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Seeking: Kind people
MYNORTHWEST
Colleen O'Brien
Colleen O’Brien is the Managing Editor and Morning News Anchor at KIRO Radio. She’s been broadcasting since junior high, but began her professional career in Seattle radio. She then spent a few years in Spokane working for KXLY TV before returning to her first love – radio – at KIRO FM.
I'll go around the world to find a story of kindness to share on Seattle's Morning News, but I'm delighted when the story comes from our local community.
Angels in the aisle
If you've never heard of the "layaway angel" movement it's when someone goes into a store that offers layaway and anonymously pays off someone's account.
Three weeks off; never a day without an act of kindness
I was on medical leave for the better part of a month. It was the first time in my working life that I was forced to slow down.
UPS driver delivers little boy’s dream
When you ask a child what he or she wants to be when they grow up -- you'll get funny answers sometimes.
KIRO Radio listeners respond to dying boy’s Christmas wish
Jacob Thompson is a 9-year-old boy who is fighting an aggressive form of cancer. He was recently admitted back to the hospital. The cancer was found to have spread.
A unique ‘thank you’ for veterans
There's a lot you can do for our veterans. You can simply look them in the eyes and thank them. Maybe buy them lunch. Or, you could give a veteran a wedding dress.
Dreams come true on the football field
Sepp Shirey was born with cerebral palsy, but he never let that stop him from anything.
Help deliver Christmas to a dying boy
Jacob Thompson was diagnosed with cancer at five-years-old. Amazingly, he's survived four years but last month learned his Neuroblastoma had spread and has about a month left to live. He has one request for his final weeks.
How my daughter’s Halloween went
We'll get to my daughter's sugar-high in a moment. First, your Daily Dose of Kindness.
The homeless win when kindness multiplies
About a year ago, WTXF in Philadelphia featured a story about Brennon Jones, who gives free haircuts to the homeless right out on the street.
Nurse comforts dying patient with song
All nurses deserve recognition for the hard work they do. Especially for the emotional work, they put in for their patients.
Home Depot employee pays for wheelchair-enabled boy’s costume
The Mcilroy Family is the kind of family that makes their Halloween costumes from scratch. This year, at Home Depot, they got some extra help and a dose of kindness from an employee.
Woman creates healing art for cancer patients
KHQ was there as Dana created a crown of hearts and butterflies for 7-year-old Alex, who is battling Leukemia.
Seattle runner assaulted at Golden Gardens Park pushes through Chicago Marathon
In March, Kelly Herron -- an avid Seattle runner -- was assaulted by a sex offender who hid in the women's bathroom at Golden Gardens Park.
Little girl empties piggy bank for surprising reason
Kids often do funny things but with my own daughter I've found that kids do it with an open heart.
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Free Consultations: (973) 540-0054
James H. Maynard, Esq.
Sex Offense Law
Getting Off Megan’s Law
Internet Registry Removal
Initial Tier Hearing
Initial Tier Hearings & Tier Reduction Hearings
Re-Tiering
Everything Megan’s Law in New Jersey
PSL and CSL
PSL/CSL Termination and Modification
Modifying Special Conditions
Transferring CSL / PSL (State or Country)
Defending CSL / PSL Violations
PSL, CSL, Megan’s Law (Generally)
Appeals & Post-Conviction Relief (PCR)
Megan’s Law Appeal
Challenging ADTC Sentence
Civil Commitment (SVP)
Moving & Traveling as a Sex Offender
Transferring CSL / PSL to Another State or Country
Residence, Work, School in Other States
International Megan’s Law
Juvenile Sex Crimes Defense
Megan’s Law Removal
Pre-Charge Legal Services
Trial Court Representation
Juvenile Sex Offense Notification
Juveniles and NJ Megan’s Law
Criminal Defense Representation
Defending a Failure to Register Charge
Failure to Verify
PA Sex Offense Legal Services
Removal from SORNA
Moving into and Out of PA as Registrant
Challenging SVP Classification
NY Sex Offense Legal Services
Removal from SORA
Modifying SORA Level
Initial SORA Hearing
Consultation Services to Attorneys
PA sex offenders subject to revised SORNA law
April 18, 2018 /0 Comments/in Constitution, Law Change, Pennsylvania, Sex Offense, SORNA /by Holly
PA’s Newest SORNA Law:
Major changes to PA’s SORNA were just signed into law. PA’s newest SORNA (passed by House Bill 631) became effective on February 21, 2018. House Bill 631 made several changes to SORNA.
