable - both economically and environmentally - lands to the State for permanent preservation. The Governor was positive about the solution. Key legislators and Cabinet members were on board. But the devil was in the details! Time and again we thought the matter had been resolved. But time and again Kuperburg and his staff blocked or altered the proposed settlement. All through 1971 and 1972 the matter came before the Cabinet again and again. Several times it was thought that agreement had been reached. But again and again new issues arose and new obstacles had to be overcome. Finally, in October 1971, a settlement was reached. The Cabinet voted unanimously in favor of the Marco Settlement! The state would grant the three permits. In return the company would deed to the state the Kice Island property and - when all permits had been received from State and Federal agencies - the company would deed another 4,000 acres of Marco to the State of Florida. The battle had been won! Victory was ours! All other obstacles would be easy to handle now that the Governor and the State of Florida had settled the matter. Surely the weight of this lofty body would bring everyone together. But that was not to be the case. There was a huge outcry by the environmentalists. We had not seen the last of them by a long shot! And they would have another shot at us as a result of the new obstacle that had been created in 1970 - the Federal Water Pollution Control Act which would require us to obtain a Water Quality Certificate before going to the Corps of Engineers for the final permit. In the meantime they would hold our feet to the fire as we continued to do what we could to deliver home sites at Marco. So Dad and his legal and engineering staffs began gearing for the second battle with a state agency - this time the Department of Pollution Control for the federally mandated Water Quality Certification. From that point on, in spite of having state permits in hands, the "Water Quality Certification" was the final test and would be the critical and decisive battle for the permits. The certification - issued by the States Department of Pollution Control (DPC) was mandated by Federal law as being required before Corps permits could be obtained. The State had already blessed the Marco development with the historic State Settlement. And - as the Corps had never denied a major permit that had come to its desk - the Water Quality Certification would do it! The rest would be routine. The company put out an enormous effort to obtain the Water Quality Certificate. This process more than any other brought the scientific debate to the forefront as each side presented data to support or to block the creation waterfront property at Marco Island. The M.A.M.E.S. laboratory data - now accumulated for several years - was the basis for the company's arguments. Experts from universities and the private arena were hired. Legal staff was bolstered again. Massive studies were done, protracted hearings took place, and present evidence of satisfactory water quality. And a year and a half after the State Settlement and a long public hearing the Board of the Department of Pollution Control - meeting in Tampa - made its final decision. State Water Quality Certification Granted! On April 10, 1974, in a 3 to 1 vote granted the Water Quality Certification for the Collier Bay, Barfield Bay and Big Key permit areas. All that was left was the Corps permit and we had the required Water Quality Certificate in hand. And "after all" the Army Corps of Engineers was "the biggest dredger and filler on the planet" .... "they were engineers just like ourselves" And ...sooner or later... "justice would prevail". All county permits and approvals had been obtained. All state permits and approvals had been obtained. The federally mandated "Water Quality Certificate" had been obtained. Sure the Corps was more environmentally sensitive than ever. But they had never denied a major dredge and fill permit application. Victory was ours .... again! THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS "The biggest dredger on the planet" The Rules Change Again Deltona prepares for the Corps permit Deltona Press Conference prior to Corps Hearing Naples Daily News Preview of Corps Hearing Deltona Organizes Support for the Corps Hearing Corps Hearing September 2 & 3 , 1975 September 2 & 3, 1975 Only the Corps of Engineers permit remained. We were aware of the EPAs new veto power over the Corps. But it had never been used. In spite of the victories at the State level the development delays had been great. And the Corps permits were still two years away. Sales had been brisk from the start. By the end of 1971 approximately 12,100 lots had been sold for $134,500,000. By the end of 1973 approximately 13,900 lots had been sold for $167,922,000 Of them only 3,320 were delivered at that point. But many of the undelivered lots were coming due. The eight had half years had run. Contracts were being paid in full. At the end of 1973 - because of the agonizing delays in the permits - all unsold Marco Island and Marco Shores lots were taken off the market. At that time there were approximately 10,600 sold but undeveloped lots at Marco Island and Marco Shores. Approximately 6,500 to 7,000 sold lots were in the Big Key, Barfield Bay and Unit 24 permit areas. Due to cancellations caused by the delays that number would diminish somewhat between 1973 and 1976 when the Corps decision finally came down. By that time there would be approximately 6,000 contract holders in those areas still waiting for their deeds. The other undelivered lots were either in the Collier Bay area - where permits would be granted - or in the previously permitted areas of Marco. At the end of 1973 the oldest undelivered lot contracts were nine years old - already six months late in delivery. The story of the loss of inventory, the blow to the sales force and the cancellations that began to mount on existing contracts - all in the midst of an energy crisis and recession - is told elsewhere. For now it is sufficient to say that the financial impact of the delays was already quite serious. But that would all be fixed once the Corps of Engineers dredge and fill permits were granted. So the Corps permit process began. Applications were submitted. The Water Quality Certificate was submitted. The Corps Environmental statements was published. Deltona was informed in July 1975 that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) "may also seek to assert regulatory jurisdiction." On September 2nd and 3rd, 1975 public hearings on the Corps of Engineers permits were held at the new Lely High School in Naples, Florida. Dad and Jack Peeples spared no expense or effort. They set out to round up as much support for the company's position as possible. Civic groups were contacted. Letters to the Corps from interested friends were solicited. Even the unions - not always the closest friends of Deltona - were urged to support the effort. And to their credit they showed up in great numbers. Letters of support were encouraged. Douglas Waitley, in his book The Last Paradise, says that letters to the Corps supporting the development of Marco outweighed opposition letters 11,900 to 1,217 ! Six weeks before the hearing Dad led a major press conference at Marco intended to communicate our position. On September 2, to make sure that company support was evident at the hearing, busses were lined up to transport Marco friends to the hearing. The hearing lasted two days. Colonel Wisdom, as head of the Corps' Jacksonville office, presided over the hearing. On the stage with Colonel Wisdom - among others - was a representative from the EPA. They recognized that this was a precedent setting hearing - the first where it would be decided if a private company had the right to develop wetlands that did not involve navigational waters without government restrictions. Testimony went on for two full days with each side putting on their evidence and the public testifying as well. The hearing concluded late in the afternoon of the 3rd of September 1975. The wait began. The Corps review process was done internally at three levels. And a typically hush-hush military process took over. Applications had been made to the Jacksonville office. Over the next seven months the permits made their way through the Corps offices. We had very little input after the public hearing. Jacksonville made a very ambiguous recommendation to Atlanta offering alternatives rather than recommendations. Atlanta - more decisive - made a recommendation for approval of all three permits to Washington. Now we were almost home! Washington began their review in strict privacy. For the Corps - it turned out - the threat of a veto from EPA was critical. A veto - only recently made possible through Federal law and never before used - would be an embarrassing assault on their authority and would clearly put them in opposition with the environmental movement. In spite of the Atlanta recommendation and under the threat of the EPA veto, the Corps of Engineers, on April 16, 1976 made their decision public. They looked at it as a compromise. They would grant the Collier Bay permit. And they would deny the Big Key and Barfield Bay permits. While it was not a part of the decision, the trailing Unit 24 permit had been effectively denied as well. 6,000 promises could not be kept! The National Geographic and other publications hailed the Corps' decision at the time as "landmark" and "precedent setting". It was the first time in history that the government had denied a private property holder the right to fill coastal wetlands. The decision - eventually upheld by the highest courts in the land - as of April 16, 1976 - ended the filling of coastal wetlands in the United States. The Deltona Years: A gentle dream shattered By Marion Nicolay Special to the Eagle An article that ran many years later in the Marco Island Eagle sums up the Mackle - Marco Island - Deltona saga .	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line306
__label__cc	0.727403	0.272597	Biography, a Classic Contemporary Daphné Du Barry is born on 5 July 1950 on Avenue Utrechtseweg on the banks of the Rhein in Arnhem, capital of Holland's Gueldre region. After secondary studies at the grammarschool in her hometown, she studied languages at Munich University and, subsequently, at Mac Gill in Canada. Daphné speaks seven languages fluently. Later she studied Modern Literature for three years at the Sorbonne in Paris. In 1971 she met the publicist and artcritic Jean-Claude Du Barry in Salvador Dali's house in Cadaques in Spain, she and Jean-Claude were to marry a few years later. Daphne enjoyed a short vocal career in the field of variety recording 45 rpm records on the Philips label, including "Porto Vecchio" (with words by Didier Barbelivien) which was a hit in the summer of 1982. Subsequently she studied design for five years in Paris with the Hungarian Master Akos Szabo. Then she encounters Marcello Tommasi in Florence, one of the greatest masters of classical figurative sculpture in Italy,and enters his workshop as his pupil. At the same time she enters the Academy of art and Design in the Medici city. Leading female representative of the classic figurative style, she has a perfect grasp of proportion, of the contour of bodies and a sense of the transcendent. One is constantly surprised by the inexhaustible variety of her themes and the consistency of her style. Her pasion for the beauty of the bodies stems from an almost ideal inspiration, but it's the charm of the intelligence rather than of the senses that captivates us. The work of Daphné Du Barry deepens our understanding of the magisterial remarkof Ingres : "There are not two arts, there is only one : that wich is based upon Beauty, eternal and natural". Daphné Du Barry and her work, "l' Homme en marche". 2011 © Daphné Du Barry Sculpteur - Conditions of use • realization MCI 32 monography	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line312
__label__wiki	0.860005	0.860005	CensusArchitectsArtistsAstronomersCartographersClergyCommerceComposersEducatorsExplorersGovernanceInventorsLegalMilitaryNavalPerformersPhysiciansPiratesScientistsSculptorsWriters A few hundred years ago, the known physical world was a lot smaller. With the discovery of the 'new world' (and its gold deposits), many Europeans were emboldened to find out more about what was out there and wasted no time launching ships and staking claims. Here are many of the more successful. AllABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Nationality AllAustraliaBelgiumCanadaCroatiaDenmarkEnglandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanMexicoMoroccoNetherlandsNorwayPeruPolandPortugalPrussiaRussiaScotlandShoshone TribeSouth AfricaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited StatesWales Active All1500s1600s1700s1800s Sort NameNationalityBornActiveDied Selected Tanaka Shosuke born active died unknown 1610-1614 unknown an important Japanese technician and trader in metals from Kyoto during the beginning of the 17th century, and the first recorded Japanese to have travelled to the Americas Returning to Japan in 1611, he again went to North America in 1613, with the embassy of Hasekura Tsunenaga. In total, he accomplished two roundtrips between Japan and North America and he... an important Japanese technician and trader in metals from Kyoto during the beginning of the 17th century, and the first recorded Japanese to have travelled to the Americas Returning to Japan in 1611, he again went to North America in 1613, with the embassy of Hasekura Tsunenaga. In total, he accomplished two roundtrips between Japan and North America and helped establish trade and diplomatic relations between Japan and the Spanish Empire. Explored Mexico 1603 1633-1659 1659, Oct 10 a Dutch seafarer, explorer, and merchant, best known for his voyages of 1642 and 1644 in the service of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). He was the first known European explorer to reach the islands of Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) and New Zealand, and to sight the Fiji islands. Timeline (4) Links (14) Antonio Raposo Tavares aka: António 1598 1618-1658 1658 Explored Paraguay River, part of the Andes mountain range, Grande River, Mamoré River, Madeira River, Amazon River (Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia) Union of La Plata Basin to the Amazon River - circumnavigation of Brazil. Cross-listed in Writers Jean-Baptiste Tavernier a 17th-century French gem merchant and traveler. Tavernier, a private individual and merchant traveling at his own expense, covered, by his own account, 60,000 leagues in making six voyages to Persia and India between the years 1630 and 1668. In 1675, Tavernier, at the behest of his patron more a 17th-century French gem merchant and traveler. Tavernier, a private individual and merchant traveling at his own expense, covered, by his own account, 60,000 leagues in making six voyages to Persia and India between the years 1630 and 1668. In 1675, Tavernier, at the behest of his patron Louis XIV, published Les Six Voyages de Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (Six Voyages, 1676). unknown 1637-1639 1641, Jul 4 a Portuguese explorer who became, in 1637, the first European to travel up the entire length of the Amazon River. Teixeira was born at Cantanhede; the date of his birth is unknown. His exploits are considered remarkable even by today's standards. Because of Teixeira and other Portuguese who pushed into the depths of the Amazon, Portugal was able to obtain fa... a Portuguese explorer who became, in 1637, the first European to travel up the entire length of the Amazon River. Teixeira was born at Cantanhede; the date of his birth is unknown. His exploits are considered remarkable even by today's standards. Because of Teixeira and other Portuguese who pushed into the depths of the Amazon, Portugal was able to obtain far more of South America from their Spanish competitors than the Treaty of Tordesillas had granted in 1494. Teixeira`s expedition became the first simultaneously to travel up and down the Amazon River. He was called by the Indian natives Curiua-Catu, meaning The Good and Friendly White Man. Tenjiku Tokubei 1612 1626-1630s 1692 ca a Japanese adventurer and writer of the early 17th century. He traveled to Southeast and South Asia, hence his "Tenjiku" ( East Asian name of "India") nickname. He was born in Sendo-machi, Takasago-cho, in today's Hyogo Prefecture. In 1627, Tokubei visited China, Vietnam and Siam (modern Thailand) on board a Japanese Red Seal ship. He would stay for some tim... a Japanese adventurer and writer of the early 17th century. He traveled to Southeast and South Asia, hence his "Tenjiku" ( East Asian name of "India") nickname. He was born in Sendo-machi, Takasago-cho, in today's Hyogo Prefecture. In 1627, Tokubei visited China, Vietnam and Siam (modern Thailand) on board a Japanese Red Seal ship. He would stay for some time in Siam and again visit the country on board one of the ships of the Dutch adventurer Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn. He also sailed to India, to the source of the Ganges, and the country of Magadha, and returned with great wealth and numerous stories to tell. 1770, Apr 30 1784-1843 1857, Feb 10 a British-Canadian fur trader, surveyor, and map-maker, known to some native peoples as "Koo-Koo-Sint" or "the Stargazer." Over his career he mapped over 3.9 million square kilometres of North America and for this has been described as the "greatest land geographer who ever lived." Explored Western Canada and the Pacific Northwest Yermak Timofeyevich 1537 ca 1582-1585 1585, Aug 5/6 a Cossack who started the Russian exploration and conquest of Siberia, in the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. Yermak’s heroic endeavors in the Russian East laid the groundwork for future Russian expansion and settlement. Soon after Yermak and his initial band set out for Siberia, merchants and peasants followed in their wake, hoping to harness some of the... a Cossack who started the Russian exploration and conquest of Siberia, in the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. Yermak’s heroic endeavors in the Russian East laid the groundwork for future Russian expansion and settlement. Soon after Yermak and his initial band set out for Siberia, merchants and peasants followed in their wake, hoping to harness some of the fur riches that abounded in the land. This trend grew exponentially after Yermak’s death, as his legend spread through the domain rapidly and, with it, the news of a land rich in furs and vulnerable to Russian influence. Luis Vaez de Torres aka: Váez 1565 ca 1606-1607 unknown a 16th- and 17th-century maritime explorer of a Spanish expedition noted for the first recorded European navigation of the strait which separates the continent of Australia from the island of New Guinea, and which now bears his name (Torres Strait). Explored Australasia. There are a number of documents describing the Queirós – Torres voyages still in exi... a 16th- and 17th-century maritime explorer of a Spanish expedition noted for the first recorded European navigation of the strait which separates the continent of Australia from the island of New Guinea, and which now bears his name (Torres Strait). Explored Australasia. There are a number of documents describing the Queirós – Torres voyages still in existence. Jump: Ta Te Th Ti To ref:T5-S50-P1104-C-M	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line316
__label__cc	0.590907	0.409093	What Watchmen Means to Me Watchmen, by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons, is, to me, the greatest piece of work ever produced in any medium. While I could come up with a bunch of objective and technical reasons as to why it is the best piece of work ever produced in any medium, I realize that such a label is subjective, so I'm going to give off the most subjective line of reasoning. The year was 1997, and I was collecting comics, wondering if there was going to be any more to it than brightly colored people beating up brightly colored people (not that there was anything wrong with that). I got Grant Morrison's JLA and Mark Waid's Flash - undoubtedly the two best superhero comics at the time - which topped the read pile each time. But finances were short (never let it be said that going to a rich school on a scholarship was all fun and games), and I was also 15, and wondering if it was time to grow up and leave this "comics" business behind. What did they really say, anyway? What good are they to someone who's about to head off to college in a few years? Then a friend of mine lent me Watchmen and changed my world. I had heard about the book before, of course, and I'd even read some works by Alan Moore (Spawn #8 and Spawn/WildCATS), but I'd never read it. The art by Dave Gibbons was too... clean. For someone growing up in the mid-90s, "clean" meant "cartoony." I never realized that I'd actually be looking at some of the most realistic art to ever grace the printed page. Take note, folks, when people smile, this is what they look like: So anyway, yeah, I read Watchmen, and I didn't get it. There was so little action, too much talking -- what's with all these flashbacks? Geez. I returned it to my friend, and it's only because George Perez (my favorite artist of my youth) decided he was going to be awesome and go back to Avengers that I kept collecting comics at all. Then one day, I decided to look up (not Google, because Google wasn't around then) Watchmen just to see what I missed. I ran across Watching the Detectives, and I realized that right then and there, I absolutely had to read Watchmen again. So I ran to Comic Odyssey, bought a copy, and read it again. Carefully. Thoroughly. See, the problem with a lot of comics is that you can read them so quickly. Watchmen was not a typical superhero comic. Watchmen has, along with Frank Miller's Dark Knight Returns, been blamed (and rightly so) for starting the "grim and gritty" era. The thing is, as with most things influential, most imitators took the most superficial aspects (grim and gritty) and forget the more substantial, more brilliant stuff. In the case of Watchmen, it's the sheer experimentation. All the background detail, the layouts, even the coloring by John Higgins (this was at a point in time when the colorist wasn't doing much) - in Watchmen, everything meant something. You could connect the Gunga Diner to the news vendor's stand to Madison Square Garden, but you're never shown it. You have to fill in the map in your head. You could see the scene where Rorschach breaks into Moloch's house, and see the neon light flicker on and off, approximating the sound of a heartbeat: Words and pictures came together to form layers of meaning that I never saw before: There's all sorts of background details, a technique that Moore says he got from Harvey Kurtzman and MAD Magazine. This panel, from issue #3, is what Moore describes as the turning point of the series, because it's when he realized that in comics, you could put in as much background detail as you want in each panel, have them comment on each other, and have the readers take the time to take it all in. And in terms of layouts, there's that wonderful 5th issue, entitled "Fearful Symmetry," where each page is a reflection of the corresponding one from the back. Note how, in these two "reflected" pages (note that the right side of one page reflects the left side of the other), we see it from Rorschach's point of view, he's holding something in his hands in corresponding panels, and the fourth panel on the first page features Rorschach's streetwalking landlady, while the corresponding panel on the other page shows the Nostalgia perfume ad - an inspired juxtaposition of the real and idealized versions of sex.. Watchmen was so cerebral and so technically excellent that it blew my mind away. As a chess-playing, diagram-loving, technical-thinking, future math and economics major, this was exactly what I wanted to see - something comics could offer that nothing else can. And maybe it was always in my face, but only Watchmen pointed it out to me so clearly. All of a sudden, I started viewing comics as a veritable mine of untapped treasure. Time named it, a few years ago, as one of the best novels of the 20th century. Alan Moore has gone on record saying that at this point, because it's been so long, it shouldn't even be in the running anymore, which sounded like a direct challenge to comics creators today. And I can honestly say that whenever I type out a comics script, whenever I try laying out a page, whenever I draw, Watchmen is there somewhere in the back of my mind, influencing everything. Because I fell in love with Watchmen, I was faithfully there when Alan Moore, along with Rick Veitch, Gene Ha, JH Williams III, Chris Sprouse, Melinda Gebbie, Kevin Nowlan, and Jim Baikie, launched America's Best Comics in 1999. With Alan Moore writing the Doc Savage-inspired Tom Strong, the mythology-laden Promethea, the diverse anthology Tomorrow Stories, and the good and fun Top Ten, my mind was blown away again. None of these books read even similarly to each other - Top Ten was straightforward serial cop-drama storytelling, Tom Strong was self-contained and light, and Promethea was dense - and one man was writing all that. And none of them felt like Watchmen either. Ever since then, I've used "diversity" to judge whether or not I should continue pursuing a writer's work, and it's served me well. And the ABC line cemented it for me - comics were not just about the characters, it was also about the art, the craft, the sheer untapped and underrated potential of the medium and the people working in it. It's that sense of experimentation that makes Watchmen so special to me, and why I'm utterly disgusted by hackneyed attempts to replicate it. Yes, this is also why I was utterly disgusted by the movie. I still, however, love Harry Peter's Saturday Morning Watchmen: Alan Moore, to me, is the greatest writer to ever live. Watchmen, to me, is the greatest piece of fiction ever produced in any medium. Because of Alan Moore, I discovered Rick Veitch. I discovered J.H. Williams III and Mick Gray. I discovered Gene Ha. I discovered Chris Sprouse. I discovered Dave Gibbons. I discovered John Totleben and Steve Bissette. All these artists, when you put them up against poster artists such as Jim Lee or Ed Benes or Todd McFarlane or whomever else at the time was popular, I noticed, were better. Better at telling stories. Better at depicting emotion. Better, it seems, at everything comics were about. Or should be about, anyway. Dave Gibbons was so good that he didn't need much exaggeration or any sound effects or narration captions. Reading Watchmen started a chain reaction that cemented my love for the comics medium. This blog exists because of Watchmen. Any comic I've tried making myself exists because of Watchmen. That job I had in the summer of 2005 where I curated a school exhibit on comics and helped make a comic for the incoming class of 2009, I got because of Watchmen. I even got into college because of Watchmen. So to me, Watchmen by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons is the greatest work of fiction ever produced anywhere in any medium. The reason, simply, is that it meant the most to me. Thirteen years later, it still does. you didn't 'get' watchmen the first time you read it? i find that hard to believe. anyway, it's good that you gave it a second chance. --ike Duy Tano said... More like I didn't get the big deal. The story/plot was fine. The second time I read it, I absolutely got it. Alright, cool. Just a bit of nostalgia here - I just remember that my anticipation for the next issue of Dark Knight, Watchmen and Swamp Thing back then was incredible. But after some thinking, I believe I was already delirious with excitement even before they came out because their ads seemed to herald a quantum leap in what was the current offering. They didn't disappoint. Also, when 'Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow' first came out - I think there were only less than five copies on the shelves of Filbar's Cubao back then. But even though the cover and the writer already announced a winner, I still had to scan it because of my limited budget (read: allowance), and sure enough, the first few pages knocked me out. Pulp memories. Poor trees. :P rassmguy said... This takes me back. I was completely blown away by The Watchmen, and have re-read it several times over the years, most recently right before going to see the film. By the way, Duy, this is Rich Handley. Rich, I absolutely had to read it again after the movie. I felt that the movie just got it superficially, and in no way achieved exactly what it was, what it was all about. The book was so much more than its plot and its characters, and I felt that the movie did it an injustice. Homages to Todd McFarlane's Spider-Man #1 Top Five Spider-Man Artists Who Don't Get Enough C... 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__label__wiki	0.735919	0.735919	Obama's Era of Openness Is Closed By Robert Parry An “era” used to last, but not so much anymore. We’ve already heard GOP Chairman Michael Steele proclaim that “the era of apologizing for Republican mistakes” was over (when many of us didn’t know it had begun), and now it appears that Barack Obama’s era of openness has closed, too. That era began on the new President’s first working day in office when he rescinded some of George W. Bush’s imperial edicts granting himself and his family – along with other former presidents and vice presidents – broad control over historical records. On Jan. 21, President Obama spoke eloquently about “a new era of open government,” declaring that “a democracy requires accountability, and accountability requires transparency.” Regarding whether to release documents under the Freedom of Information Act, he added, “In the face of doubt, openness prevails. The government should not keep information confidential merely because public officials might be embarrassed by disclosure, because errors and failures might be revealed, or because of speculative or abstract fears.” However, the Obama administration is now moving aggressively to prevent federal courts from ordering the release of photographic and other evidence of crimes and misconduct committed by the CIA and U.S. military forces during George W. Bush’s “war on terror.” On Monday, Obama’s lawyers submitted an affidavit signed by CIA Director Leon Panetta claiming that a federal judge must not release documents relating to the destruction of 92 CIA videotapes regarding interrogations of terrorism suspects. To do so, Panetta said, could “result in exceptionally grave danger to the national security by informing our enemies of what we know about them, and when, and in some instances, how we obtained the intelligence we possessed.” Panetta insisted that the continued secrecy regarding the documents about the destroyed videotapes was “in no way driven by a desire to prevent embarrassment for the U.S. government or the CIA, or to suppress evidence of any unlawful conduct.” Rather, he cited concerns about revealing “sources and methods” and other potential harm to U.S. national security. The ACLU has sought the documents in an attempt to ascertain who in the Bush administration was responsible for torturing detainees and for destroying the videotapes, which detailed the treatment of two terrorism suspects. The Obama administration’s objection to the document release follows Obama’s personal decision in May to withhold photographs showing abuse of detainees at U.S. military prisons. Obama said releasing the photos could enflame tensions in the Middle East and endanger American soldiers. He also has reaffirmed the government’s right to kill court cases by asserting a “state secrets privilege.” What Obama apparently has realized is that a commitment to openness requires courage and a readiness to take some political hits. Republicans – and parts of the U.S. news media – attacked Obama in April for releasing the Bush administration’s four legal memos justifying torture of detainees. Stung by that criticism – and accusations from former Vice President Dick Cheney that the disclosures had endangered national security – Obama began his retreat on openness. Disclosed Scandals Yet, virtually every major disclosure of serious U.S. government wrongdoing has entailed some risk of damaging the national image or increasing risks faced by U.S. soldiers deployed around the globe. For instance, the disclosure of the My Lai massacre during the Vietnam War – including photos of women and children slaughtered in a drainage ditch – surely reflected negatively on the U.S. military. So, too, did the leaking of photos showing abuse of Iraqi detainees at Abu Ghraib. Indeed, in scandals as diverse as Richard Nixon’s Watergate cover-up and Ronald Reagan’s Iran-Contra Affair, the government’s reflex has been to insist that any aggressive effort to get at the truth would harm national security. In both Watergate and Iran-Contra, a refrain heard from Republicans and even some Democrats was that full accountability for the abuses would “not be good for the country.” On a superficial level at least, it always seems easier to sweep the scandals under the rug and move on. But cover-ups carry risks as well – not only to the health of a democracy but to the emotional issue of troop safety. If the My Lai massacre had been successfully concealed from the public, the Vietnam War might have dragged on longer causing more American and Vietnamese casualties. If the Abu Ghraib abuses had been hidden, the U.S. electorate – blissfully unaware of why the ungrateful Iraqis were rebelling against American beneficence – might have elected a new President like John McCain who was eager to extend Bush’s war. Thus, more U.S. soldiers might get killed. Arguably, one of the reasons that Bush’s desire to invade Iraq drew initial American support was the decision of major U.S. news organizations in 1991 to shield the American people from the worst carnage of the first Persian Gulf War. News outlets spiked photos of smoldering corpses and downplayed the civilian deaths from heavy U.S. bombing raids in and around Baghdad. The thinking of many U.S. editors was that such grisly photos and unpleasant stories would dampen the national joy over a successful military campaign – and might lead to complaints that the news outlets were not behaving in a sufficiently patriotic manner. Even then, President George H.W. Bush saw the feel-good triumph over Iraq as an important palliative for the lingering downer of Vietnam. As the 100-hour U.S. ground offensive ended, he exulted: “We’ve kicked the Vietnam Syndrome once and for all.” With war made fun again – and with most of the complaints coming from neoconservatives who wanted U.S. forces to march on to Baghdad – the American people were primed for another adventure 12 years later when President George W. Bush decided to finish the job that his dad hadn't. The expectation was for another fun-filled “shock and awe” romp. Reagan and Powell As for Official Washington’s unwillingness in the late 1980s to get to the bottom of the Iran-Contra scandal, the consequences included leaving the reputations of prominent icons, like Ronald Reagan and Colin Powell, in place and thus a threat to the health of the American Republic. In the Iran-Contra Affair, the idolized President Reagan essentially got away with restoring the imperial presidency and its concept that the nation’s chief executive could ignore the law, setting the stage for George W. Bush’s abuse of those same theories. Powell’s important behind-the-scenes role in Iran-Contra escaped any sustained scrutiny, protecting his status as a trusted national figure who could be believed when he made the case for invading Iraq in February 2003. [For details on Powell, see Neck Deep.] In these cases and many more, the challenge to get at and to tell the truth was daunting. It was always easier and far more comfortable to acquiesce to the lies and the myths. After all, Americans don’t want to think about U.S. troops murdering children and other civilians in My Lai or sexually humiliating Iraqi detainees at Abu Ghraib. It’s so much nicer to see the Vietnam War as a noble undertaking or to feel good about the United States bringing "democracy" to Iraq -- or to slide into the bathos that surrounds Ronald Reagan’s legacy or to admire Colin Powell as an exceptional role model. Like many Democrats who preceded him, President Obama is finding it’s politically more popular to adopt a “patriotic” posture, keeping unpleasant photographs secret to safeguard “the troops” and hiding documents about torture to “protect sources and methods.” By doing so, however, Obama is keeping from the American people a full understanding of the depravity that George W. Bush unleashed in their name. That might make them feel better; some might even thank Obama for sparing the United States more humiliation. But Obama’s cover-up of the Bush administration’s crimes also enables the Republicans to gloss over the abuses of the past eight years and makes a GOP comeback more likely in the not-too-distant future. It’s also a sure bet that the Republicans will do Obama no reciprocal favors, anymore than they did for Bill Clinton, who similarly concealed Reagan-Bush-I abuses. [See Secrecy & Privilege.] Obama also risks offending many of his supporters and other Americans who simply want to know the truth. They will view him as just another politician who talked big but then took a dive on the difficult work of accountability, a guy who ended his promised “era of open government” barely before it began. Robert Parry broke many of the Iran-Contra stories in the 1980s for the Associated Press and Newsweek. His latest book, Neck Deep: The Disastrous Presidency of George W. Bush, was written with two of his sons, Sam and Nat, and can be ordered at neckdeepbook.com. His two previous books, Secrecy & Privilege: The Rise of the Bush Dynasty from Watergate to Iraq and Lost History: Contras, Cocaine, the Press & 'Project Truth' are also available there. Or go to Amazon.com.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line321
__label__wiki	0.650903	0.650903	Harvard Heart Letter When the heart “skips a beat,” flip-flops, or flutters Brief heart rhythm disruptions are usually harmless. But occasionally, they signal a more serious condition. You probably don’t notice your heartbeat most of the time. But what if you suddenly realize that it’s beating more forcefully or faster than usual? These odd sensations are known as palpitations — an awareness of a strong, rapid, or irregular heartbeat. Palpitations are among the most common reasons people see a doctor. “I actually try to avoid the term palpitations,’ because it’s a generic term that can be misleading,” says Dr. William Sauer, chief of the Cardiac Arrhythmia Service at Harvard-affiliated Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Sometimes, what people really mean is chest discomfort, he says, which could be serious and should be evaluated right away if it lasts more than a few minutes. And if you have any unusual heart sensations accompanied by other symptoms, such as dizziness or breathlessness, seek medical attention right away. Early (not skipped) beats But occasional, brief hiccups in the heart’s normal rhythm are rarely cause for concern. One common cause of what people perceive as a skipped beat occurs when the heart’s upper chambers (atria) squeeze a fraction of a second earlier than they should — a so-called premature atrial contraction. The atria then pause an instant longer afterward to get back into a normal rhythm. The heart’s lower chambers (ventricles) then contract forcefully as they clear out the extra blood that accumulates during the pause. The pause feels as though the heart has skipped a beat. The heart’s ventricles can also contract earlier than usual, something known as a premature ventricular contraction. These may feel as though the heart has briefly stopped and restarted, causing a pounding or flip-flopping sensation, says Dr. Sauer. Doctors also refer to both types of premature contractions as ectopic beats (ectopic refers to an abnormal place or position). If you have these only once in a while and are otherwise healthy, there’s no need to consult a doctor. A rapid heartbeat But sometimes, fleeting abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) need to be checked out. A fluttering sensation in the chest may suggest an unusually fast heart rate. If this happens with no explanation (such as exercise or anxiety), an electrical misfire in the upper part of the heart may be to blame. The most common is atrial fibrillation, a rapid, irregular heartbeat that can increase the risk of a stroke. “In some people, the first symptom of atrial fibrillation is an uncomfortable awareness of an irregular heartbeat,” says Dr. Sauer. Another, less common arrhythmia is known as supraventricular tachycardia, or SVT. This can cause the heart to race as fast as 250 beats per minute or higher, in bouts that last for minutes but sometimes hours. Most of the time, SVT is not dangerous, but it can make people feel lightheaded or dizzy, depending on how long it lasts. Possible palpitation triggers Anxiety, stress, fear, or panic Caffeine, nicotine, or alcohol Medical conditions such as an overactive thyroid, low blood sugar, low potassium level, anemia, dehydration Medications such as asthma inhalers, decongestants, and thyroid and anti-arrhythmic drugs Diagnosing arrhythmias Because heart misfires tend to come and go, they are rarely detected during a brief recording of the heart’s rhythm (electrocardiogram, or ECG) done in a doctor’s office. “For symptoms that occur every few weeks or so, the best option is a small patch about the size of a Band-Aid that you stick on your chest,” says Dr. Sauer. It can record the heart’s rhythm for up to two weeks. For less frequent symptoms, a person may need to wear a cardiac event monitor for 30 days to capture the episodes of abnormal activity. In rare cases, people with very infrequent but troublesome symptoms get an implantable loop recorder, a tiny device inserted under the skin that wirelessly records the heart’s rhythm for up to three years. A range of factors can trigger palpitations, including exercise, anxiety, and certain medical conditions and drugs (see “Possible palpitation triggers”). “But avoiding triggers isn’t always possible and may have a limited benefit,” says Dr. Sauer. Even when palpitations don’t signal a serious condition, they can still be bothersome if they occur frequently. When that’s the case, treatment options include medications or catheter ablation, a procedure that creates tiny lesions in the abnormal heart tissue to stop the errant electrical signals. Image: boonchai wedmakawand/Getty Images health content.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line322
__label__wiki	0.758213	0.758213	Appeal of DANIEL T. CONNOR from action of the Board of Education of the Eastport-South Manor Central School District regarding a superintendent’s contract. (August 6, 2008) Girvin & Ferlazzo, P.C., attorneys for petitioner, Kristine Amodeo Lanchantin and Kathy Ann Wolverton, Esqs., of counsel Guercio & Guercio, LLP, attorneys for respondent, Raymond G. Keenan, Esq., of counsel MILLS, Commissioner.--Petitioner challenges the decision of the Board of Education of the Eastport-South Manor Central School District (“respondent”) terminating his employment. The appeal must be dismissed. In June 2007, the parties entered into a three-year employment contract (“the contract”). The contract contains this provision: Superintendent Residency The Superintendent must permanently reside at his primary residence in Suffolk County. In the event that the Superintendent does not reside in Suffolk County at any time, the entire contract will be deemed null and void. After entering into the contract, petitioner entered into a one-year lease for an apartment within Suffolk County. His family remained upstate. He lived in Suffolk County during the week, but traveled most weekends to upstate New York to be with his family at his home in Saratoga County. By letter dated December 7, 2007, respondent notified petitioner that he had violated the contract by failing to establish Suffolk County as his permanent primary residence. The letter further indicated that respondent intended to adopt a resolution at its meeting on December 12, 2007, declaring the contract null and void and terminating petitioner’s employment, effective immediately. Petitioner was asked to provide respondent prior to the meeting with any information that would cause the Board to reconsider its decision. Petitioner was suspended with pay pending the meeting and was directed to remain off school premises. Petitioner’s counsel submitted a letter to respondent dated December 12, 2007 in support of petitioner’s claim that he had not violated the contract. By letter dated December 13, 2007, respondent notified petitioner that, upon reconsideration of the information concerning petitioner’s residence, respondent affirmed its prior decision, deemed the contract null and void and terminated his employment immediately. This appeal ensued. Petitioner’s request for interim relief was denied on January 10, 2008. Petitioner contends that he established residency in Suffolk County in accordance with the terms of the contract and that respondent’s termination of his employment violated the contract, his right to due process and was arbitrary and capricious. Petitioner asserts that respondent has the burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that petitioner did not establish Suffolk County as his permanent, primary residence. Respondent maintains that petitioner failed to meet his burden of establishing a clear right to the requested relief and to set forth a claim upon which relief may be granted. Respondent further maintains that the appeal should be dismissed because petitioner failed to join a necessary party. Respondent contends that its action was lawful in all respects. Respondent objects to the reply affidavit submitted in support of petitioner’s verified reply, claiming that it contains misstatements and new material and further seeks permission to submit a sur-reply pursuant to §276.5 of the Commissioner’s regulations. The purpose of a reply is to respond to new material or affirmative defenses set forth in an answer (8 NYCRR §§275.3 and 275.14). A reply is not meant to buttress allegations in the petition or to belatedly add assertions that should have been in the petition (Appeal of E.R., 45 Ed Dept Rep 487, Decision No. 15,389; Appeal of Ramroop, 45 id. 473, Decision No. 15,385; Appeal of C.R., 45 id. 303, Decision No 15,330). Therefore, while I have reviewed the reply affidavit, I have not considered those portions that are not responsive to new material or affirmative defenses set forth in the answer. Consequently, I have not considered respondent’s sur-reply. Respondent claims that petitioner failed to join Mark Nocero, the Acting Superintendent of Schools, as a necessary party in this appeal. Petitioner disagrees and asserts that an acting superintendent is a temporary position with no rights to continuing employment and that the position of superintendent of schools remains vacant. A party whose rights would be adversely affected by a determination of an appeal in favor of a petitioner is a necessary party and must be joined as such (Appeal of Samuel, 45 Ed Dept Rep 418, Decision No. 15,371; Appeal of Meringolo, 45 id. 128, Decision No. 15,281; Appeal of Kelly, 45 id. 38, Decision No. 15,253). Joinder requires that an individual be clearly named as a respondent in the caption and served with a copy of the notice of petition and petition to inform the individual that he or she should respond to the petition and enter a defense (Appeal of Samuel, 45 Ed Dept Rep 418, Decision No. 15,371; Appeal of Meringolo, 45 id. 128, Decision No. 15,281; Appeal of Kelly, 45 id. 38, Decision No. 15,253). Since a decision in favor of petitioner would clearly affect Mr. Nocero’s position as acting superintendent, he is a necessary party. As such, petitioner was required to name him as a respondent and personally serve him with a copy of the petition and notice of petition (8 NYCRR §275.8; Appeal of Branch et. al., 41 Ed Dept Rep 334, Decision No. 14,704). In an appeal to the Commissioner, a petitioner has the burden of demonstrating a clear legal right to the relief requested and the burden of establishing the facts upon which petitioner seeks relief (8 NYCRR §275.10; Appeal of Hoey and Kosowski, 45 Ed Dept Rep 501, Decision No. 15,394; Application of Bliss, 45 id. 308, Decision No. 15,331; Appeal of Rubinstein, 45 id. 299, Decision No. 15,329). Education Law §1711(3) authorizes a board of education to enter into a contract with a superintendent for a period of not less than three and not more than five years, and upon such other terms as shall be mutually acceptable to the parties. The crux of this appeal is what the parties meant when they agreed that the superintendent must “permanently reside at his primary residence in Suffolk County.” Where the writing is clear and unambiguous, a court will determine, as a matter of law, the meaning of the contract from the language employed without consulting extrinsic evidence (Parnes v. Parnes, 41 AD3d 934 [2007]). The terms used in the residency section of the contract are not defined within the contract. I therefore find that the language at issue is not clear and unambiguous and I will therefore consider extrinsic evidence to determine the parties’ intent. When construing contractual provisions, the appropriate standard in a §310 appeal is not whether a particular clause is susceptible of a different interpretation, but whether the school board's interpretation is unreasonable or otherwise arbitrary or capricious (seee.g.Appeal of Jericho Educational Administrators Association and Catuogno, 44 Ed Dept Rep 302, Decision No. 15,181; Appeal of Caruana, 41 id. 227, Decision No. 14,671; Appeal of Hernandez, 29 id. 508, Decision No. 12,367). Applying this standard, I find that respondent’s interpretation -- that the provision was intended to ensure that the superintendent would live in Suffolk County full-time -- is reasonable. At the time of the interview process, petitioner lived upstate with his family in Gloversville, New York. It is clear from the record that respondent did not want to employ a “commuter superintendent” and had concerns given that petitioner lived upstate with his family. Petitioner alleviated those concerns by indicating a willingness to relocate with his family to respondent’s district and respondent offered him the position. However, prior to entering into the contract, petitioner sold his home in Gloversville and purchased a home in Saratoga County. Petitioner’s family circumstances changed and his family did not relocate with him to respondent’s district. Instead, petitioner commuted most weekends to his home in Saratoga County. Because petitioner essentially only lived in an apartment in Suffolk County during the traditional work week and then returned to his house and family in Saratoga County on most weekends, I find it was not arbitrary or capricious for the board to conclude that he did not satisfy the qualification of employment contained within the contract. Accordingly, I will not disturb respondent’s determination that the contract is null and void. With respect to petitioner’s alleged violations of due process, the contractual provision at issue did not require that any process would be due. Instead, the parties agreed that failure to comply with the residency requirement would render the contract null and void. Comprehensive due process provisions set forth in a different section of the contract are inapplicable as they pertain to the due process required when terminated for cause/misconduct. Here, the contract was terminated for failure to comply with an employment qualification and not due to misconduct (seeMandelkern v. City of Buffalo, 64 AD2d 279 (4th Dept. 1978); O’Connor v. Board of Education of City School District of City of Niagara Falls, 48 AD3d 1254 [2008], leave to appeal denied, ___N.E.2d___). Nevertheless, petitioner was given the opportunity to submit information regarding the contractual residency requirement and, through his attorney, chose to submit a letter to respondent. Respondent considered the letter and determined that petitioner had not satisfied the residency requirement. Therefore, although the contract did not require that petitioner be afforded due process regarding the residency clause, respondent did, in fact, provide petitioner with an opportunity to respond prior to making its final determination.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line323
__label__wiki	0.953265	0.953265	Review: Disney's Beauty and the Beast Blu-ray S. Clark – October 6, 2010Find Others: Blu-ray, Movie, ReviewGet More: Angela Lansbury, Animation, Disney, Family STUDIO: Walt Disney Studios \| DIRECTOR: Gary Trousdale, Kirk Wise \| CAST: Paige O’Hara, Robby Benson, Jerry Orbach, Angela Lansbury RELEASE DATE: 10/5/2010 \| PRICE: Blu-ray $39.99 BONUSES: documentary, featurettes, deleted scenes, three versions of the movie, sing-along, more SPECS: G \| 92 min. \| animated family \| 1.78:1 aspect ratio \| 7.1 DTS-HD audio \| English, French and Spanish subtitles RATINGS (out of 5 dishes): Movie \| Audio \| Video \| Overall Disney‘s Oscar winning Beauty and the Beast — the first animated movie to win the Academy Award for Best Picture — has made its high-definition debut in a stunning Blu-ray version. Released as a Diamond Edition, Beauty and the Beast is viewable in three versions and comes packed with special features. Fans can watch the original theatrical release of the movie, the special extended edition with the musical number “Human Again” and the original storyboards of the film in picture-in-picture while the original movie plays. These were available on the Platinum Edition DVD of the movie, which was released in 2004. The original and extended editions of the film are still wonderful, with beautiful animation, and on Blu-ray, the rich colors of the picture stand out even more. The three-disc Blu-ray release includes two Blu-ray discs, one with the movie and some special features and the other with more special features. Even the menus are fun, hosted by the castle characters and showing off great images of the castle’s interior. One of the best new supplements is the extensive documentary “Beyond Beauty: The Untold Stories Behind the Making of Beauty and the Beast.” The interesting film details the movie’s production and the environment in which it was made in Disney history, with interviews from the voice actors, including Angela Lansbury, animators and even Disney executive Jeffrey Katzenberg. The documentary also offers viewers moments when they can click for further information on a subject, such as a tribute to the late song master Howard Ashman, who died shortly after finishing his work on the film. The music of the movie is also celebrated in the featurette “Composing a Classic: A Musical Conversation With Alan Menken, Don Hahn & Richard Kraft,” composer, producer and Disney historian, respectively. And the film’s transformation to the stage is explored in the featurette “Broadway Beginnings,” which includes interviews with such Broadway stars as Donny Osmond, who played Gaston on stage; and former Belles Jodi Benson, Debby Gibson and The Sopranos’ Jamie-Lynn Sigler. Sigler says that as much fun as she had filming the HBO TV show, being on Broadway is a dream come true. Fans also can see a number of deleted scenes from Beauty and the Beast, including a long alternate opening. Kids will enjoy the “Enchanted Musical Challenge: A Disney Quest Game,” in which they use their remote to answer questions and find members of the castle. Some honesty is required for single players, as the answers are to be shouted out then the disc reveals the right answer and asks if the player was correct. The game is playable for up to four players, though. Another game is included, “Bonjour: Who Is This?,” but it’s played with cell phones and requires cell phone costs, so keep that in mind if you let your children control the Blu-ray by themselves. The three-disc Blu-ray set also has a DVD with the movie playable on regular DVD players. Disney is selling Beauty and the Beast in both a Blu-ray and DVD box on their respective shelves, but a DVD-only version of the Diamond Edition was released on Nov. 23, 2010. Buy or Rent Beauty and the Beast: Diamond Edition Blu-ray/DVD Combo \| DVD/Blu-ray Combo \| Blu-ray 3D DVD/Blu-ray Combo \| Blu-ray/DVD Combo \| Blu-ray 3D Blu-ray/DVD Combo \| Review: The Incredibles Blu-ray Review: The Fox and the Hound/The Fox and the Hound II Blu-ray/DVD Review: Cars 2 Blu-ray Blu-ray Review: Cinderella Diamond Edition Blu-ray Review: The Little Mermaid Diamond Edition About S. Clark Sam Clark is the former Managing Editor/Online Editor of Video Business magazine. With 19 years experience in journalism, 12 in the home entertainment industry, Sam has been hooked on movies on since she saw E.T. then stared into the sky waiting to meet her own friendly alien. Thanks to her husband’s shared love of movies, Sam reviews Blu-ray discs in a true home theater, with a 118-inch screen, projector and cushy recliners with cup holders.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line325
__label__wiki	0.596661	0.596661	Home Headlines Dream Card: Five matches for an all women's WWE event HeadlinesOp-EdWWE Dream Card: Five matches for an all women’s WWE event By Nick Wilkinson In October WWE hosted it’s first ever all-woman pay-per-view, Evolution. An event with only women’s matches is far from a new idea. Promotions such as SHINE, SHIMMER, and more recently RiSE have been putting on amazing matches for years. Nevertheless, this was a first for the worlds largest wrestling organization. At this time WWE has failed to announce an all women’s pay-per-view event as of yet for this year. Evolution was arguably the best pay-per-view last year had to offer despite the lack of build up and questionable matches. Fans are itching at the thought of another all-woman event. If they place it in October again then there is still time to announce it. Some people would argue that the placement of the show last year was in regards to WWE’s return trip to Saudi Arabia for Crown Jewel. An event in a country that will not allow women to perform. Speaking of Saudi Arabia, WWE is returning to King Abdullah International Stadium on June 7 for Super ShowDown. They will also return to this country later this year in November. With the placement similar to last year when Evolution was thrown into the schedule it makes one think that it is still a possibility. In order to make an emphatic statement for women who aren’t allowed at Saudi Arabia events, we at Diva Dirt have chosen to list five dream matches. This would be an example of what we’d like to see a second annual Evolution show to look like. Some of these women have crossed paths in the past and some have had very little interaction. Let’s start the list with two women on RAW that could use a crazy feud. Nick Wilkinson Nick Wilkinson is a self-proclaimed wrestling connoisseur. He has been a wrestling fan since the age of 15 years old when he attempted to fit in with the "cool kids." It only took his love for the Hardy Boyz and Lita to be hooked for the past 20 years. He graduated from Salisbury University in Salisbury, MD with a B.A. in Mass Communications. Besides wrestling, he loves Funko pops, horror movies, all types of music, and pizza a little too much.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line326
__label__cc	0.540565	0.459435	LIT201 Irish Literature (8) Students will be introduced to major political and social issues in twentieth-century Ireland which provide a context for the literature. The focus then will be on a selection of texts written by Irish writers since the 1890s. No offerings have been identified for this subject in 2020. Where differences exist between the Handbook and the SAL, the SAL should be taken as containing the correct subject offering details. LIT1%% be able to demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between social, political and cultural issues in twentieth century Ireland and the literature of the period be able to demonstrate an understanding of the major lines of development in Irish literature from the 1890s to the present be able to demonstrate an understanding of the significance for literature of terms such as 'Irish', 'AngloIrish', 'Celtic', 'Gaelic' be able to demonstrate an appreciation of major literary forms in modern Irish literature having studied a selection of texts be able to demonstrate continuing development of their critical skills - Political, social and cultural developments in twentieth century Ireland - Meaning of terms such as 'Irish', 'Anglo Irish', 'Celtic', 'Gaelic' - Developments in Irish poetry - Yeats to the present - Irish fiction: James Joyce to novels of the early 21st century - The Abbey Theatre and Irish drama - Irish contemporary memoirs	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line328
__label__wiki	0.634249	0.634249	First Intermediate Period of Egypt Title: First Intermediate Period of Egypt Subject: Middle Kingdom of Egypt, Wadjkare, History of Ancient Egypt, Khui, History of Egypt Collection: Dynasties of Ancient Egypt c. 2181 BC – c. 2055 BC → Memphis (c.2181BC–c.2160 BC), 7th/8th Dynasty Henen-nesut (c. 2160BC–c.2050BC), 9th Dynasty–10th Dynasty Thebes (c.2134BC–c.2061BC), Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt) Languages Ancient Egyptian Religion Ancient Egyptian religion Government Monarchy • c. 2181 BC Menkare (first) • c. 2069 BC – c. 2061 BC Intef III (last) • Established c. 2181 BC • Disestablished c. 2055 BC Today part of Egypt Prehistoric Egypt pre–3100 BC Early Dynastic Period 3100–2686 BC Old Kingdom 2686–2181 BC 1st Intermediate Period 2181–2055 BC Middle Kingdom 2055–1650 BC 2nd Intermediate Period 1650–1550 BC New Kingdom 1550–1069 BC 3rd Intermediate Period 1069–664 BC Late Period 664–332 BC Achaemenid Egypt 525–332 BC Ptolemaic Egypt 332–30 BC Roman and Byzantine Egypt 30 BC–641 AD Sasanian Egypt 619–629 Arab Egypt 641–969 Fatimid Egypt 969–1171 Ayyubid Egypt 1171–1250 Mamluk Egypt 1250–1517 Ottoman Egypt 1517–1867 French occupation 1798–1801 Egypt under Muhammad Ali 1805–1882 Khedivate of Egypt 1867–1914 British occupation 1882–1922 Sultanate of Egypt 1914–1922 Kingdom of Egypt 1922–1953 Republic 1953–present Egypt portal The First Intermediate Period, often described as a "dark period" in ancient Egyptian history, spanned approximately one hundred twenty-five years, from ca. 2181–2055 BC, after the end of the Old Kingdom.[1] It included the seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and part of the eleventh dynasties. Very little monumental evidence survives from this period, especially towards the beginning of the era. The First Intermediate Period was a dynamic time in history where rule of Egypt was roughly divided between two competing power bases. One of those bases resided at Heracleopolis in Lower Egypt, a city just south of the Faiyum region. The other resided at Thebes in Upper Egypt.[2] It is believed that during this time, the temples were pillaged and violated, their existing artwork was vandalized, and the statues of kings were broken or destroyed as a result of this alleged political chaos.[3] These two kingdoms would eventually come into conflict, with the Theban kings conquering the north, resulting in reunification of Egypt under a single ruler during the second part of the eleventh dynasty. Events leading to the First Intermediate Period 1 The 7th and 8th dynasties at Memphis 2 Rise of the Heracleopolitan Kings 3 Rise of the Theban kings 4 The Ipuwer Papyrus 5 The art and architecture of the First Intermediate Period 6 End of the First Intermediate Period 7 Events leading to the First Intermediate Period The fall of the Former monarchies of Africa Dynasties of ancient Egypt ^ Kathryn A. Bard, An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt (Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2008), 41. ^ Sir Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961), 107-109. ^ James Henry Breasted, Ph.D., A History of the Ancient Egyptians (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1923), 133. ^ Kinnaer, Jacques. "The First Intermediate Period" (PDF). The Ancient Egypt Site. Retrieved 4 April 2012. ^ Sir Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961), 110. ^ Rothe, et al., Pharaonic Inscriptions From the Southern Eastern Desert of Egypt, Eisenbrauns, 2008 http://books.google.com/books?id=L-kijfFNiiMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false ^ James Henry Breasted, Ph.D., A History of the Ancient Egyptians (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1923), 117-118. ^ Jaromir Malek, Egyptian Art (London: Phaidon Press Limited, 1999), 155. ^ a b Sir Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961), 107. ^ William C. Hayes: The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom, p. 136, available online ^ James Baikie, D.D., F.R.A.S., A History of Egypt: From the Earliest Times to the End of the XVIIIth Dynasty (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1929), 218. ^ Kathryn A. Bard, An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt (Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2008), 163. ^ a b James Henry Breasted, Ph.D., A History of the Ancient Egyptians (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1923), 134. ^ a b James Henry Breasted, Ph.D., A History of the Ancient Egyptians (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1923), 136. ^ Kathryn A. Bard, An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt (Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2008), 174-175. ^ Gregory Mumford, Tell Ras Budran (Site 345): Defining Egypt's Eastern Frontier and Mining Operations in South Sinai during the Late Old Kingdom (Early EB IV/MB I), Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 342 (May, 2006), pp. 13-67, The American Schools of Oriental Research. Article Stable URL: [2] ^ Jaromir Malek, Egyptian Art (London: Phaidon Press Limited, 1999), 160-161. The end of the First Intermediate Period is placed at the time when Mentuhotep II of the eleventh dynasty defeated the Heracleopolitan kings of Lower Egypt and reunited Egypt under a single ruler. End of the First Intermediate Period The rise of the Theban kings around 2123 BC brought about an original more provincial style of art. This new style is often described as clumsy and unrefined and may have been due to the lack of skilled artisans. However, the artworks that survived show that the artisans took on new interpretations of traditional scenes. They employed the use of bright colors in their paintings and changed and distorted the proportions of the human figure. This distinctive style was especially evident in the rectangular slab stelae found in the tombs at Naga el-Deir.[25] In terms of royal architecture, the Theban kings of the early eleventh dynasty constructed rock cut tombs called saff tombs at El-Tarif on the west bank of the Nile. This new style of mortuary architecture consisted of a large courtyard with a rock-cut colonnade at the far wall. Rooms were carved into the walls facing the central courtyard where the deceased were buried, allowing for multiple people to be buried in one tomb.[26] The undecorated burial chambers may have been due to the lack of skilled artists in the Theban kingdom. The building projects of the Heracleopolitan kings in the North were very limited. Only one pyramid believed to belong to King Merikare (2065–2045 BC) is mentioned to be somewhere at Saqqara. Also, private tombs that were built during the time pale in comparison to the Old Kingdom monuments, in quality and size. There are still relief scenes of servants making provisions for the deceased as well as the traditional offering scenes which mirror those of the Old Kingdom Memphite tombs. However, they are of a lower quality and are much simpler than their Old Kingdom parallels.[24] Wooden rectangular coffins were still being used, but their decorations became more elaborate during the rule of the Heracleopolitan kings. New Coffin Texts were painted on the interiors, providing spells and maps for the deceased to use in the afterlife. As stated above, the First Intermediate Period in Egypt was generally divided into two main geographical and political regions, one centered at Memphis and the other at Thebes. The Memphite kings, although weak in power, held on to the Memphite artistic traditions that had been in place throughout the Old Kingdom. This was a symbolic way for the weakened Memphite state to hold on to the vestiges of glory in which the Old Kingdom had reveled.[22] On the other hand, the Theban kings, physically isolated from Memphis, had no access to these Memphite artworks and thus, were able to craft new artistic styles that reflected the creativity of the artists who were no longer controlled by the state.[23] The art and architecture of the First Intermediate Period The emergence of what is considered literature by modern standards seems to have occurred during the First Intermediate Period, with a flowering of new literary genres in the Middle Kingdom.[20] A particularly important piece is the Ipuwer Papyrus, often called the Lamentations of Ipuwer or the Admonitions of Ipuwer, which although not dated to this period by modern scholarship may refer to the First Intermediate Period and record a decline in international relations and a general impoverishment in Egypt.[21] The Ipuwer Papyrus [19], also known as Nebhepetra, would eventually defeat the Heracleopolitan kings around 2033 BC and unify the country to continue the eleventh dynasty, bringing Egypt into the Middle Kingdom.Mentuhotep II. Mentuhotep The first three kings of the eleventh dynasty (all named Intef) were, therefore, also the last three kings of the First Intermediate Period and would be succeeded by a line of kings who were all called [19]. Intef III completes this attack on the north and eventually captures Abydos, moving into Middle Egypt against the Heracleopolitan kings.Abydos One of them, Intef II, begins the assault on the north, particularly at [18] It has been suggested that an invasion of Upper Egypt occurred contemporaneously with the founding of the Heracleopolitan kingdom, which would establish the Theban line of kings, constituting the eleventh and Rise of the Theban kings A distinguished line of nomarchs rose out of Siut (or Asyut), which was a powerful and wealthy province in the south of the Heracleopolitan kingdom. These warrior princes maintained a close relationship with the kings of the Heracleopolitan royal household, as evidenced by the inscriptions in their tombs. These inscriptions provide a glimpse at the political situation that was present during their reigns. They describe the Siut nomarchs digging canals, reducing taxation, reaping rich harvests, raising cattle herds, and maintaining an army and fleet.[14] The Siut province acted as a buffer state between the northern and southern rulers and the Siut princes would bear the brunt of the attacks from the Theban kings. The founder of the ninth dynasty, Wahkare Khety I, is often described as an evil and violent ruler, most notably in Manetho’s writing. Also known as Akhthoes or Akhtoy, Kheti I was described as a king who caused much harm to the inhabitants of Egypt, was seized with madness, and was eventually killed by a crocodile.[14] This may have simply been a myth, but he is listed as a king in the Turin Canon. Kheti I was succeeded by Kheti II, also known as Meryibre. His reign was essentially peaceful, but experienced problems in the Delta. It was his successor, Kheti III, who would bring some degree of order to the Delta, although the power and influence of these ninth dynasty kings were still relatively insignificant compared to that of the Old Kingdom pharaohs.[15] After the obscure reign of the seventh and eighth dynasties kings, a group of rulers rose out of Heracleopolis in Lower Egypt, reigning for approximately 94 years.[9] These kings comprise the ninth and tenth dynasties, each with nineteen listed rulers. The Heracleopolitan kings eventually overwhelmed the weak Memphite rulers to create the ninth dynasty. Rise of the Heracleopolitan Kings The seventh and eighth dynasties are often overlooked because very little is known about the rulers of these two periods. oligarchy comprising powerful officials of the sixth dynasty based in Memphis who attempted to retain control of the country.[10] The eighth dynasty rulers, claiming to be the descendants of the sixth dynasty kings, also ruled from Memphis.[11] Little is known about these two dynasties since very little textual or architectural evidence survives to describe the period. However, a few artifacts have been found, including scarabs that have been attributed to king Neferkare II of the seventh dynasty as well as a green jasper cylinder of Syrian influence which has been credited to the eighth dynasty.[12] Also, a small pyramid believed to have been constructed by King Ibi of the eighth dynasty has been identified at Saqqara.[13] Several kings, such as Iytjenu are only once attested and their position remains unknown. The 7th and 8th dynasties at Memphis . 4.2 kiloyear event See [8] across ancient Egypt.famine bringing about crop yields and lower drier climate which may have resulted in a Nile inundation They erected tombs in their own domains and often raised armies. The rise of these numerous nomarchs inevitably created conflicts between neighboring provinces, often resulting in intense rivalries and warfare between them. A third reason for the dissolution of centralized kingship that is mentioned was the low levels of the [7], so families often held onto the position of power in their respective provinces. As these nomarchs grew increasingly powerful and influential, they became more independent from the king.hereditary. Towards the end of the Old Kingdom the positions of the nomarchs had become nomarchs Another major problem was the rise in power of the provincial [6][5] Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Libya, Israel Middle Kingdom of Egypt Egypt, Ancient Egypt, Twelfth dynasty of Egypt, Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt, First Intermediate Period of Egypt Ancient Egypt, Pharaoh, First Intermediate Period of Egypt, Ninth Dynasty of Egypt, Narmer History of Ancient Egypt Egypt, Ancient Egypt, Nile, Memphis, Egypt, Eleventh dynasty of Egypt History of Egypt Egypt, Syria, World War I, Suez Canal, Ancient Egypt	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line333
__label__cc	0.644566	0.355434	Title: Infant communion Subject: Communion and the developmentally disabled, Eucharist, Transubstantiation, Infant baptism, Embolism (liturgy) Collection: Eucharist, Roman Catholic Eucharistic Theology Infant Communion (also paedocommunion) refers to the practice of giving the Eucharist, often in the form of consecrated wine, to infants and children. This practice is standard in the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches; here, communion is given at the Divine Liturgy to all baptized and chrismated church members regardless of age. Infant communion is less common in most other Christian denominations, including the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church. Theology 1 Catholicism 3 Eastern Orthodoxy 4 Anglicanism 5 Protestant denominations 6 Lutherans 6.1 Support for infant communion is drawn from several gospel verses, including Matthew 19:14 and Mark 10:14. Among the Church Fathers, Cyprian, Augustine, and Leo the Great explicitly favored infant communion.[1] In the Early Church, everyone who attended the Liturgy of the Faithful was expected to receive communion; catechumens and penitents were not present for the Consecration. The Early Church permitted and encouraged parents to present their children to receive communion. The Apostolic Constitutions (fourth century) instruct that children are to receive communion after the various orders of clergy and consecrated laity and before the general congregation. Over time, concerns grew over danger of spillage from the chalice when it was offered to the entire congregation; there were also practical concerns about consecrating the right amount of wine. It eventually became common in the Western Church for only priests and some monks and nuns to receive communion from the chalice. The teaching of the Church was that Christ was present, whole and entire, under the form of bread or wine. Others maintain that the restriction of the chalice to the clergy and religious was motivated by scrupulosity rather than practical concerns [2]. Ultimately, the elimination of reception under both species made infant communion impractical and it had declined in the West by the time of the Great Schism. This practice has since fallen into disfavor in the Roman Catholic Church, especially with the growing emphasis on not giving the sacraments (other than baptism) to those not yet able to understand them (see age of reason). Meanwhile, in the Eastern Churches, the faithful continued to receive communion under both species. With no practical difficulties or theological qualms with giving communion to infants and children, this practice continues in the Eastern Orthodox Church to this day. The practice of allowing infants and children to receive communion has fallen into disfavor in the Latin-Rite of the Catholic Church. Latin-Rite Catholics generally refrain from infant communion and instead have a special ceremony when the child receives his or her First Communion, usually around the age of seven or eight years old. This is in accordance with the Code of Canon Law (followed in the Roman Rite), which states: The administration of the Most Holy Eucharist to children requires that they have sufficient knowledge and careful preparation so that they understand the mystery of Christ according to their capacity and are able to receive the body of Christ with faith and devotion. (Canon 913) The reason given for the non-necessity of infant communion was articulated by the Council of Trent: "The same holy council teaches that little children who have not attained the use of reason are not by any necessity bound to the sacramental communion of the Eucharist; for having been regenerated by the laver of baptism and thereby incorporated with Christ, they cannot at that age lose the grace of the sons of God already acquired. Antiquity is not therefore to be condemned, however, if in some places it at one time observed that custom. For just as those most holy Fathers had acceptable ground for what they did under the circumstances, so it is certainly to be accepted without controversy that they regarded it as not necessary to salvation." (Council of Trent, Sess. XXI, Chapter iv) Thus, the Council declared: "If anyone says that communion of the Eucharist is necessary for little children before they have attained the years of discretion,let him be anathema." (Council of Trent, Sess. XXI, can. iv) Formerly, the Eastern Churches in full communion with the Roman Pope were generally required to conform to Western Church practice, in violation of the far more ancient practice of the Eastern Churches. However, the Second Vatican Council's decree Orientalium Ecclesiarum, although not specifically addressing infant communion, states that the Council "confirms and approves the ancient discipline of the sacraments existing in the Oriental Churches, as also the ritual practices connected with their celebration and administration and ardently desires that this should be re-established if circumstances warrant it" (Section 12). This has led some of these Churches to restore the ancient practice of permitting infant communion. The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (followed by the Eastern Catholic Churches) permits infant communion: "With respect to the participation of infants in the Divine Eucharist after baptism and chrismation with holy myron, the prescriptions of the liturgical books of each Church sui iuris are to be observed with the suitable due precautions." (Canon 710) For details on infant communion in the Eastern Catholic Churches, see the next section on the Eastern Orthodoxy. In the Orthodox Church, any person of any age receives communion as soon as possible after baptism and chrismation, usually at the next Divine Liturgy. Infants and children are not usually required to fast or go to confession before communion until they are old enough to be aware of their sins, usually eight to nine years old. In the Orthodox practice, the consecrated bread and wine are placed together in the chalice, and the priest administers communion with a small spoon. Infants typically receive a small amount of consecrated Blood of Christ (wine) which mingles with the Body (bread) of Christ; older children receive the consecrated Body of Christ (bread) as well. There is no theological (or epistemological) reason for withholding the bread from infants, merely the practical concern of not giving solid food to those not ready for it. Practice varies widely throughout the Anglican Communion and among those Anglican churches that are not affiliated with the Anglican Communion. Open communion is practiced in some churches. The Church of England at the moment requires that people be "ready and desirous" of confirmation before receiving communion. However, there have been experiments with communion before confirmation in some of its dioceses. The Church of England also allows baptised regular communicants from other Trinitarian churches to receive communion when visiting a CofE church. This permission would seem, therefore, to extend to infants in the practice of receiving in their own churches; but in many of the world's Anglican churches the invitation so extended includes a specific reference to "adult" visitors. Protestant denominations Many Mainline Protestants practice open communion, in which the bread and wine/juice is offered to the people without discrimination of age or denominational status. In these churches, while the very young often commune, it is unusual for infants to receive the Eucharist. Denominations which practice closed communion generally deny the Eucharist to those not members of their congregation or denomination, regardless of age. In churches where membership is often not permitted until the teenage years (for example, the Amish), infant communion is very rare. In recent years, the Eastern practice of paedocommunion has gained considerable attention in the West, including among some conservative Protestants. Notable conservative Protestants in favor of the practice are Curtis Crenshaw, Reggie Kidd, Peter Leithart, Jeffrey Meyers, Robert S. Rayburn, R. C. Sproul, Jr., Gregg Strawbridge, Ray Sutton, Douglas Wilson, Rousas John Rushdoony, James B. Jordan, Gary North, Steve Wilkins and N. T. Wright. The Federation of Reformed Churches practices paedocommunion in all its churches as does the Communion of Reformed Evangelical Churches. The Christian Reformed Church and the Reformed Episcopal Church, a conservative Anglican denomination, also are tolerant of the practice, and many conservative Presbyterians favor paedocommunion as well. In the Presbyterian Church in America, doctrinal acceptance of paedocommunion is tolerated though the practice itself is not allowed. Lutherans Infant communion is not the norm in the Lutheran Church. At most churches in the ELCA (as well as nearly 25% in the LCMS[1]), First Communion instruction is provided to baptized children generally between the ages of 6–8 and, after a relatively short period of catechetical instruction, the children are admitted to partake of the Eucharist.[2] In some LCMS churches, however, the person must have receive Confirmation before receiving the Eucharist. As a whole, the ELCA teaches that the gift of communion is given at baptism; it is just that some more conservative churches choose to keep a tradition that children should be more aware of what communion means before they partake. Infants and children can receive holy Communion in the ELCA and some European Lutheran bodies along with those who haven't received the catechetical instruction (or Confirmation) may be brought to the Communion distribution by their parents to be blessed by the pastor. The Evangelical Catholic Church, a Lutheran theology-based independent denomination, differs from most Lutherans and embraces the practice of infant communion.[3] Martin Luther's Table Talk recorded his thoughts on the subject: It was asked, did the Hussites well in administering the sacrament to young children, on the allegation that the graces of God apply equally to all human creatures? Dr. Luther replied: they were undoubtedly wrong, since young children need not the communion for their salvation; but still the innovation could not be regarded as a sin of the Hussites, since St Cyprian, long ago, set them the example.[4] Communion and the Developmentally Disabled ^ LCMS Youth Confirmation & First Communion. Retrieved 2010-01-05. ^ At what age do ELCA congregations allow members their first Communion?. Retrieved 2010-01-05. ^ A Brief Study of the Lutheran Churches in America, Church of the Lutheran Confession ^ Martin Luther, , CCCXLVII.Table Talk (2006)The Case for Covenant CommunionStrawbridge, Gregg. (ed.) ISBN 0-9753914-3-7 Lusk, Rich. "Paedofaith: A Primer on the Mystery of Infant Salvation" (2005) ISBN 0-9753914-2-9 (2005)An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church, A User Friendly Reference for EpiscopaliansArmentrout, Don S.; Slocum, Robert Boak. (eds.) ISBN 0-89869-211-3 Quotations by Church Fathers Catholic Encyclopedia: Communion of Children Quam singulari Catholic Encyclopedia: Frequent Communion Catholic Encyclopedia: Communion under Both Kinds Code of Canon Law (Roman Rite), from the Vatican Code of Canons of the Oriental Churches (Eastern Catholic Churches), from the IntraText Digital Library Proposed Presbytery In thesi Statement on Paedo-communion PCA (Presbyterian Church in America) Report on Paedocommunion (1988) OPC (Orthodox Presbyterian Church) Report of the Committee on Paedocommunion (1987) Administration of the Sacraments – Statement issued by the Church of Scotland. List of Denominations allowing Infant Communion Orientalium Ecclesiarum, from the Vatican Lutheranism, Ten Commandments, Protestant Reformation, Johann Sebastian Bach, Lucas Cranach the Elder Christianity, Anglicanism, Eastern Orthodox Church, Catholic Church, Lutheranism Activision, Ritual Entertainment, Valve Corporation, Linux, Mac OS Thomas Aquinas, Epistemology, Algeria, Catholicism, Ethics Sin, Church of Scotland, Eucharist, Infant communion, Canon Law Martin Luther, Thomas Aquinas, Christianity, Council of Trent, Catholicism The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Baptism, Methodism, Eastern Orthodox Church, New Testament Embolism (liturgy) Altar cloth, Tridentine Mass, Catholicism, Eastertide, Water	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line334
__label__cc	0.674911	0.325089	WCW: Helen of Troy By Kendra on June 6, 2018 in Woman Crush Wednesday The face that launched a thousand ships, the most beautiful woman in ancient Greece … what should Helen of Troy look (and dress) like? Let’s take a look at her portrayals on the silver screen! Helen of Troy (1924) A German silent film, with Italian actress Edy Darclea as Helen. Lots of pretty gold! Note the perfect hand placement… The Private Life of Helen of Troy (1927) Another silent, this one an American production. Hungarian actress María Corda took the title role. That wig is totally 1920s, at least in the fact that it’s made of silver material … but it’s AMAZEBALLS. I guess Helen has a cross-dressing attendant? A big Hollywood production, with Libyan-Italian actress Rossana Podestà as Helen. Pointy boobs alert! The Trojan Horse (1961) An Italian B-movie, starring Italian actress Edy Vessel. Apparently I missed the part where Homer talked about winged eyeliner? There’s no girdle under there, oh no! The Lion of Thebes (1964) An Italian/French production, with French actress Yvonne Furneaux as Helen. Doctor Faustus (1967) A British adaptation of the 16th century Christopher Marlowe play, in which the title character bargains with the devil for his soul. LIZ TAYLOR plays Faustus’ love interest, who apparently shows up periodically throughout the story; according to Rotten Tomatoes, “The Devil tempts Faust at every turn by confronting him with the seven deadly sins and Helen of Troy (Elizabeth Taylor), who appears throughout the film in various stages of undress as Doctor Faustus stands firm.” She’s Liz Taylor! She didn’t do anything by halves! The Trojan Women (1971) An adaptation of a classical era tragedy by Euripides, which tells the story of the aftermath of the Trojan War by focusing on the fate of the various female characters. It’s very sympathetic to the Trojan side; Irene Papas (an actual Greek woman!! You know her as Catherine of Aragon in Anne of the Thousand Days) plays Helen as a seductress who is responsible for all this suffering, unlike most productions that make her sympathetic. I love that they cast an actual Greek woman (yes, I’m ignoring the many American/British actresses in other lead roles). Nice jewelry, even if otherwise the dress is a big sack… A TV miniseries (with Rufus Sewell as Agamemnon!). Helen is played by Sienna Guillory (The Buccaneers, The Virgin Queen). Did Homer WRITE Helen as blonde? BANGS. But I do like the sari fabric! A big budget Hollywood film with Brad Pitt, Orlando Bloom, and Eric Bana. Diane Kruger (Copying Beethoven; Inglorious Basterds; Farewell, My Queen) is Helen. I do love an artful wave! ALL the bling! It’s VERY sari tho. Troy: Fall of a City (2018) A British/American TV miniseries, recently available on Netflix. Bella Dayne (The Man in the High Castle) takes on Helen. This whole ruff with beads thing was interesting — I’m not sure if I love it, but it’s certainly different than your typical Helen look. Helen dressing in the Trojan style. Nice headdress! Alright, who best captures your idea of the “real” Helen of Troy? Tagsadapted from booksancient greeceblingelizabeth taylormaybe shes born with it maybe its maybelline Reader Request Review: The Draughtsman’s Contract (1982) TBT: Doctor Zhivago (1965) Jen June 6th, 2018 Not a movie, but Helen of Troy appeared in a few episodes of DCs Legends of Tomorrow; she ended up being taken to Themiscyra to live out her days along with Wonder Woman’s mother. She’s blonde in this version to and wears Amazonian armour in her most recent appearance there. Bea June 6th, 2018 LOL Helen in The Trojan Women (1971) is wearing Sumerian funeral jewelry. It’s Pu’abi tomb jewelry, from the excavations at Ur. From about 2600BCE. thedementedfairy June 6th, 2018 Irene Pappas v Diane Kruger catfight please… M.E. Lawrence June 10th, 2018 Irene all the way! As I recall, Pappas is very sultry in the role, without losing her dignity, and the seductiveness is her survival method. I don’t even mind the baggy dress–I mean, if you were married to the most beautiful woman in the world, would you let her outside in some of the outfits pictured above?.And, Bea, thanks for the information about the Sumerian jewelry. By the way, Pappas is 91 these days, and she is 5’10”–no wonder I like her. M.D. June 6th, 2018 All of them look ridiculous and none of them looks particularly historically accurate. Not with the pale skin and especially not with the blonde hair and blue eyes. Al Don June 6th, 2018 Homer did describe Achilles as having “honey” colored locks of hair and Menelaus also has fair/ruddy complexion. So Homer recognized there was/is a range of complexions and hair colors along the Aegean. Unless my translation missed it, he doesn’t explicitly describe Helen, except to comment on her general beauty. She’s actually far more in the background than the martial characters. So it’s really up to your imagination. Whatever the conventions of the day hold as “the most beautiful”, there you go. M.D. June 23rd, 2018 The Trojan War was before the Dorian Invasion. If you’re talking about a variety of complexions AFTER the Dorian Invasion, I might be inclined to agree with you. Beforehand is highly unlikely. As for what “Homer” said (or the multitude of people orally passing on myths that we call “Homer” today), well it wouldn’t be the first time that ancient texts were “mistranslated” or ancient history was altered to fit an Orientalist/Philhellenist narrative. A lot of these ancient texts were translated in the last couple of hundred years, so if a recent “translation” or scholarly “interpretation” strains credulity – like a range of complexions around the Aegean BEFORE the Dorian Invasion – then I view them with a gimlet eye. Romanticism, Orientalism, and Philhellenism have been behind much of the recent “interpretations” of the study of ancient human history, particularly when it comes to Ancient Greece. I think that needs to be acknowledged. Rori June 6th, 2018 I believed Homer did described Helen as blonde in the Odyssey. That’s pretty much the only trait we have of her as the “conventional” ideal Ancient Greek beauty. Honestly, I must have missed that. There’s an offhand reference to her being “fair” in the Iliad but that can cover a lot. Now in Euripides’ Helen and Iphigenia in Aulis, Helen is portrayed as “golden haired” but let’s be honest: modern story-tellers don’t really use that as their source. Actually I’m sure plenty aren’t even aware of those sources… She was also described as having… how to put it… a disarmingly nice bosom. The sight of those diffused Menelaus’ wrath. egizzius June 7th, 2018 I don’t remember Homer describing her as blond (but I might remember wrongly this one); on the other hand, if I remember rightly the spartan poet Alcman – in his Partheneia, or “Maiden songs” (7th century bCE), praised the beauty of Spartan female athletes, with their “golden hair” and “violet eyes.” Nothing strictly related to Helen, but even not so uncommon … so I see not big mistakes, portraing her as blonde, I can give the chance of an interpretation. Is that really the ONLY trait we have describing Helen in “Homer’s” stories? Really? Who translated the versions of Iliad and the Oddessy calling her blonde? Anyway, the Trojan War was BEFORE the Dorian Invasion, so it just strains credulity. I fully explicated all of this in my previous reply to Al Don and I invite you to read it. I think when we discuss Ancient Greece, and pretty much any ancient history, it behooves us to remember and think about the fact that during the time many of these ancient works were being “discovered” that Philhellnism and Orientalism were huge trends amongst quite a few of the people living in Northwestern Europe (and still are) and to view the translations and “scholarly interpretations” with critical analysis. Thanks. Andrew. June 6th, 2018 Well, considering the Helen was hatched from an egg, (along with her sister Clytemnestra, and brothers Castor and Pollux), after their mother, Leda, had it away with a swan/Zeus, perhaps Anna Chancellor should be considered? hsc June 7th, 2018 Swan, not duck. So we’d have to go: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-N24HGqDhZP8/TaXS_-wxWJI/AAAAAAAAaoA/KFXb_8qhHok/s1600/bjork%2Bswan.jpg Susan Pola Staples June 6th, 2018 Irene Papas vs. Rosanna Podesta. Charity June 6th, 2018 I always wonder at the ego involved for the actress when they get a casting call that amounts to “Wanted: woman to play the most beautiful woman of all time, the face that launched a thousand ships!” How many of them smile at their reflection and go, “Yeah, that’s me!”? A lot of the Helens thus far haven’t really made me go “WOW,” but it’s all down to personal taste, I guess… Claire McMaster June 6th, 2018 I am loving all the Troy ladies costumes in the new mini series (its on Netflix if you are in Australia). No idea about historically accuracy but the headdresses and the bead jewelry do give a different feel to the Greek individuals. Kaite June 6th, 2018 The costuming on Troy: The Fall of a City is fantasy, but its pretty fantasy. What is interesting is how, although there are plenty of things that aren’t in the Illiad, they aren’t avoiding the weird and wonderful supernatural stuff. Including the gods showing up on the battlefield to help out their favorites, y’know, as you do. Its a nice change from all of the “real history” adaptations that bear only the smallest resemblance to the source material. sophie June 6th, 2018 i would die for my spartan wife MrsC June 7th, 2018 I LOVE the 1971 sack! With that short haircut, I just love the whole look. It’s powerful and sexy not kittenish. I’d rock that sack any day but I think I’d look like Demis Roussos in it, alas! Alessandra December 29th, 2018 The “sack-dress” also features a very bare back. It’s anything, but not just a sack. And Irene Papas performance was inspiring. Not a beaten woman. But showing that she was a queen, a Spartan and thus choosing her own husband. I feel the last Helen by Bella Dayne (Troy, fall of a city) might be the right balance among beauty, attire, personality and so on about we suppose the mythological Helen could be. Pina June 7th, 2018 Correct me if I’m wrong, but the Trojans aren’t exactly Greek either, are they? They’re a different tribe than the Achaeans, who are supposed to be the ancestors of the Greek audience Homer was addressing. That’s kind of an important point in the tradition, since the stories are meant to exalt the glory of the victorious ancestors of the Greeks. (This doesn’t change the fact that probably neither side had the modern Nordic look of course.) Pina June 12th, 2018 Of course, Helen was Achaean. In addition to “The Trojan Women,” Irene Papas did two other classical adaptations with director Michael Cacoyannis: “Electra” (1962), where she played the title role, and “Iphigenia” (1977), as Clytemnestra. She was also in Cacoyannis’ hit “Zorba the Greek” (1964). In 1968, Papas starred as Penelope in “The Odyssey, “an 8-part Italian miniseries that got edited from 446 minutes down to 110 minutes as a feature for U.S. distribution. Scilla Gabel is listed as having played Helen, but I don’t think she made the cut, nor did Peter “Rocky Horror” Hinwood, who allegedly played Hermes. Unfortunately, I don’t think a complete version of this exists, though the edited version once ran on CBS in 1978, which I saw. I can’t put here some (small) pictures of Scilla Gabel playing Helen in the Italian Odissea 1968; I watched the series when I was almost 9 y.o. and I was totally fascinated! Gillian Stapleton June 7th, 2018 I really loved Sienna Guillory’s portrayal of Helen. It was explicitly stated that what made Helen irresistible wasn’t just her looks but the semi-divine charisma she inherited from Zeus – and in this version, it’s a gift that she really doesn’t like or want. opusanglicanum June 8th, 2018 appears throughout the film in various stages of undress as Doctor Faustus stands firm.” erm…nice double entendre I seem to rememeber that there are some inferences that helen had golden hair – it was much admired by the greeks. I can’t rememebr if it’s actaully in homer or some of the otehr calssical references though Roxana July 18th, 2018 Golden hair and blue eyes were much admired in Classical Greece so it’s likely that ‘the most beautiful woman in the world’ would be made a blond by later mythologizers. There is no reason to believe there was a ‘real’ Helen of Troy but Minoan and Mycenaean woman are depicted as fair skinned with masses of black ringlets. Violet1211 August 22nd, 2018 Bethany Hughes has a documentary on Helen of Troy in which a model is made up to look like a Minoan/Mycenaean woman and it’s pretty amazing. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4T3Itt8mgs&t=1405s Josef December 2nd, 2019 I’m missing Hedy Lamarr in this she played Helen in 1954 she looked decently well dressed though so I think she deserved a mention Roxana January 15th, 2020 Homer’s Helen is a woman of character and presence and that is clearly a large part of her allure. Too often she’s played as just a pretty, and passive, face.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line336
__label__wiki	0.506307	0.506307	Fort Scott Countryside Fort Scott Tribune Stories from Friday, September 7, 2007 2007 All Candy Expo Sept. 17-19 (Local News ~ 09/07/07) The 2007 All Candy Expo is upon us and for the first time the Expo is not just about candy -- it also includes snacks! Consumers and Nutritionists agree that in today's hectic world and with the increase in child obesity, eating properly and maintaining a healthy and wholesome diet can be tricky. ... Early September happenings in Hiattville (Column ~ 09/07/07) Mr. and Mrs. Ed McDaniel recently attended the McDaniel Family Reunion in Joliel, Ill. Mr and Mrs. Ronnie Brown and Mr. and Mrs. Ed McDaniel were among the large crowd that attended the "Gala" this last week end. The P.P.R. committee met with Pastor Smith, Aug.29 to discuss some goals for this coming year... '07-'08 Hiattville 4-H officer elections held (Local News ~ 09/07/07) The regular monthly meeting of the Hiattville 4-H club met Sept. 5, 2007. Roll Call was answered by "Your Favorite Subject in School." There were 13 members and five leaders present. Katelyn Vincent gave the secretary's report. Ronnette Vincent and Ellaine Ericson gave leaders reports. Amanda Brown gave a council report. Justin Query gave a parlaw talk on the rules of an election... A top ten finish in Miss Kansas Princess for Michaela Safford (Local News ~ 09/07/07) Michaela Eileen Safford of Lawrence competed in the National American Miss Kansas Princess Pageant on Aug. 10-11 at the Hyatt Regency in Wichita. Safford placed in the top ten finalists for the Miss Kansas Princess title and brought home eight trophies and four ribbons. Among Safford's winnings was a first runner-up in Best Thank You Note, first runner-up in Most Promising Model, second runner-up in Miss Photogenic and fourth runner-up in the talent competition... Bourbon County 4-H participate in state fair (Local News ~ 09/07/07) Seven Bourbon County 4-H members qualified for the Kansas State Fair in eight events at the District 4-H Horse Show at the Parson's State Hospital Arena on July 5, 2007. Holli Zellner received a purple award in trail to qualify, while Sadie Moore received a purple in barrels... Band sign-ups Monday (Local News ~ 09/07/07) Any fifth grade student in USD 234 schools is eligible to be part of the instrumental music program. Free instruction is offered for string and band instruments. An enrollment meeting for these classes is scheduled for Monday, Wept. 10, in the Fort Scott Middle School Music Rooms, 1105 East 12 Street... Judge tosses out insurance fraud suit against Parsons (Local News ~ 09/07/07) A judge Thursday threw out a Kansas Attorney General's case against Charles Parsons, saying he can't find probable cause that Parsons committed insurance fraud. The case against Parsons, as a result, has been dismissed. Sixth Judicial District Chief Judge Richard Smith denied the attorney general's request to bind Parsons over for trial on one count of felony fraudulent insurance act. ... 'Sound of Music' coming to FSHS stage (Local News ~ 09/07/07) A group of Fort Scott High Schools students will bring their own version of the popular 1959 Broadway musical, "The Sound of Music," to a local stage this fall. FSHS choir teacher Pat Harry began conducting auditions on Wednesday for the musical, which was originally written for the musical stage by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, and based on a book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse. ... 2008 Relay for Life in already in planning stages (Local News ~ 09/07/07) Not quite three months after the dust from the track has settled from this year's Bourbon County Relay for Life, organizers of the annual event are already planning next year's campaign. About a month ago, the local Relay for Life committee met to discuss fund raising ideas and other events planned for the group's 2008 campaign, which will officially kick off in November... Former Bourbon Countian faces five-year minimum sentence for wire fraud (Local News ~ 09/07/07) A native of Bourbon County awaits sentencing in November after he pleaded guilty in federal court last week on wire fraud in connection with modern-day cattle rustling. James Danley, 65, pleaded guilty to wire fraud in U.S. Federal Court in Wichita. Danley, who is free on $25,000 bond, awaits sentencing on Nov. 19. He faces a maximum of five years in prison. The government has agreed to ask for a lighter sentence as a part of the plea... Vercie Lord (Obituary ~ 09/07/07) Vercie Lord, 78, of Ooltewah, Tenn., passed away Wednesday, Sept. 5, 2007, at her residence. She was born Jan. 15, 1929, in Fort Scott, Kan., the daughter of the late Alec and Louise (Pellett) Stroud and was preceded in death by her son Ronald Lord and two sisters, Marietta Poyner and Doris Holmes. ... Lucy Frances Dunshee (Births ~ 09/07/07) DUNSHEE -- Lucy Frances Dunshee, a girl, was born at St. Francis Health Center in Topeka, Kan., at 3:47 p.m. Wednesday, Aug. 15, 2007 to parents Dr. and Mrs. Carlyle Dunshee II, Topeka. She weighed 7 pounds and 4 ounces at birth. She joins sisters, Anne, Mary Grace, Margaret and Elizabeth; and brothers Jack and Joseph. Maternal grandparents are Dr. and Mrs. Gerald Kerr, Fort Scott. Paternal grandparents are Dr. and Mrs. Carlyle Dunshee, Fort Scott... Devena Leanda Kay Fiegener (Births ~ 09/07/07) FIEGENER -- Devena Leanda Kay Fiegener, a girl, was born at Mercy Health Center in Fort Scott, at 10:32 p.m. Wednesday, Sept. 5, 2007 to parents Briann Weeter and Denver Fiegener, Fort Scott. He weighed 7 pounds and 3.6 ounces at birth. Maternal grandparents are Many Ann Martin, Fort Scott, John Wheeler, Fort Scott and Valerie Weeter, Cameron, Mo. ... Memories spring eternal ... (Column ~ 09/07/07) 100 YEARS AGO (1907) The Fern Lake management invites the merchants of Fort Scott to make displays at the Harvest Home Festival at the park the week of Sept. 16. No charges will be made for exhibit space. The end of the festival will mark the close of the park for the season. It has been a very successful one, much better than the two preceding seasons... Encouragement (Local News ~ 09/07/07) Tiger soccer takes another loss (High School Sports ~ 09/07/07) PITTSBURG -- Fort Scott High School's soccer team took a 7-2 loss to rival Pittsburg at the PHS soccer field here Thursday evening. The Tigers, 0-2 in the Southeast Kansas League and overall, trailed just 3-2 at halftime as Josh Nunez scored on a cross from Chris McAllister and Jesse Brown scored from a corner kick... Jayhawk-Linn girls win team title (High School Sports ~ 09/07/07) Note: More photos are available by clicking on the "We Spotted" link on this website. Fort Scott men to face charges of crimes against minors (Local News ~ 09/07/07) © 2020 Fort Scott Tribune · Fort Scott, Kansas	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line337
__label__cc	0.742834	0.257166	A Boutique Law Firm based in Cork Gaffney Solicitors is a boutique law firm based in Cork specialising in Employment Law, General Litigation/Commercial Litigation, Business Law and Intellectual Property. David practices, writes and lectures extensively in Employment Law and human resource related matters; he is an ongoing contributor to various web-based research programmes and professional periodicals. David Gaffney graduated from University College Cork with a B.A. Degree and subsequently obtained a Diploma in Legal Studies from the Dublin Institute of Technology. David is a Practising Solicitor of the Law Society of Ireland, a Certified Insurance Practitioner with the Insurance Institute of Ireland and an Associate Member of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators. David gained litigation experience in Cork before taking an In House legal advisory role in a multi-national legal expenses insurance company where he was responsible for the provision of employment and commercial legal advice to corporate clients. David subsequently joined a large commercial Dublin law firm before returning to Cork where he worked in a well-known law firm before ultimately establishing Gaffney Solicitors. Gaffney Solicitors was founded on the basis of only providing advice on certain specific legal areas so as to ensure clients benefit fully from experienced and specialised advice. David practices, writes and lectures extensively in Employment Law and Human Resource related matters; he is an ongoing contributor to various web-based research programmes and professional periodicals. David represents both employers and employees before the Workplace Relations Commission, the Labour Court, and the Civil Courts. About Us was last modified: December 11th, 2017 by David Gaffney Practical, Trusted and Experienced Advice. Have a case was last modified: April 19th, 2017 by David Gaffney Our team assists and advises organisations and individuals in every sector on employment relations. We advise human resource departments and management teams on both general and specific employment management matters. We provide an extensive range of legal services to clients on all aspects of national and EU employment law and industrial relations. We favour a partnership approach and work very closely with our clients to find practical, effective and creative solutions to their problems. Read More… Almost from inception, litigation has been a core strength of this firm. In particular, contractual disputes, defence and commercial litigation are major strengths of the office. Our client base includes a wide range of domestic and multinational organizations. We have particular regard to the individual needs and objectives of our clients and this is reflected in our client-focused approach to each case. Read More… On the advisory side of the practice, we advise clients in relation to the planning and execution of their intellectual property protection and commercialisation strategies. We have experience in relation to intellectual property law, copyright, trademark and patent law, licensing, technology transfer and research and development agreements. Read More… We advise clients on a broad and comprehensive range of corporate transactions and commercial law matters. Our expertise and experience allows us to provide our clients with innovative practical solutions to commercial problems. We work closely with each client to meet their requirements based on their concerns, needs and expectations. Our team combines business insight with legal excellence and focuses on achieving practical and commercially-aware solutions. Read More… Our Services was last modified: April 20th, 2017 by David Gaffney David is a truly exceptional solicitor. With his knowledge, advice, assistance, and attention to detail, he has helped us on a number of occasions over the last 7 years. I cannot speak highly enough of David - without his help and work - sometimes late at night - things would have turned out very differently (and very unjustly). I would like to add that he is responsive for a phone call to discuss the situation too - to prevent an issue snowballing - a stitch in time as the saying goes and this is worth it's weight in gold too. Simon Worley, Manager / Director, The Edge Sports Gaffney Solicitors David is a truly exceptional solicitor. With his knowledge, advice, assistance, and attention to detail, he has helped us on a number of occasions over the last 7 years. I cannot speak highly enough of David - without his help and work - sometimes late at night - things would have turned out very differently (and very unjustly). I would like to add that he is responsive for a phone call to discuss the situation too - to prevent an issue snowballing - a stitch in time as the saying goes and this is worth it's weight in gold too. http://www.gaffneysolicitors.ie/testimonials/simon-worley-2/ I have used David's services to deal with employment law claims and litigation-related matters over the past few years, all of which were successfully defended with David's assistance. In particular, David has represented us in relation to two alleged unfair dismissal claims, which we believed were groundless, and David's advocacy at both hearings resulted in the dismissal of both claims. David takes his work very seriously and fights to win every time. Michael Melleney, Body Blast Fitness I have used David's services to deal with employment law claims and litigation-related matters over the past few years, all of which were successfully defended with David's assistance. In particular, David has represented us in relation to two alleged unfair dismissal claims, which we believed were groundless, and David's advocacy at both hearings resulted in the dismissal of both claims. David takes his work very seriously and fights to win every time. http://www.gaffneysolicitors.ie/testimonials/michael-melleney/ Throughout my dealings with David I found him to be an extremely accomplished Solicitor. Highly competent in the area of employee relations, David offers an exceptionally professional, knowledgeable and trustworthy service. His guidance and direction are consistently clear and meticulous. I would have no hesitation in recommending David and his services to any third party. Michael Mullally, Group HR Manager at Só Hotels Throughout my dealings with David I found him to be an extremely accomplished Solicitor. Highly competent in the area of employee relations, David offers an exceptionally professional, knowledgeable and trustworthy service. His guidance and direction are consistently clear and meticulous. I would have no hesitation in recommending David and his services to any third party. http://www.gaffneysolicitors.ie/testimonials/michael-mullally/ David is highly professional and excellent to deal with, always looking to find the best solution for his client. He continues to provide first rate support for us and I would have no hesitation in recommending David to others. Damian Evans, COO at MandM Direct David is highly professional and excellent to deal with, always looking to find the best solution for his client. He continues to provide first rate support for us and I would have no hesitation in recommending David to others. http://www.gaffneysolicitors.ie/testimonials/damian-evans/ David has provided us with support in relation to employee relations matter for the Supermacs Group, including the So Hotel Group. David provides a first-class support service, 24/7 and has made a huge positive difference in how we deal with issues that arise. David understands the business world and the legal world and offers a great common sense approach. Jacinta Greene, HR Manager at Supermacs David has provided us with support in relation to employee relations matter for the Supermacs Group, including the So Hotel Group. David provides a first-class support service, 24/7 and has made a huge positive difference in how we deal with issues that arise. David understands the business world and the legal world and offers a great common sense approach. http://www.gaffneysolicitors.ie/testimonials/jacinta-greene/ David has worked on a number of complex legal cases for us over the past year and half. David is very well briefed on his area of speciality (employment law). David's ability to understand and decipher complex legal issues quickly and to then provide concise and relevant advise in a timely fashion has been invaluable to our organisation. I would have no hesitation in recommending David to any third party. David Heffernan, Managing Director at Irish International Trading Corporation (Cork) Plc David has worked on a number of complex legal cases for us over the past year and half. David is very well briefed on his area of speciality (employment law). David's ability to understand and decipher complex legal issues quickly and to then provide concise and relevant advise in a timely fashion has been invaluable to our organisation. I would have no hesitation in recommending David to any third party. http://www.gaffneysolicitors.ie/testimonials/david-heffernan/ David is a true professional who is always on hand to provide great guidance and advice. David’s extensive knowledge and abundant technical expertise instils a sense of confidence and ease. Put quite simply, he is great to work with and I would have no hesitation in recommending his services. Natasha Keating, Director of Human Resources at Marriott International David is a true professional who is always on hand to provide great guidance and advice. David’s extensive knowledge and abundant technical expertise instils a sense of confidence and ease. Put quite simply, he is great to work with and I would have no hesitation in recommending his services. http://www.gaffneysolicitors.ie/testimonials/natasha-keating/ We couldn't recommend David highly enough in the area of Employment Law. His knowledge and execution is second to none. Marie Collins, Digital Marketer \| Member of the Social Media Summit Team \| SEO \| Consultant & Trainer to Small Business http://www.gaffneysolicitors.ie/testimonials/marie-collins/ Our company is known to be punctual, and knowledgable and fast responding. This is what we were looking for from our solicitor. After using several different solicitors we found these skills with David Gaffney. We would recommend his services strongly. Marlon Dijkshoorn, Owner, Irish Door Systems Ltd Our company is known to be punctual, and knowledgable and fast responding. This is what we were looking for from our solicitor. After using several different solicitors we found these skills with David Gaffney. We would recommend his services strongly. http://www.gaffneysolicitors.ie/testimonials/marlon-dijkshoorn/ Testimonials was last modified: April 19th, 2017 by David Gaffney Hello World Wide Web !! Employment Law Compliance Act 2008 in Employment Law Paternity Leave (Budget 2016) Latest News was last modified: July 3rd, 2017 by David Gaffney Address: 4B Father Mathew St, Cork, Ireland Phone: +353 (0)21 4222881 Email: [email protected] [email protected] Monday to Friday: 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM How to reach us was last modified: July 10th, 2017 by David Gaffney Gaffney Solicitors Location was last modified: August 20th, 2018 by David Gaffney	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line338
__label__cc	0.726169	0.273831	"Elizabeth is creative, fast, and a master at branding. She's top notch professional, and I highly recommend her services!" —Melissa Foster, New York Times & USA Today Bestselling Author "Elizabeth Mackey is the best! Her creativity is exceeded only by her ability to embrace an author's vision to create a unique brand. I will not work with anyone else." —C.A. Newsome, author of Lia Anderson Dog Park Mysteries "They say you can't tell a book by it's cover, but you can definitely sell a lot more books with a good professionally designed cover. That's why Elizabeth has done the covers for my last four mysteries and will be doing them as long as I write. She has an amazing talent for finding just the right illustration. typefaces and colors and melding them together to create a cover that attracts readers' attention and results in sales." —Nick Russell, New York Times Bestselling Author "Elizabeth Mackey's expertise took my covers to a new level. For every cover she re-designed, I saw an increase in sales. In my opinion, her excellence shines when it comes to covers for a series. She worked with me on concept, and provided a set of covers that are stunningly visual — branding at it's best. Thank you, Elizabeth." —Mona Ingram, author "I have very much enjoyed working with Elizabeth Mackey Design for my Dowser and Oracle series book covers. Elizabeth's communication, rates, and work ethic are stellar. Her layout and font choices are always bang-on. She knows how to make a book cover look like a must-pick-up book! That might sound simple, but it isn't. I recommend EM at every opportunity and will continue to hire her for my book covers, as well as other graphic/marketing needs." –Meghan Ciana Doidge, author of the Dowser Series Copyright © Elizabeth Mackey Graphic Design. All rights reserved.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line340
__label__cc	0.700327	0.299673	Sustaining the Everglades for Future Generations E & E works with South Florida Water Management District to balance water supply and ecosystem restoration E & E provides South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) world-class scientists, engineers, and restoration specialists to further its mission focused on flood control and water supply, preventing saltwater intrusion, encouraging responsible agriculture and urban development, and preserving fish and wildlife habitat. SFWMD also works with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to implement the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan—a 35-year plan to restore, protect, and preserve the water resources of the Everglades region. Protect the Environment and Provide for the People SFWMD is challenged to address restoration and maintenance of one of the world’s most significant freshwater resources and numerous estuarine systems, while meeting the needs of an expanding population, like flood protection and future water supply. Competing needs for water and land must be delicately balanced for every project, whether it’s a stormwater treatment project or hydrology restoration project. Informed Decision-Making Since our collaboration began in 2002, E & E has provided SFWMD with comprehensive, high-quality data that addresses these challenges from every angle. Our work ensures decision makers feel confident that project data and suggested solutions truly represent the path of least impact, especially in scenarios where both the natural and developed environments face varying degrees of impact. Highlights have included balancing ecosystem restoration with water supply and flood protection for a 700-square-mile watershed as part of Everglades restoration; researching how to reduce phosphorous concentrations from agricultural runoff in the stormwater treatment areas—the largest man-made wetlands in the world—to improve water quality; and studying how hydrologic changes impact key habitats and ecosystems. Better Natural Resource Management We’ve identified and will continue to identify measures that help restore or maintain the water quality and hydrology of the Everglades and surrounding natural environment, while maintaining or enhancing future water supply for agricultural needs and growing populations, and ensuring adequate flood protection in the built environment. Through our research for the Loxahatchee Watershed Restoration feasibility study, for example, we laid out measures to reduce peak stormwater flows to the estuaries, provide base flows to a designated Wild and Scenic River, restore wetlands, increase hydrologic and natural area connectivity, reduce flood damage, and provide public water supply over a 700-square-mile area in northern Palm Beach County and southern Martin County. “The Everglades is a test. If we pass it, we get to keep the planet.” – Marjory Stoneman Douglas, the “Mother of the Everglades” – WHAT WE DO + Subcontracting Opportunities GSA Contracting	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line342
__label__cc	0.501567	0.498433	Globe News What's Bruin Bruin Lens About The Globe globeslcc.com Home News Campus SLCC aims to find out why female enrollment is dropping SLCC aims to find out why female enrollment is dropping Nicole Casper Every year, Salt Lake Community College, along with other universities and community colleges in Utah compare their enrollment status to the national average to see where the importance of higher education falls with our next generations in Utah. In the past, we’ve seen an outstanding number of women not only enrolling in higher education institutes but also receiving degrees and passing the national average by leaps and bounds. Unfortunately, in the last decade or so, every year the number of women enrolling in colleges, and even finishing high school, has dropped significantly-even to the point of dropping below the national average. The question arises, why? Why such the drastic drop in interest? Dr. Susan R. Madsen, Utah Women & Education Project Director and Associate Professor of Management at Utah Valley University, asked the same question only she wouldn’t settle with guesses. A year and a half later, she has just about wrapped up a research project that hopes to give justice to the unanswered question concerning why young women choose never to attend college and why some chose to drop out after only one or two semesters. Kathy Hurd, SLCC’s University Center Director, has been helping coordinate the project research for those interested in being surveyed in the metropolitan areas surrounding Salt Lake City. “The purpose of the research is to find out why so many women in Utah compared to the national average do not continue their education,” says Hurd, “The executive summary states that women in Utah were the highest in the nation to continue their education beyond high school, now all we are seeing year after year is a continued decline.” This project is hoping to survey 250 women between the ages of 18-24, but the facilitators have been finding it more difficult than expected to get women to participate in the study. Hurd chalks it up to the inability of getting women from the more rural areas to show up. The survey is suppose to take no longer than 2-hours and is composed of a question-based interview that analyzes the psychosocial metrics for how people make decisions. “Questions that are asked will evaluate sociological, cultural influences in a decision and we will use the data we find to see what efforts can be put in place to help young women finish school,” says Hurd. A part of conducting this research may happen to be the fact that enrollment statistics easily affect funding the state receives for higher education. The IPEDS report, which is the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System of the US Department of Education, is required of all institutions and Hurd tells us that ultimately funding is affected by enrollment. Pressure from the Utah State Office of Education may have been in place that jump-started this research project. The demographics of those interviewed will not be released until the final report to see if there is any cultural or social pull in this drastic decline in women who have chosen not to finish college. “All of Utah is participating including the State Office of Education, the Board of Regions, as well as churches so that all levels and many resources as possible can be involved so we can redirect young women,” Hurd says. The results of the research study are still being processed and any further questions concerning the project can be addressed to Dr. Susan R. Madsen at madsensu@uvu.edu. No related articles. © 2020 globeslcc.com	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line345
__label__wiki	0.862172	0.862172	220 W. 2nd Street, Goodland, Kansas 67735 \| (785) 890-3625 \| grmc@goodlandregional.com Search Health Information Search our FastHealth page for all your basic needs and healthcare information to keep your family healthy. Online Health Dictionary General Health Center FastNurse™ Coordinator Top Health Conditions Goodland Regional Medical Center Dr. Daise Born and raised in Goodland, Dr. Daise graduated from Goodland High School in 1992, and received his Bachelor's degree in Biology from the University of Kansas. He stayed with the University, and received his medical degree in 2000. He is Board Certified in Family Practice. He completed his three-year residency at the Smoky Hill Family Practice in Salina. Throughout his residency, Dr. Daise received training in Family Practice, which has prepared him to take care of patients of all ages. He also received additional training in Obstetrics as part of his family practice residency, and provides a full complement of obstetrical services. Dr. Daise feels that the patient/physician relationship is key to a successful practice. "I feel that managing your healthcare is a partnership. I like to provide information and recommendations to my patients, and then we, as partners, consider the options and make decisions together," he said. One area of special interest for Dr. Daise is endoscopic procedures. He performs his own colonoscopies and EGDs. Dr. Daise serves his patients at the Goodland Family Health Center at 106 Willow Rd. and can be reached there at (785) 890-6075. Jonathan Spellmeier Following his graduation from Royal Valley High School in Hoyt, Kansas in 1999, Jonathan attended Fort Hays State University, where he earned an Associate of Science in Radiology and a Bachelor of Science in Medical Diagnostic Imaging in 2005. He then enrolled in the Master of Science program in Physician Assistant Studies at the University of North Dakota, completing his studies in 2014. He gained his clinical experience in Primary Care in Holton and Onaga, Kansas, and experience in Emergency Room, Surgery and Orthopaedics with St. Francis Healthcare in Topeka. He has a background in Radiology, Ultrasound, Nuclear Medicine, and Interventional Radiology. Jonathan began his medical career as a ward clerk and telemetry tech at Hays Medical Center in 2001. Jonathan and his wife Jade, who is a nurse and currently pursuing her Nurse Practitioner degree, met at Hays Medical Center in 2005 and married a few years later. In 2013, they welcomed their daughter Madalyn into the family. Both Jonathan and his wife grew up in small communities (Hoyt and Hoxie), and knew this was the life they wanted to return to. Jackie Jorgensen Jackie began her nursing education through a program with St. Luke's Hospital in Denver, Colorado, where she received her R.N. certificate. She later received her Bachelors and then her Masters in Nursing from Fort Hays State University. She is currently a board-certified Family Nurse Practitioner. Jackie has worked in the medical profession since 1968. In 1993, she saw the need for nurse practitioners to help provide healthcare for rural residents. She decided to return to school to complete her MSN and become a family practice Nurse Practitioner to fulfill this need. In 2011, Jackie received the Nurse Practitioner of the Year award for Kansas from the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. Jackie's experience as a Family Nurse Practitioner includes pediatric, adult, Obstetrics and Geriatrics. Pediatrics includes well-baby exams with developmental screening. She is an advocate for women's health care, diabetes education and preventive health care. When commenting on her practice style, Jackie says, "I believe that caring for a person involves consideration of the whole person, not just focusing on the physical problems. This includes a patient's physical, mental, emotional, spiritual and social needs." Jackie serves her patients at the Goodland Family Health Center at 106 Willow Rd. and can be reached by calling (785) 890-6075. Jade Spellmeier Jade holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Psychology from Fort Hays State University, and has worked in various medial field settings such as non-invasive cardiology,polysomnography, and as a student nurse technologist. She began her nursing career at Baker University School of Nursingin Topeka, Kansas where she graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing in May, 2010. As a Nurse , she worked in the ICU for the Department of Veteran Affairs in Topeka, Kansas. Jade completed her Masters of Nursing at Fort Hays State in May, 2015. She completed her clinical rotations at Goodland Family Health Center in Goodland, Kansas and The Family Health Center for Health Care in Colby, Kansas Jade is a Certified Family Nurse Practitioner through the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners Certification Program (AANPCP). The veteran hold a special place in Jade's heart, however, she is excited for challenge of caring for a wide range of patients. She is looking forward to the opportunity to expand her practice with a focus on female and children's health services. Jade is passionate about community and preventative health care. Jade and her husband, Jonathan, a PA at GRMC, have enjoyed working and playing in Goodland. They appreciate all this area has to offer and look forward to raising their family here. Jade serves her patients at the Goodland Family Health Center at 106 Willow Rd. and can be reached by calling (785) 890-6075. Click Here to Meet the rest of our Medical Staff GRMC History Goodland Medical Foundation Consultant Schedule List of All Services Eagle Med GRMC Auxiliary / Volunteers Accounts and Billing Info Midwest Cancer Alliance Site Designed & Powered by FastHealth Corporation Copyright © 2020 FastHealth Corporation Terms Privacy Search Online Health Topics:	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line347
__label__cc	0.73481	0.26519	Women In Technology at Tech Ed Europe If you search for my name in the Tech Ed Europe session list, you'll see four sessions. But I've only blogged about three: Modern C++, Windows 7 Development with Code Pack, and Advanced Windows 7 Development. Now it's time to talk about the fourth, the Women in Technology Panel. I've been asked to run it this year, which is a big honour for me and one I'm pleased to take on. I have found four great panelists who are not all the same age, don't all live in the same place, and don't all do the same kinds of work. I hope that makes the conversation useful to a wide variety of attendees. Here's the abstract: If you're a woman in technology, or if you care about the topic (fathers of daughters, this is your cue) then come to the Women in Technology gathering at end-of-day Tuesday. Our panelists Claudia Woods, Freena Eijffinger, Kate Gregory, Paula Januszkiewicz, and Rhonda Layfield span a variety of ages, geographies, and technical interests, and we want to hear from you. What are the issues in your working life? How can companies attract and retain a diversity of technical staff, including women of all ages? Is work/life balance a myth? How can you find your strengths and your friends in this field? Bring your business cards and get ready to meet some of the other women who have come to Tech Ed, as attendees, speakers, or staff. Let's share experiences and advice, support each other, and learn from each other. Does that sound good? It does to me. And here's a special invitation. It starts at 6, as you can see online. But the panelists will all be there at 5:30 along with some refreshments. So please, come a little early and mingle, then we'll do the full-on panel thing at 6, but we'll have started to get to know each other already by then. See you there! ps: I really do mean it when I say men welcome. Consulting Life \| Seen and Recommended \| Speaking Tuesday, October 26, 2010 4:00:12 PM (Eastern Daylight Time, UTC-04:00) Hilo Uploader - Photos to Flickr with WWSAPI Hilo, the reference application project from the C++ team that doesn't use MFC or the .NET Framework, is back with another sample. You've seen nice graphics in the way photos are treated, a ribbon UI, and now you can see social media integration with Flickr uploads, touch support, and Windows 7 jumplist support. And remember, all the code is available for you to explore and learn from. Take a look and see what you think. If you want to know how to build a modern UI and a modern set of functionalities (like web services) then this is the reference application for you. C++ \| Client Development \| Seen and Recommended \| Visual Studio 2010 \| Windows 7 Sunday, October 24, 2010 2:23:59 PM (Eastern Daylight Time, UTC-04:00) What's happening on the C++0x front? The wheels of the standards committee, I have said more than once, do grind slowly, but exceedingly fine. Apologies to probably Longfellow, though I might be mistaken. Anyway, progress continues on the next version of the standard and there are some details still to settle. Anthony Williams has written a nice summary of the October Mailing (in preparation for a November Meeting) along with some helpful links. He points out that generating move constructors (as compilers do today for copy constructors), as required by the Final Committee Draft (FCD) could break some existing code, so discussions are planned on restricting (or dropping) this implicit generation. I like knowing that people are putting this level of thought into language changes instead of just issuing a Breaking Changes list and expecting me to go edit my code accordingly. He also highlights situations where people are deliberately throwing exceptions from a destructor (gasp! I know!) and their working code will break unless they change it say they intend to throw exceptions from their destructor. You would think that this was a tiny population of people, and that marking their code in this way is no big deal, but C++ philosophy is that working code with defined behaviour should continue to be working code with defined behaviour in the latest version of the language. As you can see, that can really be a challenge sometimes. If you're a C++ person, I challenge you to read the papers Anthony links to. If you can't understand a word of them, you're missing a lot of what C++ is these days. While talk of "implicit invariants", rvalues, and a "throwing move" may take some effort to decipher, I think it's worthwhile. C++ is a language in which performance and correctness are both paramount. That's why the developers are expected to manage lifetimes themselves, explicitly state whether they want shallow or deep copies, and so on. Template libraries simplify much of this (shared_ptr and unique_ptr are the death knell for the characters d-e-l-e-t-e in my code) but understanding those lifetime issues, understanding rvalues and lvalues, understanding when temporaries are created and deleted are all fundamental to being a C++ developer. Understanding those things lets you write better C++ code than you otherwise would. I know there are other languages in which your understanding doesn't matter because it is always done the same way. I also know that the control offered by C++ enables performance gains in specific situations where the developer knows better. These things can both be true at once, and can make other languages a better fit for certain developers or for certain business problems. They are also what makes C++ a better fit for some developers and some business problems. But if you don't have those understandings, if you don't want to control your application at that level, then why are you using C++? Use something simpler that can't be controlled the way C++ can. For those who are using C++ "on purpose", who are "unrepentant" as I say in other of my talks, knowing the language at this level is key to being good at it. Would you say that "Implicit Move Must Go" or not? C++ \| Seen and Recommended Friday, October 22, 2010 1:52:41 PM (Eastern Daylight Time, UTC-04:00) Unexpected insight I've been pretty active lately on StackOverflow, a question-and-answer site where people ask "what does this error message mean and I how can I make it go away?" for a variety of languages, platforms, and business purposes. There are a number of brilliant features on StackOverflow including voting on both questions and answers, and closing questions that are off topic for the site. This means less junk to wade through and a bit more confidence that any particular answer is actually going to be helpful. One of the reasons questions get closed on StackOverflow is because they don't have an answer. There's a category of nasty questions of the form "Have you stopped [bad thing] yet?" that have no answer. If you never [bad thing]'ed in your life, then you obviously haven't stopped. Yet answering "no" implies you continue to [bad thing]. Answering "yes" implies you [bad thing]'ed for some time, but have no stopped. Either way, it's bad. So I knew the question "Should LINQ be avoided because it's slow?" was going to be closed. And sure enough, it was. But not before some really excellent answers and comments accrued to it. Like these: I would not avoid code because it only executes 250 million cycles a second instead of around 750 million, unless that kind of throughput is an actual business case. Also, chances are that the data comes from something that is a lot slower than this code anyway (a database, disk, ...). Go for what seems most convenient and optimize where it matters. Slow is irrelevant to your customers, your management and your stakeholders. Not fast enough is extremely relevant. Never measure how fast something is; that tells you nothing that you can use to base a business decision on. Measure how close to being acceptable to the customer it is. If it is acceptable then stop spending money on making it faster; it's already good enough. So what you're saying is that the devil you know is better than the devil you don't. Which is fine, if you like making business decisions on the basis of old sayings. I think it is generally a better idea to make business decisions based on informed opinions derived from empirical measurements. Those last two are by Eric Lippert. Yes, that Eric Lippert. He's answered almost a thousand StackOverflow questions, and he's by no means the only product team member who's answering questions there. In addition, other answers fix a different perf bug in the asker's code (an unnecessary and expensive cast) and provide a wide range of opinions about performance decisions, architecture, choosing technologies and so on. I love StackOverflow for fixing immediate blocking problems, but don't neglect the possibility of gaining philosophical wisdom from reading an offtopic question or two. Consulting Life \| Seen and Recommended Wednesday, October 20, 2010 12:55:03 PM (Eastern Daylight Time, UTC-04:00) Awesome list of Windows Phone 7 developer resources Jeff Blankenburg has produced a great quantity of blog posts about developing for Windows Phone 7. Now he's supplementing that with an all-in-one resource page that links out to a ton of great material in addition to his own. Oh I know, you might not need to see the TV ads to learn how to develop for the thing, but I appreciate the link anyway. If you're doing phone work, or thinking about it, this list is for you. Client Development \| Seen and Recommended Monday, October 18, 2010 3:58:45 PM (Eastern Daylight Time, UTC-04:00) Great roundup of Windows 7 developer resources Jennifer Marsman has built a very nice list of Windows 7 developer resources. Of course, she had me at Code Pack (the very first item she lists as a matter of fact), but she carries on, drilling into both native and managed scenarios, covering libraries, SDKs, training materials, UX guidelines, samples, blogs - even Twitter handles! There is a LOT of material out there and it's a little bit fragmented. This is a great post to help you find your way around. Remember, if you have a Windows app, it should be a Windows 7 app! C++ \| Client Development \| Mentoring \| Seen and Recommended \| Windows 7 Saturday, October 16, 2010 1:07:42 PM (Eastern Daylight Time, UTC-04:00) Happy Birthday C++ According to Wired, C++ was born October 14th, 1985, with the publication of the first official reference guide by Bjarne Stroustrup. That's 25 years ago! I've still been "working in C++ since before Microsoft had a C++ compiler", as I like to say at the start of any C++ sessions I deliver. While that is a long time, it's not the full 25 years the language has existed - not quite, anyway. Wired marks the anniversary with an interview with Bjarne. If you're curious about what kind of computer he uses day to day (a small Windows laptop) or what music he likes to listen to, now you can find out. Or this advice for young programmers: Know your fundamentals (algorithms, data structures, machine architecture, systems) and know several programming languages to the point where you can use them idiomatically. I'd call that "simple but not easy", as much advice is. C++, of course, is neither simple nor easy, but it is incredibly rewarding to those who take the time to learn it and use it well, and I hope it will continue to do so for at least another 25 years. Thursday, October 14, 2010 11:10:13 AM (Eastern Daylight Time, UTC-04:00) Coupling where you don't expect it I'm teaching OO design and UML again this term, and one of the things I emphasize to the class is the dangers of coupling. (Get your mind out of the gutter, I mean classes with dependencies on each other.) It's not about calling methods of each other necessarily; it's more about if-I-change-this-one, I'll-have-to-change-this-one-too. Changes that ripple through a system are expensive and dangerous. When I am helping clients with interop, they are often surprised to learn how entire applications and libraries can depend on each other without ever calling each other's code. For example, App A writes a record to a database table. Service B checks the table regularly for new records (or records with a 0 in the Handled column, or whatever) and calls a web service (or whatever.) Those applications are now coupled - if a change in one necessitates a change in the format of that table (or its name, etc) then the other must be changed too. Thinking ahead and doing all you can to reduce this kind of coupling is part of the challenge of doing good application integration, even if there are no interop calls in the solution. And then there's performance. So often left until last, it provides another consideration that you should ideally have in mind all the way along. And as Rico Mariani points out, it also couples applications and libraries you may have thought were independent: Two subsystems that both (loosely) use 2/3 of the L2 cache are going to use 4/3 of a cache... that’s not good. There may be no lines between them in the architecture diagram but they are going to destroy each others ability to work. Sound advice as always. Please read the post, and keep one more "don't forget" floating around as you design and architect your systems and solutions. Client Development \| Consulting Life \| Mentoring \| Seen and Recommended Tuesday, October 12, 2010 10:58:52 AM (Eastern Daylight Time, UTC-04:00)	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line348
__label__cc	0.658131	0.341869	The Great British Breakfast Magnificent British Breakfasts - hot cutlets, pink hams, fried soles, devilled kidneys, little crisp rolls of bacon, dishes of scrambled eggs and sausages, black pudding, a cold grouse or pheasant, a piece of pie and then hot toast in white napkins, fresh rolls, sweet butter, marmalades of all cuts and colours, jams, jellies and pyramids of fruit - 'ah the breakfast', wrote an early nineteenth-century visitor to Scotland, 'that is what redeems the land'. Of course, there have always been a number of regional variations. Black pudding, a kind of sausage, popular in the Midlands and North of England as well as in Ireland is made of pigs blood, suet, breadcrumbs and oatmeal. It is usually sold ready boiled. It is then fried in slices and served with bacon and eggs. In Ireland and other parts of the country there may also be served a white pudding at the breakfast table. Again, it is a type of pork sausage made from pork offal, pearl barley, oatmeal or breadcrumbs and seasoning. These puddings are also fried in slices and served hot. At the turn of the twentieth century the grand English breakfast - designed to boost the inner man for the morning's sport out of doors, was still going strong, but when the First World War arrived with attendant shortages and a new horror of waste, things were modified to what we would now regard as a more seemly level. In 1933 a bachelor cook, discreetly naming himself 'Gourmet', wrote a little book giving up two whole chapters to the British breakfast, which he regarded as a meal to be eaten only after an hour's pottering about - presumably to get up an appetite. His favourite breakfast, eaten in a Lakeland fishing inn, consisted of a modest five courses: Manx kippers Brown trout Cumberland ham and eggs with fried bannocks Cold boiled bacon Four kinds of scones, three kinds of home-made jam and good, strong, hot, fresh coffee. The magnificent breakfast was on the way out. By the Second World War parlour maids and cooks had disappeared along with butter, sugar and coffee. The whole thing had condensed to its present-day level - cereal, egg and bacon, toast and marmalade and cups of tea or coffee. However, it is an institution worth reviving, even if only at weekends, when there is time to make little special breakfast dishes and to ponder long over the newspaper with a hot pot of coffee on the table. The old breakfast recipes could make breakfast once more into a most enjoyable meal - and could even turn it into brunch which would allow even more time for pottering, another British institution worth reviving.