Last July, the PA Supreme Court issued a landmark ruling in Commonwealth v. Muniz. The Court held that SORNA cannot be applied to people who committed sex offenses before it became law (Dec. 20, 2012). The Court found that SORNA was “punishment.” Thus, it was unconstitutional to apply SORNA to people who committed their offense before the law took effect. Months later, the PA legislature proposed changes to SORNA. These changes were meant to “correct” SORNA’s unconstitutional portions. Under the new law, people who committed sex offenses before December 20, 2012 are still subject to PA’s SORNA. Also, these people must comply with new and different requirements.
Over the years, PA has passed several versions of sex offender laws. The most recent version is PA’s sixth version of a sex offender law. Below is a short summary of the new law:
Overview of PA’s New Version of SORNA:
This new law has different requirements that depend on when an offender committed his or her offense.
“Subchapter H” applies to people who committed sex offenses after Dec. 20, 2012.
“Subchapter I” applies to those who committed sex offenses before Dec. 20, 2012.
The new law states that after 25 years, registrants can petition the court to end their registration duties. This includes removal from the Internet registry.
First, a registrant must file a petition with the court.
Next, a registrant must get evaluated by the Sex Offender Board. This evaluation determines if a registrant poses a danger to others.
Finally, the court holds a hearing to decide whether a person should be relieved of having to register. A registrant should hire a lawyer to present evidence that he/she should be removed from SORNA. If the court denies the petition, the registrant can appeal.
Registrants can file another petition five years after the first one was denied (and every five years after). Maynard Law Office, LLC has experience filing these petitions. Our firm has helped clients get off various states’ sex offender registries.
Before the new law, people who had to register for life were required to register four times each year. Now, registrants who must register for life must do so once per year. Sexually violent predators are still required to register four times a year.
Registrants are still put on the Internet registry. However, if a registrant has been on for 25 years, he/she may be able to file a petition to be removed. It is vital to hire a lawyer if you have registered for at least 25 years to see if you can get removed from the Internet.
Call Maynard Law Office, LLC today for a free consultation!
It is not clear if PA’s new law is constitutional. That is why it is crucial to hire a lawyer if you committed a sex offense before December 20, 2012. Maynard Law Office, LLC has been able to get PA registrants off the registry in the past. Our law firm understands PA sex offender law and we are ready to fight to protect your rights! Call (973) 540-0054 to speak with one of our lawyers.
Tags: Constitution, Pennsylvania, Sex Offense, SORNA
https://njlawattorney.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/New-Maynard-Logo-Grey-Trans5-300x80.png 0 0 Holly https://njlawattorney.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/New-Maynard-Logo-Grey-Trans5-300x80.png Holly2018-04-18 18:47:372018-04-18 18:47:37PA sex offenders subject to revised SORNA law
14-YEAR-OLD BOYS SUBJECT TO LIFETIME SEX OFFENDER REGISTRATION
MIRANDA WARNING AND THE WAIVER OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
NEW AMENDMENTS TO NJ MEGAN’S LAW AIMED TO AFFECT THOUSANDS
NEW BILL WOULD ALLOW PRIOR EVIDENCE IN NEW JERSEY SEX OFFENSE TRIALS
NEW JERSEY GOVERNOR WANTS TO ELIMINATE BAIL FOR ACCUSED DEFENDANTS
NEW JERSEY JUDGE ADMITS HEARSAY EVIDENCE IN A SEXUAL ASSAULT CASE
James H. Maynard’s Article Published in NJ Law Journal in Response to Public Outcry Calling for 2 Family Court Judges to Step Down
Sex Offense Recidivism Rates LOWER than Previous Estimates According to Recent Bureau of Justice Study
James H. Maynard, Esq., Presents Sex Offense Law Seminar at NJ State Bar Association’s Annual Convention
NJ High Court Rules that Judges May Consider Extreme Youth & Nature of Images Containing Child Porn at Sentencing
Specialized Sex Offense Law Firm in NJ: Getting Off Megan’s Law
Jeffrey Schein on Sex Offense Recidivism Rates LOWER than Previous Estimates According to Recent Bureau of Justice Study
Brenda Jones on Sex Offense Recidivism Rates LOWER than Previous Estimates According to Recent Bureau of Justice Study
New study shows sexual offense recidivism rates lower than previous estimates – NARSOL on Sex Offense Recidivism Rates LOWER than Previous Estimates According to Recent Bureau of Justice Study
Kristina on Maynard Law Office, LLC removes PA registrants from lifetime SORNA
Yusef on Maynard Law Office, LLC removes PA registrants from lifetime SORNA
Nicole's Law
PSL-CSL
Sex Offense
SORNA
Statutory Offense
SITE INFORMATION: 2016, Maynard Law Office, LLC. All rights reserved. The information contained on this site is not, nor is it intended to be, legal advice. Always consult an attorney for legal services tailored to your situation. We welcome you to contact our office, but be aware that contact alone does not create an attorney-client relationship. Do not send any confidential information to our office until such time as an attorney-client relationship has been properly created. We serve Morris County, Passaic County, Essex County, Somerset County, Sussex County, Middlesex County, Hunterdon County and beyond in communities including Morristown, Dover, Parsippany, Rockaway, Wayne, Hanover, Paterson, Clifton, Totowa, Little Falls, Somerville, North Plainfield, Bound Brook, Watchung, Newton, Newark, East Orange, Irvington, Bloomfield, Livingston, Fairfield, Flemington, New Brunswick, Edison, Woodbridge. Photos: UnSplash and PixaBay - Enfold Theme by Kriesi
NJ Legislature Expands Meaning of “Child Porn” and Creates Harsher... Maynard Law Office, LLC Wins Major Victory for Juvenile Sex Offenders in New...