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line350
__label__cc	0.630418	0.369582	I’m not completely sure why I didn’t discover The Frankenstein Chronicles before now. I think I read a negative review early on, or maybe I was confusing it with something else. But Richard and I were searching for something new to watch after finishing The Alienist (very very good, by the way, assuming you can stomach the premise) and we stumbled upon it, and it seemed to check all my checkboxes. The clinching factor was Sean Bean in the title role. I’ll watch him do almost anything. (Even this.) We’re two episodes in, and so far so good. It’s got a lot going for it. The premise of a private investigator with his own demons getting overly involved in a case that reminds him of said demons is a great premise no matter where it’s set, and a particularly good one if one of the things you want to do is showcase the world. This particular world (London, 1826) is a period of British history that is often neglected, falling as it does after Waterloo and before the Victorian era – even before what is usually considered Dickensian, since Dickens was only 14 that year. The plot ties in nicely with some real historical happenings. And, of course, it’s investigating and interrogating the Frankenstein mythos, and I’m all for that. Even if it turns out to be disappointing, Sean Bean is great, and I’m prepared to forgive the writers a great deal for including the in-joke of making this particular private investigator a veteran of the Peninsula. “I was a soldier.” “What regiment?” “95th. Rifleman.” Hell yeah, he was. All that said – I am really, truly, seriously irritated that they stole my song. I spent a long time researching music hall songs to find an appropriate one to have Katarina sing in the first-timeline-1885 part of Timebound. “Oranges and Lemons” actually works really well for a variety of reasons, and I ended up weaving it through the narrative, using it as a metaphor in a couple of other (somewhat important, character-building) scenes. And that’s the song that The Frankenstein Chronicles chose to use as the theme music for the missing child. And the first season of The Frankenstein Chronicles came out in 2017, so even though I didn’t see it until now, everyone will think I and my Frankenstein-themed book stole it from them. At least you all know better now. 🙂 August 29th,2018 Uncategorized \| No Comments Let’s Kill Hitler If you find yourself suddenly gaining access to a time machine, what’s the first thing you’d do? If you said “kill Adolf Hitler”, then congratulations; you’re a science-fiction character. Actually, the whole “access to a time machine” thing suggested that already, but the desire to kill Hitler clinches it. – Dean Burnett Everybody kills Hitler on their first trip. It always gets fixed within a few minutes, what’s the harm? – Desmond Warzel This turns out to be demonstrably true. Looking at the for-real history of the timeline in which we currently live, we find plenty of evidence to support the conclusion that every Western-born time traveler, except perhaps the ones who want the South to win the American Civil War, kills Hitler on their first excursion. And that somebody else fixes the timeline immediately thereafter. There were thirty-two assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler between 1921 and 1945. In and of itself, this is perhaps not notable; horrible evil dictators do tend to attract assassins, as do incompetent strategists who refuse to surrender the war they are actively losing. Here’s what is remarkable: 1) Four of the attempts occurred before he seized power in 1933. 2) In more than one case, the perpetrator was never discovered, and the attempt is credited to “unknown assassin” or “unknown Pole” or “unknown German soldier” or “unknown man in SS uniform.” 3) The bastard survived them all by the most bizarre skin-of-his-teeth coincidences. Rescheduled speeches and canceled parades, explosives that detonated too soon or inexplicably not at all, bomb-holding briefcases moved too close to thick wooden table legs. The night one of Hitler’s own SS bodyguards fired into the Fuhrer’s car, succeeding in killing the man in the back seat, Hitler just happened to be driving, and it was his luckless chauffeur who died. The German soldier who planted a bomb under the stage where Hitler was to give a speech got locked in the bathroom, no I am not kidding, and was unable to detonate it. Georg Elser’s elaborate and well-thought-out plan was foiled by Hitler’s decision to, for the first time, take an early train from the Beer Hall Putsch anniversary rally instead of staying for all the speeches. And on and on and on. It’s almost as though there was some sort of duel going on, across time and space, possibly involving time-traveling Nazis. You know, hypothetically. April 9th,2018 Keeping Time \| No Comments The story you think you’re reading Time travel stories come in different flavors. There are the “fish out of water” historical fiction or futurefic stories; alternate history “what-if” stories; and stories where the actual mechanics of the time travel are a crucial part of the plot. Most take a little from column A and a little from column B, of course. Stephen King’s 11/22/63 does hinge on time travel mechanics and does present a (brief) alternate 2011, but what really makes that book tick is its lovingly crafted descriptions of life in the late 50s and early 60s. Diana Gabaldon’s Outlander series is weighted the same way, with the historical fiction immersion the biggest selling point (although the mechanics of time travel have become more plot relevant in the more recent books). Connie Willis’s Doomsday Book is definitely weighted toward the historical fiction side of things; Blackout and All Clear are more evenly balanced between “historical fiction” and “the sort of story that can only be told through time travel”; and To Say Nothing Of The Dog, though a delightful romp through Victorian manners and mores, definitely hinges on mechanics. And misunderstandings. Lots and lots of misunderstandings. The sort of time travel story that prioritizes mechanics is almost by definition a story that hinges on misunderstandings and misinterpretation—or perhaps it would be more accurate to say on multiple-perspective interpretation. These are the stories that tend to show you the same scene more than once, the second time with additional context that changes its place in the story arc. Done right, that sort of perspective flip leaves the reader gutted—or barely restraining a cheer. Sometimes both. I love it when the story I think I’m reading turns out not to be the story I am actually reading. My favorite example of this is a Star Trek episode—and it’s not even one of the franchise’s actual time travel stories. I like a bunch of those too, but at its core, Yesterday’s Enterprise is really an alternate history story. The Voyage Home is really a fish out of water story (seewhatIdidthere?). And I love them both, but not the way I love Timescape. Timescape is a sixth season TNG episode that rarely shows up on anyone’s “best of” list. And yet. Picard, Troi, Data, and LaForge return to the Enterprise from a conference to find that A) the ship is frozen in time, having encountered a temporal anomaly wandering about, as my husband phrases it, in search of a plot to adhere to, and B) Romulans were in the process of taking over the ship when time froze. One Romulan is in Sickbay shooting Dr. Crusher, another has taken over the conn (and the conn officer lies injured on the floor), a third is looming threateningly over a fallen Commander Riker. The evidence absolutely 100% percent supports the hypothesis of a Romulan attack. But sometimes the story you think you’re watching isn’t the story you are actually watching. When Our Heroes back time up (you know, like you do) and start it again, we see the Sickbay Romulan firing at a third-party mutual-enemy threat temporarily between him and the doctor. We see the ship shake in a distortion field, throwing the conn officer out of his seat and knocking Riker to the floor. We see the young Romulan lieutenant smoothly take over for the injured conn officer and the looming Romulan senior officer reach out a hand and help the stunned Riker to his feet. The same evidence can support more than one hypothesis, particularly when you haven’t gathered all the evidence yet. Which also is how a well-constructed mystery works, with clues that appear to lead to one conclusion equally well supporting another, once the entire context is uncovered. And it’s how prophecy works, when prophecy is used as a story element in speculative fiction. Audience perspective is a tool you can use in branching interactive fiction as well, and oh, I do. (The same scene can be a beat in the arc where you overthrow the government, put down the rebellion, or become Jack the Ripper. Just ask Garrett Finch.) Nor is this technique confined to genre fiction; any nonlinear narrative can gut-punch the reader by suddenly providing the contextual clue that alters the reader’s entire perspective. The story you think you’re reading is often not the story you are actually reading. Time travel is just one of the more fun ways to pull that off. And sometimes it works on the writer too. Sometimes the writer is as surprised by the story she finds herself writing as any member of her audience. Oh. That’s what this is about. I loved Babylon 5, back in the day, among other reasons for its masterful use of prophecy and time travel. And also because the character arcs of Londo Mollari and Ambassador G’Kar are beautifully constructed even just when viewed by themselves, never mind the way they reflect and refract and amplify each other as they twine together. Londo is one of my very favorite characters. “I can’t shake the feeling,” someone wrote on a fan website back in the day, “that this whole story is really about him.” This whole five-year ensemble-cast multi-plotted story is really about a character who doesn’t even have top billing? Really? But JMS posted to that website all the time. And didn’t say she was wrong. I finally got traction on writing Timebound when I realized who the Keeping Time story is really about. It’s not Elizabeth. She plays a starring role in her story, as Bilbo does in his, but The Lord of the Rings cannot correctly be described as Bilbo’s story. It’s not Maxwell either. I thought of Timebound as “Maxwell’s story” for a long time, and it is, admittedly, largely Maxwell’s story; but it isn’t entirely Maxwell’s story, and as far as the whole story goes, Keeping Time, the trilogy and the tendrils of it that stretch before the beginning of book one and past the end of book three—it is so not Maxwell’s story. Maxwell plays one supporting role of many to the person whose story might equally well be described as a self-created epic and a long con. You might guess who, from what I’ve just said here, by sheer process of elimination. But you haven’t been given enough clues in Timepiece or Timekeeper to logically infer. You haven’t seen the beginning of the story yet. Any of its beginnings. You’re about to become acquainted with at least three. Maybe four; it depends how you count. Timebound, weirdly enough, turns out to be a series of beginnings. I think you’ll like it, when you see whose story this actually is. I found myself surprised and delighted in equal measure. Sometimes the story you think you’re writing isn’t the story you’re actually writing. Sometimes that’s okay. And sometimes it’s wonderful. March 6th,2018 Keeping Time \| No Comments Intercon anecdote Intrigue In The Clouds is a famous convention LARP, but I didn’t know that when I went to sign up for games at Intercon. If I had known of its fame, I would have put it as my first choice. Putting it as my second choice got me on the waitlist. Live and learn. I spent the next few weeks hoping enough people would drop that I would get to play. By Saturday of Intercon, it was clear that this had not happened, but experienced Interconners encouraged me to put on a costume and show up at the game anyway, just on the off-chance. You never know, they said. A lot of people are sick with flu, after all. So I put on my starched white blouse and crinoline petticoat and long full skirt (not quite the right decade, but close enough) and got it all arranged so I could walk without tripping. Collected my fan and reticule and presented myself to the game masters at twenty minutes to eight. They shook their heads. “We haven’t had any drops – ” “No problem,” I started to say. “Thanks for – ” “But.” The GM held out a packet, and I stopped talking. “I wrote this for my eleven-year-old son to play the last time we ran. It’s not a very complicated character, but you don’t have time to learn a complicated character anyway. Would you mind playing a newsboy?” I put my hand right out for it. “I’d love to play a newsboy.” He eyed my outfit. “You can’t wear that, is the only thing. Can you come up with a costume in time?” “Absolutely,” I said. “I’ve got twenty minutes. I’ll be right back.” Cue me flying down the halls of the Crown Plaza as fast as the ridiculous crinoline would allow, texting to my compatriots once I hit the elevator: “I’m in! I can play Intrigue if I play a newsboy! Where the hell am I going to find costuming for that in 19 minutes??? :D” Compatriot #1: “LOL” Compatriot #1: “You just need to find a newsboy cap somewhere.” Compatriot #2: “That’s exactly what I was going to say!” It was something I already knew. But I didn’t own one, let alone have one on hand. I knew some people at the con had them…I’d seen at least one for sure, maybe more than one…maybe I could ask at the registration desk? Would that be crazy? The elevator doors opened to reveal a lady dressed in a mirror image of the same over-the-top Victorian garb I was wearing, except her skirt was green, and she’d added a wig. It couldn’t possibly hurt to ask, right? “Excuse me,” I said. “Are you playing Intrigue In The Clouds?” She smiled. “Yes I am!” “So am I!” I said. “I just got in off the waitlist, and they gave me a newsboy character. So I have to go change. Would you by any chance know anyone who might be able to lend me the right kind of cap?” “Actually,” she said, “I have one. Come with me.” Back into the elevator! All the way up to the sixth floor! I texted my companions: “I just found a lady who will lend me one!!! I love Intercon!” She rummaged through a box of costumes and came up with the cap. I told her she was my new favorite person. With fourteen minutes to go, I booked it for my room. I tore off and left heaped on the floor my belt, skirt, blouse, and crinoline. I left on the black leggings I’d been wearing under the skirt and pulled a plain black shirt over my head. I swapped out my black flats for high black boots, grabbed my black-and-gray patterned scarf and tied it so it hung long, like a muffler, then added the cap. The cap helped a lot. I wasn’t sure what I was going to do for a jacket. Ideally, I’d need a man’s suit coat a little too big for me, sleeves rolled up, but with seven minutes to go before game start, idealism was going to have to bow to reality. I searched my collection of paperwork from other games for something that might serve as a newspaper prop. My roommate (aka Compatriot #2) entered in search of something he had forgotten, and admired the effect of the cap – “Wow. That really works.” I asked if he had a suit jacket. He didn’t. I pulled on my purple velveteen jacket – too fancy for the character, but nothing to be done about it – and checked the mirror. The cap made all the difference; with it pulled low over one eye, I could look up in an appropriately ragamuffin sort of way. “I just need something that looks like a newspaper – ” I told my friend, turning back to my search. He handed me his day-old Wall Street Journal. I love Intercon. Then I ran down the hall and down the elevator and down the other hall to the event space, skidding to a stop in front of the GM at two minutes to eight. “Paper, mister?” I said. He raised his eyebrows. “Very nice. And right on time.” And the game was awesome, by the way. Its fame is justified, and if you’re going to play something that complicated with no prep, a paperboy is an ideal way to do it, since you can wander all around and nibble little bites from all the intersecting plots. I had a blast inhabiting that universe for four hours. But my favorite part was the nineteen minutes before the game began. Best part of Intercon. No question. February 28th,2018 Uncategorized \| No Comments Join me at Boskone (February 16-18, 2018) in Boston, MA for New England’s longest running science fiction and fantasy convention! I will be moderating two panels and involved in two different group readings. AND, to my delight, I have been given a solo slot to give a talk on applying live action design principles to augmented reality games! It’s a shortened version of the talk I gave at the East Coast Game Conference last April, so if you’re a Boston local who’s interested in the topic but found Raleigh an untenable commute, I’d just like to point out that the Westin Waterfront is closer. 🙂 Curse Your Inevitable Romantic Subplot! 16 Feb 2018, Friday 16:00 – 17:00, Burroughs (Westin) Just when things are getting good, somebody has to go and fall in love. Are romantic subplots required? And what makes them work or fail in the larger storyline? Heather Albano (M), Suzanne Reynolds-Alpert, J. Kathleen Cheney, Kevin McLaughlin, Juliana Spink Mills The Sword in the Stone: A New Beginning for the Arthurian Legends? 16 Feb 2018, Friday 18:00 – 19:00, Marina 2 (Westin) First published in 1938 as a stand-alone tale, T. H. White’s The Sword in the Stone departs from older sources to (wonderfully) imagine King Arthur as a boy in Merrie Olde England. What did it bring to now-popular tropes such as shapeshifting, the hidden prince, or the magical education? Later incorporated into the first part of White’s 1958 novel The Once and Future King, it helped spark the musical Camelot. (And, of course, Spamalot.) Would we remember much about King Arthur, his Knights, and their Round Table without these books? How did they influence the wider fantasy genre? Have they been replaced by the stories they inspired? Faye Ringel, Elizabeth Bear, E. Ardell, Auston Habershaw, Heather Albano (M) Group Reading: Cambridge SF Workshop 16 Feb 2018, Friday 20:00 – 21:30, Griffin (Westin) A rapid-fire reading by the members of the long-running Cambridge SF Workshop, featuring writers Heather Albano, James L. Cambias, F. Brett Cox, Gillian Daniels, Alex Jablokov, Steve Popkes, Ken Schneyer (M), Sarah Smith, and Cadwell Turnbull. Group Reading: Broad Universe 17 Feb 2018, Saturday 17:00 – 18:00, Griffin (Westin) Join members of Broad Universe — a nonprofit association dedicated to supporting, encouraging, and promoting female authors of science fiction, fantasy, and horror — as they read tidbits of works and works in progress. Celebrate 17 years of “Broads” with Elaine Isaak, Heather Albano, Roberta Rogow, LJ Cohen, and more! Beyond Pokemon Go: Writing For Augmented Reality Games 17 Feb 2018, Saturday 20:00 – 21:00, Marina 1 (Westin) Location-based augmented reality games are becoming increasingly popular in the mobile marketplace, and their unique structure offers new and exciting storytelling opportunities to writers and game designers alike. But AR games are not the first to incorporate the real world as a design element; live action roleplaying games have been doing this for decades. Veteran LARP designer Heather Albano will discuss how the best practices of live action design are being applied to early augmented reality games right now, and how game writers can leverage these design principles to create memorable (and successful!) AR games in the near future. February 6th,2018 Uncategorized \| No Comments Arisia 2018! Will you be at Arisia this coming weekend? So will I! Come and see me at: “If You Don’t Know, Now You Know” – Friday 5:30pm Marina2 SFF Authors use foreknowledge of events, whether predictive models, visions, or prophecy, to give characters future knowledge, often to solve story problems. In this panel, we’ll look at the problems this foreknowledge creates, for the characters, for the author, and for the reader. “Broad Universe Rapid Fire Reading” – Saturday 10am Adams Come discover your new favorite writer as we read short excerpts from our work. Each writer has just a few minutes to show you what she’s capable of! We offer chocolate and the chance to win prizes. Broad Universe is an international organization dedicated to promoting, encouraging, honoring, and celebrating women writers and editors in science fiction, fantasy, horror, and other speculative genres. “Frankenstein Turns 200” Sunday 10am Douglas Mary Shelley’s novel “Frankenstein” was published in London in 1818, and is often considered to be the first science fiction novel. I will moderate the panel discussing its impact on the genre and culture in general, including its role in the genre canon, its status as a classic novel, works inspired by it, and whether or not it’s even really that good a book. The Broad Universe table in the Dealers’ Room …various times during Saturday and Sunday, selling Timepieces and Timekeepers! January 9th,2018 Uncategorized \| No Comments	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line352
__label__cc	0.728361	0.271639	It's December, so that means the annual Will Shortz's Wonderful World of Words just ended, and once again, we played four terrific word games. We especially enjoy supporting the products of independent game companies, who have seen many toy stores close and face an uphill battle placing their wares into big-box stores. Our group loved to play KerFlip! It's much faster-paced than most anagram games, but there is still strategy involved. All players must form a word from 10-12 common tiles: there are great advantages to be the first to find a word, but slower players might come up with longer and higher-scoring words. Inventor Damon Tabb has incorporated so many cool design choices: 1. You play the game on the inside of the box. 2. In most rounds of KerFlip!, some tiles are "thrown away" but unused tiles are put back in the bag to be drawn again. To get rid of unwanted tiles you just sweep them the the bottom of the playing area. When you are through, one flip of the box and the tiles are automatically retrieved by in an inner box. 3. The first edition of KerFlip! featured a set of timers. In the second edition, there is only one, and players can choose whether to use the timer or not. Even if you do, only the slowest player is on the clock after the other players have come up with a word, so no one has to look for the sandtimer to empty while trying to play the game. Kerflip! is easy to learn and bright kids can be competitive with adults, especially if they are fast. There are many more features to the game, well documented by the Watch It Play video above. If you like pure word games, I think you'll love KerFlip! Main \| More about Pop Culture	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line354
__label__cc	0.708707	0.291293	Review: Windows Storage Server 2012 Posted on November 27, 2012 By Paul Ferrill While most of the Microsoft news of late has been related to Windows 8 and the Surface tablet, just a few weeks ago there was a new release of Windows Server 2012 which included a version named Windows Storage Server 2012. This offering comes in two versions, Workgroup and Standard. The Workgroup edition is targeted at smaller groups of users with a license-restricted number of concurrent SMB connections set at 250. It also limits the underlying hardware to a single CPU socket, a maximum of 32 GB of memory and up to six disks. The Standard edition looks almost identical to Windows Server 2012 Standard edition in terms of capabilities and features. It has the ability to support two Hyper-V instances, up to 2 TB of memory and 64 CPU sockets. There is no limit to the number of disks or concurrent SMB connections with the Standard edition. While neither version will function as a domain controller, you can create a virtual machine with Windows Server 2012 Standard and use it in that role. Installing Windows Storage Server 2012 is pretty much what you’d expect from a Windows operating system. It boots from DVD or USB disk and asks you to answer a few questions. You’ll need a 64-bit capable computer along with a minimum of 512 MB of memory. For the Standard edition you’ll need a virtualization-capable CPU if you intend on running Hyper-V. You’ll also need SAS disks should you want to cluster-enable your storage. The good news is Windows Storage Server 2012 installs just fine on any late-model system with either an Intel Core i5 or i7 CPU or an AMD multi-core processor. We tested it on a white-box system with an AMD Phenom II X6 1090T 3.21 GHz processor (six cores), 16 GB of memory, a single 500 GB SATA drive for the boot disk and two 2 TB SATA drives for storage. You’ll need at least two disks if you plan on using any of the resilient capabilities of the new Storage Spaces feature. SATA drives work just fine with either edition, and you could get as much as 24 TB of storage with the new 4 TB drives. All versions of Windows Server come with several new features in the storage area. These include an improved iSCSI Target and Initiator, an updated NFS client and server, and SMB 3.0 with a bevy of new features. SMB 3.0 is the key to many of the new storage capabilities in Windows Server 2012 and provides the foundation upon which things like Cluster Shared Volumes and the scale-out file server are built. The NFS and iSCSI server functionality makes Windows Storage Server 2012 a good candidate solution for your VMware workloads. Many of the new storage features are designed with the virtualization use-case in mind. Windows Storage Server 2012 Standard includes Hyper-V, as well as the ability to join a cluster. That means with two computers and dual-ported SAS disk controllers you can build a resilient storage cluster that would rival high-end storage area networks at a fraction of the cost. For failover there’s a new feature in SMB 3.0 called the Witness Service that brings the ability to switch a connection from a client to another computer in the cluster quickly in the event of a hard failure. All versions of Windows Server 2012 come with PowerShell 3.0, which provides the core of all management functionality. On graphical installations of Windows Server you have access to the new Server Manager tool which includes many information screens and wizards to deliver a much richer and functional management interface. Behind the scenes is PowerShell 3.0, executing the commands to carry out the administrative tasks. For example, to create a share on a local drive you could use the GUI interface or type the following command in a PowerShell window: New-SmbShare –Name ShareName –Path C:\LocalFolder That’s all there is to it. You can get a list of current shares with the command: Get-SmbShare For the more graphically oriented there’s Server Manager. It’s a definite upgrade over previous administrative tools delivering a well-laid-out interface that’s easy to navigate. Context-sensitive menus and drop-down lists show you only the commands pertinent to the operation at hand. Other tools are available from the Tools menu such as the Hyper-V manager. These launch stand-alone apps to handle management tasks not covered by Server Manager. Windows Storage Server 2012 brings lots of functionality to the table as a stand-alone or cluster-capable storage appliance. With iSCSI and NFS capability you could use one to provide storage to other virtualization solutions such as Citrix’s Xen or VMware. Expect to see it roll out soon, bundled with hardware offerings from all the major vendors, or you can download a copy from Microsoft’s MSDN or Technet service and give it a whirl on your hardware.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line355
__label__cc	0.656277	0.343723	All About Hawai'i Volcanoes and Earthquakes The Big Island of Hawai'i is composed of five volcanoes... Kohala, Mauna Kea, Hualālai, Mauna Loa, and Kilauea. Hualālai and Mauna Loa are expected to erupt again. Mauna Kea can still be active though there are no current indications. The current active volcano is Kilauea which has been spewing forth lava pretty much nonstop since it began - and is among the worlds most active volcanoes. Currently lava comes out at the Pu'u 'O'o vent inside the Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. Depending on conditions the lava is quite often accessible and offers visitors an experience of a lifetime. Lava flowing from Pu'u 'O'o normally flows through lava tubes towards the ocean 6 miles away. About two miles before the ocean the lava encounters a 1,200 foot cliff which is flows over, and then two to three miles of coastal flats until it pours into the ocean. Often the lava is visible on the Pali (cliff), on the coastal flats, and at the ocean entry. In the huge Kilauea Summit caldera itself site Halema'uma'u Crater. On March 19, 2008, a vent opened in the crater causing a portion of Crater Rim Drive to be closed. The vent is still open but lava continues to remain below the surface of the vent. We have much to say about the volcano and the lava - this page lays out the various sections that you can visit. Be sure to read the section on Cautions and Warnings as it contains very important information about volcano safety. Earthquake Info Cooking In Lava Lava Photo Gallery The USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory located in the Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park provides a daily update of the eruption activity at Pu'u 'O'o and down on the coastal flats. This is a good place to check to see what is currently going on. We extract the daily report from USGS and have it for you below along with some of the most recent USGS pictures of the flow. Please visit the USGS website for more details and photographs. HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERVATORY MONTHLY UPDATE Thursday, January 9, 2020, 11:09 AM HST (Thursday, January 9, 2020, 21:09 UTC) KILAUEA VOLCANO (VNUM #332010) 19°25'16" N 155°17'13" W, Summit Elevation 4091 ft (1247 m) Current Volcano Alert Level: NORMAL Current Aviation Color Code: GREEN Activity Summary: Kīlauea Volcano is not erupting. Monitoring data for December show variable rates of seismicity and ground deformation, low rates of sulfur dioxide emissions, and only minor geologic changes since the end of eruptive activity in September 2018. Observations: Monitoring data have shown no significant changes in volcanic activity during December. Rates of seismicity over the month were variable but within long term vales. Sulfur dioxide emission rates are low at the summit and are below detection limits at Puʻu ʻŌʻō and the lower East Rift Zone. The pond at the bottom of Halema'uma'u, which began forming on July 25, 2019, continues to slowly expand and deepen. As of early January, dimensons are: 84 meters by 190 meters or approximately 280 feet by 620 feet. Current depth is about 23 meters or 75 feet. Over the past month, about a dozen deflation-inflation (DI) events occurred beneath the summit, similar to the prior month. Since early March 2019, GPS stations and tiltmeters at the Kīlauea summit have recorded deformation consistent with slow magma accumulation within the shallow portion of the Kīlauea summit magma system (1-2 km or approximately 1 mile below ground level). However, gas measurements show continuing low levels of sulfur dioxide, consistent with no significant shallowing of magma. Some amount of sulfur dioxide is being dissolved into the summit lake; work continues to try and quantify this process. Farther east, GPS stations and tiltmeters continue to show motions consistent with slowed refilling of the deep East Rift Zone magmatic reservoir in the broad region between Puʻu ʻŌʻō and Highway 130. Monitoring data do not suggest any imminent change in volcanic hazard for this area. In addition to motion along the East Rift Zone, the south flank of Kīlauea continues to creep seaward at elevated rates following the May 4, 2018 M6.9 earthquake near Kalapana. HVO continues to carefully monitor all data streams along the Kīlauea East Rift Zone and south flank for important changes. Although not currently erupting, areas of persistently elevated ground temperatures and minor release of gases are still found in the vicinity of the 2018 lower East Rift Zone fissures. These include steam (water), very small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide. These conditions are expected to be long-term. Similar conditions following the 1955 eruption continued for years to decades. Hazards: Hazards remain in the lower East Rift Zone eruption area and at the Kīlauea summit. Residents and visitors near the 2018 fissures, lava flows, and summit collapse area should heed Hawaii County Civil Defense and National Park warnings. Lava flows and features created by the 2018 eruption are primarily on private property and persons are asked to be respectful and not enter or park on private property. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) continues to closely monitor geologic changes, seismicity, deformation, and gas emissions for any sign of increased activity at Kīlauea. HVO maintains visual surveillance of the volcano with web cameras and field visits. Additional messages and alert level changes will be issued as warranted by changing activity. Background As of June 25 2019, Kīlauea Volcano has been at NORMAL/GREEN. For definitions of USGS Volcano Alert Levels and Aviation Color Codes, see: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/about_alerts.html. Kīlauea remains an active volcano, and it will erupt again. Although we expect clear signs prior to the next eruption, the time frame of warning may be short. Island of Hawaiʻi residents should be familiar with the long-term hazard map for Kīlauea Volcano (https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1992/2193/) and should stay informed about Kīlauea activity. This notice contains additional volcanoes not displayed: Hualalai (NORMAL/GREEN), Mauna Kea (NORMAL/GREEN), Haleakala (NORMAL/GREEN), Loihi Seamount (UNASSIGNED/UNASSIGNED). Activity summary for Mauna Loa is also available by phone: (808) 967-8866 Subscribe to these messages: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vns2/ Webcam images: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mauna_loa/multimedia_webcams.html Photos/video: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mauna_loa/multimedia_chronology.html FAQs of Mauna Loa: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/faq_maunaloa.html Summary of volcanic hazards from eruptions: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/hawaii_hazards.html Recent earthquakes in Hawaiʻi (map and list): https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mauna_loa/monitoring_summary.html Explanation of Volcano Alert Levels and Aviation Color Codes: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/about_alerts.html askHVO@usgs.gov The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory is one of five volcano observatories within the U.S. Geological Survey and is responsible for monitoring volcanoes and earthquakes in Hawaiʻi. Volcano Books and Videos Book: Chasing Lava: A Geologist's Adventures at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Book: Hawai'i's Volcanos: Legends and Facts Book: Hawai'i Volcano Watch: A Pictorial History, 1779-1991 Book: Mauna Loa: World's Largest Active Volcano Book: Hawai'i's Kilauea Volcano: The Flow to the Sea Video: Volcano - Fountains of Fire Video: Lava Flows and Lava Tubes Video: 2003 Eruption Update: A Firsthand Account of the Current Eruption of Kilauea Volcano This page is named 'Volcano'. Can't Find It? http://www.instanthawaii.com/cgi-bin/hi?Volcano	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line357
__label__cc	0.603345	0.396655	Department of Health Daily Zika Update Tallahassee, Fla.—In an effort to keep Florida residents and visitors safe and aware about the status of the Zika virus, the department will issue a Zika virus update each week day. Updates will include a Zika case count by county and information to keep Floridians informed and prepared. In order to keep the public informed, the department has posted our investigation process here. There is one new travel-related case today in Miami-Dade County. There no new locally acquired cases today. The total number of Zika cases reported in Florida as of today is 1,220. Infection Type Infection Count Travel-Related Infections of Zika Locally Acquired Infections of Zika Pregnant Women with Lab-Evidence of Zika Note, these categories are not mutually exclusive and cannot be added together. Please visit our website to see the full list of travel-related cases by county. Recently, Governor Rick Scott announced that the department had not detected any additional local transmissions of Zika in the north portion of Miami Beach in more than 45 days. That portion of the zone has been lifted. The lifted area is about three miles, from 28th street to 63rd street. The remaining area of active Zika transmission in Miami Beach is about 1.5 square miles between 8th and 28th streets. The remaining area of active Zika transmission in Little River is about one square mile. DOH continues outreach and targeted testing in Miami-Dade County and mosquito abatement and reduction activities are also taking place around the locations that are being investigated. DOH believes ongoing transmission is only taking place within the identified area in Miami Beach and Little River in Miami-Dade County, see maps below. One case does not mean ongoing active transmission is taking place. DOH conducts a thorough investigation by sampling close contacts and community members around each case to determine if additional people are infected. If DOH finds evidence that active transmission is occurring in an area, the media and the public will be notified. The timelines below are as of Nov. 23. Note: asymptomatic cases are not reflected as they do not have symptom on-set dates. click image above to enlarge The department is currently conducting 14 active investigations. The department has closed 38 investigations. Information regarding the investigations can be found here. If investigations reveal additional areas of active transmission, the department will announce a defined area of concern. The department has conducted Zika virus testing for more than 10,665 people statewide. Florida currently has the capacity to test 5,753 people for active Zika virus and 4,997 for Zika antibodies. At Governor Scott’s direction, all county health departments now offer free Zika risk assessment and testing to pregnant women. Florida’s small case cluster is not considered widespread transmission, however, pregnant women are advised to avoid non-essential travel to the impacted area in Miami-Dade County (see map below). If you are pregnant and must travel or if you live or work in the impacted area, protect yourself from mosquito bites by wearing insect repellent, long clothing and limiting your time outdoors. According to CDC guidance, providers should test all pregnant women who lived in, traveled to or whose partner traveled to Miami-Dade County after Aug. 1, 2016. It is also recommended that all pregnant women who reside in or travel frequently to the area where active transmission is likely occurring be tested for Zika in the first and second trimester. Pregnant women in the identified area can contact their medical provider or their local county health department to be tested and receive a Zika prevention kit. CDC recommends that a pregnant woman with a history of Zika virus and her provider should consider additional ultrasounds. Additionally, the department is working closely with the Healthy Start Coalition of Miami-Dade County to identify pregnant women in the impacted areas to ensure they have access to resources and information to protect themselves. CDC recommends that a pregnant woman with a history of Zika virus and her provider should consider additional ultrasounds. Pregnant women can contact their local county health department for Zika risk assessment and testing hours and information. A Zika risk assessment will be conducted by county health department staff and blood and/or urine samples may be collected and sent to labs for testing. It may take one to two weeks to receive results. Florida has been monitoring pregnant women with evidence of Zika regardless of symptoms. The total number of pregnant women who have been or are being monitored is 173. On Feb. 12, Governor Scott directed the State Surgeon General to activate a Zika Virus Information Hotline for current Florida residents and visitors, as well as anyone planning on traveling to Florida in the near future. The hotline, managed by the Department of Health, has assisted 7,776 callers since it launched. The number for the Zika Virus Information Hotline is 1-855-622-6735. The department urges Floridians to drain standing water weekly, no matter how seemingly small. A couple drops of water in a bottle cap can be a breeding location for mosquitoes. Residents and visitors also need to use repellents when enjoying the Florida outdoors. For more information on DOH action and federal guidance, please click here. For resources and information on Zika virus, click here. The department, nationally accredited by the Public Health Accreditation Board, works to protect, promote, and improve the health of all people in Florida through integrated state, county and community efforts.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line360
__label__wiki	0.592223	0.592223	Politics and Treason, The fabulously cantankerous Dr. Frank Kameny's most blunt remarks regard the treason of those who put their own prejudices above the good of our nation. He said, "Denying our military of the services of people who have much to offer, clearly gives aid and comfort to our enemies. But under Section 3 of Article 3 of the constitution, giving aid and comfort to the enemy is one of the definitions of treason. Therefore, anyone who supports the military gay ban whether by direct act or by mere word of mouth is constitutionally defined as a traitor and should be indicted, prosecuted, tried, convicted and hanged for treason. I will gladly provide the cost of the hangman's rope out of my own pocket." On Sunday morning December 20th, 2009 on NBC's Meet the Press, Dr. Howard Dean said that, "The Republicans have put their party before the country." He was specifically being asked about his view on the effort to draft the Health Care Reform bill. He was referring to determined and highly organized obstruction in order to stop the bill from going forward. What he said was incredibly blunt, but still excruciatingly polite; he never suggested the word used above. It seems to be about their wanting to defeat any effort by a president that they don't like and don't want to agree with on anything, while having not the slightest concern about millions of Americans who are not rich enough, privileged enough, fortunate enough, or cleverly employed enough to have any insurance for health care. What many are thinking is, "How could they be so mean?" But, there are also grandstanding Democrats who held out their votes for raw cash for their states, and for their professed personal beliefs regarding abortion, socialism and capitalism. To be blunt, it was suggested, on PBS' Washington Week on Friday December 18th 2009, that those opposed to universal health care are serving the private health care industry from whom they receive substantial donations. How convenient! How mean, how profane. For them, it's just business. What about our nation's values, what about the good of our country? Allowing gay patriotic volunteers to serve openly in our American armed forces would not cost anyone anything, in fact it would save all the taxpayer money wasted on investigation, administration, and training replacements for those discharged under DADT. So, it's not about the profanity of money; it's about pure and sacred bigotry, still, however, at the expense of the good of our nation. It's the business of going broke for bigotry. What about our nation's reputation, values, and well being? What is really weirdly interesting is that many of the people prejudiced against gay rights are the same people who are against health care reform. Now, what the hell is that all about? Not all those folks are fat cat rich and comfortable. Many have lost their jobs and homes and have no health insurance; yet they will bug their eyes out, square their jaws and fervently sing battle cries for bigotry and shout anti-government slogans about health care. Did I say anti-government? What's going on here, who are these people? Who are their leaders? Are they faithful patriots or subversives? I'm suspicious as hell about their integrity and goals and loyalty to America and its values. Those who are against anyone who is different from themselves, those who would deny patriotic volunteers the privilege of serving our nation, and those who would withhold healthcare from the poor and suffering, don't seem to have the best interests of America in their hearts and minds. They seem to have confounded prejudice with faith and selfishness with sedition. Now, of course, those who would block the service of courageous volunteers and deny healing to the tired and hungry and less fortunate may love our country and simply have a different vision for America. It's what my mother called, "biting your nose to spite yourself." My mother understood American freedom; she arrived here as a refugee from religious genocide in Europe during World War II. In fact she was an illegal immigrant, arriving at Ellis Island in 1938 without papers after an escape ordeal during which she faced death every step of the way. She had faith in what she called 'human morality,' because all along the way total strangers risked their lives so that she could reach freedom on America's shores. A Gestapo officer had risked being shot dead as a traitor by validating her passport at the German Dutch border, people hid her in Holland, and customs officials at the start and end of her wartime winter sea journey across the north Atlantic let her pass through to board a ship in Amsterdam and to debark to freedom upon arrival in America. She inspired me to volunteer to serve my country at the height of the Vietnam War in 1968, despite my being gay, to pay my country back for our freedom. I served ten years, leaving honorably as a Sergeant Fist Class. My mother's vision was clear and simple: "there is nothing more precious than American Freedom." Denny Meyer, American Veteran	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line363
__label__cc	0.734227	0.265773	Evoke Pharma Inc - FORM 10-K - March 4, 2015 EX-32.1 - EX-32.1 - Evoke Pharma Inc evok-ex321_201412319.htm EX-32.2 - EX-32.2 - Evoke Pharma Inc evok-ex322_2014123110.htm EXCEL - IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT - Evoke Pharma Inc Financial_Report.xls ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 Commission file number: 001-36075 Evoke Pharma, Inc. 505 Lomas Santa Fe Drive, Suite 270 Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share The NASDAQ Capital Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No x Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). x Yes ¨ No Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Yes ¨ No x As of February 23, 2015, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $16,009,719, based on the closing price of the registrant’s common stock on the NASDAQ Capital Market of $5.44 per share. The number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, as of February 23, 2015 was 6,137,091. Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A in connection with the registrant’s 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed subsequent to the date hereof, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K. Such proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days following the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2014. FORM 10-K — ANNUAL REPORT Item 1. Business Item 1A. Risk Factors Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Item 2. Properties Item 3. Legal Proceedings Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Item 6. Selected Financial Data Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Item 9B. Other Information Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Item 11. Executive Compensation Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Item 13. Certain Relationships, Related Transactions and Director Independence Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules Forward-Looking Statements and Market Data This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, prospective products, product approvals, research and development costs, timing and likelihood of success, plans and objectives of management for future operations, and future results of current and anticipated products are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statement. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Business.” In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. Although we believe the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, such statements are inherently subject to risk and we can give no assurances that our expectations will prove to be correct. Given these risks, uncertainties and other factors, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K completely. As a result of many factors, including without limitation those set forth under “Risk Factors” under Item 1A of this Part I below, and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. Except as required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this report or to reflect actual outcomes. For all forward-looking statements, we claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. This Annual Report on Form 10-K also contains estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, our business, and the markets for EVK-001, including data regarding the estimated size of those markets, their projected growth rates, the incidence of certain medical conditions, statements that certain drugs or classes of drugs are the most widely prescribed in the United States or other markets, the perceptions and preferences of patients and physicians regarding certain therapies and other prescription, prescriber and patient data, as well as data regarding market research, estimates and forecasts prepared by our management. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances reflected in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market and other data from reports, research surveys, studies and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry, medical and general publications, government data and similar sources We use our registered trademark, EVOKE PHARMA, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This Annual Report on Form 10-K also includes trademarks, tradenames and service marks that are the property of other organizations. Solely for convenience, trademarks and tradenames referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K appear without the ® and ™ symbols, but those references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or that the applicable owner will not assert its rights, to these trademarks and tradenames. Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “Evoke,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Evoke Pharma, Inc. We are a specialty pharmaceutical company focused primarily on the development of drugs to treat gastrointestinal, or GI, disorders and diseases. We are developing EVK-001, a metoclopramide nasal spray for the relief of symptoms associated with acute and recurrent diabetic gastroparesis in women with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic gastroparesis is a GI disorder afflicting millions of sufferers worldwide in which the stomach takes too long to empty its contents resulting in serious digestive system symptoms. Metoclopramide is the only product currently approved in the United States to treat gastroparesis, and is currently available only in oral and intravenous forms. EVK-001 is a novel formulation of this drug, designed to provide systemic delivery of metoclopramide through intranasal administration. Gastroparesis is a condition of delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Gastroparesis results in food remaining in the stomach for a longer time than normal, yielding a variety of symptoms. Gastroparesis is a common problem in individuals with diabetes, but also is observed in patients with prior gastric surgery, a preceding infectious illness, pseudo-obstruction, collagen vascular disorders and anorexia nervosa. According to the American Motility Society Task Force on Gastroparesis, the prevalence of gastroparesis is estimated to be up to 4% of the United States population. Symptoms of gastroparesis include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, bloating, early satiety, lack of appetite, and weight loss. The disorder can lead to considerable pain and discomfort, poor nutrition, impaired glycemic control and diminished quality of life. According to a 2008 study published in the American Journal of Gastroenterology, it is estimated that hospitalization costs associated with gastroparesis exceed $3.5 billion annually. We believe intranasal administration has the potential to offer our target gastroparesis patients a preferred treatment option because, unlike oral metoclopramide which might be delayed in absorption due to gastroparesis itself, EVK-001 is designed to effectively bypass the digestive system and allow for more predictable drug administration across the thin mucosa in the nasal cavity. For patients suffering from nausea and vomiting who might not be able to absorb therapeutics via oral delivery, EVK-001 is designed to allow for rapid and predictable drug administration through the nasal route. We have evaluated EVK-001 in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group, dose-ranging Phase 2b clinical trial in 287 patients with diabetic gastroparesis where EVK-001 was observed to be effective in improving the most prevalent and clinically relevant symptoms associated with gastroparesis in women while exhibiting a favorable safety profile. In April 2014, we commenced a Phase 3 clinical trial of EVK-001 in female patients with symptoms associated with acute and recurrent diabetic gastroparesis. This Phase 3 clinical trial is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study evaluating the efficacy, safety and population pharmacokinetics of EVK-001 in adult female subjects with diabetic gastroparesis when dosed four times a day for 28 days. The Phase 3 trial is expected to enroll 200 patients at sites across the United States. As of February 2, 2015, we had randomized 74 subjects, and we anticipate fully enrolling this trial in the second half of 2015. We will need to successfully complete this trial before we are able to submit a new drug application, or NDA, to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for EVK-001. We reported in December 2014 that data from an electrocardiogram, or ECG, study that assessed the potential of EVK-001 to increase the cardiac QT and corrected QT, or QTc, interval across a range of plasma concentrations met the pre-specified primary endpoint, demonstrating that EVK-001, at therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses, did not prolong the QT/QTc interval in healthy subjects. The QT interval represents the amount of time the heart’s electrical system takes to repolarize, or recharge, after each beat, and the QTc interval represents the QT interval corrected for differences in heart rate. Prolongation of the QT interval may increase the risk for cardiac arrhythmias. A thorough ECG (QT) study is a specialized clinical trial designed to assess whether an investigational medication has the potential to prolong the QT interval. We are also conducting a companion clinical trial with EVK-001 in male patients with symptoms associated with acute and recurrent diabetic gastroparesis to assess the safety and efficacy of EVK-001 in men. The male companion trial was initiated in May 2014 and is designed similarly to the Phase 3 trial in women. This trial was requested by the FDA, but is not required for submission of the EVK-001 NDA for women; however, we expect to include safety data from this trial in our NDA submission. Our objective is to develop and bring to market products to treat acute and chronic GI motility disorders that are not satisfactorily treated with current therapies and that represent significant market opportunities. Our business strategy is to: Continue development and pursue regulatory approval for EVK-001. We are currently conducting a Phase 3 trial of EVK-001 in female patients suffering from diabetic gastroparesis, which if successful, will allow us to file an NDA with the FDA. Seek partnerships to accelerate and maximize the potential for EVK-001. As we continue to generate data on EVK-001, we are seeking partnering opportunities with pharmaceutical companies that have established development and sales and marketing capabilities to potentially enhance and accelerate the development and commercialization of EVK-001. Explore building in-house capabilities to potentially commercialize EVK-001 in the United States. As EVK-001 progresses through its Phase 3 clinical program, in addition to partnering opportunities, we are evaluating the development of our own specialty sales force and marketing capabilities to allow us to directly market EVK-001 in the United States, if approved by the FDA. Explore regulatory approval of EVK-001 outside the United States. We will initially seek approval of EVK-001 in the United States and then will evaluate the market opportunity in other countries. Evaluate the development and/or commercialization of other therapies for GI motility disorders. Similar to our initial focus on gastroparesis, we will evaluate opportunities to in-license or acquire other product candidates, as well as commercial products, to treat patients suffering from predominantly GI disorders, seeking to identify areas of high unmet medical needs with limited treatment options. The Gastrointestinal Market The health of the GI system has a major effect on an individual’s daily activities and quality of life. A retrospective review published by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases estimated that in 2004 there were more than 72 million ambulatory care visits with a diagnosis of a GI disorder in the United States alone. The annual cost of these GI disorders in 2004, not including digestive cancers and viral diseases, was estimated to be greater than $114 billion in direct and indirect expenditures, including hospital, physician and nursing services as well as over-the-counter and prescription drugs. In 2004, the total cost of GI prescription drugs in the United States was $12.3 billion, and over half of this cost ($7.7 billion) was associated with drugs prescribed for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, or GERD. Peptic Ulcer disease, hepatitis C, irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS, and inflammatory bowel disease were major contributors to the remaining drug cost. Historically GI product development efforts have focused on indications with the largest patient populations such as GERD, constipation, peptic ulcers and IBS. As a result, limited innovation has occurred in other segments of the GI market, such as upper GI motility disorders, even though these disorders affect several million patients worldwide. Consequently, due to the limited treatment options available for upper GI motility disorders, we believe there is a substantial market opportunity for us to address significant unmet medical needs, initially for diabetic gastroparesis. GI Motility Disorders Motility disorders are one of the most common GI disorders. Motility disorders affect the orderly contractions or relaxation of the GI tract which move contents forward and prevent backwards egress. This is important in the normal movement of food through the GI tract. Motility disorders are sometimes referred to as functional GI disorders to highlight that many abnormalities in stomach function can occur even when anatomic structures appear normal. Functional GI disorders affect the upper and lower GI tract and include gastroparesis, GERD, functional dyspepsia, constipation and IBS. It has been estimated by the International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders that one in four people in the United States suffer from functional GI disorders, having symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, bloating, decreased appetite, early satiety, swallowing difficulties, heartburn and/or incontinence. Gastroparesis is a debilitating, chronic condition that has a significant impact on patients’ lives. It is characterized by slow or delayed gastric emptying and evidence of gastric retention in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Muscular contractions in the stomach, which move food into the intestine, may be too slow, out of rhythm or cease altogether. The following graph depicts the timing associated the emptying of solids in patients with diabetic gastroparesis compared to normal individuals: The stomach is a muscular sac between the esophagus and the small intestine where the digestion of food begins. The stomach makes acids and enzymes referred to as gastric juices which are mixed with food by the churning action of the stomach muscles. Peristalsis is the contraction and relaxation of the stomach muscles to physically breakdown food and propel it forward. The crushed and mixed food is liquefied to form chyme and is pushed through the pyloric canal into the small intestine in a controlled and regulated manner. In gastroparesis, the stomach does not perform these functions normally, causing characteristic symptoms that include nausea, vomiting, early satiety, bloating and abdominal pain. As a result of these symptoms, patients may limit their food and liquid intake leading to poor nutrition and dehydration with the patient ultimately requiring hospitalization. If left untreated or not adequately treated, gastroparesis causes significant acute and chronic medical problems, including additional diabetic complications resulting from poor glucose control. Gastroparesis in the Hospital Setting When patients experience a flare of their gastroparesis symptoms that cannot be adequately managed by oral medications, they may be hospitalized for hydration, parenteral nutrition, and correction of abnormal blood glucose or electrolyte levels. In this setting, intravenous metoclopramide is the first line of treatment. Typically, these diabetic patients with severe gastroparesis symptoms remain in the hospital until they are stabilized and able to be effectively treated with oral metoclopramide. These hospitalizations are costly and expose patients to increased risks, including hospital-acquired infections. The number of patients with gastroparesis that require hospitalization due to their disease is growing, according to a study published in the American Journal of Gastroenterology in 2008. Additionally, the study reported, from 1995 to 2004, total hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of gastroparesis increased 158%. Hospital admissions for patients with gastroparesis as the secondary diagnosis increased 136%. The average length of stay for a patient is approximately six days at an estimated cost of approximately $22,000. Compared to the other four most common upper GI admission diagnoses (GERD, gastric ulcer, gastritis or nonspecific nausea/vomiting), gastroparesis had the longest length of stay and one of the highest total charges per stay. Additionally, the study estimates that costs associated with gastroparesis as the primary or secondary diagnosis for admission exceeded $3.5 billion in 2004. A study of patients in clinics at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center between January 2004 and December 2008, published in the Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, showed that patients with diabetic or post-surgical gastroparesis had significantly more emergency room visits than other gastroparesis groups. The study reinforced the view that gastroparesis constitutes a significant burden for patients and the healthcare system, with more than one-third of patients requiring hospitalization. The number of emergency room visits and annual days of inpatient treatment were comparable to patients with Crohn’s disease. The study indicated that patients received an average of 6.7 prescriptions on admission. Eighty percent of the patients identified in the University of Pittsburgh study were women. Gastroparesis can be a manifestation of many systemic illnesses, arise as a complication of select surgical procedures, or develop due to unknown causes. Any disease inducing neuromuscular dysfunction of the GI tract can result in gastroparesis, with diabetes being one of the leading known causes. In a 2007 study published in Current Gastroenterology Reports, 29% of gastroparesis cases were found in association with diabetes, 13% developed as a complication of surgery and 36% were due to unknown causes. According to the American Motility Society Task Force on Gastroparesis, up to 4% of the U.S. population experiences symptomatic manifestations of gastroparesis. As the incidence of diabetes rises worldwide, the prevalence of gastroparesis is expected to rise correspondingly. The most common identified cause of gastroparesis is diabetes mellitus. The underlying mechanism of diabetic gastroparesis is unknown, though it is thought to be related in part to neuropathic changes in the vagus nerve and/or the myenteric plexus. Prolonged elevated serum glucose levels are also associated with vagus nerve damage. The vagus nerve controls the movement of food through the digestive tract and when it is damaged, movement of food through the GI tract is delayed. The prevalence of diabetes in the United States is rapidly rising, with the Centers for Disease Control estimating that one in ten adults currently suffer from the disease. Sedentary lifestyles, poor dietary habits and a consequent rising prevalence of obesity are expected to cause this number to grow substantially. According to a study published in the Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases in July 2010, between 25% and 55% of Type 1 and 15% and 30% of Type 2 diabetics suffer from symptoms associated with the condition and diabetics are 29% of the total gastroparesis population. A 2007 study published in Current Gastroenterology Reports states that approximately 36% of gastroparesis patients suffer from idiopathic gastroparesis. The development of idiopathic gastroparesis is thought to be related to loss of myenteric ganglion cells in the distal large bowel (myenteric hypoganglionosis) and reduction in the interstitial cells of Cajal, which help control contraction of the smooth muscle in the GI tract. Post-surgical gastroparesis is a smaller subset of the total patient pool and accounts for approximately 13% of all cases of the disease, according to a 2007 study published in Current Gastroenterology Reports. Post-surgical gastroparesis is often associated with peptic ulcer surgery, bariatric procedures or esophageal procedures and is thought to result from damage/desensitization of the vagus nerve. In 2012, the American Diabetes Association estimated that diabetes affects approximately 29.1 million people of all ages in the United States, equating to about 9.3% of the U.S. population. Based on prevalence data, the potential gastroparesis patient pool in the United States is approximately 12 to 16 million adults with women making up 82% of this population, according to a 2007 study published in Current Gastroenterology Reports. There are 2.3 million diabetic patients with moderate or severe gastroparesis symptoms who are seeking treatment in the United States by a health care professional, according to a study presented at the Digestive Disease Week 2013 conference in Orlando, Florida. When patients do receive treatment for gastroparesis, multiple medications are frequently used to address the individual symptoms of gastroparesis. For example, patients may receive anti-emetics for nausea and vomiting and opioids for abdominal pain, which can exacerbate delayed gastric emptying in patients with gastroparesis. Unmet Needs in Gastroparesis Treatment Market research and physician interviews demonstrate that existing treatment options for diabetic gastroparesis are inadequate and there is a high level of interest in effective outpatient options for managing patients with gastroparesis symptoms. The market is currently served by oral and intravenous metoclopramide, and the oral disintegrating tablet, or ODT, formulation of metoclopramide (Metozolv® ODT), with approximately 5 million prescriptions in the United States per year, according to IMS Health. Due to the limited availability of FDA-approved treatments for gastroparesis, physicians resort to using medications “off-label” in an attempt to address individual symptoms experienced by patients. Off-label therapies are pharmaceuticals prescribed by physicians for an unapproved indication or in an unapproved age group, unapproved dose or unapproved form of administration. Examples of drugs used without FDA approval in gastroparesis include erythromycin and Botox® injected via endoscopic procedure directly into the lower gastric sphincter. Previously-approved drugs, such as cisapride and tegaserod, are no longer commercially available in the United States because of safety concerns. Domperidone has never been approved by the FDA but is obtained through certain compounding pharmacies for individual patients under special FDA usage rules. EVK-001 is a non-oral, promotility and anti-emetic treatment that we believe has the potential to significantly improve the standard of care for female gastroparesis patients. If metoclopramide nasal spray is approved for diabetic gastroparesis in women, patients and physicians will have access to an outpatient therapy that could be administered and absorbed even when patients are experiencing delayed gastric emptying or nausea and vomiting. Our Solution: EVK-001 (Metoclopramide Nasal Spray) We are developing EVK-001, a dopamine antagonist / mixed 5-HT3 antagonist / 5-HT4 agonist with promotility and anti-emetic effects, for the relief of symptoms associated with acute and recurrent diabetic gastroparesis in women with diabetes mellitus. Since its approval in 1980, oral and intravenous metoclopramide have been the only products approved in the United States to treat gastroparesis. EVK-001 is a novel formulation of metoclopramide offering systemic delivery by intranasal administration. We are developing the intranasal formulation of metoclopramide to provide our targeted patients with acute or recurrent symptoms of diabetic gastroparesis with a product that can be systemically delivered as an alternative to the oral or intravenous routes of administration. Intranasal delivery is possible because the mucosa of the nasal cavity is a single epithelial cell layer which is well vascularized and allows metoclopramide molecules to be transferred directly to the systemic circulation. There is no first pass liver metabolism required prior to onset of action. Since gastroparesis is a disease that halts or slows the movement of the contents of the stomach to the small intestine, oral drug administration is often compromised. Unlike the oral tablet formulation of metoclopramide, we believe that EVK-001 may be tolerated even when patients are experiencing nausea and vomiting. The intranasal formulation may also provide a predictable and consistent means of delivering metoclopramide in patients with delayed gastric emptying and/or frequent vomiting. A nasal spray formulation of metoclopramide could offer an alternative route of administration for female patients with severe symptoms of diabetic gastroparesis receiving the parenteral formulation of metoclopramide. Following hospitalization for intravenous metoclopramide, a nasal spray formulation would also provide a non-oral option for the transition to an outpatient treatment. Phase 2b Clinical Trial We have evaluated EVK-001 in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group, dose-ranging Phase 2b clinical trial in 287 subjects (71% female) with diabetic gastroparesis. Subjects in the trial were between the ages of 18 and 75, with a history of diabetes (type I and type II) and diabetic gastroparesis, who had a baseline modified Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index Daily Diary, or mGCSI-DD, of > 2 and < 4 for the seven days prior to randomization on the drug or placebo. In this trial, EVK-001 demonstrated effectiveness in reducing the most common and clinically relevant symptoms associated with gastroparesis in women, while exhibiting a favorable safety profile. EVK-001 was shown to provide a statistically significant clinical benefit as defined by a reduction in the symptoms of gastroparesis as measured by the mGCSI-DD in women (p <0.025). Male subjects treated with EVK-001 showed some improvement in gastroparesis symptoms, but did not show a statistically significant difference compared to placebo. Due to these results in men, the primary objective of statistical significance in the overall population was not achieved (p =0.15). We believe this Phase 2b trial is the largest ever conducted in a diabetic gastroparesis population for any approved metoclopramide dosage forms (oral tablet, orally disintegrating tablet and intravenous). Previous metoclopramide studies enrolled small numbers of subjects and did not evaluate gender. For example, fewer than 150 subjects were enrolled across all studies included in the NDA for Reglan, a branded form of metoclopramide marketed in the United States by Ani Pharmaceuticals. The results of the Phase 2b trial are consistent with what is known about gender effects in other GI motility disorders. GI motility and functional GI disorders, including gastroparesis, are more common in females than in males. Also, healthy females generally have slower gastric emptying rates. In a study conducted at Temple University (Parkman, et al), gastric emptying of solid food in normal young women was shown to be slower than in age-matched men, even in the first 10 days of the menstrual cycle when estrogen and progesterone levels are low, and the delay in gastric emptying of solids in women appears to be primarily due to altered distal gastric motor function. One explanation may be that less vigorous antral contractions may contribute to slower breakdown of food particles and thus delay the rate of emptying. Gastrointestinal disorders present differently in males and females and responses to therapy vary by gender. There is general consensus among thought leaders in GI motility that women have a higher prevalence of symptoms, their neural and sensory pathways differ, and hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, play a role. While the EVK-001 Phase 2b trial is the first report of a gender-based difference in response to metoclopramide among subjects with diabetic gastroparesis, gender effects have been reported in drug studies for other GI disorders, such as IBS. For example, products such as Lotronex® (alosetron), Zelnorm® (tegaserod) and Amitiza® (lubiprostone) were approved by FDA based on effectiveness in women, but not in men. Phase 2b Trial Design The Phase 2b clinical trial consisted of up to a 23-day screening period and a seven-day washout period, followed by 28 days of treatment with study drug. We evaluated two dosage strengths of EVK-001: 10 mg and 14 mg; as well as placebo. The study drug was administered for the 28-day treatment period as a single intranasal spray four times daily, 30 minutes before meals and at bedtime. Subjects recorded the severity of their gastroparesis symptoms in a telephonic diary using an interactive voice response system once each day. The symptoms were analyzed using a patient reported outcomes instrument, the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index Daily Diary, or GCSI-DD, developed for collecting and analyzing data to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for gastroparesis. The GCSI-DD contains nine symptoms (nausea, retching, vomiting, stomach fullness, not able to finish a normal sized meal, feeling excessively full after meal, loss of appetite, bloating, and stomach or belly visibly larger) grouped in three subscales. The daily score is calculated as a mean of three subscale means. Additional symptoms collected in the daily diary included abdominal pain, abdominal discomfort, number of hours of nausea, number of episodes of vomiting, and overall severity of gastroparesis symptoms. In close collaboration with the FDA and its Study Endpoint and Labeling Division, these additional symptom data were used to further refine the patient reported outcome instrument. The result is a mGCSI-DD comprised of four symptoms (nausea, early satiety, bloating, and upper abdominal pain) rated from zero (none) to five (very severe). The instrument has been optimized to detect symptom variability on a severity continuum from nausea to vomiting. Phase 2b Efficacy Results Two patient reported outcome endpoints (mGCSI-DD and GCSI-DD) were examined in the intention-to-treat population based the protocol design and FDA communications: The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from seven-day baseline to Week 4 of the treatment period in the mGCSI-DD total score (mean of four symptoms). The second efficacy endpoint analyzed was the change from seven-day baseline to Week 4 of the treatment period in the GCSI-DD total score (mean of three subset means with a total of nine symptoms). Although an overall improvement in symptoms was observed in EVK-001-treated patients with diabetic gastroparesis compared to placebo, the difference was not statistically significant due to a high placebo response among male subjects. However, statistically significant improvement in gastroparesis symptoms was observed in female subjects with diabetic gastroparesis as measured by the mGCSI-DD and GCSI-DD total scores for both doses of EVK-001 compared to the placebo. The beneficial effect of treatment in females appears to be uniform. The results are consistent across the overall endpoints, the individual components, and the two dose groups. The observed differences in efficacy were based on gender and were not due to severity of baseline disease or other demographic characteristics. No statistically significant differences were observed in efficacy between the 10 mg and 14 mg EVK-001 doses; thus the 10 mg dose was considered the lowest effective dose in this study. The table below summarizes the p -values observed for both doses of EVK-001 compared to placebo in the Phase 2b clinical trial across all subjects and for male and female patients separately. EVK-001 Phase 2b Clinical Trial Gastroparesis Study Endpoint Points P -Value Summary (EVK-001 vs. Placebo: Change from Baseline to Week 4) EVK-001 p -values mGCSI-DD Total Score (per FDA guidance) (1) GCSI-DD Total Score (per trial protocol) (2) P -values for pairwise comparisons are obtained from an analysis of covariance, or ANCOVA, model with effects for treatment group and Baseline value as a covariate. The mGCSI-DD was comprised of four symptoms collected on a severity rating scale of 0 to 5. Baseline was seven days prior to treatment or qualifying days during washout and Week 4 was days 21 to 27 of treatment. The GCSI-DD was comprised of nine symptoms collected on a severity rating scale of 0 to 5. Baseline was seven days prior to treatment or qualifying days during washout and Week 4 was days 21 to 27 of treatment. The table below summarizes the key data from the trial across all subjects and for female and male patients separately: Primary Endpoint: Mean mGCSI-DD Total Score Change from Baseline to Week 4 by All Subjects and Gender (intent-to-treat, last observation carried forward on treatment) Time Point (N=95) 10 mg IN Mean (SD) 2.8 (0.57) Change from Baseline to Week 4 - 1.0 (0.89) -1.2 (1.18) Difference of Least Square Means (95% CI) -0.20 (-0.47, 0.07) Pairwise p -value vs. Placebo (2) 0.06(-0.22, 0.33) Pairwise p -value vs. Metoclopramide 10 mg (2) 1.7(0.94) -1.3(0.98) -0.38 (-0.71, -0.05) 0.18 (-0.30, 0.66) Baseline is defined as the mean mGCSI-DD total score during the washout period p -values for pairwise comparisons are obtained from an ANCOVA model with effects for treatment group and baseline value as a covariate Phase 2b Safety Observations In the Phase 2b clinical trial, EVK-001 10 mg and 14 mg doses were well-tolerated and no differences in the safety profiles were observed between the two doses administered. No serious adverse events occurred related to study treatment. In addition, there were no clinically-meaningful differences observed in clinical laboratory parameters, physical examination findings, or electrocardiogram recordings. Adverse events that occurred more commonly in both EVK-001 10 mg and 14 mg doses compared to placebo (≥ 2% difference between treated compared to placebo groups) were dysgeusia, headache, nasal discomfort, rhinorrhea, throat irritation, fatigue, hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. The majority of adverse events were mild to moderate and transient in nature. Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events Reported by More than Two Subjects in Any Treatment Group System Organ Class Preferred Term (N = 95) EVK-001 10 mg (4.2%) Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders Nasal discomfort Rhinorrhea Throat irritation Infections and Infestations Upper respiratory tract infection General Disorders and Admin Site Conditions Metabolism & Nutrition Disorders Phase 1 Comparative Bioavailability Bridging Study Our Phase 1 clinical trial of EVK-001 was an open-label, four-treatment, four-period, four-sequence crossover study conducted at a single study center. Forty healthy volunteers were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of four treatment sequences. After an overnight fast, subjects received a single dose of each of the metoclopramide treatments (10 mg EVK-001, 20 mg EVK-001, 10 mg oral tablet, and 5 mg/mL injection) in random sequence with a seven-day washout period between doses. Thirty nine subjects received at least one dose of metoclopramide. The pharmacokinetic analysis population consisted of 37 subjects who received all four treatments and two subjects who received three of the four treatments. After intranasal administration of the 10 mg and 20 mg doses of EVK-001, mean plasma metoclopramide concentrations increased in a dose-related manner, as did mean values for C max and AUC (inf). The absolute bioavailability of EVK-001 after intranasal administration was comparable for the 10 mg (47.4%) and 20 mg (52.5%) doses as were the bioavailabilities relative to the oral tablet (60.1% and 66.5%, respectively). The graphs below illustrate the mean plasma concentrations of the active ingredient in the two doses of EVK-001 as well as the oral and injection forms. EVK-001 Phase 1 Clinical Trial Mean Plasma Concentrations of Metoclopramide (15 minute intervals 0-2h) Thorough ECG (QT) Study We conducted a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, four-way crossover thorough ECG (QT) study of EVK-001 in 2014. The study was designed in accordance with the FDA’s published guidance on clinical evaluation of QT/QTc interval, and compared the effects of EVK-001 on the QT/QTc interval when administered at therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses in 48 healthy female and male volunteers. Moxifloxacin, an antibiotic known to prolong the QT/QTc interval, was used as the positive control. In December 2014 we reported that data from the study met the pre-specified primary endpoint, demonstrating that EVK-001, at therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses, did not prolong the QT/QTc interval in healthy subjects. The study was conducted to satisfy a safety requirement by the FDA in support of our submission of an NDA for EVK‑001. Prior Development From 1985 to present, we, or our predecessors, have conducted 24 clinical studies to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of nasal spray formulations of metoclopramide in healthy volunteers and the safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of metoclopramide nasal spray in patients. A total of 1,093 patients have been dosed in these studies with intranasal formulations of metoclopramide at doses ranging from 10 mg to 80 mg. In one study, a Phase 2, multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel design study, Questcor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Questcor (now part of Mallinckrodt plc), compared the efficacy and safety of two doses of metoclopramide nasal spray, 10 mg and 20 mg, with the FDA-approved 10 mg metoclopramide tablet. For the primary efficacy endpoint in the per protocol population analysis, a statistically significant difference in the total symptom score between baseline and week 6 for both the nasal 10 mg (p = 0.026) and nasal 20 mg (p = 0.008) cohorts compared to the oral 10 mg group was observed. Metoclopramide nasal spray was initially developed by Nastech Pharmaceutical Company, Inc. in precursor formulations to EVK-001 and subsequently acquired and developed by Questcor. We acquired rights to this product candidate from Questcor in 2007. We then optimized the acquired formulation of metoclopramide nasal spray to improve stability and remove inactive ingredients to improve the palatability and tolerability of EVK-001 for patients. We also developed the current formulation with excipients that are at or below the levels listed in the FDA’s Inactive Ingredient Database for intranasal products. We evaluated the current formulation of EVK-001 in 329 patients in our completed Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials and are evaluating the same formulation in our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial. Similarly, the nasal spray pump used in our completed Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials was identical and is also being used in our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial. The primary container closure system for EVK-001 is comprised of an amber glass vial directly attached to a pre-assembled spray pump unit with a protection cap. Each multi dose sprayer system comes preassembled and capable of delivering a 30 day supply (120 doses at 4 doses per day.) The sprayer is a standardized metered sprayer technology utilized in other nasal spray products as well as the amber vial. Our Ongoing Four-Week Phase 3 Clinical Trial in Female Subjects with Diabetic Gastroparesis Based on discussions with the FDA, we have initiated one Phase 3 trial in women, which we believe, if successful, will be sufficient for NDA submission. In April 2014, we began enrolling the four-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel Phase 3 clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety and population pharmacokinetics of EVK-001 in adult female subjects with diabetic gastroparesis. We plan to enroll approximately 200 patients at approximately 60 sites across the United States. The trial population will consist of female diabetic patients with gastroparesis, identified by the presence of relevant symptoms and delayed gastric emptying. Female subjects with diabetic gastroparesis meeting the protocol-specified entry criteria will be studied in a parallel-group design with randomization in a 1:1 ratio to EVK-001 10 mg or placebo administered as a single intranasal spray four times daily, 30 minutes before meals and at bedtime. On February 2, 2015, we disclosed the current recruitment status of the Phase 3 trial. While the study is progressing according to plan at many of the clinical trial sites with previous gastroparesis study experience, overall enrollment has been slower than previously anticipated. As of February 2, 2015, we had randomized 74 subjects, and we anticipate fully enrolling this trial in the second half of 2015. Although the trial sites have been screening significant numbers of subjects, patients with diabetic gastroparesis typically have symptoms that vary in timing and severity, unpredictable gastric emptying delays, and complex medical histories. This combination of factors creates a challenge for enrollment into diabetic gastroparesis trials. Based on our discussions with the FDA, we plan to use specific symptoms from a composite score, the Gastroparesis Symptom Assessment, or GSA, as a patient-reported outcomes instrument to assess efficacy in this patient population. The primary efficacy endpoint for this Phase 3 clinical trial will be based upon a change from baseline in total composite score of the specific symptoms included in the GSA. Also based on discussions with FDA, and to assess safety in men, we are conducting a similar and concurrent companion study for safety and efficacy in diabetic men with gastroparesis. The trial design includes an early stop for futility. The FDA has indicated that completion of the male companion study is not required for submission of the NDA seeking approval of EVK-001 for use in women. Whether the male study stops early for futility or continues to enroll, we plan to include safety data from the male companion study in the NDA seeking approval for the drug for use in women. Intellectual Property and Proprietary Rights We are building an intellectual property portfolio for EVK-001 in the United States and abroad. We seek patent protection in the United States and internationally for our product candidate, its methods of use and processes for its manufacture, and for other technologies, where appropriate. Our policy is to actively seek to protect our proprietary position by, among other things, filing patent applications in the United States and abroad relating to proprietary technologies that are important to the development of our business. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation and in-licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our proprietary position. We cannot be sure that patents will be granted with respect to any of our pending patent applications or with respect to any patent applications filed by us in the future, nor can we be sure that any of our existing patents or any patents that may be granted to us in the future will be commercially useful in protecting our technology. Our success will depend significantly on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other proprietary protection for the technologies we consider important to our business, defend our patents, preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets and operate our business without infringing the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. Patent Portfolio Our patent portfolio currently includes the following patents and applications: U.S. Patent 6,770,262—Nasal Administration of Agents for the Treatment of Gastroparesis. This patent expires in 2021. U.S. Patent 5,760,086—Nasal Administration for the Treatment of Delayed Onset Emesis. This patent expires in 2016. U.S. Patent 8,334,281—Nasal Formulations of Metoclopramide. This patent expires in 2030. Non-Provisional Patent Application No. PCT/US2012/052096—Treatment of Symptoms Associated with Female Gastroparesis. If granted, this patent would expire in 2032. We have also been granted patents in the European Union for the method of use of metoclopramide via nasal delivery for gastroparesis. These patents provide protection through 2021. We have also received patents in the European Union covering the intranasal use of metoclopramide for delayed onset emesis. These patents offer protection through 2016. The United States patent system permits the filing of provisional and non-provisional patent applications. A non-provisional patent application is examined by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, and can mature into a patent once the USPTO determines that the claimed invention meets the standards for patentability. A provisional patent application is not examined for patentability, and automatically expires 12 months after its filing date. As a result, a provisional patent application cannot mature into a patent. The requirements for filing a provisional patent application are not as strict as those for filing a non-provisional patent application. Provisional applications are often used, among other things, to establish an earlier filing date for a subsequent non-provisional patent application. The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest date of filing a non-provisional patent application. In the United States, a patent’s term may be lengthened by patent term adjustment, or PTA, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the USPTO in granting a patent. In view of a recent court decision, the USPTO is under greater scrutiny regarding its calculations where the USPTO erred in calculating the patent term adjustment for the patents in question denying the patentee a portion of the patent term to which it was entitled. Alternatively, a patent’s term may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over another patent. The effective filing date of a non-provisional patent application is used by the USPTO to determine what information is prior art when it considers the patentability of a claimed invention. If certain requirements are satisfied, a non-provisional patent application can claim the benefit of the filing date of an earlier filed provisional patent application. As a result, the filing date accorded by the provisional patent application may supersede information that otherwise could preclude the patentability of an invention. Other Intellectual Property Rights We currently have a registered trademark for EVOKE PHARMA in the United States. Confidential Information and Inventions Assignment Agreements We require our employees and consultants to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of employment, consulting or collaborative relationships with us. These agreements provide that all confidential information developed or made known during the course of the relationship with us be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. In the case of employees, the agreements provide that all inventions resulting from work performed for us, utilizing our property or relating to our business and conceived or completed by the individual during employment shall be our exclusive property to the extent permitted by applicable law. Our consulting agreements also provide for assignment to us of any intellectual property resulting from services performed for us. We are initially seeking to commercialize EVK-001 in the United States alone, or in partnership with pharmaceutical companies that have established development and sales and marketing capabilities. Our strategy for EVK-001, if approved, will be to establish EVK-001 as the prescription product of choice for diabetic gastroparesis in women. If the product candidate is approved, our expectation is that EVK-001 would initially be sold to gastrointestinal and internal medicine specialists, primary care physicians and select health care providers. We may also utilize contract sales forces to assist in the marketing of EVK-001 to approved patient populations. We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of EVK-001, nor do we have plans to develop our own manufacturing operations in the foreseeable future. We currently depend on third-party contract manufacturers for all of our required raw materials, drug substance and finished product for our clinical trials. We do not have any current contractual relationships for the manufacture of commercial supplies of EVK-001. We intend to enter into agreements with third-party contract manufacturers for the commercial production of EVK-001 prior to regulatory approval. We currently utilize a third-party consultant, which we engage on an as-needed, hourly basis, to manage our manufacturing contractors. The pharmaceutical industry is characterized by intense competition and rapid innovation. Our potential competitors include large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, specialty pharmaceutical and generic drug companies, academic institutions, government agencies and research institutions. We believe the key competitive factors that will affect the development and commercial success of our product candidates are efficacy, safety and tolerability profile, reliability, convenience of dosing, coverage pricing and reimbursement. Many of our potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do and significantly greater experience in the discovery and development of product candidates, obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals of products and the commercialization of those products. Accordingly, our competitors may be more successful than we may be in obtaining FDA approval for drugs and achieving widespread market acceptance. Our competitors’ drugs may be more effective, or more effectively marketed and sold, than any drug we may commercialize and may render our product candidates obsolete or non-competitive before we can recover the expenses of developing and commercializing any of our product candidates. We anticipate that we will face intense and increasing competition as new drugs enter the market and advanced technologies become available. Finally, the development of new treatment methods for the diseases we are targeting could render our drugs non-competitive or obsolete. We expect that, if approved, EVK-001 will compete directly with metoclopramide oral, erythromycin and domperidone as a treatment for gastroparesis. Metoclopramide is the only product currently approved in the United States to treat gastroparesis. Metoclopramide is available from a number of generic pharmaceutical manufacturers as well in branded form in the United States under the tradename Reglan® from Ani Pharmaceuticals. Previously, Propulsid® (cisapride) and Zelnorm® (tegaserod) were prescribed off-label by physicians to treat gastroparesis. Propulsid® (cisapride) was approved for use in the treatment of dyspepsia and GERD. Zelnorm® (tegaserod) was approved for use in IBS and idiopathic chronic constipation. Both of these products have been withdrawn from the market because of cardiac safety issues. Salix Pharmaceuticals launched an orally dissolving tablet formulation of metoclopramide in 2009. Other programs in the gastroparesis pipeline include new chemical entities in earlier-stage clinical trials. In addition to our EVK-001 product candidate, we are aware of four other development candidates. All are in Phase 2 clinical development. Gastroparesis Treatment Development Pipeline dopamine antagonist /mixed 5-HT3 antagonist 5-HT4 agonist intranasal Evoke Pharma ghrelin agonist sub-cutaneous Rhythm/Actavis Phase 2b motilin agonist 5-HT4 receptor agonist Theravance IW-9179 GC-C agonist Phase 2a RM-131 is a small-peptide analog of ghrelin, a hormone produced in the stomach that stimulates gastrointestinal activity. The compound is being developed for GI motility disorders and has shown efficacy in surgical and opiate-induced ileus in animal models due to a direct prokinetic effect. RM-131 reverses body weight loss in cachexia models. Two other ghrelin analogs were previously being developed by Tranzyme Pharma: an intravenous ghrelin agonist, ulimorelin, in post-operative ileus and a different oral ghrelin agent, TZP-102, in diabetic gastroparesis. Development of both product candidates has been discontinued after ulimorelin was unsuccessful in two Phase 3 studies and TZP-102 was unsuccessful in two Phase 2b trials. GSK962040 is a selective non-peptide motilin receptor agonist under development for the treatment of conditions associated with slow rates of gastric emptying. Motilin is an endogenous peptide, produced mainly in the duodenum, whose physiological action is mediated by motilin receptors located on enteric neurons, peripheral terminals of the vagus, and on the smooth muscle of the stomach. Motilin and non-peptide agonists of motilin receptors increase gastric emptying and may offer a new approach to the treatment of delayed gastric emptying conditions. TD-5108, also called Velusetrag, is a 5-HT4 receptor agonist compound under development for the treatment of gastroparesis by Theravance in collaboration with Alfa Wassermann S.p.A. Previously, TD-5108 was under development for chronic constipation. IW-9179 is an investigational guanylate cyclase-C, or GC-C, agonist and is under development for the treatment of functional dyspepsia and diabetic gastroparesis by Ironwood Pharmaceuticals. TC-6499, is a neuronal nicotinic receptor modulator under development by Targacept. The program has recently entered exploratory phase 1/2 trials for gastroparesis and previously was tested for constipation-predominant IBS. Erythromycin is a motilin receptor agonist and is frequently used off-label in the treatment of gastroparesis. Erythromycin is well known to induce nausea and vomiting across all indications and is particularly associated with exacerbated nausea when used in gastroparesis. Repeated administration of macrolides is also linked to desensitization of the motilin receptor and tachyphylaxis. Extended dosing with antibiotics can lead to the development of resistant organisms as well as pathologic changes in intestinal flora. Tegaserod, another 5-HT4 agonist, was approved in the United States and other countries for treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation and IBS-C. In 2007, Tegaserod was removed from the market in the United States by the FDA for cardiac safety concerns. One additional medication, Motilium (domperidone), a dopamine receptor modulator, is not FDA-approved, but is available in the United States through various compounding pharmacies under a specific FDA restricted-access program. The safety and efficacy of Motilium as a promotility agent is not fully established. Technology Acquisition Agreement In June 2007, we acquired all worldwide rights, data, patents and other related assets associated with EVK-001 from Questcor pursuant to an asset purchase agreement. We have paid Questcor $650,000 in the form of an upfront payment and $500,000 in May 2014 as a milestone payment based upon the initiation of the first patient dosing in our Phase 3 clinical trial for EVK-001. In August 2014, Mallinckrodt plc, or Mallinckrodt, acquired Questcor. As a result of that acquisition, Questcor transferred its rights included in the asset purchase agreement with us to Mallinckrodt. In addition to the payments we made to Questcor, we may also be required to make additional milestone payments totaling up to $51.5 million. These milestones include up to $4.5 million in payments if EVK-001 achieves the following development targets: $1.5 million upon the FDA’s acceptance for review of an NDA for EVK-001; and $3 million upon the FDA’s approval of EVK-001. The remaining $47 million in milestone payments depend on EVK-001’s commercial success and will only apply if EVK-001 receives regulatory approval. In addition, we will be required to pay to Mallinckrodt a low single digit royalty on net sales of EVK-001. Our obligation to pay such royalties will terminate upon the expiration of the last patent right covering EVK-001, which is expected to occur in 2030. FDA Approval Process In the United States, pharmaceutical products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FFDCA, and other federal and state statutes and regulations, govern, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping, approval, labeling, promotion and marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling, and import and export of pharmaceutical products. Failure to comply with applicable FDA or other requirements may subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as the FDA’s refusal to approve pending applications, a clinical hold, warning letters, recall or seizure of products, partial or total suspension of production, withdrawal of the product from the market, injunctions, fines, civil penalties or criminal prosecution. FDA approval is required before any new unapproved drug or dosage form, including a new use of a previously approved drug, can be marketed in the United States. The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves: completion of pre-clinical laboratory and animal testing and formulation studies in compliance with the FDA’s good laboratory practice regulations; submission to the FDA of an Investigational New Drug Application, or IND, for human clinical testing which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin in the United States; approval by an independent institutional review board, or IRB, at each clinical trial site before each trial may be initiated; performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with good clinical practice, or GCP, regulations to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed drug product for each intended use; satisfactory completion of an FDA pre-approval inspection of the facility or facilities at which the product is manufactured to assess compliance with the FDA’s current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, regulations, including, for devices and device components, the Quality System Regulation, or QSR, and to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the product’s identity, strength, quality and purity; submission to the FDA of an NDA; satisfactory completion of an FDA advisory committee review, if applicable; and FDA review and approval of the NDA. The pre-clinical and clinical testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and we cannot be certain that any approvals for our product candidates will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. Pre-clinical tests include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, formulation, stability and toxicity, as well as animal studies to assess the characteristics and potential safety and efficacy of the product. The results of pre-clinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data and a proposed clinical trial protocol and other information, are submitted as part of an IND to the FDA. Some pre-clinical testing may continue even after the IND is submitted. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day time period, raises concerns or questions relating to one or more proposed clinical trials and places the clinical trial on a clinical hold, including concerns that human research subjects will be exposed to unreasonable health risks. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. As a result, our submission of an IND may not result in FDA authorization to commence a clinical trial. A separate submission to an existing IND must also be made for each successive clinical trial conducted during product development. Further, an IRB covering each site proposing to conduct the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial and informed consent information for subjects before the trial commences at that site, and it must monitor the study until completed. The FDA, the IRB or the sponsor may suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk or for failure to comply with the IRB’s or regulatory requirements, or for other reasons, or the FDA or IRB may impose other conditions. Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with GCP requirements, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing for their participation in any clinical trial. Sponsors of clinical trials generally must register and report, at the National Institutes of Health-maintained website ClinicalTrials.gov, key parameters of certain clinical trials. For purposes of an NDA submission and approval, human clinical trials are typically conducted in the following sequential phases, which may overlap or be combined: Phase 1: The drug is initially introduced into healthy human subjects or patients and tested for safety, dose tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion and, if possible, to gain an early indication of its effectiveness. Phase 2: The drug is administered to a limited patient population to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted indications and to determine dose tolerance and optimal dosage. Multiple Phase 2 clinical trials may be conducted by the sponsor to obtain information prior to beginning larger and more extensive Phase 3 clinical trials. Phase 3: These are commonly referred to as pivotal studies. When Phase 2 evaluations demonstrate that a dose range of the product appears to be effective and has an acceptable safety profile, Phase 3 trials are undertaken in large patient populations to further evaluate dosage, to obtain additional evidence of clinical efficacy and safety in an expanded patient population at multiple, geographically-dispersed clinical trial sites, to establish the overall risk-benefit relationship of the drug and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the drug. Phase 4: In some cases, the FDA may condition approval of an NDA for a product candidate on the sponsor’s agreement to conduct additional clinical trials to further assess the drug’s safety and effectiveness after NDA approval. Such post-approval trials are typically referred to as Phase 4 studies. The results of product development, pre-clinical studies and clinical trials are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA. NDAs must also contain extensive information relating to the product’s pharmacology, chemistry, manufacturing and controls, or CMC, and proposed labeling, among other things. Under federal law, the submission of most NDAs is subject to a substantial application user fee, and the manufacturer and/or sponsor under an approved NDA are also subject to annual product and establishment user fees. The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA to determine whether the application will be accepted for filing based on the agency’s threshold determination that it is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. The FDA may request additional information rather than accept an NDA for filing. In this event, the NDA must be resubmitted with the additional information and is subject to payment of additional user fees. The resubmitted application is also subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. Once the submission has been accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, the FDA agrees to specific performance goals for NDA review time through a two-tiered classification system, Standard Review and Priority Review. Standard Review NDAs have a goal of being completed within ten months of the date of receipt by FDA (for drugs that do not contain new molecular entities) and ten months of the 60-day filing date (for drugs that contain new molecular entities). A Priority Review designation is given to drugs that treat a serious condition and, if approved, would provide a significant improvement in safety or effectiveness. The goal for completing a Priority Review is six months from the date of receipt by FDA (for drugs that do not contain new molecular entities) and six months of the 60-day filing date (for drugs that contain new molecular entities). However, the FDA does not always complete its review within these timelines and the Agency’s review can take substantially longer. It is likely that our product candidates will be granted a Standard Review. The review process may be extended to allow the FDA to request and review additional information or obtain clarification regarding information provided in the original submission. The FDA may refer applications for novel drug products or drug products which present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee for review, evaluation and recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions. Before approving an NDA, the FDA may inspect the facility or facilities where the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements, including QSR requirements for the device component of the product, and are adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP requirements before approving an NDA. After the FDA evaluates the NDA and, in some cases, the related manufacturing facilities, it may issue an approval letter or a Complete Response Letter, or CRL, to indicate that the review cycle for an application is complete or that the application is not ready for approval. CRLs generally outline the deficiencies in the submission and may require substantial additional testing or information in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. Even with submission of this additional information, the FDA ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval. If and when the deficiencies have been addressed to the FDA’s satisfaction, the FDA will typically issue an approval letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. Once issued, the FDA may withdraw product approval if ongoing regulatory requirements are not met or if safety problems are identified after the product reaches the market. In addition, the FDA may require post-approval testing, including Phase 4 studies, and surveillance programs to monitor the effect of approved products which have been commercialized, and the FDA has the power to prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of these post-marketing programs. Drugs may be marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label, and, even if the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications for use for the product or impose other conditions, including labeling or distribution restrictions or other risk-management mechanisms. Further, if there are any modifications to the drug, including changes in indications, labeling, or manufacturing processes or facilities, we may be required to submit and obtain FDA approval of a new or supplemental NDA, which may require us to develop additional data or conduct additional pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. Post-Approval Requirements Once an NDA is approved, a product will be subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, requirements relating to drug/device listing, recordkeeping, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, advertising and promotion and reporting of adverse experiences with the product. In addition, drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved products are required to register their establishments with the FDA and state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and these state agencies for compliance with cGMP requirements. Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and generally require prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from cGMP and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon us and any third-party manufacturers that we may decide to use. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance. Once an approval is granted, the FDA may suspend, restrict or withdraw the approval, require a product recall, or impose additional restrictions or limitations if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things: restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, complete withdrawal of the product from the market or product recalls; fines, warning letters or holds on post-approval clinical trials; refusal of the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications, or suspension or revocation of product license approvals; product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; or injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties. The FDA may require post-approval studies and clinical trials if the FDA finds that scientific data, including information regarding related drugs, deem it appropriate. The purpose of such studies would be to assess a known serious risk or signals of serious risk related to the drug or to identify an unexpected serious risk when available data indicate the potential for a serious risk. The FDA may also require a labeling change if it becomes aware of new safety information that it believes should be included in the labeling of a drug. The Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 gave the FDA the authority to require a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, from manufacturers to ensure that the benefits of a drug outweigh its risks. In determining whether a REMS is necessary, the FDA must consider the size of the population likely to use the drug, the seriousness of the disease or condition to be treated, the expected benefit of the drug, the duration of treatment, the seriousness of known or potential adverse events, and whether the drug is a new molecular entity. If the FDA determines a REMS is necessary, the drug sponsor must agree to the REMS plan at the time of approval. A REMS may be required to include various elements, such as a medication guide or patient package insert, a communication plan to educate health care providers of the drug’s risks, limitations on who may prescribe or dispense the drug, or other measures that the FDA deems necessary to assure the safe use of the drug. In addition, the REMS must include a timetable to assess the strategy at 18 months, three years, and seven years after the strategy’s approval. The FDA may also impose a REMS requirement on a drug already on the market if the FDA determines, based on new safety information, that a REMS is necessary to ensure that the drug’s benefits continue to outweigh its risks. In March 2009, the FDA informed drug manufacturers that it will require a REMS for metoclopramide drug products. The FDA’s authority to take this action is based on risk management and post market safety provisions within the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act. The REMS consists of a Medication Guide, elements to assure safe use (including an education program for prescribers and materials for prescribers to educate patients), and a timetable for submission of assessments of at least six months, 12 months, and annually after the REMS is approved. We intend to submit a proposed REMS at the time of the NDA submission for EVK-001. The FDA strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of products that are placed on the market, and the FDA imposes a number of complex regulations on entities that advertise and promote pharmaceuticals, which include, among others, standards for direct-to-consumer advertising, off-label promotion, industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities, and promotional activities involving the internet. While physicians may prescribe for off-label uses, manufacturers may only promote for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability. Indeed, the FDA has very broad enforcement authority under the FFDCA, and failure to abide by these regulations can result in penalties, including the issuance of a warning letter directing entities to correct deviations from FDA standards, a requirement that future advertising and promotional materials are pre-cleared by the FDA, and state and federal civil and criminal investigations and prosecutions. The distribution of prescription pharmaceutical products is also subject to the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, or PDMA, which regulates the distribution of drugs and drug samples at the federal level and sets minimum standards for the registration and regulation of drug distributors by the states. Both the PDMA and state laws limit the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical product samples and impose requirements to ensure accountability in distribution, including a drug pedigree which tracks the distribution of prescription drugs. Section 505(b)(2) New Drug Applications As an alternate path to FDA approval for modifications to formulations or uses of products previously approved by the FDA, an applicant may submit an NDA under Section 505(b)(2) of the FFDCA. Section 505(b)(2) was enacted as part of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, also known as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, and permits the filing of an NDA where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference. The applicant may rely upon published literature and the FDA’s findings of safety and effectiveness based on certain pre-clinical or clinical studies conducted for an approved product. The FDA may also require companies to perform additional studies or measurements to support the change from the approved product. The FDA may then approve the new product candidate for all or some of the label indications for which the referenced product has been approved, as well as for any new indication sought by the Section 505(b)(2) applicant. To the extent that a Section 505(b)(2) NDA relies on studies conducted for a previously approved drug product, the applicant is required to certify to the FDA concerning any patents listed for the approved product in the FDA Orange Book. The FDA Orange Book is where patents associated with a FDA-approved product are listed. Specifically, the applicant must certify for each listed patent that (1) the required patent information has not been filed; (2) the listed patent has expired; (3) the listed patent has not expired, but will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration; or (4) the listed patent is invalid, unenforceable or will not be infringed by the new product. A certification that the new product will not infringe the already approved product’s listed patent or that such patent is invalid is known as a Paragraph IV certification. If the applicant does not challenge the listed patents through a Paragraph IV certification, the Section 505(b)(2) NDA application will not be approved until all the listed patents claiming the referenced product have expired. The Section 505(b)(2) NDA application also will not be accepted or approved until any non-patent exclusivity, such as exclusivity for obtaining approval of a New Chemical Entity, listed in the Orange Book for the referenced product has expired. If the 505(b)(2) NDA applicant has provided a Paragraph IV certification to the FDA, the applicant must also send notice of the Paragraph IV certification to the referenced NDA and patent holders once the 505(b)(2) NDA has been accepted for filing by the FDA. The NDA and patent holders may then initiate a legal challenge to the Paragraph IV certification. Under the FFDCA, the filing of a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days of the NDA and patent holders’ receipt of a Paragraph IV certification in most cases automatically prevents the FDA from approving the Section 505(b)(2) NDA for 30 months, or until a court decision or settlement finding that the patent is invalid, unenforceable or not infringed, whichever is earlier. The court also has the ability to shorten or lengthen the 30-month stay if either party is found not to be reasonably cooperating in expediting the litigation. Thus, the Section 505(b)(2) applicant may invest a significant amount of time and expense in the development of its product only to be subject to significant delay and patent litigation before its product may be commercialized. The 505(b)(2) NDA applicant also may be eligible for its own regulatory exclusivity period, such as three-year exclusivity. Specifically, a product may be granted three-year Hatch-Waxman exclusivity if one or more clinical studies, other than bioavailability or bioequivalence studies, was essential to the approval of the application and was conducted/sponsored by the applicant. Should this occur, the FDA would be precluded from making effective any other application for the same condition of use or for a change to the drug product that was granted exclusivity until after that three-year exclusivity period has expired. Additional exclusivities may also apply. Additionally, the 505(b)(2) NDA applicant may have relevant patents in the Orange Book, and if so, it can initiate patent infringement litigation against those applicants that challenge such patents, which could result in a 30-month stay delaying those applicants. We and our third-party manufacturers must comply with applicable FDA regulations relating to the FDA’s cGMP regulations including applicable QSR requirements. The cGMP regulations include requirements relating to, among other things, organization of personnel, buildings and facilities, equipment, control of components and drug product containers and closures, production and process controls, packaging and labeling controls, holding and distribution, laboratory controls, records and reports, and returned or salvaged products. The manufacturing facilities for our products must meet cGMP requirements to the satisfaction of the FDA pursuant to a pre-approval inspection before we can use them to manufacture our products. We and our third-party manufacturers are also subject to periodic unannounced inspections of facilities by the FDA and other authorities, including procedures and operations used in the testing and manufacture of our products to assess our compliance with applicable regulations. Failure to comply with statutory and regulatory requirements subjects a manufacturer to possible legal or regulatory action, including, among other things, warning letters, the seizure or recall of products, injunctions, consent decrees placing significant restrictions on or suspending manufacturing operations and civil and criminal penalties. Other Regulatory Requirements We are also subject to various laws and regulations regarding laboratory practices, the experimental use of animals, and the use and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances in connection with our research. In each of these areas, as above, the FDA has broad regulatory and enforcement powers, including, among other things, the ability to levy fines and civil penalties, suspend or delay issuance of approvals, seize or recall products, and withdraw approvals, any one or more of which could have a material adverse effect on us. Coverage and Reimbursement Sales of our products, if approved, will depend, in part, on the extent to which our products will be covered by third-party payors, such as government health care programs, commercial insurance and managed healthcare organizations. These third-party payors are increasingly limiting coverage and reducing reimbursements for medical products and services. In addition, the U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments have continued implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on coverage and reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit our net revenue and results. Decreases in third-party reimbursement for our drug candidates or a decision by a third-party payor to not cover our drug candidates could reduce physician utilization of our products and have a material adverse effect on our sales, results of operations and financial condition. Other Healthcare Laws Although we currently do not have any products on the market, if our drug candidates are approved and we begin commercialization, we will be subject to healthcare regulation and enforcement by the federal government and the states and foreign governments in which we conduct our business. These laws include, without limitation, state and federal anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, false claims and physician sunshine laws and regulations. The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, any person from knowingly and willfully offering, soliciting, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce either the referral of an individual, for an item or service or the purchasing or ordering of a good or service, for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The Anti-Kickback Statute is subject to evolving interpretations. In the past, the government has enforced the Anti-Kickback Statute to reach large settlements with healthcare companies based on sham consulting and other financial arrangements with physicians. Further, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal False Claims Act. The majority of states also have anti-kickback laws which establish similar prohibitions and in some cases may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers. Additionally, the False Claims Act prohibits knowingly presenting or causing the presentation of a false, fictitious or fraudulent claim for payment to the U.S. government. Actions under the False Claims Act may be brought by the Attorney General or as a qui tam action by a private individual in the name of the government. Violations of the False Claims Act can result in very significant monetary penalties and treble damages. The federal government is using the False Claims Act, and the accompanying threat of significant liability, in its investigation and prosecution of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies throughout the country, for example, in connection with the promotion of products for unapproved uses and other sales and marketing practices. The government has obtained multi-million and multi-billion dollar settlements under the False Claims Act in addition to individual criminal convictions under applicable criminal statutes. Given the significant size of actual and potential settlements, it is expected that the government will continue to devote substantial resources to investigating healthcare providers’ and manufacturers’ compliance with applicable fraud and abuse laws. The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, also created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit among other actions, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors, knowingly and willfully embezzling or stealing from a healthcare benefit program, willfully obstructing a criminal investigation of a healthcare offense, and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, there has been a recent trend of increased federal and state regulation of payments made to physicians and other healthcare providers. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or collectively, the Affordable Care Act, among other things, imposes new reporting requirements on drug manufacturers for payments made by them to physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Failure to submit required information may result in civil monetary penalties of up to an aggregate of $150,000 per year (or up to an aggregate of $1 million per year for “knowing failures”), for all payments, transfers of value or ownership or investment interests that are not timely, accurately and completely reported in an annual submission. Drug manufacturers are required to submit reports to the government by the 90th day of each calendar year. Certain states also mandate implementation of commercial compliance programs, impose restrictions on drug manufacturer marketing practices and/or require the tracking and reporting of gifts, compensation and other remuneration to physicians. The shifting commercial compliance environment and the need to build and maintain robust and expandable systems to comply with different compliance and/or reporting requirements in multiple jurisdictions increase the possibility that a healthcare company may violate one or more of the requirements. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of such laws or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including, without limitation, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs and imprisonment, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. We currently have seven employees and several consultants in the regulatory, clinical, manufacturing and finance areas. We expect that a number of consultants previously engaged in the development of EVK-001 will participate in the ongoing clinical and manufacturing development for the product candidate. None of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining arrangement, and we believe our relationship with our employees is good. About Evoke We were formed as a Delaware corporation on January 29, 2007. Our principal executive offices are located at 505 Lomas Santa Fe Drive, Suite 270, Solana Beach, California 92075, and our telephone number is (858) 345-1494. Financial Information about Segments We have one operating segment, which is the development of pharmaceutical products. See Note 2 to our financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For financial information regarding our business, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and those financial statements and related notes. Available Information We file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. We make available copies of these reports, free of charge, on our website at www.evokepharma.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The public may read or copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is www.sec.gov. The information in or accessible through the SEC and our website are not incorporated into, and are not considered part of, this report. Further, our references to the URLs for these websites are intended to be inactive textual references only. We operate in a dynamic and rapidly changing environment that involves numerous risks and uncertainties. Certain factors may have a material adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations, and you should carefully consider them. Accordingly, in evaluating our business, we encourage you to consider the following discussion of risk factors, in its entirety, in addition to other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our other public filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. Other events that we do not currently anticipate or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Risks Related to our Business, including the Development, Regulatory Approval and Potential Commercialization of our Product Candidate, EVK-001 Our business is entirely dependent on the success of a single product candidate, EVK-001, for which we initiated a Phase 3 clinical trial in April 2014. We cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, EVK-001. We have only one product candidate: EVK-001, a metoclopramide nasal spray to treat female patients with symptoms associated with acute and recurrent diabetic gastroparesis. We are entirely dependent on successful continued development and regulatory approval of this product candidate for our future business success. We have invested, and will continue to invest, a significant portion of our time and financial resources in the development of EVK-001. We will need to successfully enroll and complete our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial of EVK-001, which we commenced in April 2014, and, if required, raise sufficient funds for the completion of this trial. The future regulatory and commercial success of this product candidate is subject to a number of risks, including the following: we may not have sufficient financial and other resources to complete the Phase 3 clinical trial; we may not be able to provide acceptable evidence of safety and efficacy for EVK-001; the results of our planned and ongoing clinical trials may not confirm the positive results of earlier clinical trials, particularly because we are utilizing a modified patient report outcomes, or PRO, instrument for our current Phase 3 clinical trial compared to our Phase 2b clinical trial; variability in patients, adjustments to clinical trial procedures and inclusion of additional clinical trial sites; the results of our clinical trial may not meet the level of statistical or clinical significance required by the FDA for marketing approval; we may be required to undertake additional clinical trials and other studies of EVK-001 before we can submit an NDA, to the FDA or receive approval of the NDA; patients in our clinical trials may die or suffer other adverse effects for reasons that may or may not be related to EVK-001, such as dysgeusia, headache, diarrhea, nasal discomfort, tremor, myoclonus, somnolence, rhinorrhea, throat irritation, and fatigue; if approved, EVK-001 will compete with well-established products already approved for marketing by the FDA, including oral and intravenous forms of metoclopramide, the same active ingredient in the nasal spray for EVK-001; we may not be able to obtain, maintain and enforce our patents and other intellectual property rights; and we may not be able to obtain and maintain commercial manufacturing arrangements with third-party manufacturers or establish commercial-scale manufacturing capabilities. Of the large number of drugs in development in this industry, only a small percentage result in the submission of an NDA to the FDA and even fewer are approved for commercialization. Furthermore, even if we do receive regulatory approval to market EVK-001, any such approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which we may market the product. We will require substantial additional funding and may be unable to raise capital when needed, which would force us to suspend our Phase 3 clinical trial and otherwise delay, reduce or eliminate our development program for EVK-001. Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception. To date, our operations have been primarily financed through the proceeds from the sale of our common and preferred stock, and borrowings under our loan and financing agreements. We believe, based on our current operating plan, that our existing cash and cash equivalents, together with interest thereon, will be sufficient to fund our operations through December 31, 2015, although there can be no assurance in that regard. Since our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial of EVK-001, which commenced in April 2014, has an approximately 18-month enrollment period, we may need to obtain additional funds to complete this trial, as well as finance any additional development requirements requested by the FDA. As of February 2, 2015, we had randomized 74 subjects, and we anticipate fully enrolling this trial in the second half of 2015. Our estimates of the amount of cash necessary to fund our activities may prove to be wrong, and we could spend our available financial resources much faster than we currently expect. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to: the rate of progress and cost of our Phase 3 clinical trial and any other clinical requirements for EVK-001; the timing of regulatory approval, if granted, of EVK-001 or any other product candidates; the costs of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights associated with EVK-001; the costs and timing of completion of outsourced commercial manufacturing supply arrangements for EVK-001; costs associated with any other product candidates that we may develop, in-license or acquire; the effect of competing technological and market developments; and the terms and timing of any collaborative, licensing, co-promotion or other arrangements that we may establish. The results observed in female patients with symptoms associated with acute and recurrent diabetic gastroparesis in our Phase 2b clinical trial of EVK-001 may not be predictive of the safety and efficacy results in our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in late-stage clinical trials even after achieving promising results in earlier-stage development. We commenced our Phase 3 clinical trial in female patients with symptoms associated with acute and recurrent diabetic gastroparesis in April 2014. Our Phase 2b clinical trial of EVK-001 for the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis showed statistically significant improvement in clinically meaningful endpoints in female patients. This was a pre-specified analyses of the primary efficacy endpoint performed on a gender subgroup of the intent to treat, or ITT population. Due to a large placebo response in male patients, EVK-001 did not achieve the primary endpoint in the ITT population for all subjects in this Phase 2b clinical trial. This risk may be particularly significant for us because the primary endpoint in our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial is not identical to the primary endpoint used in our Phase 2b trial. In our Phase 2b clinical trial, the primary endpoint was the GCSI-DD, a PRO instrument. The GCSI-DD is a composite of clinically relevant diabetic gastroparesis symptoms which patients rate according to severity. Based on our discussions with the FDA, the primary endpoint for our Phase 3 trial will be the GSA, which is a PRO instrument derived from the GCSI-DD. We have analyzed our Phase 2b data utilizing the GSA’s methodology. Although we observed statistically significant and nearly identical statistical improvement in the GSA compared to the GCSI-DD in females in our Phase 2b trial, we cannot assure you that our Phase 3 trials will achieve positive results. A number of factors could contribute to a lack of favorable safety and efficacy results in our ongoing Phase 3 trial. For example: a multicenter trial could result in increased variability due to varying site characteristics, such as local standards of care; a multicenter trial could result in increased variability due to varying patient characteristics including demographic factors, health status, underlying reason for disease state and concomitant medications; and diagnosis of diabetic gastroparesis by physicians, including use of gastric emptying tests, could select for a patient population that differs from those patients included within previous clinical trials. If we are not able to obtain regulatory approval for EVK-001, we will not be able to commercialize this product candidate and our ability to generate revenue will be limited. We have not submitted an NDA or received regulatory approval to market any product candidates in any jurisdiction. We are not permitted to market EVK-001 in the United States until we receive approval of an NDA for the product candidate in a particular indication from the FDA. To date, we have completed one Phase 2b clinical trial for EVK-001 in diabetic subjects with gastroparesis and acquired the results from a separate Phase 2 clinical trial in diabetic patients with gastroparesis. In the Phase 2b clinical trial that we performed ourselves, which concluded in 2011, EVK-001 failed to meet the primary endpoint for the trial. Although an overall improvement in symptoms was observed in EVK-001-treated patients with diabetic gastroparesis compared to placebo in this Phase 2b clinical trial, the difference was not statistically significant due to a high placebo response among male subjects. The earlier Phase 2 clinical trial performed by Questcor was a multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel design study. This head-to-head study compared the efficacy and safety of two doses of metoclopramide nasal spray, 10 mg and 20 mg, with the FDA-approved 10 mg metoclopramide tablet. Although data from the earlier Phase 2 clinical trial will be referenced in the EVK-001 NDA, the open-label study design limits the importance of the efficacy results in the NDA. We commenced our Phase 3 clinical trial in female patients with symptoms associated with acute and recurrent diabetic gastroparesis in April 2014. There is no guarantee that this Phase 3 clinical trial or any other future trials will be successful or that regulators will agree with our assessment of the clinical trials for EVK-001 conducted to date. In addition, we have only limited experience in filing the applications necessary to gain regulatory approvals and expect to rely on consultants and third party contract research organizations to assist us in this process. The FDA and other regulators have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data are insufficient for approval and require additional clinical trials, or preclinical or other studies. Varying interpretation of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval of a product candidate. Furthermore, we have acquired our rights to EVK-001 from Questcor, who acquired its rights from a predecessor. Thus, much of the preclinical and a portion of the clinical data relating to EVK-001 that we would expect to submit in an NDA for EVK-001 was obtained from studies conducted before we owned the rights to the product candidate and, accordingly, was prepared and managed by others. These predecessors may not have applied the same resources and given the same attention to this development program as we would have if we had been in control from inception. EVK-001 and the activities associated with its development and potential commercialization, including its testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, recordkeeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the United States and by comparable authorities in other countries. Failure to obtain regulatory marketing approval for EVK-001 will prevent us from commercializing the product candidate, and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired. The FDA may impose requirements on our clinical trials that are difficult to comply with, which could harm our business. The requirements that the FDA may impose on clinical trials for EVK-001 are uncertain. We are conducting one Phase 3 trial in adult female subjects with diabetic gastroparesis, which, along with a thorough ECG (QT) trial, we believe will be sufficient for NDA submission seeking an indication of treatment of symptoms associated with diabetic gastroparesis in women. In April 2014, we commenced a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group Phase 3 clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety and population pharmacokinetics of EVK-001 in adult female subjects with diabetic gastroparesis when dosed four times a day for 28 days. Although we believe successful results from this single Phase 3 clinical trial, along with the thorough ECG (QT) trial, will be sufficient to allow us to submit an NDA for EVK-001, it is possible the FDA will require additional clinical testing before submission or approval of the NDA. In addition, based on discussions with the FDA, we also are conducting a similar study for safety and efficacy in adult male subjects with diabetic gastroparesis which is not required for an NDA submission. If we are unable to comply with the FDA’s requirements, we will not be able to obtain approval for EVK-001 and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired. Any termination or suspension of, or delays in the enrollment or completion of, our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial could result in increased costs to us, delay or limit our ability to generate revenue and adversely affect our commercial prospects. Delays in the enrollment or completion of our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial for EVK-001 could significantly affect our product development costs. We do not know whether this trial will complete enrollment or produce data on schedule, if at all. The commencement and completion of clinical trials can be delayed for a number of reasons, including delays related to: the FDA placing the clinical trial on hold; subjects failing to enroll or remain in our trial at the rate we expect (for example, due to variable patient frequency and severity of disease and variability in gastric emptying testing); subjects choosing an alternative treatment for the indication for which we are developing EVK-001, or participating in competing clinical trials; subjects experiencing severe or unexpected drug-related adverse effects; a facility manufacturing EVK-001 or any of its components being ordered by the FDA or other government or regulatory authorities to temporarily or permanently shut down due to violations of cGMP or other applicable requirements, or infections or cross-contaminations of product candidate in the manufacturing process; any changes to our manufacturing process that may be necessary or desired; third-party clinical investigators losing their license or permits necessary to perform our clinical trials, not performing our clinical trials on our anticipated schedule or consistent with the clinical trial protocol, GCP and regulatory requirements, or other third parties not performing data collection and analysis in a timely or accurate manner; inspections of clinical trial sites by the FDA or the finding of regulatory violations by the FDA or an IRB that require us to undertake corrective action, result in suspension or termination of one or more sites or the imposition of a clinical hold on the entire trial, or that prohibit us from using some or all of the data in support of our marketing applications; third-party contractors becoming debarred or suspended or otherwise penalized by the FDA or other government or regulatory authorities for violations of regulatory requirements, in which case we may need to find a substitute contractor, and we may not be able to use some or any of the data produced by such contractors in support of our marketing applications; or one or more IRBs refusing to approve, suspending or terminating the trial at an investigational site, precluding enrollment of additional subjects, or withdrawing its approval of the trial. Product development costs will increase if we have delays in testing or approval of EVK-001, or if we need to perform more or larger clinical trials than planned. Additionally, changes in regulatory requirements and policies may occur and we may need to amend clinical trial protocols to reflect these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to IRBs for reexamination, which may impact the costs, timing or successful completion of a clinical trial. If we experience delays in completion of or if we, the FDA or other regulatory authorities, the IRB, or other reviewing entities, or any of our clinical trial sites suspend or terminate any of our clinical trials, the commercial prospects for our product candidate may be harmed and our ability to generate product revenues will be delayed. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, termination or suspension of, or a delay in the commencement or completion of, clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of a product candidate. Also, if one or more clinical trials are delayed, our competitors may be able to bring products to market before we do, and the commercial viability of EVK-001 could be significantly reduced. On February 2, 2015, we announced that overall enrollment in our Phase 3 clinical trial of EVK-001 has been slower than anticipated and that enrollment is projected to be completed in the second half of 2015. As of February 2, 2015, we had randomized 74 subjects, and we anticipate fully enrolling this trial in the second half of 2015. Continued delays in the enrollment and completion of the Phase 3 trial, as well as potential delays in any other clinical trials and studies, could be harmful to our business and cause us to require additional funding sooner than anticipated. Final marketing approval for EVK-001 by the FDA or other regulatory authorities for commercial use may be delayed, limited, or denied, any of which would adversely affect our ability to generate operating revenues. After the completion of our Phase 3 clinical trial and, assuming the results of the trial are successful, the submission of an NDA, we cannot predict whether or when we will obtain regulatory approval to commercialize EVK-001 and we cannot, therefore, predict the timing of any future revenue. Because EVK-001 is our only product candidate this risk is particularly significant for us. We cannot commercialize EVK-001 until the appropriate regulatory authorities have reviewed and approved marketing applications for this product candidate. We cannot assure you that the regulatory agencies will complete their review processes in a timely manner or that we will obtain regulatory approval for EVK-001. In addition, we may experience delays or the application may be rejected based upon additional government regulation from future legislation or administrative action or changes in FDA policy during the period of product development, clinical trials and FDA regulatory review. For example, in 2009 following an FDA review of metoclopramide spontaneous safety reports, the FDA required a boxed warning be added to the metoclopramide product label concerning the chance of tardive dyskinesia, or TD, for patients taking these products. The FDA requires a boxed warning (sometimes referred to as a “Black Box” Warning) for products that have shown a significant risk of severe or life-threatening adverse events. Recently, the European Medicines Agency’s Committee on Medicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP, has reviewed and has proposed labeling changes for marketed metoclopramide products in the European Union based on age, dosing guidelines or indications. Based on their assessment of the limited efficacy and safety data currently available to the CHMP, the CHMP recommended to the European Medicines Agency that indications with limited or inconclusive efficacy data, including GERD, dyspepsia and gastroparesis, be removed from the approved product label in the European Union. There can be no assurance as to whether the FDA will re-review approved metoclopramide product labels as a result of any such regulatory actions in the European Union or otherwise. If marketing approval for EVK-001 is delayed, limited or denied, our ability to market the product candidate, and our ability to generate product sales, would be adversely affected. If the FDA does not conclude that EVK-001 satisfies the requirements for the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory approval pathway, or if the requirements under Section 505(b)(2) are not as we expect, the approval pathway for our primary product candidate will likely take significantly longer, cost significantly more and entail significantly greater complications and risks than anticipated, and in either case may not be successful. We intend to seek FDA approval through the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway for our primary product candidate, EVK-001. EVK-001 is a drug/device combination product that will be regulated under the drug provisions of the FFDCA, enabling us to submit an NDA for its approval. The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, also known as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, added Section 505(b)(2) to the FDCA. Section 505(b)(2) permits the filing of an NDA where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference. If the FDA does not allow us to pursue the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway as anticipated, we may need to conduct additional clinical trials, provide additional data and information and meet additional standards for regulatory approval. If this were to occur, the time and financial resources required to obtain FDA approval for EVK-001, and the complications and risks associated with our lead product candidate, would likely substantially increase. We may need to obtain additional funding, which could result in significant dilution to the ownership interests of our then existing stockholders to the extent we issue equity securities or convertible debt. We cannot assure you that we would be able to obtain such additional financing on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Moreover, inability to pursue the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway could result in competitive products reaching the market before EVK-001, which could impact our competitive position and prospects. Even if we are allowed to pursue the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway, we cannot assure you that EVK-001 or any future product candidates will receive the requisite approvals for commercialization. Even if we obtain marketing approval for EVK-001, it could be subject to restrictions or withdrawal from the market and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our product candidate, when and if EVK-001 is approved. Even if U.S. regulatory approval is obtained, the FDA may still impose significant restrictions on EVK-001’s indicated uses or marketing or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly and time consuming post-approval studies, post-market surveillance or clinical trials. EVK-001 will also be subject to ongoing FDA requirements governing the labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, safety surveillance, advertising, promotion, recordkeeping and reporting of safety and other post-market information. In addition, manufacturers of drug products and their facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with cGMP requirements relating to quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents. If we or a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product, the manufacturing facility or us, including requesting recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing. If we or the manufacturing facilities for EVK-001 fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory agency may: issue warning letters or untitled letters; seek an injunction or impose civil or criminal penalties or monetary fines; suspend or withdraw regulatory approval; suspend any ongoing clinical trials; refuse to approve pending applications or supplements or applications filed by us; suspend or impose restrictions on operations, including costly new manufacturing requirements; or seize or detain products, refuse to permit the import or export of product, or request us to initiate a product recall. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize our products and generate revenue. The FDA has the authority to require a REMS as a condition of approval of an NDA or following approval, which may impose further requirements or restrictions on the distribution or use of an approved drug, such as limiting prescribing to certain physicians or medical centers that have undergone specialized training, limiting treatment to patients who meet certain safe-use criteria and requiring treated patients to enroll in a registry. In March 2009, the FDA informed drug manufacturers that it will require a REMS for metoclopramide drug products, including a Medication Guide, elements to assure safe use (including an education program for prescribers and materials for prescribers to educate patients), and a timetable for submission of assessments of at least six months, 12 months, and annually after the REMS is approved. We intend to submit a proposed REMS at the time of the NDA submission for EVK-001. In addition, if EVK-001 is approved, our product labeling, advertising and promotion would be subject to regulatory requirements and continuing regulatory review. The FDA strictly regulates the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA as reflected in the product’s approved labeling. If we receive marketing approval for EVK-001, physicians may nevertheless prescribe it to their patients in a manner that is inconsistent with the approved label. If we are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant sanctions. The federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. The FDA has also requested that companies enter into consent decrees or permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed. Even if we receive regulatory approval for EVK-001, we still may not be able to successfully commercialize it and the revenue that we generate from its sales, if any, will be limited. EVK-001’s commercial success will depend upon the acceptance of the product candidate by the medical community, including physicians, patients and health care payors. The degree of market acceptance of our product candidate will depend on a number of factors, including: demonstration of clinical efficacy and safety compared to other more-established products; the limitation of our targeted patient population to women-only; limitations or warnings contained in any FDA-approved labeling, including the potential boxed warning on all metoclopramide product labels concerning the chance of TD for patients taking these products, or any limitations with respect to metoclopramide product labels in the European Union; acceptance of a new formulation by health care providers and their patients; the prevalence and severity of any adverse effects; new procedures or methods of treatment that may be more effective in treating or may reduce the incidences of diabetic gastroparesis; pricing and cost-effectiveness; the effectiveness of our or any future collaborators’ sales and marketing strategies; our ability to obtain and maintain sufficient third-party coverage and reimbursement from government health care programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers and other third-party payors; and the willingness of patients to pay out-of-pocket in the absence of third-party coverage. If EVK-001 is approved, but does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, health care payors and patients, we may not generate sufficient revenue, and we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability. Our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of EVK-001 may require significant resources and may never be successful. In addition, our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidate will depend on our ability to manufacture our products, differentiate our products from competing products and defend the intellectual property of our products. It will be difficult for us to profitably sell EVK-001 if coverage and reimbursement are limited. Market acceptance and sales of our product candidate will depend on coverage and reimbursement policies and may be affected by healthcare reform measures. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and these third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party payors have been challenging the prices charged for products. They may also refuse to provide any coverage of uses of approved products for medical indications other than those for which the FDA has granted marketing approval. This trend may impact the reimbursement for treatments for GI disorders especially, including EVK-001, as physicians typically focus on symptoms rather than underlying conditions when treating patients with these disorders and drugs are often prescribed for uses outside of their approved indications. In instances where alternative products are available, it may be required that those alternative treatment options are tried before coverage and reimbursement are available for EVK-001. Although EVK-001 is a novel nasal spray formulation of metoclopramide, this is the same active ingredient that is already available in other formulations approved for the treatment of gastroparesis that are already widely available at generic prices. We cannot be sure that coverage will be available for EVK-001 and, if coverage is available, the level of reimbursement. Reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, this product candidate. In addition, in certain foreign countries, particularly the countries of the European Union, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control. If reimbursement is not available or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our product candidate. We rely and will continue to rely on outsourcing arrangements for many of our activities, including clinical development and supply of EVK-001. We have only seven full-time employees and, as a result, we rely on outsourcing arrangements for a significant portion of our activities, including clinical research, data collection and analysis and manufacturing, as well as functioning as a public company. We may have limited control over these third parties and we cannot guarantee that they will perform their obligations in an effective and timely manner. We have retained SynteractHCR, a contract research organization, or CRO, to conduct our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial of EVK-001. We rely on our CRO to recruit suitable patients to participate in the trial at each trial site. Enrollment in our Phase 3 clinical trial of EVK-001 has progressed more slowly than anticipated, and although we have undertaken additional initiatives to increase enrollment and to further assist clinical trial sites in the identification of eligible study subjects, our CRO is ultimately responsible for recruitment efforts. The manufacture of pharmaceutical products requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the development of advanced manufacturing techniques and process controls. We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of any component of EVK-001, including metoclopramide, the nasal spray device or associated bottle, nor do we have plans to develop our own manufacturing operations in the foreseeable future. We currently depend on third-party contract manufacturers for all of our required raw materials, drug substance and drug product for our clinical trials. For EVK-001, we are currently using, and relying on, single suppliers and single manufacturers for starting materials, the final drug substance and nasal spray delivery device. Although potential alternative suppliers and manufacturers for some components have been identified, we have not qualified these vendors to date. If we were required to change vendors, it could result in a failure to meet regulatory requirements or projected timelines and necessary quality standards for successful manufacturing of the various required lots of material for our development and commercialization efforts. We do not have any current contractual relationships for the manufacture of commercial supplies of EVK-001. If EVK-001 is approved for sale by any regulatory agency, we intend to enter into agreements with third-party contract manufacturers for commercial production. The number of third-party manufacturers with the expertise, required regulatory approvals and facilities to manufacture bulk drug substance on a commercial scale is limited. We have identified one manufacturer for potentially providing commercial supplies of EVK-001; however, no alternative providers have been identified to date. If we are unable to come to terms on becoming our commercial supplier with this manufacturer, we would have to find replacements, which could delay the commercialization of our product candidate. In addition, our reliance on third party CROs and contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, entails further risks including: non-compliance by third parties with regulatory and quality control standards; breach by third parties of our agreements with them; termination or non-renewal of an agreement with third parties; and sanctions imposed by regulatory authorities if compounds supplied or manufactured by a third party supplier or manufacturer fail to comply with applicable regulatory standards. We face substantial competition, which may result in others selling their products more effectively than we do, and in others discovering, developing or commercializing product candidates before, or more successfully, than we do. Our future success depends on our ability to demonstrate and maintain a competitive advantage with respect to the design, development and commercialization of EVK-001. We anticipate that EVK-001, if approved, would compete directly with metoclopramide, erythromycin and domperidone, each of which is available under various trade names sold by several major pharmaceutical companies, including generic manufacturers. Metoclopramide is the only molecule currently approved in the United States to treat gastroparesis. Metoclopramide is generically-available and indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with acute and recurrent diabetic gastroparesis, without the limitation of use in women only. Many of our potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and personnel resources than we have. In addition, many of these competitors have significantly greater commercial infrastructures than we have. We will not be able to compete successfully unless we successfully: assure health care providers, patients and health care payors that EVK-001 is beneficial compared to other products in the market; obtain patent and/or other proprietary protection for EVK-001; obtain and maintain required regulatory approvals for EVK-001; and collaborate with others to effectively market, sell and distribute EVK-001. Established competitors may invest heavily to quickly discover and develop novel compounds that could make our product candidate obsolete. In addition to our EVK-001 product candidate, we are aware of other development candidates in clinical development. Any of these product candidates could advance through clinical development faster than EVK-001 and, if approved, could attain faster and greater market acceptance than our product candidate. If we are not able to compete effectively against our current and future competitors, our business will not grow and our financial condition and operations will suffer. We have no sales, marketing or distribution capabilities currently and we will have to invest significant resources to develop these capabilities. Currently, we have no internal sales, marketing or distribution capabilities. If EVK-001 ultimately receives regulatory approval, we may not be able to effectively market and distribute the product candidate. We will have to invest significant amounts of financial and management resources to develop internal sales, distribution and marketing capabilities, some of which will be committed prior to any confirmation that EVK-001 will be approved. We may not be able to hire consultants or external service providers to assist us in sales, marketing and distribution functions on acceptable financial terms or at all. Even if we determine to perform sales, marketing and distribution functions ourselves, we could face a number of additional related risks, including: inability to attract and build an effective marketing department or sales force; the cost of establishing a marketing department or sales force may exceed our available financial resources and the revenues generated by EVK-001 or any other product candidates that we may develop, in-license or acquire; and our direct sales and marketing efforts may not be successful. If we fail to attract and retain senior management and key commercial personnel, we may be unable to successfully complete the development of EVK-001 and commercialize this product candidate. Our success depends in part on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified management, clinical and commercial personnel. We are highly dependent upon our senior management team composed of three individuals: David A. Gonyer, R.Ph., our President and Chief Executive Officer, Matthew J. D’Onofrio, our Executive Vice President and Chief Business Officer, and Marilyn Carlson, D.M.D., M.D., our Chief Medical Officer. The loss of services of any of these individuals could delay or prevent the successful development of EVK-001 or the commercialization of this product candidate, if approved. We will need to hire and retain qualified personnel. We could experience problems in the future attracting and retaining qualified employees. For example, competition for qualified personnel in the biotechnology and pharmaceuticals field is intense, particularly in the San Diego, California area where we are headquartered. We may not be able to attract and retain quality personnel on acceptable terms who have the expertise we need to sustain and grow our business. We may encounter difficulties in managing our growth and expanding our operations successfully. Because we currently have only seven full-time employees, we will need to grow our organization substantially to continue the development and pursue the potential commercialization of EVK-001. As we seek to advance EVK-001, we will need to expand our development, regulatory, manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities or contract with third parties to provide these capabilities for us. As our operations expand, we expect that we will need to manage additional relationships with various strategic partners, suppliers and other third parties. Future growth will impose significant added responsibilities on members of management and require us to retain additional internal capabilities. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize EVK-001 and to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to manage any future growth effectively. To that end, we must be able to manage our development efforts and clinical trials effectively and hire, train and integrate additional management, clinical and regulatory, financial, administrative and sales and marketing personnel. We may not be able to accomplish these tasks, and our failure to accomplish any of them could prevent us from successfully growing our company. Recently enacted and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize EVK-001 and affect the prices we may obtain. In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval for EVK-001, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to profitably sell our product candidate, assuming we obtain marketing approval. Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We are not sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals of EVK-001, if any, may be. In addition, increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us to more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements. In the United States, the Medicare Modernization Act, or MMA, changed the way Medicare covers and pays for pharmaceutical products. The legislation expanded Medicare coverage for outpatient drug purchases by Medicare beneficiaries under a new Part D and introduced a new reimbursement methodology based on average sales prices for Medicare Part B physician-administered drugs. In addition, this legislation authorized Medicare Part D prescription drug plans to use formularies where they can limit the number of drugs that will be covered in any therapeutic class. As a result of this legislation and the expansion of federal coverage of drug products, we expect that there will be additional pressure to contain and reduce costs. These cost reduction initiatives and other provisions of this legislation could decrease the coverage and price that we receive for any approved products and could seriously harm our business. While the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates, and any reduction in Medicare reimbursement may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. In early 2010, President Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or collectively, the Affordable Care Act, a sweeping law intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add new transparency requirements for healthcare and health insurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on the health industry and impose additional health policy reforms. The Affordable Care Act, among other things, increased the Medicaid rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program for both branded and generic drugs and revised the definition of “average manufacturer price” for reporting purposes, which could further increase the amount of Medicaid drug rebates to states. Further, the new law imposes a significant annual fee on companies that manufacture or import branded prescription drug products, increased the number of entities eligible for discounts under the 340B program and included a 50% discount on brand name drugs for Medicare Part D beneficiaries in the coverage gap, or “donut hole.” Substantial new provisions affecting compliance have also been enacted, which may require us to modify our business practices with healthcare practitioners. Although it is too early to determine the full effect of the Affordable Care Act, the new law appears likely to continue the pressure on pharmaceutical pricing, especially under the Medicare program, and may also increase our regulatory burdens and operating costs. In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the Affordable Care Act was enacted. In August 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011 among other things, created the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to recommend proposals in spending reductions to Congress. The Joint Select Committee did not achieve its targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includes aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of two percent per fiscal year, which went into effect on April 1, 2013, and due to subsequent legislative amendments, will remain in effect through 2024 unless additional Congressional action is taken. On January 2, 2013, President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers. These new laws and the regulations and policies implementing them, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may have a material adverse effect on our industry generally and on our ability to successfully develop and commercialize our products, if approved. If we market products in a manner that violates healthcare fraud and abuse laws, or if we violate government price reporting laws, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties. In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing of pharmaceutical products, several other types of state and federal healthcare fraud and abuse laws have been applied in recent years to restrict certain marketing practices in the pharmaceutical industry. These laws include false claims, anti-kickback and physician payment transparency laws and regulations. Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the safe harbors, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of these laws. The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration to induce, or in return for, purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid or other federally financed healthcare programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Although there are several statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration intended to induce prescribing, purchasing or recommending may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor. Our practices may not in all cases meet all of the criteria for safe harbor protection from anti-kickback liability. Further, the Affordable Care Act, among other things, amends the intent requirement of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the criminal healthcare fraud statutes that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any federal healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of these statutes or specific intent to violate them in order to have committed a violation. In addition, the Affordable Care Act provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal False Claims Act. Federal false claims laws prohibit any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to get a false claim paid. Violations of the False Claims Act can result in very significant monetary penalties and treble damages. Over the past few years, several pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for a variety of alleged promotional and marketing activities, such as: allegedly providing free trips, free goods, sham consulting fees and grants and other monetary benefits to prescribers; reporting to pricing services inflated average wholesale prices that were then used by federal programs to set reimbursement rates; engaging in off- label promotion that caused claims to be submitted to Medicaid for non-covered, off-label uses; and submitting inflated best price information to the Medicaid Rebate Program to reduce liability for Medicaid rebates. Most states also have statutes or regulations similar to the federal anti-kickback law and false claims laws, which apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor. In addition, the Affordable Care Act included the federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act, which requires manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report annually to the government information related to payments or other “transfers of value” made to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors) and teaching hospitals, and applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations to report annually to the government ownership and investment interests held by physicians (as defined above) and their immediate family members. Manufacturers are required to report such data to the government by the 90th calendar day of each year. There are also several states with similar laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures, and/or require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers. The risk of our being found in violation of these laws and regulations is increased by the fact that many of them have not been fully interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are open to a variety of interpretations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from governmental health care programs, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. Federal legislation and actions by state and local governments may permit re-importation of drugs from foreign countries into the United States, including foreign countries where the drugs are sold at lower prices than in the United States, which could materially adversely affect our operating results and our overall financial condition. We may face competition in the United States for EVK-001, if approved, from lower priced products from foreign countries that have placed price controls on pharmaceutical products. This risk may be particularly applicable to drugs such as EVK-001. The MMA contains provisions that may change U.S. importation laws and expand pharmacists’ and wholesalers’ ability to import lower priced versions of an approved drug and competing products from Canada, where there are government price controls. These changes to U.S. importation laws will not take effect unless and until the Secretary of Health and Human Services certifies that the changes will pose no additional risk to the public’s health and safety and will result in a significant reduction in the cost of products to consumers. The Secretary of Health and Human Services has not yet announced any plans to make this required certification. A number of federal legislative proposals have been made to implement the changes to the U.S. importation laws without any certification and to broaden permissible imports in other ways. Even if the changes do not take effect, and other changes are not enacted, imports from Canada and elsewhere may continue to increase due to market and political forces, and the limited enforcement resources of the FDA, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and other government agencies. For example, Pub. L. No. 111-83, which was signed into law in October 2009 and provides appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security for the 2010 fiscal year, expressly prohibits U.S. Customs and Border Protection from using funds to prevent individuals from importing from Canada less than a 90-day supply of a prescription drug for personal use, when the drug otherwise complies with the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA. Further, several states and local governments have implemented importation schemes for their citizens and, in the absence of federal action to curtail such activities, we expect other states and local governments to launch importation efforts. The importation of foreign products that compete with EVK-001 could negatively impact our revenue and profitability, possibly materially. If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of EVK-001. We face an inherent risk of product liability as a result of the clinical testing of EVK-001 and will face an even greater risk if we commercialize the product candidate. For example, we may be sued if EVK-001 allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product candidate, negligence, strict liability and a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. In particular, products containing metoclopramide have been reported to cause side effects, including TD. It is possible that a patient taking EVK-001 will be found to experience a variety of side effects. In 2009, the FDA required a boxed warning on all metoclopramide product labels concerning the chance of TD for patients taking these products. We expect that the label for EVK-001, if approved, will likely contain a similar warning regarding TD. Several manufactures of metoclopramide products have been sued by patients regarding TD. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our product candidate. Even successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in: decreased demand for EVK-001; injury to our reputation; withdrawal of clinical trial participants; costs to defend the related litigation; a diversion of management’s time and our resources; substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients; product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions; loss of revenue; the inability to commercialize EVK-001; and a decline in our stock price. We may form strategic alliances in the future, and we may not realize the benefits of such alliances. We may form strategic alliances, create joint ventures or collaborations or enter into licensing arrangements with third parties that we believe will complement or augment our existing business, including for the continued development or commercialization of EVK-001. These relationships or those like them may require us to incur non-recurring and other charges, increase our near- and long-term expenditures, issue securities that dilute our existing stockholders or disrupt our management and business. In addition, we face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic partners and the negotiation process is time-consuming and complex. Moreover, we may not be successful in our efforts to establish a strategic partnership or other alternative arrangements for EVK-001 because third parties may view the risk of success in our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial as too significant or the commercial opportunity for our product candidate as too limited. We cannot be certain that, following a strategic transaction or license, we will achieve the revenues or specific net income that justifies such transaction. Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system failures. Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our current and any future CROs and other contractors and consultants and collaborators are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have not experienced any such material system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our development program for EVK-001 and our business operations. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Likewise, we rely on third parties to manufacture EVK-001 and conduct clinical trials, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development and commercialization of our product candidate could be delayed. Business disruptions could seriously harm our future revenues and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. Our operations could be subject to earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical epidemics and other natural or manmade disasters or business interruptions, for which we are predominantly self-insured. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. We rely on third-party manufacturers to produce our EVK-001. Our ability to obtain clinical supplies of EVK-001 could be disrupted, if the operations of these suppliers are affected by a man-made or natural disaster or other business interruption. Our operations are located in Solana Beach, California near major earthquake faults and fire zones. The ultimate impact on us, our significant suppliers and our general infrastructure of being located near major earthquake faults and fire zones and being consolidated in certain geographical areas is unknown, but our operations and financial condition could suffer in the event of a major earthquake, fire or other natural disaster. If we fail to develop and commercialize other product candidates, we may be unable to grow our business. As part of our growth strategy, we plan to evaluate the development and/or commercialization of other therapies for GI motility disorders. Similar to our initial focus on gastroparesis, we will evaluate opportunities to in-license or acquire other product candidates as well as commercial products to treat patients suffering from predominantly GI disorders, seeking to identify areas of high unmet medical needs with limited treatment options. These other product candidates will require additional, time-consuming development efforts prior to commercial sale, including preclinical studies, extensive clinical trials and approval by the FDA and applicable foreign regulatory authorities. All product candidates are prone to the risks of failure that are inherent in pharmaceutical product development, including the possibility that the drug candidate will not be shown to be sufficiently safe and/or effective for approval by regulatory authorities. In addition, we cannot assure you that any such products that are approved will be manufactured or produced economically, successfully commercialized or widely accepted in the marketplace or be more effective than other commercially available alternatives. If we engage in an acquisition, reorganization or business combination, we will incur a variety of risks that could adversely affect our business operations or our stockholders. From time to time we have considered, and we will continue to consider in the future, strategic business initiatives intended to further the development of our business. These initiatives may include acquiring businesses, technologies or products or entering into a business combination with another company. If we do pursue such a strategy, we could, among other things: issue equity securities that would dilute our current stockholders’ percentage ownership; incur substantial debt that may place strains on our operations; spend substantial operational, financial and management resources in integrating new businesses, technologies and products; and assume substantial actual or contingent liabilities. We may be unable to maintain sufficient product liability insurance. Our inability to obtain and retain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of products we develop. We currently carry product liability insurance covering our clinical studies. Although we maintain such insurance, any claim that may be brought against us could result in a court judgment or settlement in an amount that is not covered, in whole or in part, by our insurance or that is in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage. If we determine that it is prudent to increase our product liability coverage due to the commercial launch of any product, we may be unable to obtain such increased coverage on acceptable terms or at all. Our insurance policies also have various exclusions, and we may be subject to a product liability claim for which we have no coverage. We will have to pay any amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay such amounts. Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property It is difficult and costly to protect our intellectual property rights, and we cannot ensure the protection of these rights. Any impairment of our intellectual property rights would materially affect our business. We place considerable importance on obtaining patent protection for new technologies, products and processes because our commercial success will depend, in large part, on obtaining patent protection for new technologies, products and processes, successfully defending these patents against third-party challenges and successfully enforcing our patents against third party competitors. To that end, we have acquired and will file applications for patents covering formulations containing or uses of EVK-001 or our proprietary processes as well as other intellectual property important to our business. One of our patents related to EVK-001 was acquired from Questcor. This method of use patent was not written by us or our attorneys, and we did not have control over the drafting and prosecution of these patents. Further, Questcor and other predecessors might not have given the same attention to the drafting and prosecution of these patents and applications as we would have if we had been the owners of the patent and application and had control over the drafting and prosecution. The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain and involves complex legal and factual questions for which legal principles remain unresolved. In recent years patent rights have been the subject of significant litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or products or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection. The laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we or our predecessors were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned and licensed patents or pending patent applications, or that we or our predecessors were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions One or more of these factors could possibly result in findings of invalidity or unenforceability of one or more of the patents we own. The patent rights we own covering EVK-001 are limited to specific methods of use and formulations of metoclopramide. As a result, our ability to market EVK-001 may be limited by the lack of patent protection for the active ingredient itself and other metoclopramide formulations may be developed by competitors. The active ingredient in EVK-001 is metoclopramide. No patent protection is available for metoclopramide itself. As a result, competitors who develop and receive required regulatory approval for competing products using the same active ingredient as EVK-001 may market their competing products so long as they do not infringe any of the method or formulation patents owned by us. Others have filed, and in the future are likely to file, patent applications covering products and technologies that are similar, identical or competitive to ours, or important to our business. We cannot be certain that any patent application owned by a third party will not have priority over patent applications filed or in-licensed by us, or that we will not be involved in interference, opposition or invalidity proceedings before U.S. or foreign patent offices. We have focused our intellectual property efforts on the United States. To the extent that our patent portfolio differs from country to country outside the United States, this may make protecting EVK-001 as a product outside the United States even more difficult and unpredictable. Various countries maintain their own standards and interpretation of intellectual property law, potentially creating additional patent risk beyond even that experienced within the United States. We also rely on trade secrets to protect technology in cases when we believe patent protection is not appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. While we require employees, consultants and other contractors to enter into confidentiality agreements, we may not be able to adequately protect our trade secrets or other proprietary information. Our research collaborators and scientific advisors may have rights to publish data and information in which we have rights. If we cannot maintain the confidentiality of our technology and other confidential information in connection with our collaborators and advisors, our ability to receive patent protection or protect our proprietary information may be imperiled. Claims by third parties that we infringe their proprietary rights may result in liability for damages or prevent or delay our developmental and commercialization efforts. The biotechnology industry has been characterized by frequent litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. Because patent applications are maintained in secrecy until the application is published, we may be unaware of third party patents that may be infringed by commercialization of EVK-001. In addition, identification of third party patent rights that may be relevant to our technology is difficult because patent searching is imperfect due to differences in terminology among patents, incomplete databases and the difficulty in assessing the meaning of patent claims. Any claims of patent infringement asserted by third parties would be time consuming and could likely: result in costly litigation; divert the time and attention of our technical personnel and management; cause development delays; prevent us from commercializing EVK-001 until the asserted patent expires or is held finally invalid or not infringed in a court of law; require us to develop non-infringing technology; or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements. Although no third party has asserted a claim of infringement against us, others may hold proprietary rights that could prevent EVK-001 from being marketed. Any patent-related legal action against us claiming damages or seeking to enjoin commercial activities relating to our product candidate or processes could subject us to potential liability for damages and could require us to obtain a license to continue to manufacture or market EVK-001, or, if no such license were available on commercially viable terms, could require us to cease manufacturing and marketing of EVK-001. We cannot predict whether we would prevail in any such actions or that any license required under any of these patents would be made available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, we cannot be sure that we could redesign our product candidate or processes to avoid infringement, if necessary. Accordingly, an adverse determination in a judicial or administrative proceeding, or the failure to obtain necessary licenses, could prevent us from developing and commercializing EVK-001, which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results. Whatever the outcome, any patent litigation would be costly and time consuming, could be distracting to our management, and could have a material adverse effect on our business. We may be subject to claims that we have wrongfully hired an employee from a competitor or that we or our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged confidential information or trade secrets of their former employers. As is commonplace in our industry, we employ and consult with individuals who were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although no claims against us are currently pending, we may be subject in the future to claims that our employees or consultants are subject to a continuing obligation to their former employers or clients (such as non-competition or non-solicitation obligations) or claims that our employees, our consultants or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers or clients. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Capital Our recurring losses from operations have raised substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. Our recurring losses from operations raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, and as a result, our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph in its report on our financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014 with respect to this uncertainty. This going concern opinion could materially limit our ability to raise additional funds through the issuance of new debt or equity securities or otherwise. Future reports on our financial statements may also include an explanatory paragraph with respect to our ability to continue as a going concern. We have incurred significant losses since our inception and have never been profitable, and it is possible we will never achieve profitability. We have devoted our resources to developing our product candidate, but it cannot be marketed until regulatory approvals have been obtained. Based upon our currently expected level of operating expenditures, we expect to be able to fund our operations through the end of 2015. This period could be shortened if there are any significant increases in planned spending on our EVK-001 development program or more rapid progress of our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial than anticipated. There is no assurance that other financing will be available when needed to allow us to continue as a going concern. The perception that we may not be able to continue as a going concern may cause others to choose not to deal with us due to concerns about our ability to meet our contractual obligations. We have incurred significant operating losses since inception, and we expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future. We may never become profitable or, if achieved, be able to sustain profitability. We have incurred significant operating losses since we were founded in 2007 and expect to incur significant losses for the next several years related to completing our Phase 3 clinical trial for EVK-001, and seeking regulatory approval from the FDA to manufacture and commercialize EVK-001. Our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2014, was approximately $13.2 million. As of December 31, 2014, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $35.9 million. Losses have resulted principally from costs incurred in our clinical trials, research and development programs and from our general and administrative expenses, especially since we became a public company in September 2013. In the future, we intend to continue to conduct research and development, clinical testing, regulatory compliance activities and, if EVK-001 is approved, sales and marketing activities that, together with anticipated general and administrative expenses, will likely result in our incurring further significant losses for the next several years. We currently generate no revenue from sales, and we may never be able to commercialize EVK-001 or other marketable drugs. As a result, there can be no assurance that we will ever generate revenues or achieve profitability, which could impair our ability to sustain operations or obtain any required additional funding. If we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. If we fail to obtain the capital necessary to fund our operations, we will be unable to successfully develop and commercialize EVK-001. We will require substantial future capital in order to complete the remaining clinical development for EVK-001 and to potentially commercialize this product candidate. The amount and timing of any expenditure needed to implement our development and commercialization programs will depend on numerous factors, including: the progress, costs, results of and timing of our clinical development program for EVK-001, including our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial; the need for, and the progress, costs and results of, any additional clinical trials of EVK-001 we may initiate based on the results of our planned and ongoing clinical trials or discussions with the FDA, including any additional trials the FDA or other regulatory agencies may require evaluating the safety of EVK-001; the outcome, costs and timing of seeking and obtaining regulatory approvals from the FDA, and any similar regulatory agencies; the timing and costs associated with manufacturing EVK-001 for clinical trials and other studies and, if approved, for commercial sale; our need and ability to hire additional management, development and scientific personnel; the cost to maintain, expand and defend the scope of our intellectual property portfolio, including the amount and timing of any payments we may be required to make, or that we may receive, in connection with licensing, filing, prosecution, defense and enforcement of any patents or other intellectual property rights; the timing and costs associated with establishing sales and marketing capabilities; market acceptance of EVK-001; the extent to which we are required to pay milestone or other payments under our Mallinckrodt asset purchase agreement and the timing of such payments; the costs of acquiring, licensing or investing in additional businesses, products, product candidates and technologies; and our need to implement additional internal systems and infrastructure, including financial and reporting systems. Some of these factors are outside of our control. We cannot provide any assurance that our existing capital resources, which include the proceeds from our initial public offering, will be sufficient to enable us to fund the completion of our Phase 3 clinical trial and remaining development program, and, in any event, we will need to raise additional capital to submit marketing applications for and prepare for commercialization of EVK-001 should we receive product approval. We may need to raise additional funds in the near future to complete development activities for EVK-001. We may seek additional funding through collaboration agreements and public or private financings. For example, in November 2014 we entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement, or the Sales Agreement, with MLV & Co. LLC, or MLV, pursuant to which we may sell from time to time, at our option, up to an aggregate of $6.6 million of shares of our common stock through MLV, as sales agent. Sales of our common stock made pursuant to the Sales Agreement are made on The NASDAQ Capital Market under our shelf registration statement on Form S-3 filed on November 13, 2014, which was declared effective by the SEC on November 25, 2014, by means of ordinary brokers’ transactions at market prices. Although sales of our common stock have taken place pursuant to the Sales Agreement, there can be no assurance that MLV will be successful in consummating future sales based on prevailing market conditions or in the quantities or at the prices that we deem appropriate. Under current SEC regulations, at any time during which the aggregate market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates, or public float, is less than $75.0 million, the amount we can raise through primary public offerings of securities in any twelve-month period using shelf registration statements, including sales under the Sales Agreement, is limited to an aggregate of one-third of our public float. As of November 11, 2014, our public float was 2.9 million shares, the value of which was $20.0 million based upon the closing price of our common stock of $6.86 on such date. The value of one-third of our public float calculated on the same basis was $6.6 million. In addition, we will not be able to make future sales of our common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement unless certain conditions are met, which include the accuracy of representations and warranties made to MLV under the Sales Agreement. Furthermore, MLV is permitted to terminate the Sales Agreement in its sole discretion upon ten days’ notice, or at any time in certain circumstances, including the occurrence of an event that would be reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our assets, business, operations, earnings, properties, condition (financial or otherwise), prospects, stockholders’ equity or results of operations. Additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. In addition, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders. In addition, the issuance of additional shares by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our shares to decline and dilute the holdings of our existing stockholders. If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, if required, we will be unable to complete the ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial for EVK-001 and may be required to significantly curtail all of our activities. We also could be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise that may require us to relinquish rights to our product candidate or some of our technologies or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us. The terms of our secured debt facility require us to meet certain operating and financial covenants and place restrictions on our operating and financial flexibility. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, the terms of any new debt could further restrict our ability to operate our business. We have a $4.5 million loan and security agreement with Square 1 Bank, or Square 1, that is secured by a lien covering substantially all of our personal property, excluding intellectual property. On December 31, 2014, we drew the entire $4.5 million line. The credit facility contains affirmative and negative covenants applicable to us and any subsidiaries we create in the future. The affirmative covenants include, among others, covenants requiring us to maintain our legal existence and governmental approvals, deliver certain financial reports, maintain insurance coverage and meet certain covenants with respect to enrollment and results of our Phase 3 trial for EVK-001. The negative covenants include, among others, restrictions on transferring collateral, incurring additional indebtedness, engaging in mergers or acquisitions, paying dividends or making other distributions, making investments, creating liens and selling assets, in each case subject to certain exceptions. The credit facility also includes events of default, the occurrence and continuation of which provide Square 1 with the right to exercise remedies against us and the collateral securing the term loans under the credit facility, including foreclosure against our properties securing the credit facilities, including our cash. These events of default include, among other things, our failure to pay any amounts due under the credit facility, a breach of covenants under the credit facility, our insolvency, a material adverse change, the occurrence of any default under certain other indebtedness in an amount greater than $400,000 and a final judgment against us in an amount greater than $400,000. Square 1 could declare a default upon the occurrence of any event that they interpret as a material adverse change as defined under the loan agreement, thereby requiring us to repay the loan immediately or to attempt to reverse the declaration of default through negotiation or litigation. Any declaration by the lender of an event of default could significantly harm our business and prospects and could cause the price of our common stock to decline. If we raise any additional debt financing, the terms of such additional debt could further restrict our operating and financial flexibility. Our ability to use net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and certain built-in losses to reduce future tax payments is limited by provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, and may be subject to further limitation as a result of the transactions completed in connection with our initial public offering. Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change” (generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a three year period), the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change income may be limited. As a result of our initial public offering, our most recent private placement and other transactions that have occurred over the past three years, we may have experienced an “ownership change.” We may also experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership. As of December 31, 2014, we had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $33.2 million and $32.5 million, respectively, and federal research and development credits of approximately $1.1 million which could be limited if we experience an “ownership change.” Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock An active trading market for our common stock may not develop or be sustained. Prior to our initial public offering in September 2013, there was no public market for our common stock. An active trading market may never develop or be sustained. If an active trading market does not develop or is not sustained, it may be difficult to sell shares of our common stock at a price that is desirable or at all. In addition, an inactive market may impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares and may impair our ability to acquire other companies or technologies by using our shares as consideration, which, in turn, could materially adversely affect our business. Since the commencement of trading in connection with our initial public offering in September 2013 through February 23, 2015, the sale price per share of our common stock on The NASDAQ Capital Market has ranged from a low of $4.72 to a high of $14.25. The price of the shares of our common stock could be highly volatile, and purchasers of our common stock could incur substantial losses. Our stock price is likely to be volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. The stock market in general and the market for biotechnology companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, investors may not be able to sell their common stock at or above the price at which they purchased the shares. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including: our ability to enroll patients in our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial; results of the clinical trial, and the results of trials of our competitors or those of other companies in our market sector; regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries; variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us; changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems, especially in light of current reforms to the U.S. healthcare system; announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments; market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors and issuance of securities analysts’ reports or recommendations; sales of our stock by insiders and 5% stockholders; trading volume of our common stock; general economic, industry and market conditions other events or factors, many of which are beyond our control; additions or departures of key personnel; and intellectual property, product liability or other litigation against us. In addition, in the past, stockholders have initiated class action lawsuits against biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies following periods of volatility in the market prices of these companies’ stock. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could cause us to incur substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly. We expect our operating results to be subject to quarterly fluctuations. Our net loss and other operating results will be affected by numerous factors, including: variations in the level of expenses related to our EVK-001 development program; addition or termination of clinical trials; any intellectual property infringement lawsuit in which we may become involved; regulatory developments affecting EVK-001; and our execution of any collaborative, licensing or similar arrangements, and the timing of payments we may make or receive under these arrangements. If our quarterly operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Furthermore, any quarterly fluctuations in our operating results may, in turn, cause the price of our stock to fluctuate substantially. Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval. As of February 23, 2015, our executive officers, directors and greater than 5% stockholders, in the aggregate, owned approximately 52.05% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, such persons, acting together, will have the ability to control our management and affairs and substantially all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election and removal of directors and approval of any significant transaction. These persons will also have the ability to control our management and business affairs. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control, impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving us, or discouraging a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our business, even if such a transaction would benefit other stockholders. Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management. Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may delay or prevent an acquisition of us or a change in our management. These provisions include: authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued without stockholder approval; limiting the removal of directors by the stockholders; creating a staggered board of directors; prohibiting stockholder action by written consent, thereby requiring all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders; eliminating the ability of stockholders to call a special meeting of stockholders; permitting our board of directors to accelerate the vesting of outstanding option grants upon certain transactions that result in a change of control; and establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to the board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholder meetings. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which limits the ability of stockholders owning in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock to merge or combine with us. Although we believe these provisions collectively provide for an opportunity to obtain greater value for stockholders by requiring potential acquirors to negotiate with our board of directors, they would apply even if an offer rejected by our board were considered beneficial by some stockholders. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock and, consequently, the ability of our stockholders to achieve a return on their investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock. We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our common stock and do not currently intend to do so for the foreseeable future. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business. In addition, our loan and security agreement with Square 1 currently prohibits us from paying dividends on our equity securities, and any future debt financing arrangement may contain terms prohibiting or limiting the amount of dividends that may be declared or paid on our common stock. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation of their stock. Therefore, the success of an investment in shares of our common stock will depend upon any future appreciation in their value. There is no guarantee that shares of our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which our stockholders have purchased their shares. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock by our existing stockholders in the public market could cause our stock price to fall. Persons who were our stockholders prior to the sale of shares in our initial public offering in September 2013 continue to hold a substantial number of shares of our common stock that they are able to sell in the public market, subject in some cases to certain legal restrictions. Significant portions of these shares are held by a small number of stockholders. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could significantly reduce the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise adequate capital through the sale of additional equity securities. As of February 23, 2015, we had 6,137,091 shares of common stock outstanding. All of these shares are freely tradable without restriction in the public market, except for 3,194,128 shares that are held by directors, executive officers and other affiliates that are subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 under the Securities Act. In addition, shares of common stock that are either subject to outstanding options or reserved for future issuance under our employee benefit plans will become eligible for sale in the public market to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting schedules and Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act. If these additional shares of common stock are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline. As of February 23, 2015, the holders of 2,673,622 shares of our common stock are entitled to reasonable best efforts registration rights with respect to the registration of their shares under the Securities Act. In addition, holders of 84,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants are also entitled to reasonable best efforts registration rights with respect to the registration of their shares under the Securities Act. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in the shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act, except for shares held by affiliates, as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. Any sales of securities by these stockholders could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock. We are an emerging growth company, and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors. We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding nonbinding advisory votes on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years following 2013, the year in which we completed our initial public offering, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of any June 30 before that time or if we have total annual gross revenue of $1.0 billion or more during any fiscal year before that time, in which cases we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31 or, if we issue more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during any three year period before that time, we would cease to be an emerging growth company immediately. Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may still qualify as a “smaller reporting company” which would allow us to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. As a result, changes in rules of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles or their interpretation, the adoption of new guidance or the application of existing guidance to changes in our business could significantly affect our financial position and results of operations. We will continue to incur significant increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives. As a public company, we have incurred and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules adopted by the SEC and The NASDAQ Stock Market. These rules impose significant requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and changes in corporate governance practices. Further, in 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, was enacted. There are significant corporate governance and executive compensation related provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act that require the SEC to adopt additional rules and regulations in these areas such as “say on pay” and proxy access. Recent legislation permits smaller “emerging growth companies” to implement many of these requirements over a longer period and up to five years following their initial public offering. We are taking advantage of this new legislation but cannot guarantee that we will not be required to implement these requirements sooner than budgeted or planned and thereby incur unexpected expenses. Stockholder activism, the current political environment and the current high level of government intervention and regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate. We expect the rules and regulations applicable to public companies to substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. If these requirements divert the attention of our management and personnel from other business concerns, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The increased costs will decrease our net income or increase our net loss, and may require us to reduce costs in other areas of our business or increase the prices of our products or services. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to incur substantial costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers. If securities or industry analysts publish unfavorable research or reports about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. We currently have limited research coverage by securities and industry analysts. If one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our stock, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases to cover us or fails to regularly publish reports on us, interest in our stock could decrease, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. We could be subject to securities class action litigation. In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business. We occupy approximately 2,741 square feet of office space in Solana Beach, California under a lease that we entered into in November 2013. This facility lease expires in December 2015. We believe that our facility is adequate to meet our needs and that, if necessary, additional space can be leased to accommodate any future growth on commercially reasonable terms. We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings. Our common stock has been traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market since September 25, 2013 under the symbol “EVOK.” Prior to such time, there was no public market for our common stock. The following table sets forth the high and low sales price of our common stock, as reported by the NASDAQ Capital Market for the period indicated: Holders of Common Stock As of February 23, 2015, there were 28 holders of record of our common stock. Stock Performance Graph The following stock performance graph illustrates a comparison of the total cumulative stockholder return on our common stock since September 25, 2013, which is the date our common stock first began trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market, to two indices: the NASDAQ Composite Index and the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index. The graph assumes an initial investment of $100 on September 25, 2013, and that all dividends were reinvested. The comparisons in the graph are required by the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not intended to forecast or be indicative of possible future performance of our common stock. We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We expect to retain available cash to finance ongoing operations and the potential growth of our business. In addition, our loan and security agreement with Square 1 currently prohibits us from paying dividends on our equity securities, and any future debt financing arrangement may contain terms prohibiting or limiting the amount of dividends that may be declared or paid on our common stock. Any future determination to pay dividends on our common stock will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other factors, our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, business prospects and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant. Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans Information about our equity compensation plans is incorporated herein by reference to Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 6. Selected Financial Data. The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” We have derived the statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, from our audited financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our historical results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in any future period. Year Ended December 31, Statement of Operations Data: Loss from operations Total other expense Net loss per common share, basic and diluted(1) Weighted-average shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share See Note 2 to our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for an explanation of the method used to calculate the historical net loss per share, basic and diluted, and the number of shares used in the computation of the per share amounts. As of December 31, Balance Sheet Data: Long-term debt, net of current portion Accumulated deficit Total stockholders' equity The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including, but not limited to, those set forth under “Risk Factors” under Item 1A of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We are a specialty pharmaceutical company focused primarily on the development of drugs to treat GI disorders and diseases. We are developing EVK-001, a metoclopramide nasal spray for the relief of symptoms associated with acute and recurrent diabetic gastroparesis in women. Diabetic gastroparesis is a GI disorder afflicting millions of sufferers worldwide in which the stomach takes too long to empty its contents resulting in serious digestive system symptoms. Metoclopramide is the only product currently approved in the United States to treat gastroparesis, and is currently available only in oral and intravenous forms. EVK-001 is a novel formulation of this drug, designed to provide systemic delivery of metoclopramide through intranasal administration. We have evaluated EVK-001 in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group, dose-ranging Phase 2b clinical trial in 287 patients with diabetic gastroparesis where EVK-001 was observed to be effective in improving the most prevalent and clinically relevant symptoms associated with gastroparesis in women while exhibiting a favorable safety profile. In April 2014, we commenced a Phase 3 clinical trial of EVK-001 in female patients with symptoms associated with acute and recurrent diabetic gastroparesis. This Phase 3 clinical trial is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study evaluating the efficacy, safety and population pharmacokinetics of EVK-001 in adult female subjects with diabetic gastroparesis when dosed four times a day for 28 days. The Phase 3 trial is expected to enroll 200 patients at sites across the United States, and as of February 2, 2015, we had randomized 74 subjects, and we anticipate fully enrolling this trial in the second half of 2015. We will need to successfully complete this trial before we are able to submit an NDA to the FDA for EVK-001. We commenced a thorough ECG (QT) study in August 2014 and reported positive results in December 2014. Data from the thorough ECG (QT) study met the pre-specified primary endpoint, demonstrating that EVK-001, at therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses, did not prolong the QT/QTc interval in healthy subjects. FDA approval of the NDA is required in order for us to commercially market EVK-001 in the United States. We are also conducting a companion clinical trial with EVK-001 in male patients with symptoms associated with acute and recurrent diabetic gastroparesis to assess the safety and efficacy of EVK-001 in men. The male companion trial was initiated in May 2014 and is designed similarly to the Phase 3 trial in women. This trial was requested by the FDA, but is not required for submission of the EVK-001 NDA for women, however, we expect to include safety data from this trial in the NDA submission. We have no products approved for sale, and we have not generated any revenue from product sales or other arrangements. We have primarily funded our operations through the sale of our convertible preferred stock, borrowings under our loan and security agreements and the sale of shares of our common stock on the NASDAQ Capital Market. We have incurred losses in each year since our inception. Our net losses were $13.2 million and $2.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we had an accumulated deficit of $35.9 million and $22.7 million, respectively. Substantially all of our operating losses resulted from expenses incurred in connection with advancing EVK-001 through development activities and general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for at least the next several years. We may never become profitable, or if we do, we may not be able to sustain profitability on a recurring basis. As more fully described below, on December 31, 2014 we borrowed $4.5 million from Square 1 to increase our cash balance at December 31, 2014 to approximately $14.2 million. In addition, in January 2015 we sold 25,000 shares of our common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement with MLV and received net proceeds of approximately $163,000, net of commissions and fees. Under the terms of the Sales Agreement, we may sell up to $6.6 million worth of common stock. Though we have such capability, we may not be able to raise additional capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Any failure to raise capital as and when needed could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and our ability to execute on our business plan. In its report on our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2014, our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph expressing substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. In June 2007, we acquired all worldwide rights, data, patents and other related assets associated with EVK-001 from Questcor pursuant to an asset purchase agreement. We paid Questcor $650,000 in the form of an upfront payment and $500,000 in May 2014 as a milestone payment based upon the initiation of the first patient dosing in our Phase 3 clinical trial for EVK-001. In August 2014, Mallinckrodt acquired Questcor. As a result of that acquisition, Questcor transferred its rights included in the asset purchase agreement with us to Mallinckrodt. In addition to the payments we made to Questcor, we may also be required to make additional milestone payments totaling up to $51.5 million. These milestones include up to $4.5 million in payments if EVK-001 achieves the following development targets: In September 2013, we completed our initial public offering, or IPO, whereby we issued and sold 2,100,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $12.00 per share. Concurrently with the completion of the IPO, all outstanding shares of convertible preferred stock were converted into 2,439,002 shares of our common stock. In addition, warrants to purchase 84,000 shares of our common stock were issued to the representative of the underwriters of our IPO and certain of its affiliates. The warrants became exercisable at a price of $21.00 per share beginning on September 24, 2014 and will expire on September 24, 2018. Finally, warrants to purchase 110,000 shares of convertible preferred stock were converted into warrants to purchase 22,000 shares of our common stock. In October 2013, the underwriters for our IPO exercised an option to purchase 315,000 additional shares of common stock at $12.00 per share. Total net proceeds from the IPO, after deducting underwriter discounts, commissions and other offering expenses of $3.9 million, were $25.1 million. Financial Operations Overview Research and Development Expenses We expense all research and development expenses as they are incurred. Research and development expenses primarily include: clinical trial and regulatory-related costs; expenses incurred under agreements with CROs, investigative sites and consultants that conduct our clinical trials; manufacturing and stability testing costs and related supplies and materials; and employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, travel and stock-based compensation expense. All of our research and development expenses to date have been incurred in connection with EVK-001. We expect our research and development expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we advance EVK-001 through clinical development, including the conduct of our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial. The process of conducting clinical trials necessary to obtain regulatory approval is costly and time consuming. We are unable to estimate with any certainty the costs we will incur in the continued development of EVK-001. However, we currently estimate that the costs to complete our Phase 3 clinical trial in women and our companion clinical trial in men will be approximately $16.5 million, of which, through December 31, 2014, $7.8 million have been incurred related to those clinical activities. Clinical development timelines, the probability of success and development costs can differ materially from expectations. We may never succeed in achieving marketing approval for our product candidate. The costs of clinical trials may vary significantly over the life of a project owing to, but not limited to, the following: per patient trial costs; the number of sites included in the trials; the countries in which the trials are conducted; the length of time required to enroll eligible patients; the number of patients that participate in the trials; the number of doses that patients receive; the cost of comparative agents used in trials; the drop-out or discontinuation rates of patients; potential additional safety monitoring or other studies requested by regulatory agencies; the duration of patient follow-up; and the efficacy and safety profile of the product candidate. We do not expect EVK-001 to be commercially available, if at all, for the next few years. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related benefits, including stock-based compensation. Other general and administrative expenses include professional fees for accounting, tax, patent costs, legal services, insurance, facility costs and costs associated with being a publicly-traded company. We expect that general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as we expand our operating activities and incur additional costs associated with being a publicly-traded company and maintaining compliance with exchange listing and Securities and Exchange Commission requirements. These increases will likely include higher consulting costs, legal fees, accounting fees, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance premiums and fees associated with investor relations. Total other expense consists primarily of interest income we earn on interest-bearing accounts and money market funds for cash and cash equivalents, interest expense incurred on our outstanding debt and changes in the fair value of our warrant liability. Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. We evaluate these estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical for fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations. Accrued Research and Development Expenses As part of the process of preparing financial statements, we are required to estimate and accrue expenses, the largest of which are research and development expenses. This process involves the following: communicating with our applicable personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual cost; estimating and accruing expenses in our financial statements as of each balance sheet date based on facts and circumstances known to us at the time; and periodically confirming the accuracy of our estimates with selected service providers and making adjustments, if necessary. Examples of estimated research and development expenses that we accrue include: fees paid to CROs in connection with toxicology studies and clinical studies; fees paid to investigative sites in connection with clinical studies; fees paid to CMOs in connection with the production of clinical study materials; and professional service fees for consulting and related services. We base our expense accruals related to clinical studies on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple research institutions and CROs that conduct and manage clinical studies on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of patients, site initiation and the completion of clinical study milestones. Our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If we do not identify costs that we have begun to incur or if we underestimate or overestimate the level of services performed or the costs of these services, our actual expenses could differ materially from our estimates. To date, we have not experienced significant changes in our estimates of accrued research and development expenses after a reporting period. However, due to the nature of estimates, we cannot assure you that we will not make changes to our estimates in the future as we become aware of additional information about the status or conduct of our clinical studies and other research activities. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded at the estimated fair value of the award as of the grant date and is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the employee’s requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the award. Stock-based compensation expense is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, and therefore, the recorded expense includes an estimate of future forfeitures. Forfeitures are to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Prior to the IPO, we granted stock options to purchase common stock to employees with exercise prices equal to the value of the underlying stock, as determined by the board of directors on the date the equity award was granted. The board of directors determined the fair value of the underlying common stock by considering a number of factors, including historical and projected financial results, the risks we faced at the time, the preferences of our preferred stockholders and the lack of liquidity of our common stock. Subsequent to the IPO, the exercise price of the stock options granted to our employees and members of our board of directors was determined by the closing market price of our stock on the date the stock options were granted. The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model using the appropriate risk-free interest rate, expected term and volatility assumptions. The expected life of options was calculated using the simplified method, which calculates the life as the average of the contractual term of the stock option and the vesting period of the option. Due to our limited historical data as a public company, the estimated volatility is calculated based upon our historical volatility and comparable companies whose share prices are publicly available for a sufficient period of time. The risk-free interest rate is based upon U.S. Treasury securities with remaining terms similar to the expected term of the stock award being valued. We granted options to purchase 64,000 and 501,500 shares of common stock in 2014 and 2013, respectively. Net Operating Loss Carryforwards As of December 31, 2014, we had federal and California tax net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $33.2 million and $32.5 million, respectively. The federal and California net loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2027 and 2017, respectively, unless previously utilized. As of December 31, 2014, we also had federal and California research and development tax credit carryforwards of $1.1 million and $737,000, respectively. The federal research and development tax credit carryforwards will begin to expire in 2027 unless previously utilized. The California research and development tax credit will carry forward indefinitely. Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change” (generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a three-year period), the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change income may be limited. We have not completed our analysis to determine what, if any, impact any prior ownership change has had on our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards. On April 5, 2012, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, was enacted. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies. We are in the process of evaluating the benefits of relying on other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, as an “emerging growth company,” we intend to rely on certain of these exemptions, including without limitation, (i) providing an auditor’s attestation report on our system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and (ii) complying with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements, known as the auditor discussion and analysis. We will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest of (a) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1 billion or more, (b) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of our IPO, (c) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years or (d) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 The following table summarizes the results of our operations for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013: Increase/ (Decrease) Other income (expense): Change in fair value of warrant liability Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013 increased by approximately $9.0 million primarily due to research and development activities expanding subsequent to our IPO in September 2013. Costs incurred in 2014 include approximately $7.1 million related to the ongoing clinical trials for EVK-001, $522,000 related to stability testing and preparation for the production of additional EVK-001, the payment of $500,000 to Questcor for achieving a milestone associated with the acquisition of our technology, and approximately $1.9 million for wages, taxes and employee insurance, including $410,000 of stock-based compensation expense, as we added clinical personnel subsequent to our IPO. The allocation of time spent by our executive team related to research and development activities in 2014 also increased compared to the time allocated in 2013 when they were primarily preparing for our IPO. For 2013, research and development costs primarily consisted of approximately $417,000 for wages, taxes and employee insurance, $342,000 related to the start-up of our Phase 3 clinical trial and $144,000 related to stability testing of prior manufactured batches of EVK-001. In addition, during the first quarter of 2013, the 2012 bonus accrual was reversed due to the election by our board of directors to not pay 2012 bonuses in order to conserve cash. Included in research and development expenses were costs of approximately $255,000 and $1,200 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, for clinical trial services incurred by a related party of one of our officers. General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013 increased by approximately $1.5 million primarily due to general and administrative activities expanding subsequent to our IPO. Costs incurred in 2014 primarily included approximately $1.5 million for wages, taxes and employee insurance, including $692,000 of stock-based compensation expense as we added general and administrative personnel subsequent to our IPO, and approximately $1.4 million for legal, accounting, directors and officers liability insurance and other costs associated with being a public company. For 2013, general and administrative costs primarily consisted of approximately $997,000 for wages, taxes and benefits, including the payment of $355,000 for retention payments to the executive team, and approximately $445,000 for legal, accounting, directors and officers liability insurance and other costs associated with being a public company. In addition, during the first quarter of 2013, the 2012 bonus accrual was reversed due to the election by our board of directors to not pay 2012 bonuses in order to conserve cash. Other Income (Expense). Other income (expense) for the year ended December 31, 2014 primarily related to approximately ($52,000) of net interest expense incurred related to our bank loans and the write-off of approximately ($46,000) of unamortized debt discount costs upon the repayment of the loan extended to us by Silicon Valley Bank. Other income (expense) for the year ended December 31, 2013 primarily consisted of approximately $153,000 of net interest expense related to advances under our bank loan and $82,000 of expenses related to the increase in the fair value of our outstanding warrant liability in effect prior to our IPO. Since our inception in 2007, we have funded our operations primarily from the sale of equity securities and borrowings under loan and security agreements. Prior to our IPO, we received $17.7 million in net proceeds from the sale of our Series A convertible preferred stock and advances of $5.5 million under the loan and security agreements. During 2013, we completed our IPO and raised approximately $25.1 million, net of offering costs and commissions. We have incurred losses since inception and have negative cash flows from operating activities. As of December 31, 2014, we had approximately $14.2 million in cash and cash equivalents and working capital of approximately $13.4 million. In June 2012, we entered into a $3 million loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, collateralized by our personal property and containing only non-financial covenants. By January 2013, we had been advanced the entire $3 million to fund working capital. Interest on advances under the agreement was at a fixed interest rate equal to 4.50%. Advances under the loan and security agreement had an interest-only period through December 31, 2013, and had a 24-month payback period that commenced in January 2014. In connection with the loan and security agreement, we issued a warrant to SVB, which is immediately exercisable for an aggregate of 12,000 shares of our common stock, at an exercise price of $7.50 per share. Through May 1, 2014, we repaid approximately $603,000 of principal on the SVB loan. On May 23, 2014, we repaid the outstanding principal and accrued interest of approximately $2.4 million to SVB. With such payoff, the loan and security agreement with SVB and the documents entered into in connection therewith were deemed to be terminated. SVB’s security interest in substantially all of our assets was also terminated. On May 28, 2014, or the closing date, we entered into a loan and security agreement, or the credit facility, with Square 1, pursuant to which Square 1 agreed to make term loans available to us for general corporate and working capital purposes and for capital expenditures, in a principal amount of up to $4.5 million. In December 2014, we drew down the entire $4.5 million. The credit facility bears interest at a fixed annual rate of 5.50%. We are required to make interest-only payments through November 28, 2015 on the credit facility. The outstanding principal balance plus interest will begin amortizing at the end of the interest-only period, with monthly payments of principal and interest being made by us to Square 1 in consecutive monthly installments following November 28, 2015 until the credit facility matures on November 28, 2017. Payments of principal and interest for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 are approximately $436,000, $2,434,000 and $2,120,000, respectively. At our option, we may prepay the outstanding principal balance of the credit facility before November 28, 2017 without penalty or premium. The credit facility includes affirmative and negative covenants applicable to us and any subsidiaries we create in the future. The affirmative covenants include, among others, covenants requiring us to maintain our legal existence and governmental approvals, deliver certain financial reports, maintain insurance coverage and meet certain covenants with respect to enrollment and results of our EVK-001 Phase 3 trial. After we receive positive results from the Phase 3 trial, if at all (which we must achieve on or prior to September 30, 2015), we must either maintain a ratio of our cash at Square 1 to our cash burn over the preceding month of at least 3.00 to 1.00, or we must deliver evidence of a forthcoming financing or strategic partnership arrangement to Square 1, in each case in an amount satisfactory to Square 1. The negative covenants include, among others, restrictions on our transferring collateral, incurring additional indebtedness, engaging in mergers or acquisitions, paying dividends or making other distributions, making investments, creating liens and selling assets, in each case subject to certain exceptions. The credit facility also includes events of default, the occurrence and continuation of which provide Square 1 with the right to exercise remedies against us and the collateral securing the term loans under the credit facility, including foreclosure against our properties securing the credit facilities, including our cash. These events of default include, among other things, our failure to pay any amounts due under the credit facility, a breach of covenants under the credit facility, our insolvency, a material adverse change, the occurrence of any default under certain other indebtedness in an amount greater than $400,000 and a final judgment against us in an amount greater than $400,000. In connection with the funding of the term loan, we issued to Square 1 a warrant to purchase 22,881 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $5.90 per share, the closing price of our common stock on the day of funding of the credit facility. The warrant will expire ten years from its date of issuance. If the warrant has not been exercised prior to its expiration date, it will be deemed to automatically convert by “cashless” conversion. In the event that we are acquired, the warrant will be exercisable or deemed automatically converted, which shall be determined based upon whether our successor assumes the obligations of the warrant. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for at least the next several years. In the near-term, we anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially as we: continue our clinical trials associated with EVK-001, including our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial in women and the companion clinical trial in men that we commenced in April 2014; continue the preparation of the commercial manufacturing process; maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio; and continue to fund the additional accounting, legal, insurance and other costs associated with being a public company Although our current cash and cash equivalents are expected to be sufficient for us to complete our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial of EVK-001 in women and the companion trial in men, they will not be sufficient to complete any additional development requirements requested by the FDA, or, if applicable, to prepare for commercialization of EVK-001 should we receive product approval. At this time, due to the risks inherent in the drug development process, we are unable to estimate with any certainty the costs we will incur in the continued development of EVK-001 for potential commercialization. However, we currently estimate the costs to complete our Phase 3 clinical trial in women and our companion clinical trial in men of EVK-001 will be approximately $16.5 million, of which, through December 31, 2014, $7.8 million have been incurred related to those clinical activities. Accordingly, we will continue to require substantial additional capital beyond our current cash and cash equivalents to continue our clinical development and potential commercialization activities. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of our clinical development efforts. We anticipate that we will seek to fund our operations through public or private equity or debt financings or other sources, such as potential collaboration arrangements. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategies. On November 13, 2014, we entered into the Sales Agreement with MLV, pursuant to which we may sell from time to time, at our option, up to an aggregate of $6.6 million of shares of our common stock through MLV, as sales agent. The sales of shares of our common stock made through the ATM equity program are made in “at-the-market” offerings as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act. As of December 31, 2014, we had not issued any shares of our common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement. In January 2015, we sold 25,000 shares of common stock at a weighted average price per share of $6.74 pursuant to the Sales Agreement and received net proceeds of approximately $163,000, net of commissions and fees. We intend to use the net proceeds to continue to fund our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial and for general corporate purposes. We currently have the capacity to issue up to approximately $6.4 million of additional shares of common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement. Future sales will depend on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, market conditions, the trading price of our common stock and our capital needs. Although sales of our common stock have taken place pursuant to the Sales Agreement, there can be no assurance that MLV will be successful in consummating future sales based on prevailing market conditions or in the quantities or at the prices that we deem appropriate. Under current SEC regulations, at any time during which the aggregate market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates, or public float, is less than $75.0 million, the amount we can raise through primary public offerings of securities in any twelve-month period using shelf registration statements, including sales under the Sales Agreement, is limited to an aggregate of one-third of our public float. As of November 11, 2014, our public float was 2.9 million shares, the value of which was $20.0 million based upon the closing price of our common stock of $6.86 on such date. The value of one-third of our public float calculated on the same basis was $6.6 million. In addition, we will not be able to make future sales of our common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement unless certain conditions are met, which include the accuracy of representations and warranties made to MLV under the Sales Agreement. Furthermore, MLV is permitted to terminate the Sales Agreement in its sole discretion upon ten days’ notice, or at any time in certain circumstances, including the occurrence of an event that would be reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our assets, business, operations, earnings, properties, condition (financial or otherwise), prospects, stockholders’ equity or results of operations. We have no obligation to sell the remaining shares available for sale pursuant to the Sales Agreement. Our recurring losses from operations raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, and as a result, our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph in its report on our financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014 with respect to this uncertainty. This going concern opinion could materially limit our ability to raise additional funds through the issuance of new debt or equity securities or otherwise. Future reports on our financial statements may also include an explanatory paragraph with respect to our ability to continue as a going concern. We have incurred significant losses since our inception and have never been profitable, and it is possible we will never achieve profitability. We have devoted our resources to developing our product candidate, but it cannot be marketed until regulatory approvals have been obtained. Based upon our currently expected level of operating expenditures, we expect to be able to fund our operations through the end of 2015. This period could be shortened if there are any significant increases in planned spending on our EVK-001 development program or more rapid progress of our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial than anticipated. There is no assurance that other financing will be available when needed to allow us to continue as a going concern. The perception that we may not be able to continue as a going concern may cause others to choose not to deal with us due to concerns about our ability to meet our contractual obligations. The following table summarizes our cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2014 and 2013: Net cash used in operating activities Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Operating Activities. The primary use of our cash has been to fund our operations. Financing Activities. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we repaid our outstanding loan balance of $3 million to SVB, drew down a $4.5 million loan from Square 1 and paid approximately $83,000 for origination costs related to our loan and security agreement with Square 1. During the year ended December 31, 2013, our financing activity consisted of the receipt of a $2 million advance on our loan and security agreement with SVB to fund working capital requirements and the net proceeds of approximately $25.1 million from our IPO. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2014, together with interest thereon, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements until December 31, 2015. However, our forecast of the period of time through which our financial resources will be adequate to support our operations is a forward-looking statement that involves risks and uncertainties, and actual results could vary materially. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including but not limited to: the need for, and the progress, costs and results of, any additional clinical trials of EVK-001 we may initiate based on the results of our ongoing clinical trials or discussions with the FDA, including any additional trials the FDA or other regulatory agencies may require evaluating the safety of EVK-001; Through December 31, 2014, we have not entered into and did not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial collaborations, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purpose. Contractual Obligations and Commitments Our most significant clinical trial expenditures are to CROs. The contracts with CROs generally are cancellable, with notice, at our option and do not have any cancellation penalties. Our long-term debt obligation consists of amounts we are obligated to repay under our loan and security agreement with Square 1, of which we have drawn the full amount of $4.5 million as of December 31, 2014. We began making interest-only payments in January 2015. In November 2015, we will begin making the first of 24 monthly principal and interest payments, such that the loan balance will be fully repaid in November 2017. We expect to incur approximately $248,000, $184,000 and $57,000 of interest charges in 2015, 2016 and 2017. In November 2013, we entered into an operating lease for office space in Solana Beach, California. The lease commenced on December 1, 2013 and will expire on December 31, 2015. Although rent payments did not commence until December 2013, we took possession of the facility in November 2013 to move into the facility. The lease contains annual rent increases and we received lease incentives in the form of rent abatements and a moving allowance. We recognize minimum rent payments, escalation clauses and lease incentive on a straight-line basis over the term of its operating lease. The difference between the minimum lease payments and the straight-line amount is accounted for as deferred rent. We also pay pass through costs and utility costs, which are expensed as incurred. As of December 31, 2014, future minimum lease payments for our operating lease are $93,399 for the year ended December 31, 2015. Interest Rate Fluctuation Risk Our cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2014 consisted of cash and money market funds. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. However, because of the short-term nature of our cash and cash equivalents, a sudden change in market interest rates would not be expected to have a material impact on our financial condition and/or results of operations. Our long-term debt bears interest at a fixed rate and therefore has minimal exposure to changes in interest rates. Foreign Currency Exchange Risk We contract with organizations to manufacture drug product, active pharmaceutical ingredient, and container closure system materials, and in the future may contract with CROs and investigational sites in foreign countries. We may become subject to fluctuations in foreign currency rates in connection with these agreements, though we do not believe such fluctuations will have a material impact to our operations. Inflation Risk Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor and clinical trial costs. We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. Our financial statements and the report of our independent registered public accounting firm are included in this report on the pages indicated in Item 15 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Conclusions Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the timelines specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Business Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and in reaching a reasonable level of assurance, management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. In addition, the design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. As required by Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 13a-15(b), as of December 31, 2014 we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Business Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on the foregoing, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Business Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2014. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Internal control over financial reporting refers to the process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Business Officer, and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of its inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk. Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Business Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Management has used the framework set forth in the report entitled “Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013 Framework)” published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Based on its evaluation, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2014, the end of our most recent fiscal year. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the quarter ended December 31, 2014 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Information required by this item will be contained in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with our 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, or the Definitive Proxy Statement, and which is expected to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, under the headings “Election of Directors,” “Corporate Governance and Other Matters,” “Executive Officers,” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” and is incorporated herein by reference. We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our officers, directors and employees which is available on our internet website at www.evokepharma.com. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics contains general guidelines for conducting the business of our company consistent with the highest standards of business ethics, and is intended to qualify as a “code of ethics” within the meaning of Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and Item 406 of Regulation S-K. In addition, we intend to promptly disclose (1) the nature of any amendment to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions and (2) the nature of any waiver, including an implicit waiver, from a provision of our code of ethics that is granted to one of these specified officers, the name of such person who is granted the waiver and the date of the waiver on our website in the future. Information required by this item will be contained in our Definitive Proxy Statement under the heading “Executive Compensation and Other Information” and is incorporated herein by reference. Information required by this item will be contained in our Definitive Proxy Statement under the headings “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and is incorporated herein by reference. Information required by this item will be contained in our Definitive Proxy Statement under the headings “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions” and “Independence of the Board of Directors” and is incorporated herein by reference. Information required by this item will be contained in our Definitive Proxy Statement under the heading “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s Fees” and is incorporated herein by reference. (a) Documents filed as part of this report. 1. Financial Statements. The following financial statements of Evoke Pharma, Inc., together with the report thereon of BDO USA, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K: Statements of Operations Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) 2. Financial Statement Schedules. 3. Exhibits. A list of exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K is set forth on the Exhibit Index immediately preceding such exhibits and is incorporated herein by reference. (b) See Exhibit Index. (c) See Item 15(a)(2) above. Board of Directors and Stockholders We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Evoke Pharma, Inc. as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 and the related statements of operations, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2014. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Evoke Pharma, Inc. at December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2014, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As described in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Our opinion is not modified with respect to this matter. /s/ BDO USA, LLP	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line364
__label__wiki	0.708186	0.708186	[News Focus] Complaints grow over housing benefit for newlyweds By Kim Yon-se Published : Jan 9, 2019 - 14:52 Updated : Jan 9, 2019 - 16:13 SEJONG -- The Moon Jae-in administration has introduced a housing benefit for married couples in an effort to promote marriage and raise the nation’s fertility rate, which is among the lowest in the world. Those who have been married for less than seven years are favored in apartment subscription, regardless of whether they have children. Public and private-sector constructors are respectively required to provide 30 and 20 percent of newly built apartments to newlyweds. However, this measure has drawn criticism, with the online community highlighting that 4 in 10 households do not own homes. According to Statistics Korea, 44 percent, or 8.67 million, of the total 19.67 million households across the nation did not own homes as of the end of 2017. Furthermore, 50.8 percent of 3.81 million households residing in Seoul did not own homes. (Korea Herald) Amid intense competition for apartment subscription in Seoul, netizens say the preferential treatment for newlyweds, estimated to be mainly in their 20s and 30s, increases competition among those in their 40s and 50s. “The government benefit should be primarily offered to houseless people who have multiple children, regardless of age,” a netizen argued. “Are those whose marriage life spans five to six years newlyweds?” Another online commenter refuted the view, saying, “The houseless in their 40s and 50s are already incapable. What did they do until now? They have had advantages with high scores compared to those in their 30s and 20s in ordinary apartment subscription.” Meanwhile, newlyweds have complained about the eligibility criteria set by the Land Ministry. As of the second half of 2018, the monthly income of a newlywed household with three family members must not exceed 6.1 million won ($5,450) for it to be given first-tier rights for special apartment supply. In addition, those with income surpassing 6.51 million won are banned from second-tier rights. “My husband earns about 4 million won a month, and my salary is 3 million won,” said a netizen who identified herself as a Seoul citizen in her early 30s. “We are looking for a house in Gyeonggi Province after giving up applying for an apartment in Seoul.” Another internet commenter claimed that newlywed couples who have low monthly income but whose parents are wealthy would stand to gain from the housing benefit. “The new apartment supply policy has created a new negative factor undermining social justice.” He said, “Does the young generation whose household income is under 7 million won really have the ability to pay a 10 or 20 percent deposit on an apartment in Seoul if they pass the subscription competition? Prices of small-sized Seoul apartments range between 600 million and 1 billion won.” Land Minister Kim Hyun-mee (Government Sejong Complex homepage) Likewise, many netizens shared the view that the housing benefit for newlyweds essentially helps those whose parents are able to bear a portion of high apartment prices. A real estate agent in Sejong also highlighted the problem of conflicts between young and middle-aged generations. He said, “While some households (those in their 40s or older) waited about 10 to 15 years to own an apartment in Seoul, young people can easily purchase it from the beginning of their married life. This is reverse discrimination.” He added that real estate speculation is increasing among newlyweds despite regulations and a crackdown by the government. During a groundbreaking ceremony for complexes oriented toward newlyweds in the Wirye new town, southeast of Seoul, Land Minister Kim Hyun-mee said the government will pave the way for newlyweds to stably reside in the long term by keeping a close watch on real estate speculation. Wirye, consisting of Songpa, Seongnam and Hanam areas, has been designated as a speculation-prone district by the ministry. By Kim Yon-se (kys@heraldcorp.com) On cloud nine: S. Korea advance to 9th straight Olympic men's football tournament	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line371
__label__wiki	0.634208	0.634208	[Editorial] Foreign population Growing presence of expatriates can help sustain demographic vitality, economic growth Published : Nov 4, 2019 - 17:10 Updated : Nov 5, 2019 - 16:04 The number of foreign nationals in South Korea has more than doubled over the past two years to 2.42 million in August, according to data recently submitted by the Justice Ministry to a lawmaker. The figure accounted for nearly 4.7 percent of the country’s total population of 51.62 million. About 1.25 million foreigners were registered residents living here for more than three months. The rest included those staying for a shorter period or Koreans with foreign nationalities. More than 60 percent of foreign residents live in Seoul and its adjacent metropolitan areas including Gyeonggi Province. Nationwide, there are 82 municipalities where foreigners make up more than 5 percent of the population. In 2018, South Korea became the world’s seventh country to achieve a population of more than 50 million and a per capita income over $30,000. One factor behind this remarkable accomplishment has been the growing presence of expatriates here. Given the country’s gloomy long-term demographic projections, it is necessary to further boost the upward trend in the number of foreign residents. Various types of government-funded programs have done little to raise Korea’s birthrate, which remains at one of the world’s lowest levels. The number of newborns in the country slipped 10.9 percent from a year earlier to 24,408 in August, marking 41 consecutive months of on-year decline, according to government data released last week. The figure was the lowest for the month of August since the state statistics office began compiling related data in 1981. With the fertility rate, which measures the average number of children per women aged 15-44, projected to be stuck below 1, Korea’s population is estimated to be 170,000 short of the optimal number needed to guarantee sustainable growth in 2045. The shortage will widen to 1.26 million in 2050, 3.51 million in 2060 and 7.8 million in 2080, according to estimates by Statistics Korea. Some experts say the country should make efforts to increase the number of foreign residents to 3 million by 2030 to avoid the shortage of workforce due to the low birthrate coupled with the fast-aging population. A reduction in the number of working-age people will further reduce Korea’s sagging growth potential. Expanding the presence of expatriates is essential to sustain the country’s demographic vitality and economic prosperity. They are no longer mere guests and should be allowed to join native Koreans in building a more harmonious and prosperous society. More effective support programs need to be implemented to help them adapt to and play meaningful roles. In this regard, the Koreans should improve their perception and attitude toward migrant workers and other expatriates. It is undesirable that some local people have hatred or repulsion toward foreigners, partly affected by reports of crimes involving them. Actually the crime rate is lower among foreigners than among native Koreans. According to a study by a state-run research institute on judicial policy, the number of criminal offenders arrested annually during the period of 2012-2016 averaged 1,441 per 100,000 foreigners, less than half the corresponding figure for local people at 3,368. It is necessary to carry out educational programs to help Korean citizens accept differences with foreigners from various nations as positive and conducive to widening social diversity and inclusiveness. Such education needs to extend to families and regional communities beyond schools. Efforts should be stepped up to stop violence against immigrant wives and reduce discrimination against migrant workers, many of whom are engaged in difficult and dangerous work shunned by Koreans. It is also necessary to tackle problems regarding the growing number of illegal foreign workers in a more serious way. Local employers should be discouraged from employing and treating them inhumanely. Consideration may be given to legalizing the status of those who have worked here for a certain period of time without causing trouble. In 2016, the Supreme Court here rightly ruled that basic labor rights should be guaranteed for foreign nationals working here illegally. Though lawbreaking should never be permitted, this approach, which is consistent with the principle of due reward for work, will help the country become an attractive place for more foreign workers, low-skilled and talented alike, to choose to work in.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line372
__label__wiki	0.912505	0.912505	Tag: Unite LAW welcomes Jon Lansman’s decision to withdraw Labour Against the Witchhunt (LAW) welcomes Jon Lansman’s decision to finally listen to his party comrades, including Jeremy Corbyn and John McDonnell, and withdraw as a candidate for the General Secretary post. We are mystified as to why Lansman, who purports to back the greater representation of women at all levels of the Labour Party, ran against Unite’s Jennie Formby in the first place. LAW critically supports Formby for the job. We are concerned about her record on Labour’s NEC where it appears she has, as recently as last week, failed to oppose the witch hunting of Jeremy Corbyn supporters by right-wingers who have weaponised false claims of anti-semitism despite Formby herself being the target of such smears. Nobody in the Labour Party can truly be a socialist if they support the purge and that includes the future general secretary. Lansman, given his record in abolishing all democratic structures within Momentum and imposing a new constitution, is unfit to be Labour General Secretary. He got rid of the right of Momentum’s “liberation strands”, such as Momentum Black Connexions/Caucus, to have direct representation on the leading national bodies of Momentum. More recently, he closed down Momentum’s youth group. This demonstrates his serious lack of commitment to the self-organisation of oppressed and disadvantaged groups in the Labour Party. Labour Against the Witchhunt believes that Lansman lacks the democratic credentials necessary to become general secretary of the Labour Party, especially in view of previous General Secretary Iain McNicol’s purge of thousands of pro-Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party members and the particularly those as a result of false accusations of anti-semitism and others based on members’ alleged “support for other organisations” using rule 2.1.4.B. The Labour Party now needs a General Secretary who will put a decisive stop to the witch-hunt who will make sure that all disciplinary charges are dealt with fairly, swiftly, transparently and with the presumption of “innocent until proven guilty”. Jackie Walker was suspended from Labour membership on trumped-up charges of anti-semitism, following Lansman’s pre-emptive action in removing her as Momentum’s vice-chair, and, at the time, making plain his sympathies with the Zionist Jewish Labour Movement who have championed the witchhunt in order to purge the party of Corbyn-supporting anti-Zionists. Lansman’s constitution for Momentum bars from membership all those expelled by the Labour Party’s compliance unit. This rule that has been used exclusively against left-wingers. Lansman has since come out in support of keeping the rule (2.1.4.B) in Labour’s constitution. He has also opposed our demands for the abolition of the Compliance Unit. We believe that all disciplinary matters should be dealt with by elected representatives. Labour’s next general secretary should ensure the NEC immediately implements the recommendations on the party’s disciplinary procedure made by the Shami Chakrabarti Report of June 30 2016. We believe that Unite’s Jennie Formby would be the best choice for general secretary. As a supporter of the rights of the Palestinians people we think her election would send a powerful political signal. We hope that her tenure would mark the beginning of the end of the witch-hunt. Labour Against the Witchhunt March 11, 2018 By admin our positions compliance unit, general secretary, Jennie Formby, Jon Lansman, Unite, witch-hunt	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line373
__label__cc	0.58353	0.41647	Tag Archive: architecture Book review: The Book of the Edwardian & Interwar House by Richard Russell Lawrence I’m currently working on providing some data for domestic properties, mainly for the purpose of making the process of getting a buildings insurance quote easier. One of the parameters the insurance industry is interested in is the age of a home. And so I came to The Book of the Edwardian & Interwar House by Richard Russell Lawrence. I picked the book up partly out of curiosity but I also hoped to pick up some ideas as to how I might date a house based on the information to hand. The book starts with some general comments about the period and what had gone before, leading to a discussion of Edwardian architecture. This is followed by a similar discussion of interwar architecture. The book finishes with a whole load of short chapters on individual elements of the home, bricks, tiles, lighting, wireless and telephone and so forth. As well as simple domestic architecture there is some discussion of high end homes of the period. The second half of the 19th century saw the expansion of British cities, driven by industrialisation and enabled by the growing railway system and, for the capital, the London Underground. This led to the building of an awful lot of terraced houses at high densities, generally to be rented to workers. The 1877 Model Bye-laws Act and the 1878 Building Act set some requirements on how houses could be built in terms of their size, distance from facing houses and sanitary facilities. This situation continued into the beginning of the 20th century, with a growing middle class looking for better homes than the terraces offered. The First World War brought house building to a complete stop, after the war there was a housing shortage of something like 850000 properties and a fear in government that there would be fighting on the streets if “Homes Fit for Heroes” were not supplied. The Interwar period saw a huge increase in home ownership, the building of 4 million homes (the majority semi-detached) and the first council houses. Public housing was built following the specifications of the Tudor Walters Report (1918), which specified a minimum size of 760 square feet, a maximum density of 12 houses per acre and preferred wider houses, semi-detached or in short terraces. Private housing sought to differentiate in stall from public housing but could scarcely offer poorer specifications. This is interesting because sizes and spacings of buildings can be determined from the Ordnance Survey’s mapping data. Earlier regulations, following the Great Fire of London, had banned the building of timber-framed houses in cities and windows had to be recessed in their openings for similar reasons. This, and details such as how bricks are laid, can give further information on building age but they are not readily amenable to automation or determinable from public data. Gross style seems to be of relatively little help when dating buildings, many Edwardian and Interwar houses were built in neo-Georgian style which as the name implies can look very Georgian. Also popular was Tudorbethan which emulated an old English style with mock, black wooden beams painted or nailed to a white exterior. Chester’s city centre is rife with an elaborate form of this style, mainly built in the Edwardian or very late Victorian period, although there are some examples of the genuine article. Internally, the period saw the evolution of the kitchen, scullery and kitchenette as new-fangled gas and electric ovens replaced old ranges. There was also a discussion as to whether buildings for workers should have a separate parlour and living room. I’m well aware that my grandparents generation would often reserve a room for “best”, which as family did not get invited into. It struck me as I read The Book that houses I would have been fairly confident were post-Second World War I now suspect are interwar. It surprised me that modest houses started to get a garage as an option as early as the 1930s, the big increase in car ownership had started before the First World War, a bit earlier than I expected. I learnt some new useful vocabulary, a “catslide” roof is one on a two storey house which terminates at the top of the first storey. A “hipped” is one that has slopes on more that two sides, rather than having gable ends (previously I’d have called this a “roof”). This is something of a coffee-table book, with lots of photographs, I found the text in the early part more readable than the long litany of descriptions of individual architectural details. I have a few ideas to try out on the dating of houses. Tags: architecture, History Pevsner Architectural Guide – Liverpool by Joseph Sharples I reach Pevsner’s Architectural Guide – Liverpool (additional material Joseph Sharples) by a somewhat winding route: I take the Merseyrail train to Liverpool; my normal route is changed and I must walk across the city; it turns out the buildings are spectacular; I take photos and then I want to know what I have photoed. This is where the Pevsner Guide enters the picture. Sir Nickolaus Pevsner was a German born art historian who moved to the UK in 1933, he felt that the academic study of architecture in Britain was lacking, and furthermore there were was no convenient source of information on the many and wondrous buildings of the country. In 1945 he proposed a series of books: Buildings of England to address this lack. The series ultimately ran to 46 volumes, 32 written by Pevsner, a further 10 which he co-authored and 4 written by others. This Guide – Liverpool is a city specific reworking of the original guides. The book is large-pocket sized, well produced with a fair number of images. It starts with an overview of the history of Liverpool. I have to admit, shame-faced, that I was woefully ignorant of the city I now work in. For nearly 10 years I have lived just down the line in Chester, and yet I had visited Liverpool a handful of times, in the evening for works dinners. My perceptions of Liverpool are coloured by the time I grew up, in the 1980s, when Liverpool was host to riots in the Toxteth area of the city, mass unemployment and far-left politics. Walking around now what I see is completely at odds with my perceptions, you can see in my earlier post. To add some decoration to this post, below is the Royal Liver Building, one of the Three Graces, built on the waterfront at the beginning of the 20th century. Royal Liver Building, wide angle view with perspective “correction” applied And St George’s Hall: St George’s Hall Liverpool has long been Britain’s second port and probably has a strong claim for second city status (both following London). Initially it grew through exporting Cheshire salt, than as part of the triangle route carrying slaves, then as a point of exit for Britain’s manufactured goods and finally as a passenger terminus. Liverpool is not blessed with the best of conditions for shipping, this meant it was an early pioneer of gated docks. This was significant engineering work, only possible through the collective action of the city Corporation. It’s worth noting that one of the first railways in Britain was between Liverpool and Manchester, providing a link between the manufacturing centre and the port. Liverpool remained preeminent until the sixties when British manufacturing declined, and shipping became containerized, much reducing the labour required. It had no “second fiddle” so with the loss of shipping it went into rapid decline. Nowadays Liverpool is making a resurgence, the fine buildings from its early high water mark are joined by some excellent new ones. After a historical overview the Guide covers six major buildings / areas of the city: the Town Hall (dating to mid 18th century and the oldest major building in the city), St George’s Hall and the Plateau (up by Liverpool Lime Street Station); the William Brown Street Group and St. John’s Gardens; Pier Head where the outstanding Three Graces are to be found and finally the two cathedrals (Anglican and Catholic) both built in the 20th century. The majority of the buildings date from the latter half of the 19th century and early 20th century, the burgeoning wealth of the city having little time for preserving the relatively meagre past. The city suffered significant bombing during the Second World War, as a result of its importance as a port. After the major buildings the remainder of the the Guide is broken down into a set of 10 walks around the central area of the city, spanning a few miles with an interlude covering the city centre. I’d spotted the grand building of the Marks & Spencer store in the centre of town on my previous perambulations, it is in fact Compton House (see below) built as one of the earliest department stores in 1867. Compton House, Church Street As a bonus the book finishes with three short pieces from areas outside the city: Speke Hall, Port Sunlight and Hamilton Square. The Pevsner Guides are not really designed to be read sitting on the train, as I did, they are to be held as you walk around with a map. Despite the relatively large number of photos it doesn’t feel like enough, I was frustrated by reading the words but not being able to see the buildings. I think a few more walks with the camera are in order. The Guide is a staccato recounting of what you can see, listing locations, architectural features, architects and the occasion blunt opinion, this is his comment on the re-development of the Prince’s Dock: “The results so far, though, are inadequate. The architecture is both bland and overly fussy” It feels like an excellent opportunity for a smartphone app. The current publishers seem a bit bewildered by this newfangled app world and have produced a digital companion in the form of a glossary of architectural terms. Elsewhere someone is selling a database of all of the Pevsner entries, the Guide is a database rendered in prose form. It seems the components are there for a Pevsner App, who is with me in making it happen? Here‘s a Google Map of the Major Buildings from the Guide. Tags: architecture, Liverpool	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line375
__label__wiki	0.660582	0.660582	Three Days in January: Dwight Eisenhower's Final Mission by Bret Baier with Catherine Whitney January 1961: President Eisenhower has three days to secure the nation's future before his young successor, John F. Kennedy, takes power -- a final mission by the legendary leader who planned D-Day and guided America through the darkening Cold War. Bret Baier, the Chief Political Anchor for Fox News Channel and the Anchor and Executive Editor of Special Report with Bret Baier, illuminates the extraordinary, yet underappreciated presidency of Dwight Eisenhower, by taking readers into Ike's last days in power. Baier masterfully casts the period between Eisenhower's now-prophetic farewell address on the evening of January 17, 1961, and Kennedy's inauguration on the afternoon of January 20, as the closing act of one of modern America's greatest leaders -- during which Eisenhower urgently sought to prepare both the country and the next president for the challenges ahead. Those three days in January 1961, Baier shows, were the culmination of a lifetime of service that took Ike from rural Kansas to West Point, to the battlefields of World War II, and finally to the Oval Office. When he left the White House, Dwight Eisenhower had done more than perhaps any other modern American to set the nation, in his words, "on our charted course toward permanent peace and human betterment." On January 17, Eisenhower spoke to the nation in one of the most remarkable farewell speeches in U.S. history. Ike looked to the future, warning Americans against the dangers of elevating partisanship above national interest, excessive government budgets (particularly deficit spending), the expansion of the military-industrial complex, and the creeping political power of special interests. Seeking to ready a new generation for power, Eisenhower intensely advised the forty-three-year-old Kennedy before the inauguration. Baier also reveals how Eisenhower's two terms changed America forever for the better -- perhaps even saved the world from destruction -- and demonstrates how today Ike offers us the model of principled leadership that polls say is so missing in politics. The Supreme Commander of Allied Forces during World War II, Eisenhower only reluctantly stepped into politics. As president, Ike successfully guided the country out of a dangerous war in Korea, peacefully through the apocalyptic threat of nuclear war with the Soviets, and into one of the greatest economic booms in world history. Five decades later, Baier's Three Days in January forever makes clear that Eisenhower, an often forgotten giant of U.S. history, still offers vital lessons for our own time and stands as a lasting example of political leadership at its most effective and honorable. William Morrow, Hardcover, 1st Edition, Later Printing, 2017, 346 pages This is a BRAND NEW book. There is a "closeout/remainder" mark on the top page edges.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line376
__label__cc	0.663678	0.336322	Contact: Pegeen DosSantos Email: pegeen.dossantos@emdmillipore.com Merck Millipore Opens New R&D Center, Expanding Capabilities in Bioavailability Enhancement and Oral Dosage Formulation Facility fosters company's focus on Bioavailability Enhancement Includes state-of-the-art formulation, analytical and synthetic labs, and customer training center Research to focus on new inorganic carriers, solid dispersion formulation techniques and excipients for controlled release July 12, 2013, Darmstadt, Germany — Merck Millipore, the Life Science division of Merck, today announced the opening of its new Research & Development Center for Formulation in Darmstadt, Germany. The center for Formulation combines state-of-the-art formulation, analytical and synthetic labs and a fully-equipped customer training center in a single facility. The center will accelerate growth of the company’s portfolio of innovative technologies and products that overcome bioavailability and formulation challenges and will provide hands-on support to assist customers in their drug development. “To better address the needs of our pharmaceutical customers, we are expanding our capabilities for bioavailability enhancement,” said Burghard Freiberg, Senior Vice President, Pharma Chemicals Solutions. “There is a clear market need for a comprehensive set of innovative products and technologies to support bioavailability enhancement. At our new center for Formulation, we can help customers overcome formulation-related challenges, such as insufficient API performance due to Expertise offered by Merck Millipore includes oral dosage formulation development and drug delivery systems. Core areas are inorganic carriers, solid dispersion formulation techniques, and development of other excipients and excipient systems. Technologies include granulation, tableting, film coating, direct compression and freeze drying. When requested by customers, formulated products can be analytically characterized in the new laboratory. About Merck Millipore Merck Millipore is the Life Science division of Merck KGaA of Germany and offers a broad range of innovative, performance products, services and business relationships that enable our customers’ success in research, development and production of biotech and pharmaceutical drug therapies. Through dedicated collaboration on new scientific and engineering insights, and as one of the top three R&D investors in the Life Science Tools industry, Merck Millipore serves as a strategic partner to customers and helps advance the promise of life science. Headquartered in Billerica, Massachusetts, the division has around 10,000 employees, operations in 66 countries and 2012 revenues of € 2.6 billion. Merck Millipore operates as EMD Millipore in the U.S. and Canada. Note: Merck KGaA or Merck shall mean Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line381
__label__wiki	0.527568	0.527568	Simply Individual, Optimize your health Gerry Gajadharsingh D.O. – Instructor Metabolic Balance Instructor Mr. Gerry Gajadharsingh D.O. qualified from the British school of Osteopathy in 1987 receiving the Finals Prize for Osteopathic technique. He was asked back to the BSO to teach final year Osteopathic technique on graduating, a post he held for 10 years. He also taught osteopathic technique at the ESO in Maidstone for 7 years. He started his international teaching career under the guidance of Mr. Laurie Hartman D.O and during the past 27 years has lectured to Osteopaths, Physiotherapists, Medical Doctors, Physical Therapists, Nutritionists, Naturopaths and other Therapists in France, Spain, Sweden, Holland, Belgium, Austria, Germany, Italy, Hong Kong, Canada, Australia and of course the UK. In September 2009 he was invited to present to the annual GP forum at the Royal Society of Medicine on his integrated medical approach. He gained a City and Guilds teaching certificate as part of a masters level module held at the ESO in 1998 and since then has adopted a more student centred method of teaching. He has also personally undertaken, significant amounts of his own CPD (Continuing Postgraduate Development), notably Masters Level Nutrition, Applied Pathophysiology, Statistics and Data Management. He is also a certified Advanced Breath Practitioner with Lifelogix Inc. With Antony Haynes, he is one of 2 certified Metabolic Balance® teachers in the UK, both qualifying with distinction in 2010 and he is of course a Metabolic Balance® Nutritional coach. He is founder of The Health Equation, an integrated health clinic in central London where he has a dual role as Diagnostic Consultant - Complementary Medicine and Osteopath. He is the author of The Health Equation - A Way of Life, an enhanced iBook published in May 2014, containing 30,000 words of text explaining his integrated approach to medicine and including 10HD videos of him demonstrating the preparation and cooking of recipes following the principles of Metabolic Balance®. Follow the Stars’ Road Map to Weight Loss Success The Health Equation A Way of Life Health’s best kept secret Alternative Health: The Metabolic Balance® Programme How to get fit in 2014. A-Z of the best new fitness and wellbeing trends. Tweets by @metabolikuk Metabolic Balance UK Ltd London W1G 9PB Telephone: 07727 455505 Metabolic Balance UK ® 2018 \| Privacy Policy	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line382
__label__wiki	0.744258	0.744258	National Development Co. v. Triad Holding Corp. & Adnan Khashoggi case brief National Development Co. v. Triad Holding Corp. & Adnan Khashoggi case brief summary 930 F.2d 253 (2d Cir. 1991) Appellant foreign citizen sought review of an order from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, which denied appellant's motion to vacate a default judgment against him. Appellant contended that personal jurisdiction was not effected by appellee United States corporation's service of process because appellant's residence was in Saudi Arabia, and he was improperly served at his New York apartment. Appellee United States corporation sought to compel appellant foreign citizen to arbitrate a conversion action filed by them for funds appellant allegedly improperly converted when a joint venture was dissolved. Appellant was served with the summons and complaint at his New York apartment. Appellant claimed he was a resident of Saudi Arabia, where he maintained a large compound. Appellant testified that he was present in Saudi Arabia for only three months of the year in which he was served, and that his New York apartment was only one of twelve locations around the world where he spent his time. The court noted that for purposes of personal jurisdiction, a person could have two or more dwelling houses or usual places of abode, provided each contained sufficient indicia of permanence. The court affirmed the district court's order, which denied appellant's motion to vacate a default judgment, concluding that service of process on appellant was proper under Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(d)(1) because the New York apartment where appellant was actually living at the time service was effected was a dwelling house or usual place of abode for purposes of jurisdiction. The court affirmed the district court's order, which denied appellant foreign citizen's motion to vacate a default judgment, because appellee United States corporation's service of process on appellant was proper where appellant was actually living at the time service was effected, although appellant had more than one usual place of abode. Recommended Supplements for Civil Procedure	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line386
__label__wiki	0.795228	0.795228	Jewish World Review May 23, 2011 / 19 Iyar, 5771 And now for the important news .... By Argus Hamilton http://www.JewishWorldReview.com \| President Obama addressed a party fundraiser in New York Tuesday where he promised Democrats he'll get immigration reform passed. He spoke at length about how immigration is good for the United States. Maria Shriver has been granted equal time to deliver the rebuttal. Maria Shriver flew to Chicago Wednesday to discuss her shattered marriage with Arnold Schwarzenegger on the Oprah Winfrey show. That's surprising. You'd think if a Kennedy just found out she had married a Kennedy she'd fly to Chicago to be on the Jerry Springer show. Arnold Schwarzenegger admitted fathering a child with his family's maid fourteen years ago in Los Angeles. This shouldn't hurt his career in public service at all. The International Monetary Fund is looking for a president who knows how to have consensual sex with a maid. IMF president Dominique Strauss-Kahn made bail Thursday after his arrest in New York on charges of sexually assaulting his hotel maid. The terms of the bail were harsh. He had to post a million dollars cash and he must shower in his swimsuit whenever he's staying in a hotel. French papers speculated that IMF president Dominique Strauss-Kahn was set up in New York for rape. It's an incredible power to decide which Third World countries get billions in cash. Dictators send him compliant women every day but he loves the thrill of the chase. The Washington Post reported Tuesday the CIA had Osama bin Laden under surveillance for months from a safe house across the street. It was very tightly timed and organized. The raid's launch was triggered automatically once the president's approval rating hit forty percent. The TSA ran a fake bomb through the Minneapolis Airport security checkpoint Thursday in a drill. The screener found the bomb and notified the police, who didn't know it was just a drill so they shut down the airport. Now that bin Laden is dead we have to be our own enemy. Osama bin Laden spoke from the grave Friday in a tape to al-Qaeda sites. He recorded it just before he died. He ordered his followers to protest in Egypt, he ordered al-Qaeda to kill Americans, and then he ordered his wife to answer the door and then there's a lot of noise. Al-Qaeda chose a new leader, Saif al-Adel, to replace Osama bin Laden on Thursday. Ten years ago he warned against the World Trade Center attacks, predicting America's wrath would destroy the cause. In his first speech Friday he urged all true believers to invest in Apple. President Obama was asked by GOP lawmakers to comply with the War Powers Act last week. It says the president can't operate the U.S. military in Libya longer than sixty days without a vote of Congress. The law is written so that it always goes into effect next president. Retired White House reporters marked the anniversary of JFK's first live press conference fifty years ago Tuesday. They all say that presidential coverage is too fawning today. There's no reason for reporters to kneel at the podium and cross themselves whenever they enter the briefing room. JWR contributor Argus Hamilton is the host comedian at The Comedy Store in Hollywood. To comment or arrange for speaking engagements. Comment by clicking here. Argus' Archives © 2009, Argus Hamilton	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line388
__label__wiki	0.929772	0.929772	Home Weblog Weblog Index The Past as Prologue - 1992 DPG (Defense Planning Guidance) September 17, 2002 (JP) I had forgotten the first Bush administration's 1992 draft DPG and the controversy over the "Pax Americana" it contemplated. It asserts "the need to establish permanent U.S. dominance over virtually all of Eurasia." The alternet article quoted below reminds me that these people have been planning their current game for a long, long time. Still, I doubt they ever dreamed that the anticipated "critical event" which they relied upon to justify putting their plans into action would be anything nearly as traumatic as 9-11. ObL gave them all they needed, and much more. Is such a "radical break" with long standing principles of US foreign policy justified? Is it to be accomplished without discussion or opposition, because we "must" give this President everything he wants for the war on terrorism? I fear that that war has become an excuse and opportunity, not a real concern for this administration. The administration's real concern appears to be to gain domestic political advantage and to further these decade old Neo-Imperialist schemes of the Cheney crew. ObL is in all likelihood dead. His surviving followers and would be imitators are dangerous, and must be neutralized. That is better accomplished in an environment of reduced tensions, not perpetual war and permanent US occupation of Central Asia and the Middle East. http://www.alternet.org/story.html?StoryID=14099 (See also: Costs of Imperial Adventurism > http://www.alternet.org/story.html?StoryID=14124 1992 DPG (Defense Planning Guidance) The Anniversary of a Neo-Imperial Moment By Jim Lobe, AlterNet When excerpts of the document first appeared in the New York Times in the spring of 1992, it created quite a stir. Sen. Joe Biden, now chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee was particularly outraged, calling it a prescription for "literally a Pax Americana," an American empire. The details contained in the draft of the Defense Planning Guidance(DPG) were indeed startling. The document argued that the core assumption guiding U.S. foreign policy in the 21st century should be the need to establish permanent U.S. dominance over virtually all of Eurasia. It envisioned a world in which U.S. military intervention would become "a constant fixture" of the geo-political landscape. "While the U.S. cannot become the world's 'policeman' by assuming responsibility for righting every wrong, we will retain the preeminent responsibility for addressing selectively those wrongs which threaten not only our interests, but those of our allies or friends," wrote the authors, Paul Wolfowitz and I. Lewis Libby -- who at the time were two relatively obscure political appointees in the Pentagon's policy office. The strategies put forward to achieve this goal included "deterring potential competitors from even aspiring to a larger regional or global role," and taking pre-emptive action against states suspected of developing weapons of mass destruction. The draft, leaked apparently by a high-ranking source in the military, sparked an intense but fleeting uproar. At the insistence of then-National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft and Secretary of State James Baker, the final DPG document was toned down beyond recognition. But through the nineties, the two authors and their boss, then-Pentagon chief Dick Cheney, continued to wait for the right opportunity to fulfill their imperial dreams. Their long wait came to an end on the morning of Sept. 11, 2001, when two hijacked commercial airliners slammed into the World Trade Center towers in Manhattan and a third into the Pentagon outside Washington. And the timing could not have been more ideal. Dick Cheney had already become the most powerful vice president in U.S. history, while the draft's two authors, Wolfowitz and Libby, were now Deputy Defense Secretary and Cheney's chief of staff and national security adviser, respectively. In the year since, these three men, along with Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and like-minded officials strategically located elsewhere in the administration, have engineered what former U.N. Ambassador Richard Holbrooke recently described as a "radical break with 55 years of bipartisan tradition" in U.S. foreign policy. U.S. foreign policy after World War II was based on two broad strategies: a realist policy organized around containment and deterrence to U.S. power; and a more liberal, internationalist policy based on the construction of a set of multilateral institutions and alliances to promote open market-based economies and democratic values. While Republican administrations leaned more towards the realist agenda and Democratic administrations toward the internationalist perspective, neither deviated very far from the core assumptions. But now, "[f]or the first time since the dawn of the Cold War, a new grand strategy is taking shape in Washington," says Georgetown University professor G. John Ikenberry. In his article 'America's Imperial Ambition' published in the current edition of "Foreign Affairs," he argues that the Bush administration's foreign policy since Sept. 11 is driven by the desire for global dominance rather than the threat of terrorism. "According to this new paradigm, America is to be less bound to its partners and to global rules and institutions while it steps forward to play a more unilateral and anticipatory role in attacking terrorist threats and confronting rogue states seeking WMD (weapons of mass destruction)," Ikenberry writes. "The United States will use its unrivaled military power to manage the global order." Aside from a strong belief in U.S. military power, advocates of the new paradigm share a number of key attitudes that shape their foreign policy prescriptives. These include a contempt for multilateralism which necessarily denies the "exceptional" nature of the United States; a similar disdain and distrust for Europeans, especially the French; and a conviction that "fundamentalist" Islam poses a major threat to the United States and the West. They also consider China a long-term strategic threat that should be confronted sooner rather than later. And these views have shaped the White House's policy decisions, including its strong support of Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and its attack on various multilateral institutions, such as the International Criminal Court (ICC), and key arms-control accords, like the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) treaty, not to mention its push for a war on Iraq and "regime change" in a number of Middle Eastern countries, including Saudi Arabia. In other words, U.S. foreign policy today looks and sounds remarkably like the DPG draft leaked nearly ten years ago. On this anniversary of Sept. 11, it is increasingly clear that Cheney and his proteges have used the tragedy to validate their dangerous delusions of grandeur. The so-called War on Terror was always just an expedient reason for the unilateral use of military power to achieve global dominance. © 2003 Independent Media Institute. All rights reserved. http://www.jimpivonka.com/unpublished Write!	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line390
__label__cc	0.734171	0.265829	Cole sat at the back of the classroom with his head in his book. He didn’t want to look up; he knew his eyes would automatically go to her. Stacy Stendhal, most popular girl in school, also the most beautiful girl in school. His attraction to her was something he would never verbalize. He wasn’t in a position to and though he wanted nothing more, he knew girls like her would never go for a guy like him. Against his better judgment, he pulled his eyes away from his book and looked up. His eyes rounded in surprise when he saw Stacy looking back up at him, smiling. Cole was at the back of the class, so he knew there was nothing behind him but a wall, but he looked back, returning her smile with a crooked one of his own. Her smile wavered slightly as she tucked her bottom lip into her mouth, licking her lips at Cole. His confusion settled on his face as his eyes bounced around the classroom, he wanted to be sure that he wasn’t imagining the entire encounter. Things seemed normal but Stacy Stendhal licking her lips and smiling at him was everything but normal. Cole wasn’t used to getting the attention of girls in school; most times he was looked over for his lack of attraction. His acne riddled skin, bulky frame and more times than any baggy clothes, didn’t really add to his appeal. He lacked confidence due to the corrective braces, covering his teeth. He never had a girlfriend and was completely content with that, that was until Stacy transferred to his school two semesters ago. The bell rang, indicating the dismissal of class and it wasn’t until this moment that Cole tore his eyes away from Stacy and stood to gather his belongings. His jacket, faded black, a size too big with holes in the pockets was his shield. It was a defense mechanism, something that he used to protect himself from the demons he subconsciously endured throughout the day. “Hey Cole!” Cole’s head snapped up, a crooked smile wobbling its way across his face. He struggled to find his voice. “Hi- um, hey Stacy!” Stacy tilted her head to the side with a faux smile covering her face. “Cole, why are you always so quiet?” Cole shrugged. “I don’t ever have anyone to talk to. No one ever talks to me.” “Well”, Stacy spoke, brushing her long wavy hair over her shoulder, “You never make yourself available to talk. Why don’t you sit with me at lunch today?” Cole slowed in his movements, shocked by Stacy’s statement. “Sit with you?” “Sure, I don’t see an issue with that. That is unless you don’t want to.” “No”, Cole interjected. “I would like that. Let’s um…we can go.” Cole had nerves shooting through him at the rate of a piston, he never imagined being welcomed into Stacy’s personal space, hence him always keeping his distance. They walked out of the classroom, gaining the eyes of others around them but Cole kept his head down as he moved silently beside Stacy. Once they made it to the cafeteria, they got in line to get their lunch before taking a seat at the popular table. No one but the elite sat at this table and that fact, made Cole even more uneasy. He wasn’t supposed to be sitting here, yet against his better judgment, he sat his tray down, sitting beside Stacy. “Ummmm”, Stacy’s friend and co- captain, Heidi stated with her face twisted, “Why is he sitting here? Why are you with him? What the hell is going on?” “Chill”, Stacy pressed out, “He will be eating with us today.” “Yeah, but why?” That question gained Heidi a few chuckles from the others sitting at the table. Cole felt something tugging at his gut, promoting him to move, get himself out of this situation before it became more embarrassing, but it was Stacy. The Stacy. He couldn’t let this opportunity pass him by, he didn’t know when something like this would happen for him again. He leaned over to get in Stacy’s ear. “I could sit at the other table. You can just come and talk to me after you finish talking to your friends.” Stacy shook her head. “No, Cole. Stay here.” Cole smiled and nodded. “So, what are you…” Cole along with everyone else at the table turned in time to see Phillip Grand, captain of the football team and Stacy’s rumored boyfriend, standing behind them with a mean mug on his face. His two flunkies, who seemed to be attached to his hip, stood beside him. “Why are you at our table, Ugly Cole?” “Don’t call him that”, Stacy defended. Cole swallowed before he grabbed his tray. “It’s ok, I’ll just move.” “Nah”, Phillip snapped as he pushed Cole’s tray off the table. “You wanna eat? Eat off the fucking floor!” Stacy and Cole jumped up as the others laughed, Cole felt as if the walls around him were closing in. He moved to pick up his food from the floor when he felt himself get kicked in the back, causing his body to press the already ruined food between the ground and his t- shirt. By this point, the entire cafeteria was laughing. Cole scrambled to get off the floor, feeling tears gather in his eyes as he slipped on a banana which caused him to lose the small amount of balance he had. More laughter. More Pointing. More embarrassment. “You a fucking coward!” The laughter seemed to die down a little when Anthony Drake, somewhat of an outsider but far more popular than Cole, stepped into the face of Phillip. “He wasn’t doing shit to you.” “What’s it to you”, Phillip snapped. “Not shit”, Anthony supplied. “Stop fucking with him or we gone have a problem. Keep your girl out of his face if you gone get made when he around her. Cole don’t mess with no one. Hell, he half way talks. So, I know she approached him.” Anthony smiled and rubbed his chin. “You mean to tell me, you’re the big bad Quarterback and you can’t keep yo hoes in check?” “Who you calling a hoe”, Stacy interjected, feeling her plot to make Phillip jealous, backfire. “That owl!” Anthony answered. “Leave him alone”, Anthony stated as he pointed at Cole who was now standing and dusting food off his clothes. “Mess with him and that’s yo ass. I’ll fuck your hand off so bad that you will never know what it’s like to throw a college ball.” Phillip swallowed his nerves as Anthony turned around. “Once they were out of ear shot of everyone, Anthony turned to Cole. “If any of them fuck with you, let me know.” Cole eyed Anthony suspiciously. “Why? You don’t even know me.” “I know that you don’t mess with nobody, all yo nerdy ass do is take a million notes in them composition books. Cole smirked, he was right. “Come on, man. I got a clean shirt in my locker”, Anthony supplied with a nod of his head. Cole returned that nod and followed behind Anthony, after a moment of silence, he spoke. “I’m Cole Remington.” Anthony stopped walking. “Yeah, I know. I’m Anthony Drake.” Posted in Artist, Author, Deshon Dreamz, Honor, Love, Poet, Romance, Uncategorized, urban, Urban FictionTagged activist, Author, bencarson2017, Beyonce, BlackLove, blogger, Deshon Dreamz, drama, Goodreads, GoodReadsChallenge, Love, Poet, Reading, Reading Challenge, romance, sex, Streetlit, urban, urban fiction, Writer2 Comments “Because that sh** in like two days…” #TeaserTuesday Posted on March 7, 2017 March 7, 2017 by Dreamz You find Ashura & Anthony in Fiji…sharing a moment that neither of them saw coming. Enjoy!! Teaser is copywritten, unedited & subject to change…all that Jazz! Good sex always relaxed Anthony, made him vulnerable and open to things that he wouldn’t normally be open to discuss. Ashura knew that this was the best time to get the intimate details of his life from him, so she took advantage. “Red, black and white.” Anthony provided freely. Ashura smiled against his back. He laid flat on his stomach and Ashura rested on top of him softly massaging his back beneath her as the sounds of the ocean echoed around them. Ashura pressed her thumbs into the lower portion of him as her hair blew into her face from the open window. She sat up straight, moving down his back so that she could massage him at a better angle, already missing the heat and comfort being pressed against him provided. They were fresh off a love making session that put them both to sleep, once they woke, they ate. Returned to the bed to go at it again and now they had fallen into this mellow setting of just relaxing and asking each other questions that they hadn’t bothered to ask before. Ashura focused on his back, the smoothness of his skin somehow relaxing her even more than she already was. “My favorite colors are pink and turquoise.” Anthony laughed a low rumble that made her thighs shake slightly. “I knew it was about to be some girly ass colors, shawty.” Ashura shrugged, “Well, I’m a girl aren’t I?” “That you are.” “When is your birthday?” Anthony stilled as she continued to massage him. Exhaling, “If I tell you, you bet not get all pissed.” “Why would I get mad about you telling me your birthday, sir?” “Because that shit in like two days.” Ashura’s hands slowly came to a stop. “Stop playing, Anthony.” “Dead ass.” “That shit like in two days”, she said mocking him. “Are you serious?” “I don’t make a big deal over birthday’s ma.” “Why?” Ashura’s voice was low, almost inaudible. “I just don’t.” Again, Ashura spoke in a low voice. Using extreme caution to speak on the topic of birthdays when her own birthday was something that she tried to stay away from. “Neither do I.” Ashura held her hand down as her hands began moving again, only this time with a slight tremble in them that Anthony took notice of. “I used to love birthdays.” “What happened, Ashura?” “I watched my father die and my mother was killed as well. It um…happened at my 30th birthday party.” Anthony tried to move, to turn to her and see her face but she wouldn’t move. “Don’t, Anthony.” “We don’t have to talk about that.” Ashura shook her head. “No, it’s ok. I think I need to talk about it.” Anthony wouldn’t deny her if it was something that she wanted. He wanted to see her face but he was ok with his position, knowing that she was close to him and he could hold her if he needed to. “That’s what made me snap, Anthony. I was leaving the house, I was fighting against myself because I was actually going to walk out and let Vince live but he…he confessed. Told me that he had my party shot up, wanted everyone dead including Nacobi and I. He wanted me and everyone that I loved dead.” Ashura stopped speaking in order to keep her emotions together. “Sometimes I wished I would have died. I wouldn’t have to deal with this pain every day. I was so lost, Anthony. I watched my dad die and I buried my mother but I called her, every day, every morning from the day after she died to the day that Vince confessed to having her killed. I paid the phone bill for two years, paid all the bills for two years, just to hear her voice. Just to…feel close to her. Everything..I love either gets snatched from me or leaves. I..don’t know what I do wrong. It’s like all the shit I did in my past is haunting me. It’s like…I’m a virus or-“ Ashura shook her head as a single tear slid down her face, landing on his back. “Come on, ma”, Anthony stated as he shifted, hearing her soft sniffles turn into deep sobs. She moved back off of him and sat on the bed, covering her face, moderately embarrassed by her breakdown. Anthony grabbed her hands and pulled them from her face, she held her head down until he reached under her chin and made their eyes connect. “What did I tell you, Ashura? You don’t need to hide from me. You don’t have to fight me.” “You sure in the hell have no reason at all to be sorry.” He wiped her face with his thumbs, speeding up his pace as more tears fell from her eyes. “I hate these shits”, Anthony mumbled, his face tight as he fought hard to clear the wetness from her face. “Shit is like the worst thing ever created.” Ashura smiled through her tears as she assisted him with cleaning her face, red rimmed puffy hazel eyes looking at him, snatching his soul in the process. He gripped her angelic face, placing kisses all over it before he pecked her lips over and over and over. Until he was content. Until her tears somehow vanished. “You’re not a virus. Not at all. You love Ashura, you love hard and you love deep and sometimes that clouds your judgment of people. Vince was a predator. He saw that you loved him, made you fall in love with him and he did this shit to you. That’s why I understand you not wanting to let me in so quickly. It’s hard for you and I get it that’s why I’m patient. That’s why I care about you anyway. I don’t care about none of the shit you did in your past because who the fuck am I to judge you. While your parents were here, you loved them. You were a great daughter to them. That’s what you remember. That’s what you cherish because that’s the shit that matters. Nothing else. You hear me?” Ashura nodded her head before more tears pooled in her eyes and before she knew it she was crying again but this cry was a cleanse. A cleanse that was long overdue. She felt Anthony moving, shifting to lay on his back and pulling her into his arms as she just cried. For her mother. For her father. For her loved ones that she lost. For her past. For her future. Even for Vince. She didn’t know what kind of demons he was dealing with that made him the monster that he was but she knew it had to be something deep. Unrelenting. To change him in the manner that he changed. In this moment, she felt peace. GOD provided peace. The ocean provides peace. The slow, steady movements of Anthony’s hand in her hair, provided peace. So she rested. Posted in Artist, Author, Deshon Dreamz, Love, Poet, Romance, Uncategorized, urban, Urban FictionTagged Artist, Author, BlackLove, Deshon Dreamz, drama, Goodreads, GoodReadsChallenge, Love, Poet, Reading Challenge, romance, sex, Streetlit, urban, urban fiction, Writer2 Comments The Idiocy Level of Ben Carson…- Deshon Dreamz Posted on March 7, 2017 by Dreamz Please excuse me while I vent and I pray that I am not offensive but I need to get this out. Bare with me. id·i·o·cy ˈidēəsē/ extremely stupid behavior. The thought of merging “Immigration” and “Slavery” is so far fetched that I hadn’t compared the two in any way form or fashion…that was until recently. I was strolling Facebook; liking and “reacting” to things on my timeline when I ran across a repost of an article that was posted by CNN, here is the link to that article: http://www.cnn.com/2017/03/06/politics/ben-carson-immigrants-slavery/index.html After reading a few lines of the article, whose headline caught my attention, I was faced with a video clip: Here are some facts about Ben Carson, site; wikipedia.com Benjamin Solomon “Ben” Carson Sr. (born September 18, 1951) is an American neurosurgeon, author, and politician who is the 17th and current United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, under the Trump Administration. Prior to his cabinet position, he was a candidate for President of the United States in the Republican primaries in 2016. Born in Detroit, Michigan, and a graduate of Yale University and the University of Michigan Medical School, Carson has authored numerous books on his medical career and political stances. He was the subject of a television drama film in 2009. He was the Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Maryland from 1984 until his retirement in 2013. As a pioneer in neurosurgery, Carson’s achievements include performing the only successful separation of conjoined twins joined at the back of the head, pioneering the first successful neurosurgical procedure on a fetus inside the womb, performing the first completely successful separation of type-2 vertical craniopagus twins, developing new methods to treat brain-stem tumors, and reviving hemispherectomy techniques for controlling seizures.[3][4][5][6][7] He became the youngest chief of pediatric neurosurgery in the country at age 33.[8] He has received more than 60 honorary doctorate degrees, dozens of national merit citations, and written over 100 neurosurgical publications.[9] In 2008, he was bestowed the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States.[10] Carson’s widely publicized speech at the 2013 National Prayer Breakfast catapulted him to conservative fame for his views on social and political issues.[11] On May 4, 2015, he announced he was running for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election at a rally in his hometown of Detroit.[12] In March 2016, following the Super Tuesday primaries, he suspended his campaign and announced he would be the new national chairman of My Faith Votes, a group that encourages Christians to exercise their civic duty to vote.[13][14] He then endorsed the candidacy of Donald Trump.[15] On March 2, 2017, Carson was confirmed by the United States Senate as the next Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in a 58–41 vote.[16] So, here it is…. Dear Ben Caron, The fact that you somehow are allowed behind a microphone after repeatedly displaying your incompetence is beyond me. It’s something that I stopped attempting to figure out long ago. This is a direct example as to why. Howwww on this beautiful earth of ours you married “immigration” and “slavery” in your small head is another thing that baffles me. I just used Google to get a few definitions for you. Immigration: im·mi·gra·tion ˌiməˈɡrāSH(ə)n/ the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country. slav·er·y ˈslāv(ə)rē/ the state of being a slave. “thousands had been sold into slavery” Immigration happens when someone feels the need to get away from their surroundings, rather it is for the betterment of that person and their family or for that person’s own personal reasons but the act is a free choice. It is not a demand, it is not a request. It’s a personal choice. That person consciously says, “I want to move to this country.” and they do so, period. Slavery was about MONEY. Slavery was about SUPPRESSION. Slavery was about DEPRESSION. Nothing about “Slavery” was a free choice. I’m sure, if you could place a microphone to the mouth of any slave “at the bottom of slave ships” they would CONFIRM that what was happening to them, was not their choice. The beating, the chains, the vomit, the feces, the urine, the dead bodies lapped on top of each other for travel, the cold, the fear, the wetness, the smell. ALL FORCED. ALL MANDATORY. ALL PAIN. You lost your right to speak on the affairs of african americans a long time ago so HOW DARE YOU, stand behind a microphone and make such a asinine statement? It seems unreal, then I remember the mouth from which it was spoken and it becomes extremely clear to me. This blog is not because I feel this matter needs anymore attention than it is already getting, this blog is for every slave that died on that boat ride. This is for every immigrant that wants better for themselves. Maybe the suppression that slave faced, is in some ways linked to that of an immigrant but the situations and circumstances could not be any further apart. My mother always told me to think before I speak. Ben, listen to my momma. – Deshon Dreamz © livindreamz.com Posted in Artist, Author, Deshon Dreamz, Honor, Love, Poet, Romance, Uncategorized, urban, Urban FictionTagged activist, bencarson, bencarson2017, birthofanation, blacklivesmatter, BlackLove, blogger, Deshon Dreamz, drama, Goodreads, Kaepernick, Love, natturner, Poet, policebrutailty, racism, Reading Challenge, romance, trump, trump2017, urban fiction, WriterLeave a comment	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line397
__label__cc	0.743013	0.256987	Devotion Newsletter Content‎ > ‎Editorial & Educational Articles‎ > ‎ From WBro D Hudson One of the examinations a candidate for the second degree must know is; Question: “What is Freemasonry?” Answer: “A peculiar system of morality veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbols.” When the general public asks the question “What is Freemasonry”, some will reply with the above response from our ritual. It is an excellent way of describing the Craft, but not a particularly accessible nor a transparent answer. Give an inquiring person that answer and you are more likely to sound evasive rather than helpful. My answer in response to “What is Freemasonry?” is generally short and clear; that Freemasonry is the oldest and largest fraternity in the world. Short n’ Simple. Easily understood. Describing Freemasonry with a few words will always fail to convey its power and effect. The best way to describe Freemasonry is to live it and by daily aspiring to its values, particularly those of honour, benevolence and self improvement. That said, every Freemason should grow to understand and implement the answer given in ritual and I recently discovered a good explanation of it, given below; An extract from a letter from Chase William Kruppo as appearing at http://toddecreason.blogspot.com.au/2011/12/regarding-freemasonry.html Freemasonry is a system of morality (a code of ethics), veiled in allegory (expressed in a way that can be interpreted subjectively by the recipient), and illustrated through symbols (taught in a way that hearkens back to the time when most people were illiterate and learned from masters drawing in the dirt on the floor to teach an apprentice). It is the oldest and largest fraternity in the world and exists in every corner of the free world and underground in countries where such organizations are illegal (Iran, North Korea).	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line398
__label__wiki	0.860685	0.860685	Longwood Central School District » Community » Longwood Journey » Time Periods » American Revolution » Nathaniel Norton Written by Paul Olin Long Island Forum, April 1962 Photo courtesy of Davis Erhardt Collection NATHANIEL NORTON was born in the Town of Brook-haven, near Coram, in 1742. Not much is known of his early life except that he worked the land on his father Nathaniel's farm. He apparently was a restless sort for he enlisted as a private in the Provincial Army at the age of 14 in 1756. He served throughout the French and Indian War in the forces under Major General Bradstreet and participated in the Ticonderoga and Crown Point campaigns in 1759. In 1760, he was mustered out at Fort Oswego and returned to Coram. He married and settled down on the farm and by 1776 had a substantial family of four sons and two, daughters. His domestic life was interrupted by the trouble with England. He quickly signed the Association in June of 1775 and before the end of the month had accepted a Congressional commission as 2nd Lieutenant in the 3rd New York Regiment (June 28, 1775). In the meantime, before he could assume his post, he was elected a Lieutenant in the Suffolk County, Militia (August 7, 1775). After the disastrous Battle of Long Island, he packed up his family and belongings and fled to Connecticut where he made off to join his Regiment. In November of 1776, he was commissioned a 1st Lieutenant and transferred to the 4th New York Regiment under command of Colonel Henry Beekman Livingston. He participated in the Saratoga campaign but sickness prevented his being on the battle field at Bemis Heights. After the tortuous winter at Morristown, he was appointed a Captain on April 23, 1778 and assumed command of a detachment of artillery with which he distinguished himself at the battle of Monmouth Courthouse. After a long and weary campaign against the Indians with Generals Sullivan and Clinton in 1779, his Regiment was detached to the Hudson Highlands. The orderly books of the 4th New York tell us that Captain Norton was considered an able officer. He was appointed president of numerous court martials and it is evident he was a stern taskmaster. At Warwick in November of 1779, it was his opinion as president of the court martial that a certain soldier with an unclean musket should be sentenced to 15 lashes. Said sentence was carried out. Another time in December of 1780 at Fort Schuyler, a Corporal John Howe was courtmartialed for "calling Captain Norton a Dam'd Rascall." Near the beginning of 1780, Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Weisenfels appointed Norton to enlist men within the western frontiers of New York State. On August 15th he wrote to Governor Clinton to say he had enlisted some men but was handicapped by a lack of funds. He added that he would like to go with his friend and fellow officer, Major John Davis of East Hampton, to Long Island for money to pay bounties to the newly enlisted men. It was his idea that they visit certain Whigs on the Island whom he considered "our staunch friends who have a considerable quantity of hard cash." Governor Clinton agreed that this was a fine plan but was unable to enter into such a venture without the consent of the Legislature. Norton then resorted to his friend Ezra L'Hommedieu to intercede in his behalf for permission to accomplish this project. On January 1, 1781, he retired his commission and awaited his orders to go to Long Island. In the meantime, he had become a widower, and met and married his second wife by whom he had a son Samuel. He also became active in the Baptist Church and frequently journeyed to Baiting Hollow to lead religious meetings there. Through his efforts, the Congregational Church of Baiting Hollow was organized. Finally on May 2, 1781, L'Hommedieu was able to persuade Clinton to commission Norton to cruise Long Island Sound in an armed boat with the possibility in mind of bringing off some of the loyal inhabitants and taking them to the interior of New York State. He did this for a few months until the end of 1781 when he was secretly commissioned by Governor Clinton to obtain the money on Long Island; and to conceal the object at hand, he was placed in command of an armed gunboat, the "Suffolk,"in which he cruised the length and width of Long Island Sound. In the meantime, his friend Major Davis was commissioned to purchase supplies for the State and was captured with Captain John Grinnel at Sag Harbor. Both were conveyed to the Provost in New York where they were imprisoned. Davis died as a result, so they say, of poisoned chocolates given to him. At the close of the war, Norton returned to Long Island. In July of 1783, he was involved in a fight with Elisha Brown of North Hampton. Brown was killed and Norton escaped. The next we hear of him was that he was in Herkimer, New York, where he became first an Elder and then a minister in the Baptist Church. After joining the Society of the Cincinnati, he went to Connecticut where he assumed another pastorate. He retired this post in 1805 and went to live in New York City with his third wife. He did some preaching there and was influential in the Cincinnati. He died at that city at the age of 95 on October 7, 1837, being the oldest living member of the Cincinnati Society. His funeral was attended by almost all of his surviving fellow officers and his body was conveyed to a plot near the Baptist Church in Coram where it was interred on October 10th. He had lived a life of adventure and action yet was a man of taste and refinement. A brave man and a respected clergyman, he ended his life far more modestly than he had lived it. To view actual pension file click here	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line399
__label__wiki	0.812738	0.812738	The Life and Adventures of Baron Trenck, Volume 1 By: Friedrich Trenck (1726-1794) TRENCK Transcribed from the 1892 Cassell & Co. edition by David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org, proofed by Bridie, Rab Hughes and Roland Chapman. THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF BARON TRENCK TRANSLATED BY THOMAS HOLCROFT. VOL. I. CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED: LONDON , PARIS & MELBOURNE . 1892. There were two cousins Von der Trenck, who were barons descended from an ancient house in East Prussia, and were adventurous soldiers, to whom, as to the adventurous, there were adventures that lost nothing in the telling, for they were told by the authors' most admiring friends themselves. Franz, the elder, was born in 1711, the son of an Austrian general; and Frederick, whose adventures are here told, was the son of a Prussian major general. Franz, at the age of seventeen, fought duels, and cut off the head of a man who refused to lend him money. He stood six feet three inches in his shoes, knocked down his commanding officer, was put under arrest, offered to pay for his release by bringing in three Turks' heads within an hour, was released on that condition, and actually brought in four Turks' heads. When afterwards cashiered, he settled on his estates in Croatia, and drilled a thousand of his tenantry to act as "Pandours" against the banditti. In 1740, he served with his Pandours under Maria Theresa, and behaved himself as one of the more brutal sort of banditti. He offered to capture Frederick of Prussia, and did capture his tent. Many more of his adventures are vaingloriously recounted by himself in the Memoires du Baron Franz de Trenck , published at Paris in 1787. This Trenck took poison when imprisoned at Gratz, and died in October, 1747, at the age of thirty six. His cousin Frederick is the Trenck who here tells a story of himself that abounds in lively illustration of the days of Frederick the Great. He professes that Frederick the King owed him a grudge, because Frederick the Trenck had, when eighteen years old, fascinated the Princess Amalie at a ball. But as Frederick the Greater was in correspondence with his cousin Franz at the time when that redoubtable personage was planning the seizure of Frederick the Great, there may have been better ground for the Trenck's arrest than he allows us to imagine. Mr. Carlyle shows that Frederick von der Trenck had been three months in prison, and was still in prison, at the time of the battle of the Sohr, in which he professes to have been engaged. Frederick von der Trenck, after his release from imprisonment in 1763, married a burgomaster's daughter, and went into business as a wine merchant. Then he became adventurous again. His adventures, published in German in 1786 7, and in his own French version in 1788, formed one of the most popular books of its time. Seven plays were founded on them, and ladies in Paris wore their bonnets a la Trenck. But the French finally guillotined the author, when within a year of threescore and ten, on the 26th of July, 1794. He had gone to Paris in 1792, and joined there in the strife of parties. At the guillotine he struggled with the executioner. I was born at Konigsberg in Prussia, February 16, 1726, of one of the most ancient families of the country. My father, who was lord of Great Scharlach, Schakulack, and Meichen, and major general of cavalry, died in 1740, after receiving eighteen wounds in the Prussian service. My mother was daughter of the president of the high court at Konigsberg. After my father's death she married Count Lostange, lieutenant colonel in the Kiow regiment of cuirassiers, with whom she went and resided at Breslau. I had two brothers and a sister; my youngest brother was taken by my mother into Silesia; the other was a cornet in this last named regiment of Kiow; and my sister was married to the only son of the aged General Valdow. My ancestors are famous in the Chronicles of the North, among the ancient Teutonic knights, who conquered Courland, Prussia, and Livonia... Continue reading book >> Wikipedia – Friedrich Trenck Wikipedia – The Life and Adventures of Baron Trenck, Volume 1	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line400
__label__wiki	0.895511	0.895511	My first home in NYC! What a surprise to find this article in The New York Times about The Whitby! When we moved to NYC in 1969 we lived in this historical building 7 years, thru the crazy NYC's 70's. By chance. not knowing its History nor the kind of 'show biz' wild neighborhood it was in -mami found this large furnished apartment walking distance to our jobs (papi and Leon 2 blocks away) and 4 blocks to my job as Ticket Agent for Iberia Airlines. It was only $300 a month -and she took it instantly! And it was quite an esperience! Prostitutes in hot pants and super-pimps & flashy pimp-mobiles shared the streets with dancers from the Rockettes and artists! Mami would go to work skipping drunkards sleeping next to the Broadway theatres & in her naive way asked them "please dont drink so much". It was such a surreal time, but we always felt safe. And now I realize we were in the midst of an amazing time in New York. Since I was single my 'dates' would always be surprised that such a nice family lived in such a 'hot' area of NYC. And in that apt 114, sitting on a black sofa while visiitng my father, I met my future husband Orlando Jimenez Leal!..Many friends & family used that living-room sofa bed when visiting NYC -and my brother even brought his French girlfriend Francoise (and her 9 months old son Papoose!) to live with us. When she left to Paris for good we all cried at the baby´s departure! What a grand NYC beginning for all of us! This is the NY Times article http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/30/nyregion/for-90-years-the-whitby-has-been-a-bastion-for-broadway-performers.html?smid=fb-share At 90, Still a Haven for Broadway Performers The Whitby, on West 45th Street in Manhattan, before the year-end Christmas party for residents. CreditNicole Craine for The New York Times On a ceaselessly rainy day this month, the residents of the Whitby gathered inside the lobby of the grand old building in Manhattan for its annual Christmas party. Children crawled and darted around the legs of clustered parents. Plastic folding tables were laden with nuts, cold cuts and pizza. Soda and wine sloshed in disposable cups while the lights and ornaments twinkled on a small artificial Christmas tree. Conversation turned predictably to children and work, as well as to the shows people had seen. More often than not, these were one and the same. “I’ll be out on a job and see someone I think I recognize from a past gig,” said Paul Ford, a rehearsal pianist and frequent Stephen Sondheim collaborator who has lived at the Whitby since 1983. “We’ll get to talking, and it turns out I know them from the elevator.” Since it opened in 1924, the Whitby, a stout beige building with 217 units on 45th Street just west of Eighth Avenue, has attracted artists, performers, writers and stagehands. In fact, it was the first residential building in the city created especially for them, not least because performers were often shunned for their odd hours, odd lifestyles and, most of all, odd bank accounts. A “No Theatricals” sign from the era hangs in the management office as a joke. Paul Ford, a rehearsal pianist, in his apartment at the Whitby, where he has lived since 1983.CreditNicole Craine for The New York Times “Most actors were considered deadbeats in those days,” said Austin Colyer, who has spent most of his life at the Whitby since moving there in the 1950s. A frequent presence on Broadway until the past decade, this lean 85-year-old was also active in its union, Actors’ Equity, and founded the Whitby’s tenants association to combat a string of nasty landlords in the 1970s and ’80s. His apartment is stuffed with 130 bound collections of Playbills from all the shows he has seen over the years. “People used to stop me all the time in the hallways and ask if I could get them into Equity,” Mr. Colyer said, sitting in the lobby where he regularly holds court. “And I’d always say, ‘Sure — just tell me what you’ve been in.’ ” Mr. Colyer may be among the last of his generation at the Whitby, but he is not the last of his breed. An item left behind in the sink of a newly vacated apartment at the Whitby attests to its residents' passions. CreditNicole Bengiveno/The New York Times For all the changes that have come to Broadway, where the only thing more drastic than the astronomical ticket prices are the astronomical rents for apartments in the area, the Whitby has largely remained a bastion for performers and their patrons. But rather than being a haven for struggling artists, the building is now much more a home for successful ones. “Like any New Yorker, I guess I was worried about the changes,” said Micki Frein, president of the co-op board (the building converted from a residential hotel in 1986). “But in spite of everything, the building still attracts artists and creative types. They just love the character of it, since most things in the neighborhood are shiny and new or totally rundown.” The property, at 325 West 45th Street, was built by one of the most successful development partnerships of the prewar era, the builders Bing & Bing and the architect Emery Roth. They are responsible for such standouts as 1000 Park Avenue, at 84th Street, and the Southgate, on East 52nd Street. The Whitby was less distinguished though still impressive, with its three sturdy bays and rippling brick cornice. What the actors especially valued, though, was the telephone service, a rarity in the day that kept them apprised of all their callbacks. Michael Apuzzo, a dancer, in his living room-bedroom. He has a Murphy bed that tucks into a cabinet so he can clear enough floor space to practice. CreditNicole Bengiveno/The New York Times Continue reading the main storyContinue reading the main story Among the stars who came to reside at the Whitby were Doris Day, Betty Grable, Clarence Derwent, Diane Ladd and Wallace Shawn, as well as Al Capone, though legend says it was the showgirls, not the amenities, that drew him there. Michael Apuzzo came two years ago for proximity to both Broadway and Lincoln Center, where he regularly performs as a dancer with the Paul Taylor Dance Company. It helps that Broadway Dance Center is across the street. Like many units in the building, his first-floor studio is small and spacious, a testament to Roth’s keen use of space. The walls are decorated with mementos from tours with the company to such places as Istanbul (decorative tapestries), San Francisco (photos on the beach) and Spoleto, Italy (a festival poster). Mr. Apuzzo has a Murphy bed precisely so he can keep the center of the room clear to practice. Hayden Wall, an 11-year-old actor, and Austin Colyer, 85, until the past decade a frequent presence on Broadway, are neighbors. CreditNicole Bengiveno/The New York Times “It’s so nice to walk through the building and hear people singing or playing the piano,” he said. “It’s inspiring, and you know you won’t bother anyone when you’re rehearsing.” One of the youngest thespians in residence, Hayden Wall, 11, feels a connection with the building, as though the spirits of past performers are inspiring him as he makes his Off Broadway debut in “The Soul Doctor.” His parents started renting a one-bedroom apartment from its owner, leaving behind their suburban home in Syracuse, and now the family spends most of its nights in two beds at the Whitby, so their son can chase his dreams. “I feel honored to have the torch passed to me,” he said. Even those who do not work in the theater tend to have some connection. Ms. Frein, the board president, used to be a theater manager and wanted to stay close to her friends, even though she went into finance decades ago. Emilio Casarez and his partner both work at JPMorgan Chase, but rather than a downtown loft or uptown sprawl, they chose the cozy Whitby so they can visit the theater on the nights they are not working late. Douglas Bellitto, a broker at Brown Harris Stevens who once aspired to the stage, handles many sales in the building these days. He is just as likely to sell an apartment — like a recent one-bedroom for $485,000 — to a pediatrician from Philadelphia as he is to a successful playwright. “Her daughter is a ballerina, though,” Mr. Belitto said of the pediatrician, “and they come here at least once a month for the shows My Cuba in a near future?	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line401
__label__cc	0.702327	0.297673	Title: Senior Software Engineer - Machine Learning Group Posted: February 1, 2016 Company/Institution: The Voleon Group Location: Berkeley, California, USA Description: The Voleon Group is a science-driven systematic trading firm, built on the principle that statistical machine learning provides the best solutions to the scientific problems we must solve. The firm researches and deploys systematic trading strategies designed to generate attractive returns without being dependent on the performance of the overall market. We would like to hire an exceptionally creative and capable software engineer. You will architect and implement new production trading systems, machine learning infrastructure, data integration pipelines, and large-scale storage systems. Voleonâ€™s founders previously worked together at one of the most successful quantitative hedge funds in the world. Our CEO earned a PhD in Computer Science from Stanford and has been CEO and founder of a successful Internet infrastructure startup. Our Chief Investment Officer and Head of Research earned his PhD in Statistics from and is currently on the faculty at UC Berkeley. Voleonâ€™s team includes PhDs from leading departments in statistics, computer science, and mathematics from Berkeley, Stanford, CMU, Caltech, MIT, University of Chicago, and other top-tier schools. We have made several unpublished advances in the field of machine learning and in other areas as well. You will have a high impact, and you can expect frequent interaction with other researchers, officers, and our founders. We take a rigorous approach to building trading strategies and systems, and actively foster a highly collaborative and collegial intellectual environment. We are growing rapidly. Willingness to take initiative and a gritty determination to productize are essential. We seek candidates with a proven track record of writing correct, well-designed software, solving hard problems, and delivering complex projects on time. You should preferably have experience designing and implementing fault-tolerant distributed systems. Experience with building large-scale data infrastructure, stream processing systems, or latency-sensitive programs is a bonus. Required experience: - developing with C/C++/Python/Go in a Linux environment with a focus on performance, concurrency, and correctness. - working in TCP/IP networking, multi-threading, and server development. - working with common Internet protocols (IP, TCP/UDP, SSL/TLS, HTTP, SNMP, etc.). - architecting and designing highly available systems. - architecting and designing large-scale data management infrastructure. - working in large codebases and building modular, manageable code. Preferred experience: - debugging and performance profiling, including the use of tools such as strace, valgrind, gdb, tcpdump, etc. - working with build and test automation tools. - working with well-defined change management processes. - diagnosing RDBMS performance problems, exploiting indexing, using EXPLAIN PLAN, optimizing at the code layer, etc. - working with messaging queues (RabbitMQ, Redis, etc.) as well as distributed caching systems. Interest in financial applications is essential, but experience in finance is not a primary factor in our hiring. We hire on the basis of exceptional talent. Benefits and compensation are highly competitive. We encourage you to apply on our website with your full and complete CV: http://voleon.com/apply/. The Voleon Group is an Equal Opportunity employer. Applicants are considered without regard to race, color, religion, creed, national origin, age, sex, gender, marital status, sexual orientation and identity, genetic information, veteran status, citizenship, or any other factors prohibited by local, state, or federal law. Application Instructions: Please apply on our website with your full and complete CV or work resume: http://voleon.com/apply/.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line417
__label__cc	0.617653	0.382347	First Timothy Written to Timothy? July 20, 2008 By Rick Brannan Leave a Comment Yep, back on this horse again (see here). The pastor of the church I attend has begun a series on First Timothy. This week we were on 1Ti 1.3-9, but during the sermon I drifted a bit (not much, don’t worry) to think about the intended recipient. Many people say that First Timothy was written not really to Timothy, but primarily to the church in Ephesus. That is, there is so much in the letter that likely would’ve been elementary to Timothy (who had been Paul’s right-hand man for years by this point) the only reason for it being in there is for Paul to communicate to the church at Ephesus what he had in store for them — what Timothy was going to do — so that Timothy would then be in the clear, authority-wise, to go ahead and do it. (Or something like that) But, if you look at the overall structure of the grammar in the letter, particularly person/number quality of verbs, it really does sound like it was written to Timothy and not to a group that included Timothy as leader. In church today, I realized (duh) that communication today is much different than communication in the early Christian era. I agree that Timothy likely knew what his job was, and what Paul expected him to do. But with Paul gone, and for all intents and purposes out of reliable, regular contact; what better form for Timothy to have with him then a letter that clearly, plainly spelled out what Timothy was to do in order to get the Ephesian church back in line? While Timothy knew the task, what would he do when he was challenged, say, six months into the task, by the false-doctrine purveyors he was attempting to extricate from the church? He could re-consult the letter, and say, "No, Paul really does want me to do this. It really is important. It really is tough. But he’s clear, this is what I’m to do." This has much in common with P.Tebt.703 (and also here), which was a letter written from a superior to his lieutenant. In simple language it laid out clearly and plainly the expectations the superior has for his underling. The underling surely knew what he was supposed to do, but (as with First Timothy) the letter could also be consulted in the midst of the task to clarify or recall those long-since-forgotten (or at least hazily-remembered) instructions of the superior. After all, he couldn’t send an email, make a phone call, or do a google search to remind himself. I’m not saying this is exactly the sort of purpose for which First Timothy was written. But it does help me (at this point, anyway) make more sense of the grammar and tone of the letter which seems to say so many things that would be so obvious to Timothy, at least at the time of writing. I’ll have to re-check some commentaries (particularly Witherington and Towner, which as I recall reference P.Tebt.703) to recall once again how the bring P.Tebt.703 into the discussion. Filed Under: Pastoral Epistles\|1 Timothy	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line421
__label__cc	0.670832	0.329168	Patricia Stapleton > Research Agenda Corn Field by Rastoney / BY NC At its core, my research agenda centers on the question of how governments regulate science, technology, and public health. Among my main interests is the regulation of new scientific advancements, especially developments in the field of biotechnology. A significant part of my work over the past two years has emphasized the debates over the effects of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on public health and whether GMOs provide a pathway to environmental sustainability or to environmental degradation – central themes of my dissertation. My most recent presentation in Utrecht, on the evolution of the precautionary principle in EU food safety regulation, thus stays in line with my doctoral research. In addition to expanding on key themes within it, my dissertation has provided me with an excellent foundation for building a long-term research agenda on biotechnology regulation more broadly. As a result, I have also developed new research that examines biotechnology risk regulation in the field of reproductive medicine. Current projects include studies on genetic testing procedures, namely preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), used during in vitro fertilization (IVF). The main focus of this work is the piecemeal regulatory approach in United States, and the ethical and legal challenges that arise from the lack of clear and comprehensive federal regulations. From this branch of my research agenda, I have developed several writing projects, including an article on the potential impacts of the implementation of the Affordable Care Act on reproductive health delivery (forthcoming in Politics and the Life Sciences) and a chapter in the collection I co-edited, Biopolitics and Utopia: An Interdisciplinary Reader. To understand the relationship between the different branches of my research agenda, it is important to review its foundation: Biotechnology Regulation in the European Union and France: Un Dialogue des Sourds. My dissertation examined the case of French resistance to GMOs and the repercussions of France’s entrenched non-compliance with EU legislation and regulation in this policy domain. For this project, I pursued research on policy implementation processes and the role of supranational, national, and sub-national institutions in the context of EU regulation using an historical institutionalist approach combined with policy analysis. In order to understand this issue, my dissertation explored the multi-sectoral nature of agricultural biotechnology regulation and engaged with questions of environmental sustainability, risk regulation, public health, and food safety. Visualization of Research Agenda While my dissertation was specific to the case of France within the context of the EU, I have also been pursuing comparative research on American and European agricultural biotechnology regulation and research on global governance in this policy domain. For example, in February 2015 I gave an invited talk at the University of Pittsburgh’s European Union Center of Excellence/European Studies Center on GMOs as an obstacle to the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) negotiations. The talk followed a similar line of inquiry that I established in presentations at the NPSA’s Annual Meeting in November 2012 and the APSA Annual Meeting in August 2013. At those conferences, I presented research on the differences in the North American and European regulatory approaches, and how those differences play out in the case of institutional developments in agricultural biotechnology regulatory frameworks in Sub-Saharan African states. The next phase of my research in this area will include a more in-depth review of the regulatory developments in Kenya, Uganda, and Nigeria, and an analysis of the role of American biotechnology companies – particularly Monsanto – in shaping American foreign policy in these African states. My expansion into using the United States as a case study for my comparative work has also led to several collaborations with Andrew Byers, a Historian at Duke University. Our edited volume, Biopolitics and Utopia, grew out of a panel we organized for the annual meeting of the Society for Utopian Studies (SUS) in 2013. The success of that collaboration has resulted in another panel for the upcoming 2015 SUS conference, as well as our current project: Biopolitics and American Public Policy. Building on the comparative methods of policy analysis that I used in my dissertation, this co-authored volume is a public policy text that applies the multiple streams model to seven issue areas in American politics: prison sentencing; domestic surveillance; marriage equality; prescription drug regulation; legalization of marijuana; childhood obesity; and gun control. Our book presents an interesting and timely review of contemporary policy areas, particularly in how we frame our case studies within the context of biopolitics, and it develops another branch of my research agenda. Behind the Brands by Joki Gauthier / Oxfam America Taking another Twitter hiatus. Everything seems a bit sharper lately, less supportive & understanding. Y'all know I… https://t.co/XIwlZRScrw, Jan 14 RT @PGI_WPSA: In the past few weeks Lizzo has received a lot of fatphobic attention, much of which is shaped by racism & sexism.… https://t.co/Za4BoaZpXl, Jan 13 RT @JM_Sievert: If you’re a #PoliticalScience PhD (or you know one!) and have questions about non-faculty/non-academic positions, p… https://t.co/cOcCDzwTSW, Jan 13 RT @mekosal: My latest publication https://t.co/9bZNB4pv5z, Jan 13 RT @gotonura: If: social, environmental, sustainability challenges are the result of human/social understandings, behaviors, choi… https://t.co/TnWD1PlEzH, Jan 13 RT @Victor_Asal: This is terrifying How Much Hotter Is Your Hometown Than When You Were Born? - The New York Times https://t.co/5MW6QfIkNb, Jan 13 RT @EricHaywood: “I tried to tell y’all.” - Henrietta Lacks https://t.co/TKJBKGJAzx, Jan 12 RT @michael_e_flynn: Sunday morning retweet. Qual or quant, peer reviewed, published research by advanced grad students or junior facult… https://t.co/sj8YspdwQt, Jan 12 RT @hakeemjefferson: I know that getting to the stage of negotiation is already a function of winning the lottery but I’m happy to talk… https://t.co/NW4CpMON69, Jan 11 RT @ethrelkeld: 🚨Job Alert!🚨 Come join our @StimsonCenter South Asia team as a 2020-2021 Junior Fellow. Open to all graduating un… https://t.co/LdTiMRSx1E, Jan 11	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line422
__label__cc	0.664426	0.335574	Little Sunshine's Playhouse & Preschool Benefitting Families Disease Directory \| A \| C \| E \| F \| H \| M \| P \| S \| T Don't see a disease definition that you are looking for? Do not hesitate to contact us directly by using our webform or by sending an email to info@pediatricbrainfoundation.org to get it added. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) uh-kyoot dih-sem-uh-neyt-ed en-sef-uh-loh-mahy-uh-lahy-tis Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a demylelinating diseases, most commonly occurring after an acute bacterial or viral infection or, less commonly, following the vaccination for measles, mumps, and rubella. An autoimmune attack upon the nervous system causes widespread inflammation in the brain and spinal cord that damages myelin. al-ig-zahn-der dih-zeez Alexander disease is a progressive, genetic, and fatal brain disorder that most commonly occurs in children. It leads to death usually within the first decade. Alexander disease is classified as one of the leukodystrophies, or white matter diseases, causing abnormalities in myelin. eyn-juhl-man sin-drohm Angelman Syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes developmental delay and neurological problems. Angelman Syndrome is due in most cases to a chromosome deficiency involving loss of material from chromosome region 15q12. The deficient chromosome is passed on from the mother. Deletion of chromosome region 15q12 causes both Angelman Syndrome and a totally different disorder called Prader-Willi Syndrome. While the deleted chromosome is of maternal origin in Angelman Syndrome, it is the paternal chromosome that is partially deleted in the Prader-Willi Syndrome. Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) uh-tak-see-uh tel-an-je-ek-ta-zha Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative genetic disease that becomes evident in early childhood, usually in the first few years of life. A-T causes degeneration in the part of the brain that controls motor movements and speech. Some children will develop normally the first 3-5 years before regressing and exhibiting difficulty in walking or standing without support. aw-tiz-uhm Autism is a developmental disorder that appears in the first 3 years of life, and affects the brain's normal development of social and communication skills. Autism is a physical condition linked to abnormal biology and chemistry in the brain. The exact causes of these abnormalities remain unknown, but this is a very active area of research and there are probably a combination of factors that lead to autism. Cerebral Palsy (CP) suh-ree-bruhl pawl-zee Cerebral Palsy, CP for short, refers to a group of disorders that affect different motor functions resulting in physical disabilities limiting body movement and muscle coordination. CP is non-progressive, which means the physical disabilities will not get worse over time. While CP affects muscle control and body movement, the root of the problem is not with the muscles or nerves themselves. ep-uh-lep-see Epilepsy is a spectrum of brain disorders ranging from very mild or benign to disabling and life-threatening. Epilepsy occurs when nerve cells in the brain fire electrical impulses at a rate of up to four times higher than normal. This causes a sort of electrical storm in the brain, known as a seizure. A pattern of repeated seizures (two or more) is referred to as epilepsy. Having a single seizure as the result of a high fever (called febrile seizure) or head injury does not necessarily mean that a person has epilepsy. feet-l al-kuh-hawl sin-drohm Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is the sum total of the damage done to the child before birth as a result of the mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy. No amount of alcohol has been proven to be safe during pregnancy. Women who are or may become pregnant are therefore strongly advised to avoid alcohol. Even light drinking (less than three alcoholic drinks per week) during the first trimester of pregnancy has been associated with memory and learning problems. Hi-dran-en-sef-uh-lee Hydranencephaly (or hydroanencephaly) is a congenital condition in which the brain's cerebral hemispheres are absent to varying degrees and the resulting empty cranial cavity is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Hydranencephaly is one of several types of cephalic disorders. These disorders derive from either damage to, or abnormal development of, the fetal nervous system in the earliest stages of development in utero. MED23 Gene Defect med twen-tee-three jeen dee-fekt MED23 gene defect, also known as autosomal recessive nonsyndromic mental retardation-18, is a genetic neurological condition characterized by intellectual delays. It is autosomal and recessive, meaning that both parents carry some mutation on the MED23 gene and have a 25% chance of passing this gene onto their children. There are two families known to exist worldwide- one in Algeria where five siblings are affected, and a pair of brothers in the United States. Pitt Hopkins Syndrome (PTHS) pit hop-kinz sin-drohm Pitt Hopkins Syndrome (PTHS) is a rare genetic disorder resulting from a mutation of the TCF4 gene or a deletion in the region of the 18th chromosome where the TCF4 gene is located. TCF4 is a transcription factor, so mutations or deletions in this region disrupt the body's ability to carry out normal nervous system development and function resulting in developmental delay and intellectual disability. Sanfilippo Syndrome (MPS III) sahn-fil-ee-poh sin-drohm Sanfilippo Syndrome is the most common disorder of mucopolysaccharide metabolism and also known as Mucopolysaccharidosis Type III (MPS III). traw-mat-ik breyn in-juh-ree Traumatic brain injury (TBI), or intracranial injury, is an acquired condition that occurs after a sudden and traumatic blow to the head. The force of impact does not necessarily need to be severe to be traumatic and cause significant injury. Some TBIs are considered penetrating injures, when an object pierces the skull and fragments enter the brain directly. In addition to direct impact injuries, when the head collides directly with an object, TBI can be caused by sudden acceleration (or deceleration), causing the brain to bounce inside the skull. Tay sachs Hypotonic cerebral palsy Hypotonia (c)2019 Pediatric Brain Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line424
__label__wiki	0.505729	0.505729	Native traditions thrive at LIHA Pow Wow by Donna Rhodes write the author At last weekend's Labor Day Pow Wow in Sanbornton, a group of women dressed in their Native American regalia prepared for a special ceremony in the Arbor to honor and remember the many indigenous women who have been abused, kidnapped and even murdered in a rash of violence against them and their culture. (Photo by Donna Rhodes) (click for larger version) SANBORNTON – Tradition is all-important among Native Americans and their descendants, and for the 49th year, the Laconia Indian Historical Association invited the public to join them for their traditional Labor Day Weekend Pow Wow at the Dulac Land Trust on Osgood Road in Sanbornton, where people could enjoy some of their centuries-old music and dance and learn about their culture. Sue Lynn Thyng, who has been a part of the organization for 46 years, is the new president of LIHA, and brings with her skills and organizational experience from her job in the corporate world. Having just taken over the reins in January, she worked hard to help the organization revive this year's Pow Wow special in just a short amount of time. "We'd been struggling with some organizational issues for a while but things are looking much better now and this weekend has been great," she said. As always, there were campsites available and many traditional tipis were set up for the weekend by some of the Native American campers who attended. There were also lots of vendors along the wooded road to the central Arbor offering beautiful Native American crafts, jewelry, literature, art and regalia for purchase. A children's craft center was available in the morning hours for young ones from toddlers to teens. Anita Creager is the organizational force behind the crafts and volunteer Cheryl Silveira said there is always plenty for boys and girls to do at the Pow Wow. Some of this year's crafts included dream catchers, tooled leather or metal armbands, and beaded necklaces and chokers, along with sacred bags, leg bells and dance sticks suitable for dance sessions. There were also kits available for children who wanted to create miniature tipis and canoes. "These are all Native American-inspired. Most of the kids really enjoy coming by to make things they can use for dancing in the Arbor," said Silveira. Events for the weekend got underway on Friday evening with a Mourner's Feast followed by a Candle Light ceremony in the Arbor at 9 p.m., which was a Memorial to All Lost. On Saturday morning, there was food, crafts, archery and tomahawk events, all leading up to the Grand Entry at noon. This year there were four groups providing music in the Arbor, led by the Host Drums of Heavy Rain. They were joined throughout the weekend by the drums of Humble Spirit, the Black Hawk Singers, and the music of After the Corner, a one-man performer who played guitar between dance sessions. During Saturday's Grand Entry, 14 women took part in a special ceremony to honor the thousands of indigenous women who have been abused, kidnaped, and even murdered by people outside the Native American culture. Entering the Arbor with red fags to symbolize those who have endured such violence, they were led by Kristy Montry whose niece was one of the innocent victims. Men looking on were encouraged to raise their fists high and pledge to never condone such acts of violence against women, who are highly respected in the Native American culture. The flags were then placed around the Arbor and any woman who had ever suffered abuse or violence at the hand of a man was invited to tie a red ribbon in the center of the Arbor so they could be remembered and prayed for over the weekend. Saturday evening brought another Grand Entry, honoring Native American veterans and law enforcement members, too. Before each Grand Entry everyone in attendance was invited to have themselves smudged. Cree Indian Leandre (Lee) Berard performed the smudging ritual Saturday afternoon and explained it is part of a cleansing ritual. Smudging, he said, is a tradition that involves the feathered fanning of smoke over a person's body, using four natural ingredients- tobacco, cedar, sage and sweet grass. Each of those four plants were chosen for the belief that they help bring truth, health, strength and wisdom to those who are smudged. "It gets us ready for the ceremonies; it gets rid of negative energy and brings out the positive energy in people," Berard said. On Sunday, many of the activities were repeated once more but included the "Biggest Feast in the East" at 5 p.m., then the presentation of long-standing honorary awards to members of LIHA. Thyng said she is already formulating ideas for next year's 50th Anniversary of the Labor Day Weekend Pow Wow. She will be bringing back the traditional turkey feast, absent over the past few years, and much more. "Next year is going to be phenomenal. I can't wait," she said. LIHA is a 501c3 nonprofit organization that always welcomes new members of any background. Besides the Labor Day Pow Wow, they host other events throughout the year, including a Learners Weekend early each summer. They also have several outreach programs, training seminars and social activities throughout the year and work with Belknap County schools and scouting programs to teach the culture of Native Americans. For more information on LIHA, please visit them online at facebook.com/LIHANH.org. Tilton welcomes new Land Use Coordinator Recent Donna Rhodes Run Your Buns Off road race kicks off with patriotic start Young volunteer pitches in at Community Thrift Shop New Principal welcomes students back to Holderness Central Boy suffers serious injuries in boating accident	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line425
__label__wiki	0.803587	0.803587	Wanda inks $1.7 billion "red tourism" site in China's Communist heartland BEIJING (Reuters) - China’s Wanda group has signed a deal to build a sprawling complex for patriotic tourists to visit a site where the ruling Communist Party’s traces its revolutionary roots in northwestern Shaanxi province. At a ceremony in Beijing on Thursday, China Wanda Group and the Yanan city government agreed to start work on a 12 billion yuan ($1.74 billion) “red tourism” project next year, the company said in a statement.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line426
__label__wiki	0.701263	0.701263	Home Biographies Robert John Myers Civil Trial and Appellate Practice St. Mary’s University of San Antonio, J.D., 1983 Texas Tech University, B.A., 1980 1983, Texas 1987, U.S. District Court, Western District of Texas 1994, U.S. District Court, Northern District of Texas 1993, U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit 1994, U.S. Supreme Court 2006, U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Texas 2013, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Texas Tarrant County and San Antonio Bar Associations State Bar of Texas (Member, Sections on: Litigation and Taxation (Property Tax) Bar Association of the Fifth Federal Circuit. Dallas, Texas, September 8, 1957 Phi Delta Phi The Order of Barristers. Recipient: Lewis F. Powell Award. Author: “Myers, Ad ValoremTax Litigation and Recent Changes to the Property Tax Code” 19 SMLJ 2, 279, 1987. Valero Transmission Co. v. Hays County Appraisal District, 704 S.W.2d 857 (Tex. App.—Austin 1985, writ ref’d n.r.e.) Valero Transmission Co. v. San Marcos Consolidated Independent School District, 770 S.W.2d 648 (Tex. App.—Austin 1989, writ denied) O’Neill v. Church’s Fried Chicken, Inc., 910 F.2d 263 (5th Cir. 1990) Harris County Appraisal Review Board v. General Electric Corp., 819 S.W.2d 915 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, writ denied) In re Estate of Hillje, 830 S.W.2d 689 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1992, no writ) Wentworth v. Meyer, 839 S.W.2d 766 (Tex. 1992 [orig. proc.]) Bexar Appraisal District v. First Baptist Church of San Antonio, 800 S.W.2d 892 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1990) rev’d, 833 S.W.2d 108 (Tex. 1992), upon remand, 846 S.W.2d 554 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1178 (1994) Pearcy v. Pearcy, 884 S.W. 2d 512 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1994, no writ); Gregg County Appraisal District v. Laidlaw Waste Systems, Inc., 907 S.W.2d 12 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1995, writ denied) Texas ex rel. Angelini v. Hardberger, 932 S.W.2d 489 (Tex. 1996) DeWoody v. Rippley, 951 SW 2d 935 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1997, pet. dism’d by agr.) Valero South Texas Processing Co. v. Starr County Appraisal District, 954 S.W.2d 863 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1997, pet. denied) Leon Springs Gas Co. v. Restaurant Equipment Leasing Co., 961 S.W.2d 574 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1997, no writ) Commercial National Bank of Beeville v. Batchelor, 980 S.W. 2d 750 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1998, no pet.) First Aircraft Leasing, Ltd. v. Bexar Appraisal District, 48 S.W.3d 218 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, pet. denied) Mastin v. Mastin, 70 S.W.3d 148 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, no pet.) Fairchild Aircraft, Inc. v. Bexar Appraisal District, 47 S.W.3d 577 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001), remanded to No. 97CI-10508, 2002 WL 34156252 (150th Dist. Ct., Bexar County, Tex. Jan. 30, 2002) McGee v. Smith, 107 S.W.3d 725 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet denied) Cloud v. McKinney, 228 S.W.3d 326 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, no pet); Brimer v. Maxwell, 265 S.W.3d 926 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet. h.);Watson v. Tipton, 274 S.W.3d 791 (Tex. App.— Fort Worth 2008, pet. denied). Unreported Cases In re Progressive Concepts, Inc., No. 2-04-343-CV, 2004 WL 2624194 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 15, 2004, pet. denied) (mem. op., not designated for publication) Rattner v. Contos, No. 04-08-00244-CV, 2009 WL 1405225 (Tex. App.—San Antonio May 20, 2009, no pet.). A-V rated by Martindale-Hubbell (“The pinnacle of professional excellence earned through a strenuous Peer Review Rating process that is managed and monitored by the world’s most trusted legal source”) Bar Register of Pre-eminent Lawyers (2003-2009); Frequent contributor to the “Annual Legal Seminar on Property Taxation” Sponsored by Texas A&M University (now in its 25th year). Frequent author and lecturer at professional continuing education courses on the subjects of Property Taxation Legal Ethics and Civil Trial Evidence and Procedure; named by peers to listing of “Tarrant County’s Top Attorneys” in the fields of Civil Trial Law and Property Taxation, 2009, 2010 and 2011 (Fort Worth, Texas Magazine) RobertMyers@property-tax-partners.com Would you like to contact me?	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line432
__label__wiki	0.758608	0.758608	Upcoming Racing Track Announcements Trialling Information Latest Trial Times Track Photography New Watchdog App TAB Melbourne Cup RSN Sandown Cup carnival Dining and Events OZ Rocks the Dogs The Great Chase Dining and Functions Sally and Tessie Greyhound Adoption Track details and records Sandown in the Community Greyhound Community Fund Beware the Beast – rising star claims Launching Pad Friday, 30 March, 2018, by Mick Floyd Beast Unleashed showed why he is regarded as one of the country’s most exciting chasers with a brilliant all of the way victory in the $210,000 group 2 Launching Pad at Sandown Park last night. Taking full advantage of his rails draw, Beast Unleased led narrowly through the first turn before unleashing his trademark mid-race pace to open a three-length margin down the back straight. The move would prove pivotal, Chief’s Sidekick began to improve off the back straight and cut the margin to less than a length in the run to the line. However the $2.70 favourite prevailed, stopping the clock in a series best 29.34 and remain undefeated throughout the series. “I’m lost for words,” said Peter Lagogiane, who trains the greyhound in partnership with his wife, Jodie. “A big thank you to the dog. He’s the one that does it all, us trainers we just feed him, train him, and make sure they’re sound and that’s it. He’s the one with the motor, we just fine-tuned it. “I’m tickled pink for my family, and for the owner Dawn Garrett.” Lagogiane began preparations for the $410,000 sweepstakes series after a number of impressive performances in his home state of New South Wales. A plan was put in place to ensure the dog was given every opportunity for success in the series, one of the richest greyhound racing in the country. “I looked at this race many months ago. I had to make sure that he was going to get to the 500m, and after he put some brilliant trials back in New South Wales that was the end of it, I knew it was going to happen. “We’ve been up and down for about seven weeks now, but we have stayed here the last three weeks. (Melbourne Cup winning trainer) Jason Mackay gave me some advice, he said if I want to win this, you’ve got to stay here you don’t travel up and down. He said ‘how do you feel after travelling that much, imagine how the dog feels,’ so a big thank to Jason for giving me that advice. “And a big thank you too to Anthony Azzopardi and his family for putting us up. When he saw the dog trial he said he can win this.” Lagogiane has spent a considerable amount of time away from his young family during the season and was delighted to celebrate the victory with them, as well as Beast Unleashed’s owner Dawn Garrett, track side. “It’s the first time I’ve actually been away from my family for this long. They flew down for the occasion, my wife pre-booked last week before the semis. She said, ‘don’t worry, the dog will just win.’ I said, ‘that’s a mock.’ “It’s the first time I’ve actually been away from my family for this long. I hope I can learn from it, get a bit better and go on to bigger and better things.” Beast Unleashed, who doesn’t turn two until 3 April, has now won seven of his eight career starts and has already amassed over $177,000 in prize money. It was the biggest win of Lagogiane’s career, and while is rising star has the greyhound racing world at his feet, his next assignment is unclear. “We’ll sit down and work out what we’re going to do with him next. There’s the Warrnambool Cup, there’s the Speed Star, there’s a lot of races. He’s actually nominated for the Richmond Series too. We’ll give him a little rest now and work out what we’re going to do.” Earlier in the night, Jimmy Newob continued his outstanding form with a determined victory in a thrilling edition of the $36,000 group 3 Easter Gift, holding out Extreme Magic by the barest possible margin. It was the popular blue dog’s second success at group level in as many starts following his recent group 2 Horsham Cup success. Click here for full results from last night’s meeting. Beast Unleashed wins the group 2 Launching Pad About Mick Floyd - Mick is the Racing and Media Manager at Sandown Park and has 15 years of experience in the sport. He has a finely tuned talent for finding three legs of a quaddie. You can follow his ramblings on Twitter - @mickfloyd ALL THE NEWS AND STORIES Stay up to date with the latest on and off track news at Sandown Park. Covering the biggest moves and more interesting stories that arise at the track. Is there something you'd like covered? Let us know! Copyright 2020 Sandown Park GRV Website	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line440
__label__wiki	0.794128	0.794128	Get Your Tickets To “Dark Arts at Hogwarts Castle Premiere Event” Before It Sells Out March 08, 2019 By SandwichJohnFilms Universal Studios Hollywood rolls out the red carpet for the “Dark Arts at Hogwarts™ Castle Premiere Event,” a special experience that offers fans a first look at the new light projection show at “The Wizarding World of Harry Potter” on Thursday, April 11 and Friday, April 12, 2019. Click HERE to Purchase Tickets as Tickets will Sell Out This premium evening event invites guests to be among the very first to experience “Dark Arts at Hogwarts Castle” with exclusive, coveted after-hours access to Hogsmeade village, where fans can also explore the shops and experience the land’s signature rides, “Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey™” and “Flight of the Hippogriff™.” The event’s main attraction is an exclusive first-look at the all-new “Dark Arts at Hogwarts Castle” projection display that brings to light an exciting new dimension of sorcery within “The Wizarding World of Harry Potter.” A mesmerizing pageantry of light, music and special effects will unleash the darkest creatures and villains from the Wizarding World, including the powerful Dark wizard Lord Voldemort. Guests will be challenged to summon their inner strength and bravery in the face of the all-consuming Dark Arts as some of the awe-inspiring moments and creatures inspired by the films come to life within the majestic light display accompanied by an atmospheric musical score created by John Williams. Additionally, guests will be treated to a premium catered feast of foods, beverages and desserts as part of this exclusive opportunity. A new wand will also debut in conjunction with the exclusive event, offering fans a chance to purchase this limited edition memorabilia and add to their wand collection. Event tickets are on sale now, which includes early entry to Universal Studios Hollywood, and are available to purchase here. Advance purchase is recommended as limited tickets are available, and event nights will sell out. “Dark Arts at Hogwarts Castle” opens to the public on Saturday, April 13 and will continue through Sunday, April 28, 2019 at Universal Studios Hollywood. About Warner Bros. Entertainment: Warner Bros. Entertainment is a global leader in all forms of entertainment and their related businesses across all current and emerging media and platforms. A Time Warner Company, the fully integrated, broad-based studio is home to one of the most successful collections of brands in the world and stands at the forefront of every aspect of the entertainment industry from feature film, television and home entertainment production and worldwide distribution to DVD, digital distribution, animation, comic books, video games, product, and brand licensing, international cinemas and broadcasting. About Wizarding World: More than two decades ago, a young Harry Potter was whisked onto Platform 93⁄4 at King’s Cross Station, and readers everywhere were swept along with him into a magical universe, created by J.K. Rowling. In the years since, the seven Harry Potter bestsellers have inspired eight blockbuster movies, an award-winning stage play, and, more recently, the start of the Fantastic Beasts five-film series. People of all ages have been enthralled by these extraordinary adventures, set within an expanding universe, inspired by the vision of J.K. Rowling. For today’s growing worldwide fan community, and for generations to come, the Wizarding World welcomes everyone to explore more of this magical universe — past, present and future. The Wizarding World also provides fans with an instant, trusted kite-mark of quality and authenticity. Universal Studios Hollywood is The Entertainment Capital of L.A. and includes a full-day, movie-based theme park and Studio Tour. As a leading global entertainment destination, Universal Studios Hollywood delivers highly themed immersive lands that translate to real-life interpretations of iconic movie and television shows. Attractions include “The Wizarding World of Harry Potter™” which features a bustling Hogsmeade village and such critically-acclaimed rides as “Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey” and “Flight of the Hippogriff™”, and the highly-anticipated Summer opening of “Jurassic World—The Ride.” Other immersive lands include “Despicable Me Minion Mayhem” and “Super Silly Fun Land” as well as “Springfield,” hometown of America’s favorite TV family, located adjacent to the award-winning “The Simpsons Ride™” and DreamWorks Theatre featuring “Kung Fu Panda: The Emperor’s Quest.” The world-renowned Studio Tour is Universal Studios Hollywood’s signature attraction, inviting guests behind-the-scenes of the world’s biggest and busiest movie and television production studio where they can also experience such thrill rides as “Fast & Furious—Supercharged” and “King Kong 360 3D.” The adjacent Universal CityWalk entertainment, shopping and dining complex also includes the all-new multi-million dollar, redesigned Universal CityWalk Cinema, featuring deluxe recliner seating in screening room quality theatres, and the “5 Towers” state-of-the-art outdoor concert stage. HARRY POTTER characters, names and related indicia are © & ™ Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. J.K. ROWLING`S WIZARDING WORLD™ J.K. Rowling and Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. Publishing Rights © JKR. (s19) Dark Arts at Hogwarts Castle Universal Studios Hollywood Labels: Dark Arts at Hogwarts Castle Universal Studios Hollywood EXTREMELY WICKED, SHOCKINGLY EVIL, AND VILE To Ope... US Movie Review 'HOLY SHIT, what a horrific, messe... Enter For A Chance To Win Passes To See THE MUSTAN... Get Your Tickets To “Dark Arts at Hogwarts Castle ... Good Boys Poster & Synopsis Spirit Airlines Soars With “Dumbo" Watch the time-... You are your own worst enemy. #WatchYourself & joi... New Trailer For TOLKIEN #TolkienMovie Brightburn Trailer #2 COBRA KAI Season 2 Trailer Enter For A Chance To Win A Pass To See US In Las ... Enter For A Chance To Win A Pass To See US In PHOE... TRIPLE FRONTIER Movie Review 'Bad ass film' Enter For A Chance To Win A Pass To See US In Dall... Enter For A Chance To Win A Pass To See US In Aust... Enter For A Chance To Win A Pass To See US In San ... MALEFICENT: MISTRESS OF EVIL Poster CAPTAIN MARVEL Movie Review 'Brie Larson KILLS THI... Enter For A Chance To Win A Pass To See US In Hous... Edge Of Tomorrow Sequel In The Works New Shazam! Trailer Has Arrived Enter For A Chance To Win A Pass To See US In Okla... #THEHUMMINGBIRDPROJECT New Clip RUBEN BRANDT,COLLECTOR Movie Review Tune In Tonight For MARVEL STUDIOS’ “CAPTAIN MARVE...	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line441
__label__wiki	0.913576	0.913576	"THE MUSE" (1999) (Albert Brooks, Sharon Stone) (PG-13) Minor Comedy: A screenwriter who's been told he's lost his edge hires a muse hoping she'll be able to help put his career back on track. Steven Phillips (ALBERT BROOKS) is a veteran screenwriter who's just been dropped from a three-picture deal with a major studio. Despite a previous Oscar nomination and a track record of seventeen finished scripts, prop-collecting producer Josh Martin (MARK FEUERSTEIN) tells Steven he should find another profession, stating that he's lost his edge, a point reiterated by Steven's agent, Hal (BRADLEY WHITFORD). Confused and understandably upset about this sudden turn of events, Steven confides in his old Hollywood buddy, Jack Warrick (JEFF BRIDGES), another writer who recently went through a similar creative slump. Reluctantly, Jack informs Steven of the source of his career rebound -- an actual mythological muse whose job is to inspire creativity in artists. Although Steven initially doesn't believe him, he's desperate enough to try anything. Thus, he goes off to meet Sarah (SHARON STONE), a pretty but pampered woman who immediately sets the ground rules for their relationship. As such, her job is to inspire, but not actually write anything for him. In addition, Steven must pay all of her expenses -- including a $1,700 a night suite at the Four Seasons -- and be at her beck and call anytime, day or night. Steven's wife Laura (ANDIE MACDOWELL) is obviously suspicious of her husband's new interest in another woman, but after the two meet and Sarah inspires the homemaker to follow her dream of marketing her homemade cookies, the two become fast friends. With the fact that Sarah is spending less and less time with him coupled with her growing eccentricities and the disruption of his life, Steven begins to fret that she won't be able to help him finish his screenplay. Not unless they're fans of Brooks and his movies or someone else in the cast. WHY THE MPAA RATED IT: PG-13 For brief nudity. ALBERT BROOKS plays a neurotic writer who eventually agrees to allow a muse to help him jumpstart his career. Along the way he cusses a bit and becomes jealous of and doesn't encourage his wife's success. SHARON STONE plays an eccentric woman who states she's a muse and thus the daughter of Zeus. As such, she lives a pampered life and orders around those she's agreed to help. ANDIE MACDOWELL plays Steven's wife who decides to pursue her goal of becoming a cookie manufacturer and does become successful at it. JEFF BRIDGES plays Steven's old friend and fellow writer who informs Steven of the muse. OUR TAKE: 5 out of 10 In the overall chain of events required to make a movie, none of the links are as important as that of the screenwriter and his/her script. Although the performers and directors get all of the attention, money and/or credit for a film's success, without the lesser-known screenwriter, none of that would be possible. Of course, with all of the flotsam out there masquerading as good stories, many might be inclined to think of the screenwriter as the guilty party and thus the weakest of the links. While that's occasionally correct, often the finished stories that you see on the silver screen have been filtered, edited and otherwise modified by any number of people down the chain and thus are far from what the writer originally envisioned and wrote. It's no wonder, then, that screenwriters are often a neurotic and occasionally psychotic bunch. Not only do they have to watch their "offspring" being changed before their eyes, but they must also contend with the dreaded and awful writer's block. For anyone who's ever attempted to write something longer than a letter or short story, there's nothing worse than having that blank sea of white (or nowadays, the blank computer screen) staring you in the face as if to mock your untalented attempts. Being a screenwriter himself, writer/director/star Albert Brooks ("Mother," "Defending Your Life") has more than likely encountered that creative demon himself, and he uses that concept to comic effect in his latest film, "The Muse." Playing off the notion that such writers will desperately seek any sort of creative inspiration to get their fingers going, this intelligent if not entirely satisfactory film should please Brooks' hardcore fans, but should have a harder time entertaining the average moviegoer. With the laughs less obvious and abundant than in his last outing, "Mother," a less compelling plot than in "Defending Your Life" and with a few too many insider Hollywood jokes, this may prove to be one of Brooks' weaker efforts. As is the case with the similarly cerebral but neurotic characters played by Woody Allen, Brooks' schtick is something of an acquired taste. While I've personally enjoyed his past characterizations, the one here feels a bit too repetitive, stuffy and increasingly irritating. The result of that and the fact that he doesn't deliver or elicit enough laughs to compensate for that problems means that we consequently don't like his character all that much, which is a big problem for any movie, let alone a comedy. An even bigger one, however, is when a film's material is either too narrowly defined -- and thus goes over the audience's heads -- or simply isn't that funny. That first point pertains to the movie's many Hollywood references. While this obviously isn't the first film to focus on the inner workings of Tinseltown -- others, such as the great "The Player" have previously done so -- it's another one that plays better to those who are movie savvy. While it's fortunate not to be too insider heavy and thus difficult to watch, it does have plenty of name dropping -- "Carrie" director Brian De Palma wants Steven's old office -- and cameo appearances -- directors James Cameron ("Titanic") and Martin Scorsese ("GoodFellas") seek advice from the muse. That ensures that those "in the know" will better grasp such humor than those who don't recognize such names or faces. The film's biggest error, though, is that it's just not that funny. While Brooks delivers his trademark, amusing asides to what others say or do, there aren't enough of them. To compound that problem, neither the story itself nor the described movie plot that Steven's writing and discussing are funny either. While the latter could be intentional to a) be a scathing remark about Hollywood's vision of big budget, big name comedies or b) prevent someone else from taking the idea and turning it into a full-fledged film of their own, the end result is a rather flat comedy. The whole gist of having the muse progressively disrupt Steven's life and pay more attention to others soon becomes more irritating than funny, and Brooks and cowriter Monica Johnson don't offer up enough other material to take up the slack. While the muse is obviously Steven's comic foil, she's not even in the same league as Debbie Reynolds' maternal character in "Mother." Thus, this film suffers from not having as strong a character to bedevil Brooks' character and his neuroses. Unfortunately, the performances from the great cast don't help matters much. As earlier mentioned, Albert Brooks plays his normal neurotic and complaint-filled character, but becomes clearly too irritating and nearly constipated in action for his or the film's overall good. Although some may state that Sharon Stone ("Gloria," "Basic Instinct") has already appeared in plenty of comedies -- okay, they weren't intentional -- she really can't do much with her character as it's written here. Although that -- and her awful looking hairstyles -- are finally explained by a late in the game revelation, such info comes too late. Supporting performances -- beyond the many cameos by real Hollywood personas -- are okay, with Andie MacDowell ("Four Weddings and A Funeral," "Multiplicity") delivering a decent, if unremarkable take on Steven's entrepreneurial wife. Meanwhile, Jeff Bridges ("Arlington Road," "The Big Lebowski") is pretty much wasted in a smaller role, although he gets a mildly funny bit involving his tennis game. While the film offers a few generally funny moments -- including Steven's "walk" through the Universal Studio's lot to see a certain Mr. Spielberg, and later trying to explain his occupation to a man who doesn't grasp English that well -- most of the other humor is too low-key when it needs to be more outrageous. Although it's clearly not an awful film and Brooks' fans will probably enjoy it, they'll certainly admit it's clearly not one of his better efforts. Thus, "The Muse" rates as just a 5 out of 10. The following is a brief summary of the content found in this PG-13 rated comedy. A brief glimpse of Sharon Stone's bare breasts and the top of her bare butt earn the film its rating, while a few brief, sexually related comments also occur. Profanity consists of several uses of the "s" word, along with other milder profanities and a few phrases. Some drinking occurs, as do a few bad attitudes. Beyond that, however, the remaining categories have little or nothing in the way of major objectionable content. Nonetheless, should you still be concerned about the film's appropriateness for yourself or anyone else in your home, we suggest that you take a closer look at what's been listed. Some people have wine at an awards dinner where Steven mentions if not for his family, he'd be down in some seedy bar, but then jokes that's where he'll be after the dinner anyway. People have wine with lunch. We see Steven and Laura drinking martinis. Steven jokes that if he didn't have a family, he'd be out buying heroin. We see what looks like brandy in Sarah's suite and later we see her having wine. People have wine and drinks with lunch when Sarah mentions that her father, Zeus, was an alcoholic and Laura mentions that hers was the same (and that her parents are still together, thus enabling them to drink together). Later, a comment is made that all of the gods drink. People have drinks at a reception, including Steven who has champagne. Steven and Laura have wine with dinner. Some may see Sarah's pampered/spoiled behavior, her belief in polytheism and her stint as portraying a muse as having some of both. Josh is somewhat demeaning to Steven about his work and overall talent. Steven initially jumps to the conclusion that Jack is having an affair with Sarah, as does a friend of Laura's about Steven and Sarah (and his wife initially thinks the same -- compounded by the fact that he doesn't tell her right away what's going on). Steven initially doesn't encourage or support Laura's decision to follow her dream of making and selling cookies. Steven learns that someone stole his screenplay idea and gave it to another studio. We learn that a producer had been stealing props from others and keeping them in his office. Dejected over a turn of events, Steven jokingly says that he'll be the one out back with a gun in his mouth (this doesn't happen). Phrases: "Holy sht," "Take a piss" and "Piss off." We hear just the beginning of the song "Super Freak" by Rick James that has the lyrics, "She's a very kinky girl...The kind you won't bring home to mother..." At least 3 "s" words, 7 damns, 3 hells and 9 uses of "Oh my God," 5 of "Oh God," 3 of "Swear to God," 2 each of "G-damn," "For God's sakes" and "God" and 1 use of "Jesus" as exclamations. Steven jokes that he feels like a eunuch at an orgy, and adds that although the eunuch at least gets to watch, he's not even invited to the (movie) set. Steven's daughter comments that his award looks like a penis (it doesn't). He then wants to know where she heard that word (the Howard Stern radio show) and then says that nobody can say it outside of a clinical discussion. His other daughter then wants to know what's wrong with "penis." Sarah shows some cleavage as does a later miscellaneous woman. Laura eventually announces that she knows Steven isn't having sex with Sarah. When he asks why, Laura states that she knows he couldn't get aroused by someone who made him do so many errands. When Steven learns that Laura has invited Sarah to sleep in their bed (with just her, but not in a sexual context), he asks "You're not attracted to her, are you? You don't want to sleep with her, do you?" She then states that she won't dignify those questions with an answer. We briefly see Sarah undress and get into bed (and while doing so we briefly see her bare breasts as well as the top of her bare butt). Steven and Laura have some mild arguments about Sarah, with Laura initially thinking he's having an affair. After hearing her mom on the phone talking about this, one of their daughters asks if they're getting divorced (but what sounds serious turns comical as the girl starts asking what she can have if they do break up). What really inspires people to be creative. The mythology of muses. Polytheistic beliefs. A tiny bit of slapstick material occurs in the form of a hotel staffer running into Steven and accidently knocking him to the floor. Reviewed August 12, 1999 / Posted August 27, 1999	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line445
__label__cc	0.529895	0.470105	Encyclopedia > Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Incumbent: Took office: 27 June 2007 Style: The Right Honourable Appointed by: Elizabeth II as Sovereign First : Sir Robert Walpole (generally regarded as the first incumbent) Formation: 4 April 1721 This article is part of the series: United Kingdom Image File history File links Size of this preview: 430 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1400 Ã— 1952 pixel, file size: 232 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... For others with the same or similar names, see Gordon Brown (disambiguation). ... is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... The Right Honourable (abbreviated The Rt Hon. ... Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of sixteen sovereign states, holding each crown and title equally. ... The British monarch or Sovereign is the monarch and head of state of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, and is the source of all executive, judicial and (as the Queen-in-Parliament) legislative power. ... Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, (commonly known as Robert Walpole, or Sir Robert Walpole) KG, KB, PC (26 August 1676 â€“ 18 March 1745) was a British statesman who is generally regarded as having been the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1721 (MDCCXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Image File history File links Her_Majesty's_Government_Coat_of_Arms. ... The United Kingdom is a unitary state and a democratic constitutional monarchy. ... The Privy Council Gordon Brown MP Alistair Darling MP David Miliband MP Jacqui Smith MP Justice Secretary Jack Straw MP Full list of members Lord Speaker Baroness Hayman Michael Martin MP Harriet Harman MP Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition David Cameron MP Shadow Cabinet Courts of the United Kingdom Courts of England and Wales Courts of Northern Ireland Courts of Scotland Constituent countries Politics of Scotland Politics of Wales Welsh Assembly Government Politics of Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Executive Politics of England English Regional Assemblies Parliament constituencies Politics of the European Union Other countries · Atlas view • talk • edit The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is, in practice, the political leader of the United Kingdom. He or she acts as the head of Her Majesty's Government and like the Prime Ministers of other countries with similar political systems is (along with his or her Cabinet) the de facto wielder of executive powers in the British Government, exercising many of the executive functions nominally vested in the Sovereign, often summed-up under the label of "royal prerogative". According to constitutional convention, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet (which he or she heads) are accountable for their actions to Parliament, of which (by convention) they are members. A logo of Her Majestys Government. ... The British monarch or Sovereign is the monarch and head of state of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, and is the source of all executive, judicial and (as the Queen-in-Parliament) legislative power. ... Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of sixteen sovereign states, holding each crown and title equally. ... This article refers to the Commonwealths concept of the monarchys legal authority. ... Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For others with the same or similar names, see Gordon Brown (disambiguation). ... The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister responsible for all economic and financial matters. ... Alistair Maclean Darling (born November 28, 1953) is a British politician and Chancellor of the Exchequer since June 28, 2007. ... The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (commonly referred to as Foreign Secretary) is a member of the British Government responsible for relations with foreign countries, heading the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (often called simply the Foreign Office). ... David Wright Miliband (born 15 July 1965) is a British politician who is the current Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [1] and Member of Parliament for the constituency of South Shields, Tyne and Wear. ... The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office and is responsible for internal affairs in England and Wales, and for immigration and citizenship for the whole United Kingdom (including Scotland and Northern Ireland). ... Jacqueline Jill Smith (born 3 November 1962) is a British politician who has been Home Secretary since 28 June 2007 and is the current Member of Parliament for Redditch, since 1997. ... The Secretary of State for Justice is a United Kingdom cabinet position. ... John Whitaker Straw (born August 3, 1946) is a British Labour Party politician. ... Gordon Brown is currently serving as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... Type Bicameral Houses House of Commons House of Lords Speaker of the House of Commons Michael Martin MP Speaker of the House of Lords HÃ©lÃ¨ne Hayman, PC Members 1377 (646 Commons, 731 Peers) Political groups Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Democratic Unionist... In the United Kingdom, the State Opening of Parliament is an annual event held usually in October or November that marks the commencement of a session of Parliament. ... This article is about the British House of Lords. ... The Lord Speaker (or Lady Speaker) will be a new position in the British Parliament created once the Constitutional Reform Acts provisions about the Speakership of the House of Lords comes into effect. ... HÃ©lÃ¨ne Valerie Hayman, Baroness Hayman, PC, nÃ©e Middleweek (born 26 March 1949) is a Labour policitian. ... Type Lower House Speaker Michael Martin, (Non-affiliated) since October 23, 2000 Leader Harriet Harman, (Labour) since June 28, 2007 Shadow Leader Theresa May, (Conservative) since May 5, 2005 Members 659 Political groups Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Democratic Unionist Party Sinn FÃ©in... In the United Kingdom, the Speaker of the House of Commons is the presiding officer of the House of Commons, and is seen historically as the First Commoner of the Land. ... Michael John Martin MP (born 3 July 1945) is the current Speaker of the House of Commons in the United Kingdom. ... The Leader of the House of Commons is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom who is responsible for arranging government business in the House of Commons. ... Harriet Ruth Harman QC MP (born 30 July 1950) is a British solicitor and Labour politician. ... Prime Ministers Questions (PMQs) (officially Questions to the Prime Minister) is a constitutional convention in the United Kingdom, where every Wednesday when the House of Commons is sitting the Prime Minister spends half an hour answering questions from Members of Parliament (MPs). In Canada, this convention is known as... Her Majestys Loyal Opposition, or the Official Opposition in the United Kingdom is the largest opposition party in the House of Commons. ... The Leader of the Opposition in the United Kingdom is the politician who leads Her Majestys Most Loyal Opposition. ... For the Canadian ice hockey player, see Dave Cameron. ... The Official Loyal Opposition Shadow Cabinet (normally referred to simply as The Shadow Cabinet) is, in British parliamentary practice, a group of members from Her Majestys Loyal Opposition whose job it is to scrutinise their opposite numbers in government and come up with alternative policies. ... The United Kingdom does not have a single unified judicial system: England and Wales have one system, Scotland another, and Northern Ireland another. ... Schematic of court system for England and Wales The Courts of England and Wales are the civil and criminal courts responsible for the administration of justice in England and Wales; they are constituted and governed by the Law of England and Wales and are subordinate to the Parliament of the... The United Kingdom does not have a single unified judicial system â€” England and Wales have one system, Scotland another, and Northern Ireland a third. ... The Courts of Scotland are the civil, criminal and heraldic courts responsible for the administration of justice in Scotland. ... The United Kingdom has a long and established tradition of respect for its citizens human rights. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... The Politics of Scotland forms a distinctive part of the wider politics of the United Kingdom, with Scotland one of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom. ... The logo of the Governemnt, incorporating the Saltire. ... For the national legislative body up to 1707, see Parliament of Scotland. ... Politics in Wales forms a distinctive polity in the wider politics of the United Kingdom, with Wales as one of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom. ... Official logo of the Welsh Assembly Government The Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) (Welsh: , LlCC) was firstly an executive body of the National Assembly for Wales, consisting of the First Minister and his Cabinet from 1999 to 2007. ... Established 1999 by the Government of Wales Act 1998 Presiding Officer Lord Elis-Thomas AM (Plaid) Since May 12, 1999 Deputy Presiding Officer Rosemary Butler AM (Lab) Leader of the House Carwyn Jones AM (Lab) Chief Executive and Clerk to the Assembly Claire Clancy Political parties 6 Welsh Labour (26... // Population 1,685,267 Place of birth Northern Ireland: 1,534,268 (91. ... The Northern Ireland Executive as established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 is the (currently suspended) executive body for Northern Ireland, answerable to the Northern Ireland Assembly. ... The logo of the Northern Ireland Assembly, a six flowered linen or flax plant. ... see also Politics of the United Kingdom This politics-related article is a stub. ... Regional Assembly is a title which has universally been adopted by the English bodies established as regional chambers under the Regional Development Agencies Act 1998. ... The Greater London Authority (GLA) administers the 1579 kmÂ² (610 sq. ... In Scotland reserved matters, also referred to as reserved powers, are those subjects over which power to legislate is retained by Westminster, as explicitly stated in the Scotland Act 1998. ... The United Kingdom has five distinct types of elections: general, local, regional, European and mayoral. ... The United Kingdom House of Commons is made up of Members of Parliament (MPs). ... This is a list of political parties in the United Kingdom. ... The United Kingdom general election of 2005 was held on Thursday, 5 May 2005. ... Under the provisions of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949, the next United Kingdom general election must be held on or before 3 June 2010, barring exceptional circumstances. ... The United Kingdom (UK) is a major player in international politics, with interests throughout the world. ... The European Union or EU is a supranational and international organization of 27 member states. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... The head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. ... A logo of Her Majestys Government. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... The Houses of Parliament, also known as the Palace of Westminster, in London. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... This article is about the monarchy of the United Kingdom, one of sixteen that share a common monarch; for information about this constitutional relationship, see Commonwealth realm; for information on the reigning monarch, see Elizabeth II. For information about other Commonwealth realm monarchies, as well as other relevant articles, see... The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority, privilege, and immunity, recognised in common law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy as belonging to the Crown alone. ... Type Bicameral Houses House of Commons House of Lords Speaker of the House of Commons Michael Martin MP Speaker of the House of Lords HÃ©lÃ¨ne Hayman, PC Members 1377 (646 Commons, 731 Peers) Political groups Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Democratic Unionist... 3 The office 5 Powers and restraints 5.1 Changes to the powers of the office proposed by Gordon Brown 6 Precedence and privileges 7 Retirement honours 8 Form of address 9 List of Prime Ministers Historically, the monarch's chief minister (if, as was not always the case, any one person could be singled out as such) might have held any of a number of offices: Lord Chancellor, Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord High Steward, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lord Privy Seal, or Secretary of State among others. With the emergence, in the 18th century, of government by a cabinet of these ministers, its head came in time to be called the "Prime Minister", often abbreviated to PM (sometimes also "Premier" or "First Minister"). To this day the Prime Minister always also holds one or more of the more ministerial positions (since 1905 it has always been that of First Lord of the Treasury). Sir Robert Walpole is generally regarded as the first Prime Minister in the modern sense; although adoption of the phrase "Prime Minister" in any formal or official sense did not come until many years later (indeed, at Walpole's time it would have been seen as an insult). (Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman is often considered the first to officially bear the label; see "The office" below.) The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor and prior to the Union the Chancellor of England and the Lord Chancellor of Scotland, is a senior and important functionary in the government of the United Kingdom, and its predecessor states. ... The Archbishop of Canterbury is the spiritual leader and senior clergyman of the Church of England, recognized by convention as the head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. ... The position of Lord High Steward of England, not to be confused with the Lord Steward, a court functionary, is the first of the Great Officers of State. ... The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister responsible for all economic and financial matters. ... The Lord Privy Seal or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal is one of the traditional sinecure offices in the British Cabinet. ... In several countries, Secretary of State is a senior government position. ... The First Lord of the Treasury is the head of the commission exercising the ancient office of Lord High Treasurer in the United Kingdom, usually but not always the Prime Minister. ... Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, (commonly known as Robert Walpole, or Sir Robert Walpole) KG, KB, PC (26 August 1676 â€“ 18 March 1745) was a British statesman who is generally regarded as having been the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. ... Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (7 September 1836 â€“ 22 April 1908) , also known as Andie McDowell, was a British Liberal statesman who served as Prime Minister from December 5, 1905 until resigning due to ill health on April 3, 1908. ... The Prime Minister is appointed by the Sovereign, who is bound by constitutional convention to choose the individual most likely to command the support of the House of Commons (normally, the leader of the party with a majority in that body). Should the Prime Minister lose the confidence of the House of Commons (indicated, for example, by the passage of a no confidence motion), he or she is morally obliged by similar conventions either to resign (in which case the Sovereign can try to find another Prime Minister who has the House's confidence) or to request the monarch to call a general election. Since the premiership is in some small sense still a de facto position, the office's powers are mainly a matter of custom rather than law, deriving from the incumbent's ability to give the sovereign binding advice on the appointment of his Cabinet colleagues, as well as from certain uses of the royal prerogative which may be exercised directly by the Prime Minister, or by the Monarch on the Prime Minister's advice. Some commentators have pointed out that, in practice, the powers of the office are subject to very few checks, especially in an era when Parliament and the Cabinet are seen as unwilling to challenge dominant Prime Ministers as they are bound by a policy of collective cabinet responsibility.[citation needed] A constitutional convention is an informal and uncodified procedural agreement that is followed by the institutions of a state. ... Type Lower House Speaker Michael Martin, (Non-affiliated) since October 23, 2000 Leader Harriet Harman, (Labour) since June 28, 2007 Shadow Leader Theresa May, (Conservative) since May 5, 2005 Members 659 Political groups Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Democratic Unionist Party Sinn FÃ©in... A motion of no confidence, also called a motion of non-confidence, a censure motion, a no-confidence motion, or simply a confidence motion, is a parliamentary motion traditionally put before a parliament by the opposition in the hope of defeating or embarrassing a government. ... A general election is an election in which all or most members of a given political body are up for election. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority, privilege, and immunity, recognised in common law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy as belonging to the Crown alone. ... The bulk of the power over parliament of the United Kingdom has historically been vested in the Sovereign, acting on the advice of bodies such as Parliament and the Privy Council. Over the years, the Cabinet evolved from the Privy Council, as the monarch began the practice of consulting a few confidential advisers rather than the Council at large. These bodies, however, bore little resemblance to modern Cabinets; they were often not led by a single figure such as a Prime Minister, they often failed to act in unison, and they were appointed and dismissed entirely at the whim of the monarch, with little parliamentary control. The history of the British Prime Ministers owes much more to speculation of historians, rather than to legal acts. The origin of the term prime minister and the question to whom the designation should first be applied have long been issues of scholarly and political debate. Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. ... The first mention of "Prime Minister" in an official government document occurred during the premiership of Benjamin Disraeli. The title has been used since then in documents, letters and conversation (and, in conversation at least, may have been used before then). In 1905 the title "Prime Minister" was noted in a royal warrant that placed the Prime Minister, mentioned as such, in the order of precedence in Britain immediately after the Archbishop of York. By this time legal recognition of the title seems to have occurred and it was later mentioned in the Chequers Estate Act 1917, and the Ministers of the Crown Act 1937. Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield (December 21, 1804 - April 24, British Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and author. ... An order of precedence is a sequential hierarchy of nominal importance of people; it is used by many organizations and governments. ... Chequers, or Chequers Court, is a large house to the south east of Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire, England, that sits at the foot of the Chiltern Hills. ... There are numerous categorical testimonies deep into the 19th century decrying the notion of a First or Prime Minister, credibly declaring the concept as alien to the Constitution, and the term actually emerges as a creature of historians, not lawyers or Parliament — indeed the contrary is best documented. In 1741, it was declared in the Commons that "According to our Constitution we can have no sole and prime minister . . . every . . . officer has his own proper department; and no officer ought to meddle in the affairs belonging to the department of another." In the same year the Lords agreed that "We are persuaded that a sole, or even a first minister, is an officer unknown to the law of Britain, inconsistent with the Constitution of the country and destructive of liberty in any Government whatsoever." These were very much partisan assessments of the day, however. On the other hand, in an interview by Lord Melville with William Pitt the Younger in 1803, the latter argued that "this person generally called the first minister" was an absolute necessity for a government to function, and expressed his belief that this person should be the minister in charge of the finances. In 1806, it was asserted in the Commons that "the Constitution abhors the idea of a prime minister", and as late as 1829 the Commons again asserted that "nothing could be more mischievous or unconstitutional than to recognise by act of parliament the existence of such an office." Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville (April 28, 1742 - May 28, 1811) was a British statesman. ... William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 â€“ 23 January 1806) was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. ... Beatson's Political Index of 1786 gives the list of Prime Ministers and Favourites from the Accession of Henry VIII to the Present Time. Since 1714, Beatson could only find one Sole Minister, and that was Sir Robert Walpole. At all subsequent periods he felt that he had to bracket two, three, or even four people as joint or co-equal ministers whose advice the King took, and who therefore controlled the governance of the country. The first Act of Parliament to mention the position of Prime Minister was the Chequers Estate Act, which received the Royal Assent on December 20, 1917. It dealt with the gift to the Crown of the Chequers Estate by Sir Arthur and Lady Lee, for use as a country home for future Prime Ministers. // The granting of Royal Assent is the formal method by which a constitutional monarch completes the legislative process of lawmaking by formally assenting to an Act of Parliament. ... is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Finally, the Ministers of the Crown Act, which received the Royal Assent on July 1, 1937, gave official recognition to the position of Prime Minister and made provision for paying "the First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister" — the former being the office that since the 18th century, has usually been held by the Prime Minister: is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... To give statutory recognition to the existence of the position of Prime Minister, and to the historic link between the Premiership and the office of First Lord of the Treasury, by providing in respect to that position and office a salary of… The Act made a certain distinction between "position" (Prime Minister) and "office" (First Lord of the Treasury), emphasising the unique character of the position and recognising the existence of the Cabinet. Nevertheless, in spite of this recognition, the brass plate outside the Prime Minister's front door still bears the title of "First Lord of the Treasury." The lack of official recognition for the position of Prime Minister sometimes causes problems when trying to positively identify prime ministers in the British history. Thus, every list of British Prime Ministers may omit certain politicians, depending on the criteria selected by a researcher. For instance, unsuccessful attempts to form ministries, such as that of William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath in 1746, or the summons of the sovereign to ministers who refused to form a ministry are often ignored. William Pulteney (1684 - July 7, 1764) was an English politician, created Earl of Bath in 1742 by King George II. The son of William Pulteney by his first wife, Mary Floyd, he was born in April 1684 into an old Leicestershire family. ... The origins of the modern term "Prime Minister" date back to the time after the Glorious Revolution (1688), when Parliament's power began to grow steadily at the expense of that of the monarch. It was under William III and his successor, Anne, that the Cabinet began to take its modern shape. Individuals such as Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin and Robert Harley were recognised as the leaders of their respective ministries, but they cannot be considered Prime Ministers in the modern sense, given that they exercised little control over their colleagues. Similarly, the Cabinets of Anne's successor, George I, were led by individuals such as Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope, and Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland, but these individuals were not truly Prime Ministers, as we now understand the office. The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland) in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange), who as a result ascended the English throne as William... William III of England, II of Scotland and III of Orange (The Hague, 14 November 1650 â€“ Kensington Palace, 8 March 1702) was a Dutch aristocrat, the Prince of Orange from his birth, Stadtholder of the main provinces of the Dutch Republic from 28 June 1672, King of England and King... Anne (6 February 1665 â€“ 1 August 1714) became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702, succeeding William III of England and II of Scotland. ... Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (c. ... Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer (5 December 1661 â€“ 21 May 1724), was an English statesman of the Stuart and early Georgian periods. ... George I (George Louis; 28 May 1660 â€“ 11 June 1727)[1] was King of Great Britain and Ireland, from 1 August 1714 until his death. ... Italic text Charles Townshend Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend (April 18, 1674â€“June 21, 1738), was an English statesman. ... James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope (c. ... Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland (c. ... Portrait of Sir Robert Walpole, studio of Jean-Baptiste van Loo, 1740. Sir Robert Walpole is normally considered to be Great Britain's first Prime Minister. Lord Stanhope and Lord Sunderland, who were joint leaders of their Cabinet, were succeeded in 1721 by Sir Robert Walpole, who held the influential office of First Lord of the Treasury. Previous holders of the post had often been important figures in government, but not to such a degree as Walpole. His influence grew even stronger because the King, George I, was not active in British politics, preferring to concentrate on his native Hanover. Walpole is generally regarded as the first Prime Minister, not just because of his influence in Government, but because he could persuade (or force) his colleagues in the Cabinet to act in a harmonious and unified fashion, instead of intriguing against each other for more power. Walpole's office, First Lord of the Treasury, became strongly associated with the leadership of the Government; it became the position which the Prime Minister almost always held. Download high resolution version (434x601, 26 KB)Robert Walpole This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (434x601, 26 KB)Robert Walpole This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, (commonly known as Robert Walpole, or Sir Robert Walpole) KG, KB, PC (26 August 1676 â€“ 18 March 1745) was a British statesman who is generally regarded as having been the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. ... The Triumph of Galatea Jean-Baptiste van Loo (14 January 1684 â€“ 19 December 1745) was a French subject and portrait painter. ... Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, (commonly known as Robert Walpole, or Sir Robert Walpole) KG, KB, PC (26 August 1676 â€“ 18 March 1745) was a British statesman who is generally regarded as having been the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. ... Capital Hanover Head of State King of Hanover Hanover (German: Hannover) is a historical territory in todays Germany. ... Though Walpole is considered the first "Prime Minister," these words were used as a term of reproach by his political opponents. His tenure was not as important in terms of constitutional development as some have imagined. His term and power were primarily based on the favour of the Crown, rather than the support of the House of Commons. His immediate successors were not nearly as powerful as he; the influence of the Crown continued to remain paramount. Still, the powers of the monarch were slowly diminished, and those of the Prime Minister gradually increased, over the course of the following years. Indeed, during the last years of George II's life, policy was chiefly directed by Ministers such as William Pitt the Elder. William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham PC (15 November 1708 â€“ 11 May 1778) was a British Whig statesman who achieved his greatest fame as Secretary of State during the Seven Years War (known as the French and Indian War in North America) and who was later Prime Minister of Great... The reign of George III, which began in 1760 upon the death of George II, is particularly notable for developments in the office of Prime Minister. Over the course of his reign, the King was sometimes forced by parliamentary pressure to appoint Prime Ministers and Ministers whom he did not personally favour. Control over the composition of the Cabinet had not, however, been completely lost by the King; in some cases, George was able to prevent the appointment of politicians whom he detested (for instance, Charles James Fox). The influence of the monarch nevertheless continued to gradually wane; this trend became clearly noticeable during the reign of William IV, the last King to appoint a Prime Minister against the wishes of Parliament. William attempted to impose his personal will in 1834, when he dismissed William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne (whose Whig administration he disliked) and replaced him with a Conservative, Sir Robert Peel. Peel, however, found it impossible to govern without the support of the House of Commons, which remained Whig-dominated despite a general election, and was forced to resign from his position. Since Peel's administration, the Sovereign has had very little discretion in appointing Prime Ministers. George III redirects here. ... Statue of Charles James Fox in Bloomsbury Square, erected 1816. ... William IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 â€“ 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death. ... Arms of Lord Melbourne William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, PC (15 March 1779â€“24 November 1848) was a British Whig statesman who served as Home Secretary (1830-1834) and Prime Minister (1834 and 1835-1841), and a mentor of Queen Victoria. ... For other people named Robert Peel, see Robert Peel (disambiguation). ... A general election is an election in which all or most members of a given political body are up for election. ... As the Royal influence over ministerial appointments disappeared, the power of the House of Commons rose, its political superiority over the House of Lords being established by the Parliament Act 1911. During the early twentieth century, the convention that the Prime Minister should be responsible not to the Lords, but to the Commons, took root. The associated convention that the Prime Minister should actually be a member of the Lower House was developed. The last Prime Minister to lead his whole administration from the Lords was Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, from 1895 to 1902. The last Prime Minister to be a member of the Lords during his tenure was Alec Douglas-Home, 14th Earl of Home in 1963. Lord Home was the last Prime Minister who was a hereditary peer, but, within days of attaining office, he disclaimed his peerage, abiding by the convention that the Prime Minister should sit in the House of Commons. A junior member of his Conservative Party who had already been selected as candidate in a by-election in a staunch Conservative seat stood aside, allowing Douglas-Home to contest the by-election, win and thus procure a seat in the lower House. This article is about the British House of Lords. ... Passing of the Parliament Bill, 1911, from the drawing by S. Begg The Parliament Acts are two Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom, passed in 1911 and 1949. ... Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, KG, GCVO, PC (3 February 1830 â€“ 22 August 1903), known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868, was a British statesman and Prime Minister on three occasions, for a total of over 13 years. ... Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home, Baron Home of the Hirsel,[1] KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995) 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963, was a British Conservative (actually SUP) politician, and served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for a year from October 1963 to October... For the complete list of British Prime Ministers, see List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom. This is a list of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, and its predecessor state the Kingdom of Great Britain, from when the first Prime Minister (in the modern sense), Robert Walpole, took office in 1721, until the present day. ... Although in recent years it has never hindered any premier in the exercise of his or her office, the official status of the Prime Minister remains somewhat ambiguous. A Prime Minister has virtually no statutory authority in his or her own right; all the actual business of running the country and spending the budget is (in theory) carried out by the holders of more explicitly-defined Cabinet offices, who are empowered to do so by various Acts of Parliament. The Prime Minister holds at least one of these more tangible ministerial offices himself—normally First Lord of the Treasury—and indeed receives his or her salary and public accommodation only by virtue of that office. The title "Prime Minister", however, is not altogether a matter of convention, as in 1905 it was in a sense given official recognition when the "Prime Minister" was named in the order of precedence, outranked, among non-royals, only by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, The Moderator of the Church of Scotland and by the Lord Chancellor. The first prime minister in this sense is therefore considered by some to have been Henry Campbell-Bannerman, although the term "Prime Minister" first appeared on official documents during the premiership of Benjamin Disraeli and was used informally before then. Furthermore, the office is not entirely without statutory justification, since it has in fact been explicitly named a number of times in emergency wartime legislation. All sorts of official pronouncements are issued from Downing Street in the name of the "Prime Minister" without further circumlocution or explanation. The Order of precedence in the United Kingdom is different for each region. ... The Archbishop of Canterbury is the spiritual leader and senior clergyman of the Church of England, recognized by convention as the head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. ... Arms of the Archbishop of York The Archbishop of York, Primate of England, is the metropolitan bishop of the Province of York, and is the junior of the two archbishops of the Church of England, after the Archbishop of Canterbury. ... The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor and prior to the Union the Chancellor of England and the Lord Chancellor of Scotland, is a senior and important functionary in the government of the United Kingdom, and its predecessor states. ... Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (7 September 1836 â€“ 22 April 1908) , also known as Andie McDowell, was a British Liberal statesman who served as Prime Minister from December 5, 1905 until resigning due to ill health on April 3, 1908. ... Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield (December 21, 1804 - April 24, British Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and author. ... By convention, as noted above, the Prime Minister also holds the office of First Lord of the Treasury. The only Prime Ministers who have not also served as First Lord for a significant part of their administrations are William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham (who was Lord Privy Seal) and, for most of his three premierships, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (who was either Foreign Secretary or Lord Privy Seal except for the first few months of his second premiership when he was First Lord). Since Lord Salisbury's retirement in 1902, every Prime Minister has also been First Lord of the Treasury. Some have held yet more offices; for example until 1942 nearly every Prime Minister was either Leader of the House of Commons or Leader of the House of Lords, depending upon which House they sat in. Some have also held specific ministerial posts; for example Ramsay MacDonald was both First Lord and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs during his first premiership in 1924. Since the 1960s every prime minister has also been Minister for the Civil Service. William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham PC (15 November 1708 â€“ 11 May 1778) was a British Whig statesman who achieved his greatest fame as Secretary of State during the Seven Years War (known as the French and Indian War in North America) and who was later Prime Minister of Great... Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, KG, GCVO, PC (3 February 1830 â€“ 22 August 1903), known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868, was a British statesman and Prime Minister on three occasions, for a total of over 13 years. ... The position of Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs was created in the United Kingdoms governmental reorganization of 1782, in which the Northern and Southern Departments became the Home and Foreign Offices. ... The Leader of the House of Commons is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom who is responsible for arranging government business in the House of Commons. ... Leader of the House of Lords is a function in the British government that is always held in combination with a formal Cabinet position, most often Lord President of the Council, Lord Privy Seal or Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. ... James Ramsay MacDonald (12 October 1866 â€“ 9 November 1937) was a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... The position of Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs was created in the United Kingdoms governmental reorganization of 1782, in which the Northern and Southern Departments became the Home and Foreign Offices. ... The Minister of the Civil Service is the head of the British Civil Service. ... More recently, there is also the associated post of Deputy Prime Minister. An officer with such a title need not always exist; rather, the existence of the post is dependent on the form of Cabinet organisation preferred by the Prime Minister and his or her party. The Deputy Prime Minister does not automatically succeed if a vacancy in the premiership is suddenly created, nor does he or she generally assume any specific additional powers when the Prime Minister is outside the country. It may, however, be necessary for the Deputy to stand in for the Prime Minister on occasion, for example by taking the dispatch box at Prime Minister's Question Time or by attending international conferences or bilateral meetings when the Prime Minister is unavailable. Since the resignation of John Prescott on 27 June 2007 there has been no Deputy Prime Minister. Under its uncodified constitution, the United Kingdom possesses no formal permanent office of Deputy Prime Minister. ... Prime Ministers Questions (PMQs) (officially Questions to the Prime Minister) is a constitutional convention in the United Kingdom, where every Wednesday when the House of Commons is sitting the Prime Minister spends half an hour answering questions from Members of Parliament (MPs). In Canada, this convention is known as... For other persons named John Prescott, see John Prescott (disambiguation). ... is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... In the devolved governments of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the position which corresponds with that of Prime Minister is First Minister. (See First Minister of Scotland, First Minister of Wales, and First Minister of Northern Ireland.) Look up Devolution in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the country. ... This article is about the country. ... Northern Ireland (Irish: , Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a constituent country of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 kmÂ², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... The term First Minister refers to the leader of a cabinet United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, the term First Minister was once used interchangeably with Prime Minister, as in Winston Churchills famous line: I did not become Her Majestys First Minister so that I might oversee the... The First Minister of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: ; Scots: ) is, in practice, the political leader of Scotland, as head of Scotlands national devolved government, the Scottish Executive, which was established in 1999 along with the Scottish Parliament. ... The First Minister of Wales is the leader of Wales and of the Welsh Assembly Government, Waless devolved administration. ... The First Minister of Northern Ireland (Ulster Scots: Heid MÃ¤nnystÃ¨r o Norlin Airlann) and the Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland (Ulster Scots: Heid MÃ¤nnystÃ¨r Depute o Norlin Airlann) are the leaders of the Northern Ireland Executive, Northern Irelands home rule government set up in... Margaret Thatcher was the first woman to serve as British Prime Minister, holding the office from 1979 to 1990. Photographed 1984. The office of Prime Minister is governed not by codified laws, but by unwritten and, to some extent, fluid customs known as constitutional conventions, which have developed over years of British history. These conventions are for the most part founded on the underlying principle that the Prime Minister and his fellow Ministers must not lose the support of the democratically elected component of Parliament: the House of Commons. The Sovereign, as a constitutional monarch, always acts in accordance with such conventions, as do Prime Ministers themselves. Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (nÃ©e Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 until 1990, being the first and only woman to hold either post. ... A constitutional convention is an informal and uncodified procedural agreement that is followed by the institutions of a state. ... Type Lower House Speaker Michael Martin, (Non-affiliated) since October 23, 2000 Leader Harriet Harman, (Labour) since June 28, 2007 Shadow Leader Theresa May, (Conservative) since May 5, 2005 Members 659 Political groups Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Democratic Unionist Party Sinn FÃ©in... A constitutional monarchy is a form of government established under a constitutional system which acknowledges a hereditary or elected monarch as head of state. ... There is no term of office for a prime minister. The prime minister holds office "at Her Majesty's pleasure". As however to gain supply (control of exchequer funds) that requires that the government be answerable to, and acceptable to, the House of Commons, in reality the convention "at her Majesty's pleasure" means "at the pleasure of the House of Commons". Whenever the office of Prime Minister falls vacant, the Sovereign is responsible for appointing the new successor; the appointment is formalised at a ceremony known as Kissing Hands. In accordance with unwritten constitutional conventions, the Sovereign must appoint the individual most likely to maintain the support of the House of Commons: usually, the leader of the party which has a majority in that House. If no party has a majority (an unlikely occurrence, given the United Kingdom's First Past the Post electoral system), two or more groups may form a coalition, whose agreed leader is then appointed Prime Minister. The majority party becomes "Her Majesty's Government," and the next largest party becomes "Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition." The head of the largest Opposition party becomes the Leader of the Opposition and holds the title Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition. By tradition, before a new Prime Minister can enter 10 Downing Street for the first time as its occupant, he or she is required to announce to the country and the world that he or she has kissed hands with the monarch of the day, and thus has become Prime Minister. This is usually done by saying words to the effect of: The term to Kiss Hands is used in the United Kingdom to refer to the formal installation of British governmental office-holders to their office. ... The First Past the Post electoral system, is a voting system for single-member districts. ... The Leader of the Opposition in the United Kingdom is the politician who leads Her Majestys Most Loyal Opposition. ... The Leader of the Opposition is a title traditionally held by the leader of the largest party not in government in a Westminster System of parliamentary government. ... Prime Minister Tony Blair and U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney stand in front of the famous main door to Number 10. ... "Her Majesty the Queen [His Majesty the King] has asked me to form an administration and I have accepted."[1][2] Although it wasn't required, Tony Blair also said these words after he was re-elected in 2001 and 2005. Tony Blair William Hague Charles Kennedy The UK general election, 2001 was held on 7 June 2001 and was dubbed the quiet landslide by the media. ... The United Kingdom general election of 2005 was held on Thursday, 5 May 2005. ... The period in office of a Prime Minister is not linked to the term of Members of the House of Commons. A prime minister once appointed continues in office as Her Majesty's head of government until either they resign, are dismissed (in reality something not likely to happen except in exceptional circumstances) or die. Resignation can be triggered off by the passage of a Motion of No Confidence or by rejecting a Motion of Confidence in the House of Commons. In those situations, a prime minister must either resign or seek a dissolution. A Loss of Supply also amounts to a loss of confidence. Such defeats for the Government, however, are rare; there have only been three defeats on confidence issues since the nineteenth century: twice in 1924, and once in 1979. The first in 1924 took place immediately after an inconclusive election result and led to an immediate change of government, but in the other two cases a general election was called (and in both, the incumbent government was defeated). A motion of no confidence, also called a motion of non-confidence, a censure motion, a no-confidence motion, or simply a confidence motion, is a parliamentary motion traditionally put before a parliament by the opposition in the hope of defeating or embarrassing a government. ... A Motion of Confidence is a motion of support proposed by a government in a parliament or other assembly of elected representatives to give members of parliament (or other such assembly) a chance to register their confidence in a government. ... Loss of Supply occurs where a government in a parliamentary democracy is denied a supply of treasury or exchequer funds, by whichever house or houses of parliament or head of state is constitutionally entitled to grant and deny supply. ... Where a prime minister loses a general election modern constitution conventions dictate that that prime minister immediately submit his or her resignation. Previous precedent, until the early twentieth century, dictated that a prime minister wait until actually defeated on their legislative programme in a vote on the Speech from the Throne before resigning. This option has never entirely been discarded, and might be adopted again if, say, a General Election produced a Parliament with no overall majority. For instance, something of the kind occurred after the general election of February 1974, which did not produce an absolute majority for any party, Edward Heath opted not to resign immediately, instead negotiating with a third party (the Liberal Party) to form a coalition. Heath did eventually resign when the negotiations failed. Queen Elizabeth II reads Canadas Speech from the Throne in 1977 The Speech from the Throne (or Throne Speech) is an event in certain monarchies in which the monarch (or a representative) reads a prepared speech to a complete session of parliament, outlining the governments agenda for the... The UK general election of February 1974 was held on February 28, 1974. ... Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, OBE (9 July 1916 â€“ 17 July 2005) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1965 to 1975. ... 19th century illustration of the assassination of Spencer Perceval by John Bellingham in 1812. Contrary to myth a prime minister is not reappointed after every general election. They continue in office, but may use the opportunity to reshuffle the cabinet, with only those ministers moved or brought in going to the Palace for appointment. As a result, though prime minister during a number of parliaments in succession, Margaret Thatcher was only actually appointed prime minister once, in 1979. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Spencer Perceval (1 November 1762 â€“ 11 May 1812) was a British statesman and Prime Minister. ... John Bellingham (c. ... Whatever the reason—the expiry of Parliament's five-year term, the choice of the Prime Minister, or a Government defeat in the House of Commons—the dissolution is followed by general elections. If his or her party has lost a majority in the House of Commons, the Prime Minister is compelled to resign (or request a dissolution, but the Sovereign is not compelled to accept such a request). The leader of the party or coalition now in the majority is then appointed Prime Minister by the Sovereign. The custom that requires the Prime Minister to resign immediately after an electoral loss is only of relatively recent invention. Previously, Prime Ministers had the option of meeting Parliament, and then inviting an effective vote of confidence. As well as losing the confidence of the House of Commons, prime ministers may also in effect be forced to resign if they lose the confidence of their party. This was what led Margaret Thatcher to resign in 1990. The last Prime Minister to die in office was Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (in 1865). The only Prime Minister to be assassinated was Spencer Perceval (in 1812). The Right Honourable Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (October 20, 1784 - October 18, 1865) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid 19th century. ... Spencer Perceval (1 November 1762 â€“ 11 May 1812) was a British statesman and Prime Minister. ... Powers and restraints The Prime Minister's chief duty is to "form a Government"—that is to say, to create a Cabinet or Ministry which will sustain the support of the House of Commons—when commissioned by the Sovereign. He or she generally co-ordinates the policies and activities of the Cabinet and the various Government departments, acting as the "face" of Her Majesty's Government. The Sovereign exercises much of his or her royal prerogative on the Prime Minister's advice. (For the prerogative of dissolving Parliament, see "Term" above.) The Commander-in-Chief of the British Armed Forces is the Sovereign. Under longstanding parliamentary custom and practice, however, the Prime Minister holds de facto decision-making power over the deployment and disposition of British forces, hence the Commander-in-Chief without portolio. The Prime Minister can authorise, but not directly order, the use of Britain's nuclear weapons. Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... The armed forces of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the British Armed Forces or Her Majestys Armed Forces, and sometimes legally the Armed Forces of the Crown[1], encompasses a navy, army, and an air force. ... The United Kingdom was the third country to test an independently developed nuclear weapon in October 1952. ... The Prime Minister also has a wide range of powers of appointment. In most cases, the actual appointments are made by the Sovereign, but the selection and recommendation is made by the Prime Minister. Ministers, Privy Counsellors, Ambassadors and High Commissioners, senior civil servants, senior military officers, members of important committees and commissions, and several other officials are selected, and in some cases may be removed, by the Prime Minister. Furthermore, peerages, knighthoods, and other honours are bestowed by the Sovereign only on the advice of the Prime Minister. He also formally advises the Sovereign on the appointment of Archbishops and Bishops of the Church of England, but his discretion is limited by the existence of the Crown Nominations Commission. The appointment of senior judges, while on the advice of the Prime Minister for constitutional reasons, is now on the basis of recommendations from independent bodies. The only important British honours over which the Prime Minister does not have control are the Orders of the Garter, Thistle, and Merit, and the Royal Victorian Order, which are all within the "personal gift" of the Sovereign. The extent of the Sovereign's ability to influence the nature of the Prime Ministerial advice is unknown, but probably varies depending upon the personal relationship between the Sovereign and the Prime Minister of the day. Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. ... For other uses, see Ambassador (disambiguation). ... High Commissioner is the title of various high-ranking, special executive positions held by a commission of appointment. ... The Roman civil service in action. ... The Church of England logo since 1996. ... The Appointment of Church of England diocesan bishops follows a somewhat convoluted process, reflecting the churchs traditional tendency towards compromise and ad-hoc solutions, traditional ambiguity between heirarchy and democracy, and traditional role as a semi-autonomous state church. ... The insignia of a knight of the Order of the Garter. ... James VII ordained the modern Order. ... For other Orders see Order of Merit (disambiguation). ... Queen Victoria founded the Royal Victorian Order. ... David Lloyd George, who served from 1916 to 1922, is often cited as an example of a strong Prime Minister. Photograph published circa 1919. There exist several limits on the powers of the Prime Minister. Firstly, he or she is (theoretically at least) only a first among equals in the Cabinet. The extent of a Prime Minister's power over the Cabinet may vary. In some cases, the Prime Minister may be a mere figurehead, with actual power being wielded by one or more other individuals. Weak or titular Prime Ministers were more common prior to the twentieth century; examples include William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire and William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland. At the opposite extreme, however, Prime Ministers may dominate the Cabinet so much that they become "Semi-Presidents." Examples of dominant Prime Ministers (more common during the late nineteenth and the twentieth centuries) include William Ewart Gladstone, David Lloyd George, Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill, Margaret Thatcher, and Tony Blair. The powers of some Prime Ministers waxed or waned, depending upon their own level of energy, political skills or outside events: Ramsay MacDonald, for example, was dominant in his Labour governments, but during his National Government his powers diminished so that by his final years in Downing Street he was merely the figurehead of the government. In modern times, Prime Ministers have never been merely titular; dominant or somewhat dominant personalities are the norm. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, OM, PC (17 January 1863 â€“ 26 March 1945) was a British statesman who was Prime Minister throughout the latter half of World War I and the first four years of the subsequent peace. ... First among Equals could refer to Primus inter pares, a political concept or First Among Equals, a novel by Jeffrey Archer ... William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire (c. ... William Henry Cavendish Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, (April 14, 1738 â€“ October 30, 1809) was a British Whig and Tory statesman, Chancellor of Oxford University and Prime Minister. ... William Ewart Gladstone (29 December 1809 â€“ 19 May 1898) was a British Liberal Party statesman and Prime Minister (1868â€“1874, 1880â€“1885, 1886 and 1892â€“1894). ... David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, OM, PC (17 January 1863 â€“ 26 March 1945) was a British statesman who was Prime Minister throughout the latter half of World War I and the first four years of the subsequent peace. ... This article is about the British prime minister. ... Churchill redirects here. ... Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (nÃ©e Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 until 1990, being the first and only woman to hold either post. ... For other people of the same name, see Tony Blair (disambiguation) Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born May 6, 1953)[1] is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service, Leader of the Labour Party, and Member of Parliament for the constituency... James Ramsay MacDonald (12 October 1866 â€“ 9 November 1937) was a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... In the United Kingdom the term National Government is in an abstract sense used to refer to a coalition of some or all UK major political parties. ... The Prime Minister's powers are also limited by the House of Commons, whose support the Government is obliged to maintain. The House of Commons checks the powers of the Prime Minister through committee hearings and through Question Time, a weekly occurrence in which the Prime Minister is obliged to respond to the questions of the Leader of the Opposition and other members of the House. In practice, however, a Government with a strong majority need rarely fear "backbench rebellions." For the British television programme, see Question Time (TV series). ... Members of Parliament may hold ministerial offices (up to 90 paid offices, of varying levels of seniority, exist), and may fear removal for failing to support the Prime Minister. Party discipline, furthermore, is very strong; a Member of Parliament may be expelled from his or her party for failing to support the Government on important issues, and although this will not mean he or she must resign as an MP, it would make re-election difficult for most. Restraints imposed by the House of Commons grow weaker when the Government's party enjoys a large majority in that House. In general, however, the Prime Minister and his or her colleagues may secure the House's support for almost any bill. However, even a government with a healthy majority can on occasion find it is unable to pass legislation due to opposition from MPs. For example, on January 31, 2006 Tony Blair's Government was defeated over proposals to outlaw religious hatred, while on November 9, 2005 it was defeated over plans which would have allowed police to detain terror suspects for up to 90 days without charge. On other occasions, the Government may be forced to alter its proposals in order to avoid defeat in the Commons, as Tony Blair's Government did in February 2006 over education reforms.[3] is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The House of Lords is considerably less restrictive of the Prime Minister's power. Under the Salisbury Convention, the House of Lords normally does not seek to oppose any measure promised by the Government in its election manifesto. When the House of Lords does oppose the Prime Minister, it is generally ineffectual in defeating entire Bills (though almost all Bills are successfully modified by the Upper House during their passage through Parliament). Peers (members of the House of Lords) are created by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister; by obtaining the creation of several new peers, the Prime Minister may flood the House of Lords with individuals supportive of his position. The threat of such a tactic was used in 1911 to ensure the passage of the Parliament Act 1911, which, together with the Parliament Act 1949, reduces the House of Lords's powers and establishes the supremacy of the Commons (in particular, the House of Lords can only delay, but not reject, most bills on which the Commons insist). The Salisbury Convention is a constitutional convention in the United Kingdom that means that the House of Lords will not oppose any government legislation promised by its election manifesto. ... Passing of the Parliament Bill, 1911, from the drawing by S. Begg The Parliament Acts are two Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom, passed in 1911 and 1949. ... The role and power of the Prime Minister have been subject to much change in the last fifty years. There has gradually been a change from Cabinet decision making and deliberation to the dominance of the Prime Minister. As early as 1965, in a new introduction to Walter Bagehot's classic work The English Constitution, Richard Crossman identified a new era of "Prime Ministerial" government. Some commentators, such as the political scientist Michael Foley, have argued there is a de facto "British Presidency". In Tony Blair's government, many sources such as former ministers have suggested that decision-making is centered around him and Gordon Brown, and the Cabinet is no longer used for decision making.[4] Former ministers such as Clare Short and Chris Smith have criticised the total lack of decision-making in Cabinet. On her resignation, Short denounced "the centralisation of power into the hands of the Prime Minister and an increasingly small number of advisers"[5] The Butler Review of 2004 condemned Blair's style of "sofa government". Walter Bagehot (3 February 1826 â€“ 24 March 1877), IPA (see [[1]]), was a nineteenth century British economist. ... The English Constitution is a book by Walter Bagehot. ... Richard Howard Stafford Crossman (15 December 1907 to April 1974) was a British politician and writer. ... Clare Short (born 15 February 1946) is a British politician and a member of the British Labour Party. ... Christopher Robert Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury, PC (born 24 July 1951) is a British Labour Party politician and former Member of Parliament and Cabinet minister. ... On February 3, 2004 the British Government announced an inquiry into the intelligence relating to Iraqs weapons of mass destruction which played a key part in the Governments decision to invade Iraq (as part of the U.S.-led coalition) in 2003. ... Ultimately, however, the Prime Minister will be held responsible by the nation for the consequences of legislation or of general government policy. Margaret Thatcher's party forced her from power after the introduction of the poll tax; Sir Anthony Eden fell from power following the Suez Crisis; and Neville Chamberlain resigned after being criticised for his handling of negotiations with Germany prior to the outbreak of World War II, and for failing to prevent the fall of Norway to the Nazi onslaught. A poll tax, head tax, or capitation is a tax of a uniform, fixed amount per individual (as opposed to a percentage of income). ... For the eponymous hat, see Anthony Eden hat. ... Combatants Israel United Kingdom France Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan Charles Keightley Pierre Barjot Gamal Abdel Nasser Abdel Hakim Amer Strength 175,000 Israeli 45,000 British 34,000 French 70,000 Casualties 197 Israeli KIA 56 British KIA 91 British WIA 10 French KIA 43 French WIA 650 KIA[1... This article is about the British prime minister. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ... Unlike in the United States there is no minimum age specific to the Office of Prime Minister other than that for a member of parliament (18). This is because the United Kingdom elects a party into government and not a person to be its leader. There is an age limit for Scottish First Minister. The term First Minister refers to the leader of a cabinet United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, the term First Minister was once used interchangeably with Prime Minister, as in Winston Churchills famous line: I did not become Her Majestys First Minister so that I might oversee the... Changes to the powers of the office proposed by Gordon Brown Gordon Brown on 2 July 2007 proposed transferring parts of the Prime Minister's traditional authority to Parliament. He has said he intends to yield certain traditional Prime Ministerial powers conferred on the office by royal prerogative, including the ability to declare war, thus giving the Parliament more powers and rights to vet and veto appointments to senior public positions, in a bid to crack down on cronyism.[6][7] The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority, privilege, and immunity, recognised in common law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy as belonging to the Crown alone. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... Precedence and privileges Tony Blair and Dick Cheney at the main door to 10 Downing Street, the Prime Minister's residence in London, on 11 March 2002. The Prime Minister had no special precedence until the order of precedence first recognized the office in 1905. Throughout the United Kingdom, he or she outranks all others except the Royal Family, the Lord Chancellor, and senior ecclesiastical functionaries (in England and Wales, the Anglican Archbishops of Canterbury and York; in Scotland, the Lord High Commissioner and the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland; in Northern Ireland, the Anglican and Roman Catholic Archbishops of Armagh and Dublin and the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church). Prime Minister Tony Blair and Vice President Dick Cheney in front of 10 Downing Street on March 11, 2002. ... Prime Minister Tony Blair and Vice President Dick Cheney in front of 10 Downing Street on March 11, 2002. ... Richard Bruce Dick Cheney (born January 30, 1941), is the 46th and current Vice President of the United States, serving under President George W. Bush. ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... The Order of precedence in the United Kingdom is different for each region. ... The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor and prior to the Union the Chancellor of England and the Lord Chancellor of Scotland, is a senior and important functionary in the government of the United Kingdom, and its predecessor states. ... The Church of England logo since 1996. ... This article is about the country. ... The standard of the Moderator The Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is an honorary role, held for 12 months. ... The Church of Scotland (CofS; Scottish Gaelic: ), known informally by its pre-Union Scots name, The Kirk, is the national church of Scotland. ... Northern Ireland (Irish: , Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a constituent country of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 kmÂ², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... The Church of Ireland (Irish: ) is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating seamlessly across the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... The Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland is the most senior office-bearer within the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, which is Northern Irelands largest Protestant denomination. ... Modern logo of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland The Presbyterian Church in Ireland (or PCI) has a membership of 300,000 people in 650 congregations across both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, though the bulk of the membership is in Northern Ireland. ... Despite the fact that the Prime Minister is not the Head of State, he or she may carry out some of the duties of that position, for example representing the country in International Affairs. For the comedy film of the same name, see Head of State (film). ... For more information on international affairs, see one of the following links: Diplomacy Foreign affairs International relations This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Prime Minister draws his or her salary not as Prime Minister, but as First Lord of the Treasury. At present, he or she receives £127,334 (ca. US$250,000), in addition to his or her salary of £60,277 (ca. US$120,000) as a Member of Parliament.[1] Until 2006 the Lord Chancellor was the highest paid member of the government ahead of the Prime Minister. This reflected the Lord Chancellor's position at the top of the judicial pay scale, as British judges are on the whole better paid than British politicians and until 2005 the Lord Chancellor was both politician and the head of the judiciary. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 stripped the Lord Chancellor of his judicial functions and his salary was reduced below the Prime Minister's. USD redirects here. ... The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor and prior to the Union the Chancellor of England and the Lord Chancellor of Scotland, is a senior and important functionary in the government of the United Kingdom, and its predecessor states. ... There are various levels of judiciary in England and Wales â€” different types of courts have different styles of judges. ... The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (2005 c. ... As of 2007, the Prime Minister's aggregate salary is comparable to the US$400,000 salary of the President of the United States. Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... The Prime Minister traditionally resides at 10 Downing Street in London, which George II offered to Sir Robert Walpole as a personal gift. Walpole, however, only accepted it as the official home of the First Lord, taking up his residence there in 1735. The Prime Minister only resides in 10 Downing Street in his or her capacity as First Lord; the few nineteenth century Prime Ministers who were not First Lords were forced to live elsewhere. Though most First Lords have lived in 10 Downing Street, some preferred to reside in their private residences. This happened when they were often aristocrats with grand Central London homes of their own, such as Palmerston's Cambridge House and seems unlikely to occur again. Furthermore, some such as Harold Macmillan and John Major have lived in Admiralty House whilst 10 Downing Street was undergoing renovations or repairs. Prime Minister Tony Blair and U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney stand in front of the famous main door to Number 10. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Central London is a much-used but unofficial and vaguely defined term for the most inner part of London, the capital of England. ... The position of Cambridge House is marked on this extract from a map of London published in 1799. ... Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 â€“ 29 December 1986), was a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963. ... For other persons named John Major, see John Major (disambiguation). ... Admiralty House in London was once the home of the First Sea Lord and staff. ... Adjacent to Downing Street is 11 Downing Street, the home of the Second Lord of the Treasury (who, in modern times, has also filled the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer). After he became Prime Minister in 1997, Tony Blair found 10 Downing Street too small for his large family, and he swapped residences with the Chancellor and Second Lord, Gordon Brown, then a bachelor. However, the Prime Ministerial offices are still maintained in Number 10. 12 Downing Street is the residence of the Chief Whip. 11 Downing Street (commonly known as Number 11), is the official residence of the Second Lord of the Treasury, who in modern times has always been the British Chancellor of the Exchequer. ... For others with the same or similar names, see Gordon Brown (disambiguation). ... 12 Downing Street is the official residence of the Chief Whip of the governing party of the UK Parliament. ... The Chief Whip is a political office in some legislatures assigned to an elected member whose task is to administer the whipping system that ensures that members of the party attend and vote as the party leadership desires. ... The Prime Minister is also entitled to use the country house of Chequers in Buckinghamshire. Chequers, or Chequers Court, is a large house to the south east of Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire, England, that sits at the foot of the Chiltern Hills. ... Buckinghamshire (abbreviated Bucks) is one of the home counties in South East England. ... The Prime Minister, like other Cabinet Ministers and senior Members of Parliament, is customarily a member of the Privy Council; thus, he or she becomes entitled to prefix "The Right Honourable" to his or her name. Membership of the Council is retained for life (unless the individual resigns it, or is expelled—both rare phenomena). It is a constitutional convention that only a Privy Counsellor can be appointed Prime Minister, but invariably all potential candidates have already attained this status. The only occasion when a non-Privy Councillor was the natural appointment was Ramsay MacDonald in 1924, but the issue was resolved by appointing him to the Council immediately prior to his appointment as Prime Minister. The Right Honourable (abbreviated as or ) is an honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain people in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Anglophone Caribbean and in other Commonwealth Realms, and elsewhere. ... Retirement honours It is customary for the Sovereign to grant a Prime Minister some honour or dignity when that individual retires from politics. The honour commonly, but not invariably, bestowed on Prime Ministers is membership of the United Kingdom's most senior order of chivalry, the Order of the Garter. The practice of creating retired Prime Ministers Knights of the Garter has been fairly prevalent since the middle-nineteenth century. On the retirement of a Prime Minister who is Scottish, it is likely that the primarily Scottish honour of the Order of the Thistle will be used instead of the Order of the Garter, which is generally regarded as an English honour. The insignia of a knight of the Order of the Garter. ... James VII ordained the modern Order. ... It has also been common for Prime Ministers to be granted peerages upon their retirement as a Member of Parliament, which elevates the individual to the House of Lords. For this reason, the peerage is rarely awarded immediately on the Prime Minister's resignation from that post, unless he or she steps down as an MP at the same time. Formerly, the peerage bestowed was usually an earldom (which was always hereditary), with Churchill offered a dukedom. However, since the 1960s, hereditary peerages have generally been eschewed, and life peerages have been preferred, although in the 1980s Harold Macmillan was created Earl of Stockton on retirement. Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Harold Wilson, James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher accepted life peerages. However, neither Edward Heath nor John Major accepted peerages of any kind on stepping down as MPs. Margaret Thatcher's son Mark is a baronet, which he inherited from his father Denis, but this is not a peerage. For other uses, see Peerage (disambiguation). ... This article is about the British House of Lords. ... An Earl as a member of the British peerage ranks below a Marquess and above a Viscount. ... Sir Winston Churchill received numerous honours and awards throughout his career as a statesman and author. ... The term duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a Continental European duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of the British peerage, or to the highest rank of nobility in various other European countries, including Spain and France (in Italy, principe... In the United Kingdom, Life Peers are appointed members of the Peerage whose titles may not be inherited (those whose titles are inheritable are known as hereditary peers). ... Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 â€“ 29 December 1986), was a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963. ... Earl of Stockton is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom that was created on 24 February 1984, along with the subsidiary title Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden, of Chelwood Gate in the County of East Sussex and of Stockton-on-Tees in the County of Cleveland, which is... Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home, Baron Home of the Hirsel,[1] KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995) 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963, was a British Conservative (actually SUP) politician, and served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for a year from October 1963 to October... James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 â€“ 24 May 1995) was one of the most prominent British politicians of the 20th century. ... Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (27 March 1912 â€“ 26 March 2005), was Labour Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979. ... Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (nÃ©e Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 until 1990, being the first and only woman to hold either post. ... Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, OBE (9 July 1916 â€“ 17 July 2005) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1965 to 1975. ... For other persons named John Major, see John Major (disambiguation). ... Sir Mark Thatcher, 2nd Baronet (born 15 August 1953) is the only son of Sir Denis Thatcher and Baroness Thatcher, the former British Prime Minister, and twin brother of Carol Thatcher. ... For the brush-footed butterfly species, see Euthalia nais. ... Major Sir Denis Thatcher, 1st Baronet, MBE, TD (10 May 1915 â€“ 26 June 2003) was a businessman, and the husband of the former British Prime Minister, Baroness Thatcher. ... Of the nineteen Prime Ministers since 1902, eight have been created both peers and Knights of the Garter; three were ennobled but not knighted; three became Knights of the Garter but not peers; and five were not granted either honour—in two cases due to their death while still active in politics; two others declined honours. The retired Prime Ministers who are still living are: The Rt Hon Baroness Thatcher LG OM PC The Rt Hon Sir John Major KG CH The Rt Hon Tony Blair In November 2004, the polling company MORI, in association with the University of Leeds, questioned 258 political science academics in the United Kingdom (139 of whom replied) on the perceived success of twentieth century Prime Ministers. The results showed that Clement Attlee was rated as most successful, followed by Churchill and Lloyd George. Anthony Eden was rated as the least successful. Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (nÃ©e Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 until 1990, being the first and only woman to hold either post. ... The insignia of a knight of the Order of the Garter. ... For other Orders see Order of Merit (disambiguation). ... Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. ... For other persons named John Major, see John Major (disambiguation). ... The insignia of a knight of the Order of the Garter. ... The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order (decoration). ... For other people of the same name, see Tony Blair (disambiguation) Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born May 6, 1953)[1] is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service, Leader of the Labour Party, and Member of Parliament for the constituency... The University of Leeds is a major teaching and research university, one of the largest in the United Kingdom with over 32,000 full-time students. ... Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC (3 January 1883 â€“ 8 October 1967) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951. ... David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor, OM (January 17, 1863–March 26, 1945) was a British statesman and the last Liberal to be Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... For the eponymous hat, see Anthony Eden hat. ... In August 2006, BBC History Magazine historian, Francis Beckett ranked each 20th century Prime Minister on how well they implemented their policies. Margaret Thatcher and Clement Attlee topped this poll, with Anthony Eden and Neville Chamberlain coming bottom. Beckett said that Lady Thatcher, "took one sort of society, and turned it into another". BBC History is a magazine devoted to history enthusiasts of all levels of knowledge and interest. ... Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (nÃ©e Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 until 1990, being the first and only woman to hold either post. ... Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC (3 January 1883 â€“ 8 October 1967) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951. ... For the eponymous hat, see Anthony Eden hat. ... This article is about the British prime minister. ... According to the Department for Constitutional Affairs, the Prime Minister is made a Privy Counsellor as a result of taking office and should be addressed by the official title prefixed by "The Right Honourable" and not by a personal name. The Department for Constitutional Affairs (DCA) is a United Kingdom government department. ... This form of address is employed at formal occasions but is rarely used by the media. Tony Blair, the previous Prime Minister, was frequently referred to in print as "the Prime Minister", "Mr Blair", "Tony Blair" or "Blair".[8] Colleagues sometimes referred to him simply as "Tony".[8] He was usually addressed as "Prime Minister". List of Prime Ministers See List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom This is a list of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, and its predecessor state the Kingdom of Great Britain, from when the first Prime Minister (in the modern sense), Robert Walpole, took office in 1721, until the present day. ... Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Historical rankings of British Prime Ministers Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Spouses of the Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Detailed timeline of UK Prime Ministers from Lord Palmerston to Gordon Brown Westminster System Under its uncodified constitution, the United Kingdom possesses no formal permanent office of Deputy Prime Minister. ... Many surveys have been conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served as President of the United States, until recently few had been done for Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom. ... Type Bicameral Houses House of Commons House of Lords Speaker of the House of Commons Michael Martin MP Speaker of the House of Lords HÃ©lÃ¨ne Hayman, PC Members 1377 (646 Commons, 731 Peers) Political groups Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Democratic Unionist... Prime Ministers Questions (PMQs) (officially Questions to the Prime Minister) is a constitutional convention in the United Kingdom, where every Wednesday when the House of Commons is sitting the Prime Minister spends half an hour answering questions from Members of Parliament (MPs). In Canada, this convention is known as... A list of Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Timeline showing birth, death and political career of each UK Prime Minister born since 1800. ... The Houses of Parliament, also known as the Palace of Westminster, in London. ... ^ Margaret Thatcher enters 10 Downing Street, Youtube ^ Prime Minister Gordon Brown arrives at Downing Street, YouTube ^ "Blair defends school reform climbdown.", Times Online, February 7, 2006. ^ Chapter 12 Blair's Cabinet: Monarchy Returns, British Government in Crisis, Christopher Foster, Hart Publishing, 2005 ^ Short launches broadside on Blair, BBC News, 12 May, 2003. Accessed April 23, 2006. ^ Brown gives up the power to declare war. 2007-07-02. ^ Brown sets out plans to cede powers to parliament. Guardian. Retrieved on 2007-07-03. ^ a b (September 11 2006) "Tony has issued an omerta". The Times: 1–2. YouTube is a popular video sharing website where users can upload, view and share video clips. ... YouTube is a popular video sharing website where users can upload, view and share video clips. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 10 Downing Street, Official Website. Farnborough, Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron. (1896). Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third, 11th ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co. The British Constitution A general introduction to the constitutional function of the UK Prime Minister Parliament of the United Kingdom. (2004). Official Website. Principal Ministers of the Crown: 1730–2008 Great Britain: Walpole · Wilmington · Pelham · Newcastle · Devonshire · Newcastle · Bute · G Grenville · Rockingham · Chatham (Pitt the Elder) · Grafton · North · Rockingham · Shelburne · Portland · Pitt the Younger Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, (commonly known as Robert Walpole, or Sir Robert Walpole) KG, KB, PC (26 August 1676 â€“ 18 March 1745) was a British statesman who is generally regarded as having been the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. ... The Rt. ... The Right Honourable Henry Pelham (25 September 1694â€“6 March 1754) was a British Whig statesman, who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain from 27 August 1743 to his death about ten years later. ... Arms of Thomas Pelham-Holles Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme (July 21, 1693 â€“ November 17, 1768) was a British Whig statesman, whose official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. ... William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire (c. ... Arms of Thomas Pelham-Holles Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme (July 21, 1693 â€“ November 17, 1768) was a British Whig statesman, whose official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. ... John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute (May 25, 1713 - March 10, 1792), was a Scottish nobleman who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain (1762-1763) under George III. A close relative of the Campbell clan (his mother was a daughter of the First Duke of Argyll), Bute succeeded to... George Grenville (14 October 1712 â€“ 13 November 1770) was a British Whig statesman who served in government for the relatively short period of seven years, reaching the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain. ... Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham (May 13, 1730 â€“ July 1, 1782) was a British Whig statesman, most notable for his two terms as Whig Prime Minister of Great Britain. ... William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham PC (15 November 1708 â€“ 11 May 1778) was a British Whig statesman who achieved his greatest fame as Secretary of State during the Seven Years War (known as the French and Indian War in North America) and who was later Prime Minister of Great... The Most Noble Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, KG, PC (28 September 1735â€“14 March 1811) was a British Whig statesman of the Georgian era. ... Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guilford, KG, PC (13 April 1732 â€“ 5 August 1792), more often known by his courtesy title, Lord North, which he used from 1752 until 1790, was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782, and a major actor in the American Revolution. ... Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham (May 13, 1730 â€“ July 1, 1782) was a British Whig statesman, most notable for his two terms as Whig Prime Minister of Great Britain. ... William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne (2 May 1737–7 May 1805), also known as the Earl of Shelburne (1761–1784), was a British statesman. ... William Henry Cavendish Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, (April 14, 1738 â€“ October 30, 1809) was a British Whig and Tory statesman, Chancellor of Oxford University and Prime Minister. ... William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 â€“ 23 January 1806) was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. ... United Kingdom: Pitt the Younger · Addington · Pitt the Younger · W Grenville · Portland · Perceval · Liverpool · Canning · Goderich · Wellington · Grey · Melbourne · Wellington · Peel · Melbourne · Peel · Russell · Derby · Aberdeen · Palmerston · Derby · Palmerston · Russell · Derby · Disraeli · Gladstone · Disraeli · Gladstone · Salisbury · Gladstone · Salisbury · Gladstone · Rosebery · Salisbury · Balfour · Campbell-Bannerman · Asquith · Lloyd George · Bonar Law · Baldwin · MacDonald · Baldwin · MacDonald · Baldwin · Chamberlain · Churchill · Attlee · Churchill · Eden · Macmillan · Douglas-Home · Wilson · Heath · Wilson · Callaghan · Thatcher · Major · Blair · Brown William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 â€“ 23 January 1806) was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. ... The Right Honourable Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, PC (30 May 1757â€“15 February 1844) was a British statesman, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804. ... William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 â€“ 23 January 1806) was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. ... William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville (October 25, 1759 - January 12, 1834), was a British statesman and Prime Minister. ... William Henry Cavendish Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, (April 14, 1738 â€“ October 30, 1809) was a British Whig and Tory statesman, Chancellor of Oxford University and Prime Minister. ... Spencer Perceval (1 November 1762 â€“ 11 May 1812) was a British statesman and Prime Minister. ... The son of George IIIs close adviser Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool and his part-Indian first wife, Amelia Watts, Robert Jenkinson was educated at Charterhouse School and Christ Church, Oxford. ... George Canning (11 April 1770 â€“ 8 August 1827) was a British statesman and politician who served as Foreign Secretary and, briefly, Prime Minister. ... The Right Honourable Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon PC (November 1, 1782 â€“ January 28, 1859), Frederick John Robinson until 1827, The Viscount Goderich 1827â€“1833, and The Earl of Ripon 1833 onwards, was a British statesman and Prime Minister (when he was known as Lord Goderich). ... Italic text His Grace Field Marshal the Most Noble Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS (c. ... The Right Honourable Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, KG, PC (13 March 1764â€“17 July 1845), known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807, was a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister. ... Arms of Lord Melbourne William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, PC (15 March 1779â€“24 November 1848) was a British Whig statesman who served as Home Secretary (1830-1834) and Prime Minister (1834 and 1835-1841), and a mentor of Queen Victoria. ... Italic text His Grace Field Marshal the Most Noble Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS (c. ... For other people named Robert Peel, see Robert Peel (disambiguation). ... Arms of Lord Melbourne William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, PC (15 March 1779â€“24 November 1848) was a British Whig statesman who served as Home Secretary (1830-1834) and Prime Minister (1834 and 1835-1841), and a mentor of Queen Victoria. ... For other people named Robert Peel, see Robert Peel (disambiguation). ... John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, KG, GCMG, PC (18 August 1792 â€“ 28 May 1878), known as Lord John Russell before 1861, was an English Whig and Liberal politician who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century. ... Arms of Edward Smith-Stanley Statue in Parliament Square, London Edward George Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, KG, PC (29 March 1799â€“23 October 1869) was a British statesman, three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and is to date the longest serving leader of the Conservative... The Right Honourable George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, PC (January 28, 1784â€“December 14, 1860) was a Tory/Peelite politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1852 until 1855. ... Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, KG, GCB, PC (20 October 1784 â€“ 18 October 1865) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century. ... Arms of Edward Smith-Stanley Statue in Parliament Square, London Edward George Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, KG, PC (29 March 1799â€“23 October 1869) was a British statesman, three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and is to date the longest serving leader of the Conservative... Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, KG, GCB, PC (20 October 1784 â€“ 18 October 1865) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century. ... John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, KG, GCMG, PC (18 August 1792 â€“ 28 May 1878), known as Lord John Russell before 1861, was an English Whig and Liberal politician who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century. ... Arms of Edward Smith-Stanley Statue in Parliament Square, London Edward George Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, KG, PC (29 March 1799â€“23 October 1869) was a British statesman, three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and is to date the longest serving leader of the Conservative... Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield (December 21, 1804 - April 24, British Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and author. ... Gladstone redirects here. ... Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield (December 21, 1804 - April 24, British Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and author. ... Gladstone redirects here. ... Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, KG, GCVO, PC (3 February 1830 â€“ 22 August 1903), known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868, was a British statesman and Prime Minister on three occasions, for a total of over 13 years. ... Gladstone redirects here. ... Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, KG, GCVO, PC (3 February 1830 â€“ 22 August 1903), known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868, was a British statesman and Prime Minister on three occasions, for a total of over 13 years. ... Gladstone redirects here. ... Archibald Primrose redirects here. ... Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, KG, GCVO, PC (3 February 1830 â€“ 22 August 1903), known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868, was a British statesman and Prime Minister on three occasions, for a total of over 13 years. ... For the steel manufacturer, see Arthur Balfour, 1st Baron Riverdale. ... Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (7 September 1836 â€“ 22 April 1908) , also known as Andie McDowell, was a British Liberal statesman who served as Prime Minister from December 5, 1905 until resigning due to ill health on April 3, 1908. ... Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith, KG, PC (12 September 1852 â€“ 15 February 1928) served as the Liberal Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916. ... David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, OM, PC (17 January 1863 â€“ 26 March 1945) was a British statesman who was Prime Minister throughout the latter half of World War I and the first four years of the subsequent peace. ... Andrew Bonar Law (16 September 1858 â€“ 30 October 1923) was a British Conservative Party statesman and Prime Minister. ... Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, KG, PC (3 August 1867 â€“ 14 December 1947) was a British statesman and thrice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... James Ramsay MacDonald (12 October 1866 â€“ 9 November 1937) was a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, KG, PC (3 August 1867 â€“ 14 December 1947) was a British statesman and thrice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... James Ramsay MacDonald (12 October 1866 â€“ 9 November 1937) was a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, KG, PC (3 August 1867 â€“ 14 December 1947) was a British statesman and thrice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... This article is about the British prime minister. ... Churchill redirects here. ... Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC (3 January 1883 â€“ 8 October 1967) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951. ... Churchill redirects here. ... For the eponymous hat, see Anthony Eden hat. ... Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 â€“ 29 December 1986), was a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963. ... Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home, Baron Home of the Hirsel,[1] KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995) 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963, was a British Conservative (actually SUP) politician, and served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for a year from October 1963 to October... James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 â€“ 24 May 1995) was one of the most prominent British politicians of the 20th century. ... Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, OBE (9 July 1916 â€“ 17 July 2005) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1965 to 1975. ... James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 â€“ 24 May 1995) was one of the most prominent British politicians of the 20th century. ... Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (27 March 1912 â€“ 26 March 2005), was Labour Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979. ... Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (nÃ©e Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 until 1990, being the first and only woman to hold either post. ... For other persons named John Major, see John Major (disambiguation). ... For other people of the same name, see Tony Blair (disambiguation) Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born May 6, 1953)[1] is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service, Leader of the Labour Party, and Member of Parliament for the constituency... For others with the same or similar names, see Gordon Brown (disambiguation). ... Great Offices of State of the United Kingdom Prime Minister Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For others with the same or similar names, see Gordon Brown (disambiguation). ... Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Maclean Darling (born November 28, 1953) is a British politician and Chancellor of the Exchequer since June 28, 2007. ... The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister responsible for all economic and financial matters. ... Foreign Secretary David Wright Miliband (born 15 July 1965) is a British politician who is the current Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [1] and Member of Parliament for the constituency of South Shields, Tyne and Wear. ... The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (commonly referred to as Foreign Secretary) is a member of the British Government responsible for relations with foreign countries, heading the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (often called simply the Foreign Office). ... Home Secretary Jacqueline Jill Smith (born 3 November 1962) is a British politician who has been Home Secretary since 28 June 2007 and is the current Member of Parliament for Redditch, since 1997. ... The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office and is responsible for internal affairs in England and Wales, and for immigration and citizenship for the whole United Kingdom (including Scotland and Northern Ireland). ... 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Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... This article deals with the meeting of European Union leaders. ... Janez JanÅ¡a (born September 17, 1958 as Ivan JanÅ¡a) in Ljubljana is a Slovenian politician and head of the Slovenian Democratic Party since 1995. ... There have been five prime ministers of Slovenia since that country gained its independence in the breakup of Yugoslavia. ... Alfred Gusenbauer (born February 8, 1960) has been the leader of the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) since 2000. ... The Chancellor of Austria (in German: Bundeskanzler) is the head of government in Austria. ... Guy Verhofstadt (helpÂ· info) (born April 11, 1953) is a Belgian politician, municipal councillor in Ghent and current Prime Minister of Belgium. ... This is a list of Prime Ministers of Belgium, known regionally as: Premier Ministre in French, Eerste Minister in Dutch, and Premierminister in German. ... 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Categories: Government of the United Kingdom \| History of the United Kingdom \| Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements \| Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 Prime Minister - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2874 words) While the modern office of Prime Minister developed in the UK the first actual usage of the word Prime Minister or Premiere Minstre was used by Cardinal Richelieu, when, in 1624 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. The Prime Minister is formally the presiding minister of the Privy Council and the cabinet. The last prime minister not to be First Lord of the Treasury was Lord Salisbury at the turn of the 20th century. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (5165 words) The Prime Minister is appointed by the Sovereign, who is bound by constitutional convention to choose the individual most likely to command the support of the House of Commons (normally, the leader of the party with a majority in that body). The title "Prime Minister", however, is not altogether a matter of convention, as in 1905 it was in a sense given official recognition when the "Prime Minister" was named in the "order of precedence," outranked, among non-royals, only by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and by the Lord Chancellor. Whenever the office of Prime Minister falls vacant, the Sovereign is responsible for appointing the new incumbent; the appointment is formalised at a ceremony known as Kissing Hands.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line450
__label__wiki	0.760464	0.760464	News from Tompkins Conservation Tompkins Conservation Website Monthly Archives: F Y 2015/02/27 · 2:50 PM Douglas and Kristine Tompkins Awarded the 2015 Kiel Institute Global Economy Prize February 25, 2015 – Professor Dennis J. Snower, President of the Institute for World Economics, announced the recipients of the eleventh annual Kiel Institute Global Economy Prize, which honors masterminds of a cosmopolitan, market oriented, and caring society. The prize was awarded to Kristine and Douglas Tompkins for their work as entrepreneurs in the textile industry (The North Face, Esprit, Patagonia) and as founders of Patagonia Park in Aysen, Chile. The prize was also awarded to Mikhail Gorbachev, Nobel Peace Prize recipient and former head of state of the USSR, Jeffrey Immelt, CEO of General Electric and economic adviser to US President Barack Obama, and Sir Christopher A. Pissarides, British professor of economics and politics at the London School of Economics and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics. The Kiel Institute Global Economy Prize is awarded to honor influential personalities in politics, business, and science. It is meant to highlight those who have been pioneers in finding solutions to global economic problems, who have been willing to participate in a dialogue with people from other walks of life, and who have championed a society based on individual initiative and responsibility. The prize, which is not endowed with prize money, will be awarded in person on June 21, 2015 at Kiel City Hall in Germany. Filed under Other Rewilding Argentina moves forward with the first birthday of Ibera’s Jaguar Cubs 2019/06/06 Rare Andean Deer Found in Chile’s Northern Patagonia 2019/05/29 Game-changing Agreement for National Parks and Community Development in Chilean Patagonia 2019/05/10 Tompkins Conservation entrusts Pumalín and Patagonia Parks to Chile 2019/04/26 Tompkins Conservation Supports the Global Deal for Nature 2019/04/25 Extinct in Argentina, the Giant River Otter returns to Esteros de Iberá 2019/03/26 Kristine Tompkins Celebrates Implementation of Network of National Parks of the Chilean Patagonia and Signs Commitment to Collaborate with Chile’s Minister of National Assets 2019/02/14 Kawésqar National Park: The Second Largest National Park in Chile is Created 2019/01/21 Two New Jaguars Join the Wildlife Reintroduction Project in Iberá National Park 2019/01/07 Argentina Creates First Two Marine National Parks Comprising Over 25 Million Acres 2018/12/12 Ecological Agriculture (2) Park Creation (16) News from Tompkins Conservation · Creating national parks, recovering imperiled wildlife, implementing ecological agriculture, promoting healthy local communities, and supporting leading-edge activism	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line453
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__label__wiki	0.5559	0.5559	You are not logged in. [Log In] Synth Zone » Forums » The Arranger Keyboard Forums » General Arranger Keyboard Forum » How's your Diet Progressing? #118886 - 10/16/03 12:59 PM Re: How's your Diet Progressing? DonM Loc: Benton, LA, USA Jose, that's your opinion, and I respect it. I find it IS healthy and have researched it in depth. I find most people who knock the Adkins method have not even read the book. Anyway, I'm not trying to persuade anyone else to do it, and I'm finished discussing it. Tony W Loc: Lancaster UK My partner is vegetarian, I am not nor could I be. We have been together for eleven years in November and that is eleven years of making a meat meal and a veggie meal. We always (work permitting) eat together and I have to say the veggie meals are just as varied as my meaty meals. In our house it is a case of live and let eat Best to all www.tonywmusic.co.uk Scottyee Loc: San Francisco Bay Area, CA, US... I've tried becoming a vegetarian (with diary, tofu & beans to supply 'balanced' protein requirements), but without my fix of red meat, began to quickly feel weak & tired within a couple of days. I had heard somewhere (rumor?) that there's some unique ingredient (essential amino acid?) in red meat not found in other foods that we need. Is this true? Is my desire (craving?) for meat merely a withdrawal symptom of an addiction to meat which will eventually pass, or is there some special ingredient in meat that we humans need to sustain a healthy life? - Scott [This message has been edited by Scottyee (edited 10-16-2003).] Originally posted by Scottyee: I've tried becoming a vegetarian (with tofu & beans to supply 'balanced' protein requirements) but without at least an occasional fix of red meat, begin to feel weak & tired within a couple of days. I had heard somewhere (rumor?) that there's a unique ingredient (essential amino acid?) in red meat not found in other foods that we need. Is this true? Is my desire (craving?) for meat merely a withdrawal symptom which will eventually pass, or is there some unique ingredient in meat that's needed for us to sustain a healthy life? To my knowledge there isn't one single nutrient present in red meat that can't be found on other types of food (this includes white meat). But there is one vitamin (B12) that cannot be found in animal foods (so pure vegetarians should take a suplement of this vitamin). In most cases, however, the real problem is not the absence of a specific nutrient in a diet, but the sustained (in a long enough period of time) insufficient quantity of some nutrients provided by a combination of foods in a diet. I'll be back to comment on the article posted by Mike! -- Jos�. [This message has been edited by matias (edited 10-16-2003).] Idatrod Loc: Oceanside, CA USA Originally posted by matias: But there is one vitamin (B12) that cannot be found in animal foods (so pure vegetarians should take a suplement of this vitamin). Of course Jos� means "cannot be found in 'plant' foods" not as he has stated 'animal' foods. Animal foods, ie., Red meat, White meat, and many types of Fish, "DO" contain valuable sources of vitamim B12 whereas plant food sources contain NO vitamin B12. That is the reason vegetarians need to supplement their diets with vitamin B12. Cereals fortified with vitamin B12 is only a marginal way to add Vitamin B12 to the diet. Vegetarians should seriously consider Vitamin B12 supplements to get an adequate amount of Vitamin B12 in their diet. To Scott Yee: The reason you felt lethargic and even dizzy when you were strictly on a Vegetarian diet Scott is because - Yes, there is something "missing" in a Vegetarian diet that all humans need that they can't get with a Vegetarian only diet and that is Vitamin B12. Even those that DO eat Red meat, etc., could still possibly be at risk of not getting enough Vitamin B12 in their diet. Read on for further enlightenment: Vegetarian Diet and B12 Deficiency Vitamin B12 Deficiency Seen in All Types of Vegetarians By Sid Kirchheimer WebMD Medical News Reviewed By Michael Smith, MD on Wednesday, June 18, 2003 June 18, 2003 -- Researchers have long known that a strict vegetarian diet -- one that excludes all animal products -- can lead to vitamin B-12 deficiency, and possibly heart disease. Now, new research suggests that even those who follow a more lenient vegetarian diet are also at risk. In the July issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, German researchers tracked 174 apparently healthy people living in Germany and the Netherlands. They found that 92% of the vegans they studied -- those who ate the strictest vegetarian diet, which shuns all animal products, including milk and eggs -- had vitamin B12 deficiency. But two in three people who followed a vegetarian diet that included milk and eggs as their only animal foods also were deficient. Only 5% of those who consumed meats had vitamin B12 deficiency. Take Heart The problem: Vitamin B12 deficiency can boost blood levels of homocysteine, an amino acid implicated as a strong risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Studies have suggested that high homocysteine levels can promote blockages in arteries over time, possibly leading to heart disease and stroke. "As the number of vegetarians is increasing worldwide, we have special concerns about some health aspects of this diet," lead researcher Wolfgang Herrmann, MD, PhD, tells WebMD. "We have a particular concern over vitamin B12 status being regularly monitored in vegetarians -- most importantly, in pregnant women, nursing mothers, children of vegetarian mothers and on macrobiotic diets, elderly vegetarians, and people who already have atherosclerosis." Unlike some other B vitamins, B12 is not found in any plant food other than fortified cereals. It is, however, abundant in many meats and fish, and in smaller amounts in milk and eggs. This makes it difficult for people following a strict vegetarian diet to get the necessary amount of vitamin B12. Meat Eaters: This Includes You Even young, healthy, vitamin-taking meat-eaters may not be getting enough B12, according to Tufts University nutritionist Katherine Tucker, PhD. In a study published three years ago, also in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, she found that nearly 40% of 3,000 adults under age 50 had blood levels of vitamin B12 low enough to cause problems. "There were very few vegetarians in our study, and a lot were taking vitamin supplements," she tells WebMD. "There really seem to be a lot of absorption problems, even in younger people. One theory is the increased use of antacids may be blocking the absorption of B12." The good news: It is virtually impossible to consume too much B12, since it has a very low potential for toxicity. According to the Institute of Medicine, "No adverse effects have been associated with excess vitamin B12 intake from food and supplements in healthy individuals." Tucker's advice: "If you are a vegetarian and have been for a long time, if you are taking antacids, or are getting older and may be having some problems, or are just concerned, you can safely take vitamin supplements at levels of 500 to 1,000 micrograms (1 milligram). Fortified cereals may not be enough." Your Body and Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 helps maintain healthy nerve and red blood cells and is also needed to make DNA, which is why it's especially important that pregnant and nursing women consume enough. Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to anemia. Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, which usually come on gradually, include fatigue, weakness, nausea, and constipation. Long-term and severe vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to nerve changes such as numbness, tingling in the hands and feet, balance and memory problems, and depression. A blood test is the best way to test for vitamin B12 deficiency, and Herrmann recommends that all vegetarians get tested every year. SOURCES: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, July 2003. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, February 2000. USDA Nutrient Database. NIH Clinical Center website. Wolfgang Hermann, MD, PhD, professor, department of Clinical Chemistry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany. Katherine Tucker, PhD, associate professor of nutritional epidemiology, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston. [This message has been edited by Idatrod (edited 10-16-2003).] #118891 - 10/17/03 03:13 AM Re: How's your Diet Progressing? Beakybird I think that the best health indicator is longevity. Vegetarians benefit from greater longevity. Perhaps 1 1/2 - 2 years. See: http://www.ivu.org/oxveg/Talks/veglongevity.html. They cite a study that includes thousands of cohorts and takes into account that vegetarians in industrialized countries are generally more affluent and have other healthier lifestyles. Here is a list of vegetarians who hardly suffered from lethargy: Carl Lewis, �Olympian of the Century,� Olympic medalist in track Ruth Heidrich, Ironman triathlete, age-group record holder Martina Navratilova, tennis champion Desmond Howard, Heisman trophy winner Stan Price, world-record holder in bench press Bill Walton, NBA Hall of Famer Phoebe Mills, Olympic medal-winning gymnast Billie Jean King, tennis champion Bill Manetti, powerlifting champion Bill Pearl, four-time Mr. Universe and bodybuilder Al Oerter, discus thrower and winner of four Olympic gold medals Keith Holmes, WBC World Middleweight Champion Robert Parish, one of the NBA�s �50 Greatest Players� Jack LaLanne, fitness legend and media star Edwin Moses, two-time Olympic Gold medalist in hurdles Source: Vegetarian Times Magazine In my spiritual organization, I have two friendly acquaintances, the ex US ping pong champion who represented the USA in a previous olympics, and a German who received the silver medal in the 1976 Olympics. These men were hardly victims of lethargy. As to B12, dairy in the diet provides B12. Most multivitamines contain much more than the USDA requirement. The Atkins diet works for some because taking cheap carbs and cheap sugars out of the diet will help you lose weight. A healthy vegetarian diet without white sugar, white rice, and white flour is very conducive to weight loss. There is single lifestyle choice more powerful one can do to end world hunger and help the planet than becoming vegetarian. If you think of all the pollution caused by livestock farming (including farting cows), the energy used, the water consumed, the vegetable matter used, and the agrible land utilized, it is astounding. As I have stated, 7 times more land to feed an omnivore. There are important ethical considerations as well that I do not want to go into. Anyway, I would just like to underscore that going veggie is one lifestyle choice that is more healthy, more environmentally sound, and more ethical. I know non-veggies that have virtues far beyond mine. I just want to emphasize that I think that this is a good choice. Originally posted by Idatrod: Of course, Mike, thanks for the correction! Why I Am Not a Vegetarian by Dr. William T. Jarvis Well, I read the article, and I think the title (and introduction) doesn't reflect the message of his article. Along the article he explains why he's not an SDA vegetarian. It's mostly about ideological vegetarianism and their claimed moral superiority and how he refutes "the package". Vegetarian eating habits have great advantages, as the author recognizes in one of the first paragraphs. Personally, I am not radical about not eating meat. Eating less meat, weekly, makes me feel better, lighter (meat is relatively hard to process in the body), and it is widely accepted that excessive red meat consumption increases the probability of some serious health problems in the long term. A good vegetarian meal can be a delicious experience, and I try not to loose an opportunity to try a vegetarian restaurant. Unfortunately, in my country and particularly in my area - a very rural area where the meat has an exceptional quality - I don't get lucky very often! Reading the article, I got the impression that the author has some kind of trauma with SDAs (Seventh-Day Adventist). I sort of understand why he feels the need to fight this kind of ideological vegetarianism. While living in Germany for a couple if years, some years ago, I (the most agnostic guy) fell in love with a girl from the SDA church, so I know what he is talking about. But discussing the moral questions is something different than discussing the benefits of a nutrition pattern with a higher percentage of foods derived from plants. The other thing the author does not discuss - and it would be worth debating - is the ecological advantages of a nutrition less based on animal foods (again, I refuse all kinds of radicalism in this issue). However, this doesn't prevent him to try to ridicularize the "friends of mother earth" in the begining. Very interesting reading, Mike! Thanks for sharing these with us. Originally posted by Beakybird: The point is that all of those Athletes, etc., that you mentioned wouldn't have been able to accomplish what they did if they lacked Vitamin B12 in their diet. So to be a 'true' Vegetarian in every sense of the word is basically impossible. Dairy products are 'byproducts' of "animals". Vitamin B12 is NOT found in plant sources and the only way to obtain it is through "Animal" sources. Even Vitamin B12 "supplements" are from animal sources. So theoretically NOBODY IS a true Vegetarian because we all need Vitamin B12 in our Diet and the only way for anybody to get it IN their diet is from Dairy products (which are animal byproducts) or from animals themselves (including Vitamin B12 supplements, which are processed and made from animal sources.) Even fortified cereals that have been fortified with vitamin B12 receive their B12 fortification from 'animal' sources. So may I submit to you: a true Vegetarian there is NOT!, ie., - those who claim to abstain from "all" sources of Animal and animal 'byproducts'. I understand there are at least 5 categories of the term Vegetarian but each one has to have vitamin B12 in their diet which can only be obtained through animal sources. So the slaughter of animals goes on whether you're a Vegetarian or not [or whether you like it or not] so that people, ie., (the WORLD population) can get their adequate supply of B12. I'm amazed that even though the truth is plainly shown to people they still want to believe and even propagate a lie. Characteristic signs of B12 deficiency include fatigue, weakness, nausea, constipation, flatulence (gas) [talk about Cows farting!!], loss of appetite, and weight loss [good way to lose weight and lose your health in the process!!]. Deficiency also can lead to neurological changes such as numbness and tingling in the hands and feet. Additional symptoms of B12 deficiency are difficulty in maintaining balance, depression, confusion, poor memory, and soreness of the mouth or tongue. Also I wanted to post a couple articles regarding people on the List you gave Larry. Notice if you will that Bill Walton IS eating meat again. There may be people who claim to be vegetarians but how long do they [claim] to stay Vegetarians?? One year?, five years?, one week? "After achieving superstardom playing for John Wooden's powerhouse UCLA Bruins in the early '70s and winning three straight College Player of the Year Awards, Walton was destined to become an NBA legend. When he was healthy Walton had few peers. He won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award while playing for the defending NBA-champion Trail Blazers in 1977-78. At the top of his form, Walton scored, passed, intimidated, hustled, and played the role of leader with the best centers of his day. He was a perfectionist whose range of skills and dedication never ceased to impress those who saw him play. But dozens of injuries, most infamously a chronically broken bone in his left foot, robbed Walton of the storybook career that seemed sure to be his. During his 13 years in the league, he played in only 44 percent of regular-season contests and left the game with a modest 13.3 scoring average. Walton first appeared on the national stage as a lanky college kid who exhibited a winning attitude on the court and an anti-establishment attitude off it. While at UCLA in the early '70s, he was arrested during an anti-Vietnam War rally, publicly criticized Richard Nixon and the FBI, and reportedly flirted with leaving basketball to pursue spiritual enlightenment. A fan of the Grateful Dead, the young Walton was a vegetarian, wore flannel shirts and multicolored headbands and toted his gym clothes in an onion bag. After his arrest as a junior, Walton issued a statement that read: "Your generation has screwed up the world. My generation is trying to straighten it out.. Money doesn't mean anything to me. It can't buy happiness, and I just want to be happy." Many who knew Walton, including Wooden himself, felt the young center was too susceptible to fringe ideas. "I had no problem with him during the season," Wooden told the Los Angeles Times. "Off the floor I worried. I worried when he was thrown in jail with the group that took over the administration building, I worried when he stopped traffic on Wilshire Boulevard, and when he interrupted classes giving his views on the Vietnam War." Walton enjoyed a blazing start as a rookie, averaging 16.0 ppg, 19.0 rpg, 4.4 apg and 4.00 blocked shots in his first seven contests. Praise came quickly. "I was with the Boston Celtics when Russell came into the league," Lakers Coach Bill Sharman told the Los Angeles Times. "Walton is the same type of player. Extremely intelligent-but besides that, he has tremendous basketball instinct." Then came the injuries. Foot problems limited Walton to only 35 games as a rookie and a meager 12.8 ppg. Portland won 11 more games in 1974-75 than in the previous year but failed to live up to its potential, largely because of Walton's health troubles. Portland fell to the bottom of the Pacific Division in 1975-76, though Walton started to come into his own, scoring 16.1 ppg, pulling down 13.4 rpg and demonstrating excellent passing skills from the low- or high-post in 51 contests. Still, foot problems continued to hamper the young center, and fans started wondering what the Blazers had gotten themselves into. During his first two years in Portland, Walton had sprained an ankle, broken his left wrist twice and dislocated two toes and two fingers. He even broke a toe on a water sprinkler and hurt his leg in a jeep accident. His foot deadened by a painkilling injection, Walton attempted a comeback in the playoffs against the Seattle SuperSonics. Then came what many felt was the death knell of Walton's career. After Game 2, X-rays showed that the navicular bone below Walton's left ankle was broken. The Trail Blazers lost the series in six games and the services of Walton forever. The controversies that had embroiled Walton up to this point were mild compared to what would follow. After the playoffs Walton demanded to be traded and accused Portland management with providing him poor medical treatment. Doing the talking for Walton was controversial sports educator and activist Jack Scott, whose presence only made an already strange situation more bizarre. (Walton later sued the team; the case was settled out of court.) Walton signed a then-record seven-year, $7 million contract to play with the Clippers, who had played just over .500 ball the year before. He cut his hair, started eating meat again, stopped hanging out with Jack Scott, trimmed his Lincoln-esque beard, and tried to mend fences with the press. "I'm a different person now than I was when I came into the NBA," he said in an interview with Sport magazine. After the 1984-85 campaign Walton went shopping. He called on two of the league's premier teams, the Boston Celtics and the Los Angeles Lakers. After several Celtics said they liked the idea of having Walton as a teammate and as a backup for workhorses Robert Parish and Kevin McHale, Red Auerbach made the deal happen. He acquired Walton by sending popular forward Cedric Maxwell to the Clippers along with a first-round draft pick. Walton once again had the chance to play for a world champion, and his childhood hopes of playing for the Celtics were realized. The former West Coast radical in lumberjack clothing found a home in the land of turtlenecks and penny loafers. Walton received a minute-long standing ovation from the Boston Garden crowd after walking onto the parquet floor at his first exhibition game. Celtics faithful would have plenty more to cheer about during what would become a dream season for the Celtics and the aging Walton. Walton appeared in 80 games in 1985-86, 13 more than his previous career high. While playing only 19.3 minutes per contest, he averaged 7.6 ppg, 6.8 rpg, 2.1 apg and 1.33 bpg. He also set a career high with a .562 field-goal percentage. In one game he scored 20 points and pulled down 12 rebounds in just 26 minutes. During the season he was hampered only by a broken nose, the 13th of his 13-year career. Assuming an unfamiliar supporting role, the 33-year-old Walton was playing with the excitement of a college kid. And the league rewarded him with the NBA Sixth Man Award, won by McHale the previous two seasons. With one of the strongest lineups in NBA history, Boston steamrolled through the regular season, compiling a 67-15 record. In the playoffs the Celtics lost only 3 of 18 games, defeating the Houston Rockets and their "Twin Towers," Ralph Sampson and Hakeem Olajuwon, in the Finals in six games. Walton's satisfaction with capturing his second championship and winning the Sixth Man Award was immeasurable. In an article in the Boston Herald, McHale said of Walton: "You watch an old, old guy like that, with the most hammered body in sports, acting like a high school kid -- it's both funny and inspiring at the same time. Every game was a challenge, and he didn't let any of us forget that." Carl Lewis arrested for DUI LOS ANGELES - Nine-time Olympic gold medalist Carl Lewis was arrested for investigation of misdemeanor driving under the influence after a one-car accident early Monday. The 41-year-old track star wasn't injured in the accident on Interstate 110 in South Los Angeles. The California Highway Patrol found Lewis alone in a 2004 Maserati and noticed signs of alcohol intoxication, Officer Joseph Pace said. Lewis failed a series of field sobriety tests and was arrested, Pace said. A breath test given later at a police station showed Lewis' blood-alcohol level was .08 percent, the level at which a driver is considered intoxicated in California. Pace said it's possible Lewis struck a sound wall next to the freeway, because his car was damaged on the right side. Lewis, who had a Texas driver's license, was released to a friend. The case was scheduled for July 7 in Los Angeles Superior Court. PS: It is common knowledge that people's mind set about Vegetarians is one of very Liberal, biased and even whacked out individuals. Could the reason be that they are portrayed that way is they are not receiving enough essential nutrients in their diet and because of it are exhibiting bizzare behaviors and shooting themselves in the foot? Just a thought. rattley Loc: Punta Gorda Florida USA My 2 cents (pounds?) worth on why I now weigh more than I should........... 1) I have ALWAYS loved to eat! 2) "Supersize it for 25 cents more"...... 3) Food is EVERYWHERE now. Gas stations, lumber yards, deli's everywhere...... 4) All you can eat buffets.....This is NOT meant as a challenge!! 5) Repeat 1 thru 4..................	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line455
__label__wiki	0.603868	0.603868	Opposition to Prophylactic Removal of Third Molars (Wisdom Teeth) Excessive health care in the United States has been documented by numerous studies. It results in waste of limited funds and harm to millions of people, not excluding death, because even the safest treatment is not without risk.1 The obvious solution, when effectively applied, is “evidence-based practice,” which minimizes unnecessary procedures and reduces costs. The public is already aware that some surgical procedures, such as tonsillectomy, are no longer routinely performed in the absence of infection to prevent future infection. Yet, there are procedures such as the prophylactic removal of third molars that result in injury to tens of thousands of people at a cost of billions of dollars, about which the public is ill informed and thus subject to the risks of unnecessary surgery. Accordingly, the American Public Health Association (APHA) calls for dental care, like all aspects of health care, to be evidence based. APHA encourages the collection, review, dissemination and policy applications of knowledge supporting or negating the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of specific forms of dental care...Encourages dental professionals, consumers, private and public health care financing agencies, and state licensing authorities to adopt an evidence-based approach to dental services, in order to rationally control costs, help assure quality and favorable outcomes and extend more affordable dental care to a wider public. All health-related organizations should promote evidence-based practice and discourage treatment that is of questionable value and that has the potential to cause significant injury to the public. No one questions the removal of third molars, or any other tooth, where there is evidence of pathological changes such as infections, nonrestorable carious lesions, cysts, tumors, and damage to adjacent teeth. But the contention by many dentists, including oral surgeons, that retaining third molars, whether or not impacted, will likely lead to sufficient harm does not justify removing all third molars. The main arguments for prophylactic removal of third molars are as follows: eruption is unpredictable; adjacent teeth could be damaged; the teeth may harbor pathogenic bacteria that may cause periodontal disease and may contribute to low infant birthweight and other diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and stroke; eruption may cause crowded or crooked teeth; and they are easier to extract and cause less morbidity when extracted in adolescence. None of these contentions is sufficient to support prophylactic extraction of third molars. Unpredictability of eruption is not valid because most wisdom teeth erupt, and only a small percentage of those that remain unerupted or partially erupted cause problems that warrant extraction. All periodontically diseased teeth harbor pathogenic bacteria and require treatment by general dentists, dental hygienists, and periodontists, whose goal is to retain, not extract, them. Presence of third molars in conjunction with systemic diseases represents association, not causation. Because the rationale to remove all third molars to reduce morbidity or prevent cysts and crowding of anterior teeth does not meet the evidence-based test, the current emphasis on third molars as a potential cause of periodontal disease and other debilitating or life-threatening conditions warrants more detailed analysis. Since the 1990s, the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons has been a major sponsor of research exploring periodontal disease in third molars. The few studies of long-term retention of impacted teeth have shown little risk of harm. In one large study, in which 3702 “neglected” impactions (96% third molars) were retained for an average of 27 years, only 0.81% showed dentigerous cystic changes. Further, any type of pathological change can be expected eventually in approximately 12% of an impacted third-molar population and 1.8% of the general population, including those with impacted teeth. Accordingly, the authors questioned routine removal of impacted third molars. A similar panoramic radiograph study of 1418 women found 16% had “moderate” pathological conditions, consisting “in most cases of a slightly widened follicle or resorption of the crown. A new examination 12 years later revealed unchanged conditions in 85% of the cases.”9 The 12% incidence of pathology referred to previously does not include pericoronitis or inflammation and infection of the gum tissue around a tooth as it erupts, which is distinguishable from normal “teething.” Estimates range from 6% to 10%. Adding an average of 8% raises the potential for third-molar pathology to 20%. Also, it has been reported that as many as one third of the population may experience some discomfort at one time or another associated with wisdom teeth; thus, there is likely need for, at most, one third of the extractions currently being done. Third-molar surgery is not without risk of injury. The most common injury is temporary and permanent paresthesia, which has been documented by numerous studies. Incidence of permanent paresthesia of the mandibular nerve varies from a low of 0.33% to a high of 1%.11,12 There is also injury to the temporomandibular joints (TMD/TMJ), which has been reported at 1.2% for patients aged 15 to 20 years.13 The nearly 6000 oral and maxillofacial surgeons account for 94% of the 10 million third-molar extractions in the United States annually, averaging 52.7 cases a month.14,15 Thus, an estimated 3.8 million people experience 5 million mandibular third-molar extractions each year. As a consequence, as many as 17,000 to 50,000 people have some degree of permanent mandibular nerve paresthesia and tens of thousands experience TMD/TMJ injuries, an unknown number of which also become permanent. Furthermore, patients experience an average of 2.7 days, more than 10 million days in aggregate, of discomfort and disability―pain, swelling, bruising, and malaise―and absence from school and loss of work and income after uncomplicated third-molar extractions. Other risks include inadvertent fractures of the jaws, damage to the maxillary sinus, damage to adjacent teeth, and occasional deaths attributed to general anesthesia. In a literature review of 40 studies involving third-molar extractions, the authors concluded that, “In the absence of good evidence to support prophylactic removal, there appears to be little justification for the removal of pathology-free impacted third-molars.”18 A similar Cochrane Review on interventions for treating asymptomatic impacted wisdom teeth advised that watchful monitoring may be a more appropriate strategy. “Prudent decision-making, with adherence to specified indicators for removal, may reduce the number of surgical procedures by 60 percent or more.” A further review of the literature on third-molar extraction by an oral pathologist concluded, “third molars without associated pathology or developmental conditions are sacrificed, usually in adolescents and young adults, like no other human tissue, in the name of preventive dental care . . . in more than 98 percent of cases, there is no apparent benefit to prophylactic third-molar extraction in adolescents. The concept that all third molars (functional or nonfunctional) should be extracted prophylactically should be abandoned.” Consequently, the National Health Service in Great Britain adopted the policy that, “The practice of prophylactic removal of pathology-free impacted third molars should be discontinued . . .. There is no reliable evidence to support a health benefit to patients from the prophylactic removal of pathology-free teeth.”21 In the United States, millions of mostly young people continue to have prophylactic extraction of their wisdom teeth in the belief that it is necessary. This practice is not evidence based and needs to be discouraged by providing the public with information essential to making an informed decision. The 2000 US Surgeon General’s report, Oral Health in America, and Healthy People 2010 emphasize the role of public health and health care providers, educators, and researchers in improving the public’s health literacy.22, 23 The American Dental Association defines oral health literacy as “the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate oral health decisions.” Improvement in health literacy requires more than exposure to information, much of which can appear to the public as confusing if not contradictory; it also requires provision of “clear, understandable science-based health information to the American people,” including health care providers.25 It requires assistance in interpretation by public health organizations, educational institutions, and agencies with no financial or personal interests one way or the other. Accordingly, the American Public Health Association— 1. Recommends that public education about the removal of third molars (wisdom teeth), like the removal of any teeth, should be based on evidence of diagnosed pathology or demonstrable need; 2. Opposes prophylactic removal of third molars, which subjects individuals and society to unnecessary costs, avoidable morbidity, and the risks of permanent injury; 3. Recommends that the Agency for Healthcare Research Quality and the National Institutes of Health, agencies of the US Department of Health and Human Services, and other independent researchers call for convening an expert panel that considers evidence-based research on the effectiveness and appropriateness of prophylactic removal of third molars and generates a consensus statement; 4. Recommends that oral health researchers and funding agencies include in their research agendas support for the application of evidence-based dental practice, to include issues such as the prophylactic extraction of third molars and how to most effectively translate evidence-based science into the practice of dentistry; 5. Urges all public health agencies and dental professional organizations to disseminate information explaining why prophylactic removal of third molars is not recommended, in keeping with their dedication to improving the health literacy of the public and its consequent ability to make informed health care decisions. This information is courtesy of the American Journal of Public Health and submitted by retired dentist Jay Friedman. Opposition to Prophylactic Removal of Third Molars (Wisdom Teeth). American Public Health Association. Policy Date 10/28/2008. Policy Number 20085. Home Complications Controversy Blog ©2007-2025 Teeth Removal Dot Com	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line465
__label__wiki	0.974774	0.974774	Father Federer Wins Australian Open and 16th Major January 31, 2010 -- Roger Federer solidified his place in tennis history today as the greatest player of all time by winning The Australian Open and his 16th Major title. This victory was Federer's fourth Australian Open, and his first Major as a father. Federer defeated Scotsman Andy Murray who disappointed himself and Great Britain, losing in straight sets 64 63 76 (11). Last year, Federer called attention to himself when he cried during the trophy presentation. Tonight, Andy Murray shed the tears. "I can cry like Roger, it's a shame I can't play like him," Andy said in front of 15,000 in attendance at Rod Laver Arena. This was Murray's second major final. He lost to Federer at the 2008 U. S. Open in three sets. Federer reassured Murray that he was too good of a player not to win a grand slam title, "Don't worry about it," Roger said, holding the Norman Brookes Challenge Cup. Federer's win puts him 2 crowns ahead of Pete Sampras and 4 in front of Aussie Roy Emerson. Federer will also remain on top of the ATP rankings as the #1 player in the world, extending his pinnacle position to 268 weeks. Pete Sampras stays on top of that mountain with 286 weeks at number one. Andy Murray's sleepy, sloppy serve at the start of the match gave way to crisp, clean tennis quickly as the two finalists maneuvered their ways into the match. Warmish temperatures and rain had pushed up humidity levels and slowed the ball down. Rallies were prolonged until one got in position for a put-away shot. More times than not, Federer took advantage of these points. "I didn't feel nervous," Andy began. "It's obviously against him, he puts a lot of pressure on you with the way that he plays. You need to focus really hard throughout the match." The first set remained competitive until Federer took command in the ninth game with a break. Murray's lack of aggression cost him dearly. The set went to Federer 6/4. "I think the first set could have gone either way," Roger said. "For me to get the first break and play well the way I did, and I think him as well, was obviously crucial for the match. We were both playing so well." Murray lost the match because he didn't play big points big enough and because his serve fell flat of its normal effectiveness. Murray had done his homework, though. He smacked balls at Federer's backhand, a la Rafael Nadal. However, the Scot didn't follow up consistently. He had Federer compromised, but sent balls long or in the net. "I think his level is a lot more consistent in the slams," Murray explained. "In the other tournaments he tries a few more things out. The shots he hits great all year round, they're still great. He just makes fewer unforced errors I think than he does the rest of the year." Murray definitely appeared primed to take over at the start of the second set. He had three game points, but blew all three to lose the momentum. He was clearly unsettled. At 2/4, Federer looked to go up another break. Murray held him off, one confidence builder under his belt. It wasn't enough to stop Federer from closing the second 6/3. "I definitely had to play some of my best tennis tonight to come through," Federer said. "That was clearly the case." Had Andy Murray played even close to the caliber of tennis he showed in the third set, the match would have been longer and harder fought. His serve improved. He took more chances and hit winners, especially off his forehand. He stood closer to the baseline. Roger's pace and spirit of play didn't seem to meet Murray's challenge. "I thought third set I had more of the chances," Murray said. "I thought I deserved to take it into a fourth, but it didn't happen." All drama broke loose in the third set tiebreak. Either man could have won it. Had Murray converted any one of his five set opportunities, the match would've moved on to the fourth. With confidence in his sails, the scales could have tipped favorable for Murray. Richard Gasquet vividly remembers Murray's come-from-two-sets-behind escapade at the 2008 Wimbledon quarterfinals. However, Murray's slow start of the final and continual misjudgment of shots altered history in favor of Federer. He needed his third championship point to gain possession of his sixteenth major crown. "I always knew I had it in my hand," Roger began. "The question is do I have it in my mind and in my legs. That's something I had to work extremely hard at. Now I feel like obviously I'm being pushed a great deal by the new generation coming up. When I came on tour, matches were played differently. There was always a weakness you could go to. Today that doesn't exist anymore. I think that's also thanks to guys like Murray. They've made me a better player, because I think this has been one of my finest performances in a long time, or maybe forever." As Federer packed up his tennis bag and threw complimentary wristbands to fans in the audience, many probably sat wondering if his streak would go on forever. It won't, as Federer knows in his heart. For now, the King is alive at 28. Forever probably doesn't exist in his kingdom of thoughts. The moments matter more. This one today is his greatest forever. January 30, 2010 Australian Open: Serena Wins 12th Major, Ties Billie Jean King January 29, 2010 Australian Open: Federer Flies January 28, 2010 Australian Open: The Long and Short of It	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line467
__label__cc	0.742981	0.257019	Reveling in Nashville - Part 7 This is a bit of a spin on my traditional nash-revs. I of course do not love homelessness. And this is by no means a blog to say that I think Nashville is doing everything right to combat poverty - they aren't. On my way to work (almost everyday) I pass at least one homeless person. Every day at work I encounter a handful of people in the deepest midst of poverty. Homelessness in Nashville can no longer be overlooked - it abounds. But there are a few groups and individuals who definitely stir up my community pride by the work they are doing and the sacrifices they are making: Nashville Rescue Mission, Room in the Inn, & The Key Alliance. A somewhat new combatant of homelessness, that I love, is The Contributor. This is a monthly newspaper that features articles written by Nashville's homeless or former homeless while providing them with a source of income. These same contributors sell the newspaper for $1.00 all over the streets of Nashville. It has been awesome in building community between the vendors and customers. One of the early creators of The Contributor is Kevin Barbieux, writer of The Homeless Guy, a blog about his own story of chronic homelessness. I've really enjoyed his writing and insight. He is really helping to break down stereotypes, while at the same time giving an honest perspective on the lives, needs, desires, faults, and hopes of the homeless. He also has a second blog, How to Survive Homelessness, where he provides tips and resources for those, like him, who have or are experiencing a season of homelessness. The ability to revel fully in something (be it a community, the arts, friends, etc.) comes with a responsibility to recognize, struggle with, and combat its weaknesses.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line475
__label__wiki	0.964971	0.964971	On the Margins of the Good Oval: Women and Australian Football Tuesday, July 19 2011 @ 09:33 pm ACST Contributed by: Stephen Alomes A Women’s Game The contemporary history of women’s football, Australian Football games played by women, also has an important prehistory.[14] Women’s football appeared briefly during the two world wars, when women were liberated from traditional roles, or sometimes as a one-off exception, sometimes linked with novelty games at fun and fund-raising days which offer Bahktineseque or carnivalesque inversions of normal male and female roles. That women played after the wars has been noted, but often in clichéd male comments in the humorous press or in lighter columns about the incongruity of the ‘fairer sex’ playing such a rough and/or vigorous ‘manly game’. Peter Burke has shown how pressures from below and from above came together in matches in Perth during World War One: a genuine desire of ‘football mad’ employees on the one hand and novelty conceptions of charity matches as ‘sensations’ to raise funds for charitable purposes on the other.[15] The qualified nature of the embrace of women’s football from male authorities and institutions ensured that experiments in women’s football were short-lived. Underlying such conservatism was the persistence of biological as well as cultural conceptions of women’s role as mothers and wives, which most women shared. Such ideas mirrored biological conceptions of race, which excluded Aboriginal Australians from the game, and from other sports, (with significant exceptions) for most of the century from the late 1860s to the late 1960s.[16] Biological-cultural restrictions on women’s sport encouraged masculinist scepticism about women playing football. After second wave feminism they have now faded, but have not disappeared entirely.[17] Sport is ubiquitous in Australian life as well as providing the drama played out on the great arenas and telecast on our television sets. However, the private often differs from the institutional and the public or now media realities.An untold story is the omnipresence of women playing football. The important informal history of women playing football includes several fields - the backyard, the street and the park, one which precedes the current period where in single parent, one or two child families, or families with fathers working at weekends, mothers have a kick with son and daughter or with son(s) or daughter(s). Mums and daughters have become even more essential in kick-to-kick in this era of smaller and divided families. This has been recognised recently in oral testimony about childhood experiences of the game, in Brian Nankervis’ collection Boys and Balls and in AFL Record interviews with women about their football memories. Childhood experiences and memories of football were never the sole preserve of boys as several musicians have reflected. Singer and football fan David Hobson recalled that his four sisters ‘were all quite good footballers’. Michael Thomas, who wrote Weddings Parties Anything’s song ‘Monday’s Experts’, was conscious of the persistent gender divide: ‘Girls really love a kick of the ball and things like that and often it is just that they haven’t been allowed…When I was a kid it was like “Ah come on you girls, you aren’t allowed to be here, you can’t kick.” There is no reason that they can’t kick…They say in terms of comparative strength up until the age of seven a girl, on average, is as strong as a boy.’[18] Several prominent women in football and public life recalled that they had access, if not always equal opportunity, in childhood football. Carmen Lawrence, ‘like a lot of country kids’, had played the game ‘often with other kids (male and female) in the rough paddocks (and without shoes!)’. The federal M P and former West Australian Premier had football on both sides of her family. In the dry West Australian bush her father played for the ‘Gutha’ team on ‘a hard red-dirt oval’, while her mother was a fanatical East Perth follower who ‘listened regularly to the ABC broadcasts to the bush’.[19] Women also enjoy playing and coaching football. In primary schools, a predominance of women teachers has made women of major importance, even in football coaching. Kevin Sheedy recalled that Sister Rupert at St Joseph's Primary School introduced him to football while Veronica Nolan, a teenage girl, was his first football coach who 'instilled in me and my teammates her passion for the game'.[20] ‘Backstage’: Women Breach the Barriers and Unbar the Changeroom Door - The 1980s Women’s footballing advances would be made in three areas: in the backstage world of football clubs, from changerooms to boardrooms; in the media; and on the field, playing the game. The first foray into the forbidden territory, the male inner sanctum of AFL club change-rooms, came from two different sources. Women admitted to the inside, at first slowly but then readily, by the clubs have included physiotherapists, fitness experts, nutritionists, trainers and podiatrists, many of whom declared to the shock of the old guard, that ‘Yes, they had seen a male body naked before’, whether it was their brother, father, or another adult. Female roles expanded from the 1980s as even suburban club ‘pleasant Sunday mornings’ and presidents’ lunches lost their ‘all male front bar’ quality, as women joined the convivial throngs. Women would play increasingly active roles in football clubs, although some traditional gender divisions continued through ‘chardonnay clubs’ and the like which held women's lunches and other functions. In football clubs gendered institutional amnesia has left a legacy of a forgotten story of women’s support roles in clubs, in social organisation, on committees, and providing traditional support services, and more.[21] Perhaps that history will be rediscovered in the current era when women’s roles have gone beyond the mother who makes the muddy footy shorts whiter than white with some miracle detergent, helps out at the kiosk on match-days or provides ‘Mum’s taxi’ to training and the game. As Kevin Sheedy and Carolyn Brown have shown in Football’s Women, women trainers, physios, nutritionists and running coaches are at AFL level not at all unusual in the clubrooms, while women secretaries, team managers, presidents and club historians are common in senior and junior local football.[22] In the AFL itself, women have occupied important positions. Jill Lindsay has been the VFL/ AFL Ground Operations Manager for over 30 years, while Elaine Canty was a disciplinary tribunal member until its 2004 restructure.[23] In many societies women maintain the culture. In football, a growing number of women perform the essential and demanding, but inadequately recognised (even ‘thankless’) task of secretary, play the crucial role of team manager for junior, and some senior, teams, write and ensure publication of the newsletters, keep the books in order as treasurer, and maintain, through club museums and displays, the historical memory of the club.[24] Such involvements commonly begin at junior level, as a son, or sometimes a daughter, progressed through the age groups, or in the mixed football and netball clubs that dominate the culture of country towns in Victoria. They often culminate in involvement in the club’s central administration.[25] This new phenomenon, women in another inner sanctum, the Board, on local and AFL clubs, contrasts with the time-honoured male culture of the boardroom captured in David Williamson’s 1977 drama, The Club.[26] In 1998, the appointment of the first woman goal umpire at AFL level, Brisbane’s Katrina Pressley, was sometimes treated as a novelty story in the media.[27] As women rose to club committee or association board positions, Tracey Long became President of the Nagambie Football Club in rural Victoria, and several women were short-listed for the AFL Commission, they met the prejudice of the neanderthals, who embodied the values of yesteryear. Typical, as noted above, was then Carlton President John Elliott’s declaration that there was no way a woman could make it onto the board at Carlton, unless they had played 100 games of football.[28] Just a few years later, even before John Elliott’s fall in football and business,[29] Lauraine Diggins, the Carlton art gallery owner and member of an old Carlton football family, was elected to the board, making Carlton the fourth of the 16 AFL clubs to have a woman director. By 2006, several AFL clubs, including Collingwood, Essendon, Carlton, Geelong and Melbourne, had a woman board member. By 2006 Melbourne had three female board members and a membership of 50% male and 50% female.[30] The first female AFL commissioner, Samantha Mostyn, a Sydney corporate executive with a background in media law, was appointed in 2005.[31] This appointment reflected the AFL Commission focus on ‘corporate’ skills in the ‘football industry’, as it was about to negotiate a 5 year television contract (which at over $700 million was the biggest ever media contract in Australian sport). They also ticked two other boxes – Sydney/New South Wales and gender – as factors supporting the appointment. Please continue reading on the next page: First \| Previous \| 1 2 3 4 5 6 \| Next \| Last More by Stephen Alomes More from General News	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line477
__label__cc	0.591085	0.408915	Title: Eucharist Subject: Sacramental union, Last Supper, Christianity, Anglicanism, Ordinance (Christianity) Collection: Anglican Eucharistic Theology, Anglican Sacraments, Ceremonial Food and Drink, Ceremonies, Christian Terminology, Eucharist, Last Supper, Lutheran Eucharistic Theology, Lutheran Sacraments and Rites, Methodism, New Testament Greek Words and Phrases, Pauline Christianity, Roman Catholic Eucharistic Theology The Eucharist has been a key theme in the depictions of the Last Supper in Christian art,[1] as in this 16th-century Juan de Juanes painting. The Eucharist , also called Holy Communion, the Lord's Supper, and other names, is a sacrament accepted by almost all Christians. It is reenacted in accordance with Jesus' instruction at the Last Supper, as recorded in several books of the New Testament, that his followers do in remembrance of him as when he gave his disciples bread, saying, "This is my body", and gave them wine saying, "This is my blood."[2][3] Christians generally recognize a special presence of Christ in this rite, though they differ about exactly how, where, and when Christ is present. While all agree that there is no perceptible change in the elements, some believe that they actually become the body and blood of Christ, others believe the true Body and Blood of Christ are really present in, with, and under the bread and wine (whose reality remains unchanged), others believe in a "real" but merely spiritual presence of Christ in the Eucharist, and still others take the act to be only a symbolic reenactment of the Last Supper. A minority of Protestants view the Eucharist as an ordinance in which the ceremony is seen not as a specific channel of divine grace, but as an expression of faith and of obedience to Christ. In spite of differences between Christians about various aspects of the Eucharist, there is, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica, "more of a consensus among Christians about the meaning of the Eucharist than would appear from the confessional debates over the sacramental presence, the effects of the Eucharist, and the proper auspices under which it may be celebrated."[2] The word Eucharist may refer not only to the rite but also to the consecrated bread (leavened or unleavened) and wine (or grape juice) used in the rite. In this sense, communicants (that is, those who partake of the communion elements) may speak of "receiving the Eucharist", as well as "celebrating the Eucharist". Biblical basis 2.1 Paul the Apostle and the Lord's Supper 2.1.1 Gospels 2.1.2 Agape feast 2.1.3 Early Christian sources 2.2 Eucharistic theology 3 Ritual and liturgy 4 Catholic 4.1 Eastern Christianity 4.2 Syriac 4.3 Anglican 4.4 Baptist 4.5 Lutheran 4.6 Brethren and Mennonites/Anabaptists 4.7 Plymouth Brethren 4.8 Exclusive Brethren 4.9 Reformed/Presbyterian 4.10 United Methodist 4.11 Seventh-day Adventists 4.12 Nondenominational/Evangelical Christians 4.13 Jehovah's Witnesses 4.14 Latter-day Saints 4.15 Other denominations 4.16 Open and closed communion 5 Other issues 6 Preparation 6.1 Catholic 6.1.1 Eastern Orthodox 6.1.2 Protestant confessions 6.1.3 Footwashing 6.1.4 Health issues 6.2 Gluten 6.2.1 Alcohol 6.2.2 Fear of transmission of diseases 6.2.3 Comparative summary of ritual 7 The Greek noun εὐχαριστία (eucharistia), meaning "thanksgiving", is not used in the New Testament as a name for the rite,[4] however, the related verb is found in New Testament accounts of the Last Supper,[5][6][7] including the earliest such account:[4] For I received from the Lord what I also delivered to you, that the Lord Jesus on the night when he was betrayed took bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it, and said, "This is my body which is for you. Do this in remembrance of me". (1 Corinthians 11:23-24) The term "Eucharist" (thanksgiving) is that by which the rite is referred[4] by the Didache (late 1st or early 2nd century),[8][9][10][11][12] Ignatius of Antioch (who died between 98 and 117)[11][13] and Justin Martyr (writing between 147 and 167).[9][11][14] Today, "the Eucharist" is the name still used by Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Catholics, Anglicans, Presbyterians, and Lutherans. Other Protestant denominations rarely use this term, preferring either "Communion", "the Lord's Supper", or "the Breaking of Bread". This term, in Greek Κυριακὸν δεῖπνον (Kyriakon deipnon), was in use in the early 50s of the 1st century,[4][5] as witnessed by the First Epistle to the Corinthians (11:20-21): When you come together, it is not the Lord's Supper you eat, for as you eat, each of you goes ahead without waiting for anybody else. One remains hungry, another gets drunk. Those mentioned above in relation to the term "Eucharist" rarely use the expression "the Lord's Supper", but it is the predominant term among Baptist groups, who generally avoid using the term "Communion", and is preferred also by some evangelical Anglicans. Communion of the Apostles, by Fra Angelico, with donor portrait, 1440-41 Communion / Holy Communion This term is used by some groups originating in the Protestant Reformation to mean the entire Eucharistic rite. Others, such as the Catholic Church, do not use this term for the rite, but instead mean by it the act of partaking of the consecrated elements: they speak of receiving Holy Communion even outside of the rite, and of participating in the rite without receiving Holy Communion. The term "Communion" is derived from Latin communio ("sharing in common"), which translates Greek κοινωνία (koinōnía) in [1]: The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not the communion of the blood of Christ? The bread which we break, is it not the communion of the body of Christ?. The Breaking of Bread The phrase appears four times in the New Testament (Luke 24:35; Acts 2:42, , ) in contexts in which, according to some, refer to celebration of the Eucharist.[15] It is the term used by the Plymouth Brethren.[16] Mass is used in the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, some Anglicans (Anglo-Catholicism), the Church of Sweden, the Church of Norway, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, and some other forms of Western Christianity. Among the many other terms used in the Catholic Church are "Holy Mass", "the Memorial of the Passion, Death and Resurrection of the Lord", the "Holy Sacrifice of the Mass", and the "Holy Mysteries".[17] Sacrament / Blessed Sacrament The "Blessed Sacrament" and the "Blessed Sacrament of the Altar" are common terms used by Catholics, Lutherans and some Anglicans (Anglo-Catholicism) for the consecrated elements, especially when reserved in the Church tabernacle. "Sacrament of the Altar" is in common use also among Lutherans. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints the term "The Sacrament" is used of the rite. This is used in Byzantine Rite traditions, whether in the Eastern Orthodox Church or among the Eastern Catholic Churches. These also speak of "the Divine Mysteries", especially in reference to the consecrated elements, which they also call "the Holy Gifts".[note 1] Divine Service This is the title for the liturgy in Lutheran churches and is used by most conservative Lutheran churches to refer to the Eucharistic liturgy. Christ with the Eucharist, Vicente Juan Masip, 16th century. Biblical basis The Last Supper appears in all three Synoptic Gospels: Matthew, Mark, and Luke. It also is found in the First Epistle to the Corinthians,[2][18][19] which suggests how early Christians celebrated what Paul the Apostle called the Lord's Supper. Paul the Apostle and the Lord's Supper In his First Epistle to the Corinthians (c 54-55), Paul the Apostle gives the earliest recorded description of Jesus' Last Supper: "The Lord Jesus on the night when he was betrayed took bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it, and said, 'This is my body which is for you. Do this in remembrance of me. ' In the same way he took the cup also, after supper, saying, 'This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of me'". The synoptic gospels, Mark 14:22-25, Matthew 26:26-29, Luke 22:13-20, depict Jesus as presiding over the Last Supper. There are references to Jesus' body and blood which foreshadow his crucifixion, and he identifies them as a new covenant.[20] The versions in Matthew and Mark are almost identical;[21] but Luke's Gospel presents a textual problem in that a few manuscripts omit the second half of verse 19 and all of v.20 ("given for you … poured out for you") which are found in the vast majority of ancient witnesses to the text.[22] If the shorter text is the original one, then Luke's account is independent of both that of Paul and that of Matthew/Mark. If the majority longer text comes from the author of the third gospel then his version is very similar to that of Paul in 1 Corinthians being somewhat fuller in its description of the early part of the Supper,[23] particularly in making specific mention of a cup being blessed before the bread was broken.[24] In the gospel of John, however, the account of the Last Supper does not mention Jesus taking bread and "the cup" and speaking of them as his body and blood; instead it recounts his humble act of washing the disciples' feet, the prophecy of the betrayal, which set in motion the events that would lead to the cross, and his long discourse in response to some questions posed by his followers, in which he went on to speak of the importance of the unity of the disciples with him and each other.[20][25] In John 6:26-65, the evangelist attributes a long discourse to Jesus which deals with the subject of the living bread and in verses 52-59 contains echoes of Eucharistic language. The interpretation of the whole passage has been extensively debated. Hoskyns notes three main schools of thought: (a) the language is metaphorical and verse 63: "The Spirit gives life; the flesh counts for nothing. The words I have spoken to you—they are full of the Spirit" and life" gives the author's precise meaning; (b) vv 51-58 are a later interpolation which cannot be harmonized with the context; (c) the discourse is homogeneous, sacrificial and sacramental and can be harmonized though not all attempts are satisfactory.[26] Early Christian painting of an Agape feast. The expression The Lord's Supper, derived from St. Paul's usage in 1 Cor. 11:17-34, may have originally referred to the Agape feast (or love feast), the shared communal meal with which the Eucharist was originally associated.[27] The Agape feast is mentioned in Jude 12. But The Lord's Supper is now commonly used in reference to a celebration involving no food other than the sacramental bread and wine. Early Christian sources The Didache (Greek: teaching) is an early Church treatise that includes instructions for Baptism and the Eucharist. Most scholars date it to the early 2nd century,[28] and distinguish in it two separate Eucharistic traditions, the earlier tradition in chapter 10 and the later one preceding it in chapter 9.[29][note 2] The Eucharist is mentioned again in chapter 14.[note 3] Ignatius of Antioch (c. 35 or 50-between 98 and 117), one of the Apostolic Fathers,[note 4] mentions the Eucharist as "the flesh of our Saviour Jesus Christ",[note 5] and Justin Martyr speaks of it as more than a meal: "the food over which the prayer of thanksgiving, the word received from Christ, has been said ... is the flesh and blood of this Jesus who became flesh ... and the deacons carry some to those who are absent."[30] Eucharistic theology Many Christian denominations classify the Eucharist as a sacrament.[31] Some Protestants prefer to call it an ordinance, viewing it not as a specific channel of divine grace but as an expression of faith and of obedience to Christ. Most Christians, even those who deny that there is any real change in the elements used, recognize a special presence of Christ in this rite. But Christians differ about exactly how, where and how long Christ is present in it.[32] Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, and the Church of the East teach that the reality (the "substance") of the elements of bread and wine is wholly changed into the body and blood of Jesus Christ, while the appearances (the "species") remain. Transubstantiation (change of the reality) is the term used by Catholics to denote what is changed, not to explain how the change occurs, since the Catholic Church teaches that "the signs of bread and wine become, in a way surpassing understanding, the Body and Blood of Christ".[33] Lutherans believe that the body and blood of Jesus are present "in, with and under" the forms of bread and wine, a concept known as the sacramental union. The Reformed churches, following the teachings of John Calvin, believe in an immaterial, spiritual (or "pneumatic") presence of Christ by the power of the Holy Spirit and received by faith. Anglicans adhere to a range of views although the teaching on the matter in the Articles of Religion holds that the presence is real only in a heavenly and spiritual sense. Some Christians reject the concept of the real presence, believing that the Eucharist is only a ceremonial remembrance or memorial of the death of Christ. The Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry document of the World Council of Churches,[34] attempting to present the common understanding of the Eucharist on the part of the generality of Christians, describes it as "essentially the sacrament of the gift which God makes to us in Christ through the power of the Holy Spirit", "Thanksgiving to the Father", "Anamnesis or Memorial of Christ", "the sacrament of the unique sacrifice of Christ, who ever lives to make intercession for us", "the sacrament of the body and blood of Christ, the sacrament of his real presence", "Invocation of the Spirit", "Communion of the Faithful", and "Meal of the Kingdom". Ritual and liturgy At a Solemn Tridentine Mass, the host is displayed to the people before communion. The Catholic Church teaches that once consecrated in the Eucharist, the elements cease to be bread and wine and actually become the body and blood of Christ,[35] each of which is accompanied by the other and by Christ's soul and divinity.[36] The empirical appearance and physical properties are not changed, but for Catholics, the reality is. The consecration of the bread (known as the host) and wine represents the separation of Jesus' body from his blood at Calvary. However, since he has risen, the Church teaches that his body and blood can no longer be truly separated. Where one is, the other must be. Therefore, although the priest (or extraordinary minister of Holy Communion) says, "The body of Christ", when administering the host, and, "The blood of Christ", when presenting the chalice, the communicant who receives either one receives Christ, whole and entire. Pope Benedict XVI celebrates a Mass. The Catholic Church sees as the main basis for this belief the words of Jesus himself at his Last Supper: the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew 26:26-28; Mark 14:22-24; Luke 22:19-20) and Saint Paul's 1 Cor. 11:23-25) recount that in that context Jesus said of what to all appearances were bread and wine: "This is my body … this is my blood." The Catholic understanding of these words, from the Patristic authors onward, has emphasized their roots in the covenantal history of the Old Testament. The interpretation of Christ's words against this Old Testament background coheres with and supports belief in the Real Presence.[37] In 1551, the Council of Trent definitively declared: "Because Christ our Redeemer said that it was truly his body that he was offering under the species of bread, it has always been the conviction of the Church of God, and this holy Council now declares again, that by the consecration of the bread and wine there takes place a change of the whole substance of the bread into the substance of the body of Christ our Lord and of the whole substance of the wine into the substance of his blood. This change the holy Catholic Church has fittingly and properly called transubstantiation."[38][39] The Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215 had spoken of "Jesus Christ, whose body and blood are truly contained in the sacrament of the altar under the forms of bread and wine; the bread being changed (transsubstantiatis) by divine power into the body, and the wine into the blood."[note 6] The attempt by some twentieth-century Catholic theologians to present the Eucharistic change as an alteration of significance (transignification rather than transubstantiation) was rejected by Pope Paul VI in his 1965 encyclical letter Mysterium fidei In his 1968 Credo of the People of God, he reiterated that any theological explanation of the doctrine must hold to the twofold claim that, after the consecration, 1) Christ's body and blood are really present; and 2) bread and wine are really absent; and this presence and absence is real and not merely something in the mind of the believer. On entering a church, Latin Church Catholics genuflect to the consecrated host in the tabernacle that holds the consecrated host, in order to acknowledge respectfully the presence of Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament, a presence to which a votive candle or sanctuary lamp kept burning close to such a tabernacle draws attention. Eucharistic elements prepared for the Divine Liturgy. Among Eastern Christians, the Eucharistic service is called the Divine Liturgy (Byzantine Rite) or similar names in other rites. It comprises two main divisions: the first is the Liturgy of the Catechumens which consists of introductory litanies, antiphons and scripture readings, culminating in a reading from one of the Gospels and, often, a homily; the second is the Liturgy of the Faithful in which the Eucharist is offered, consecrated, and received as Holy Communion. Within the latter, the actual Eucharistic prayer is called the anaphora, literally: "offering" or "carrying up" (ἀνα- + φέρω). In the Rite of Constantinople, two different anaphoras are currently used: one is attributed to Saint John Chrysostom, the other to Saint Basil the Great. Among the Oriental Orthodox, a variety of anaphoras are used, but all are similar in structure to those of the Constantinopolitan Rite, in which the Anaphora of Saint John Chrysostom is used most days of the year; Saint Basil's is offered on the Sundays of Great Lent, the eves of Christmas and Theophany, Holy Thursday, Holy Saturday, and upon his feast day (1 January). At the conclusion of the Anaphora the bread and wine are held to be the Body and Blood of Christ. Unlike the Latin Church, the Byzantine Rite uses leavened bread, with the leaven symbolizing the presence of the Holy Spirit.[40] The Armenian Apostolic Church, like the Latin Church, uses unleavened bread. Conventionally this change in the elements is understood to be accomplished at the Epiclesis (Greek: "invocation") by which the Holy Spirit is invoked and the consecration of the bread and wine as the true and genuine Body and Blood of Christ is specifically requested, but since the anaphora as a whole is considered a unitary (albeit lengthy) prayer, no one moment within it can be readily singled out. Holy Qurbana or Qurbana Qadisha, the "Holy Offering" or "Holy Sacrifice", refers to the Eucharist as celebrated according to the East Syrian and West Syrian traditions of Syriac Christianity. The main Anaphora of the East Syrian tradition is the Holy Qurbana of Addai and Mari, while that of the West Syrian tradition is the Liturgy of Saint James. Both are extremely old, going back at least to the third century, and are the oldest extant liturgies continually in use. In most churches of the Anglican Communion, the Eucharist is celebrated every Sunday, having replaced Morning Prayer as the principal service. The rites for the Eucharist are found in the various prayer books of Anglican churches. Wine and unleavened wafers or leavened bread is used. Daily celebrations are the norm in many cathedrals and parish churches typically offer one or more Eucharists during the week. Only a small minority of parishes with a priest do not celebrate the Eucharist at least once each Sunday. The nature of the ceremony, however, varies according to the theological orientation of the priest, parish, diocese or regional church. Serving of elements individually, to be taken in unison, is common among Baptists The bread and "fruit of the vine" indicated in Matthew, Mark and Luke as the elements of the Lord's Supper[41] are interpreted by many Baptists as unleavened bread (although leavened bread is often used) and, in line with the historical stance of some Baptist groups (since the mid-19th century) against partaking of alcoholic beverages, grape juice, which they commonly refer to simply as "the Cup".[42] The unleavened bread also underscores the symbolic belief attributed to Christ's breaking the bread and saying that it was his body. A soda cracker is often used. Most Baptists do not consider the Communion or its elements to be sacramental; rather, it is considered to be an act of remembrance of Christ's atonement, and a time of renewal of personal commitment. However, with the rise of confessionalism, many Baptists have denied memorialism as a 19th-century doctrinal novelty, and have taken up a Reformed view of Communion. Confessional Baptists believe in pneumatic presence, which is expressed in the Second London Baptist Confession, specifically in Chapter 30, Articles 3 and 7: Art. 3. The Lord Jesus hath, in this ordinance, appointed his ministers to pray, and bless the elements of bread and wine, and thereby to set them apart from a common to a holy use, and to take and break the bread; to take the cup, and, they communicating also themselves, to give both to the communicants. Art. 7. Worthy receivers, outwardly partaking of the visible elements in this ordinance, do then also inwardly by faith, really and indeed, yet not carnally and corporally, but spiritually receive, and feed upon Christ crucified, and all the benefits of his death; the body and blood of Christ being then not corporally or carnally, but spiritually present to the faith of believers in that ordinance, as the elements themselves are to their outward senses. This view is prevalent among Southern Baptists, those in the Founders movement (a Calvinistic movement within the some Independent Baptists, Freewill Baptists, and several individuals in other Baptist associations. As in many churches, Communion practices and frequency vary among congregations. A typical practice is to have small cups of juice and plates of broken bread distributed to the seated congregation by a group of deacons, elders, or ushers. In others congregations, communicants may proceed to the altar to receive the elements, then return to their seats. A widely accepted practice is for all to receive and hold the elements until everyone is served, then consume the bread and cup in unison. Usually, music is performed and Scripture is read during the receiving of the elements. Some Baptist churches are closed-Communionists (even requiring full membership in the church before partaking), with others being partially or fully open-Communionists. It is rare to find a Baptist church where The Lord's Supper is observed every Sunday; most observe monthly or quarterly, with some holding Communion only during a designated Communion service or following a worship service. Table set for the Eucharist in an ELCA service Lutherans believe that the body and blood of Christ are "truly and substantially present in, with, and under the forms" of the consecrated bread and wine (the elements), so that communicants eat and drink the body and blood of Christ himself as well as the bread and wine in this sacrament.[43] The Lutheran doctrine of the Real Presence is more accurately and formally known as the "sacramental union". It has been inaccurately called "consubstantiation".[44] This term is specifically rejected by Lutheran churches and theologians since it creates confusion about the actual doctrine and subjects the doctrine to the control of a non-biblical philosophical concept in the same manner as, in their view, does the term "transubstantiation".[45] While an official movement exists in Lutheran congregations celebrate Eucharist weekly, using formal rites very similar to the Catholic and "high" Anglican services, it was historically common for congregations to celebrate monthly or even quarterly.[46][47] Even in congregations where Eucharist is offered weekly, there is not a requirement that every church service be a Eucharistic service, nor that all members of a congregation must receive it weekly.[48] Brethren and Mennonites/Anabaptists Traditional Mennonite and German Baptist Brethren Churches such as the Church of the Brethren churches and congregations have the Agape Meal, footwashing and the serving of the bread and wine two parts to the Communion service in the Lovefeast. In the more modern groups, Communion is only the serving of the Lord’s Supper. In the communion meal, the members of the Mennonite churches renew their covenant with God and with each other.[49] Among Open assemblies, also termed Plymouth Brethren, the Eucharist is more commonly called the Breaking of Bread or the Lord's Supper. It is seen as a symbolic memorial and entirely non-sacramental, and central to the worship of both individual and assembly.[50] In principle the service is open to all baptised Christians, however an individual's eligibility to participate depends on the views of each particular assembly. The service takes the form of non-liturgical, open worship with all male participants allowed to pray audibly and select hymns or readings. The breaking of bread itself typically consists of one leavened loaf which is prayed over and broken by a participant in the meeting,[51] and then shared around. The wine is poured from a single container into one or several vessels, and these are again shared around.[52][53] Exclusive Brethren The Exclusive Brethren follow a similar practice to the Open Brethren. The Eucharist they also call the Breaking of Bread or the Lord's Supper.[50] Reformed/Presbyterian In the Reformed Churches the Eucharist is variously administered. The Calvinist view of the Sacrament sees a real presence of Christ in the supper which differs both from the objective ontological presence of the Catholic view, and from the real absence of Christ and the mental recollection of the memorialism of the Zwinglians[54] and their successors. Many Presbyterian churches historically used communion tokens to provide entrance to the Lord's Supper. The bread and wine become the means by which the believer has real communion with Christ in his death and Christ's body and blood are present to the faith of the believer as really as the bread and wine are present to their senses but this presence is "spiritual", that is the work of the Holy Spirit.[55] There is no standard frequency; John Calvin desired weekly communion, but the city council only approved monthly, and monthly celebration has become the most common practice in Reformed churches today. Many, on the other hand, follow John Knox in celebration of the Lord's supper on a quarterly basis, to give proper time for reflection and inward consideration of one's own state and sin. Recently, Presbyterian and Reformed Churches have been considering whether to restore more frequent communion, including weekly communion in more churches, considering that infrequent communion was derived from a memorialist view of the Lord's Supper, rather than Calvin's view of the sacrament as a means of grace.[56] Some churches use bread without any raising agent (whether leaven or yeast), in view of the use of unleavened bread at Jewish Passover meals, while others use any bread available. The Presbyterian Church (USA), for instance, prescribes "bread common to the culture". Harking back to the regulative principle of worship, the Reformed tradition had long eschewed coming forward to receive communion, preferring to have the elements distributed throughout the congregation by the presbyters (elders) more in the style of a shared meal. Wine and grape juice are both used, depending on the congregation. Openness ranges between open communion (any believer may participate, e.g. the PCUSA) to closed (only members of the denomination may partake). Most Reformed churches would practice a balance between these, i.e., all believers who are united to a church of like faith and practice, and who are not living in sin, would be allowed to join in the Sacrament, sometimes with a requirement of pastoral or elder approval. A United Methodist minister consecrating the elements United Methodists in the United States are encouraged to celebrate the Eucharist every Sunday, though it is typically celebrated on the first Sunday of each month, while a few go as long as celebrating quarterly (a tradition dating back to the days of circuit riders that served multiple churches). In the United Methodist church grape juice is used instead of wine to include those who do not take alcohol for any reason.[57] The current Book of Worship of the United Methodist church says that "the pure unfermented juice of the grape, or an equivalent, shall be used during the service of Holy Communion."[58] The elements may be distributed in various ways. Communicants may receive standing, kneeling, or while seated. Gaining more wide acceptance is the practice of receiving by intinction (receiving a piece of consecrated bread or wafer, dipping it in the blessed wine, and consuming it). The most common alternative to intinction is for the communicants to receive the consecrated juice using small, individual, specially made glass or plastic cups known as communion cups.[59] United Methodists practice open communion, inviting "all who intend a Christian life, together with their children" to receive Communion.[60] Undergoing Baptism is not a prerequisite for receiving Communion, but if unbaptized people "regularly participate in Holy Communion, it is appropriate for pastors to talk with these people" about the possibility of them being baptized.[61] Variations of the Eucharistic Prayer are provided for various occasions, including communion of the sick and brief forms for occasions that call for greater brevity. Though the ritual is standardized, there is great variation amongst United Methodist churches, from typically high-church to low-church, in the enactment and style of celebration. United Methodist clergy are not required to be vested when celebrating the Eucharist, though it is most often the case that they are vested either in a Geneva gown and stole or an alb and stole. Seventh-day Adventists In the Seventh-day Adventist Church the Holy Communion service customarily is celebrated once per quarter. The service includes the ordinance of footwashing and the Lord’s Supper. Unleavened bread and unfermented (non-alcoholic) grape juice is used. Open communion is practised: all who have committed their lives to the Saviour may participate. The communion service must be conducted by an ordained pastor, minister or church elder.[62][63] Nondenominational/Evangelical Christians Many nondenominational Christians including the Churches of Christ receive communion every Sunday. Others, including Evangelical churches such as the Church of God and the Calvary Chapel, typically receive communion on a monthly or more periodic basis. The Churches of Christ, among others, use grape juice and unleavened wafers or unleavened bread and practice open communion. Jehovah's Witnesses commemorate Christ's death as a ransom or propitiatory sacrifice by observing the Lord's Evening Meal, or Memorial, each year on the evening that corresponds to the Passover,[64] Nisan 14, according to the ancient Jewish calendar.[65] They believe that this is the only annual religious observance commanded for Christians in the Bible.[66] Of those who attend the Memorial a small minority worldwide partake of the wine and unleavened bread. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that only 144,000 people will receive heavenly salvation and thus spend eternity with God in heaven, as underpriests and co-rulers under Christ.[67] Paralleling the anointing of kings and priests, they are referred to as the "anointed" class and are the only ones who should partake of the bread and wine. The Memorial, held after sunset, includes a talk on the meaning of the celebration and the circulation among the audience of unadulterated red wine and unleavened bread.[68] Jehovah's Witnesses believe the bread represents Jesus Christ's body which he gave on behalf of mankind, and that the wine represents his blood which redeems from sin. The wine and the bread (sometimes referred to as "emblems") are viewed as symbolic; they do not believe in transubstantiation or consubstantiation.[69][70] Latter-day Saints In [73] The prayer recited for the bread and the water is found in the Book of Mormon[74][75] and Doctrine and Covenants. Other denominations Other Christian denominations who practice communion include the United Church of Christ, Disciples of Christ, and Pentecostal denominations. Open and closed communion In the Western Church, the administration of the Eucharist to children requires that they have sufficient knowledge and careful preparation to receive the "body of Christ" with faith and devotion. Christian denominations differ in their understanding of whether they may receive the Eucharist with those with whom they are not in full communion. The famed apologist St. Justin Martyr (c. 150) wrote: "No one else is permitted to partake of it, except one who believes our teaching to be true...." For the first several hundred years, non-members were forbidden even to be present at the sacramental ritual; visitors and catechumens (those still undergoing instruction) were dismissed halfway through the Liturgy, after the Bible readings and sermon but before the Eucharistic rite. The Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, used in the Byzantine Rite, still has a formula of dismissal of catechumens (not usually followed by any action) at this point. Churches such as the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Churches practice closed communion under normal circumstances. However, the Catholic Church allows administration of the Eucharist, at their spontaneous request, to properly disposed members of the eastern churches (Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Church of the East) not in full communion with it and of other churches that the Holy See judges to be sacramentally in the same position as these churches; and in grave and pressing need, such as danger of death, it allows the Eucharist to be administered also to individuals who do not belong to these churches but who share the Catholic Church's faith in the reality of the Eucharist and have no access to a minister of their own community.[76] Some Protestant communities exclude non-members from Communion. Most Lutheran churches not only exclude non-members but also require communicants to have been given catechetical instruction.[77][78] However, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) practices open communion, provided those who receive are baptized.[79][80] Some use the term "close communion" for restriction to members of the same denomination, and "closed communion" for restriction to members of the local congregation alone. Most Protestant communities, including, Congregational churches, the Church of the Nazarene, the Assemblies of God, Methodists, the Church of Sweden, most Presbyterians, Nondenominational Christianity (including the Churches of Christ), and Anglicans practice open communion in the sense of not limiting it to members of their own Church alone, but some of them require that the communicant be a baptized person or a member of a partner church. Some Progressive Christian congregations offer communion to any individual who wishes to commemorate the life and teachings of Christ, regardless of religious affiliation.[81] In the Episcopal Church (United States), those who do not receive Holy Communion may enter the communion line with their arms crossed over their chest, in order to receive a blessing from the priest, instead of receiving Holy Communion.[82] Most Latter-Day Saint churches practice closed communion; one notable exception is the Community of Christ, the second-largest denomination in this movement.[83] The Catholic Church requires its members to receive the sacrament of Penance or Reconciliation before taking Communion, if they are aware of having committed a grave sin,[84][85] and to prepare by fasting, prayer and other works of piety.[86][87] Traditionally, the Eastern Orthodox church has required its members to have observed all church-appointed fasts (most weeks, this will be at least Wednesday and Friday) for the week prior to partaking of communion, and to fast from all food and water from midnight the night before. In addition, Orthodox Christians are to have made a recent confession to their priest (the frequency varying with one's particular priest),[88] and they must be at peace with all others, meaning that they hold no grudges or anger against anyone.[89] In addition, one is expected to attend Vespers or the All-Night Vigil, if offered, on the night before receiving communion.[89] Furthermore, various pre-communion prayers have been composed, which many (but not all) Orthodox churches require or at least strongly encourage members to say privately before coming to the Eucharist.[90] Protestant confessions Many Protestant congregations generally reserve a period of time for self-examination and private, silent confession just before partaking in the Lord's Supper. Seventh Day Adventists, Mennonites, and some other groups participate in "foot washing" (cf. John 13:3-17) as a preparation for partaking in the Lord's Supper. At that time they are to individually examine themselves, and confess any sins they may have between one and another. The gluten in wheat bread may be dangerous to people with celiac disease. For the Catholic Church, this issue was addressed in the 24 July 2003 letter of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which summarized and clarified earlier declarations. The Catholic Church believes that the matter for the Eucharist must be wheaten bread and fermented wine from grapes: it holds that, if the gluten has been entirely removed, the result is not true wheaten bread,[91] For celiacs, but not generally, it allows low-gluten bread. It also permits Holy Communion to be received under the form of either bread or wine alone, except by a priest who is celebrating Mass without other priests or as principal celebrant.[92] Many Protestant churches offer communicants gluten-free alternatives to wheaten bread, usually in the form of a rice-based cracker or gluten-free bread.[93] The Catholic Church believes that grape juice that has not begun even minimally to ferment cannot be accepted as wine, which it sees as essential for celebration of the Eucharist. For alcoholics, but not generally, it allows the use of mustum (grape juice in which fermentation has begun but has been suspended without altering the nature of the juice), and it holds that, "since Christ is sacramentally present under each of the species, communion under the species of bread alone makes it possible to receive all the fruit of Eucharistic grace. For pastoral reasons this manner of receiving communion has been legitimately established as the most common form in the Latin rite. "[94] As already indicated, the one exception is in the case of a priest celebrating Mass without other priests or as principal celebrant. The water that in the Latin Church is prescribed to be mixed with the wine must be only a relatively small quantity.[95] The practice of the Coptic Church is that the mixture should be two parts wine to one part water.[96] Many Protestant churches allow clergy and communicants to take mustum instead of wine. In addition to, or in replacement of wine, some churches offer grape juice which has been pasteurized to stop the fermentation process the juice naturally undergoes; de-alcoholized wine from which most of the alcohol has been removed (between 0.5% and 2% remains); or water.[97] Exclusive use of unfermented grape juice is common in Baptist churches, the United Methodist Church, Seventh-day Adventists, Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ, some Lutherans, Assemblies of God, Pentecostals, Evangelicals, the Christian Missionary Alliance, and other American independent Protestant churches., Fear of transmission of diseases Risk of infectious disease transmission related to use of a common communion cup is low, to the point of being undetectable. No case of transmission of an infectious disease related to a common communion cup has ever been documented. The most likely diseases to be transmitted would be common viral illnesses such as the common cold, but a study of 681 individuals found that taking communion up to daily from a common cup did not increase the risk of infection beyond that of those who did not attend services at all.[98][99] In influenza epidemics, some churches suspend the giving of communion under the form of wine, for fear of spreading the disease. This is in full accord with Catholic Church belief that communion under the form of bread alone makes it possible to receive all the fruit of Eucharistic grace. However, the same measure has been taken also by churches that normally insist on the importance of receiving communion under both forms. This was done in 2009 by the Church of England.[100] Some fear contagion through the handling involved in distributing the hosts to the communicants, even if they are placed on the hand rather than on the tongue. Accordingly, some churches use mechanical wafer dispensers or "pillow packs" (communion wafers with wine inside them). While these methods of distributing communion are not accepted in Catholic Church parishes, one such church provides a mechanical dispenser to allow those intending to communicate to place in a bowl, without touching them by hand, the hosts for use in the celebration.[101] Comparative summary of ritual Open or closed Catholic Church wine, unleavened bread in the Latin Church, leavened in some Eastern Catholic Churches daily, except on Good Friday and Holy Saturday (the Easter Vigil Mass, even if celebrated on what on the civil calendar is Saturday evening, is liturgically the Sunday of the resurrection of Jesus) but Communion may be given to the dying closed communion: the Catholic Church holds that reception of Communion is reserved for the baptized and, normally, for those in communion with the Holy See. Members of Eastern Orthodox and other churches with Orders recognized by Rome may partake upon their own request;[102] other non-Catholics may only partake under extremely restrictive circumstances with the approval of a bishop.[103] Eastern Orthodox Church wine and leavened bread daily outside of Lent, when the Presanctified Liturgy is celebrated closed communion: the Eastern Orthodox Church does not exclude Protestants and Catholics from attending the Divine Liturgy, but does not give them Communion. Anglican Communion wine with unleavened wafers or leavened bread Most churches in the Anglican Communion celebrate communion weekly, replacing Morning Prayer Most Anglicans, including the United States Episcopal Church, practice open communion, others practice closed communion. Baptists grape juice with soda crackers, unleavened bread, or leavened bread very few Baptist churches celebrate communion weekly; most celebrate monthly or quarterly with some holding designated services. both open and closed communion; some Baptist churches restrict communion to their own members and require part membership or even full membership and thus members from other Baptist churches will be excluded from participating. Even members from other different churches, especially Catholics will also be excluded. The Strict Baptists in the United Kingdom derive their name from this practice. However, some Baptist churches fully practice open communion allowing members from other churches, including other Baptist churches, to receive communion. Lutherans wine or grape juice with leavened or unleavened bread or gluten-free wafers. weekly, every other week, or monthly Most Lutherans, including the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, and other Confessional Lutheran churches, practice closed communion, excluding non-members, especially Catholics (like Baptists), and requiring catechetical instruction before receiving the Eucharist; However, most churches in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America practice their own form of open communion, giving the Eucharist to adults without requiring catechetical instruction, provided they are baptized and believe in the real presence. United Methodist Church grape juice with leavened, unleavened, or gluten-free bread, though leavened bread is the most common weekly, every other week, or monthly open communion although it is referred to as Open Table Presbyterians grape juice or wine with unleavened bread weekly or monthly open and closed communion Calvinists and Reformed Christians wine with leavened bread monthly closed communion Seventh-day Adventists grape juice with unleavened bread quarterly open communion, but Reformed Seventh-day Adventists practice closed communion. Churches of Christ grape juice with wafers weekly open communion Calvary Chapel wine monthly open communion Jehovah's Witnesses wine with unleavened bread annually closed communion; only Witnesses claiming to be among the 144,000 (called to receive eternal salvation and spend eternity with God in heaven) may receive; others who are present pass the emblems but do not partake. Latter Day Saints [104] water with any bread (LDS); wine or grape juice with any bread (CoC and other factions) weekly (LDS); monthly or quarterly (CoC and other factions) The LDS Church and Community of Christ practice open communion (though the LDS indicate it is intended for members only, they do not forbid non-members to partake); most smaller Latter Day Saint factions practice closed communion United Church of Christ wine or grape juice with gluten free wafers monthly open communion Assemblies of God, Christian and Missionary Alliance, and Uniting Church in Australia grape juice with leavened bread monthly open communion Evangelical Free Church grape juice with crackers or wafers monthly open communion Church of the Nazarene wine with leavened bread weekly or monthly open communion Community Churches grape juice with wafers monthly open communion Moravian Church wine with leavened bread several times per year open communion Eucharistic theology, Eucharistic theologies summarised Eucharistic miracle Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist Liturgical worship Eastern Rite Western Rite Canon of the Mass Eucharistic Prayers Second Vatican Council changes Eucharistic practice Closed communion Communion under both kinds Fraction (religion) Intinction Open communion Thanksgiving after Communion Views of different churches Anglican Eucharistic theology Sacrament (Latter Day Saints) Sacramental Union (Lutheran) Transubstantiation (Catholicism) Sacramental theology Origin of the Eucharist (The Last Supper) Marburg Colloquy (1529) Sacramentarians (Protestant Reformation period, approx. 16th Century) The Adoration of the Sacrament by Martin Luther (1523) Confession Concerning Christ's Supper by Martin Luther (1528) Ubiquitarians (1530 and 1540) Receptionism (16th and 17th-century Anglicans) Year of the Eucharist (2004–2005) Catholic theology of the body Theophagy ^ Within Oriental Orthodoxy, the "Oblation" is the term used in the Syrian, Coptic and Armenian churches, while "Consecration" is used in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. "Oblation" and "Consecration" are of course used also by the Eastern Catholic Churches that are of the same liturgical tradition as these churches. Likewise, in the Gaelic language of Ireland and Scotland the word "Aifreann", usually translated into English as "Mass", is derived from Late Latin "Offerendum", meaning "oblation", "offering". ^ 9.1 Concerning the thanksgiving (tēs eucharistias) give thanks thus: 9.2 First, concerning the cup: "We give thanks to you, our Father, For the holy vine of David your servant which you have revealed to us through Jesus your servant. To you be glory for ever". 9.3 And concerning the fragment: "We give thanks to you, our Father, For the life and knowledge, which you have revealed to us through Jesus your servant". But let no one eat or drink of your Eucharist, unless they have been baptized into the name of the Lord; for concerning this also the Lord has said, "Give not that which is holy to the dogs". 10.1 After you have had your fill, give thanks thus: 10.2 We give thanks to you holy Father for your holy Name which you have made to dwell in our hearts and for the knowledge, faith and immortality which you have revealed to us through Jesus your servant. To you be glory for ever. 10.3 You Lord almighty have created everything for the sake of your Name; you have given human beings food and drink to partake with enjoyment so that they might give thanks; but to us you have given the grace of spiritual food and drink and of eternal life through Jesus your servant. 10.4 Above all we give you thanks because you are mighty. To you be glory for ever. 10.5 Remember Lord your Church, to preserve it from all evil and to make it perfect in your love. And, sanctified, gather it from the four winds into your kingdom which you have prepared for it. Because yours is the power and the glory for ever. ... ^ 14.1 But every Lord's day do ye gather yourselves together, and break bread, and give thanksgiving after having confessed your transgressions, that your sacrifice may be pure. 14.2. But let no one that is at variance with his fellow come together with you, until they be reconciled, that your sacrifice may not be profaned. 14.3. For this is that which was spoken by the Lord: In every place and time offer to me a pure sacrifice; for I am a great King, saith the Lord, and my name is wonderful among the nations. ^ The tradition that Ignatius was a direct disciple of the Apostle John is consistent with the content of his letters ( earlychristianwritings.com/info/ignatius.html Introduction to the Roberts-Donaldson translation of his writings at the Wayback Machine (archived December 29, 2007).) ^ " ... (t)he eucharist is the flesh of our Saviour Jesus Christ, which flesh suffered for our sins, and which in His loving-kindness the Father raised up. ... Let that eucharist alone be considered valid which is under the bishop or him to whom he commits it. ... It is not lawful apart from the bishop either to baptize, or to hold a love-feast. But whatsoever he approves, that also is well-pleasing to God, that everything which you do may be secure and valid". Letter to the Smyrnaeans, 6, 8 "Give heed to keep one Eucharist. For there is one flesh of our Lord Jesus Christ, and one cup unto union with His blood. There is one altar, as there is one bishop, together with the presbytery and deacons, my fellow-servants; that whatsoever you do, you may do according unto God. "Letter to the Philadelphians, 4 ^ Canon 1. A misprint in this source gives "transubstantiatio" in place of "transubstantiatis" of the original: "Iesus Christus, cuius corpus et sanguis in sacramento altaris sub speciebus panis et vini veraciter continentur, transsubstantiatis pane in corpus, et vino in sanguinem potestate divina" (Denzinger 8020. ^ Gospel Figures in Art by Stefano Zuffi 2003 ISBN 978-0-89236-727-6 p. 252 ^ a b c Encyclopædia Britannica, s.v. Eucharist ^ Ignazio Silone, Bread and Wine (1937). ^ a b c d Eugene LaVerdiere (1996), The Eucharist in the New Testament and the Early Church, Liturgical Press, pp. 1–2, ^ a b Thomas R. Schreiner, Matthew R. Crawford, The Lord's Supper (B&H Publishing Group 2011 ISBN 978-0-8054-4757-6), p. 156 ^ John H. Armstrong, Understanding Four Views on the Lord's Supper (Zondervan 2009 ISBN 978-0-310-54275-9) ^ Robert Benedetto, James O. Duke, The New Westminister Dictionary of Church History (Westminster John Knox Press 2008 ISBN 978-0-664-22416-5), vol. 2, p. 231 ^ Eucharist in the New Testament by Jerome Kodell 1988 ISBN 0-8146-5663-3 p. 51 ^ a b Introducing Early Christianity by Laurie Guy ISBN 0-8308-3942-9 p. 196 ^ 9:1 (pp. 22-23)Didache ^ a b c Theological Dictionary of the New Testament by Gerhard Kittel, Gerhard Friedrich and Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1985 ISBN 0-8028-2404-8 p. 437 ^ Stanley E. Porter, Dictionary of Biblical Criticism and Interpretation (Taylor & Francis 2007 ISBN 978-0-415-20100-1), p. 207 ^ Eph 13:1; Philad 4; Smyrn 7:1,, 8:1 ^ , 66Apology ^ Richardson, Alan. Introduction to the Theology of the New Testament. London: SCM. p. 364. ^ Bayne, Brian L. (1974). "Plymouth Brethren". In Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church; Nature 329 (6140). Oxford University Press. p. 578. ^ Catholic Church (2006). Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. p. 275. , and Catholic Church (1997). Catechism of the Catholic Church. pp. 1328–1332. ^ Tyndale Bible Dictionary / editors, Philip W. Comfort, Walter A. Elwell, 2001 ISBN 0-8423-7089-7, article: Lord's Supper, The ^ Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church / editors, F. L. Cross & E. A. Livingstone 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3, article Eucharist ^ a b Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. ^ Heron, Alisdair >I.C. Table and Tradition Westminster Press, Philadelphia (1983) p. 3 ^ Metzger, Bruce M. A Textual Commentary on the New Testament UBS (1971) pp.173f ^ Caird, G.B. The Gospel of Luke Pelican (1963) p. 237 ^ Tyndale Bible Dictionary / editors, Philip W. Comfort, Walter A. Elwell, 2001 ISBN 0-8423-7089-7, article: "John, Gospel of" ^ Hoskyns, Sir Edwyn, The Fourth Gospel, Faber and Faber, 1940, p. 304 ^ Lambert, J.C. (1978). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (reprint ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. ^ Bruce Metzger. The canon of the New Testament. 1997 ^ "There are now two quite separate Eucharistic celebrations given in Didache 9-10, with the earlier one now put in second place". Crossan. The historical Jesus. Citing Riggs, John W. 1984 ^ See First Apology, 65-67 ^ For example, Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, "Anglo-Catholic" Anglicans, Old Catholics; and cf. the presentation of the Eucharist as a sacrament in the documentBaptism, Eucharist and Ministryhtml#c10499 of the World Council of Churches ^ "Most Christian traditions also teach that Jesus is present in the Eucharist in some special way, though they disagree about the mode, the locus, and the time of that presence" (Encyclopædia Britannica Online). ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1333 (emphasis added) ^ Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry (Faith and Order Paper no. 111, the "Lima Text") ^ Council of Trent, Decree concerning the Most Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist, chapter IV and canon II ^ Council of Trent, Decree concerning the Most Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist, canon III ^ 16, no. 4 (2008): 102-105.Inside the Vatican"Abrahamic, Mosaic, and Prophetic Foundations of the Eucharist". ^ CCC 1376 ^ Session XIII, chapter IV; cf. canon II) ^ Steven Runciman, The Great Church in Captivity (Cambridge University Press 1968 ISBN 0-521-31310-4), p. 90 ^ Matthew 26:26–29, Mark 14:22–25, Luke 22:19 ^ See, e.g., Graves, J. R. (1928). What is It to Eat and Drink Unworthily. Baptist Sunday School Committee. ^ Augsburg Confession, Article 10 ^ F. L. Cross, ed., The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, second edition, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974), 340 sub loco. ^ J. T. Mueller, Christian Dogmatics: A Handbook of Doctrinal Theology , (St. Louis: CPH, 1934), 519; cf. also Erwin L. Lueker, Christian Cyclopedia , (St. Louis: CPH, 1975), under the entry "consubstantiation". ^ What Lutherans Believe About Holy Communion. Retrieved 2011–04–25. ^ How Lutherans Worship at LutheransOnline.com. Retrieved 2011–04–24. ^ How do we move to weekly Communion? at elca.org Retrieved 2011-09-18 ^ "Ordinances". GAMEO. 24 August 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013. ^ a b Darby, J.N., quoted in Bradshaw, P.F. The new SCM dictionary of liturgy and worship, p.375 ^ Muller, G. (1860) A Narrative of some of the Lords dealings with George Muller, pp.279-281 ^ Bradshaw, P.F. The new SCM dictionary of liturgy and worship, p.375 ^ Brethren Online FAQs ^ McGrath, Alister E. Reformation Thought Oxford: Blackwell (2003) p.189 ^ Hendry, George S. The Westminster Confession for Today SCM (1960) p.232 ^ United Methodist Church, 1992, The United Methodist Book of Worship, Nashville: United Methodist Publishing House. p. 33 ^ Communion Cups, 1000 from Broadman / Holman Church Supply. Christianbook.com. Accessed 5 July 2009. ^ UMC 1992, 29. ^ Felton, Gayle. 1998 By Water and the Spirit. , Nashville: Abingdon Press. P. 44 ^ Seventh-day Adventist Church Manual, 17th edition, 2005, pp. 81-86. Published by the secretariat, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. ^ Seventh-day Adventists Believe: An exposition of the fundamental beliefs of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. 2nd edition, 2005. Copyright Ministeral Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. Chapter 16: The Lord's Supper ^ Reasoning From The Scriptures, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, p. 265. ^ Insight On The Scriptures, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1988, p. 392. ^ "Jehovah is a God of Covenants", The Watchtower, February 1, 1998, page 8, "Jesus instituted the only annual religious observance commanded for Christians—the Memorial of his death." ^ What Does The Bible Really Teach?, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, p. 207, "Who should partake of these Memorial emblems? Logically, only those in the new covenant—that is, those who have the hope of going to heaven—should partake of the bread and the wine. God’s holy spirit convinces such ones that they have been selected to be heavenly kings." ^ The Lord’s Evening Meal—An Observance That Honors God ^ What Does The Bible Really Teach?, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 2005, p. 207. ^ "Discerning What We Are — At Memorial Time", The Watchtower, February 15, 1990, p. 16. ^ See, e.g., Roberts, B. H. (1938). ^ "Doctrine and Covenants 20:75". LDS Church. Retrieved 2009-06-19. ^ "Handbook 2: Administering the Church, Chapter 20.4.3". Retrieved 2011-10-30. ^ https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/moro/4?lang=eng ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 844 ^ "Closed Communion" @ www.lcms.org Retrieved 2010–01–17. ^ WELS Closed Communion FAQs. Retrieved 2010–01–17. ^ Evangelical Lutheran. Retrieved 2013–03–23. ^ ELCA Full Communion Partners ^ In most United Church of Christ local churches, the Communion Table is "open to all Christians who wish to know the presence of Christ and to share in the community of God's people". (Book of Worship). Holy Communion: A Practice of Faith in the United Church of Christ ^ The Episcopal Handbook. Church Publishing, Inc. 1 September 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2012. Pastoral blessings are often available for children or adults who are not communing. Simply cross your arms over your chest if you wish to receive a blessing. ^ Community of Christ: Communion ^ Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 711 ^ Preparing to Receive Holy Communion ^ a b How to Prepare for the Eucharist ^ Preparation for Holy Communion ^ McNamara, Father Edward (2004-09-14). "Gluten-free Hosts". ZENIT International News Agency. Retrieved 2008-04-22. ^ The same 24 July 2003 letter of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. ^ Jax Peter Lowell, The Gluten-Free Bible, p. 279. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1390 ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 924 §1 ^ Sacrament of the Eucharist: Rite of Sanctification of the Chalice ^ Compare John Howard Spahr, I Smell the Cup, Christian Century, 12 March 1974, pp. 257-259. ^ Manangan, Lilia P.; Sehulster, Lynne M.; Chiarello, Linda; Simonds, Dawn N.; Jarvis, William R. (October 1998). "Risk of Infectious Disease Transmission from a Common Communion Cup". American Journal of Infection Control 26 (5): 538–539. ^ Pellerin, J.; Edmond, M. B. (2013). "Infections associated with religious rituals". International Journal of Infectious Diseases 17 (11): e945–e948. ^ Archbishops advise against sharing chalice during swine flu pandemic ^ Reddy, Sumathi (7 January 2011). "Hands Off After Wafer Scare". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-10-12. ^ Communion of Non-Catholics, see paragraph 3. ^ https://www.lds.org/manual/family-guidebook/priesthood-ordinances-and-blessings?lang=eng Bouyer, Louis. Eucharist: Theology and Spirituality of the Eucharistic Prayer, trans. by Charles Underhill Quinn. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1968. N.B.: Despite what the subtitle may suggest, the book discusses the Christian Eucharist in further aspects than alone the "Canon of the Mass". ISBN 0-268-00498-6 Chemnitz, Martin. The Lord's Supper. J. A. O. Preus, trans. St. Louis: Concordia, 1979. ISBN 0-570-03275-X Church, Catholic. "The Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent" Translated by Rev. H.J. Schroeder, O.P., published by Tan Books and Publishers, Inc., P. O. Box 424, Rockford, IL 61105 Dix, Dom Gregory. The Shape of the Liturgy. London: Continuum International, 2005. ISBN 0-8264-7942-1 Cabrera de Armida, Concepcion. I Am: Eucharistic Meditations on the Gospel, Alba House Publishing 2001 ISBN 0-8189-0890-4 Elert, Werner. Eucharist and Church Fellowship in the First Four Centuries. N. E. Nagel, trans. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1966. ISBN 0-570-04270-4 Felton, Gayle. This Holy Mystery. Nashville: Discipleship Resources, 2005. ISBN 0-88177-457-X Father Gabriel. Divine Intimacy. London, UK: Baronius Press Ltd, 2013 reprint ed. ISBN 9781905574438 Grime, J. H. Close Communion and Baptists Hahn, Scott. The Lamb's Supper: Mass as Heaven on Earth. Darton, Longman, Todd. 1999. ISBN 0-232-52500-5 Henke, Frederick Goodrich A Study in the Psychology of Ritualism. University of Chicago Press 1910 Jurgens, William A. The Faith of the Early Fathers. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1970. ISBN 0-8146-0432-3 Kolb, Robert and Timothy J. Wengert, eds. The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2000. (ISBN 0-8006-2740-7) Lefebvre, Gaspar. The Saint Andrew Daily Missal. Reprint. Great Falls, MT: St. Bonaventure Publications, Inc., 1999 Löhr, Hermut, ed., Abendmahl (Themen der Theologie 3), Tübingen: UTB / Mohr Siebeck 2012. ISBN 978-3-8252-3499-7 Macy, Gary. The Banquet's Wisdom: A Short History of the Theologies of the Lord's Supper. (2005, ISBN 1-878009-50-8) Magni, JA The Ethnological Background of the Eucharist. Clark University. American Journal of Religious Psychology and Education, IV (No. 1–2), March, 1910. McBride, Alfred, O. Praem. Celebrating the Mass. Our Sunday Visitor, 1999. Neal, Gregory. Grace Upon Grace 2000. ISBN 0-9679074-0-3 Nevin, John Williamson. The Mystical Presence: A Vindication of the Reformed or Calvinistic Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist. 1846; Wipf & Stock reprint, 2000. ISBN 1-57910-348-0. Oden, Thomas C. Corrective Love: The Power of Communion Discipline. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1995. ISBN 0-570-04803-6 Piolanti, Antonio, ed. Eucharistia: il mistero dell'altare nel pensiero e nella vita della Chiesa. Roma: Desclée, 1957. Rasperger (Raspergero), Christopher (Christophorus, Christoph, Christophoro, Christophe) Two hundred interpretations of the words: This is my Body, Ingolstadt, 1577 Latin text. (Latin title: Ducentae paucorum istorum et quidem clarissimorum Christi verborum: Hoc est Corpus meum; interpretationes,; German title: Zweihundert Auslegungen der Worte das ist mein Leib.) Sasse, Hermann. This Is My Body: Luther's Contention for the Real Presence in the Sacrament of the Altar. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2001. ISBN 1-57910-766-4 Schmemann, Alexander. The Eucharist. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 0-88141-018-7 Scotland, N. A. D. Eucharistic Consecration in the First Four Centuries and Its Implications for Liturgical Reform, in series, Latimer Studies, 31. Oxford, Eng.: Latimer House, 1989. ISBN 0-946307-30-X Stoffer, Dale R. The Lord's Supper: Believers Church Perspectives Stookey, L.H. Eucharist: Christ's Feast with the Church. Nashville: Abingdon, 1993. ISBN 0-687-12017-9 Tissot, Very Rev. J. The Interior Life. 1916, pp. 347–9. Wright, N. T. The Meal Jesus Gave Us Yarnold, G.D. The Bread Which We Break. London: Oxford University Press, 1960. 119 p. The Ordinary of the Mass, Roman Rite according to the current edition of the Roman Missal Sacrament of the Eucharist - Catechism of the Catholic Church A Brief Exposition of the Divine Service Jesus in Christianity History of theology History and Ecumenical councils East–West Schism and movements Eastern Catholic Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) Assyrian Church of the East (Nestorian) Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text Use dmy dates from May 2011 Anglican sacraments Ceremonial food and drink Christian terminology Lutheran Eucharistic theology Lutheran sacraments and rites New Testament Greek words and phrases Christianity, Catholicism, Book of Common Prayer, Calvinism, Bible Eastern Orthodox Church Russian Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, Christianity, Jesus, Byzantine Empire Catholicism, Vatican City, Pope Francis, Pope, Pope Benedict XVI Martin Luther, Book of Concord, Lutheranism, Christianity, Philippists Lutheranism, Martin Luther, Eucharist, Christianity, Book of Concord Eucharist, Jesus, Crucifixion of Jesus, Easter, Bible Ordinance (Christianity) Eucharist, Baptism, Jesus, Baptists, Churches of Christ	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line478
__label__cc	0.594905	0.405095	Home TP.HCM Community Celebrates Black Woman after Successful Transplant phongkinhdoanhlala_h79u1l5q A coffee break in the United States and elsewhere is a short mid-morning rest period granted to employees in business and industry. An afternoon coffee break, or afternoon tea, often occurs as well. The coffee break originated in the late 19th century in Stoughton, Wisconsin, with the wives of Norwegian immigrants. The city celebrates this every year with the Stoughton Coffee Break Festival. In 1951, Time noted that “Since the war, the coffee break has been written into union contracts” The term subsequently became popular through a Pan-American Coffee Bureau ad campaign of 1952 which urged consumers, “Give yourself a Coffee-Break – and Get What Coffee Gives to You” John B. Watson, a behavioral psychologist who worked with Maxwell House later in his career, helped to popularize coffee breaks within the American culture. Coffee breaks usually last from 10 to 20 minutes and frequently occur at the end of the first third of the work shift. In some companies and some civil service, the coffee break may be observed formally at a set hour. In some places, a cart with hot and cold beverages and cakes, breads and pastries arrives at the same time morning and afternoon, an employer may contract with an outside caterer for daily service, or coffee breaks may take place away from the actual work-area in a designated cafeteria or tea room. More generally, the phrase “coffee break” has also come to denote any break from work. Coffee was initially used for spiritual reasons. At least 1,100 years ago, traders brought coffee across the Red Sea. At first, the Arabians made wine from the pulp of the fermented coffee berries. This beverage was known as qishr (kisher in modern usage) and was used during religious ceremonies. Coffee drinking was prohibited by jurists and scholars meeting in Mecca in 1511, but the subject of whether it was intoxicating was hotly debated over the next 30 years until the ban was finally overturned in the mid-16th century. Use in religious rites among the Sufi branch of Islam led to coffee’s being put on trial in Mecca: it was accused of being a heretical substance, and its production and consumption were briefly repressed. Coffee, regarded as a Muslim drink, was prohibited by Ethiopian Orthodox Christians until as late as 1889; it is now considered a national drink of Ethiopia for people of all faiths. Its early association in Europe with rebellious political activities led to Charles II outlawing coffeehouses from January 1676. Frederick the Great banned it in Prussia in 1777 for nationalistic and economic reasons. “concerned about the price of import, he sought to force the public back to consuming beer” Quite a number of members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church also avoid caffeinated drinks. In its teachings, the Church encourages members to avoid tea, coffee, and other stimulants. Abstinence from coffee, tobacco, and alcohol by many Adventists has afforded a near-unique opportunity for studies to be conducted within that population group on the health effects of coffee drinking, free from confounding factors. One study was able to show a weak but statistically significant association between coffee consumption and mortality from ischemic heart disease, other cardiovascular disease, all cardiovascular diseases combined, and all causes of death. For a time, there had been controversy in the Jewish community. Whether the coffee seed was a legume and therefore prohibited for Passover. Upon petition from coffeemaker Maxwell House, the coffee seed was classified in 1923 as a berry rather than a seed by orthodox Jewish rabbi Hersch Kohn, and therefore kosher for Passover. Previous articleBen Affleck and Jennifer Garner Visit the Famous Ranches of California Next articleThe Secret to Your Company’s Financial Health is Very Important Trump Eases Emigration Rules Intended to Help Civilians in the US asdfghjklkjnbvcxxcvbnm,nbv fgjjmnbfvdcsxaz GFDSAertghjk kjmnhgfdsadfghjnbv nbgfvcdsa Dell Will Invest $125 Billion in China’s Tech in the Next 5 Years	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line482
__label__wiki	0.720914	0.720914	posted Feb 16, 2018, 4:00 PM by Clement Clarke America has had 11 school shootings in the last 23 days Due to a deep and bitter divide - fueled, in part, by: the president's inflammatory tweets; the harsh rhetoric from pundits; and the media's penchant to create feeding frenzies - Washington has turned decidedly inward and become disturbingly dysfunctional 2017 was the first time no-one has been appointed to the position of presidential science adviser, so the White House office of science policy is essentially not staffed and the mechanisms to tie public policy to reality are absent The budget agreement provides the military with $1.4 trillion over the next two years, a 13% increase from 2017 and 7% more than what the White House requested: the size of the increase alone is larger than the combined annual military spending of every other country in the world except China Eric London It now emerges that the last four years of Julian Assange’s imprisonment in the Ecuadorean embassy have been entirely unnecessary, as Sweden wanted to drop the case but Britain persuaded Sweden to pretend to continue Binu Mathew We are not the customer any more, we are the product Tucker Carlson on Google-prying We swear by the Southern Cross to stand truly by each other and to defend our rights and liberties The oath taken at the Eureka Stockade, 1853 What is my crime? But today, she had been mortally wounded and had fallen and lay dying. The herd, her children and family are also mortally wounded like her, also fall, one by one. The only ones’ left are the calves. Nurslings, whose tusks have not grown yet. The tiny ones who are still nursing, dependent on their mother’s milk. All their aunts, cousins, older siblings, are dying and have died in one manic morning of blood and death. The calves cry out; literally weep. Crying for their mothers and weeping with terror and grief because for the first time in their short lives, she doesn’t answer. http://yawarbaig.com/2018/02/09/what-is-my-crime/ India Coal Power Is About To Crash: 65% Of Existing Coal Costs More Than New Wind And Solar Renewable energy costs have fallen 50% in two years, and are forecast to continue dropping apace. New wind and solar is now 20% cheaper than existing coal-fired generation’s average wholesale power price, and 65% of India’s coal power generation is being sold at higher rates than new renewable energy bids in competitive power auctions. The tipping point may have been 2016-2017, when renewable energy installations surpassed coal for the first time, adding twice the capacity. https://www.forbes.com/sites/energyinnovation/2018/01/30/india-coal-power-is-about-to-crash-65-of-existing-coal-costs-more-than-new-wind-and-solar/#5549e86b4c0f 'It Knows When I Got Out of the Car!' Tucker's Special Report on How Google's Tracking You. Google uses information like that for "surveillance capitalism" - selling advertisements for stuff based on your activities, locations and characteristics. http://insider.foxnews.com/2018/02/07/google-tracking-you-tucker-carlsons-report-silicon-valley-surveillance-capitalism Mounting Nuclear Portents While Rome Burns It has been said that in the nuclear age war is obsolete, but around the world tribalism and with it the drums of war are on the rise, including talk of “usable” nuclear weapons. The atmosphere is reminiscent of pre-WWII suppression of the press the judiciary and academia, extreme nationalism leads to persecution of minorities and ultimately genocide https://countercurrents.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/MOUNTING-NUCLEAR-PORTENTS-WHILE-ROME-BURNS.pdf Surely we all understand that acceleration is like compound interest – each year the increase feeds on itself, relying less on outside factors and more on what previous increases have already built into the system. This is feedback at work, and usually reaches a "tipping point" beyond which the action continues under its own momentum and there is nothing we can do to affect that. Global sea level rise rate speeding up, 25 years of satellite data confirms Analysis of first 25 years of satellite data shows rate going up by 3mm a year, plus 0.08mm a year, every year.Acceleration largely being driven by melting of Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets and likely to increase in future, say scientists http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2018-02-13/25-years-of-satellite-data-confirms-global-sea-level-rise-rate/9416570 "Amplified Warming" Has Ended the Era of Stable Climate The National Climate Assessment showed that with the current "higher emissions" scenario, the US will experience a stunning 8°F to 10°F by 2100. The Arctic will rise to a shocking 18°F of warming around 2070 and global sea levels increase by eight feet or more, swamping every major coastal city on Earth. Meanwhile, a 2009 study from MIT showed that there is the far worse possibility of more than 7°C warming by 2100. http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/43518-study-amplified-warming-has-ended-the-era-of-stable-climate Projected drought conditions in the 2060s. Conditions of -4 (dark red) or worse represent dust-bowl creation. "Climate models project increased aridity in the 21st century over most of Africa, southern Europe and the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia. Regions like the US have avoided prolonged droughts during the last 50 years due to natural climate variations, but might see persistent droughts in the next 20-50 years." https://history.aip.org/climate/xdrought.htm What other country sees the armament of its rivals as a pretext for attack? Israel will soon launch a military operation in Lebanon. Not a targeted attack on a weapons convoy or factory, but a simultaneous attack on Hezbollah’s missile production and launch sites. The operation will take place at the same time as, or immediately after, a series of assassinations of known Hezbollah operatives. Israel has a long history of fabricating “grounds for war.” https://lobelog.com/another-unnecessary-war/ This can only get worse as Australia dries out with further global heating. The prognosis is not good for our meat, our cereals nor our water supplies. As long as the government is in denial there can be no long-term planning for what is now becoming inevitable. ’Horrendous': Hot spell is turning a normally verdant part of NSW dry "There's not a blade of grass in the paddock," Kean says, forcing him to fork out about $4000 a month in feed to keep his 20 horses - a mix of thoroughbreds and broodmares - in fine fettle. "You talk to all the old fellas, and they can't remember it being this bad," http://www.smh.com.au/environment/weather/horrendous-hot-spell-is-turning-a-normally-verdant-part-of-nsw-dry-20180207-p4yzny.html Watch here to see the scale of plastic contamination: Plastic pollution is reaching record levels in the once pristine Arctic. https://www.ecowatch.com/arctic-plastic-pollution-2532782515.html If you want a reason for stealing from the poor, begin by cutting taxes to the rich….. The is the now blatant hypocrisy of the greedy rich. All the evidence shows the the "trickle-down" does not work. What the rich take they keep. Trump war budget calls for sweeping cuts to Medicare, Medicaid, food stamps The priorities laid down in the massive budget document indicate the outlook and intentions of the financial oligarchy in regard to fiscal and social policy. It wants virtually unlimited increases in military spending combined with dramatic cuts in domestic spending, particularly on the so-called entitlement programs, for which spending is driven by the number of people enrolled and qualified for benefits, http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2018/02/13/budg-f13.html The UK’s Hidden Hand In Julian Assange’s Detention It now emerges that the last four years of Julian Assange’s effective imprisonment in the Ecuadorean embassy have been entirely unnecessary. In fact, they depended on a legal charade. Behind the scenes, Sweden wanted to drop the extradition case against Assange back in 2013. Why was this not made public? Because Britain persuaded Sweden to pretend that they still wished to pursue the case. https://countercurrents.org/2018/02/13/uks-hidden-hand-julian-assanges-detention/ ‘Please Don’t Bring Her Back. Too Much Shooting On Our Street’ Dispatches from Haiti: Health care, visas, hope and desperation. https://thetyee.ca/Opinion/2018/02/13/Too-Much-Shooting-On-Our-Street/ Greenhouse Gamble The Greenhouse Gamble wheels to convey uncertainty in climate change prediction. The roulette-style spinning wheels show the estimated probability of potential change in global average surface temperature over the next 100 years. Each wheel represents a different set of greenhouse gas policies, and each coloured slice shows the likelihood of temperature change in that range by the year 2100. The "With Policy" wheel assumes that policies are enacted to limit cumulative emissions of greenhouse gases over the century to 3.4 trillion metric tons (measured in CO2-equivalent). The median warming level of the "With Policy" wheel is just 2.3 °C, with the most likely result falling in the 2–2.5°C range. The "No Policy" wheel assumes no attempt is made to curb emissions. The median warming level is 5.2 °C, which means there are even odds of a result falling either above or below that level. The tiny blue slice is a one-in-100 chance of constraining change under 3°C. ://globalchange.mit.edu/research/research-tools/risk-analysis/greenhouse-gamble Ants rescue fallen comrades from the battlefield for emergency treatment Upon noticing this chemical signal, other ants rush to assist their comrades, and carry them back to the colony's nest. "We observed that they lick and groom the wound, and that they were able to reduce the mortality it causes, http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2018-02-14/ant-medics-rescue-comrades-for-medical-treatment/9423052 Catholic Inc. - What the Church is really worth The Catholic Church in Victoria is worth more than $9 billion, making it the biggest non-government property owner in the state and much wealthier than it has admitted in evidence to major inquiries into child sexual abuse. Based on these figures, the church is clearly the largest non-government property owner, by value, in the state, and close to the largest in Australia, They raise serious new questions about the church’s decades-long bid to avoid or minimise compensation payments to abuse survivors. https://www.theage.com.au/interactive/2018/catholic-inc-what-the-church-is-really-worth/ http://thegenerator.news/unholywealth/ New pills kills the flu virus in 24 hours The Japanese company built upon its anti-HIV medicine to produce a drug that’s different to other flu medications. The virus works by hijacking human cells and forcing them to produce viral material rather than proteins, which would normally spread the virus across the body. While currently available treatments stop the virus from exiting the infected cell and spreading, Shionogi’s method prevents the viral material from being produced in the first place. https://futurism.com/new-pill-kills-flu-virus/ Fourth Court of Appeal Declares Trump’s ‘Muslim Ban 3.0’ Unconstitutional A panel of 13 judges on the US Court of Appeals in Richmond, Va. declared Trump’s Muslim ban illegal and unconstitutional. The appeals court in International Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump stayed its decision pending resolution of a related case that is already at the Supreme Court. That case, Trump v. Hawaii, will be argued in April. https://countercurrents.org/2018/02/16/fourth-court-appeal-declares-trumps-muslim-ban-3-0-unconstitutional/ Olympic Games Make US Regime Paranoid and Unpredictable Despite all the efforts of a paranoid and unpredictable US regime, the Koreans are making peace not war during the 2018 Winter Olympics. The US is furious and pulling out all the stops to tarnish the Games, and it is trying to put South Korea back on the US colonial leash. South Korea’s democratically elected peace-president Moon Jae-in is showing signs that he is not an America poodle on a short leash. Even during the Olympics, the US feels threatened by peace, unity and cooperation. https://countercurrents.org/2018/02/16/olympic-games-make-us-regime-paranoid-unpredictable/ https://countercurrents.org/2018/02/13/fearing-peace-olympic-diplomacy-action/ Cleaning products a big source of urban air pollution Paints, perfumes, sprays and other synthetic items contribute to high levels of ‘volatile organic compounds’ in air. The compounds are an important contributor to air pollution because when they waft into the atmosphere, they react with other chemicals to produce harmful ozone or fine particulate matter known as PM2.5. Ground level ozone can trigger breathing problems by making the airways constrict, while fine airborne particles drive heart and lung disease. For every kilogram of fuel that is burned by your car, only about one gram ends up in the air. For these household and personal products, some compounds evaporate almost completely. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/feb/15/cleaning-products-urban-pollution-scientists The match is lit: Israel Preps for Syrian War with Golan’s Oil and Water in its Sights Israeli plan’s for a broader war to secure water and oil reserves in the resource-rich Golan Heights are just getting underway. Any escalation that would lead to a state of open conflict between Syria and Israel would surely spread, quickly involving Syrian allies including Iran and Lebanon’s Hezbollah and, potentially, more powerful nations like the United States and Russia. https://www.mintpressnews.com/israel-preps-for-syrian-war-with-golans-oil-and-water-in-its-sights/237566/ A Nearly Invisible Oil Spill Threatens Some of Asia’s Richest Fisheries The area produced five million tons of seafood of up to four dozen species for China alone last year, including crab, squid, yellow croaker, mackerel and a local favorite, hairtail. The toxins could soon make their way into equally abundant Japanese fisheries. The spill began on the evening of Jan. 6, when the Sanchi, a Panamanian-flagged, Iranian-owned tanker, collided with a cargo ship in waters roughly 160 nautical miles east of Shanghai. The Sanchi exploded and burned for more than a week before sinking. All 32 crew members are presumed dead. The lack of visible devastation has almost certainly dampened public reaction that might have galvanized a more vigorous response. China’s fishing industry employs 14 million people. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/world/asia/china-condensate-oil-spill-tanker-cleanup.html Wombats, sharks, possums, frogs: Australia's animals at risk of extinction Australia has lost more than 50 animal and 60 plant species in the past 200 years and records the highest rate of mammalian extinction in the world over that period. Guardian Australia interviewed scientists, researchers, conservationists and policy analysts whose work across threatened species research and protection spans decades. They described the situation confronting Australia’s threatened plants and animals as a “national disgrace” and the systems that are supposed to protect them as “broken”. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/feb/13/a-national-disgrace-australias-extinction-crisis-is-unfolding-in-plain-sight https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2018/feb/13/wombats-sharks-possums-frogs-australias-animals-at-risk-of-extinction	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line486
__label__cc	0.656602	0.343398	A Trail of Ink Title: A Trail of Ink (The Chronicles of Hugh de Singleton, Surgeon #3) Author: Mel Starr Genre: Historical Fiction, Mystery Synopsis: I had never seen Master John Wyclif so afflicted. He was rarely found at such a loss when in disputation with other masters. He told me later, when I had returned them to him, that it was as onerous to plunder a bachelor scholar's books as it would be to steal another man's wife. I had, at the time, no way to assess the accuracy of that opinion, for I had no wife and few books ...' So begins another delightful and intriguing tale from the life of Hugh de Singleton, surgeon in the medieval village of Bampton, near Oxford, and bailiff of Bampton Castle at the behest of Lord Gilbert Talbot. About the Author: Mel Starr was born and grew up in Kalamazoo, Michigan. He graduated from Spring Arbor High School in 1960, and Greenville College (Illinois) in 1964. He received a MA in history from Western Michigan University in 1970. He taught history in Michigan public schools for thirty-nine years, thirty-five of those in Portage, MI, where he retired in 2003 as chairman of the social studies department of Portage Northern High School. Mel married Susan Brock in 1965, and they have two daughters; Amy (Kevin) Kwilinski, of Kennesaw, GA, and Jennifer (Jeremy) Reivitt, of Portage, MI. Mel and Susan have seven grandchildren. Review: False leads, dangerous fights, lost and valuable tomes, with a sprinkling of romance. Another excellent installment in the tale of Hugh's life. Labels: available now, book review, Historical Fiction, Library, Mystery & Thrillers, review	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line487
__label__wiki	0.652572	0.652572	Mark 16, Bruce Metzger, and Misinformation Very many commentators, when considering Mark 16:9-20, have not investigated the subject directly. Instead, they have relied upon the late Dr. Bruce Metzger’s handbooks A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament and The Text of the New Testament. Unfortunately many of Dr. Metzger’s statements about the external evidence pertaining to Mark 16:9-20 are incomplete, inaccurate, or incorrect, and convey false impressions. To cast some light on all this, I have prepared this point-by-point review of Dr. Metzger’s statements, as found in A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament. (A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament by Bruce M. Metzger is © 1971 by the United Bible Societies, Stuttgart. Used here for review purposes.) Metzger: “The last 12 verses of the commonly received text of Mark are absent from the two oldest Greek manuscripts” – This refers to the oldest two manuscripts that contain Mark 16: Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus, from the 300’s. (Papyrus 45 is the oldest catalogued manuscript of Mark (although an older fragment containing text from Mark will probably be catalogued before 2014, God willing), but due to damage, Papyrus 45 contains no text of Mark 16 at all.) In Codex Vaticanus, the end of Mark is formatted differently from the ends of the other New Testament books. Usually, after the copyist who wrote the New Testament portion of Codex Vaticanus reached the end of a book, he began the next book at the top of the very next column. But after Mark 16:8, there’s the closing-title of the Gospel of Mark, and the rest of the column is blank (which is not unusual) and the next column is also blank. It is as if the copyist was using an exemplar in which Mark’s text stopped at 16:8, but he recollected the remaining verses, and attempted to leave space for them in the event that the eventual owner or user of the codex wanted to include them. In Codex Sinaiticus, there are two unusual features that involve the end of the Gospel of Mark. First, the pages in Codex Sinaiticus which contain Mark 14:54-Luke 1:56 are replacement-pages; the text on these four pages was not written by the copyist who produced the surrounding pages. The person who wrote the text on these replacement-pages adjusted his lettering so that Luke 1:1-56 would fit into six columns and so that Mark 14:54-16:8 would occupy ten columns with no blank column in between (instead of nine columns plus a blank column). Second, there is an elaborate decorative design in Codex Sinaiticus after Mark 16:8; if one compares this decorative design to the other decorative designs at the ends of books transcribed by the same copyist, it’s clear that the decorative design after Mark 16:8 is uniquely emphatic. Metzger: “from the Old Latin codex Bobiensis” – This particular Old Latin codex was made in Egypt by a copyist who was not very familiar with the contents of the Gospels. Codex Bobbiensis (the name can be spelled both ways) has a very anomalous text of Mark 16. In the Shorter Ending, the copyist wrote the Latin for “child” (puero) instead of Peter’s name (Petro); instead of writing “from east to west,” he wrote “from east to east,” and he skipped the Latin word for “proclaim” (praedicationis, which was then placed in the lower margin of the page). Contrary to the impression given by the ESV’s footnotes, Codex Bobbiensis says that Jesus appeared to the disciples before He sent out the gospel through them. In Codex Bobbiensis, the names of the women are removed from verse 1, and an interpolation has been added between verse 3 and verse 4, stating that angels descended to the tomb, and that Christ gloriously arose, and they ascended with him. Also, in verse 8, the phrase stating that the women said nothing to anyone has been removed. To sum up: the aberrations in Mark 16 in Codex Bobbiensis are not merely the effects of incompetent copying; some of them are clearly the results of conscious editorial tampering. The text of Mark 16 in Codex Bobbiensis is not a reliable text. Metzger: “the Sinaitic Syriac” – This is the only known Syriac copy of Mark in which chapter 16 ends at verse 8. It shares several unusual readings with Codex Bobbiensis (notably at Matthew 1:25, 4:17, 5:47, 8:12, and Mark 8:31-32), indicating that they both descend from the same transmission-stream. Metzger: “About 100 Armenian manuscripts” – The Armenian copies to which Dr. Metzger refers were listed by E. C. Colwell in a 1937 article; many more Armenian copies have been discovered since then. The history of the transmission of the Gospels-text in Armenian is still a matter of debate. But a few things should be added to Dr. Metzger’s lonely citation. First, the Armenian manuscripts to which he refers are not particularly early; they are all medieval. Second, there are hundreds of other Armenian manuscripts that include Mark 16:9-20. Third, one of the oldest Armenian manuscripts, Matenadaran 2374 (which used to be called Etchmiadzin 229), which was produced in 989, includes Mark 16:9-20. Fourth, long before the production-date of any of the extant manuscripts, the Armenian writer Eznik of Golb used the contents of Mark 16:17-18 in his composition De Deo (also called Against the Sects) around 440. And, fifth, according to Armenian historians, the Armenian Version was initially produced around 410, but was extensively revised in the 430’s after cherished Greek copies were taken to Armenia from Constantinople. Now although the history of the Armenian Gospels-text is not altogether clear, it looks like there are two ancient Armenian transmission-streams that both go all the way back to the 400’s; one contained Mark 16:9-20 and the other did not. Those “about one hundred Armenian manuscripts” are about 100 echoes of one early Armenian transmission-stream. Metzger: “And the two oldest Georgian manuscripts (written A.D. 897 and A.D. 913).” – Those two Old Georgian copies should be understood as having no more weight than two more Armenian copies would, because the Old Georgian Version was translated from Armenian. Many readers are likely to get the impression that the Armenian evidence and the Old Georgian evidence stand side by side as two independent lines of evidence, instead of seeing that the Old Georgian evidence mentioned by Dr. Metzger is an echo of the Armenian evidence. In addition, Dr. Metzger did not mention Old Georgian copies that include Mark 16:9-20 which are only slightly younger than the two oldest Old Georgian copies. Metzger: “Clement of Alexandria and Origen show no knowledge of the existence of these verses.” – Clement of Alexandria hardly ever quotes from the Gospel of Mark, except for chapter 10. His non-use of Mark 16:9-20 has no evidentiary force when one considers that he similarly does not use chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, and 15 of the Gospel of Mark. It is senseless to deduce that Clement’s copies of Mark did not include ten chapters of Mark – but the same kind of groundless deduction is what Dr. Metzger’s statement induces uninformed readers to make about Mark 16:9-20. In addition, Dr. Metzger seems to have overlooked Clement’s comment on Jude verse 24 in Adumbrationes, where, according to Cassiodorus, Clement stated the following: “In the Gospel according to Mark, when the Lord was asked by the chief priest if He was the Christ, the Son of the blessed God, said in reply, ‘I am, and you shall see the Son of man sitting at the right hand of power.’ Now this term ‘powers’ signifies the holy angels. Further, when he says ‘at the right hand of God,’ He means the very same beings, who, because of their angelic holy powers and likeness, are called by the name of God. He says, therefore, that He sits at the right hand, that is, He rests in pre-eminent honor.” Notice that Clement says that “He says, ‘at the right hand of God.’” Who is the “he” to whom Clement refers? It apparently cannot be Jesus, because Jesus never uses that phrase in the Gospel of Mark. But if the “he” is, instead, Mark, then the reference must be to Mark 16:19. The only way to avoid this conclusion, it seems, is to reckon that either Clement mixed up the sources of his citations, or that the text of Cassiodorus has been miscopied. Origen, like Clement, did not use the Gospel of Mark very much; his non-use of Mark 16:9-20 has no more implication about the contents of his copies of Mark than does his non-use of other large passages, including portions consisting of 54, 28, 41, 25, 39, 46, 63, 31, and 33 consecutive verses. If it is granted that Origen’s non-use of such large portions of Mark does not imply their absence from his copies of Mark, then it should be obvious that nothing can be deduced from his non-use of a 12-verse passage. Metzger: “Furthermore Eusebius and Jerome attest that the passage was absent from almost all Greek copies of Mark known to them.” – That is not what Eusebius and Jerome say. Eusebius, in a response to a question about how to harmonize Matthew 28 and Mark 16 on the question of the timing of the resurrection, wrote that there are two ways to solve the perceived discrepancy. Eusebius then framed those two options by saying that a person might say that the passage in Mark that says that Jesus arose early on the first day of the week should be rejected on the grounds that it is not in all the manuscripts, at least, the accurate manuscripts end after the statement that the women fled in silence because they were afraid; almost all the copies end there; the rest is in some copies but not in all of them. That, Eusebius then wrote, is what someone might say to settle a superfluous question. But then Eusebius proceeded to present a second option: someone else, not daring to set aside anything at all that appears in the Gospels, would insist that both statements (i.e., the one in Matthew 28:1 and the one in Mark 16:9) must be accepted, and that they each report one of two aspects of what they describe, and that both are advocated by the faithful and pious. Therefore, since it is granted that this passage is true, it is appropriate to seek to fathom what it means. And (he continued to write) if we accurately discern the sense of the words (in Mark 16:9) we won’t find it contrary to Matthew’s statement that the Savior was raised “Late on the Sabbath.” For we shall read Mark’s statement, “And having risen early on the first day of the week” with a pause: after “And having risen,” we shall add a comma. And we will separate the meaning of what follows, so, in the one case, we can read “Having risen” to correspond to Matthew’s “Late on the Sabbath,” for that is when he was raised, and, regarding the rest, we might join what follows with what is read next: for “early on the first day of the week he appeared to Mary Magdalene.” Eusebius kept going, proceeding to advocate the second option, stating words to the following effect: John, at any rate, makes it clear in his account that the appearance to Mary Magdalene was early on the first day of the week. So, likewise in Mark also he appeared early to her. It is not that he rose early – for he rose much earlier, according to Matthew: late on the Sabbath. Having arisen at that time, he did not appear to Mary at that time, but “early.” What is implied is that two episodes are represented by these phrases: one is the time of the resurrection, late on the Sabbath. The other is the time of the appearance of the Savior, which was early. Mark referred to the later time when he wrote, saying what must be read [aloud] with a pause: “And having risen.” Then, after adding a comma, one must read the rest: “Early on the first day of the week he appeared to Mary Magdalene, from whom he had cast out seven demons.” The brevity of Dr. Metzger’s description of the testimony from Eusebius prevents readers from seeing the context of Eusebius’ statement. The part that says that almost all the manuscripts, at least the accurate ones, do not contain verses 9-20 is framed by Eusebius as something that someone could say to resolve the initial question. Clearly Eusebius was aware of such copies, and he was aware that someone had advocated such a solution, and he thought it was worth mentioning to Marinus. But Eusebius himself, when he wrote this composition to Marinus, did not consider that claim to be decisive, because after framing it as something that someone could say, he proceeded to tell Marinus that the passage should be retained, and that the harmonistic difficulty should be resolved by introducing a comma as one reads Mark 16:9. If Eusebius himself had believed that only a smattering of copies contained Mark 16:9-20, and that the accurate copies did not contain Mark 16:9-20, it is difficult to explain why he would acquiesce to the inclusion of the passage, and describe Mark 16:9 as something written by Mark, and even recommend to Marinus that Mark 16:9 (and thus the rest of the passage, too) should be retained, provided that a pause be introduced when reading verse 9 aloud. In the course of answering Marinus’ next question, Eusebius referred to Mary Magdalene as the individual “of whom it is stated in Mark, according to some copies, that He had cast seven demons out of her.” And, further along, answering Marinus’ third question, Eusebius stated that the individual named Mary who is mentioned in John is “the same one from whom, according to Mark, he had cast out seven demons.” Eusebius seems to have held two opinions about this at two different times, for when he made his Canon-tables – a cross-reference system for the Gospels – he did not include Mark 16:9-20. It looks like he must have rejected the passage at some point, but it is not clear if he rejected Mark 16:9-20 before, or after, he wrote to Marinus. Whatever the case may be, Dr. Metzger’s brief description does not do justice to the testimony from Eusebius. Readers who have only been allowed to peek at a snippet of Eusebius’ letter to Marinus have received an impression of Eusebius’ testimony that is very different from the one that one obtains from a full survey of his testimony. (This situation has recently been remedied by the publication of the book Eusebius of Caesarea: Gospel Problems and Solutions.) The impression that Dr. Metzger gives about the testimony from Jerome is much more misleading. The statement attributed to Jerome appears in a part of his Epistle 120 (To Hedibia) in which Jerome provides his own loose Latin abridgment of Eusbius’ letter to Marinus! Jerome frequently borrowed material from earlier writers, without plainly stating that he was doing so. That is what he did in this case; the third, fourth, and fifth Question-and-Answers in Jerome’s letter to Hedibia are based on the first, second, and third Question-and-Answers in Eusebius’ letter to Marinus. In addition, Jerome, like Eusebius, recommended that Mark 16:9-20 be retained, and that a comma be used in verse 9. We should understand this reference in Jerome’s Epistle 120 as if Jerome had said, “Here’s what someone else has said about this question, and I passed it along as I composed a letter by dictation” not as if Jerome has said, “I have made a careful search of the manuscripts available to me, and here is what I have discovered.” In 383, Jerome included Mark 16:9-20 in the Vulgate (which he states in his Preface that he made using old Greek copies), and in a composition he wrote around 414, Mark 16:14 is cited to show where the interpolation that is now known as the Freer Logion had been seen in Greek codices. Metzger: “The original form of the Eusebian sections (drawn up by Ammonius) makes no provision for numbering sections of the text after 16:8.” – This comment reflects a misunderstanding of the Eusebian Sections. In their earliest extant form, the Eusebian Sections include sections that are not in Matthew. The non-extant cross-reference system that Ammonius developed, as described by Eusebius in Ad Carpianus (which served as a User’s Guide to the Eusebian Sections), was centered upon the Gospel of Matthew, and thus could not include sections to which there is no parallel in Matthew. Ammonius’ non-extant cross-reference system inspired Eusebius to develop his own cross-reference system but the two things should not be confused. Unfortunately that is exactly what Dr. Metzger has done, and many commentators who have repeated his claim have shown that they, too, have never really looked into the subject, and have never even consulted the analysis that John Burgon provided about it in Appendix G of his 1871 book The Last Twelve Verses of Mark. (Burgon’s book can be downloaded for free online.) Metzger: “Not a few manuscripts which contain the passage have scribal notes stating that older Greek copies lack it” – Dr. Metzger’s vague description of “not a few” manuscripts refers to 14 manuscripts (which, considering that there are over 1,700 Greek copies of Mark, is relatively few). The annotations in those 14 manuscripts are not the comments of 14 independent copyists; we are dealing here with essentially three notes. One note is simple and short; it says at Mark 16:8, “In some of the copies this [i.e., verses 9-20] does not occur, but it stops here.” One note says at 16:8, “In some of the copies, the Gospel comes to a close here, and so does Eusebius’ Canon-list. But in many, this also appears.” And another note says the same thing minus the part about the Eusebian Canons. Another note, shared by a small group of manuscripts which also feature notes stating that they were compared to old copies at Jerusalem, says, “From here to the end forms no part of the text in some of the copies. But in the ancient ones, it all appears intact.” Dr. Metzger told his readers that the scribal notes state “that older Greek copies lack it.” But when we examine the notes themselves, one form of the note says, “In the ancient copies it all appears intact.” The note states the exact opposite of what a reader of Dr. Metzger’s note would naturally expect. All of these notes, except for the first one I mentioned (which, for slightly complicated reasons, I consider to be just a brief version of the last one), tend to express support for the legitimacy of the passage. Dr. Metzger’s description misleads his readers about the quantity of manuscripts with these notes, and about what is stated by the notes themselves. Metzger: “in other witnesses the passage is marked with asterisks or obeli, the conventional signs used by copyists to indicate a spurious addition to a document.” – This statement from Dr. Metzger is not true. Earlier researchers described various manuscripts inaccurately, “spot-checking” this particular part instead of surveying the entire manuscript, and symbols which actually represent the beginnings and ends of lections (that is, individual passages selected for public reading in the church-services) were misinterpreted as if they meant that there was some doubt about the passage. (Dr. Metzger’s statements about asterisks and obeli have been distorted by many commentators, including Robert Stein and Craig A. Evans.) In addition to these misleading statements about the external evidence, Dr. Metzger misrepresented some aspects of the internal evidence, too. For instance, he wrote, "θανάσιμον and τοις μετ’ αυτου γενομένοις, as designations of the disciples, occur only here in the New Testament." Part of this statement simply does not make any sense, because θανάσιμον [thanasimon] is not a designation of the disciples; it is the word for “deadly thing” that appears in 16:18. The weight of Dr. Metzger’s description of the vocabulary in Mark 16:9-20 as “non-Markan” is rather diminished by the observation (made by Dr. Bruce Terry) that the 12-verse passage consisting of Mark 15:40-16:4 contains more once-used words than 16:9-20. These are not the only things that deserve clarification in Dr. Metzger’s comments, but this should prove, I think, that the descriptions of the external evidence pertaining to Mark 16:9-20 provided by Dr. Metzger (or by other commentators who have essentially borrowed and rephrased his descriptions) should not be used as the basis of text-critical decisions about Mark 16:9-20. Posted by James Snapp Jr at 10:47 AM Labels: 16:9-20, asterisks, Bruce, Bruce Metzger, Commentary, Ending, Greek, Longer, Mark, Metzger, New, obeli, Shorter, Sinaiticus, Testament, Textual, Textual Commentary, Vaticanus yeoberry said... Much of this is an exercise in obfuscation, that is throwing out a lot of irrelevant data in order to cloud the major, relevant facts, which remain as Metzger described them. Other parts of this are suspiciously unsubstantiated and therefore lead to questions of either plagiarism or fabrication. For example, I don't believe Mr. Snapp read all of Clement of Alexandria's writings and found he didn't cite Mark frequently. He likely used some kind of index; if so, he should cite it. Or perhaps he's relying on some other (unnamed) source, in which case he is plagiarizing. Mr. Snapp frequently makes factual claims with no citation of any source, no substantiation of any kind, as if we were simply supposed to take his word for it over that of Bruce Metzger's. In other places (such as with Eusebius), he describes what author writes rather than quoting them, thus implicitly demanding that we rely on his interpretation of the author rather than Metzgers. That is, Mr. Snapp demands simply that we trust him above Dr. Metzger. This simply is not the way that true scholars write. In my edition of Eusebius, translated by G.A.Williamson, there is a footnote which says, "Aristion is the reputed author of the present ending of Mark's Gospel." I assume the footnote comes from Williamson. Eusebius is writing about Papias and his learning the word of truth from the disciples of the Apostles who were disciples of the Lord, like Aristion was. The ESV Study Bible and Mark 16:9-20 An Excerpt from Jerome's Letter to Hedibia (Epistl... Why the KJV New Testament Is Among the Best Englis...	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line489
__label__wiki	0.588722	0.588722	"From 'Humanitarian Aid' to a Nationwide Blackout: What Next for Trump's Coup in Venezuela?" (Martin). Excellent summary. What sucks for Guido is that the Assholians are clearly setting him up as the fall guy (the extraordinarily rare NYT honest journalism is a huge tip-off that something is up), as they will claim they failed only because he misled them as to the extent of his influence and the extent of dissatisfaction with Maduro. This attack on Guido is ridiculous, as he is just a tool of the CIA and it is the CIA's typical intelligence failure that is the real problem, but anything that gives Trump a face-saving way to get out is good. Also, even the new 'Boys from Brazil' are saner than the Assholians and their minions like Nazi Freeland: "Having been defeated on February 23, the meeting of the Lima Group of countries in Bogotá the following morning was a further setback. Let us remember that the Lima Group (more accurately known as the “Lima Cartel”) is an ad-hoc group of countries created with the explicit aim of overthrowing the Venezuelan government when the US could not get enough votes at the Organisation of American States for its bellicose resolutions. Before the meeting even started, there were public statements by Chile, Brazil and Paraguay explicitly ruling out military intervention. The case of Brazil is noteworthy because there is a major split within Bolsonaro’s cabinet, and between him and the Armed Forces. Under pressure from the generals and his own vice-president, General Hamilton Mourão, the far-right president has been forced to retreat from several of his public statements, specifically, support for the transfer of the Brazilian embassy to Jerusalem and granting the US army access to a military base in Brazil. When the Lima Group decided in January to cut off all contact with the Venezuelan armed forces, the Brazilians kept communication lines open. The Brazilian army went as far as vetoing the presence of US soldiers in the border with Venezuela as part of the so-called “humanitarian aid” operation on 23 February. Contrary to the attitude of the Colombian state, which turned a blind eye and even helped the opposition rioters on the border with Venezuela, the Brazilians contained them and prevented clashes. The reason is not that the Brazilian generals are in any way progressive, nor that they stand by the principle of sovereignty, but rather they understand that any major conflict in Venezuela, including the possibility of a civil war, could have a major impact on Brazil, with which it shares a large and inhospitable border. The last thing the Brazilian generals want is accidentally getting sucked into a major armed conflict in Venezuela, which they know would not be a simple affair." "Journalist taken hostage by Farouk Brigade 2013 – ‘Syrian government didnt use chemical weapons in Ghouta’" (Beeley): "Piccinin : At the end of this period of detention (it was at the end of August 2013), the jihadists who held me spoke only about this: the events of Ghouta. And, at that moment, I was transferred to a large building (it was in Bab al-Hawa, near the Turkish border). This building served as a common headquarters for al-Farouk and the Free Syrian Army. It was in this place that we caught a conversation that allowed us to know that, most likely, the gases were used in Ghouta by an Islamist group, to provoke a reaction from the United States of America (I say “we”, because I was kidnapped with an Italian journalist, who sometimes accompanied me to Syria, and we were detained together). Obama had promised that he would attack Syria if the government used gas. And it was a time when the rebels were losing the war. Everywhere! So… I guess if the rebels did that, it was to try to drag the United States into the conflict, hoping to reverse the military situation. The Syrian government had no interest in using the gas. Strategically, it was useless; and that could only ruin his image on the international level, with the risk of an American attack. My testimony was published by some media and I developed this question in several conferences. But, no … Never the UN institutions have asked me to testify. It must also be said that very few European media have published this testimony… To tell you the truth, when I came back to Europe, I was contacted by dozens of media outlets, who wanted to interview me, and a lot of Belgian and French media of course. But when I gave the first interviews on Belgian radio in the morning, the day of my come back … I obviously talked about this issue of gas in Ghouta … Just after, the phone immediately began to ring: the media that had programmed my intervention in their broadcasts (radio and television) called me to tell me that the interview was no longer possible … For various absurd pretexts … The interviews were cancelled! Indeed, all Western media had accused the government of Bashar al-Assad of using the gas and had claimed that he was guilty. And a reporter who has been on the ground for five months was coming to testify to the contrary … That did not suit them … Even my Italian colleague has preferred to keep quiet … I never asked him directly why, because I would not like to embarrass him … But I’m sure it was his editor-in-chief who told him not to talk about that … Anyway. I should have shut up too. It is certain that my professional career has suffered a lot because of this revelation. But, honestly, I ask myself the question: what is the point of being a war reporter if it is not to tell the truth?" "Christchurch Terrorist Attack: Many Unanswered Questions Remain" and its comments. Surely the 'truther' answer is that none of this occurred, it is just Muslim/gun-grabber propaganda, with the video made by some video game producer. "Intel Drop: Shooting Real, Shooter Fake, Jewish Born Freemason like Brevik (VT hacked 7 minutes after posting)" (Duff) (note the preamble - The Intercept is falling apart faster than Trump!). I have to admit, painting the guns and magazines was a nice touch. Accurate naming of the (((real perps))): "The Christchurch Shooting and the Normalization of Anti-Muslim Terrorism" (Webb): "While the realities of post-9/11 America, as well as the rise in visibility of white ethnonationalism during the Trump Era, have done much to normalize attacks on immigrants, the country that has done the most to normalize anti-Muslim terrorism over this same time frame has been the state of Israel. Israel, from its founding days, has long been steeped in neocolonialist ideology that is remarkably similar to the ideological basis behind other settler states like the United States, Australia and New Zealand. This system of beliefs holds that the native inhabitants of the land — whether the Palestinians, the Sioux or the Maori — are “primitive” and incompetent and that the land would have remained “wild” and undeveloped were it not for the “fortunate” appearance of European settlers. As MintPressnoted in a previous report on the subject, such narratives cast these settlers as both superior and normal while the natives become inferior and abnormal, thus obfuscating the settler’s status as foreigner and conqueror. In Israel’s case, this ideology has promoted the idea that all Arabs are “sons of the desert” while the desert simultaneously represents a barbaric obstacle to “progress” and development. However, the state of Israel, under the lengthy tenure of current Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, has seen these long-standing and somewhat hidden underpinnings of the Zionist state burst out into the open. The result has been the overt expression of ethnonationalism in such a way that Israel has become an inspiration to white nationalists in the United States, like Richard Spencer, and far-right ethno-fascist leaders like Brazil’s Jair Bolsonaro and India’s Narendra Modi. The inspiration has been mutual, according to reports and testimonials published by Jewish newspaper The Forward. For years, through its military occupation of Palestine, Israel’s government and military have sought to paint all Palestinians, including children, as “terrorists” or “terrorist sympathizers.” Take, for example, current Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked, who wrote in 2014, “This is a war between two people. Who is the enemy? The Palestinian people …” A more recent example came from former Defense Minister Avigdor Lieberman, who asserted just last year that “no innocent people” live in the Gaza Strip and that every inhabitant in the enclave is somehow connected to Hamas, even though nearly half of Gaza’s population are children and teenagers. Such rhetoric has become par for the course and numerous examples show that Shaked and Lieberman’s views are increasingly accepted and “normal” in today’s Israel. Yet, the clearest indication of anti-Muslim terror’s normalization in Israel is the recent rise of Otzma Yehudit, or the “Jewish Power” Party. This party, founded by devotees of radical American-born Rabbi Meir Kahane, has now merged — at Netanyahu’s urging — with the Jewish Home Party and stands to become part of Israel’s ruling coalition if Netanyahu manages to win in the country’s upcoming elections. In the office of Itamar Ben Gvir, one of Otzma Yehudit’s leaders, is a framed picture of Baruch Goldstein. In an act that bears a striking similarity to the events in Christchurch, Goldstein — a long-time devotee of Kahane — entered a mosque in the West Bank city of Hebron in 1994 and opened fire, killing 29 and injuring more than 125 worshippers. After the act, Kahane’s Kach party — the predecessor of Otzma Yehudit — was labeled a terrorist organization by the United States and Israel. Despite official condemnation, Goldstein’s atrocious act has been the subject of praise and inspiration for subsequent extremists who, under Netanyahu’s government, have become increasingly normalized. Goldstein’s gravestone reads “He gave his life for the people of Israel, its Torah and land” and continues to be used as a site of pilgrimage and homage by the very extremists that Netanyahu is openly courting for political gain. While the followers of Kahane are making a comeback in Israel, several notable Arab political parties have been banned from participating Israel’s upcoming elections, with some being accused of “supporting terrorism” owing to their opposition to Israel’s decades-long military occupation of Palestine. Yet, by elevating clear terror supporters among the ranks of the Jewish Power Party, it has become increasingly clear that openly supporting and advocating anti-Muslim terrorism is no bar to legitimacy and political power in today’s Israel." This mosque appears to be part of the Saudi Wahhabi terror nexus, repressed info as these are imperial proxy army soldiers: "Christchurch, New Zealand Mosque Recruited Al Qaeda Jihadists Killed in Drone Strikes" (weev). McCain straight-up lied about his role: "Court files reveal role of McCain, associate in spreading anti-Trump dossier" (Shaw). "Christopher Steele admitted using posts by 'random individuals' on CNN website to back up Trump dossier" (Dunleavy). 'Raw intelligence'. Singer, and Killary, should request a refund! "CIA Blames Its Proxy For Its Raid On North Korea's Embassy In Spain" (Moon). Trump doesn't want to pay for boots on the ground, so the wars of the failing Assholian Empire are now wars of niggling botheration, a huge series of annoying - but often harmful to real people - nothingburgers. "The Trump Mysteries: Inconsistent Inconsistencies" (Armstrong). On the sudden apparent volte-face of Trump on every issue, from MAGA to, mostly, MIGA. It is so striking, and so weird, and so dangerous (it could very well lead to Trump losing the next election with he and Javanka in jail), that we have to seriously consider blackmail. "The Blame Game? Who's Responsible for the Boeing 737 Crash in Ethiopia?" (Whitney). The crappified, and seriously corrupt, FAA. "Boeing's Doomed 737 Max's" (Margolis). Canada was spectacularly corrupt on this - another example of the Liberal problem of twisting into pretzels for their big business pals - willing to endanger the lives of Canadians to benefit Boeing right up to the point that the Americans caved. I thought this was indicative of the state of Assholia: "Interestingly, Ethiopia refused to hand over the crashed 737’s black boxes (actually they are red) to the FAA, as is normal with US-built aircraft. Instead, Addis Ababa sent the data boxes for analysis to BEA, France’s well-regarded aviation accident investigator. Clearly, Ethiopia lacks confidence in the veracity and impartiality of the FAA and the White House." "Amazon Bans the Secret Relationship Between Blacks & Jews" (NOI Research Group). The title doesn't prepare you for the series of truth bombs within. We're seeing a sudden understanding that current evil Khazar behavior is rooted in centuries of consistent anti-gentilism. Facebook is no more and no less than an organized crime organization, and Zuck is a gangster passing as a 'tist: "'Delete Facebook' - WhatsApp Co-Founder Slams "Capitalistic Profit Motive" Behind Data Scandals" (Durden). Tweet (Mark Ames): "Wikipedia is the most perfectly corrupt neoliberal encyclopedia imaginable. There are countless examples like this, but it’ll be many more years before the culture manages a u-turn. The idea that “we” are in charge of wikipedia is seared into our minds" The single most Hilarious example of bearding I have ever seen!: "Confirmed: Cory Booker and Rosario Dawson Are Dating" (Aggeler). It's clumsy, too over-the-top and obviously fake, and he really should have sought the advice of his (((masters))) from 'Hollywood', who know how to do this correctly. Gaining wisdom For anyone willing to pay / doing quite well 29 days for free Unconstructive behavior Could care less Fire can't melt Steele Replacement theory Herzlian recrudescence Radioactive poisoning Perfectly happy Boltoned, Jareded, Ivankaed Patting down Loyality, not dual German Dam #InternationalWorthitDay A nurse for the Skripals Pretty OK Seeking the protection of a sovereign #StandWithIlhan A Dark Day For Israel / Everything has become so e... I am very clearly of the view Lethal charter dart 'Jobs' for Canadians Effin' What kind of power here Ambushes	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line492
__label__wiki	0.794641	0.794641	C. J. SPIRITS LLC Distillery Food Rum Vodka 120 Willow Run Drive, Kane, PA 16735, United States info@cjspirits.com http://cjspirits.com/ CJ Spirits is a family owned and operated craft distillery located in Kane, Pa along the famous R... Do You Hear The People Sing? First Presbyterian Church Warren, PA 16365 21feb(feb 21)7:00 pm229:00 pmDo You Hear The People Sing? Warren Players Presents a musical medley of song selections from Les Miserables by Adults and High School Students, Friday February 21 and Sat. Feb 22, 7 PM at the First Warren Players Presents a musical medley of song selections from Les Miserables by Adults and High School Students, Friday February 21 and Sat. Feb 22, 7 PM at the First Presbyterian Church, directed by Kevin Hunt. For more information go to https://www.warrenplayers.com/ 21 (Friday) 7:00 pm - 22 (Saturday) 9:00 pm Warren, PA 16365 Inherit the Wind Struthers Library Theatre 302 W. 3rd Avenue 12mar(mar 12)7:00 pm15(mar 15)2:00 pmInherit the Wind Warren Players Presents "Inherit the Wind" which is a fictionalized account of the 1925 Scopes "Monkey" Trial, which resulted in John T. Scopes' conviction for teaching Charles Darwin's theory of Warren Players Presents “Inherit the Wind” which is a fictionalized account of the 1925 Scopes “Monkey” Trial, which resulted in John T. Scopes’ conviction for teaching Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution to a high school science class, contrary to a Tennessee state law. March 12, 13, 14 @ 7 PM and March 15 @ 2 PM at the Struthers Library Theatre Library Room, 302 W. 3rd Ave., Warren, PA 16365. Tickets: Adults: $14 / Seniors: $12 / Students: $12 Call for tickets at 814-723-7231 or purchase them at the Library Theatre Office. For more information go to https://www.warrenplayers.com/ 12 (Thursday) 7:00 pm - 15 (Sunday) 2:00 pm Struthers Library Theatre 302 W. 3rd Avenue Shania Twin's Tribute to the Queen of Country Pop, Shania Twain Struthers Library Theatre 302 W. 3rd Avenue 04apr8:00 pm10:00 pmShania Twin's Tribute to the Queen of Country Pop, Shania Twain Our first tribute concert of 2020 will be Donna Huber’s, Shania Twin’s “Tribute to Superstar, Shania Twain, Queen of Country Pop," on Saturday, April 4, 2020, 8 pm, at the Our first tribute concert of 2020 will be Donna Huber’s, Shania Twin’s “Tribute to Superstar, Shania Twain, Queen of Country Pop,” on Saturday, April 4, 2020, 8 pm, at the Struthers Library Theatre, Warren, PA. Shania Twin is the ultimate tribute show to one of Canada’s greatest performers, Shania Twain. Backed up by her fabulous 4 to 6-piece band, including: guitar, keyboard, bass, drums, fiddles and vocals, Donna Huber is the best look-a-like and sound-a-like tribute to Shania and has been delivering high-energy performances since 1996! Shania herself mentioned Donna in her Autobiography and has commented that “I thought that was me! Donna is the best one…” Come get a glimpse into why Donna Huber has performed around the world and is still in very high-demand today! She’ll wow you with hits like “From This Moment On,” “Up!,” “Forever And For Always,” “Man! I Feel Like a Woman!,” “Honey, I’m Home” & much more! Shania fans! Don’t miss this high-energy Shania Twain Experience performed by Donna Huber’s Shania Twin! Ticket Section Title The Floyd Project's Tribute to Pink Floyd Struthers Library Theatre 302 W. 3rd Avenue 02may8:00 pm10:00 pmThe Floyd Project's Tribute to Pink Floyd Come experience The Floyd Concept’s “Tribute to Pink Floyd” at the Struthers Library Theatre, Warren, PA., Saturday, May 2, 2020, 8 pm! The Floyd Concept pays tribute to one of Come experience The Floyd Concept’s “Tribute to Pink Floyd” at the Struthers Library Theatre, Warren, PA., Saturday, May 2, 2020, 8 pm! The Floyd Concept pays tribute to one of the most iconic progressive rock bands of all time, Pink Floyd. The show consists of a spectacular stage production that duplicates the sight and sound of a “live” Pink Floyd performance. The musicianship of these six band members will blow you away. Several have won regional awards or been nominated for as prestigious an award as a Grammy. During their two hour show, fans will hear plenty of hits including: “Money,” “Wish You Were Here” and “Another Brick in the Wall,” plus selected album cuts such as “Shine On You Crazy Diamond,” “Pigs” and “On The Turning Away.” Don’t miss this one night performance of this fabulous tribute to the 1996 Inductees of the Rock & Roll Hall-of Fame, Pink Floyd! Yankee Bush Productions Orchestra Seating Chart Balcony Seating Chart Developed by Kafferlin Strategies	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line493
__label__wiki	0.847042	0.847042	48. INLAND EMPIRE (2006) February 16, 2010 Gregory J. Smalley (366weirdmovies) 9 Comments “My response to viewers who are puzzled by the plots is, I don’t think you’re so puzzled as you may think. We all have a certain amount of intuition, and that is something that can be trusted and should be trusted… And so when you see something that’s abstract in a film, and you seem to be getting lost, the thing to do is to start talking to your friends, and they’ll say something and you’ll find yourself disagreeing with that, and realize that you really had formed opinions, and you had a scenario that made sense in your mind, and that’s valid. We know more than we think.”—direct advice from David Lynch on understanding his films FEATURING: Laura Dern PLOT: INLAND EMPIRE shifts around on a dozen tectonic plates of varying levels of surreality, but the unstable base layer involves Laura Dern as actress Nikki Grace cast in a melodrama based on an unproduced Polish screenplay which was abandoned as cursed after its two leads were murdered. As she acts out the adulterous scenario, Grace becomes confused, coming to believe at times that she is the character in the screenplay. After consummating a relationship with her handsome co-star, that reality slips away and Dern is seen playing several different characters, wandering around in a series of loosely interconnected sketches that involve (among other stories) an abused woman confessing her hatred of men to a psychiatrist, the lives of a gaggle of lip-syncing prostitutes, infidelity dramas, and a sobbing woman watching a room full of bunnies in an absurdist television sitcom. The film began as a series of individual short films shot on digital video, as Lynch was exploring the new format. After Laura Dern suggested working on a project with the director, Lynch later noticed recurring themes in the shorts he was shooting, and decided to put them together into a feature film. In his announcement for the movie and in interviews afterward, Lynch has said that he is done shooting on film and will work exclusively with digital video from now on, citing the greater freedom afforded by the format and going so far as to say that the idea of going back to film makes him feel “sick and weak.” Lynch reported that he wrote the film scene by scene, working without a finished script and trusting that connections would appear. The footage of the rabbits is recycled from a series of short films called “Rabbits” that was exclusively screened on davidlynch.com. Lynch has said he decided to title the movie INLAND EMPIRE after hearing Dern say that her husband hailed from that Southern California enclave, simply because he liked the sound of the words. Lynch invested his own money to get the film made. He also distributed the film himself, thus facing no pressure to make cuts to the finished product. David Lynch himself sings on the soundtrack. INDELIBLE IMAGE: The nattily-dressed, stiff and deliberately posed bunny-people from the series of short “Rabbit” films, who were so evocative that Lynch decided to give them a new home in INLAND EMPIRE. WHAT MAKES IT WEIRD: INLAND EMPIRE is David Lynch at his most deliberately Trailer for INLAND EMPIRE unhinged, experimenting with how far he can stray from linear narrative while still producing a work that feels thematically whole, searching for the minimum number of recurring images and themes needed to stitch a piece together so that it tantalizingly approaches coherence without ever actually resolving. COMMENTS: INLAND EMPIRE is a frustrating movie, or, more charitably put, a challenging one. It is Lynch’s most doctrinally surreal movie; at three hours, it’s also his most bloated and self-indulgent picture. Long stretches appear to be composed of unrelated scenes chopped up and inserted randomly, and yet, there is a sort of underlying plot. There are also enough images echoing between the different storylines that our rational synapses start futilely firing, trying to make connections out of little hints that refuse to add up. Parts are intriguing, parts are horrifically fascinating, parts are risible, and different viewers may not agree which parts fall into which categories. At times it seems as if Lynch is playing a joke on those fans who insist on overanalyzing and constructing elaborate symbolic readings of his films by finally giving them something so self-contradictory and illogical that even the most pretentious cineaste throws up his hands in despair. (If so, then that part of the experiment failed, as the briefest glance at the IMDB discussion boards for the film will prove). After the critically successful Mulholland Drive (2001), Lynch had been spending most of his time directing shorts for his website. The announcement of a new feature film from the legendary and eccentric director was a major event in hip Hollywood circles. The announcement that he would be shooting the film entirely on digital video was a further novelty. With so many roles to cast, distinguished actors were lining up to get a piece of INLAND EMPIRE. Many Lynch stalwarts show up in the film: Grace Zabriske (Wild at Heart, “Twin Peaks”) has a crucial and campy role as the gypsy neighbor who delivers the bizarre and dire warning that sets the tone for the film. Justin Theroux (Mulholland Drive) plays the suave leading man from the film-within-the-film. Harry Dean Stanton (who has played five roles for Lynch, ranging from “The Cowboy and the Frenchman” to The Straight Story) steals a few scenes as a director’s assistant who’s hard up for cash. Oscar-winner Jeremy Irons, who appeared in Wild at Heart, takes the film’s third meatiest role as the director of the cursed film script. Diane Ladd (also in Wild at Heart) delivers a brief turn as a gossipy talk show host. Naomi Watts (Mulholland Drive) is also technically in the film, or at least her voice is. Other major actors without Lynch connections agreed to appear in INLAND EMPIRE in roles beneath their stature. Julia Ormond accepts a very small but important role as Theroux’s fictional wife. Oscar nominee William H. Macy reads a single meaningless line in his cameo as a television announcer, and Natassja Kinski and Mary Steenburgen have even tinier parts, essentially playing extras. Despite this impressive lineup of thespians, the only actor who could be said to be featured in INLAND EMPIRE is Laura Dern; the film is virtually a one-woman show. Dern plays at least three distinct roles in the film: actress Nikki Grace, the character Grace is portraying, Susan Blue, and an abused woman who delivers a long, chopped-up monologue. She possibly plays as many as six or seven characters, depending on whether you chose to see the woman who fights with her husband when she announces she’s pregnant, the woman at the outdoor barbecue, or the woman who hangs out with the prostitutes as having a separate identity or not. (Yes, it’s that kind of movie, where it’s impossible to count characters properly since some of them may actually be versions of existing personas seen at other times, or in alternate realities). Dern’s face precisely reflects the experience of being trapped inside a David Lynch script; she goes through most of the movie wearing an expression of confusion and horror mixed together in varying ratios. She shows great range, but more importantly she provides the film with an indispensable center. In the hands of a lesser actress the movie could easily have fallen apart into complete fractured twaddle; Dern manages to hold it together. Lynch pushed her for a “Best Actress” nomination, and were the Academy in the business of recognizing important artistic performances, she would have been nominated. No actress could have possibly meant as much to her film as Dern did to INLAND EMPIRE. For a movie that is so baffling on its surface, and one that is composed partially out of recycled footage and scenes shot over a period of four years, there is a surprising amount of craft in the construction of the film. The loose structure consists of two prologues, about an hours worth of only mildly odd development of the base plot involving Nikki Grace accepting a role in the film “On High in Blue Tomorrows,” followed by the nightmarish sequence of hallucinations that constitute the bulk of the movie, and ending with two epilogues. The central parts of the movie are explained as well in the above synopsis as they will ever be, but I would like to highlight the existence of the two prologues and two epilogues, as they serve curious purposes. Since INLAND EMPIRE is a non-linear movie, I’ll discuss the two epilogues first. The first epilogue is notable because it ends the film on an unexpectedly happy note. Despite the consistently hellish tone, Lynch ends on a weirdly hopeful note as a minor character appears to reunite with a family we don’t know and had no clue she was estranged from. The second epilogue continues the uplift over the credits, bringing back long-suffering Laura Dern, now happy and blowing kisses, as dancers perform a routine and lip-sync to Nina Simone’s magnificent “Sinnerman.” This closing credit sequence is surprising and almost shockingly cheerful. It’s like a wrap party—although, since it’s a David Lynch film, the party includes a one-legged woman, a monkey, and a lumberjack. The first prologue is a surreal montage of elements that will recur later in the movie: the black and white closeup of the phonograph needle, the tear-stained face of the “Lost Girl” as she watches the TV showing the Lynchian sitcom “Rabbits.” The purpose of this lengthy introduction is to remind viewers they are watching a truly weird film, so they can’t argue later on that they were cheated when reality breaks down. The second prologue is one of the more memorable sequences in the film: Grace Zabriske, playing a neighbor with ruddy apple cheeks and a voice like a female Bela Lugosi, wanders over to greet her new neighbor, the actress Nikki Grace. In the course of the conversation, she tells Old World folktales about Evil and Lost Girls, reveals herself as a mystical and not necessarily friendly being who knows something of Nikki’s future, and in the end catapults Nikki one day into the future in one of the strangest flash forwards you will ever see on film. That second prologue reveals one of the things that Lynch does so well, that separates him from less subtle surrealists who like to jar the audience with whiplash transitions. Lynch builds individual scenes by starting with a completely ordinary event—a neighbor coming over to introduce herself—and allow circumstances to slowly grow weirder, evolving the audience’s anxiety through the growing uncanniness of the situation. Zabriske’s speech to Dern grows slowly and subtly stranger by steps as their meeting progresses, and Dern’s expression moves from slightly quizzical to slightly fearful, until Zabriske explodes with menace and sends Dern hurtling into the next scene and the next day. It’s a slow-burn transition from the everyday to the blisteringly weird that Lynch uses again and again in the dialogues and monologues here—never so effectively as when a homeless person begins by insisting that the bus to Pomona stops at the corner and ends on a revelation so strange and sickening that her companion upbraids her for it. Some individual scenes move with a sort of extended, if impossible, logic. It’s not that Lynch doesn’t abruptly jerk us from one layer of reality to another—we frequently observe a man clutching a lightbulb between his teeth, then suddenly find ourselves watching an out-of-context dramatic snippet enacted by Poles. At other times, though, Lynch effects smoothly surrealistic transitions. Sometimes the change is morphological: characters end a dramatic scene in a particular positions, and the next scene fades in with the bunny-people standing in exactly the same posture. Other times, there is an impossible but logical flow between scenes. One long sequence begins with a nasty flashback to a scene of marital strife; moves to a scene of what may be the same or a different character confessing to her psychiatrist; she leaves when the doctor gets a phone call and emerges onto Hollywood Boulevard as yet another character; she is stabbed, staggers over to where a trio of homeless people lie and falls down dying; when she expires, the shot pulls back to reveal the director filming the scene; Dern stands up and wanders into the next set piece… There is an illogical but recognizable cause and effect sequence during this stretch, but Lynch doesn’t always adhere to his own rules. It’s not that the director is thoroughly irrational and unpredictable throughout the film; it’s that he alternates herky-jerky changes with smooth ones, completely absurd scenes with completely naturalistic (although incongruous) ones. The effect is a sort of semi-logic that keeps appearing and disappearing, and keeps us more off balance than if he had simply moved randomly from one story to the next. That’s part of the power of INLAND EMPIRE: Lynch tantalizingly constructs a “sort-of” story rather than a non-story, and the way in which he teases our narrative expectations shows a mastery that lesser surrealists can’t muster. Besides the way he handles transitions, Lynch uses one other trick to give INLAND EMPIRE a false coherence. He sprinkles the script with little objects and concepts that recur in separate stories. A partial list: the number 47, wondering what time it is, confusion between today and tomorrow, a ringing phone, affairs, murders, a screwdriver-inflicted wound, whores, scenes of a wife revealing she’s pregnant that are repeated with slight variations between different sets of characters, the line of dialogue “Look at me and tell me if you’ve known me before.” (Devoted students of the movie could probably come up with a dozen more examples or repeated motifs). You could build your own a backstory out these elements—an unrevealed tragedy of your imagination—but Lynch is interested in constructing not a puzzle, but the appearance of a puzzle. These echos provide a semblance of continuity between the different stories, but the dots he provides are deliberately unconnectable. To the extent this technique resonates with a viewer, it gives the movie a mysterious universality and timelessness. Despite the care that went into constructing the scenario, critics of the movie do have a point. There is a lot of recycling here, not just of footage from earlier Lynch projects, but of themes and repeated ideas. The scene where the hookers break out into a tension-breaking rendition of “Locomotion” is a Lynchian cliché I could have done without. At three hours, the film is bloated: there is simply too much material for it all to be top-notch Lynch. A lot of surrealistic fat could have been cut; there is the nagging feeling that there might have been a two hour masterpiece hiding inside this three hour odyssey. In interviews given after INLAND EMPIRE‘s premiere, Lynch cites one of the cardinal rules of filmmaking: “you never turn down a good idea, but you never take a bad idea.” Ironically, he broke his own rule, and thereby missed out on the opportunity to create a truly special film, instead producing the insistently noteworthy movie that is INLAND EMPIRE. Lynch edited and distributed the film himself so that he could have complete control, but the movie was desperately in need of a no-man; someone to stand up to the auteur and explain that this part isn’t working, the film is meandering right now and in danger of losing it’s momentum, let’s tighten this up by including only your best ideas. INLAND EMPIRE is a movie that could only come from David Lynch. It’s not just that it could only come from the mind of David Lynch, though it is so shot through with his peculiar obsessions and fetishes that that statement is, of course, true. But no other director could attract such top-flight talent to work on a plotless, scriptless, prospectless project. INLAND EMPIRE is bloated, narcissistic and self-indulgent, but in this context, those are not necessarily bad things. A bombastic Lynch is far preferable to a timid Lynch. INLAND EMPIRE is far from David Lynch’s best picture, but it is his most Lynchian. “…this film-within-a-film casts an enveloping shadow over Nikki, leading her real and reel lives to blur. The reeler it gets, the weirder it gets… Like the surrealist practice of automatic writing, the film feels as if it could have been made in a trance, dredged up from within.”–Manohla Dargis, The New York Times (contemporaneous) “The resulting grab bag of Lynchian motifs and methods—grotesque character actors, saccharine pop music, grind-house camp, horror clichés, gratuitous gore, chipmunk voices, jejune sex play, theatrical tableaux, and mystical hokum—quickly devolves into self-parody.”–Richard Brody, The New Yorker (contemporaneous) “The great eroto-surrealist David Lynch has gone truffling for another imaginary orifice of pleasure, with results that are fascinating, sometimes very unwholesome, and always enjoyable.”–Peter Bradshaw, The Guardian (contemporaneous) OFFICIAL SITE: INLAND EMPIRE:: Bim Distribuzione – this offering from Inland Empire‘s Italian distributor seems to be the last official website left standing IMDB LINK: Inland Empire (2006) OTHER LINKS OF INTEREST: David Lynch (interview) – Post Inland Empire interview and Q&A with Lynch hosted by British film critic Mark Kermode; features both a transcript and video clips Lynch invades an ‘Empire’ – one of the first media reports announcing Inland Empire‘s production; it raises a lot of questions as to what the film would be about, few of which were answered by the finished product David Lynch’s Latest Endeavor Breaks New Ground – recording of the radio piece on the film from National Public Radio, incorporating interviews with Lynch and Dern Inland Empire Page at The Auteurs – contains a five-minute film clip, and discussions about the movie What is David Lynch’s Inland Empire About? – readers of The Guardian‘s film blog attempt to answer the title question YouTube: Nate and Matt meet David Lynch (and a cow) – two Los Angelinos chronicle their meeting with David Lynch on film as he campaigns for an Academy Award nomination for Laura Dern Inland Empire Cinema – this blog styles itself the “official” website of the movie, but it appears to be a poorly updated fansite; perhaps it was once an official site whose domain name expired and was seized by a squatter. DVD INFO: The Absurda/Rhino two-disc release (buy ) features the three hour movie on disc 1, plus a second disc full of extra features which expand the world of INLAND EMPIRE for those who felt there were too few rooms in Lynch’s rambling mansion. The key supplemental offering is “More Things That Happened,” a collection of about 70 minutes worth of deleted scenes (even though it’s a movie in itself, this featurette arguably should have been a lot longer). Other bonuses are the short film “Ballerina”; “Lynch 2,” a behind-the-scenes reel; a 40-minute interview with Lynch; stills and trailers; and Lynch’s recipe for quinoa. This movie was nominated for review by reader “Ayla.” Suggest a weird movie of your own here. 2006AmbiguousDavid LynchDreamlikeExperimentalHarry Dean StantonIdentityInfideltyLaura DernSelf-IndulgentSurrealismWeirdest! Previous PostBORDERLINE WEIRD: THE SHORT FILMS OF DAVID LYNCH (2002)Next PostBORDERLINE WEIRD: VISITOR Q [Bijitâ Q] (2001) 9 thoughts on “48. INLAND EMPIRE (2006)” NGboo says: I just hope he’ll go even farther with his next feature and that’s why I cannot agree with the latest statement (about “far from the best” one). So far, I consider Inland Empire as one of Lynch’s best movies. It is all about why I prefer watching him than many other directors, even though I can’t precisely describe what that “something” is… Maybe, I just love being confused. But, even though I do not agree to the last sentence, this review is a great read. Thank you. 🙂 i’ve just watched Inland Empire. it is the best movie I ever seen, standing next to Holy Mountain by Alejandro Jodorowsky in my eyes. David Lynch has just told what’s impossible to tell in words. It’s useless to try to explain the plot yet it’s said right we all know what it’s about. About true ourselves and about subconscious inland empire we have inside. It was pure thrill and awe from beginning till end. Lynch’s creative freedom simply overwhelms. Caleb Moss says: Just to simply say, I’m surprised that you didn’t talk about the part where Laura Dern slowly runs to the camera while eerie music plays, to then revel her showing a maniacal face as she paces towards the camera. Or at the later part of the film, where she encounters that guy, and his face becomes a distorted reflection of her own smile, to turn into a grotesque, haunting expression of wildly abstract proportions. To be honest, that was some of the most terrifying things I have ever seen in a film.Just because of the deeply disturbing delivery they’re given. Jesse M says: To Caleb: YES about Laura running at the camera. I’ve searched for that clip on YouTube, just to see if it still affects me as strongly as it did (I remember cursing at my TV screen), and I still have trouble watching it. More generally: Lynch has said before that his films weren’t just empty abstractions… that they could be figured out — the puzzle could be SOLVED, if you just found the right key. So far, the most convincing key to Inland Empire I’ve seen (at The Auteurs/MUBI) is that it’s about a pregnancy (hence the subtitle “Woman in Trouble”), and that it’s really the psychological journey of the girl watching TV. Oop, the “key” I was talking about is the one that springs from David’s basic reading, here, on the first page (I hope the link works): http://mubi.com/topics/your-interpretation-of-this-film markfilipak says: This is the most accurate, thoughtful, informative, and entertaining film review I have ever read. I hate you. fhjg says: Nice collection of info, this is truly one of the best movies from one of the best directors. Even if this movie is baffling it still manages to end up as a heartwarming (comedy? tragedy?) about the transformative power of cinema to give transient aid to the objectified lives of distressed women mistreated by men, it’s like a more surreal horror version of Woody Allen’s Purple Rose of Cairo or whichever movie that was. Sharing a review I wrote back in the day: There’s no question in my mind that this is Lynch’s most accomplished (and personal) work to date. Personal in the sense that what we see on-screen is truly the work of someone with no restraint other than of his own accord: someone free to see an artistic vision through to its conclusion without outside influence or manipulation. I don’t have a problem with the two most frequent criticisms (the ugliness of the digital video format and the film’s incomprehensibility) and I think my latest viewing helped me understand exactly why. I don’t find the nature of cheap digital video inherently ugly, especially when viewed in light of how much freedom it afforded Lynch and what he was able to accomplish with it. It certainly doesn’t detract from his strengths in art design and soundscaping. I find many of the shots beautiful in a different manner than the richness of film, and for different reasons. It has to do with the absence of the obstructions and limitations that I think Lynch associates with film. I realize I’m in the minority when I state that I find the loss of the beautiful images associated with his pre-DV work is more than compensated for by some equally beautiful imagery that may have been possible only with this experimentation in a different format. I’ve given a fair amount of thought as to exactly what Inland Empire is “about.” That seems to be the qualifier on which people instinctively attempt to label and judge this (and all) film. Inland Empire seems to be a film about everything and nothing. Dreams. Nightmares. Loss. Despair. Confusion. Alternate realities. Shifting paradigms. Metaphysical portals. The unforgiving, ugly side of Hollywood: emptiness, deception, broken dreams, moral and cultural decay. But ultimately, I think, Inland Empire is a film about empathy and nothing more. A woman in trouble, indeed. For many, analyzing Inland Empire is frustrating because of some inner desire to connect it to the artist’s previous work. For a large part of Lynch’s career, his films have been subject to intense scrutiny born from the template of each preceding film. The general perception is of it being a mystery that needs to be solved; some people are turned off when all they see is a riddle with no solution. I don’t think that is the film’s intent nor its raison d’être. Here’s how I see it: plotwise, there is a cursed Polish film, called 4/7, in which both lead actors were apparently murdered by jealous spouses. Some part of this curse seemingly keeps the “murdered” lead actress in a state of limbo, inhabiting the confines of a purgatory for all eternity, until, some time later, when a remake of the film is attempted. This remake, called On High in Blue Tomorrows, thrusts lead actress Laura Dern into the role of some sort of redemptive doppelganger/saviour, putting her through hell and back before she is able to remove the curse by killing the embodiment of evil (“The Phantom”, who is a euphemism for jealous/ controlling men, men who sin, aka “Sinnerman”) and providing salvation and freedom to the original actress and herself (woman/women in trouble). In a Christ-like parallel, “she (Dern) “dies” for her (Polish actress) sins”. To try to explain it any further or look for “hidden meanings”, while possibly fun, could easily prove to be an exercise in futility and simply invoke a law of diminishing returns. Simply put, I think I actually enjoy the familiarity I’ve developed with IE more than any other of his work, not because of thematic differences (there are none) or differences of a technical nature (which is what I think most people have issues with). I feel like Lynch has done something that, previously, he just couldn’t have accomplished: a true cinematic equivalent of the dream-state. A psychic fugue for the ages. Gregory J. Smalley (366weirdmovies) says: Very well-stated. Russ. I think I agree with everything you said. Leave a Reply to Russ Cancel reply	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line499
__label__wiki	0.965501	0.965501	Firefighter who rescued man at fire: 'Hope you enjoyed the ride' WABC A firefighter lowered from the roof of a burning Upper East Side apartment building rescued a man during a six alarm fire that killed one perso By Eyewitness News NEW YORK -- A firefighter lowered from the roof of a burning Upper East Side apartment building rescued a man during a six-alarm fire that killed one person. The dramatic rescue came during the fire that destroyed an entire apartment building on East 93rd Street. Firefighters spotted the 81-year-old man hanging out his fifth window and yelling for help just before 3:30 a.m. Thursday. They tied a rope around firefighter Jim Lee of the New York City Fire Department's Rescue 1, who was battling the blaze from the roof, and lowered him down to rescue the man. "You couldn't see anything over the edge, there was so much smoke and flames going out the window," Lee later said. Although blinded by the heavy smoke and flames, he was able to grab the man and they were both then lowered to the ground to safety. "I told him to stay calm and when we got down, I said, 'hope you enjoyed the ride.' He sort of smiled and he was thankful," Lee said. He had two choices…to jump or to burn, neither of which would have been survivable. This was quite an extraordinary rescue -#Comm Nigro — FDNY (@FDNY) October 27, 2016 The man suffered serious burns and was rushed to New York Presbyterian Hospital/Cornell where he is stable. "The chief told me he was in critical condition, but he was able to talk to me," Lee said of the rescued man. After they got to the ground, the rope broke. It had been burned through by the flames shooting out the windows. "This is the type of rescue that is really extraordinary," FDNY Chief of Department James Leonard said. "He really put his life at risk. It doesn't happen that often in this department, maybe once every couple years, that we have a member who puts his life in this position and save a life because of their teamwork, their training and their bravery." new yorkbuilding fireu.s. & worldnew york news Copyright © 2020 WABC-TV. All Rights Reserved.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line504
__label__cc	0.53918	0.46082	Agricultural Sciences Education and Communication Purdue Agriculture Selfies with Poland’s President and other stories from this ASEC student’s trip abroad During a trip to Poland in June, Courtney Dawn Kelley, incoming Agricultural Sciences Education and Communication (ASEC) senior, put her coursework into practice. Kelley traveled to Poland as part of the 2019 General Electric Poland Immersion Trip, an initiative designed to enhance multilateral cooperation in areas of trade and technology between Europe and the United States. Twenty college students participated in the program, four from Purdue, but Kelley was the only participant with an educational background in agriculture. “I did feel like the odd one out in the group,” Kelley said. “I spent a lot of time figuring out what I could gain and also what I could contribute.” Kelley added that she became an unofficial guide to students on the trip, educating them about issues in agriculture. The group traveled to several cities, winding their way through the countryside, where Kelley found herself answering questions about harvesting practices, soil health, irrigation and other topics. “I made it my mission to figure out how something was connected to agriculture, whether it was walking through a park and thinking about pest management or driving past farms and thinking about crop management. I also asked a lot of questions about agriculture,” Kelley said. The trip sparked new intellectual interests for Kelley. “I never thought I’d be so interested in political and economic issues,” she said. “But I really began to see how these issues impact agriculture and the other way around.” In addition to exploring cities like Warsaw and Krakow, the group met with a number of dignitaries, including Andrzej Duda, President of Poland. They also spent time at the American Embassy, spoke with the presidential cabinet and a number of industry representatives. For Kelley, the culminating moment of the trip, however, was when she spoke about the trip in front of the entire Polish population. Kelley spoke about the trip at a press conference, stressing the importance of Polish-American relations and a commitment to this relationship. After the conference a reporter told Kelley the conference was broadcasted on national television, reaching roughly 40 million people. Kelley takes a selfie with Andrzej Duda, President of Poland. “I had no idea,” she laughed. “I’m so glad I didn’t know beforehand.” Applying for the program was a last minute decision, Kelley said, but the experience may have a lasting impact on her future. “I discovered I’m interested in teaching the world about agriculture and I think that might be through the avenue of governmental affairs,” she said. “My reality now is that I want to make a difference in agriculture and I think the key to that might be through policy work and encouraging the international exchange of ideas.” Category: Agricultural Sciences Education and Communication, Purdue Agriculture Tag: ASEC, study abroad Purdue Extension co-chairing the 2019 North American Manure Expo Behind the Research: Patricia Jaynes	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line509
__label__cc	0.724225	0.275775	Franklin Park plans $1.7 million worth of infrastructure: traffic signal, water pumping station, parking lot Village Infrastructure Project Moves Forward How Utah may have found a model for bipartisan action on climate change Navy Yard program seeks to find tech talent and build sustainable cities 3 new bridges completed, ready to use in Georgetown, Horry Counties American Infrastructure Informing Municipal Management Professionals Municipal News City Officials’ Message Governor’s Message Municipal Mart In This Issue Infrastructure New This Week To Rebuild the Nation’s Infrastructure We Have to Let Capitalism Work With some projects standing stagnant for over 30 years, it is time to change the way we approach infrastructure project funding By Alexander G. Markovsky The implementation of Donald Trump’s $1.5-trillion plan to rebuild the United States infrastructure is a daunting task. Its Achilles’ heel is a reliance on a combination of government and private sector funding. The Federal Government is already $20 trillion in debt, and state and local governments have exhausted their borrowing power. The so-called Public Private Partnership (P3), which is a program of private investment into government ownership, is incommensurable to the President’s initiative. So, if it isn’t the government or PPP, then where is the money going to come from? The answer lies in ever-evolving capitalism. Significant economic developments over the past 20 years indicate that we are witnessing the dawn of a new era of capitalism. What distinguishes this period from previous ones is that corporations and private investment funds have accumulated enormous sums of money. American corporations have amassed trillions of dollars on their balance sheets. This mass of liquidity looking for markets to invest in has set up an interesting dynamic. Until recently, only the government could handle projects the size of the interstate highway system. Now, large corporations and investment funds have sufficient resources to build projects on any scale. Hence, there is no need for federal, state, or local governments to finance and maintain modern infrastructure when private capital is available. Privatization of government assets ensures sufficient funding, and introduces innovation and cost-effectiveness. This includes selling existing assets and creating an environment conducive for private enterprises to build, own, and operate roads, bridges, tunnels, treatment plants, airports, and more. Tolls and user fees will be collected to defray operating costs and retire debts. Revenue from the sale of existing assets can be used to reduce the state and national debts. The effect of privatization could be massive. It has the potential to create a long-term economic expansion that will dwarf the scale of the Pacific Railroad and the National Interstate and Defense Highways acts combined. The chief obstacle to privatizing is an ingrained quasi-socialist mentality, making state and local governments the principal owners of the nation’s infrastructure. Beginning of 1980, owners started treating the assets as a revenue stream. Nationwide, tolling has become a familiar feature of the American landscape. The fundamental flaw of this policy is that the government, as law enforcer and protector of consumers from inherent flaws of the capitalist system, has become part of the system – it owns and operates for-profit enterprises. In those mutually exclusive capacities, the government is in a position to abuse its power. It’s not surprising owners have embraced monopolistic behavior, manipulating supply and demand to justify constantly raising taxes, user fees, and tolls, ostensibly for building and maintaining roads while neglecting the assets’ maintenance and repair. Anyone who has traveled the New Jersey-Manhattan corridor has experienced the effects of the state monopoly, spending endless hours in traffic and paying exorbitant tolls. And there is no greater symbol of government monopolistic power than the George Washington Bridge, built in the 1930s with taxpayer money. Today, the New York and New Jersey Port Authority is charging travelers $15 for each trip, collecting $1.5 billion annually. Whereas the product is being sold regardless of quality and costs, governments have no incentive to keep projects on schedule and within budget. Paradoxically, lenders love it. Since there is a low risk of borrowers going bankrupt, whatever is spent will eventually be covered by the taxpayers, with interest. The Central Artery/ Tunnel Project in Boston, Mass., known as the Big Dig, is the poster child for government waste and inefficiency. It was eight years behind schedule, and the cost ballooned from an estimated $2.6 billion to nearly $24 billion. Conflicts of interest, ineptitude, and corruption became the defining characteristics of the current policy. Privatization of infrastructure is a product of the evolution of our economic system and historical inevitability. The system has to overcome the government monopoly that has created nearly insurmountable hurdles to private enterprise entering the field as owners and operators of the facilities. There is a number of fully permitted and “shovel ready” but stranded infrastructure projects. Despite numerous proposals from firms with expertise and financial backing, the state governments would rather have the projects remain stranded for another 30 years than yield their ownership to a private entity. The continuation of the familiar leads to stagnation, and yet, in the contemporary political environment, this conflict between two different concepts of the economy cannot be resolved by a political consensus. The Executive Branch must assume a decisive role in ushering in this multi-trillion dollar frontier of capitalism. Alexander G. Markovsky was born in the Soviet Union and holds MS degrees in engineering, economics, and political science from Moscow University. He immigrated to the USA in 1976, and is now the owner and CEO of Litwin Management Services, LLC. He has contributed to The Hill, The Washington Times and more. He can be reached at alex.markovsky@ litwinms.com ← Breathing New Life Into the I-15 Virgin River Bridge Using New Approaches to Update Louisiana’s Infrastructure → Huge Battery Investments Drop Energy-Storage Costs Faster Than Expected A New Bridge in New York Critical Infrastructure: Cyber and Physical Security Essential Components in Securing Our Nation’s High-Risk Chemicals Categories Select Category Archived Features City Official’s Message Energy Environment Feature Featured Interview Governor’s Message In This Issue Industry Observations Infrastructure Municipal Mart Municipal News New This Week NEWS Newsletter Resources Risk Management Stormwater Quality Sustainable Solutions Technology Transportation Uncategorized Water Water Infrastructure Water Solutions M-Fri 9am - 5pm PST Copyright © 2020 American Infrastructure. All rights reserved.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line511
__label__wiki	0.79914	0.79914	Strong Hans by The Brothers Grimm There were once a man and a woman who had an only child, and lived quite alone in a solitary valley. It came to pass that the mother once went into the wood to gather branches of fir, and took with her little Hans, who was just two years old. As it was spring-time, and the child took pleasure in the many-coloured flowers, she went still further onwards with him into the forest. Suddenly two robbers sprang out of the thicket, seized the mother and child, and carried them far away into the black forest, where no one ever came from one year's end to another. The poor woman urgently begged the robbers to set her and her child free, but their hearts were made of stone, they would not listen to her prayers and entreaties, and drove her on farther by force. After they had worked their way through bushes and briars for about two miles, they came to a rock where there was a door, at which the robbers knocked and it opened at once. They had to go through a long dark passage, and at last came into a great cavern, which was lighted by a fire which burnt on the hearth. On the wall hung swords, sabres, and other deadly weapons which gleamed in the light, and in the midst stood a black table at which four other robbers were sitting gambling, and the captain sat at the head of it. As soon as he saw the woman he came and spoke to her, and told her to be at ease and have no fear, they would do nothing to hurt her, but she must look after the house-keeping, and if she kept everything in order, she should not fare ill with them. Thereupon they gave her something to eat, and showed her a bed where she might sleep with her child. The woman stayed many years with the robbers, and Hans grew tall and strong. His mother told him stories, and taught him to read an old book of tales about knights which she found in the cave. When Hans was nine years old, he made himself a strong club out of a branch of fir, hid it behind the bed, and then went to his mother and said, "Dear mother, pray tell me who is my father; I must and will know." His mother was silent and would not tell him, that he might not become home-sick; moreover she knew that the godless robbers would not let him go away, but it almost broke her heart that Hans should not go to his father. In the night, when the robbers came home from their robbing expedition, Hans brought out his club, stood before the captain, and said, "I now wish to know who is my father, and if thou dost not at once tell me I will strike thee down." Then the captain laughed, and gave Hans such a box on the ear that he rolled under the table. Hans got up again, held his tongue, and thought, "I will wait another year and then try again, perhaps I shall do better then." When the year was over, he brought out his club again, rubbed the dust off it, looked at it well, and said, "It is a stout strong club." At night the robbers came home, drank one jug of wine after another, and their heads began to be heavy. Then Hans brought out his club, placed himself before the captain, and asked him who was his father? But the captain again gave him such a vigorous box on the ear that Hans rolled under the table, but it was not long before he was up again, and beat the captain and the robbers so with his club, that they could no longer move either their arms or their legs. His mother stood in a corner full of admiration of his bravery and strength. When Hans had done his work, he went to his mother, and said, "Now I have shown myself to be in earnest, but now I must also know who is my father." "Dear Hans," answered the mother, "come, we will go and seek him until we find him." She took from the captain the key to the entrance-door, and Hans fetched a great meal-sack and packed into it gold and silver, and whatsoever else he could find that was beautiful, until it was full, and then he took it on his back. They left the cave, but how Hans did open his eyes when he came out of the darkness into daylight, and saw the green forest, and the flowers, and the birds, and the morning sun in the sky. He stood there and wondered at everything just as if he had not been very wise. His mother looked for the way home, and when they had walked for a couple of hours, they got safely into their lonely valley and to their little house. The father was sitting in the doorway. He wept for joy when he recognized his wife and heard that Hans was his son, for he had long regarded them both as dead. But Hans, although he was not twelve years old, was a head taller than his father. They went into the little room together, but Hans had scarcely put his sack on the bench by the stove, than the whole house began to crack the bench broke down and then the floor, and the heavy sack fell through into the cellar. "God save us!" cried the father, "what's that? Now thou hast broken our little house to pieces!" "Don't grow any grey hairs about that, dear father," answered Hans; "there, in that sack, is more than is wanting for a new house." The father and Hans at once began to build a new house; to buy cattle and land, and to keep a farm. Hans ploughed the fields, and when he followed the plough and pushed it into the ground, the bullocks had scarcely any need to draw. The next spring, Hans said, "Keep all the money and get a walking-stick that weighs a hundred-weight made for me that I may go a-travelling." When the wished-for stick was ready, he left his father's house, went forth, and came to a deep, dark forest. There he heard something crunching and cracking, looked round, and saw a fir-tree which was wound round like a rope from the bottom to the top, and when he looked upwards he saw a great fellow who had laid hold of the tree and was twisting it like a willow-wand. "Hollo!" cried Hans, "what art thou doing up there?" the fellow replied, "I got some faggots together yesterday and am twisting a rope for them." "That is what I like," thought Hans, "he has some strength," and he called to him, "Leave that alone, and come with me." The fellow came down, and he was taller by a whole head than Hans, and Hans was not little. "Thy name is now Fir-twister," said Hans to him. Thereupon they went further and heard something knocking and hammering with such force that the ground shook at every stroke. Shortly afterwards they came to a mighty rock, before which a giant was standing and striking great pieces of it away with his fist. When Hans asked what he was about, he answered, "At night, when I want to sleep, bears, wolves, and other vermin of that kind come, which sniff and snuffle about me and won't let me rest; so I want to build myself a house and lay myself inside it, so that I may have some peace." "Oh, indeed," thought Hans, "I can make use of this one also;" and said to him, "Leave thy house-building alone, and go with me; thou shalt be called Rock-splitter." The man consented, and they all three roamed through the forest, and wherever they went the wild beasts were terrified, and ran away from them. In the evening they came to an old deserted castle, went up into it, and laid themselves down in the hall to sleep. The next morning Hans went into the garden. It had run quite wild, and was full of thorns and bushes. And as he was thus walking round about, a wild boar rushed at him; he, however, gave it such a blow with his club that it fell directly. He took it on his shoulders and carried it in, and they put it on a spit, roasted it, and enjoyed themselves. Then they arranged that each day, in turn, two should go out hunting, and one should stay at home, and cook nine pounds of meat for each of them. Fir-twister stayed at home the first, and Hans and Rock-splitter went out hunting. When Fir-twister was busy cooking, a little shrivelled-up old mannikin came to him in the castle, and asked for some meat. "Be off, sly hypocrite," he answered, "thou needest no meat." But how astonished Fir-twister was when the little insignificant dwarf sprang up at him, and belaboured him so with his fists that he could not defend himself, but fell on the ground and gasped for breath! The dwarf did not go away until he had thoroughly vented his anger on him. When the two others came home from hunting, Fir-twister said nothing to them of the old mannikin and of the blows which he himself had received, and thought, "When they stay at home, they may just try their chance with the little scrubbing-brush;" and the mere thought of that gave him pleasure already. The next day Rock-splitter stayed at home, and he fared just as Fir-twister had done, he was very ill-treated by the dwarf because he was not willing to give him any meat. When the others came home in the evening, Fir-twister easily saw what he had suffered, but both kept silence, and thought, "Hans also must taste some of that soup." Hans, who had to stay at home the next day, did his work in the kitchen as it had to be done, and as he was standing skimming the pan, the dwarf came and without more ado demanded a bit of meat. Then Hans thought, "He is a poor wretch, I will give him some of my share, that the others may not run short," and handed him a bit. When the dwarf had devoured it, he again asked for some meat, and good-natured Hans gave it to him, and told him it was a handsome piece, and that he was to be content with it. But the dwarf begged again for the third time. "Thou art shameless!" said Hans, and gave him none. Then the malicious dwarf wanted to spring on him and treat him as he had treated Fir-twister and Rock-splitter, but he had got to the wrong man. Hans, without exerting himself much, gave him a couple of blows which made him jump down the castle steps. Hans was about to run after him, but fell right over him, for he was so tall. When he rose up again, the dwarf had got the start of him. Hans hurried after him as far as the forest, and saw him slip into a hole in the rock. Hans now went home, but he had marked the spot. When the two others came back, they were surprised that Hans was so well. He told them what had happened, and then they no longer concealed how it had fared with them. Hans laughed and said, "It served you quite right; why were you so greedy with your meat? It is a disgrace that you who are so big should have let yourselves be beaten by the dwarf." Thereupon they took a basket and a rope, and all three went to the hole in the rock into which the dwarf had slipped, and let Hans and his club down in the basket. When Hans had reached the bottom, he found a door, and when he opened it a maiden was sitting there who was lovely as any picture, nay, so beautiful that no words can express it, and by her side sat the dwarf and grinned at Hans like a sea-cat! She, however, was bound with chains, and looked so mournfully at him that Hans felt great pity for her, and thought to himself, "Thou must deliver her out of the power of the wicked dwarf," and gave him such a blow with his club that he fell down dead. Immediately the chains fell from the maiden, and Hans was enraptured with her beauty. She told him she was a King's daughter whom a savage count had stolen away from her home, and imprisoned there among the rocks, because she would have nothing to say to him. The count had, however, set the dwarf as a watchman, and he had made her bear misery and vexation enough. And now Hans placed the maiden in the basket and had her drawn up; the basket came down again, but Hans did not trust his two companions, and thought, "They have already shown themselves to be false, and told me nothing about the dwarf; who knows what design they may have against me?" So he put his club in the basket, and it was lucky he did; for when the basket was half-way up, they let it fall again, and if Hans had really been sitting in it he would have been killed. But now he did not know how he was to work his way out of the depths, and when he turned it over and over in his mind he found no counsel. "It is indeed sad," said he to himself, "that I have to waste away down here," and as he was thus walking backwards and forwards, he once more came to the little chamber where the maiden had been sitting, and saw that the dwarf had a ring on his finger which shone and sparkled. Then he drew it off and put it on, and when he turned it round on his finger, he suddenly heard something rustle over his head. He looked up and saw spirits of the air hovering above, who told him he was their master, and asked what his desire might be? Hans was at first struck dumb, but afterwards he said that they were to carry him above again. They obeyed instantly, and it was just as if he had flown up himself. When, however, he was above again, he found no one in sight. Fir-twister and Rock-splitter had hurried away, and had taken the beautiful maiden with them. But Hans turned the ring, and the spirits of the air came and told him that the two were on the sea. Hans ran and ran without stopping, until he came to the sea-shore, and there far, far out on the water, he perceived a little boat in which his faithless comrades were sitting; and in fierce anger he leapt, without thinking what he was doing, club in hand into the water, and began to swim, but the club, which weighed a hundredweight, dragged him deep down until he was all but drowned. Then in the very nick of time he turned his ring, and immediately the spirits of the air came and bore him as swift as lightning into the boat. He swung his club and gave his wicked comrades the reward they merited and threw them into the water, and then he sailed with the beautiful maiden, who had been in the greatest alarm, and whom he delivered for the second time, home to her father and mother, and married her, and all rejoiced exceedingly. Add Strong Hans to your own personal library. Return to the The Brothers Grimm Home Page, or . . . Read the next fairy tale; Sweetheart Roland	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line512
__label__wiki	0.609086	0.609086	Kurdish female cartoonists in Iran facing death threats In Iran the Kurdish female caricaturist Atena Farghadani and painter Atena Daemi are facing death threats due to the cartoons they draw critical of the system. Monday, 31 Jul 2017, 11:54 Cartoonist Atena Farghadani, one of those artists who are subject to the Iranian regime's pressures, was released from prison not long ago. But now death threats are being hurled at her. Her colleague Atena Daemi, who is working as an illustrator has gone on a hunger strike while still in prison. Both Kurdish female artists happen to bear the same name. And both are defying the system with their cartoons and drawings, fearless to face the backlashes that are to be expected. ATENA FARGHADANİ The ‘crimes’ of the human rights activist, feminist and cartoonist Atena Farghadanî cannot be counted on one hand. Drawing cartoons, campaigning in favour of the abortion right, visiting families of political prisoners and so on... After she met with some families of political prisoners in Iran and painted a cartoon picking up this very issue, Atena's caricature became viral on social media, what consequently rendered her to a target. In that cartoon she portrayed the true relation between the regime and the prisons, depicting the leading figures of the regime in 'animal' forms. Atena Farghadanî was jailed for two months in the Evin prison and was released on the 6th November 2016 on a very high bail. In December 2014 she published on You Tube one of her creations, that pictured and criticized the conditions and circumstances of the incarceration in Iran's Evîn prison. On this matter, she was imprisoned once again on the 10th of January 2015. In protest at her arrest and the bad treatment, she went on a hunger strike on the 9th February 2015. After suffering "a heart attack and losing consciousness" she was transferred to the hospital for a short time on the 26th February. On 3 May 2016 the court of appeal reduced her prison sentence and Atena was finally released. With her cartoons and caricatures, Atena opposes against the system that renders the body of the woman to a tool of reproduction. Now she is facing death threats, accused of "insulting the great leader of Iran". NO INFORMATION ABOUT DAEMI AT ALL Political activist and painter Atena Daemi is, like her namesake, one of those women accused of "committing a heavy crime". The public got to know Atena Daemî for the first time out of nowhere through her cartoons thematising forced migration and war, and her activism for the children of Kobanê and Gaza. Atena Daemi was imprisoned for her political work the first in October 2014 and sent to the Evin prison. In March 2015 she was given a prison sentence of 14 years in a hearing that lasted 15 minutes at the Revolution Court of Tehran. In September 2016 the appeals court reduced the sentence to 7 years. Atena went on a hunger strike on the 8th April to protest the torture and bad treatment she is subject to, and ended it on the 31st May. The family's contact with Atena has been completely cut off. Also about Atena's health problems that occurred as a result of her hunger strike, no information whatsoever has been obtained. More in CULTURE Kurdish Literature Association established in Amed The documentary about MLKP is ready Actress Emektar: Theater eliminates borders Special screening in Qamishlo of the film Ji Bo Azadiyê Charity concert with Ibrahim Keivo for Rojava Call for mobilisation for the Kurdish language and culture	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line519
__label__wiki	0.963959	0.963959	Watch NCIS: Los Angeles Season 10 Episode 21 - The One That Got Away NCIS: Los AngelesAir date: April 28, 2019 full episodes of NCIS: Los Angeles season 10, NCIS: Los Angeles s10e21 - The One That Got Away, NCIS: Los Angeles season 10 episode 21 streaming, NCIS: Los Angeles season 10 full episodes free, NCIS: Los Angeles The One That Got Away full episode, free streaming NCIS: Los Angeles season 10, NCIS: Los Angeles season 10 allnewepisodes.com, NCIS: Los Angeles season 10 The One That Got Away vk video,NCIS: Los Angeles saison 10 episode 21 en streaming, watch on iPhone, iPad, Android,	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line520
__label__cc	0.697737	0.302263	Ella Fitzgerald, first lady of humanity By Fran Morris Rosman, June 15, 2012 After her death in 1996, curators from this museum worked with caretakers of the Ella Fitzgerald Estate, Richard Rosman and Fran Morris Rosman, to establish an Ella Fitzgerald Collection at the Smithsonian. The museum received items and mementos from Fitzgerald’s career and personal life, including her famous red dress, numerous awards, and 50 cubic feet (39 boxes and 2 oversized folders) of archival material. On the anniversary of Ella’s death (June 15) and in celebration of her 95th birthday (April 25), here is a lesser known account of the legendary vocalist from Fran Morris Rosman, the Executive Director of the Ella Fitzgerald Charitable Foundation, who determined which items came to the museum and which went to the Library of Congress. All photos are from our collection. Ella Fitzgerald performs at New York City’s Downbeat Club in 1949. Courtesy of Herman Leonard Photographic Collection, Archives Center. There are many reasons Ella Fitzgerald is called “The First Lady of Song.” She earned 13 Grammy Awards and sold more than 40 million albums. An artist of the people, she appealed to people of every age, nationality and socio-economic background. Mel Torme declared her “the High Priestess of Song.” American music and theater composer Richard Rodgers said “Whatever she does to my songs, she always makes them sound better.” Duke Ellington loved her “madly.” Such was the gift of Ella Fitzgerald the artist. A telegram from Duke Ellington to Ella Fitzgerald. Courtesy of Ella Fitzgerald Collection, Archives Center. But there is another side of Ella Fitzgerald—the humanitarian who came from humble beginnings and never forgot that American experience. I’ve worked for the Ella Fitzgerald Charitable Foundation since Ms. Fitzgerald’s death in 1996. An archivist by profession, I was hired to go through her house and office to try and figure out what the Smithsonian Institution would want, and what the Library of Congress needed, to preserve her place in American cultural history. When the archival work was completed, my familiarity with “all things Ella” led me to the Charitable Foundation that she had established back in 1993, with the help of her personal attorney and my husband of over 30 years, Rich Rosman. The Foundation exists to enrich the lives of less fortunate people of all backgrounds, cultures and beliefs. It started out small, but has grown over time enabling scores of people to receive what Ms. Fitzgerald regarded as basic human necessities: the right to good food, shelter, health care, education and the arts, especially music. Much of the Foundation’s work benefits disadvantaged children, providing them with music, education, cultural enrichment, and health and dental care. Funding also helps people afflicted with diabetes and heart disease, illnesses from which Ms. Fitzgerald herself suffered. Let me brag a little about the Foundation’s “A BOOK JUST FOR ME” program. Annually it places over 100,000 brand-new books into the hands and homes of at-risk kids and families. Ella Fitzgerald loved to read and she loved kids. We think this program is a fitting tribute to that love and the fruits of her music career. And speaking of her career, I also work surrounded by photographs and archival images of the legendary Ella Fitzgerald, the bright-eyed diva dressed for the spotlight in elegant furs and flowing gowns. I usually go to work in my Dodger tee-shirt. But even there, I’m still in sync with Ella Fitzgerald the huge baseball fan. One of the photos on my office wall is of her singing the Star Spangled Banner at Dodger Stadium. Baseball and Ella = Heaven. Ella Fitzgerald poses with Willie Mays, who was a player for the San Francisco Giants. Photo courtesy of Ella Fitzgerald Collection, Archives Center. Downstairs are numerous cookbooks from the star’s house in Beverly Hills. While she never actually cooked, Ella Fitzgerald did like to eat. She read cookbooks the way some people read good novels, with gusto! These food-stained volumes speak to the warmth and friendliness of her kitchen and her hospitality. Next to my desk are cartons of photographs documenting a fifty-year career in music, film, and television that took Ella Fitzgerald around the world. She traveled by bus, train and plane—and once actually performed on a jumbo jet—Continental Airlines from LA to Denver and back. Pretty cool, huh? I wonder if she sang “Fly Me to the Moon”… Want to learn more about the American experience through the transformative power of jazz? The museum’s Smithsonian Jazz team strongly recommends you check out their website to explore our jazz oral history collection, get tickets to performances by the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra, celebrate Jazz Appreciation Month, and more. Or sign up to receive a monthly jazz e-newsletter from the museum for regular reminders. Fran Morris Rosman is Executive Director of the Ella Fitzgerald Charitable Foundation, and a supporter of Jazz Appreciation Month Initiatives at the National Museum of American History. Click here to see photos from the Foundation’s recent Jazz Appreciation Month poster contest for 4-12 graders in the Los Angeles, California school system. Posted in Jazz Appreciation, Women's History, Philanthropy On our holiday playlist: Duke Ellington's "Nutcracker" and a special suite for the Queen Smithsonian Jazz Intern Jake Huss shares the stories behind the selections heard at the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra's holiday... A tribute to David Baker, Smithsonian jazz master Editor's note: David Baker died on Marc 26, 2016. He will be remembered for his commitment to jazz and his incredible service to the... It's getting "hot" in here The 11-day heat wave of summer 2012 that had residents of DC and much of the nation sweltering has finally ended. Interns at the... From the Collections; Remember Abe Stories of Freedom & Justice Race to the Museum You Asked, We Answer Director's Notes Donor Spotlight Conserving Jefferson's Bible American agriculture America Participates Civil War 150 Julia Child Recipe of the Week Jazz Appreciation From the Collections Intern Perspectives Invention & Innovation	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line523
__label__wiki	0.891345	0.891345	Season by Season Appearance Totals Goalscoring Totals Top Scorers (By Season) Non-Domestic Players Head to Head Records Hall of Kits Competition: All Anglo-Scottish Cup Challenge Cup Consolation Cup Cup Winners' Cup Dryburgh Cup Emergency War Cup Europa League European Cup Festival Quaich Inter-Cities Fairs Cup League League Cup Mitchell Trophy Qualifying Cup Scottish Cup Summer Cup Supplementary Cup Texaco Cup UEFA Cup Victory Cup Wartime Dundee Hibs and St Johstone both joined the Scottish League set-up within a year of each other, with their first meeting in 1911, and they met in Division Two every year until the outbreak of the first World War. When Division Two was finally restarted after the War, their rivalry continued, even meeting several times in Division One in the late 1920s. However, both sides found it hard to get out of the second tier of Scottish football, and the Tayside derby became the traditional New Year derby, even when both clubs eventually won promotion together in 1960. They continued to meet regularly in Division One, until St Johnstone were relegated after the inaugural Premier Division season. The Perth Saints eventually regained their Premier status, and the clubs complete on a regular basis once more. Player Connections Head to Head Statistics All Competitive Matches Home 85 42 19 24 163 113 +50 Away 90 32 23 35 118 139 -21 Neutral 2 1 0 1 2 3 -1 Total 177 75 42 60 283 255 +28 Sat, Apr 2nd, 2016 02/04/2016 League (Premiership) League (A) (A) 1 - 0 1 - 0 5,784 Sat, Nov 21st, 2015 21/11/2015 League (Premiership) League (H) (H) 1 - 2 1 - 2 7,020 Sat, Sep 26th, 2015 26/09/2015 League (Premiership) League (A) (A) 1 - 2 1 - 2 4,635 Sat, May 9th, 2015 09/05/2015 League (Premiership) League (A) (A) 1 - 1 1 - 1 4,862 Sat, Feb 21st, 2015 21/02/2015 League (Premiership) League (H) (H) 0 - 2 0 - 2 7,623 Sat, Dec 27th, 2014 27/12/2014 League (Premiership) League (A) (A) 1 - 2 1 - 2 7,384 Sat, Sep 27th, 2014 27/09/2014 League (Premiership) League (H) (H) 2 - 0 2 - 0 7,161 Sat, May 17th, 2014 17/05/2014 Scottish Cup (Final) Scottish Cup (N) (N) 0 - 2 0 - 2 47,345 Sat, Apr 19th, 2014 19/04/2014 League (Premiership) League (A) (A) 0 - 2 0 - 2 5,223 Wed, Mar 12th, 2014 12/03/2014 League (Premiership) League (H) (H) 0 - 1 0 - 1 6,720 Mon, Jan 27th, 2014 27/01/2014 League (Premiership) League (H) (H) P - P P - P - Sun, Dec 29th, 2013 29/12/2013 League (Premiership) League (A) (A) 0 - 3 0 - 3 7,231 Sat, Aug 24th, 2013 24/08/2013 League (Premiership) League (H) (H) 4 - 0 4 - 0 6,992 Sat, May 4th, 2013 04/05/2013 League (SPL) League (H) (H) 0 - 1 0 - 1 6,437 Mon, Apr 1st, 2013 01/04/2013 League (SPL) League (A) (A) 1 - 1 1 - 1 4,613 Wed, Dec 26th, 2012 26/12/2012 League (SPL) League (H) (H) 1 - 1 1 - 1 7,063 Sat, Sep 1st, 2012 01/09/2012 League (SPL) League (A) (A) 0 - 0 0 - 0 5,014 Sat, Apr 21st, 2012 21/04/2012 League (SPL) League (A) (A) 2 - 0 2 - 0 5,826 Sat, Feb 11th, 2012 11/02/2012 League (SPL) League (A) (A) 5 - 1 5 - 1 4,318 Sat, Oct 22nd, 2011 22/10/2011 League (SPL) League (H) (H) 0 - 0 0 - 0 6,707 Sat, Aug 27th, 2011 27/08/2011 League (SPL) League (A) (A) 3 - 3 3 - 3 4,480 Sat, Apr 9th, 2011 09/04/2011 League (SPL) League (H) (H) 2 - 0 2 - 0 6,398 Tue, Feb 22nd, 2011 22/02/2011 League (SPL) League (A) (A) 0 - 0 0 - 0 3,507 Tue, Oct 12th, 2010 12/10/2010 Forfarshire Cup (Semi Final) Forfarshire Cup (H) (H) 1 - 2 1 - 2 - Sat, Sep 25th, 2010 25/09/2010 League (SPL) League (H) (H) 1 - 0 1 - 0 7,397 Mon, Apr 5th, 2010 05/04/2010 League (SPL) League (A) (A) 1 - 0 1 - 0 5,769 Sat, Feb 6th, 2010 06/02/2010 Scottish Cup (5th Round) Scottish Cup (A) (A) 1 - 0 1 - 0 5,636 Wed, Jan 27th, 2010 27/01/2010 League (SPL) League (H) (H) 3 - 3 3 - 3 6,600 Tue, Oct 27th, 2009 27/10/2009 League Cup (Quarter Final) League Cup (A) (A) 1 - 2 1 - 2 5,146 Sat, Sep 26th, 2009 26/09/2009 League (SPL) League (A) (A) 3 - 2 3 - 2 7,225 Thu, Oct 11th, 2007 11/10/2007 Forfarshire Cup (1st Round) Forfarshire Cup (H) (H) 1 - 0 1 - 0 - X Tue, Sep 19th, 2006 19/09/2006 League Cup (3rd Round) League Cup (A) (A) 0 - 3 0 - 3 4,653 Fri, Feb 6th, 2004 06/02/2004 Forfarshire Cup (Semi Final) Forfarshire Cup (A) (A) 1 - 2 1 - 2 - Sat, Apr 27th, 2002 27/04/2002 League (SPL) League (H) (H) 0 - 0 0 - 0 5,190 Tue, Jan 22nd, 2002 22/01/2002 League (SPL) League (A) (A) 4 - 1 4 - 1 3,711 Sat, Nov 17th, 2001 17/11/2001 League (SPL) League (H) (H) 2 - 1 2 - 1 6,624 Tue, Oct 9th, 2001 09/10/2001 League Cup (3rd Round) League Cup (H) (H) 3 - 2 aet 3 - 2 aet 5,851 Sat, May 12th, 2001 12/05/2001 League (SPL) League (A) (A) 3 - 2 3 - 2 6,497 Sat, Feb 3rd, 2001 03/02/2001 League (SPL) League (H) (H) 1 - 1 1 - 1 6,482 Sat, Nov 18th, 2000 18/11/2000 League (SPL) League (A) (A) 0 - 1 0 - 1 4,295 Sat, Aug 19th, 2000 19/08/2000 League (SPL) League (H) (H) 1 - 2 1 - 2 6,636 Wed, Oct 27th, 1999 27/10/1999 League (SPL) League (A) (A) 1 - 0 1 - 0 4,236 Tue, Oct 12th, 1999 12/10/1999 League Cup (3rd Round) League Cup (A) (A) 2 - 1 2 - 1 4,806 Tue, Apr 20th, 1999 20/04/1999 League (SPL) League (H) (H) 0 - 1 0 - 1 6,741 Sat, Feb 6th, 1999 06/02/1999 League (SPL) League (A) (A) 0 - 1 0 - 1 5,771 Sat, Dec 5th, 1998 05/12/1998 League (SPL) League (H) (H) 1 - 1 1 - 1 7,293 Sat, Apr 25th, 1998 25/04/1998 League (Premier Division) League (H) (H) 0 - 2 0 - 2 8,045 Sat, Feb 28th, 1998 28/02/1998 League (Premier Division) League (A) (A) 1 - 1 1 - 1 5,637 Sat, Dec 20th, 1997 20/12/1997 League (Premier Division) League (H) (H) 2 - 1 2 - 1 7,342 Sat, Aug 2nd, 1997 02/08/1997 League (Premier Division) League (A) (A) 1 - 1 1 - 1 6,492 Sat, Apr 13th, 1996 13/04/1996 League (First Division) League (A) (A) 0 - 1 0 - 1 9,973 Sat, Feb 3rd, 1996 03/02/1996 League (First Division) League (H) (H) 1 - 3 1 - 3 7,478 Sat, Dec 9th, 1995 09/12/1995 League (First Division) League (A) (A) 0 - 0 0 - 0 5,966 Sat, Oct 14th, 1995 14/10/1995 League (First Division) League (H) (H) 2 - 1 2 - 1 7,572 Sat, Apr 30th, 1994 30/04/1994 League (Premier Division) League (H) (H) 0 - 0 0 - 0 10,635 Tue, Jan 25th, 1994 25/01/1994 League (Premier Division) League (A) (A) 1 - 1 1 - 1 5,758 Wed, Jan 12th, 1994 12/01/1994 League (Premier Division) League (A) (A) P - P P - P - Sat, Jan 1st, 1994 01/01/1994 League (Premier Division) League (A) (A) P - P P - P - Sat, Oct 30th, 1993 30/10/1993 League (Premier Division) League (H) (H) 2 - 0 2 - 0 6,275 Sat, Aug 21st, 1993 21/08/1993 League (Premier Division) League (A) (A) 1 - 1 1 - 1 6,247 Sat, Mar 20th, 1993 20/03/1993 League (Premier Division) League (A) (A) 4 - 1 4 - 1 4,510 Sat, Jan 2nd, 1993 02/01/1993 League (Premier Division) League (H) (H) 1 - 2 1 - 2 10,316 Sat, Nov 7th, 1992 07/11/1992 League (Premier Division) League (A) (A) 0 - 2 0 - 2 5,513 Sat, Aug 22nd, 1992 22/08/1992 League (Premier Division) League (H) (H) 2 - 1 2 - 1 7,353 Sat, Apr 4th, 1992 04/04/1992 League (Premier Division) League (H) (H) 2 - 1 2 - 1 5,553 Sat, Feb 1st, 1992 01/02/1992 League (Premier Division) League (A) (A) 1 - 1 1 - 1 6,364 Sat, Jan 18th, 1992 18/01/1992 Tennents' Sixes (Sectional Tie) Tennents' Sixes (N) (N) 3 - 3 p 3 - 3 p - Sat, Aug 17th, 1991 17/08/1991 League (Premier Division) League (A) (A) 1 - 1 1 - 1 7,700 Sat, Apr 6th, 1991 06/04/1991 Scottish Cup (Semi Final) Scottish Cup (N) (N) 2 - 1 2 - 1 16,560 Sat, Mar 30th, 1991 30/03/1991 League (Premier Division) League (H) (H) 0 - 0 0 - 0 7,794 Tue, Feb 19th, 1991 19/02/1991 League (Premier Division) League (A) (A) 1 - 0 1 - 0 6,973 Sun, Jan 20th, 1991 20/01/1991 Tennents' Sixes (Sectional Tie - Group One) Tennents' Sixes (N) (N) 2 - 2 2 - 2 - Sat, Jan 12th, 1991 12/01/1991 League (Premier Division) League (A) (A) P - P P - P - Sat, Oct 27th, 1990 27/10/1990 League (Premier Division) League (H) (H) 1 - 2 1 - 2 11,356 Sat, Jan 7th, 1984 07/01/1984 League (Premier Division) League (A) (A) 2 - 1 2 - 1 5,066 Sat, Nov 12th, 1983 12/11/1983 League (Premier Division) League (H) (H) 7 - 0 7 - 0 7,937 Sat, Sep 17th, 1983 17/09/1983 League (Premier Division) League (A) (A) 2 - 1 2 - 1 6,969 Sat, Aug 28th, 1982 28/08/1982 League Cup (Group Stage - Section 4) League Cup (A) (A) 3 - 0 3 - 0 4,092 Sat, Aug 14th, 1982 14/08/1982 League Cup (Group Stage - Section 4) League Cup (H) (H) 3 - 0 3 - 0 7,001 Tue, Jan 26th, 1982 26/01/1982 Friendly Friendly (A) (A) 6 - 1 6 - 1 800 X Sat, Aug 1st, 1981 01/08/1981 Friendly Friendly (A) (A) 4 - 0 4 - 0 1,940 X Sat, Jul 31st, 1976 31/07/1976 Friendly Friendly (A) (A) 1 - 2 1 - 2 - X Wed, Mar 31st, 1976 31/03/1976 League (Premier Division) League (H) (H) 1 - 1 1 - 1 3,601 Sat, Mar 13th, 1976 13/03/1976 League (Division One) League (H) (H) P - P P - P - Thu, Jan 1st, 1976 01/01/1976 League (Premier Division) League (A) (A) 1 - 1 1 - 1 4,825 Sat, Nov 1st, 1975 01/11/1975 League (Premier Division) League (H) (H) 3 - 1 3 - 1 4,840 Wed, Aug 27th, 1975 27/08/1975 League Cup (Sectional Tie) League Cup (A) (A) 2 - 1 2 - 1 1,783 Sat, Aug 9th, 1975 09/08/1975 League Cup (Sectional Tie) League Cup (H) (H) 2 - 1 2 - 1 5,124 Thu, Jan 2nd, 1975 02/01/1975 League (Division One) League (H) (H) 1 - 1 1 - 1 11,656 X Sat, Sep 7th, 1974 07/09/1974 League (Division One) League (A) (A) 0 - 2 0 - 2 2,878 Wed, Jan 2nd, 1974 02/01/1974 League (Division One) League (A) (A) 1 - 1 1 - 1 6,707 X Sat, Sep 8th, 1973 08/09/1973 League (Division One) League (H) (H) 2 - 0 2 - 0 4,671 Mon, Jan 1st, 1973 01/01/1973 League (Division One) League (H) (H) 5 - 1 5 - 1 9,708 Sat, Jan 1st, 1972 01/01/1972 League (Division One) League (A) (A) 0 - 2 0 - 2 7,923 Sat, Sep 4th, 1971 04/09/1971 League (Division One) League (H) (H) 3 - 3 3 - 3 10,885 Fri, Jan 1st, 1971 01/01/1971 League (Division One) League (H) (H) 0 - 2 0 - 2 10,855 Thu, Jan 1st, 1970 01/01/1970 League (Division One) League (A) (A) 0 - 1 0 - 1 8,405 Sat, Sep 27th, 1969 27/09/1969 League (Division One) League (H) (H) 1 - 0 1 - 0 11,847 Wed, Jan 1st, 1969 01/01/1969 League (Division One) League (H) (H) 4 - 2 4 - 2 9,976 X Wed, Apr 24th, 1968 24/04/1968 League (Division One) League (A) (A) 1 - 2 1 - 2 2,776 X Mon, Jan 1st, 1968 01/01/1968 League (Division One) League (A) (A) P - P P - P - Wed, Nov 22nd, 1967 22/11/1967 Dewar Shield (65/66 Final) Dewar Shield (H) (H) 5 - 1 5 - 1 - Mon, Jan 2nd, 1967 02/01/1967 League (Division One) League (H) (H) 1 - 0 1 - 0 10,312 X Sat, Sep 10th, 1966 10/09/1966 League (Division One) League (A) (A) 0 - 2 0 - 2 3,612 Wed, Aug 31st, 1966 31/08/1966 League Cup (Sectional Tie) League Cup (H) (H) 5 - 3 5 - 3 3,497 X Wed, Mar 30th, 1966 30/03/1966 League (Division One) League (A) (A) 2 - 1 2 - 1 6,184 X Sat, Sep 18th, 1965 18/09/1965 League (Division One) League (H) (H) 5 - 1 5 - 1 7,968 Sat, May 15th, 1965 15/05/1965 Summer Cup (Sectional Tie) Summer Cup (A) (A) 5 - 1 5 - 1 4,103 X Wed, May 5th, 1965 05/05/1965 Summer Cup (Sectional Tie) Summer Cup (H) (H) 4 - 1 4 - 1 5,268 X Fri, Jan 1st, 1965 01/01/1965 League (Division One) League (H) (H) 4 - 1 4 - 1 13,120 X Sat, May 16th, 1964 16/05/1964 Summer Cup (Sectional Tie) Summer Cup (H) (H) 1 - 0 1 - 0 7,047 X Wed, May 6th, 1964 06/05/1964 Summer Cup (Sectional Tie) Summer Cup (A) (A) 1 - 0 1 - 0 5,192 X Wed, Jan 1st, 1964 01/01/1964 League (Division One) League (A) (A) 2 - 2 2 - 2 11,281 X Wed, Oct 30th, 1963 30/10/1963 Friendly (Testimonial for C McFadyen) Friendly (A) (A) 2 - 2 2 - 2 4,000 X Wed, Jan 17th, 1962 17/01/1962 League (Division One) League (A) (A) 2 - 1 2 - 1 3,415 X Mon, Jan 2nd, 1961 02/01/1961 League (Division One) League (H) (H) 0 - 2 0 - 2 18,500 Sat, Sep 10th, 1960 10/09/1960 League (Division One) League (A) (A) 2 - 0 2 - 0 11,000 Fri, Jan 1st, 1960 01/01/1960 League (Division Two) League (A) (A) 1 - 1 1 - 1 16,000 Sat, Sep 5th, 1959 05/09/1959 League (Division Two) League (H) (H) 0 - 1 0 - 1 7,000 Thu, Jan 1st, 1959 01/01/1959 League (Division Two) League (H) (H) 2 - 3 2 - 3 4,000 Sat, Sep 6th, 1958 06/09/1958 League (Division Two) League (A) (A) 4 - 3 4 - 3 3,700 Sat, Aug 23rd, 1958 23/08/1958 League Cup (Sectional Tie) League Cup (H) (H) 5 - 3 5 - 3 3,500 Sat, Aug 9th, 1958 09/08/1958 League Cup (Sectional Tie) League Cup (A) (A) 2 - 1 2 - 1 6,200 Wed, Jan 1st, 1958 01/01/1958 League (Division Two) League (A) (A) 3 - 3 3 - 3 5,100 Sat, Sep 21st, 1957 21/09/1957 League (Division Two) League (H) (H) 2 - 1 2 - 1 4,000 Tue, Jan 1st, 1957 01/01/1957 League (Division Two) League (H) (H) 1 - 2 1 - 2 5,000 Sat, Sep 22nd, 1956 22/09/1956 League (Division Two) League (A) (A) 2 - 3 2 - 3 7,000 Mon, Jan 2nd, 1956 02/01/1956 League (B Division) League (A) (A) 0 - 2 0 - 2 10,000 Sat, Sep 24th, 1955 24/09/1955 League (B Division) League (H) (H) 1 - 1 1 - 1 8,000 Wed, Apr 27th, 1955 27/04/1955 Dewar Shield (Semi Final) Dewar Shield (A) (A) 2 - 2 2 - 2 - X Sat, Jan 1st, 1955 01/01/1955 League (B Division) League (H) (H) 1 - 5 1 - 5 11,000 Sat, Sep 18th, 1954 18/09/1954 League (B Division) League (A) (A) 0 - 4 0 - 4 5,000 Fri, Jan 1st, 1954 01/01/1954 League (B Division) League (A) (A) 1 - 4 1 - 4 8,000 Sat, Sep 19th, 1953 19/09/1953 League (B Division) League (H) (H) 1 - 2 1 - 2 14,000 Thu, Jan 1st, 1953 01/01/1953 League (B Division) League (H) (H) 1 - 0 1 - 0 8,000 Tue, Jan 1st, 1952 01/01/1952 League (B Division) League (A) (A) 1 - 4 1 - 4 8,000 Sat, Sep 22nd, 1951 22/09/1951 League (B Division) League (H) (H) 4 - 3 4 - 3 12,000 Mon, Jan 1st, 1951 01/01/1951 League (B Division) League (H) (H) 2 - 0 2 - 0 13,500 Sat, Sep 23rd, 1950 23/09/1950 League (B Division) League (A) (A) 2 - 2 2 - 2 7,500 Wed, Aug 30th, 1950 30/08/1950 League Cup (Sectional Tie) League Cup (H) (H) 4 - 1 4 - 1 10,000 Sat, Oct 2nd, 1948 02/10/1948 League Cup (Sectional Tie) League Cup (H) (H) 4 - 2 4 - 2 11,000 Sat, Sep 11th, 1948 11/09/1948 League Cup (Sectional Tie) League Cup (A) (A) 1 - 1 1 - 1 6,000 Sat, Aug 21st, 1948 21/08/1948 League (B Division) League (A) (A) 0 - 3 0 - 3 6,500 Sat, Mar 27th, 1948 27/03/1948 League (B Division) League (A) (A) 1 - 0 1 - 0 5,000 Sat, Dec 6th, 1947 06/12/1947 League (B Division) League (H) (H) 3 - 4 3 - 4 9,000 Thu, Jan 2nd, 1947 02/01/1947 League (B Division) League (H) (H) 2 - 4 2 - 4 12,000 Sat, Nov 10th, 1945 10/11/1945 League (Southern 'B') League (A) (A) 0 - 3 0 - 3 4,500 Sat, Aug 18th, 1945 18/08/1945 League (Southern 'B') League (H) (H) 3 - 4 3 - 4 7,000 Sat, Feb 10th, 1940 10/02/1940 Wartime (Eastern Regional) Wartime (A) (A) 3 - 1 3 - 1 - Sat, Nov 11th, 1939 11/11/1939 Wartime (Eastern Regional) Wartime (H) (H) 2 - 2 2 - 2 1,945 Sat, Feb 4th, 1933 04/02/1933 Scottish Cup (2nd Round) Scottish Cup (H) (H) 3 - 4 3 - 4 19,513 Thu, Jan 1st, 1931 01/01/1931 League (Division Two) League (H) (H) 1 - 1 1 - 1 10,000 Sat, Sep 20th, 1930 20/09/1930 League (Division Two) League (A) (A) 0 - 2 0 - 2 4,000 Wed, Aug 13th, 1930 13/08/1930 Dewar Shield Dewar Shield (A) (A) 1 - 2 1 - 2 - X Sat, Apr 5th, 1930 05/04/1930 League (Division One) League (A) (A) 1 - 6 1 - 6 2,000 Sat, Nov 30th, 1929 30/11/1929 League (Division One) League (H) (H) 1 - 1 1 - 1 8,000 Sat, Apr 28th, 1928 28/04/1928 Wallace Cup Wallace Cup (A) (A) 1 - 3 1 - 3 - X Sat, Mar 19th, 1927 19/03/1927 League (Division One) League (H) (H) 1 - 2 1 - 2 6,000 Sat, Nov 6th, 1926 06/11/1926 League (Division One) League (A) (A) 1 - 4 1 - 4 6,000 Thu, Apr 29th, 1926 29/04/1926 Wallace Cup Wallace Cup (A) (A) 2 - 5 2 - 5 - X Sat, Apr 17th, 1926 17/04/1926 League (Division One) League (H) (H) 0 - 0 0 - 0 23,517 Wed, Apr 29th, 1925 29/04/1925 Friendly Friendly (H) (H) 1 - 1 1 - 1 500 X Mon, Apr 21st, 1924 21/04/1924 Wallace Cup Wallace Cup (A) (A) 3 - 3 3 - 3 - Sat, Mar 8th, 1924 08/03/1924 League (Division Two) League (A) (A) 1 - 4 1 - 4 8,000 Sat, Feb 2nd, 1924 02/02/1924 League (Division Two) League (H) (H) 1 - 1 1 - 1 12,862 Wed, Sep 12th, 1923 12/09/1923 Wallace Cup Wallace Cup (H) (H) 2 - 0 2 - 0 - Wed, Aug 15th, 1923 15/08/1923 Penman Cup Penman Cup (A) (A) 0 - 2 0 - 2 - Sat, Jan 27th, 1923 27/01/1923 Friendly Friendly (A) (A) 0 - 0 0 - 0 - X Mon, Jan 1st, 1923 01/01/1923 Wallace Cup Wallace Cup (H) (H) 0 - 1 0 - 1 - X Mon, Dec 25th, 1922 25/12/1922 Wallace Cup Wallace Cup (A) (A) 0 - 1 0 - 1 - X Mon, Jan 2nd, 1922 02/01/1922 League (Division Two) League (A) (A) 1 - 3 1 - 3 6,000 X Sat, Sep 10th, 1921 10/09/1921 League (Division Two) League (H) (H) 3 - 1 3 - 1 6,000 X Mon, Aug 15th, 1921 15/08/1921 Friendly Friendly (H) (H) 1 - 1 1 - 1 4,000 X Wed, Apr 6th, 1921 06/04/1921 Loftus Cup Loftus Cup (H) (H) 2 - 1 2 - 1 - X Mon, Mar 28th, 1921 28/03/1921 Loftus Cup Loftus Cup (A) (A) 0 - 1 0 - 1 - Mon, Oct 4th, 1920 04/10/1920 Penman Cup Penman Cup (H) (H) 1 - 0 1 - 0 1,000 X Wed, Sep 8th, 1920 08/09/1920 Central League Central League (A) (A) 1 - 2 1 - 2 3,500 Mon, Aug 23rd, 1920 23/08/1920 Central League Central League (H) (H) 2 - 0 2 - 0 4,000 Wed, May 5th, 1920 05/05/1920 Friendly (Testimonial for J McVean) Friendly (A) (A) 4 - 1 4 - 1 - X Sat, Apr 17th, 1920 17/04/1920 Eastern League Cup Eastern League Cup (A) (A) 3 - 1 3 - 1 - X Mon, Apr 5th, 1920 05/04/1920 Eastern League Cup Eastern League Cup (A) (A) 2 - 2 2 - 2 - X Sat, Feb 28th, 1920 28/02/1920 Eastern League Cup Eastern League Cup (H) (H) 2 - 2 2 - 2 6,000 X Sat, Jan 31st, 1920 31/01/1920 Loftus Cup Loftus Cup (A) (A) 1 - 3 1 - 3 - Sat, Dec 13th, 1919 13/12/1919 Eastern League Eastern League (A) (A) 1 - 1 1 - 1 - Sat, Sep 13th, 1919 13/09/1919 Eastern League Eastern League (H) (H) 3 - 1 3 - 1 2,000 Sat, Mar 29th, 1919 29/03/1919 Friendly Friendly (A) (A) 2 - 4 2 - 4 - Sat, Apr 17th, 1915 17/04/1915 Loftus Cup Loftus Cup (A) (A) 2 - 3 2 - 3 - X Sat, Apr 10th, 1915 10/04/1915 Dewar Shield (Semi Final) Dewar Shield (H) (H) 2 - 0 2 - 0 - Sat, Jan 2nd, 1915 02/01/1915 League (Division Two) League (H) (H) 3 - 1 3 - 1 1,000 Sat, Aug 29th, 1914 29/08/1914 League (Division Two) League (A) (A) 1 - 3 1 - 3 3,000 Mon, Apr 27th, 1914 27/04/1914 League (Division Two) League (H) (H) 3 - 2 3 - 2 1,500 Fri, Jan 2nd, 1914 02/01/1914 Loftus Cup Loftus Cup (H) (H) 3 - 1 3 - 1 - Mon, Mar 24th, 1913 24/03/1913 Loftus Cup (Sectional Tie) Loftus Cup (A) (A) 3 - 3 3 - 3 - Sat, Dec 7th, 1912 07/12/1912 League (Division Two) League (H) (H) 1 - 1 1 - 1 3,000 Sat, Oct 12th, 1912 12/10/1912 League (Division Two) League (A) (A) 0 - 2 0 - 2 1,400 Thu, Aug 15th, 1912 15/08/1912 Friendly Friendly (A) (A) 3 - 3 3 - 3 - X Sat, Apr 13th, 1912 13/04/1912 Loftus Cup (Sectional Tie) Loftus Cup (H) (H) 2 - 0 2 - 0 - Sat, Dec 23rd, 1911 23/12/1911 Loftus Cup (Sectional Tie) Loftus Cup (A) (A) 0 - 4 0 - 4 7,000 Sat, Nov 11th, 1911 11/11/1911 League (Division Two) League (H) (H) 1 - 0 1 - 0 2,000 Sat, Sep 23rd, 1911 23/09/1911 League (Division Two) League (A) (A) 0 - 1 0 - 1 4,000 Wed, Aug 17th, 1910 17/08/1910 Friendly Friendly (A) (A) 0 - 2 0 - 2 - X Arkins Beedie Bollan Coyle Dodds Dods Durnan Gartland Hegarty Jenkinson Keatings McConalogue McGinnis McGovern McGowne McInnes Euan McQuilken McQuillan Jennison Myrie-Williams Oyenuga Mixu Paatelainen Pawlett Sandaza Scobbie Preserving the history of Dundee United Football Club since 2006. E-mail : admin@arabarchive.co.uk Facebook : thearabarchive Twitter : @ArabArchiveDUFC Dailymotion : arabarchive LATEST MODIFICATIONS Dundee Utd 2-2 Hibernian (19/01/2020) Modified on January 22nd, 2020 Dundee Utd 2-0 Partick Th (28/10/1978) Modified on January 20th, 2020 Scott Banks (b. 2001) Modified on January 22nd, 2020 Graham Honeyman (b. 1953) Modified on January 20th, 2020 2006-2018 © Arab Archive, DUFC Archive. Archive managed by Niall Harkiss, Bryan Orr, John Myles, Graeme Webster and Andy Boyd. Site developed by K & N Concepts Ltd.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line525
__label__cc	0.575993	0.424007	Archivaria, the journal of the Association of Canadian Archivists (ACA), is devoted to the scholarly investigation of archives in Canada and internationally. Articles and other submissions are welcomed which explore the history, nature, and theory of archives and the use of archives. The journal aims to be a bridge of communication among archivists, and between archivists and users of archives. Tweet #Archivaria Archivaria Tweets Archivaria Editorial Team To contact any of the members of the Archivaria Editorial Team, please use the following links: (Fiorella Foscarini) (Alexandra Wieland) Exhibition Review Editor (Catherine MacArthur Falls) French Language Editor (Émilie Letourneau) (Maureen Tracey) Archivaria Awards Gordon Dodds Prize: Submission Procedures The Canadian Archivist Collection (1963-1974) Journal Log In ##archivaria.searchNote## From January February March April May June July August September October November December 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Until January February March April May June July August September October November December 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Archivaria, The Journal of the Association of Canadian Archivists \| ISSN: 1923-6409	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line526
__label__wiki	0.735809	0.735809	Arctic Awards President of the Club History of the Club Sergey Egorov, Chairman of the Board Arcticmorgeo, Vice President Association of Polar Explorers of Russia, President Arctic World Club. Arcticmorgeo Group of Companies combines territorial entities with more than 40 years of experience in surveying, engineering, prospecting, drilling, construction and repair works at oil-and-gas extraction sites and pipelines. The company owns Fyodor Ushakov (SMP-03) self-elevating modular platform, with unique vessel equipment. Arcticmorgeo works with the largest Russian companies: NOVATEK, Gazprom, Gazprom Neft, LUKOIL, Transneft, with established presence in Russia, USA (Houston, TX), Europe (Hungary, Germany), South East Asia (Philippines, Indonesia). In 2017, Arcticmorgeo started the first phase of the project to create an international floating station. The company takes active part in various oil-and-gas industry forums and exhibitions, cooperating with Ukhta State Technical University, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, St. Petersburg Mining University, and the Antarctic Research Institute. Sergey Egorov is the Chairman of the Organizing Committee of the International Forum “Arctic: the Preset and the Future”. He provides support to major research projects operated by the Association of Polar Explorers. In 2012 he won the International Socrates Award. In 2017, opened a Businessman Preparation School in partnership with Harvard University. As part of its sports activities, Arctic World Club organized an annual international ice hockey tournament between the Arctic Council member states – Arctic Cup, with the involvement of Russia, Canada, USA, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway teams. The tournament won international recognition and was highly esteemed by the Russian Ice Hockey Federation of Russia and the International Ice Hockey Federation, along with its President René Fasel. In 2012 a decision was made to expand the Arctic Cup format and conduct a separate tournament among amateur junior teams of the Arctic Council countries – Arctic Cup Junior. Arctic ice hockey team was established in 2008 as Mr. Egorov’s personal initiative. The team has been playing successfully in Russian and international veteran tournaments since 2009. In 2013, Sergey Egorov established Arctic Energy – a professional racing team successfully competing in international championships of France, Belgium and Spain. In the same year he also opened Arctic Energy Racing School. Sergey Egorov is also known as the founder of Russian racing series, Mitjet Series Russia (MSR). In 2016 and 2017 the series was the first and only one in Russia authorized to act as the support race for Formula 1 competition. MSR held joint events with world racing series: DTM, WTCC and TCR. In 2018, Sergey Egorov organized Arctic Energy World Rally Team, which will be competing in the World Rally Championship in the 2018 season. Sergey Egorov also took part in the establishment of the Sailing Academy and created Arctic Energy Yachting, a professional team participating in the most prominent international regattas. In 2015 the team ranked 2nd in Copa del Rey regatta, in 2017 – came third in the legendary Rolex Middle Sea Race. The Ministry of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy of Russia awarded Sergey Egorov for his contribution to improving international reputation of Russian Federation and Russian sports. As part of its charity projects, Arctic World Club supports Russian and international charity organizations: the Red Cross Foundation, Leonardo Di Caprio Foundation, Podari.Life Foundation, Duke Dmitry Romanov’s Charity Foundation, Winter Ball Foundation and Action for Russia’s Children Foundation; together with UNESCO, Sergey Egorov opened a football school for orphaned children in the Republic of Ghana. Further, he organized a charity bike race “From Toscana to Monaco”, with the participation of famous sportsmen, including Formula-1 legend, two-time world champion Mika Häkkinen. 119049, Moscow, Shabolovka str., 10 bld. 1 info@arctic-club.com +7 (495) 760-25-87 Moscow © 2008-2020 ARCTIC WORLD CLUB powered by - ABETA.ru President of the ClubBoard of TrusteesHistory of the ClubMission EcologyScienceCulture and ArtSportCharityArctic Awards Arctic AwardsCharityScience and CultureBrain Training LabArcticmorgeoArctictechnoartArctic Energy Academy Arctic Awards 2018 Press ReleasePartnersPress center Thank you for your interest in our company!	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line527
__label__cc	0.641808	0.358192	Pneumoperitoneum and ascites secondary to bacterial overgrowth G. S. Raju, Satish Sanku Chander Rao, C. Lu Abdominal bloating, weight loss, pneumoperitoneum, and ascites developed in a 73-year-old woman. She had scleroderma, megajejunum, small bowel dysmotility, and bacterial overgrowth. After treatment with a course of antibiotics, the pneumoperitoneum and ascites resolved, but her symptoms and the pneumoperitoneum recurred after the antibiotics were stopped. She was placed on cyclical antibiotics, and during a 2-year follow-up period she has remained well. The pneumoperitoneum and ascites may have been secondary to small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Ours is the first case that demonstrates this association. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology Bacterial overgrowth Raju, G. S., Rao, S. S. C., & Lu, C. (1997). Pneumoperitoneum and ascites secondary to bacterial overgrowth. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 25(4), 688-690. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004836-199712000-00028 Pneumoperitoneum and ascites secondary to bacterial overgrowth. / Raju, G. S.; Rao, Satish Sanku Chander; Lu, C. In: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, Vol. 25, No. 4, 01.12.1997, p. 688-690. Raju, GS, Rao, SSC & Lu, C 1997, 'Pneumoperitoneum and ascites secondary to bacterial overgrowth', Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 688-690. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004836-199712000-00028 Raju GS, Rao SSC, Lu C. Pneumoperitoneum and ascites secondary to bacterial overgrowth. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1997 Dec 1;25(4):688-690. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004836-199712000-00028 Raju, G. S. ; Rao, Satish Sanku Chander ; Lu, C. / Pneumoperitoneum and ascites secondary to bacterial overgrowth. In: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1997 ; Vol. 25, No. 4. pp. 688-690. @article{5adbb05f6a864a87af64d885bb35db99, title = "Pneumoperitoneum and ascites secondary to bacterial overgrowth", abstract = "Abdominal bloating, weight loss, pneumoperitoneum, and ascites developed in a 73-year-old woman. She had scleroderma, megajejunum, small bowel dysmotility, and bacterial overgrowth. After treatment with a course of antibiotics, the pneumoperitoneum and ascites resolved, but her symptoms and the pneumoperitoneum recurred after the antibiotics were stopped. She was placed on cyclical antibiotics, and during a 2-year follow-up period she has remained well. The pneumoperitoneum and ascites may have been secondary to small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Ours is the first case that demonstrates this association.", keywords = "Ascites, Bacterial overgrowth, Pneumoperitoneum", author = "Raju, {G. S.} and Rao, {Satish Sanku Chander} and C. Lu", journal = "Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology", T1 - Pneumoperitoneum and ascites secondary to bacterial overgrowth AU - Raju, G. S. AU - Rao, Satish Sanku Chander AU - Lu, C. N2 - Abdominal bloating, weight loss, pneumoperitoneum, and ascites developed in a 73-year-old woman. She had scleroderma, megajejunum, small bowel dysmotility, and bacterial overgrowth. After treatment with a course of antibiotics, the pneumoperitoneum and ascites resolved, but her symptoms and the pneumoperitoneum recurred after the antibiotics were stopped. She was placed on cyclical antibiotics, and during a 2-year follow-up period she has remained well. The pneumoperitoneum and ascites may have been secondary to small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Ours is the first case that demonstrates this association. AB - Abdominal bloating, weight loss, pneumoperitoneum, and ascites developed in a 73-year-old woman. She had scleroderma, megajejunum, small bowel dysmotility, and bacterial overgrowth. After treatment with a course of antibiotics, the pneumoperitoneum and ascites resolved, but her symptoms and the pneumoperitoneum recurred after the antibiotics were stopped. She was placed on cyclical antibiotics, and during a 2-year follow-up period she has remained well. The pneumoperitoneum and ascites may have been secondary to small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Ours is the first case that demonstrates this association. KW - Ascites KW - Bacterial overgrowth KW - Pneumoperitoneum JO - Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology JF - Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line533
__label__wiki	0.530946	0.530946	Testosterone Affects Neural Gene Expression Differently in Male and Female Juncos: A Role for Hormones in Mediating Sexual Dimorphism and Conflict Mark P. Peterson, Kimberly A. Rosvall, Jeong Hyeon Choi, Charles Ziegenfus, Haixu Tang, John K. Colbourne, Ellen D. Ketterson Despite sharing much of their genomes, males and females are often highly dimorphic, reflecting at least in part the resolution of sexual conflict in response to sexually antagonistic selection. Sexual dimorphism arises owing to sex differences in gene expression, and steroid hormones are often invoked as a proximate cause of sexual dimorphism. Experimental elevation of androgens can modify behavior, physiology, and gene expression, but knowledge of the role of hormones remains incomplete, including how the sexes differ in gene expression in response to hormones. We addressed these questions in a bird species with a long history of behavioral endocrinological and ecological study, the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis), using a custom microarray. Focusing on two brain regions involved in sexually dimorphic behavior and regulation of hormone secretion, we identified 651 genes that differed in expression by sex in medial amygdala and 611 in hypothalamus. Additionally, we treated individuals of each sex with testosterone implants and identified many genes that may be related to previously identified phenotypic effects of testosterone treatment. Some of these genes relate to previously identified effects of testosterone-treatment and suggest that the multiple effects of testosterone may be mediated by modifying the expression of a small number of genes. Notably, testosterone-treatment tended to alter expression of different genes in each sex: only 4 of the 527 genes identified as significant in one sex or the other were significantly differentially expressed in both sexes. Hormonally regulated gene expression is a key mechanism underlying sexual dimorphism, and our study identifies specific genes that may mediate some of these processes. Published - Apr 16 2013 hormone secretion Peterson, M. P., Rosvall, K. A., Choi, J. H., Ziegenfus, C., Tang, H., Colbourne, J. K., & Ketterson, E. D. (2013). Testosterone Affects Neural Gene Expression Differently in Male and Female Juncos: A Role for Hormones in Mediating Sexual Dimorphism and Conflict. PloS one, 8(4), [e61784]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061784 Testosterone Affects Neural Gene Expression Differently in Male and Female Juncos : A Role for Hormones in Mediating Sexual Dimorphism and Conflict. / Peterson, Mark P.; Rosvall, Kimberly A.; Choi, Jeong Hyeon; Ziegenfus, Charles; Tang, Haixu; Colbourne, John K.; Ketterson, Ellen D. In: PloS one, Vol. 8, No. 4, e61784, 16.04.2013. Peterson, MP, Rosvall, KA, Choi, JH, Ziegenfus, C, Tang, H, Colbourne, JK & Ketterson, ED 2013, 'Testosterone Affects Neural Gene Expression Differently in Male and Female Juncos: A Role for Hormones in Mediating Sexual Dimorphism and Conflict', PloS one, vol. 8, no. 4, e61784. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061784 Peterson MP, Rosvall KA, Choi JH, Ziegenfus C, Tang H, Colbourne JK et al. Testosterone Affects Neural Gene Expression Differently in Male and Female Juncos: A Role for Hormones in Mediating Sexual Dimorphism and Conflict. PloS one. 2013 Apr 16;8(4). e61784. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061784 Peterson, Mark P. ; Rosvall, Kimberly A. ; Choi, Jeong Hyeon ; Ziegenfus, Charles ; Tang, Haixu ; Colbourne, John K. ; Ketterson, Ellen D. / Testosterone Affects Neural Gene Expression Differently in Male and Female Juncos : A Role for Hormones in Mediating Sexual Dimorphism and Conflict. In: PloS one. 2013 ; Vol. 8, No. 4. @article{87105720438c4572a15b6740ea0d1c09, title = "Testosterone Affects Neural Gene Expression Differently in Male and Female Juncos: A Role for Hormones in Mediating Sexual Dimorphism and Conflict", abstract = "Despite sharing much of their genomes, males and females are often highly dimorphic, reflecting at least in part the resolution of sexual conflict in response to sexually antagonistic selection. Sexual dimorphism arises owing to sex differences in gene expression, and steroid hormones are often invoked as a proximate cause of sexual dimorphism. Experimental elevation of androgens can modify behavior, physiology, and gene expression, but knowledge of the role of hormones remains incomplete, including how the sexes differ in gene expression in response to hormones. We addressed these questions in a bird species with a long history of behavioral endocrinological and ecological study, the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis), using a custom microarray. Focusing on two brain regions involved in sexually dimorphic behavior and regulation of hormone secretion, we identified 651 genes that differed in expression by sex in medial amygdala and 611 in hypothalamus. Additionally, we treated individuals of each sex with testosterone implants and identified many genes that may be related to previously identified phenotypic effects of testosterone treatment. Some of these genes relate to previously identified effects of testosterone-treatment and suggest that the multiple effects of testosterone may be mediated by modifying the expression of a small number of genes. Notably, testosterone-treatment tended to alter expression of different genes in each sex: only 4 of the 527 genes identified as significant in one sex or the other were significantly differentially expressed in both sexes. Hormonally regulated gene expression is a key mechanism underlying sexual dimorphism, and our study identifies specific genes that may mediate some of these processes.", author = "Peterson, {Mark P.} and Rosvall, {Kimberly A.} and Choi, {Jeong Hyeon} and Charles Ziegenfus and Haixu Tang and Colbourne, {John K.} and Ketterson, {Ellen D.}", T1 - Testosterone Affects Neural Gene Expression Differently in Male and Female Juncos T2 - A Role for Hormones in Mediating Sexual Dimorphism and Conflict AU - Peterson, Mark P. AU - Rosvall, Kimberly A. AU - Choi, Jeong Hyeon AU - Ziegenfus, Charles AU - Tang, Haixu AU - Colbourne, John K. AU - Ketterson, Ellen D. N2 - Despite sharing much of their genomes, males and females are often highly dimorphic, reflecting at least in part the resolution of sexual conflict in response to sexually antagonistic selection. Sexual dimorphism arises owing to sex differences in gene expression, and steroid hormones are often invoked as a proximate cause of sexual dimorphism. Experimental elevation of androgens can modify behavior, physiology, and gene expression, but knowledge of the role of hormones remains incomplete, including how the sexes differ in gene expression in response to hormones. We addressed these questions in a bird species with a long history of behavioral endocrinological and ecological study, the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis), using a custom microarray. Focusing on two brain regions involved in sexually dimorphic behavior and regulation of hormone secretion, we identified 651 genes that differed in expression by sex in medial amygdala and 611 in hypothalamus. Additionally, we treated individuals of each sex with testosterone implants and identified many genes that may be related to previously identified phenotypic effects of testosterone treatment. Some of these genes relate to previously identified effects of testosterone-treatment and suggest that the multiple effects of testosterone may be mediated by modifying the expression of a small number of genes. Notably, testosterone-treatment tended to alter expression of different genes in each sex: only 4 of the 527 genes identified as significant in one sex or the other were significantly differentially expressed in both sexes. Hormonally regulated gene expression is a key mechanism underlying sexual dimorphism, and our study identifies specific genes that may mediate some of these processes. AB - Despite sharing much of their genomes, males and females are often highly dimorphic, reflecting at least in part the resolution of sexual conflict in response to sexually antagonistic selection. Sexual dimorphism arises owing to sex differences in gene expression, and steroid hormones are often invoked as a proximate cause of sexual dimorphism. Experimental elevation of androgens can modify behavior, physiology, and gene expression, but knowledge of the role of hormones remains incomplete, including how the sexes differ in gene expression in response to hormones. We addressed these questions in a bird species with a long history of behavioral endocrinological and ecological study, the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis), using a custom microarray. Focusing on two brain regions involved in sexually dimorphic behavior and regulation of hormone secretion, we identified 651 genes that differed in expression by sex in medial amygdala and 611 in hypothalamus. Additionally, we treated individuals of each sex with testosterone implants and identified many genes that may be related to previously identified phenotypic effects of testosterone treatment. Some of these genes relate to previously identified effects of testosterone-treatment and suggest that the multiple effects of testosterone may be mediated by modifying the expression of a small number of genes. Notably, testosterone-treatment tended to alter expression of different genes in each sex: only 4 of the 527 genes identified as significant in one sex or the other were significantly differentially expressed in both sexes. Hormonally regulated gene expression is a key mechanism underlying sexual dimorphism, and our study identifies specific genes that may mediate some of these processes.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line534
__label__wiki	0.739234	0.739234	ESL Advisory Board Bada Rhyme Bada Genius Bada Talk Bada Sound Bada Read Badanamu Club Badanamu Stories KidsLoop Calm Island Calm Island’s ESL Advisory Board provides intellectual and strategic counseling to our company to continuously enhance the Badanamu Learning Program. Our advisory board consists of six highly respected scholars who represent a diverse range of expertise including the following: English-language learner (ELL), English as a Second Language (ESL), phonics, phonological awareness, literacy, reading, early childhood, and family. Jeannette Mancilla-Martinez Jeannette Mancilla-Martinez holds a M.Ed. and Ed.D. in language and literacy from Harvard University. Dr. Mancilla- Martinez is an associate professor of literacy instruction in the Department of Teaching and Learning at Vanderbilt University Peabody College. Her research includes: child development, ELL with a focus on vocabulary, and advancing students’ language and reading comprehension outcomes, including those of students from low-income homes. Christina Cassano Christina M. Cassano holds an Ed.D. from Boston University and currently works in the Childhood Education & Care department at Salem State University. Dr. Cassano specializes in early literacy and language development, science-literacy, and examining the relationship between phonological awareness and vocabulary. Dina Castro Dina Castro is the current Velma E. Schmidt Endowed Chair in Early Childhood Education at the University of North Texas. She holds a Ph.D. in Early Childhood Education and Special Education from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Dr. Castro’s study focuses on quality and equity in the early care and education for English language learners and children from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds and factors affecting the well-being of immigrant children and their families. Anne Cunningham holds a Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology from the University of Michigan. She is recognized for her research on literacy and development, early reading, and cognitive and motivational processes underlying reading ability. In addition, she has been awarded several prestigious research fellowships from the National Academy of Education and the National Science Foundation. Dr. Cunningham serves as the Graduate School of Education Head Graduate Academic Adviser at University of California, Berkley and is the Director of the Joint Doctoral Program in Special Education. Young-suk Kim Young-Suk Kim is a professor at the University of California, Irvine. She received her Ed.D. at Harvard University in Human Development and Psychology. Dr. Kim’s specialties are development in language, cognition, and literacy acquisition and instruction across languages and writing systems. In addition, Dr. Kim received the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) by former President Barack Obama. Yuuko Uchikoshi Tonkovich Yuuko Uchikoshi Tonkovich is a professor at the College of Education and Director of Undergraduate Programs at the University of California, Davis. She received an Ed.D. at Harvard University in Human Development and Psychology. Her research interests include the following: early literacy, English learners, bilingualism and bilingual education, language acquisition, quantitative methods, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics. Badanamu © 2020. All Rights Reserved. \| Privacy Notice We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners who may combine it with other information that you’ve provided to them or that they’ve collected from your use of their services. Allow all cookiesNo thanksView our Privacy Policy	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line541
__label__wiki	0.59028	0.59028	Contributors Latest News \| Larry Lord \| Bangor Metro \| 'Ice Missiles' \| Today's Paper GOP health care bill drops essential coverage for Mainers with mental illness, addictions George Danby \| BDN By Joe Baldacci, Special to the BDN • May 23, 2017 9:24 am House Republicans earlier this month passed a health care bill that would be a disaster for American families. It would take away health insurance for 24 million people, gut Medicaid funding to the tune of $880 billion per year and raise insurance costs by as much as 20 percent. It also would devastate the lives and well-being of the one in five Americans who suffer from mental health or substance use disorders. As mayor of the city of Bangor, I want to say this clearly: We must protect mental health and substance use disorder care coverage at all costs. We must give a voice to the voiceless and start taking mental health as seriously as we take physical health. That is why I joined Cities Thrive, a national coalition of 155 of our nation’s mayors from all 50 states devoted to advancing mental health reform at the local and national levels. Seven years after President Barack Obama signed the Affordable Care Act into law, we can see how much it has helped working families. Obamacare, as some call it, requires insurers to cover mental health care as an essential treatment. It expands the number of people covered by Medicaid, the largest funder of mental health services in the United States. Today, more than 20,000 Mainers struggling with a mental illness or substance use disorder receive treatment as a result of Obamacare. The American Health Care Act, however, would roll back the clock on all the good Obamacare is doing. States would be allowed to seek waivers under the law to allow insurers to eliminate coverage for services such as mental health and addiction treatments. Mental health coverage would no longer be considered an essential health benefit under Medicaid. The bill also would gut protections for the more than 590,000 Mainers under age 64 who have a pre-existing condition. What does that mean for the people of Bangor? It means hospitals and health care providers in Bangor will see a $61 million cut in revenue and at least 1,000 Bangor residents would see their health insurance terminated. It means seniors will be forced to choose between buying food or seeking treatment for a debilitating illnesses. It means people getting sicker, not healthier. As a city, we already see too many in jails, shelters and hospitals who could have avoided those places if they had just gotten treatment. This nation is already in the middle of a drug-overdose epidemic during which deaths from heroin overdoses have surpassed gun homicides for the first time. Imagine how much worse things will get if we eliminate drug treatment coverage for tens of millions of people? The American Health Care Act would drag us back to the failed policies of the past and leave millions struggling with mental health and substance use disorders without hope. But we still have hope. We don’t need to be afraid. We need to get organized and take action. The House bill is now in the U.S. Senate, and we need to tell our senators just what we think. We all can pick up the phone and call our elected representatives to tell them what we think. U.S. Sen. Susan Collins’ office at the federal building in Bangor can be reached at 945-0417, and U.S. Sen. Angus King’s office, also at the federal building in Bangor, can be reached at 945-8000. Together, we can send a message that there’s no health without mental health and demand that the American Health Care Act is an unacceptable alternative. Joe Baldacci is the chairman of the Bangor City Council. Woman who died Monday in Penobscot County Jail is identified Have feedback? Want to know more? Send us ideas for follow-up stories. Without the Patriots, the Super Bowl might be fun again Mills offered ambitious agenda but missed opportunities for bipartisanship Maine can do more to regulate internet privacy Thursday, Jan. 23, 2020: What would Margaret Chase Smith do, an apology for Alex Gray, hear from witnesses	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line542
__label__cc	0.647313	0.352687	Tag Archives: live music December 1, 2019 by beatsthatsetmypulse Written by Erica Andreozzi I first saw Between Mountains at Iceland Airwaves 2017, just 6 months after they won Músíktilraunir, the annual Icelandic “Battle of the Bands,” and back then it was a very different band. At that time they were a duo — Katla Vigdís Vernharðsdóttir and and Ásrós Helga Guðmundsdóttir — and their name represented the fact that were from different fjords (in Westfjords region of Iceland) located “between mountains.” They harmonized beautifully together and incorporated elements of keyboard, xylophone, and accordion into their songs with a proficiency way beyond their years. Fast forward another 2 years and they are now a 4 piece live: Katla (the muse of Between Mountains) on vocals/keys, her father Vernharður Jósefsson on bass, her brother Valgeir Skorri Vernharðsson on drums (also drummer for Mammut and drum tech for Sigur Ros), and Salóme Katrín Magnúsdóttir on backing vocals/keys. While I enjoyed the duo before, I must say that I prefer the larger band much more and appreciate the clever, catchy percussion that Valgeir brings with his extensive experience on drums. The talent within this family is enormous (Katla and Valgeir’s brother is the talented front man of Rythmatik), and has me imagining how their spurious moments of “playing around the house” has led to the masterpieces we hear now. Please do yourself a favor and listen to their debut album, ‘Between Mountains’ (released on Nov 1 and produced by Arnar Guðjónsson of Warmland), because it’s AMAZING and chock-full of hits: ‘Little Lies,’ ‘I Don’t Want to be in Love,’ ‘What Breaks Me,’ and ‘Synthalag.’ ‘Little Lies’ is an incredibly beautiful track with lyrics that I’m sure we can all relate to (“My mind will fall apart again, now it’s only a matter of when, it rise up as I go down.. and there I stay, I reach for you, meet me halfway… I wonder if I’ll be the same, and how I will keep myself sane, confine my thoughts, tie every note… I told you a lie when I told you I’m fine”) and I’m so impressed that they lyrics were written by someone only 18 yrs of age. The same goes for the song, ‘I Don’t Want to be in Love,’ which has a style reminiscent of Sharon Van Etten (whom I absolutely adore). : “It’s been 3 weeks since we’ve first met and I thought I hadn’t screwed up yet. I haven’t felt this way for someone in almost a year. I missed it when it was gone but I’m scared that it’s here. Cause I’m not very good at this and I never show my cards. I am too afraid of it, I won’t let my guards. But I know I don’t have to be in love to wanna meet you.” WOW. I know we can ALL relate to this one even though we’d rather not admit it: Poignant, vulnerable thoughts laced with infectious, upbeat melodies and gorgeous harmonies. ‘What Breaks Me’ is another stunner, and you’re bound to sing along to the catchy chorus (“It’s what I can hold that makes me, what I’ve been told what breaks me”) that Katla and Salóme so intricately deliver with staggering vocals that echo one another like a call-and-response. Still, the song that I feel STOLE THE SPOTLIGHT at The Hard Rock Cafe was, ‘Into The Dark’ (nominated for “Video of the Year” at the Icelandic music awards: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tp4AHG8OkRg), which Katla said she wrote when she was only 14 yrs old. UNBELIEVABLE. This one starts out soft but picks up on speed and intensity, and you can feel your adrenaline pumping as you anticipate the crescendo of the cryptic chorus: “It says you’re deeper in the sea.. I feel you’re face.. I see your face.” The harmonies in this one are gorgeous, and I made sure to mention that when a famous writer for Rolling Stone magazine was showering her with compliments later that night. Another song that stole the spotlight and had me all teary-eyed and emotional was ‘Synthalag,’: “the colors in your eyes tell me stories, about what should have been and why I ran, the buttons your coat say ‘you’r sorry,’ cause they can hear and no one else can, and when I look up to the sky, I suddenly feel alive. The lights are dancing with the stars. And we just sit and watch.” OUTSTANDING VOCALS that will take your breathe away and transport you to a place under the arctic sky, looking up at the stars “together” with someone you love. Between Mountains are certainly rising out above the rest and getting the visibility they deserve. I sure hope to see them in the states next year! ❤ Social Media pages: YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/user/eandreoz Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Beatsthatsetmypulse/ Instagram: beatsthatsetmypulse Twitter: @eandreoz Spotify: http://open.spotify.com/user/1217781739 Tagged between mountains, iceland airwaves, icelandic band, icelandic music, into the dark, Katla Vigdis, little lies, live music, music festival, music review, rolling stone, what breaks me Hatari’s show at The Reykjavik Art museum (11/8/19) this year was PURE PERFECTION, and one of the most phenomenal productions I have witnessed at Iceland Airwaves thus far. It has been incredibly eye-opening to watch how this band had evolved from when I first saw them at Kaffibarinn in 2017 (see review here), and I am constantly amazed at their efforts and execution in redefining the impossible. Known for their drive to defeat capitalism, Hatari started off their show with visual depictions (iPhone, computers, etc.) of how digital technology is trying is consume our thoughts and control our minds to perceive a reality that is not healthy. They also ended the show with this same theme, bringing us back full circle after unleashing our disgust for the “rampant hypocrisy that exists in this world.” Meticulously dressed in intricate, ornate BDSM attire, this transfixing trio — Klemens Hannigan (vocals), Matthías Tryggvi Haraldson (vocals), and Einar Stéfansson (drums, also the guitarist for the amazing band Vok!) — had our eyes locked on their every move. I was mad impressed by the visuals that the glow-in-the-dark whips dangling from Matthias’ wrists made as he swung them around frivolously while dancing. They were a perfect pairing to the glow-in-the-dark leather strap suits worn by the beautiful, alluring female dancers Sólbjört Sigurðardóttir and Ástrós Guðjónsdóttir who cranked up heated up even more. They also had surprise guest appearances by a rapper and a singer (wish I knew their names) that had us all hot and bothered. And if that wasn’t enough to raise our body temperatures many degrees higher, the EXPLOSIVE PRISM OF FIREWORKS shooting up from the front of the stage SURE WAS. I still recall my friend Erika and I gasping at that exact same moment as we marveled at this SIGHT OF ALL SIGHTS. What I find most compelling about Hatari is their ability to keep a straight poker face during this entire epic production. It’s their discerning dichotomies – their ability keep a straight poker face when delivering devilish, primal screams and disturbing, suicide lyrics to happy techno beats – that keeps us coming back for more. They exude a mystery and allure that is truly magnetic, and it’s this fascinating paradox that we can get enough of. Almost everyone around me knew all of the lyrics for ‘Spillingardans,’ ‘X,’ ‘Hatrið mun sigra,’ and ‘Biðröð Mistaka,’ just to name a few. After earning themselves Reykjavik’s Grapevine‘s “Best Live Band” pick of 2016 and 2017, and most recently a highly competitive top 10 spot in the 2019 Eurovision contest, Hatari’s fans are growing astronomically, and on a global scale. It’s only perfect timing then that Hatari is gearing up for a ‘Europe Will Crumble’ tour of 18 European cities in 2020. This is only the tip of the iceberg for these Icelandic renegades. Just you wait and see. See below for full videos of the show from my Facebook page. Tagged Ástrós Guðjónsdóttir, Biðröð Mistaka, Einar Stéfansson, eurovision, hatari, Hatrið mun sigra, iceland airwaves, icelandic band, Klemens Hannigan, live music, Matthías Tryggvi Haraldson, music festival, music review, reykavik grapevine, reykjavik art museum, Sólbjört Sigurðardóttir, spillingardan August 25, 2019 by beatsthatsetmypulse Grateful to have discovered the massively talented singer/songwriter Eric Long at High Sierra music fest this year, and even more grateful to have caught him at an intimate Sofar Sounds show in SF earlier this month. I found myself instantly memorized by his rich, raspy vocals and his blending of folk, Americana, and blues. He stands out as one of the few SF Bay area musicians playing a finger-style bottleneck slide guitar that draws strong similarities to Keb Mo, Taj Mahal, and Charlie Parr. SUCH A TREAT. Songs like ‘Dance with Me,’ ‘Hey Now Baby,’ ‘Leaving,’ ‘Maraschino Cherries,’ and ‘Pennsylvania on My Mind’ had me hooked hard, and I found myself playing his 2018 album, ‘A Long Way From Home,’ during my entire 10 hr drive back to LA the next day. ‘Pennsylvania on My Mind’ especially hit home, considering that I too moved from Pennsylvania to California over a decade ago and had to endure the mixed emotions of uprooting to a new coast in search of new adventure and new possibilities. ‘Hey Now Baby’ is also a beautiful track for the lovers, with lyrics that certainly melt the heart: “Hey now baby.. while your dreaming gets my heartbeat, you are stealing my breath away.” If I had to choose a favorite, it would probably be ‘Maraschino Cherries,’ for the melody and beautiful violin, as well as the pensive lyrics that I think we can all relate too: “Still don’t know where I’m going, guess it’s time to move along, don’t know where I’m headed there’s just no where to know. It’s so easy to say, little harder to do, sometimes it’s the sweetest things that you can’t hold on to …Take alot of man to know what he’s after, a better man let it walk away.. What’s a good man to do without a women by his side… Sometimes it’s the sweetest things that fade away before too long. So hold onto the best, and let go of the rest, cause in the morning, them sweet things might be gone.” Eric Long’s music a sweet thing that I certainly want to hold on to, and I hope he will be playing for a long, long time. ❤ Tagged americana music, eric long, folk music, high sierra music festival, live music, music review, san francisco music scene, singer songwriter, sofar sounds March 9, 2019 by beatsthatsetmypulse Photo credit: Nikki Neumann (website: Neumann.com / Instagram: @nkknmmn) “Everybody says I’m just like you, is that one of the many things you suffered through… both know sadness too well I lost you too, waking up without you is waking up in hell, I never meet you 48, you won’t cry on my wedding day, you’ll never hear my children say your name, Jaqueline… I’m just pissed off and bitter, I couldn’t save my mother, I’m grappling with what I got left” FUCK. Tears just won’t stop flowing. Such a heavy heart listening to Rett Madison sing about the recent loss of her mother Jaqueline at The Hihat last night. It was very hard to hold back the tears, and it breaks me to think about the pain that this incredibly talented, hilarious, down-to-earth, and downright adorable person must be going through. Just last month at The Bootleg, Rett mentioned that her stage banter was a bit off because she “has just lost her mom” and “feels a bit weird.” ‘Jaqueline,’ ‘Death Don’t Make a Bitch An Angel’, ‘Flea Market,’ (see videos below) and ‘Don’t Know Better Till You Do’ (“I admit that pride gets my tongue, but you and I are of the same blood and you played the game better than I could.. when I should have done better by you”), were all songs that hit us a like a brick wall and triggered instant tearshed. Heavy and intense, you could feel the cathartic relief accompanying each lyric as Rett belted them vehemently from her chest. Rett also played ‘Shame is a River,’ (LOVE) ‘Pin Up Daddy,’ ‘Fleas,’ and ‘God is a Woman,’ all tracks (videos below) I had heard before and instantly connected with, wishing they were already available on Spotify. Her album is going to be an absolute masterpiece. Rest Madison certainly stands out as my top 3 discoveries in 2019, and I will see her every chance I can get. To stay that I was stunned the first time I saw Rett play (which happened to be alongside Emma Cole and Wolf Bay at Madam Siam back in Oct and then later opening for Lauren Ruth Ward at The El Rey) would be an understatement. The minute Rett opened her mouth was the minute MY mouth would remain open, jaw dropped on the floor. Her West Virginia roots have fertilized a southern-raspy vibe that stands out in the LA music scene, carving a niche that not many can touch. She almost always starts her show with a gospel-like vocal intro called ‘One Year‘ (video below) that hooks you hard, stopping you in your tracks like a dear in headlights. Every song in her set is a masterpiece, and it blows me away that she is only in her early 20s. Since the Madame Siam show, I have been obsessively listening to her EP (God Is a Women, Mother’s Girl, Twinty-Five) over and over. I can understand some of the frustrations she mentions in ‘Twenty-Five’ (“My pals are all making plans and playing house… but I ain’t got a damn thing figured out”), but cannot understand her sense of urgency with her self-imposed time line: “Why did I romanticize where I’d be at 25… and I know that I know that I’ve still young but how come I’ve run out of time.” She is still SO YOUNG and is FAR FROM “running out of time.” She has already surpassed many her age, having written incredibly brilliant songs that raise ever hair on my body when I hear them sung out loud. Considering it was INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S DAY, it was also PERFECTLY FITTING for Rett to play ‘God Is a Woman’ (“I wish I had known back then that no love is a sin… cause GOD’S A WOMAN, She F*CKS A WOMAN, just as divine… that GOD’S A DIKE, and she made rainbows to give us a sign”) for her encore. I will forever put Rett up on a pedestal & broadcast her gift to the world until her fans are “drawing rainbows 🌈 in the sky to give her a sign.” ❤ “If I was given one month to live, I’d carry our dreams in a bucket till we crossed our last wish off our list. If I was given one day, if I was given one day to live, I’d memorize your kiss with my clumsy mouth while you hold my shaky legs still. If I was given one hour, If I was given one hour to live, I would praise your body with every own god sin there is. If I was given one breath, if I was given one hour, if I was given one day, if I was given one month. If I was given one year, if I was given one year to year. I would plant that tree in the garden to keep track of our last seasons. If I was give one year.” “Let me tell ya it takes more than a stitch to make me obedient… I never learned how to stay cause I was born a stray, yes I was born a stray” “Shame is a river, and I’ve crossed its waters, always sink… Hope’s on the other side, and I’ve got guilt I’ve got bricks to my feet… I was 15 when I had my first drink, I’m on the sofa across from a shrink, keeping my mouth shut and grinding my teeth.. Got away as far as I could but that didn’t do me any good… love is a sunrise, where’s the light to eclipse my grief… Grace speaks of silence, I’ve been quiet but I only hear my own scream.” “I’m so pathetic, I begged God to trade my life, with my mom’s, but you didn’t have that, you never asked me, you only wanted me to be happy… So I’m trying my best to be happy” “Sometimes I think you live you through me, and you’re pissed you’re not directing the movie… If I die would you find a way to make my pain about you… When I go I already know that death don’t make a bitch an angel” “Mamma never said I was second best, she loved a TomBoy in a Sequin dress…” “I wish I had known back then that no love is a sin.. cause GOD’S A WOMAN, She FUCKS A WOMAN, just as divine… that GOD’S A DIKE, and she made rainbows to give us a sign” Previous reviews (The Bootleg, The Love Song Bar, The El Rey, Madam Siam): Tagged folk rock, god is a woman, indie rock, jaqueline, la music scene, lauren ruth ward, live music, los angeles, music review, music video, musician, rett madison, sad song, shame is a river, spotify, the bootleg, the hihat November 13, 2018 by beatsthatsetmypulse I’ve worn plenty of wristbands in my day, but this one I wear with MOST PRIDE. Having been accepted to my second Iceland Airwaves Music Festival as a media pass holder is an opportunity that I do NOT take lightly, and I tried my best to capture the highlights of this magical, musical mystery tour. Not only does this “land of Ice” know know to shatter glass ceilings and defy the odds of artistic potential and possibility, but it does so in a way that is warm (“land of fire”) and welcoming, and so in the least bit pretentious. The sky is definitely the limit for this innovative, ingenious, impressive Island. The music, people, and scenery is uncharacteristic of anywhere else. ❤ Here are some of the bands that left a lasting impression in my mind and made me question the boundaries of human creativity (click on names or links below to see the full reviews): Hatari, Hogni, Hormonar, Kiriyama Family, We Made God, Omotrack, Rythmatik, Captain Syrup, Arstidir, Between Mountains, Axel Flovent, Mani Orrason, One Week Wonder, GDJYB (non-Icelandic), and Mammut (a personal favorite). Since my review for Mammut was taking a very long to write (I often find it most difficult to write about bands that move me the most), I decided to write a combined review on their 2017 & 2018 Airwaves shows. Other Icelandic bands I have written about in the past are Asgeir, VAR, Vok, Kaleo, For a Minor Reflection, Sin Fang, Agent Fresco, Lay Low, Rokvva, Samaris, etc. See my reviews on Asgeir and Low Roar. See videos below from Airwaves 2017 when Mammut performed ‘Kinder Versions,’ ‘Pray for Air in the Water,’ ‘The Moon Will Never Turn on Me,’ ‘Walls,’ and ‘What’s Your Secret‘ (these absolutely SLAY): https://beatsthatsetmypulse.com/2018/11/04/kiriyama-family-youre-looking-for-an-answer-and-try-to-dig-deeper-but-you-cant-always-get-higher-live-at-iceland-airwaves-nov-4-2017/ https://beatsthatsetmypulse.com/2018/10/28/hormonar-our-songs-are-like-a-female-orgasm/ beatsthatsetmypulse.com/2018/10/29/hogni-wonderful-dreams-that-were-uncomfortable-scenes-out-of-nowhere-wonderful-scenes-that-were-uncomfortable-schemes-out-of-nowhere-live-at-secret-solstice-and-iceland-airwaves-june-nov-20/ https://beatsthatsetmypulse.com/2018/11/03/hatari-we-are-the-screamers-we-are-the-echo-we-are-the-chambers-live-at-iceland-airwaves-nov-5-2017/ https://beatsthatsetmypulse.com/2018/10/27/rythmatik-put-my-dreams-in-red-balloons-tie-the-knots-tie-the-noose-iceland-airwaves-nov-4-2017/ https://beatsthatsetmypulse.com/2018/02/20/axel-flovent-you-are-the-reason-why-i-got-what-i-really-wanted-now-i-can-see-the-sun-when-i-look-at-where-we-started-iceland-airwaves-nov-3-2017/ https://beatsthatsetmypulse.com/2018/02/01/gdjyb-tick-tick-tock-tock-the-minute-goes-the-history-flows-nothings-gonna-change-the-lies-u-told-the-scam-we-know-iceland-airwaves-nov-3-2017/ beatsthatsetmypulse.com/2018/10/28/between-mountains-deeper-in-the-city-i-feel-your-face-live-at-iceland-airwaves-nov-5-2017/ beatsthatsetmypulse.com/2018/10/28/captain-syrup-be-sure-to-taste-some-of-this-live-at-iceland-airwaves-nov-4-2017/ beatsthatsetmypulse.com/2018/10/28/arstidir-ive-been-waiting-for-someone-to-say-that-my-patience-was-worth-all-the-way-live-at-iceland-airwaves-nov-3-2017 https://beatsthatsetmypulse.com/2018/10/28/omotrack-why-is-life-equalized-some-people-just-cant-see-everyone-has-blind-spots-except-for-me-live-at-iceland-airwaves-nov-4-2018/ https://beatsthatsetmypulse.com/2018/02/12/mani-orrason-but-freedom-haunts-me-like-it-should-haunt-no-one-and-when-i-run-through-the-trees-i-will-run-for-everyone-iceland-airwaves-nov-3-2017/ https://beatsthatsetmypulse.com/2018/02/01/one-week-wonder-even-the-gods-will-know-my-own-name-iceland-airwaves-nov-3-2017/ beatsthatsetmypulse.com/2018/10/28/we-made-god-hail-to-this-higher-power-live-at-iceland-airwaves-nov-4-2017/ Tagged agent fresco, arstidir, asgeir, axel flovent, between mountains, captain syrup, for a minor reflection, hatari, hormonar, iceland, iceland airwaves, icelandic music, kaleo, kiriyama family, Lay Low, live music, mammut, mani orrason, music festival, music review, music reviews, music video, music videos, omotrack, one week wonder, rokvva, rythmatik, samaris, sin fang, var, vok, We made god November 4, 2018 by beatsthatsetmypulse Photos courtesy of Peter Males Meeting the AMAZING ICELANDIC BAND who I hope will ALWAYS FEEL LIKE FAMILY. Meeting the AMAZING ICELANDIC BAND who I hope will ALWAYS BE FAMILY, Kiriyama Family. I was hooked HARD ever since I saw them at Secret Solstice Festival in June 2017 and could not WAIT to see them again at Iceland Airwaves Music Festival that same year. They dropped my jaw to the ground once again at Airwaves and had me flailing my hands in the air like a madwoman. Formed back in 2012 by core members Karl Bjarnarson (vocals, guitar, bass and keys), Guđmudur Jónsson (guitar, bass and keys), Viđir Björnsson (guitar, bass and keys) and Bassi Ólafsson (drums and percussion), keyboarder Bjarni Ævar Árnason and vocalist Hulda Kristín were added in 2014 to complete this phenomenal six-piece family we see today. All six are fantastic musicians in their own right, but know how to play their instruments and each others (known for several swapping during the set), proving they really do have that THE CHEMISTRY that they sing so proud and loud in their hit track track ‘Chemistry‘: “I’m not imagining this chemistry… so why don’t you just come with me.” We are surely not imagining it either. This chemistry is as real as it gets. You also don’t have to imagine the euphoria that they are feeling up there on stage, the pure joy that they have connecting with one another (they are all very close friends) and connecting with the audience who they welcome so comfortable with their down-to-earth demeanor and effortless, engaging charm. Combining nostalgic 1980s synth pop with late 1970’s yacht/jazz rock and modern-day atmospheric, progressive rock, the band serves up a tasty experimental genre courtesy of their own “family recipe.” Armed with an array of synthesizers, guitar, and bass, Kiriyama Family combines influences of Steely Dan, Arcade Fire, Tame Impala, and M83, into a sounds that makes them stand out from many other bands I have seen (and I have seen THOUSANDS). They are a band where I am truly at a lost to find any sort of comparison (which is ALWAYS a good thing). Even more impressive are the gorgeous vocal harmonies of Hulda and Karl that will lather you in chills the instant you hear them. These harmonies are especially strong in ‘Innocence,’ one of their stand-out tracks that was #1 on Icelandic Music charts when it was first released. Check out a video below, where you can hear me shout “This one is the shit.” 🙂 Hulda’s powerhouse pipes will make you impulsively WAIL OUT LOUD to the catchy chorus as if no one was watching (at least I did, with carotid’s bulging out of my neck): “You’re looking for an answer, and try to dig deeper But you can’t always get higher lord … oh, my innocence is gold, I’ve got to wake up from this silliness, I’m not right for this. ” What’s interesting is that this catchy chorus follows a particularly pensive intro (some of my favorite Kiriyama Family lyrics) that really embody the contant self-talk most of us battle: “I was deluded to say that, you could never find your preferable self. Seeing as it’s just a matter of perspective and you are the observer of own point of view. But just remember to relax, nothing is for certain and you will never pass as anything worth mentioning if you never step out of your comfort zone.” Stepping out of your comfort zone is my main modus operandi, and I often try and remind myself that “you are only as good as your boldest experiment.” I always do appreciate the reminder, especially when sung by such soothing vocals. Other beautiful vocals can be heard in their lovely (#1 on their Spotify) love song ‘About You‘ (video below): “But now i only focus on one thing to help me set the pain aside, just a little something that’s more beautiful then i dear to describe… oh, there’s something about you.. I wanna be the one who sets fire to your heart.” My heart! ❤ Then there’s ‘Weekend,’ a funky, chill track showcasing Bassi’s perky percussion and Karl’s once again thought-provoking lyrics: “And all of my friends got lost in the sands of time and doubts, as soon as the waves crashed down.” ‘Bassi’s tight rhythmic drumming also kicks off ‘Lightyears Away,’ a track that starts off slow but picks up speed in stride with the urgency of Hulda’ eager impatience for her love: “There is nothing I would rather do than sit here with you… but I’m a million light-years away from you.” Another favorite is ‘Apart,’ (video below) featuring a happy hypnotic keyboard intro (courtesy of Guðmundur) and deep, funky bass (thank you Viđir) that does in fact “catch you off guard” when you learn the lyrics are not so happy: “All I can say is that we’re meant to be apart… And all I can do is hope that you don’t catch my heart off guard.” A final favorite (though I love them all) from the collection is ‘Anywhere But Here,’ which takes us on a exhilarating journey of groovy twists and turns that pair perfectly with the capricious call-and-response vocals between Karl (“sometimes you feel like all of our dreams are drifting away while we’re blinking, but I won’t let that happen on my watch…”) and Hulda (“don’t say that”). One of the most intriguing parts is when Karl responds to Hulda’s (don’t say that”) with “It’s Oh darling don’t get me started, I’m a changed man.” It’s true that “We could be anywhere by here,” but do we really want to be? I think not. In fact, there is no where I would rather be than at their Saturday night Iceland Airwaves set. This is the family moment I have been “Waiting for,” and such a perfect name to their upcoming sophomore album to be release this spring. Mad props to their awesome manager Jeff Rude who keeps me up to speed with this fantastic family. 🙂 Tagged chemistry, iceland airwaves, iceland airwaves music festival, icelandic music, innocence, kiriyama family, live music, secret solstice October 29, 2018 by beatsthatsetmypulse “I’m in love I’m in love I’m in love can’t you tell?”… I’M IN LOVE with this song ‘Moon pitcher‘ that Hogni wrote for his fiance in his debut album, Two Trains, released Oct 2017 by Erased Tapes record label. Hogni quotes: “I feel I tried my best to create an honest and passionate piece of musical work and I hope you will find the time and space to enjoy it as well as finding that connection. As a musician you aspire to create that other world, that sense of hypnosis.” I def entered that other world, “CAN’T YOU TELL.” 🙂 ❤ Hogni was one of my top new discoveries at Secret Solstice 2017, and I could not wait to see him again at Iceland Airwaves 6 months later. His deep vocals and ethereal, experimental electronic arrangements simply SLAY, and I was so happy to hear the new gems from Two Trains, an album that he describes in the following words: “The music on Two Trains is a blue-print of a period in my life where I collided with my own self, and at that point I felt the indifference between the personal and the universal, the absolute consciousness of life’s unconsciousness. Perhaps it’s a feeling that cannot be conveyed, like watercolours that just seem to wash off into the sea. But also a flashing mirage that you can enjoy before you arrive at your last destination.” Hogni also alludes to this album as a personal expression of the tugging dichotomies he faces while living with bipolar disorder: “I’m bipolar. I got very sick and it has affected my life drastically. This album bears witness to it… (In) the last few years, the swings have decreased in size. When I was the most ill a few years ago, I felt terrible, even if you couldn’t see it. There was just so much going on, lots of fun, and even excitement about going to the psych ward for the first time. Like I was going down a new path for myself. But I haven’t seen it as exciting since then.” Maybe this phenomena is what he was describing in his song (video below) where he sings: “Wonderful dreams that were uncomfortable scenes out of nowhere… Wonderful scenes that were uncomfortable schemes out of nowhere.” Previously known as frontman of the well-known indie rock band Hjaltalin and former member of ambient-techno group GusGus), Hogni proves that “Two Trains”, “change and metamorphosis” are his preferred method of transportation in this journey we call life. His “I can do whatever I dream” (lyrics in one of the videos below) is infectious and his tenacity for movement and exploration are an inspiration to us all: “My life is untethered, in many ways,” Högni says. “I try to focus on making good music and seeking inspiration, chasing experiences, travelling and finding adventures. Aside from fronting two touring bands, Hogni has made time to score numerous theatre pieces, most notably The Heart of Robin Hood (dir. Gísli Gardarsson), staged by The Royal Shakespeare Company in 2011 and Angels of the Universe (dir. Thorleifur Örn Arnarsson), the Icelandic National Theatre’s 2013 adaptation of a well-known and loved novel and film of the same title.mHe has also written music for film and television, including a well-received score for short film Víkingar (dir. Magali Magistry, 2013) which won the Golden Rail award and was nominated for the Discovery award, both at the Cannes Film Festival. There really is no telling where his “Two Trains” will take us next. I don’t know about you , but I am surely ALL ABOARD. ❤ Tagged hogni, iceland airwaves, icelandic music, live music, music festival, music review, secret solstice	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line547
__label__wiki	0.865403	0.865403	THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF FAKE NEWS Congressional leaders who have often touted Iraq’s new ‘free press’ as a sign of progress in that troubled country were angered by the Pentagon’s admission last week that it has been planting and paying for Iraqi newspapers to publish ‘good news stories’ written by the military and ‘placed’ in Iraqi media by a Washington-based public relations firm. In a briefing for the powerful chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, Republican John Warner of Virginia, the military acknowledged that news articles written by American troops had been placed as paid advertisements in the Iraqi news media and not always properly identified. Warner told reporters after receiving a briefing from officials at the Pentagon that senior commanders in Iraq were trying to get to the bottom of a program that apparently also paid monthly stipends to friendly Iraqi journalists. Mr. Warner said there had been no indications yet that the paid propaganda had been false. But he said that disclosures that an American company, under contract to the Pentagon, was making secret payments to plant articles with positive messages about the United States military mission could undermine the Bush administration's goals in Iraq and jeopardize Iraq's developing democratic institutions. "I remain gravely concerned about the situation," he said. He said he had been told that the articles or advertisements were intended to counter disinformation in the Iraqi news media that was hurting the American military's efforts to stabilize the country. The story of the Pentagon’s latest PR efforts was revealed last week by the Los Angeles Times. It said that many of the articles were presented in the Iraqi press as unbiased news accounts written and reported by independent journalists. The stories trumpet the work of U.S. and Iraqi troops, denounce insurgents and tout U.S.-led efforts to rebuild the country. The Times reported that while the articles are basically factual, they present only one side of events and omit information that might reflect poorly on the U.S. or Iraqi governments. Records and interviews indicate that the U.S. has paid Iraqi newspapers to run dozens of such articles, with headlines such as "Iraqis Insist on Living Despite Terrorism," since the effort began this year, the newspaper wrote. The articles are received from the military and translated into Arabic and then placed with Iraqi media, both print and broadcast, by the Lincoln Group, a Washington D.C.-based public relations firm which is under contract to the Pentagon. Lincoln’s website boasts of its extensive network of relationships with Iraqi journalists. The Lincoln Group defended its practices, saying it had been trying to counter insurgent propaganda with accounts of heroism by allied forces. "Lincoln Group has consistently worked with the Iraqi media to promote truthful reporting across Iraq," Laurie Adler, a company spokeswoman, said in a statement. Administration and Congressional officials have often emphasized the importance the U.S. places on development of a Western-style free media. Last week, Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld cited the proliferation of news organizations in Iraq as one of the country's great successes since the ouster of President Saddam Hussein. The hundreds of newspapers, television stations and other "free media" offer a "relief valve" for the Iraqi public to debate the issues of their burgeoning democracy, Rumsfeld said. The administration isn't alone in pointing to the "free" media as evidence of things going well in Iraq. In a November 10 speech, Republican Senator John McCain of Arizona touted Iraq's "truly free press". But Congressional Democrats said the Lincoln Group’s activities were the latest example of questionable public relations practices by the administration. In an earlier case, payments were made to columnists, among them conservative commentator Armstrong Williams, who secretly received $240,000 for promoting “No Child Left Behind”, the administration's education initiative. "From Armstrong Williams to fake TV news, we know this White House has tried multiple times to buy the news at home," Senator Harry Reid of Nevada, the Democratic leader, said. "Now, we need to find out if they've exported this practice to the Middle East." Senator Edward M. Kennedy, a Massachusetts Democrat on the Armed Services Committee, called on the acting Pentagon inspector general to investigate the Lincoln Group's activities to see if they amounted to an illegal covert operation. “The Pentagon's devious scheme to place favorable propaganda in Iraqi newspapers speaks volumes about the president's credibility gap," Kennedy said. "If Americans were truly welcomed in Iraq as liberators, we wouldn't have to doctor the news for the Iraqi people." Sen. Joseph I. Lieberman (D-CT) recently returned from a trip to Iraq and wrote an article for The Wall Street Journal in which he pointed to Iraq's "independent television stations and newspapers" as evidence of the "remarkable changes" there. “I have just returned from my fourth trip to Iraq in the past 17 months and can report real progress there. Last week, I was thrilled to see a vigorous political campaign, and a large number of independent television stations and newspapers covering it.” In coordination with President Bush’s speech last week at the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, the administration published a "National Strategy for Victory in Iraq". Among its claims: "A professional and informative Iraqi news media has taken root…More than 100 newspapers freely discuss political events every day in Iraq.” A military spokesman in Iraq said contractors like the Lincoln Group had been used to market the articles to reduce the risk to Iraqi publishers, who might be attacked if they were seen as being closely linked to the military. Larry Di Rita, the chief Pentagon spokesman, said General Vines and his staff in Iraq insisted that their activities with Lincoln had been "in accordance with all policies and guidelines." But Martin Kaplan, Associate Dean at the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Southern California and director if its Norman Lear Center, told me, “Anyone who recalls the good-news propaganda than ran in the state-run communist press even as the Soviet Union was collapsing will find what the Bush Administration is doing in Iraq creepy. It sends a deeply troubling message about what they think democracy is. But given their demonization of dissent in the United States, it sadly comes as no surprise.” And National Security Advisor Steven Hadley said on Sunday that if the payola allegations are found to be true, it was bad policy and should be discontinued. Iraqi journalists and their representative organizations have also objected to the practice. This is not the first time the Pentagon’s PR efforts have come under scrutiny. In 2004, the agency found itself engaged in bitter, high-level debate over how far it can and should go in managing or manipulating information to influence opinion abroad. The issue was whether the Pentagon and military should undertake an official program that uses disinformation to shape perceptions abroad. One of the problems with such programs is that in a world wired by satellite television and the Internet, American news outlets could easily repeat misleading information. Earlier, Secretary Rumsfeld, under intense criticism, closed the Pentagon's Office of Strategic Influence, a short-lived operation to provide news items, possibly including false ones, to foreign journalists in an effort to influence overseas opinion. Now, critics say, some of the proposals of that discredited office are quietly being resurrected elsewhere in the military and in the Pentagon. KATRINA RED TAPE Three months after Hurricane Katrina devastated the U.S. Gulf Coast, Mayor Ray Nagin of New Orleans faced a ‘town hall’ meeting of several hundred displaced constituents – but had few answers to questioners seething with anger, frustration, confusion and hopelessness. The questioners, evacuees who were approximately 75 per cent African-Americans, had been urged by Nagin to return to New Orleans from distant but temporary locations where they were trying to put their shattered lives back together. They had been promised trailers, electricity, running water, and help finding jobs. But the stories they told Nagin and his top lieutenants revealed that they were deeply mired in government red tape, misinformation, no information and an apparent lack of interest. Their seething disapproval of every level of government was palpable. Many told stories of spending days on the phone trying to reach relief local, state and federal agencies, often only to find that their phone numbers “were no longer in service”. Others were told to go to centers set up by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), only to find that many of these centers had closed. One woman, who had traveled to New Orleans from Atlanta, told of being approved for – but yet receiving -- a reconstruction loan from the Small Business Administration and, a day later, being notified by FEMA that she was no longer entitled to food stamps or to her temporary housing stipend. Another told the mayor she had been making her mortgage payments regularly despite being unable to live in her ruined home, to which the mayor replied, “I understand most local lenders have declared a moratorium on timely payments.” An elderly woman was trying to reclaim the body of her husband, who died in the flood, but was refused by the central morgue because DNA testing had not begun because the contract with the laboratory has not yet been finalized. A man who owns a tree care business complained that contractors had been brought in from other states to do the work he had been carrying out for the city for the past 20 years. He said he had never heard from FEMA, despite its pledge to favor local firms. Several speakers told the mayor they had been advised that their temporary housing was to be discontinued, and that they had 48 hours to find other places to stay. Others complained that after being urged to return, there were no schools for their children to attend. Still others told of having to sleep in their trucks or on a floor, living out of a car and waiting for the help that was promised but has not yet arrived. Said one woman whose import business was wiped out by the storm, along with her home in New Orleans East: "You come to these FEMA centers, you sit all day, You get no answers to your questions. They're evasive. You're constantly 'pending.' What are you going to be doing, 'pending' for the rest of your life? I've lost everything." With no place to live in New Orleans, many spoke of frequent long drives to obtain help from FEMA. Agency officials, backed by armed guards, refused to allow a reporter into the agency’s giant interviewing room, where long tables lined with seated aid seekers had been set up. Mayor Nagin listened intently to every questioner. He answered some in vague generalities. He referred others to his staff and promised that they would quickly take the appropriate action to bring them relief. He is currently conducting other ‘town hall’ meetings in other cities where displaced New Orleanians are now living, and continues to urge them to return. Many of the citizens attending the New Orleans town hall meeting were residents of the lower 9th ward, the poorest part of the city, and the hardest hit by the hurricane. Meanwhile, Katrina has been gradually but steadily disappearing from prominent coverage in newspapers and on television. With President Bush no longer visiting the stricken areas, the media has apparently moved on. In an interview, Rev. Tim Simpson of the Christian Alliance said, “With all of the coverage that this disaster received and with it having damaged the Bush administration's credibility so severely, it is amazing that these people have been so quickly forgotten by our government and that the administration has so blithely moved on to other things like immigration reform, as if the Gulf Coast was even stable, much less repaired.” He added, “What this problem needs is some sustained attention by the executive branch. The President needs to pay more attention to the Gulf and less to giving his second term an ‘extreme makeover’. If people thought he was doing something to make the lives of average Americans better in the first place, he probably wouldn't need an extreme makeover!” There are also indications that a proposed congressional investigation into government responses to the disaster could itself become bogged down in jurisdictional wrangles and partisan infighting. From the very beginning of the post-Katrina disaster, Louisiana’s Democratic Senator Mary Landreau has adopted an aggressive posture in urging congress to appropriate massive sums for relief and reconstruction. But her in-your-face style has reportedly alienated some of her colleagues. In contrast, Senators from Mississippi – parts of which were also devastated by the hurricane -- have been working more quietly behind the scenes to steer resources to their constituents. But some Louisiana officials suggest that party politics is playing a role in the provision of resources. They point out that their state has a Democratic Governor, Kathleen Babineaux Blanco, and that New Orleans is a Democratic stronghold. Mississippi is heavily Republican. Its governor, Haley Barbour, is a former chairman of the Republican National Committee and has close ties to the Bush Administration. Documentation released yesterday by Governor Blanco reveals the total chaos that existed between local, state and federal authorities in the days before, during and after the hurricane hit. They suggest that federal authorities were trying to shift the blame toward the Governor while, in fact, no one was in charge. A FEMA spokesman said last week that the agency was working as fast as it could to aid the thousands still destitute from the storm. "I don't know if you understand the magnitude of this disaster," said the spokesman, James McIntyre. "Almost 1.5 million people have registered for assistance, and we're working to help them all." Mr. McIntyre continued: "We're working as fast as we possibly can to meet their needs, and help them receive assistance for damages from these disasters." Another FEMA official, the manager of an assistance center in New Orleans’ Lower Garden District, said the mental anguish of many of his clients was now palpable. "As people come in, they become desperate," said the official. "They're coming back, thinking they can live in their dwelling. And then all of a sudden, there's nothing." Hurricanes Katrina and Rita left more than 281,000 Louisiana residents -- 14 percent of the workers in the state – jobless. That created as massive run of unemployment filings that threatens to bankrupt the state's unemployment trust fund. In the first seven weeks after Katrina struck, Louisiana residents filed 281,745 hurricane-related claims for unemployment benefits, more than the 193,000 claims filed in all of 2004, according to figures released by the state Department of Labor. The number of filings is 13 times what is normal for a seven-week period. Posted by Unknown at Monday, December 05, 2005 2 comments: THE PRICE OF PAYOLA NEWS Why are we Americans so outraged by the news that money can buy favorable press coverage? Surely it’s not that many of us haven’t known for years that journalists in poor countries (and a few rich ones as well) are often venal. I remember sitting with a journalist in El Salvador 20 years ago. He was interviewing me about an export promotion program I was managing for the US aid agency. I answered his questions and gave him lots of documents describing the program and explaining why it was important to his country. He thanked me, but on his way out, he turned and said, ”You know, my newspaper doesn’t pay very well. If I could have a small fee, I could write a longer story and it would probably appear on the front page.” Twenty years later I heard just about the same story from a journalist in Cairo, who came to talk with me about a globalization program I was involved in. She called it ‘bakshish’ – a tip, an expression of my appreciation. Needless to say, the aid agency didn’t pay – and the stories got published anyway. No, what outrages many of us is not that corruption is rampant in most of the so-called ‘developing nations’. Corruption is a way of life in poor countries, and is certainly not limited to the press (try getting through Customs sometime). There are three other good reasons why this latest episode ought to make us angry. First, as far as we know, the journalists didn’t ask for money – the Pentagon offered it. And it did so as part of an organized and well-funded program, complete with its own contractor. Second, it did so in secret. Absent the Los Angeles Times, which broke the story, chances are that none of us would ever have known that bribing journalists for ‘good news’ coverage of the Iraq War was yet another example of our tax dollars at work. But then transparency has been poison to the Bush Administration. Worst of all, the Defense Department’s payola scheme was being carried out at the same time the State Department’s exchange program was working to teach foreign journalists about the role and responsibility of a free press. Why is this the worst aspect of this situation? Because it adds to the widespread perception of U.S. hypocrisy – at a time when we are spending millions trying to ‘win hearts and minds’ around the world. The task that President Bush gave his longtime confidante Karen Hughes – now Undersecretary of State for Public Affairs and Public Diplomacy – was arguably an impossible job in the first place. How does even the most competent diplomat go about convincing the world that Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo Bay, and secret CIA prisons in Eastern Europe, were aberrations, for which people were held accountable and sent to jail? How can Karen Hughes persuade anyone that America is a fair and compassionate society based on the rule of law when evidence keeps piling up that justice is meted out to everyone except the policy-makers who are actually responsible? Now, the Pentagon has hammered another nail into the coffin of Public Diplomacy. That should make us all angry. And, speaking of accountability, the Defense Department’s press payola program was the idea of a real person. And that idea was reviewed and approved by other real people. Who are they and when will they be fired? Appearing on a Sunday talk show, National Security Advisor Steven Hadley joined Iraqi journalists in the view that, if the DOD investigation supports the allegations, the Pentagon’s latest caper was bad policy and should be stopped. But based on past performance, we’ll never know who was responsible for this brainstorm, and no one will ever be held accountable. Not long ago, the media uncovered another neat little DOD program known as “Total Information Awareness”. The program was an advanced form of "data-mining," that would have effectively provided government officials immediate access to our personal information such as all of our communications (phone calls, emails and web searches), financial records, purchases, prescriptions, school records, medical records and travel history. Under this program, our entire lives would be catalogued and available to government officials. In the ensuing furor, the program was shut down. But nobody was reprimanded, much less fired. This was no aberration; it has been a consistent pattern in the Bush Administration. No doubt the DOD’s media payola program will soon be quietly shut down. But, we – the folks who financed it – have a right to know whose brilliant idea this was in the first place. Remembering Eleanor and the Human Rights Declaration Since Eleanor Roosevelt presented the International Declaration of Human Rights to the United Nations for ratification 37 years ago next week, the world has witnessed – and often ignored -- some of the most egregious rights violations in modern history. Racial segregation and injustice toward people of color in the United States, Australia and the apartheid regime of South Africa. The Gulags of Russia. Chemical warfare in Vietnam. Attempted genocide in Rwanda, by Idi Amin in Uganda, Pol Pot's "killing fields" in Cambodia, Sudan’s campaign against the people of Darfur, and the attempted genocide of Kurds in Iraq. Ethnic cleansing in Kosovo and militia violence in Timor. Child labor. Gender discrimination. Denial of universal suffrage. Increasingly repressive governments from the Middle East and North Africa to Latin America to Asia restricting rights of press freedom and peaceful assembly. Failure to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian dispute. Gross violations of the Geneva Conventions by the American military and ‘rendition’ of ‘ghost prisoners’ by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency to countries known to torture prisoners. Widespread religious and economic discrimination. The U.N. has also come under fierce criticism regarding its Human Rights Committee, whose members have often included countries known to be gross violators of basic rights. But when Mrs. Roosevelt, wife of the then-American president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, presented the draft Declaration to the U.N. membership, she said it “is based upon the spiritual fact that man must have freedom in which to develop his full stature and through common effort to raise the level of human dignity. We have much to do to fully achieve and to assure the rights set forth in this declaration. But having them put before us with the moral backing of 58 nations will be a great step forward.” The non-binding Declaration of 1948 identified many rights: life, liberty and security of person, freedom from slavery and servitude, freedom from torture, or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, equality before the law, not being subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile, freedom of movement and residence, the right to marriage and to found a family, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, peaceful assembly and association, work, health and education. But, since its signing, an estimated 60 million people have died or been maimed by war and human rights abuses. And the number of victims continues to climb. Some human rights observers examine this record and conclude that the United Nations is a toothless tiger, incapable – or unwilling – to move from rhetoric to action. Others see the glass as half full and claim the historic declaration has made a major contribution toward focusing the world’s attention on the preservation of human rights, despite the failings of so many nations. Among them is Dr. Omid Safi of Colgate University. He told IPS that the Declaration “has had a major worldwide impact on conversations about human rights. One of the best indications of the impact it has had on Muslims is the involvement of the 2003 Nobel Peace Prize winner, Shirin Ebadi, who has worked extensively on harmonizing Islam and international human rights discourse.” Rev. Tim Simpson of the Christian Alliance agrees. He told IPS, “The declaration is an important symbol. In itself it has not ameliorated human rights around the world, but it has given every member of the family of nations a standard by which to judge their own society's efforts. First World democracies could say to the developing world, ‘This is the direction in which you should strive to take your politics’, while Third World countries could remind the West whenever it strayed, ‘Don't forget the values that made your nations great’. Clearly, there is still much to do in the world to better human rights, but we have moved a great deal since the middle of the last century and the Declaration is part of the reason for that change.” Also seeing the half-full glass is Chip Pitts, President of the Board of the Bill of Rights Defense Committee (BORDC), immediate past Chair of Amnesty International USA, and a professor of international human rights at the Stanford Law School. He told IPS, “The Declaration gave human rights traction; what we now need is action… A new global scrutiny exists as a result of modern communications, 24-hour media, and the explosion of nongovernmental organizations and global and regional enforcement mechanisms” since 1948. He adds: “The Declaration worked incredibly well to establish and proliferate standards…The Declaration also offered an integrated view of civil and political rights, on one hand, and economic, social, and cultural rights, on the other. That integrated view was challenged during the Cold War, when the U.S. supported the former rights and the Soviet Union supported only the latter. Space for a newly integrated view opened up briefly during the 90s, but has been closed again just when it is most needed -- during this new century, when the cracks and fissures from globalization are newly apparent.” But Dr. Jack N. Behrman, professor emeritus at the University of North Carolina who served as an official in the Kennedy Administration, takes a far less optimistic view. He told IPS, “If human rights include non-discrimination and human dignity, it is not possible to have any measure of whether they are better now than before. Exposure of each is still not at all full, and what we do read and hear in the media does not give encouragement that we have improved. In fact, the U.S. practice of torture displays the opposite.” Behrman says “One reason for not extending human rights is the continuing view that ‘I and My People’ deserve more than others do, and if they get it my way, they should be pushed down or aside. A second is fear -- of others and loss of ‘my’ position and prestige. IPS asked commentators for this article to identify the major problems facing the U.N. and what the body could do to overcome them. BORDC’s Pitts notes that “The international legal mechanisms remain weak -- e.g. the state-to-state complaint mechanisms of the UN treaty bodies, and the limited rights of individual petition operating there and in the regional human rights bodies (e.g. the Inter-American and European procedures). And these limited mechanisms have been weakened by powerful nations lately, especially the United States. For the United States to actively encourage so many nations to undermine fundamental human rights by adopting principles like those at the heart of its own ‘Patriot Act’ -- e.g. by condoning arbitrary and secret detention, disappearances, discrimination, reversal of the presumption of innocence and the right to fair trials, of the right to confront your accusers and the evidence against you, of the right to be free from cruel and inhuman treatment -- is a tragic setback to global peace, prosperity, and true security.” His recommendation: “We need to move from standard setting to enforcement and implementation via application to non-state actors (e.g. corporations, al Qaeda) as well as states, and on the basis of a newly integrated vision of a world in which all human rights are respected and protected; but this is difficult without leadership of the sort that resulted in the Declaration, and political will to overcome narrow interests and recognize the immense practical importance of human rights.” Dr. Safi thinks “more work can and should be done” in “working with religious reformers who want to find a religious voice for engaging universal human rights discourse, establishing international organizations for the monitoring and when necessary persecution of crimes against humanity, and considering issues such as poverty as central to help translate human rights discourse into a meaningful reality for the lives of the one billion human beings who live on a dollar a day, and for whom human rights discourse sounds like an elitist concern without a meaningful impact on their lives.” But, according to Dr. Behrman: “The U.N. cannot possibly do enough, for it is composed of countries that do not ‘buy into’ the Declaration even if they have signed it. The basic obstacle to doing more is the attitude of individuals, ethnic groups, communities, and nations that supports separation instead of a willingness to embrace humanity. The Declaration itself cannot work at all; it depends on each country's implementation. And I have not read in the media that any country has shown the way in protecting human rights, particularly of minorities and immigrants.” Professor Abdullahi An-Na'im of the Emory School of Law in Atlanta, voices a similar view. He told IPS, "Upholding and protecting human rights is the responsibility of every government, state, and their citizens, and not of the UN as an abstract entity. The UN is what its member states make of it, or fail to make of it. Every decision to act or fail to act, allocation of resources, and follow through, etc. is taken by government delegates." He continued: "Human rights are always violated or protected on the ground, in real time and space, which is always within the jurisdiction of a state, not the UN as such. A violation can only happen when some human being does or fails to do something to another human being. That can only be done by the citizens of one state or another, and also within the territory of a state. The protection of human rights will not improve until we all accept our responsibility for this, and stop blaming the UN for our failures." Remembering Eleanor and the Human Rights Declarati...	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line553
__label__wiki	0.852446	0.852446	BEYOND ANNAPOLIS – WHAT MODEL? In the aftermath of the Annapolis peace conference, foreign policy analysts and human rights advocates are finding considerable irony in Israel’s Arab neighbors pressing for freedom for Palestinians while their own citizens continue carry a heavy burden of unrelenting political repression. Most of those representing Middle East and North African nations at the conference appear to endorse the idea of a “two-state solution” to the decades-old conflict: a separate and contiguous Palestinian state living in peace alongside Israel. But Arab delegates to Annapolis -- including Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia and Yemen – have had little to say about the nature of the state that may emerge from negotiations set to begin soon between Israel and the Palestinians. Critics of Israel’s neighbors point out that, with a few exceptions, the governments of these countries are unelected, authoritarian, often corrupt, and willing to use any means to stifle dissent. In most of these countries, a free press has been silenced, journalists and bloggers jailed, peaceful demonstrations disrupted by police and participants beaten and arrested, political parties effectively banned, elections rigged or non-existent, and citizens detained by security authorities without charges or lawyers and often tortured or simply “disappeared.” Many of these observers see the absence of press freedom as emblematic of a broader freedom deficit in most of the Arab countries represented at Annapolis. In most Middle East and North African states, both the media and its messages are state-controlled. Many are state-owned. All have extensive and expensive programs designed to block satellite television and a wide range of Internet websites. Critics point to Egypt and Saudi Arabia as among the worst offenders. Both countries are seen as close allies of the U.S. The Saudi Kingdom is the source of much of the oil consumed by Americans. And Egypt is second only to Israel in the amount of U.S. aid it receives each year – its reward for making peace with Israel in 1979. In Egypt – which has lived under draconian “emergency laws” for more than 25 years – President Hosni Mubarak promised in 2006 a long-delayed press law reform designed to give journalists more freedom by decriminalizing media offences. But, according to Reporters Without Borders (FWB), a journalism advocacy organization, the new law “turned out to be just a show.” It says, “The media were quickly disillusioned by the many restrictions on their activities contained in the amendments to it. At least seven journalists were arrested during the year and dozens threatened or physically attacked.” The group says Egyptian journalists “can now be jailed for up to five years for ‘publishing false news’, defaming the president or foreign heads of state or ‘undermining national institutions’ such as parliament and the armed forces.” TV and print journalists attempting to cover public events are routinely harassed, arrested, threatened or beaten. The Mubarak regime also continues its crackdown on Internet freedom. Hundreds of websites have been blocked, and at least seven cyber-dissidents jailed. The courts ruled that authorities could block, suspend or shut down websites considered a threat to “national security.” A number of bloggers have been jailed. One was detained for posting criticism of Islam and is still in prison. Another was jailed for four years after he used his weblog to criticize the country's top Islamic institution, al-Azhar university, and President Mubarak, whom he called a dictator. Saudi Arabia also remains high on the list of countries that have aggressively cracked down on press freedom. The Saudi regime maintains very tight control of all news and self-censorship is pervasive. According to RWB, “Enterprising journalists pay dearly for the slightest criticism of the authorities or the policies of ‘brother Arab’ countries. The tame local media content means most Saudis get their news and information from foreign TV stations and the Internet.” The Al-Jazeera TV channel is banned and was not allowed to cover the annual pilgrimage to Mecca for the fifth consecutive year. Like Egypt, Saudi Arabia also blocks more than a thousand Internet websites. Two journalists were dismissed for going beyond the limits set by the dominant ultra-conservative religious authorities. A writer for a government daily, Arab News, was dismissed for writing about the atrocities perpetrated by Indonesia,a Muslim country, during its 1975-99 occupation of East Timor. The editor of another government daily, Al Watan, was forced to resign as the paper’s editor after reporting that US troops were using the country’s military bases. The privately-owned daily Shams was closed for a month and its editor dismissed for reprinting some of the cartoons of the Prophet Mohamed first carried by a Danish paper in 2005. Blogs are also becoming a growing problem for Saudi censors, who maintain a “blacklist” said to contain hundreds of personal websites. In 2005, authorities tried to completely bar access to the country’s main blog-tool, blogger.com, but gave up after only a few days because of the ubiquity of the blogosphere. Today, government censors blogs they object to. In the Reporters Without Borders annual survey of press freedom, Egypt ranked 146th and Saudi Arabia 147th, out of a total of 169 countries worldwide. Israel, including the occupied territories, ranked 44th. Human rights groups have also been highly critical of Middle Eastern and North African governments for imposing press restrictions, as well as for other numerous and widespread human rights abuses. Looking forward to the Israeli-Palestinian negotiations emerging from the Annapolis conference, Mary Shaw of Amnesty International USA is urging both sides to respect the basic human rights of the other. She told us, “The parties should agree to the deployment of international human rights monitors in Israel and the Occupied Territories, with a mandate to monitor and report publicly on compliance and on violations by either party of their commitments under international human rights and humanitarian law.” But given the consistently flawed human rights records of Israel’s neighbors, critics wonder how eager any of the Annapolis delegates will be to endorse this proposal. This is the question raised by the Egyptian-born journalist and lecturer Mona Eltahawi, Distinguished Visiting Professor at the American University in Cairo,who has lived in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Israel. She told us, “When I was a Jerusalem-based Reuters correspondent in 1998, many Palestinians would tell me they wanted a future Palestinian state to be like Israel. They meant an open and democratic country. I thought it was ironic that their ‘role model’ state was the one occupying them.” Ms. Eltahawy, who is a contributor to the Washington Post’s “On Faith” series, charged that the late Yasser Arafat and other Palestinian officials “modeled a nascent Palestinian state on Egypt, Jordan and other repressive Arab neighbors. Arafat introduced military trials and Palestinians were horrified to discover that the Palestinian Authority, and not just Israel, also detained and tortured Palestinians with often little reason. I would hear from Palestinians that it was worse for them when their fellow Palestinians were the ones doing the torture.” She added, “After years of struggle and sacrifice for Palestine, Palestinians deserve a free and democratic state. I hope they insist it be nothing like the Arab states that have fought several wars with Israel ostensibly in the name of such a Palestinian state.”	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line554
__label__cc	0.579593	0.420407	Cosmoteer 0.14.5 - Nukes, E.M.P.s, Mines, Flak, and more!!! At long last, after months of work, I'm very happy to finally announce that Cosmoteer's 0.14.5 update, by far the largest ever, is now done and available for download! Tactical Nuclear Torpedoes Tactical Nuclear Torpedoes are a new type of super-missile that cause massive damage in a large area. Unlike the conventional High Explosive Missiles, Nukes are slow, short-range, and unguided, but if you can get in close and hit them with a salvo, you can lay waste to your enemies. Nukes are launched from the same launcher as the conventional missiles, and you can change what type of munition the launcher fires at any time, even during battle. So one tactic might be to pummel your enemy from afar with the High Explosive missiles to weaken their defenses, switch to nukes, and then swoop in close to let off a devastating nuclear salvo. Nuclear Missile parts are manufactured by a new factory, the new Nuclear Torpedo Factory. This is a large and very expensive module that produces Nuke parts very slowly, so you'll need to be choosy about when to fire off your Nukes. Electromagnetic Pulse Missiles Electromagnetic Pulse Missiles, or "E.M.P.s" for short, are a new support weapon that, like Electro-Bolters, drains power from enemy systems, but does so from afar and with a large area of effect in which power gets drained. They are even faster and longer-ranged than the conventional High Explosive missiles, making them ideal for taking out the enemy's shields or disabling their engines from afar. E.M.P.s do have an Achilles' Heel though, which is that armor will act as a "lightning rod", attracting some of the power-draining electrical bolts. Like Nukes, E.M.P.s are fired from the regular missile launcher, which can be switched to fire E.M.P.s at any time. They are manufactured in their own factory, the E.M.P. Missile Factory. Proximity Mines Proximity Mines are a tactical armament that can be used to punish enemy ships for intruding into your space, for slowing down enemies in pursuit, or even, in niche situations, as a direct offensive weapon. Once a mine is launched and deployed, they will wait silently until an enemy ship ventures too close and then detonate, shooting out deadly piercing shrapnel in all directions. The main drawback of Mines is that they need to deploy before becoming a threat, and they can only be deployed once they slow down to a sufficiently low speed, making them difficult to use as an offensive weapon on fast-moving ships. Like Nukes and E.M.P.s, Mines are actually also fired from the regular missile launcher, meaning that you can freely switch between High Explosive Missiles, E.M.P.s, Nukes, and Mines at any time, even during battle. They are manufactured by the Mine Factory, which uses both power and cannon ammunition to produce the mines. Unlike the other missiles, a single crewmember can carry an entire mine, making them fast to load into the launcher and fire, but they're slow to produce, so you may want to stock up on mines for when you need a lot of them. Flak Batteries The new Flak Battery is a large quad-barreled weapon that can fire at both enemy ships and enemy missiles, mines, projectiles, and lasers. It's a good all-around defensive system and a decent anti-ship weapon, but it's limited by its short range and very narrow arc of fire. Like the Cannons and Railguns, the Flak Battery uses standard cannon ammunition manufactured by the Cannon Ammo Factory. ... And much more! Nukes, E.M.P.s, Mines, and Flak are just the beginning of this update! The changelog is by far the longest ever and includes new features like revised area explosion mechanics, user interface improvements like shield health bars, balance changes, crew A.I. enhancements, performance optimizations, bug fixes, and a ton of new modding tools to make your favorite mods even more awesome. Download Cosmoteer 0.14.5 Posted by Walt Destler at 1:29 PM 3 comments: Cosmoteer 0.14.5 - Nukes, E.M.P.s, Mines, Flak, an...	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line559
__label__wiki	0.552356	0.552356	New Haven, CT, USA Tulsa, OK, USA Holberton > Alan Turing Alan Turing’s Birthday Posted on June 28, 2019 by Charles Bathel Alan Turing, Age 16 Born June 23rd, 1912, Alan Turing would have been 107 this week. Although he’s been immortalized in media (The more biographical The Imitation Game starring Benedict Cumberbatch, or more fictionalized and incredibly more technical novel Cryptonomicon by Neal Stephenson), this man’s vision for the future of computing, and passion for math, basically defined modern computing. He developed the Turing Machine, the idea of a computer that, through well-applied math and logic, could basically handle any computation required of it. Basically, he envisioned the modern computer. True Turing Machines were only hypothetical in his lifetime (EINAC, the first electronic general-purpose computer, considered “Turing Complete” and programmed by our namesake Betty Holberton, was not powered on until the year after his death), but they represented an important first step towards the future of computing, and one that we take for granted: That a machine could be programmed to handle different tasks, then compute those tasks logically. Or, even more radically, that a machine could be programmed with a program that resides in digital memory, and that program could be changed as needed. Bletchy Park, where Alan Turing helped create a machine to decode Enigma transmissions, directly helping the Allied war effort in WWII He was also an early proponent of Machine Learning, and effectively, AI. The “Turing Test” is the benchmark for AI performance: The development of an AI that communicates so well that humans would not be able to tell it is a computer. He also wrote the first videogame, Turbochamp, that was simply too complex for any computer at the time, but was the first time a computer could play (with albeit a low level capability) an entire game of chess. The program would observe the human move, compute the next step options, weigh out the next logical play through a weighted decision tree, then adapt to the next human move. His vision was then to add in the capability of the program to track its wins and losses, and compute the value of its moves to ever refine itself and become a more capable opponent. Or, as we know it know, Machine Learning. A statue of Alan Turing. His vision to see what computers could be capable of basically any computation basically changed modern society, just as his codebreaking in WWII literally saved thousands of lives and directly contributed to the defeat of the Nazi regime. Unfortunately, Alan Turing, who was homosexual in a time that it was a criminal offense in the United Kingdom, committed suicide at the age of 41, just a few years after pleading guilty to “gross indecency”. During this Pride week, we hope everyone can see how far we’ve progressed in LGBTQ+ rights, and just as importantly, remember the contributions of a singular man who envisioned basic groundwork of the technology all of us use each and every day. Biographies Alan Turing, Birthday, Historical Become a Full-Stack Software Engineer! Apply now to Holberton School! Ready to define your future? Start your journey today. Visit a Campus Apply Holberton Open a school AR / VR Low Level and Algorithms Web Stack Development © 2019 Holberton School. All rights reserved. \| Code of Conduct \|	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line560
__label__wiki	0.559938	0.559938	Video shows that gaming on the base model Mac Pro might not be a good idea - Jan. 6th 2020 8:38 am PT The new Mac Pro is here, and Apple says this is the ideal computer for heavy tasks like programming and video editing. But can this machine handle heavy games? YouTuber Quinn Nelson tested it and published the rather disappointing result on his channel Snazzy Labs. Macs are known for not being as good for gaming, often due to the specifications or the fact that macOS doesn’t have many game titles available. But even if people don’t usually buy a Mac to game on it, if you have one, you might want to install a few games to have some fun. You might think the situation would be different with a $6,000 Mac Pro, well, it’s not. Quinn tested the base model of the new Mac Pro, which is packed with a 3.5GHz 8‑core Intel Xeon W processor, 32GB RAM, AMD Radeon Pro 580X 8GB GPU, and 256GB SSD storage. And even testing the computer running Windows through Boot Camp, which has a better environment for games, the results were not good. Most of the games tested failed to reach 30 frames per second in 1440p resolution at maximum graphic settings. The problem is more related to Apple’s decision to use the Radeon Pro 580X GPU on Mac Pro’s cheapest model. It’s not a bad GPU for editing videos and other related workflows, according to the YouTuber. But the company could have used something better considering the cost of the machine. Luckily, Mac Pro has expansion slots so users can easily upgrade the machine. Nelson then did the tests again with an AMD 5700XT GPU that costs around $400. The gaming experience has improved considerably, with rates close to 100 frames per second in the same games. If you really want to play games, a Windows PC will probably still be the best option. But if you have a Mac, upgrading the GPU can bring better results. Even if it’s not a Mac Pro, you can also get performance improvements through an eGPU connected via Thunderbolt 3. What do you think about these results? Let us know in the comments below. A new Mac Pro was announced at WWDC 2019 and shipped in December 2019. It starts at $5999 for 8-core, 32GB RAM, and a 256GB SSD.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line565
__label__wiki	0.936188	0.936188	Homicide detectives investigating 'suspicious' death of inmate at Lancaster prison By ABC7.com staff LANCASTER, Calif. (KABC) -- Los Angeles County sheriff's homicide detectives were investigating a "suspicious" death of an inmate at a state prison in Lancaster on Saturday. Officials responded to the location at the 44700 block of 60th Street West at about 9:45 a.m., according to a press release from the LASD. Sheriff's officials said prison guards were alerted by an inmate that another inmate in a different cell, 33-year-old Gordon Rowell, was possibly unconscious. Los Angeles County Fire Department paramedics were called and pronounced Rowell dead at the scene. The death was being investigated as suspicious pending the outcome of an autopsy by the L.A. County Department of Medical Examiner-Coroner. No further information was available. lancasterlos angeles countyinmatessuspicious deathprison Hollywood's WeedCon: Turning cannabis Into canna-business Pasadena police appoint department's 1st female deputy chief	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line566
__label__wiki	0.794025	0.794025	The Beginning of a New House One spring day in 1950, a young pastor named Harvey Gabel walked the streets of northwest Rockford with several seminary students, calling at each home to determine the response that a new church in the area might expect. On the basis of the survey, the Illinois Conference of the Evangelical United Brethren Church decided that this was a promising location for a new church. The mission board purchased a 2.5 acre tract at the corner of Huffman and Pierce Avenue and erected a house on it to serve as a personage and chapel. The First Chapel: the parsonage (1952) Forty-five people attended the first service on march 18, 1951. Sunday School began on April 1. Membership continue to grow, and by 1952, the need for larger quarters was apparent. That year, planning began for the first unit of the church. The necessary funds were secured through loans, grants, and local subscriptions, and ground was broken for the new church on September 2, 1953, with the laying of the cornerstone on January 24, 1954. On November 14, 1954, the new sanctuary was used for the first time, and the building was dedicated November 21. By that time, 180 people had become members, and Sunday School enrollment had grown to 272, with a staff of 26. Beth Eden’s New Home On April 29, 1962, ground was broken for a new addition to the church. This addition, used primarily for Sunday School enrollment and attendance increased immediately by about 20 percent. Soon a new building fund was stablished to save for a new, larger sanctuary and fellowship hall, and ground was broken in April 1967. The New Sanctuary Under Construction (1967) Upon completion of the new addition, a service of dedication was held May 19, 1968. The New Sanctuary Almost Completed (1968) With the union of the Evangelical United Brethren and Methodist churches in April 1968, the church became Beth Eden United Methodist Church. Reaching Out and Joining In In June 1979, Bishop Paul Washburn appointed the Rev Rodney Dillinger as the new Pastor. Soon, the next renovation to the church was underway, as the original chapel was renovated into a library and lounge area. The year 1989 brought a momentous occasion in the history of BE. St. John’s United Methodist Church of Rockford had seen a decline and aging of its membership and sought a merger with BE. Pastor Dillinger was then appoint ted to shepherd the merged congregations. Beth Eden’s 40th anniversary was celebrated in 1991 and another building expansion began. This time to move the church offices upstairs, enlarge the lounge, and add an elevator. Focus on Community In 1992, the Rev. Jim Crone was appointed to Beth Eden, serving for four years. In 1996, the Rev. John Wesley Lee was appointed. The next year, Beth Eden adopted an official motto “The House of New Beginnings”, and mission statement “Beth Eden United Methodist Church is a House of New Beginnings where we strive to enlighten, educate, encourage, and evangelize all people for the glory of God.” In 1998 Pastor John, Marwin McCarty, and David Lee ventured to Africa on mission. Accomplishing most of what they had set out to do, they realized the full intent of our Methodist missions. Additionally in 1998, Beth Eden staffed its first food booth at the On the Waterfront festival in Rockford. Serving cheese curds and raspberry lemonade, Beth Eden was soon known as the “Curds for Christ” church. This festival became an important annual fund raiser for the church. In 2000 Beth Eden reached out to the neighborhood with the first annual Love Your Neighbor corner party, offering worship as well as free entertainment, games, food, and other activities. Also in 2000, a new alternative worship service called Crossfire was added apart from Sunday mornings. On March 18, 2001 Beth Eden marked its 50th anniversary. The celebration began with a 10:00 a.m. combined service, followed by a catered dinner. At 2:00 p.m. a “remembering” service was held, in which former pastors and members again shared their stories of Beth Eden. On January 2, 2017 to January 14, 2017 Pastor Mario and Pastor Fabiola led a team of 19 volunteers from Beth Eden & Centennial to Loncoche, Chile to work on a mission project. Some of their activates were building Sunday School classrooms, painting the Sanctuary of a church, 70 patients were seen by the medical team, 28 kids were part of the VBS, the medical team took blood pressures for over 50 people in a park, and revival worships in church for 3 nights. More Church History In 2003 Beth Eden joined with Harlem United Methodist Church and Evans United Methodist Church and formed “Upon This Rock Cooperative Parish” in which all three congregations remained individual, while sharing the pastor! In 2005 Eric Blachford joined our congregation as a youth pastor. After some urging of Pastor John, he started seminary to become a full time pastor, which occurred upon his graduation in 2012. In July 2007, Pastor John Lee was appointed to Faith UMC in Freeport, at which time their current pastor was appointed to Beth Eden, Pastor Douglas Bowden. Pastor Doug served until 2012, until his retirement. On March 20, 2011 Beth Eden marked its 60th anniversary. The celebration began with a 10:00 a.m. combined service, followed by a potluck lunch. At 2:00 p.m. a “remembering” service was held, in which former pastors and members shared their stories of Beth Eden. In July 2012, Pastor Doug and Pastor Cheryl Carroll were appointed to Beth Eden. Also in July 2012, Pastor Eric was appointed to start a new church “The Net Church”. On June 30, 2012 Harlem United Methodist Church withdrew from the co-op and became an individual church again with their own pastor, Pastor Don Dexheimer. In August 2013, our very own Jarrod Severing accepted his call into ministry and began seminary school at Dubuque Theological Seminary to become a pastor. On June 30, 2014, Evans United Methodist Church withdrew from the co-op and became an individual church again with their own pastor, Pastor Teri Lafferty. In July 2014, Pastor Mario Mayer came to us by appointment. His wife, Fabiola, was appointed to Centennial UMC. In May 2016 Pastor Jarrod Severing graduated from seminary and was appointed to Lanark UMC. The last three years have been busy ones of transitioning, learning, and celebrating. In 2017 he graduated from Seminary. On April 27, 2016 a new ministry, Fishes & Loaves Community Dinner, was started here at Beth Eden to try and reach out to our community. This is an evening dinner once a month and is free to everyone!! On January 2, 2017 to January 14, 2017 Pastor Mario and Pastor Fabiola led a team of 19 volunteers from Beth Eden & Centennial to Loncoche, Chile to work on a mission project. Some of their activities were building Sunday School classrooms, painting the Sanctuary of a church; 70 patients were seen by the medical team, 28 kids were part of the VBS, the medical team took blood pressures for over 50 people in a park, and revival worships were held in church for 3 nights. In July 2018 our very own member, Sieg Schwirblat, also following God’s calling, entered into schooling to become a Local Licensed Pastor. His first appointment was to Orangeville & Alfolkey:Bethel UMC’s. He will be licensed in the summer of 2019. On December 28, 2018 to January 9, 2019 Pastor Mario and Pastor Fabiola led a team of 17 volunteers from Beth Eden, Centennial, & Rochelle UMC’s to Villarrica Methodist Church, South District. Their jobs were building a wooden structure for the second floor, Vacation Bible School for kids under 12 years old, Women Encounter, Medical Clinic, Blood Pressure Checks in a Church and a City Square. In June 2019 Pastor Mario retired as a United Methodist Pastor. His wife, Pastor Fabiola Grandon-Mayer, was appointed as the new District Superintendent for the Rockford Disctrict. In July 2019 Pastor Eric Reniva was appointed to Beth Eden as the new Senior Pastor. And so stands Beth Eden UMC, after 68 years of growing and reaching out in faith. CHARTER MEMBERS – OUR FIRST BETH EDEN CHURCH FAMILY Mrs. Verna Allen, Melvin & Edna Schwartz, Rodney & Darlene Anderson, Charles & Mary Severing-Hinkel, Kenneth & Leona Anderson, Clarence & Irene Simek, Philip & Leta Burke, Mrs. Phyllis Speck, Mrs. Nolla Clayburg, Richard Speck, Gerald and Lorraine Eppenbaugh, Robert and Charlotte Swanson, Leonard and Eleonor Fry, William & Arlette Wayman, Hjalmer Johnson, Mrs. Cora Whitaker, Arne and Alyce Peterson, Paul Witaker, Loren and Dottie Roberts. Harvey Gabel 91950 – 1959); Carl W. Franke (1959 – 1979); Rodney Dillinger (1979 – 1992); Jim Crone (1992 – 1996); John Wesley Lee (1996- 2007); Bobbie Rudiger (Associate Pastor 1996 – 19..); Ken Krause (Associate Pastor 2005 – 2010); Eric Blachford (Associate Pastor 2005 – 2012); Douglas Q. Bowden (2007 – 2012); Doug and Cheryl Carroll (2012 – 2014); Mario S Mayer (2014 – 2019); Eric Reniva (2019 – …)	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line567
__label__wiki	0.724945	0.724945	Posts Tagged ‘Fred Kruger: Intimate Landscapes Review: ‘Fred Kruger: Intimate Landscapes’ at The Ian Potter Centre: NGV Australia, Melbourne Categories: Australian artist, black and white photography, documentary photography, exhibition, existence, gallery website, Indigenous Australians, intimacy, landscape, light, maps, Melbourne, memory, photographic series, photography, portrait, psychological, reality, space and time Tags: A view of the You Yangs, A view of the You Yangs from Lara Plains, aboriginal, Aboriginal cricketers, Aboriginal cricketers at Coranderrk, Aboriginal men, Aboriginal men in canoe, Aboriginal men in canoe Coranderrk Aboriginal Station, Aboriginal settlement of Coranderrk Station, Australian colonisation, Australian identity, Australian landscape, Ballarat, Barak, Batesford, Board for the Protection of Aborigines, Botanic Gardens, Bush scene near Highton, Cheltenham, Coast scene Mordialloc Creek near Cheltenham, colonial race relations, colonialism, colonisation in Victoria, Coranderrk, Coranderrk Aboriginal Station, Coranderrk Station, David Barak, David Barak at Coranderrk Aboriginal Station, documenting colonial Victoria, Fred Kruger, Fred Kruger A view of the You Yangs from Lara Plains, Fred Kruger Aboriginal cricketers at Coranderrk, Fred Kruger Aboriginal men in canoe, Fred Kruger Bush scene near Highton, Fred Kruger Carlton, Fred Kruger Coast scene Mordialloc Creek, Fred Kruger David Barak at Coranderrk Aboriginal Station, Fred Kruger Steamboat jetty and bathing houses, Fred Kruger View on Barwon River, Fred Kruger View on the Moorabool River, Fred Kruger Winter scene Lake Wendouree, Fred Kruger Wreck of the ship George Roper, Fred Kruger: Intimate Landscapes, Geelong, George Roper, history of Australian photography, Indigenous communities, indigenous culture, Intimate Landscapes, Lake Wendouree, Lara Plains, Moorabool River, Moorabool River Batesford, Mordialloc Creek, Museum Victoria, NGV Australia, Point Lonsdale, Queen’s Park, Queen’s Park Geelong, Queenscliff, State Library of Victoria, Steamboat jetty and bathing houses from Esplanade Queenscliff, Steamboat jetty and bathing houses Queenscliff, the Esplanade at Queenscliff, the first australians, The Ian Potter Centre NGV Australia, travel, travel in colonial Victoria, View on Barwon River, View on Barwon River Queen’s Park Geelong, View on the Moorabool River Batesford, Winter scene Lake Wendouree, Winter scene Lake Wendouree from Botanic Gardens Ballarat, Wreck of the ship George Roper, You Yangs Exhibition dates: 4th February – 8th July 2012 Please note: This posting may contain the names or images of people who are now deceased. Some Indigenous communities may be distressed by seeing the name, or image of a community member who has passed away. Fred Kruger born Germany 1831, arrived Australia 1860, died 1888 Winter scene, Lake Wendouree, from Botanic Gardens, Ballarat c.1866-88 albumen silver photograph National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne Gift of Mrs Beryl M. Curl, 1979 View on the Moorabool River, Batesford Gift of Mrs Beryl Curl, 1979 Bush scene near Highton “Kruger’s sweeping view shows his sophisticated understanding of how an image can be constructed to encourage viewing. He positions people strategically throughout the photograph and at a slight remove so that they are part of, rather than dominant figure in, an intricate visual imaging of the populated landscape. Kruger was also careful to articulate each element clearly, and this clarity greatly appealed to nineteenth-century tastes… The expectation in the 1870s and, to a lesser degree, today is that the documentary nature of most early photographs makes them ‘transparent’ in meaning. However, this is invariably not the case. Kruger’s photographs are complex constructions embedded as much in the political and social circumstances in which he lived as formed by his own creative talents and imaginative attitudes towards his adopted homeland. It is this combination of rich context, strong sense of time and place, and distinctive creative expression that makes Kruger’s work so notable in the history of Australian photography, and which gives his photographs the potential to engage with us more than 130 years later.” Dr Isobel Crombie. Fred Kruger: Intimate Landscape, Photographs 1860s – 1880s. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 2012, pp.122-125. Fred Kruger: Intimate Landscapes is an interesting large-scale exhibition of the work of the one of Victoria’s leading early photographers. Accompanied by an erudite and well researched catalogue by Dr Isobel Crombie, Senior Curator, Photography, the exhibition and book provide the viewer with one of their first chances to interrogate German-migrant Kruger’s pictorial style, images that form an integral part of the National Gallery of Victoria’s nineteenth-century Australian collection. Arriving in 1854 with his family from Berlin, Kruger changed profession from an upholsterer to a photographer in the mid-1860s, his work then widely ranging from picturesque views of Victoria (especially around his home town of Geelong) to portraits of properties both public and private and images that deal with topical events. Dr Crombie argues that it is his relationship with the landscape that shapes his creative vision, the origins of which are based on his childhood growing up in industrialised Berlin. “Kruger’s images offer a historical perspective on how European settlers altered the environment through farming and other developments, and also how they began to appreciate the picturesque qualities of the bush. Kruger’s images of the Aboriginal settlement of Corranderrk are a fascinating cased study in how photography was used to articulate and mythologise colonial race relations,” observes Dr Crombie. Above all, she continues, ” …the range of Kruger’s photographs of Victoria tell a creative story of place: a distinct and intimate study of a region by a photographer whose command of the medium has a unique quality… Through his orchestration of people within the landscape, his images draw us into a particular experience of the landscape in specific, even self-conscious ways.” (Fred Kruger: Intimate Landscape, Photographs 1860s – 1880s, p.3) The importance of Kruger’s visual actuity (his clearness of vision) and his place in the pantheon of Australian colonial photography are things that can be called into question. Personally I think that he has a lazy eye; the word that comes to mind when looking at most of his photographs is: banal. Claims made for his picturesque renditions of landscape – some of which remind me of Peter Henry Emerson’s Arcadian photographs of the Norfolk Broads (see Winter scene, Lake Wendouree, from Botanic Gardens, Ballarat, c.1866-88, top) – and excursionists as “complex constructions embedded as much in the political and social circumstances in which he lived” require a contemporary structural exegesis. When looking at the photographs without such theorising his images are mostly basic, straight forward photographs with few perceptive camera angles and which display an emotional and observational distance from the place being imaged. I felt most of the photographs lacked a unique insight into the essence of the land. Perhaps this emanates from an emotional detachment from, and lack of a relationship to, the land; a felt, emotional response to place. Certainly I did not get the feeling of an intimate relationship with the landscape. There are exceptions to the rule of course: the best of the landscape photographs have nothing to do with Arcadian, pastoral life at all. For me Kruger’s photographs only start to come alive when he is photographing gum trees against the sky. Anyone who has tried to photograph the Australian bush knows how difficult it is to evince a “feeling” for the bush and Kruger achieves this magnificently in a series of photographs of gum trees in semi-cleared land, such as Bush scene near Highton (c.1879, above). These open ‘parklike’ landscapes are not sublime nor do they picture the spread of colonisation but isolate the gum trees against the sky. They rely on the thing itself to speak to the viewer, not a constructed posturing or placement of figures to achieve a sterile mise-en-scène. A view of the You Yangs, from Lara Plains (c.1882, below) is a stunning photograph, locating the viewer in the expansionist world of late 19th century society. The ownership of the land is not displayed by the presence of people but by the occupation of the landscape – the fenced off domestic garden space delineated from the pastures beyond with their flock of sheep, buildings and water tower leading the eye to the distant vista of the You Yangs, all “taken” from the porch of the large homestead of the land owner. A beautiful, darkly-hued photograph of dis/possession, ownership and occupancy. David Barak at Coranderrk Aboriginal Station Kruger’s most powerful and evocative photographs are, perversely, photographs of the people en situ at the Aboriginal settlement at Coranderrk near Healesville, Victoria. “Coranderrk was an Indigenous Australian mission station set up in 1863 to provide land under the policy of concentration, for Aboriginal people who had been dispossessed by the arrival of Europeans to the state of Victoria 30 years prior” (Wikipedia) which became victim of its own success (in growing hops) and institutional and social racism. “By 1874 the Aboriginal Protection Board (APB) were looking at ways to undermine Coranderrk by moving people away due to their successful farming practices. The general community also wanted the mission closed as the land was too valuable for Aboriginal people.” (Wikipedia) Kruger was commissioned by the government to take photographs of Coranderrk to support an inquiry into the operation of the station (but secretly to support its dismantling). It is ironic that Kruger’s photographs, his only portraits of human beings in the exhibition, the thing he least liked photographing, have become his most memorable work and only through payment being made. Kruger photographs ‘real natives’ (“full-blood” Aboriginals) standing by their mia-mias (bark homes), their lived experience excised in favour of a traditional pre-contact re-creation. He then contrasts them with the European dressed natives at Coranderrk. These photographs, representing the “civilising” of the residents at Coranderrk, also suggest people’s survival strategies – and how this approach involved a loss of traditional culture. His static portrayals of life at the station and family groups (due to the long time exposures required by the film) deny the animated energy of the lived experiences of these strong people. The photograph Aboriginal men in canoe, Coranderrk Aboriginal Station (c.1883, below) is an example of this pre-contact re-creation. This dark print, the darkest (in terms of tonality) in the exhibition shows two Aboriginal men in a traditional canoe wrapped in possum skin cloaks. The sad, wrapped Aboriginal men (especially the man on the right) with the threatening, effusive bush behind lead to the original inhabitants of this land almost disappearing into the landscape, being occluded and swallowed up by the bush and by history (don’t forget at this time the Aboriginal people were thought to be on the point of extinction). A disturbing photograph. The ABSOLUTE reason why you must see this exhibition is just one photograph, David Barak at Coranderrk Aboriginal Station (c.1876, above). This small, carte de visite sized photograph says more to me than most of the other photographs in the exhibition put together. It is almost as though the photographer had a personal attachment and connection to the subject. This poignant (in light of following events) dark, brown-hued photograph shows the son of elder and leader William Barak about the age of 9 years old in 1876. In 1882, David fell ill from tuberculosis and arrangements were made to admit him to hospital in Melbourne. These were thwarted by Captain Page, secretary of the Aboriginal Protection Board, and Barak had to carry his sick child all the way from Coranderrk to Melbourne and the home of his supporter Anne Bon. David was admitted to hospital but died soon after, with his father not even allowed to be by his bedside. After David’s death there is a heavy sadness noticeable in Barak’s eyes (see the book First Australians by Rachel Perkins, Marcia Langton, p.104). Unlike other photographs of family groups taken at Coranderrk, Kruger places David front on to the camera in the lower 2/3 rds of the picture plane on his own, framed by the symmetry of the steps and door behind. David glasps his hands in a tight embrace in front of him (nervously?), his bare feet touching the earth, his earth. The only true highlight in the photograph is a white neckerchief tied around his throat. There is an almost halo-like radiance around his head, probably caused by holding back (dodging) during the printing process. Small, timid but strong, in too short trousers and darker jacket, this one image – of a child, a human being, standing on the earth that was his earth before invasion – has more intimacy than any other image Kruger ever took, even as he tried to engender a sense of intimacy with the environment. While claims will be made about the importance of Kruger’s photographs of the Australian landscape and their sense of ease in this environment, a relational concept predicated on security and familiarity, his photographs remain deeply detached from the reality of lived experience. To my eyes they are documents of their time that rarely rise above basic reportage despite claims of the importance of placing people within the environment and the unique vision of the photographer. A sense of travel, one of the most important aspects of Kruger’s work as he journeyed around Victoria, is also absent in this exhibition, mainly because of the thematic nature of the sections of the exhibition and the hang. Sections such as buildings, places, homesteads, Coranderrk, for example, leave little sense of the adventure of travel and the integration of all of these things into a holistic whole. Perhaps a more inclusive hang would have disavowed this disjuncture and given a greater sense of the excitement of travel in colonial Victoria, the exploration of newly colonised spaces. Only in the section on Coranderrk do I believe that we actually get a feeling for the enigmatic Kruger and his personal connection to other human beings and the land to which he migrated. The wonderful catalogue, a select group of beautiful photographs, the section on life at the Aboriginal settlement at Coranderrk and the small, intimate photograph of David Barak are the main reasons to travel this path in the 21st century. The last is especially poignant, moving and illuminating. Well done to the National Gallery of Victoria for allowing us to see these rare photographs. Many thankx to the National Gallery of Victoria for allowing me to publish the photographs in the posting. Please click on the photographs for a larger version of the image. A view of the You Yangs, from Lara Plains Aboriginal cricketers at Coranderrk Aboriginal men in canoe, Coranderrk Aboriginal Station On 4 February the National Gallery of Victoria will open Fred Kruger: Intimate Landscapes, the first comprehensive survey of Fred Kruger’s (1831-88) photographs ever to be mounted. Fred Kruger was one of the leading landscape photographers of the 19th century in Australia, working extensively throughout Victoria. Kruger migrated from Germany in 1860 and a few years later opened a photographic studio in Carlton, Melbourne before moving his thriving practice to Geelong. Fred Kruger: Intimate Landscapes features over 100 works drawn predominantly from the NGV Collection and incorporates loans from Museum Victoria, the State Library of Victoria and private collections. Many of the photographs in this exhibition depict iconic locations that will be familiar to Victorians, providing visitors with a glimpse back more than 130 years to scenes at the You Yangs, the Esplanade at Queenscliff and Point Lonsdale among others. This compelling exhibition also showcases Kruger’s highly distinctive command of photographic language, providing a fascinating insight into the political and social life of Victoria in the 1800s. Kruger’s photographs show how European settlers altered the environment through farming and other developments while also depicting their growing appreciation of the picturesque qualities of the bush. The contrast between Kruger’s heavily industrialised home city of Berlin and the spaciousness of his adopted home country intrigued him as he pictured the Victorian landscape as an environment of prosperity, productivity and ease. Isobel Crombie, Senior Curator, Photography said: “Kruger’s photographs draw us into an intimate experience of the landscape and are achieved through his orchestration of people within natural environments.” Frances Lindsay, Deputy Director, NGV said: “Kruger’s photographs are complex constructions embedded as much in the political and social circumstances in which he lived, as they are formed by his own creative talents and imaginative attitudes towards the land that he had made his home.” Kruger made the most of the photographic opportunities presented to him. From the late 1860s he drove a horse and cart around Victoria taking both scenic views and private commissions. His most political commission was to record life at the Aboriginal settlement of Coranderrk Station at the request of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines. Working at a time of rebellion at the station, Kruger’s images highlighted colonial race relations and still have importance today. These photographs were also widely circulated at the time, being reproduced in illustrated newspapers, included in international exhibitions and sold as part of albums. It is this combination of rich context, strong sense of time and place and distinctive creative expression that makes Kruger’s work so notable in the history of Australian photography. This exhibition is accompanied by a major publication comprehensively exploring Fred Kruger’s career. This exhibition may contain the names or images of people who are now deceased. Some Indigenous communities may be distressed by seeing the name, or image of a community member who has passed away.” Press release from the National Gallery of Victoria website View on Barwon River, Queen’s Park, Geelong Steamboat jetty and bathing houses, from Esplanade, Queenscliff Coast scene, Mordialloc Creek, near Cheltenham Wreck of the ship George Roper, Point Lonsdale The Ian Potter Centre: NGV Australia Corner of Russell and Flinders Streets, Melbourne National Gallery of Victoria website Exhibition: 'Gay Gotham: Art and Underground Culture in New York' at the Museum of the City of New York, New York City Part 2	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line573
__label__cc	0.53514	0.46486	Experimenting in Museums, Spotlight on Practice Getting a Better Sense of the Terrain: Machine Project at the Hammer Museum This post is part of a series I am writing this week to explore the role of artists and artistic practice in the experimental work occurring in art museums across this country, and beyond. In order to more effectively examine the ways in which art museums have become sites for socially-engaged practice and new forms of artist-driven public engagement, I’m interested in taking some time to showcase three telling cases that have been developed in museums at a parallel moment these past few years: Walker Art Center’s Open Field Machine Project’s residency at UCLA’s Hammer Museum Portland Art Museum’s Shine a Light Selected from more than a dozen examples of this type of practice, these three projects each have stretched and pushed their institutions in new and productive ways, opening up unanticipated, thought-provoking, exciting, and even uncomfortable ways for visitors to experience an art museum. To help get a sense of how many arts enthusiasts, museum professionals, and educators are aware of these types of experimental museum projects, I’ve been asking readers to please take a few seconds and complete the poll below, if you have not already. Thanks for responding to the question above. Now onto the second telling case of great work being done in this area of museum practice. Machine Project at UCLA’s Hammer Museum “Almost every day now I think about the power that intimacy can have, and that we don’t need to serve a thousand people with each project. We’ve talked often about how you measure success: it’s not just the number of people that come through; quality is part of it.” —Allison Agsten, Machine Project Hammer Report Machine Project’s Live Museum Soundtrack at the Hammer Museum. Guitarist Eric Klerks improvises music for each artworks this visitor views. In 2010, the Hammer Museum at the University of California, Los Angeles, invited the artist/performer collaborative Machine Project to produce a year of programming which proposed new, alternative, and experimental ways of presenting work at the museum. This decision came out of a process in which the museum worked with a newly-created Artist Council to address many of the visitor services issues the museum was struggling with. Striving to be a truly artist-driven institution, the museum received funding from the Irvine Foundation to create its Public Engagement Artist in Residence program, with Machine Project being the first. Over their residency, twenty-six projects were implemented, including personal soundtracks for visitors, staff pet portraits, table tennis, printmaking workshops, micro-concerts, and a giant animatronic hand that pointed people to different areas of the museum. The Hammer’s Public Engagement Artist in Residence program specifically sought to bring the creative process of artists into the museum, setting out to utilize artists as problem solvers for visitor services and operational concerns. As Mark Allen, Director of Machine Project, discusses in his introduction in the Machine Project Hammer Report (2012), however, this became a point of tension between the museum and Machine Project artists: “When people at an institution speak of a problem, it is often to indicate something that interferes with their operation. From the artist’s perspective, a problem is a provocation or a site to which the artwork responds by creating something that engages the problem and makes it visible in a different light. The problem is aestheticized, framed, or reconfigured; it is seldom erased or resolved.” micro-concert as part of Machine Project’s residency at Hammer Museum. The Hammer Museum and the artists working with Machine Project have been transparent about these tensions in a unique way that spotlights how productive it can be for visitors to think critically about the museums they visit. While bringing in artists to “fix glitches” may not be a successful goal for experimental practice like Public Engagement, having artists collaborate with museums does work toward more process-oriented goals of having critical conversations about creative negotiation, of building capacities for collaboration, of encouraging museums to cede more control to their communities, and of reconsidering how these institutions engage their publics. Reflecting upon the project in 2012, a year after its conclusion, the team at Machine Project observed: “A year later, what seems most interesting about this project is not just what the public experienced, but everything that took place behind the scenes – the conversations with artists, the challenges inside and outside of the museum, the logistic and philosophical issues involved in attempting to suggest other uses for a major cultural institution.” This single example of the Hammer Museum’s Public Engagement Artist in Residence program clearly indicates the value of artist-driven visitor engagement, and their work has served as a guide for other institutions to have “a better sense of the terrain” in pursuing similar endeavors. Possibilities for Evolution: Artists Experimenting in Art Museums Blurring the Lines: Walker Art Center’s Open Field Rethink What Can Happen in a Museum: Portland Art Museum’s Shine a Light Towards an Even More Participatory Culture in Art Museums Participate: Designing with User-Generated Content (book review) Doing, Not Just Viewing: Working Towards a More Participatory Practice ‘Getting in On the Act’: Exploring a More Participatory Arts Practice Previous PostBlurring the Lines: Walker Art Center’s Open FieldNext PostRethink What Can Happen in a Museum: Portland Art Museum’s Shine a Light 2 thoughts on “Getting a Better Sense of the Terrain: Machine Project at the Hammer Museum” Pingback: Possibilities for Evolution: Artists Experimenting in Art Museums \| Art Museum Teaching Pingback: Blurring the Lines: Walker Art Center’s Open Field \| Art Museum Teaching	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line574
__label__wiki	0.582021	0.582021	ARTSMANIA Arts interviews and impressions ← INTERVIEW WITH FRED PENNER INTERVIEW WITH CRISTINA COSTANTINI AND DARREN FOSTER → INTERVIEW WITH HANS HEMMERT Posted on October 4, 2018 by editsuite99 By Anita Malhotra German conceptual artist Hans Hemmert at his home in Berlin on Sept. 7, 2018 (photo by Anita Malhotra) Berlin-based artist Hans Hemmert is best known for his groundbreaking conceptual artwork, most notably his performative balloon sculptures. His work has been exhibited at the MoMA in New York, the Centro Galego de Arte Contemporánea (CGAC) in Spain and Shanghai’s Museum of Contemporary Art, among others. “o.T. – “Yellow sculpture fitting to beer crate” (1998), balloon/air/artist/ beer crate, Cibachrome, 100 x 75 cm, © Hans Hemmert and VG Bild Kunst It can also be found in many art collections around the world, including those of the Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art Helsinki, Malmö Konsthall, Berlin Landesmuseum, German Bundestag, and the Jumex Collection in Mexico City. Hemmert is also a member of the collective “inges idee” (Hans Hemmert, Axel Lieber, Thomas A. Schmidt and Georg Zey), whose more than 50 striking public sculptures can be found in Europe, Asia and North America. Anita Malhotra spoke with Hans Hemmert at his home in Berlin on Sept. 7, 2018. AM: Where did you grow up? HH: I grew up in Bavaria – in the countryside. AM: What were your first experiences with art? “Unterwegs” (“On the Road”), 1996, balloon/air/artist/car; lightbox slide, 100 x 160 cm, © Hans Hemmert and VG Bild Kunst HH: At school I liked to work with my hands building small models made of paper, or working with clay. And this developed in my youth. I knew that I wanted to do something with my hands – not with texts and words, but with pictures and three-dimensional objects. I started studying philosophy in ’81, but then it became clear that I wanted to enter arts school. Hans Hemmert at the age of 6 in Bavaria (photo courtesy of Hans Hemmert) AM: What interested you about philosophy? HH: The interest came from the religious education I had in Bavaria. My family was very religious – Catholic. I was even in a seminary from age 10 to 17. There I got a lot of religious and philosophical input, because we were reading the old Greek and Latin philosophers. I started studying philosophy but realized that I’m not a scientist but an artist. Then I got a place in the art school in Berlin and studied sculpture for five years. AM: In your sculpture studies, who were you influenced by? HH: I was influenced by English sculpture because my teacher was English. He was a pupil of Anthony Caro, who did abstract steel sculpture in England in the ‘60s. Caro was the assistant of Henry Moore for five years. Untitled 1988 work by Hans Hemmert in an exhibit of 1980s Berlin art at the Künstlerhaus Bethanien (photo by Anita Malhotra, Sept. 7, 2018) So I started with huge abstract steel sculptures, and out of that I developed my own language. Afterwards I moved away from pure sculpture to a lot of different materials and into installation and doing video and photographic work. I was also drawing all the time. AM: What was the arts scene like in Berlin when you first came? HH: Berlin was not the centre of the arts scene in Germany. The centres were Cologne and Düsseldorf. Berlin was a special town in the sense it was very cheap to live here because there was no economic growth. The city was more or less empty. And there was a grant from West Germany for Berlin. Everybody who worked here got eight percent on their income from the state to live here. It was called Berlinzulage [Berlin Allowance]. “level” (1997), Styrodur/rubber/Velcro/measuring device, 50 pairs of platform shoes with heights of 5-43 cm, installation view at Galerie Gebauer Berlin, © Hans Hemmert and VG Bild Kunst Nearly every artist had a cheap studio because Berlin was a big industrial city before the war, and after the war all the factories stood empty. So West Berlin was very good for young people developing their creativity. Hans Hemmert as sculpture student in 1986 at Universität der Künste Berlin (photo by Sebastian Kusenberg) AM: How did you start working with the medium of balloons? HH: During my studies and for a few years after I still worked with steel and other materials doing sculptures. And then I got ill with my back. If you carry a sack of plaster, it’s really heavy work, so I had a real problem and had to stop for a few months. Then I started mainly to draw for one or two years. In the drawings I often had these bubbles. If you work with ink, you can take a little bit of water, and you get these wonderful bubble-forms. This brought me to the idea of working with balloons. First I bought all the balloons and inflatable everyday stuff made from PVC you can buy for bathing like bath dolphins. Then I realized that I wanted to have bigger balloons – as big as possible. I researched and developed the technique to build my own balloons and I built the yellow balloons with two assistants in my studio. It took two, three weeks’ production time gluing them with natural latex material I bought from England. “Die Story über den Freund vom Sohn der deutschen Synchronstimme von Robert de Niro” (1995), latex air balloon, 500 x 600 x 700 cm, part of the exhibition “Urbane Legenden – Berlin” in the Staatlichen Kunsthalle Baden-Baden (photo by Hans Hemmert) AM: Tell me about some of your first balloon sculptures. HH: In 1995 I was invited by the Kunsthalle Baden-Baden to participate in an exhibition about Berlin. There I got a big space and I decided for the first time to take a giant yellow balloon as a sculpture and fill the whole room up to the ceiling. You could still walk around the sculpture, but the artwork took up 80 percent of the volume of the space. “0104/95/H.H,” 35 x 27 cm, ink on paper (photo courtesy of Hans Hemmert) After this exhibition I got my balloon back and I had the idea to inflate it in my student apartment, and go inside the balloon and take a photo. The balloon was closed at the beginning and then you cut a hole in it so you could go in. My girlfriend helped me to get in. I went in and breathed through a tube, and then my girlfriend glued it closed again. I had to wait for about half an hour with the tube in my mouth, and then through this tube she inflated the balloon with an air blower. I was seated inside and then it inflated and started to press against the furniture and the wall. I had a camera and tripod with me because I had intended to take a photo. Then I thought, “Nobody will believe that this is a real sculpture. Everybody will think it’s a photoshop collage.” It needed a passerby – a reference person. I decided to be that reference person and I made self-portrait with a tripod and remote shutter release. “Saturday afternoon, at home in Neukölln” (1995), latex balloon/air/artist/living room; lightbox slide, 43 x 62 cm, © Hans Hemmert and VG Bild Kunst When I saw the image I thought, “This is a good work because it’s a very open image. Everybody can see different things in the work.” For me, personally, it was very interesting. I was sitting on the same chair I sat on every day just separated by a tenth of a millimeter of stretched latex. But in my thoughts I was far away, like on a journey to outer space or to the moon. “o.T. – Yellow sculpture fitting to Julie” (1998), balloon/air/ artist/Julie; Cibachrome, 100 x 75 cm, © Hans Hemmert and VG Bild Kunst I continued over the next years to make a lot of different balloon works. There are different ones where I’m inside – for example, inside my car, inside my studio, and so on. Afterwards I experienced this idea of going inside a balloon but taking a part of the outside – the balloon world – for example, my daughter Julie – into my hands. The balloon was, if you will, my second skin. I felt like an alien. In 1998, I was invited by the Centro Galego for Contemporary Art – a beautiful new museum in Spain with a very special architectural space. I made it a dialogue between my sculpture and the architecture. They are squeezed together like a sandwich, and in the end the whole space is an art installation. In another gallery show in Berlin at carlier\|gebauer, I took a big balloon and suspended it by scaffolding standards. AM: The one that puzzled me was the dancing balloon. I thought you had motorized it. HH: I was inside and I was really dancing. It was bouncing against me and it was only possible for 20 or 30 minutes. I had two or three people outside who kept asking, “Hans, are you still okay?” “Yeah, I’m okay.” But then they had to cut me out because I had no air. AM: So for this size of balloon, 20 minutes is the maximum? HH: Yes, but you can stay a whole day in the big ones. Untitled 1998 installation [latex balloon/ air/museum; 900 x 550 x 650 cm; Centro Galego de Arte Contemporanea, Spain, © Hans Hemmert and VG Bild Kunst AM: What does it feel like to be inside a balloon? HH: The main feeling is fear. You feel fear because of the breathing. And I also had fear that it would blow up and hit me in the eyes, so at first I wore safety goggles. But this never happened when I was inside a balloon. AM: Is there a reason you almost always work in yellow? HH: I decided on yellow for different personal reasons. Yellow was a very fashionable colour in the ‘70s when I was a teenager, and yellow reminds me of the sun, of the colour of gold, and the baroque churches where I was raised in Bavaria and Franconia. So it has something divine. And yellow is also a little bit aggressive. It inspires you to start thinking. I made transparent works before, but yellow was my favourite colour, and it kind of became my signature. AM: How do you feel about the fact that people see your work and your name is out there, but then your work of art just deflates? HH: Yes, it deflates and after a few years I throw it away. What I like about the inflatable art pieces is that I don’t pack my studio full of works. The steel work was always a problem to store. And I like the idea that it’s temporary and ephemeral. A big balloon filling a museum space – if it’s deflated you can carry it in a suitcase. I travelled by airplane to Tokyo with a suitcase containing my art and inflated big installations. It was a crazy feeling – it was fun. Hans Hemmert working on a balloon sculpture in his Berlin studio in 1998 (photo courtesy of Hans Hemmert) But the disadvantage is that although I was showing a lot – worldwide, too – I could not sell them. What I did was have photographs taken of performances in my studio and then I commercialized these works. Because otherwise nobody but a few assistants in the studio would see them. AM: Why did you create German Panther – the tank made out of balloons? HH: One day I stopped working with the big yellow balloons and decided to work with a lot of small balloons, like pixel art. I created a few works with small, randomly coloured balloons – first a church, and then I did this lifesize tank, German Panther. “german panther” (2007), latex balloons/air/latex glue; 960 x370 x 300 cm, installation view at Städtische Galerie Nordhorn, Germany © Hans Hemmert and VG Bild Kunst I was invited by an exhibition and my proposal was in the form of a small watercolour drawing. They liked it, so I created it. I wanted to create an image which has a strong contrast between what you see as an image, the tank, and the material it’s made of. The effect is stunning, but I also think it becomes an anti-war statement. It seems that a lot of people read it like this because I was asked by Amnesty International and War Child to use the image. AM: How did you get involved with the public sculpture collective inges idee? HH: This happened in the early ‘90s. I had a lot of artist friends, and with three others we had the idea to work as a team because work in public space was becoming more and more common. I created one public space project alone in Frankfurt in ’90. “Next Step” by inges idee at the Führichstraße primary school in Munich (photo by Anita Malhotra, Sept. 11, 2018) I realized if you do it alone you have to be really a good entrepreneur, and it would be much more convenient to work together on such big projects. Also, if you work in public space, your work will be seen on the street and has to make sense to everybody. Only a small percent of society goes to contemporary art galleries or museums. We thought if there are four of us discussing the ideas, then we are already a small public sphere because the four ideas come together and the four critiques come together during brainstorming. That’s our main business – doing brainstorming. Everybody brings ideas to the table, and then we filter out what would be good at this site in this context. An artist colleague from Vancouver once said, “inges idee is like Christmas. You never know what you will get.” “Zauberlehrling” (“Sorcerer’s Apprentice”) by inges idee, Emscherkunst 2018, Oberhausen, Germany (photo by inges idee) AM: What does the name inges idee mean? HH: Well, it’s just a crazy idea. Inge is a German name – a woman’s name. But it’s old-fashioned. Nobody has been called Inge in the last 50 years. We wanted Inge because it has an “i” like the word idee, and idee is a beautiful German word. We also thought, “It’s a woman’s name – we are four guys.” So the fictional fifth person is “inge” – the mother. One of two riderless horses in the inges idee sculpture “Wild Horses” in the old city of Berlin-Köpenick (photo by Anita Malhotra, Sept. 7, 2018) AM: How do you work together? HH: Everybody has his individual skills. Thomas Schmidt is very good in drawing very quickly and evocatively, Axel Lieber is doing all the texts – very precise text work, Georg Zey is the best manager you can imagine, and I work on the small models, which then go to the factory to be enlarged. But all of us are first and foremost the artists of inges idee and mainly involved in the idea-finding process. Our studio is full of small models – hundreds of little sculptural sketches. We did 350 competitions in the last 25 years. These are invited, closed competitions like architectural competitions. We won and completed 50 or so in 11 different countries. Top view of “From Above” (2011) by inges idee at Expo 2005 Commemorative Park, Aichi, Japan (photo by Kei Okan) AM: inges idee has many interesting works all over the world, but one of the most striking is the snowman you have in Japan. How did that idea come about? HH: The snowman was an invitation from Aichi, a former world exhibition site. When we are invited, we get images of the place and usually travel there and come back and develop an idea. Lower view of “From Above” by Inges Idee, Expo 2005 Commemorative Park, Aichi, Japan (photo by Kei Okan) Here, the place was an exhibition pavilion with an open sky roof and a small water-feature below. And then we came to the idea of building a snowman who melts down and loses his hat. We wanted to bring something from our culture to Japan, and for that reason we used the schneemann (snowman). I think it’s a German or middle European invention – a mythical figure. Everybody builds a snowman as a child in wintertime because we have snow everywhere. I built hundreds as a child. In Germany if you make a snowman, you put a carrot for the nose, a pot as a hat, and two pieces of black coal or buttons as eyes. So the snowman starts to melt, and the hat falls while the snowman is looking down. AM: Can you tell me a bit about the basketball court sculpture outside the Munich technical school? HH: We had the idea to take a basketball court and destroy one parameter of it. So we removed the parameter that it’s flat. Everything is what you would expect for a basketball court – there’s normal tartan material, the sizes are right, the lines are right, but the parameter that it’s flat is left out. And so we built hills up to two metres on it. 3D² by Inges Idee, Riesstraße Vocational School Centre, Munich (photo by Anita Malhotra, Sept. 14, 2018) You still see it as a basketball court, but it is also asking questions. You cannot really play on it, but you can use it in a different way as a relaxing zone in front of the school. It’s a simple idea, but it does so much to a place. AM: Another striking work is the one of the dog and bone in Calgary. HH: That’s the newest one. It’s installed at the Seton medical centre in Calgary. We wanted to attract people to the entrance of the medical centre. It’s a dog looking for the bone up on the roof, and the dog itself is built out of nine bones. And so the dog is built out of his own “desire.” He is longing to get the bone, and he is built out of his desire like every human being is filled with desires, if you will. The sculpture tells you to always look up. “The Bone” (2017) by inges idee, Seton Professional Health Centre, Calgary, Canada (photo by inges idee) AM: What projects are you working on now with inges idee? HH: We are working on a new invitation in Vancouver, Canada. There is a new area outside Vancouver with incredible highrise buildings called Gilmore and they are building a SkyTrain. For this space under the new SkyTrain, they invited artists to make public art. “Jewelry” (2004) by inges idee, Karlsplatz Parking Garage, Düsseldorf, Germany (photo by Peter Stumpf) We are developing three or four ideas, and at the last moment we will select the best one. So right now we are doing drawing and making models and photoshop collages. My whole day is about looking at visual ideas and deciding which one is strong – which one could invite people to start thinking outside of the box. For more information about Hans Hemmert and inges idee, please visit ingesidee.de. This entry was posted in ART and tagged ART, art installation, balloon, balloon sculpture, Banksy, Banksy balloon, Berlin, berlin art, Berlin artist, berlin public sculpture, Berlinzulage, Centro Galego de Arte Contemporanea, conceptual art, from above, German art, german conceptual art, german sculpture, hans hemmert, inges idee, munich art, munich public sculpture, next step, public sculpture, snowman, Staatlichen Kunsthalle Baden-Baden, Städtische Galerie Nordhorn, steel sculpture, the bone, Universität der Künste Berlin, wild horses. Bookmark the permalink. Follow ARTSMANIA on WordPress.com INTERVIEW WITH CHRISTOPHER BAUDER INTERVIEW WITH JEFTA VAN DINTHER INTERVIEW WITH DIANA SCHNIEDERMEIER (INTERACTIVE MEDIA FOUNDATION) INTERVIEW WITH PATRICK WATSON INTERVIEW WITH SANDRA BEASLEY INTERVIEW WITH ALISON SNOWDEN AND DAVID FINE INTERVIEW WITH CAMILLE SEAMAN	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line575
__label__wiki	0.734708	0.734708	Biddy Mason: How a Former Enslaved Woman Became a Los Angeles Real Estate Magnate 03 Feb Biddy Mason: How a Former Enslaved Woman Became a Los Angeles Real Estate Magnate Posted at 13:06h in History by Ashby & Graff Staff 0 Comments February is Black History Month and there’s no better way to commemorate than to honor the contributions of Biddy Mason. Bridget “Biddy” Mason was a formerly enslaved woman who forever altered the real estate landscape of Los Angeles. She is still fondly remembered by the community and politicians of the city over 125 years after her death. Biddy Mason was born into enslavement in 1818 in either Mississippi or Georgia (accounts vary). She served in the household of a farmer named Robert Smith, his wife Rebecca and their children. During that time, Biddy bore three children of her own; Ellen, Ann and Harriet. Biddy’s responsibilities including caring for Rebecca and the Smith children, as well as tending to the livestock in the fields. Her duties made her an expert in matters of midwifery and nursing. At that time, Mormonism was gaining in popularity as a new religion and the Smith family converted. Eager to take advantage of new opportunities, Robert Smith decided to relocate the entire family—including the people they enslaved—to Salt Lake City, where a group of Mormons were traveling. The Smith family made the journey across land, riding in a caravan. Biddy trekked the 2,000 miles on foot, as she had to manage the livestock along the way. After a time in Salt Lake City that spanned just two years, Robert Smith set his sites on California, securing land in San Bernardino, where he attained success in the cattle business. Biddy played a key role in handling the cattle there, as well. California had already made it possible for enslaved people in the state to be free, with the Compromise of 1850. Biddy made friends of some of the newly freed men and women in San Bernardino, including Elizabeth Rowan and Black businessman Robert Owens and his wife, Winnie. Eventually, one of Robert Owens’ sons began courting Biddy’s oldest daughter Ellen. Unknowingly, Biddy was also a freed slave, along with the other slaves in Robert Smith’s household, because they had crossed the California boundary. Meanwhile, Robert Smith was getting restless. His cattle business was failing and his relations with the Mormon community in San Bernardino were tense. In addition, the tensions between the North and the South were reaching all time highs. Smith began to worry that his free labor from enslaved people would be forcibly removed from his household. He had purposely tried to keep their free status hidden from them the entire time they had lived in California. The always opportunistic and shrewd Smith made the decision to pick up stakes and move the household to a desolate canyon in Santa Monica in an attempt to isolate his “slaves” and prevent losing them. From there his secret plan was to head to Texas to take advantage of a California law that said if a freed enslaved man, woman or child returned to a slavery state, they would become enslaved again. Biddy, still naive about her situation, shared the sad news of the upcoming move to Santa Monica with her friends. Angered by Smith’s plot and distrustful of his intentions, Biddy’s friends jumped into action. Elizabeth Rowan told the sheriff of Smith’s scheme. Robert Owens, no doubt spurred on by his son Charles who loved Biddy’s daughter, joined the sheriff’s posse to serve Smith with a cease and desist order. A trial ensued. It was at the trial that Biddy became fully aware of her rights. The compassionate judge spoke privately to Biddy and asked her outright if slavery was her wish for herself and her children. She courageously spoke up for herself and declared her desire for freedom. Robert Smith was ordered to release the enslaved men and women he kept as property. The Owens family took Biddy and her girls in, where Biddy became an invaluable extended member of the family, continuing her work in midwifery. She soon found paid work as a nurse for a family friend, a white doctor named Dr. Griffin. In time, Biddy’s reputation for her excellent knowledge and skills became known throughout the Los Angeles area, and she earned the nickname, “Aunt Biddy.” Meanwhile, Biddy’s daughter married Charles. Later on, Biddy would lose her middle daughter Ellen to what was most likely small pox. Both Robert Owens and Dr. Griffin were invested in real estate They encouraged Biddy to do the same. In 1866, at the age of 48, after considerable saving, Biddy purchased her first piece of property on Spring Street, between 3rd and 4th Streets. This was to become the start of a new chapter in Biddy’s life. (See above photo showing view of Spring Street, Los Angeles looking north from 1st Street, circa 1870. Credit: California Historical Society Collection/USC) Biddy went into business for herself as a midwife. The small property at 311 Spring Street became her family’s homestead, which she made her children promise to never sell. She opened up her home to anyone who need help, including a local church founded as the First African Methodist Episcopal Church until they found a place of their own. Biddy continued to buy property in Los Angeles, eventually becoming one of the wealthiest women in the city. She turned a profit again and again in real estate, but always remembered those less fortunate. She visited prisoners in jail, made care-taking visits to the destitute and allowed those who were down and out to recover in her home until they could get back on their feet again. Biddy passed away in 1891 at the age of 73. Her legacy is one of a former enslaved woman who gained freedom and used her lifetime to help others as well as her family. The Biddy Mason Memorial Park in Los Angeles commemorates Biddy’s spirit of giving. While Biddy made a fortune in real estate by today’s standards, the Biddy Mason Memorial Park honors her way of living. In Biddy’s own words, “If you hold your hand closed, nothing good can come of it. The open hand is blessed, for it gives abundance, even as it receives.” Ashby & Graff Staff Men's Fashion 101: Wristwatches Mean Style 3 Ways to Make Your Furniture Last Longer Top Things to Do in L.A. County This Summer 10 Of The Best Simple Whiskey Drinks 1870's los angeles, biddy mason, Biddy Mason Memorial Park, biddy mason park, biddy mason trial, black history, dtla history, los angeles black history, los angeles history, los angeles real estate history, mason v smith, mason vs smith, spring street, the biddy mason case	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line578
__label__cc	0.726475	0.273525	Home » Swedish Blog » Home-bound seniors receive free emergency-preparedness kits Home-bound seniors receive free emergency-preparedness kits January 27, 2015 Swedish News American Preparedness, Senior Services and Swedish partner to provide supplies to some of King County’s most vulnerable residents SEATTLE – Jan. 27, 2015 – American Preparedness, Senior Services and Swedish Health Services today launched delivery of free emergency preparedness kits to 1,000 vulnerable, home-bound King County seniors who receive Meals on Wheels. The kits provide emergency food and water, first-aid supplies, a flashlight, thermal blanket, hand warmers and other items to help individuals during the critical first 72 hours of an emergency. “This is an opportunity to provide additional support to these older adults who may find it more difficult to obtain emergency supplies,” said Paula Houston, CEO of Senior Services. “It also allows us to address the larger issue of emergency preparedness with these clients and help them think about how to plan to connect with their caregivers or other means of support during an emergency.” A recent University of Iowa study found that the majority of adults age 50 and older in the U.S. may not be prepared for a serious flood, earthquake, tornado or other natural disaster. In the Puget Sound region, such disasters as earthquake and inclement weather are most likely to impact these vulnerable populations. “American Preparedness is committed to ensuring that the public—especially vulnerable people like home-bound seniors—are protected during an emergency,” said Jeff Guite, President and Founder of American Preparedness Company. Swedish and Senior Services have teamed up on a number of initiatives such as mobile mammography services and tailored health and fitness classes to improve the health and well-being of older adults. This is the first time the two organizations have combined efforts with American Preparedness to make an even greater impact on this community. As part of its ongoing Community Benefits Program, Swedish provided approximately $30,000 in funding to support this important initiative. For more information, visit americanpreparedness.com or call 888-431-4511. American Preparedness American Preparedness is a service-disabled, veteran owned business and leading manufacturer and distributor of emergency preparedness kits for government, military, businesses, disaster relief organizations, and individuals and families. Founded in 1981, American Preparedness is committed to providing products that support our clients during natural and man-made disasters. Our focus on excellence is demonstrated by the review and approval of all of our kits by the American Red Cross through their PDM certification program. Information: www.AmericanPreparedness.com About Senior Services Senior Services’ Meals on Wheels offers frozen home-delivered meals for older persons who are unable to leave their home to shop or prepare nutritious meals. The meals are prepared with the special dietary needs of seniors in mind and are adaptable to a variety of special diets. In 2013, Meals on Wheels delivered nearly 390,000 meals to more than 2,100 older adults in King County. Senior Services is the most comprehensive non-profit agency serving older adults and their loved ones in Washington State. Established in 1967, we promote positive aging for nearly 70,000 seniors and those who care for them in King County through our integrated system of quality programs and senior centers. More than 3,300 volunteers, together with 250 employees, make our work possible and efficient. For more information: www.seniorservices.org. About Swedish Founded in 1910, Swedish is the largest non-profit health provider in the Greater Seattle area. It is comprised of five hospital campuses (First Hill, Cherry Hill, Ballard, Edmonds and Issaquah); ambulatory care centers in Redmond and Mill Creek; and Swedish Medical Group, a network of more than 100 primary-care and specialty clinics located throughout the Greater Puget Sound area. In addition to general medical and surgical care including robotic-assisted surgery, Swedish is known as a regional referral center, providing specialized treatment in areas such as cardiovascular care, cancer care, neuroscience, orthopedics, high-risk obstetrics, pediatric specialties, organ transplantation and clinical research. In 2013, Swedish provided nearly $143 million in community benefit in Western Washington. For more information, visit www.swedish.org, www.facebook.com/swedishmedicalcenter, or www.twitter.com/swedish. MS Book Club Launch at the Swedish Multiple Sclerosis Center What: Book club launch, hosted by author of Chef Interrupted, Trevis Gleason When: Friday, March 6, noon -... Genetic counseling and testing for hereditary cancer now available at Swedish Edmonds Other New Services Offered at the Swedish Cancer Institute in Edmonds EDMONDS, Wash — Jan., 26, 2014 — Swed...	cc/2020-05/en_head_0066.json.gz/line584

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