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Corey Connelly
Youths keep heritage alive
Educator Mc Kenzie praises THA
Roxborough Police youth club drummers perform at the Wake Up Call procession to launch the Black Rock Sea Festival along Shirvan Road, last Thursday.
Noted educator Dr Eastlyn Mc Kenzie says she is pleased with the involvement of young people, so far, in this year's Tobago Heritage Festival.
Speaking to Newsday Tobago, Mc Kenzie said the large turnout of young people at the various presentations augurs well for the future of the festival.
"What struck me is the number of young people and children participating in the festival, so we could see continuity," she said.
"Apart from that, there is an encouragement of the villagers and young people to prepare the scripts for their productions. So, they will write scripts and teach them the dances."
Mc Kenzie said the Tobago House of Assembly continues to play a valuable role in ensuring the history stays alive.
"The assembly assists tremendously because long before the festival they would have people from their culture division going around and helping them to make their dances nicer, keeping the authenticity."
A former teacher, actress and independent senator, Mc Kenzie hosted the Moriah Ole Time Wedding, last week Saturday, for the fourth consecutive year. She also emceed Mason Hall's Games We Used To Play on Sunday.
"We are seeing more and more young people, even children participating."
She said people also have told her the other presentations, thus far, were very educational and informative.
Dancers perform at the Black Rock Sea Festival at Courland Heritage Park last week. PHOTO BY THA
"I have not seen the other presentations live but I listened to some of them on radio. But from Moriah and the people who came to the games, they told me they were more educated, more informed about the ole time wedding and the background to it."
Mc Kenzie said in preparing to host the Moriah ole time wedding, she studied the work of one of the village's sons and also did her own research.
"I got some work that was done by Philbrick Smith who was from Moriah and who performed the part of the parson who married the couples. For over 20 years, he did that part and he actually did the research as to the whole background of the ole time wedding with the part played by the Moravians and the estates and the spread into places like Montgomery."
Mc Kenzie said she also read out the names of those who pioneered the celebration in Moriah.
"So, you can see the void that would have been left by those people have been filled by younger people coming in."
Saying the festival has grown over the years, Mc Kenzie said the event continues to play its part in boosting the island's tourism.
"This year, I had people from Germany, Canada, United States, Antigua and groups from Trinidad. We are seeing the tourism thrust in the whole festival."
Mc Kenzie said Mason Hall's presentation also was well-attended. It featured marble-pitching, kite-flying, musical chairs, hop scotch, greasy pole and needle and thread races, among other events.
The Tobago Heritage Festival ends on August 1 (Emancipation Day) with a stage show and street procession from the Pigeon Point Heritage Park.
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Two thought-provoking films coming to the 2019 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival
(Photo: Krists Luhaers)
byPress Pool
Mar 21, 2019 -edited
There Are No Fakes, a journey into the largest art fraud scam in Canadian history and the work of Norval Morrisseau, the Ojibway founder of the Woodland School, premieres April 29
C2C Communications
C2C Communications is thrilled to represent two high-profiled documentaries premiering at the 2019 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival.
Cave 7 Films presents
THERE ARE NO FAKES
A Film by Jamie Kastner
(Image: C2C Communications)
Hot Docs screenings
World Premiere: Monday, April 29, 6:00 PM at TIFF Bell Lightbox, Cinema 1
2nd screening: Wednesday, May 1, 8:15 PM at Scotiabank Theatre, Cinema 3
From award-winning director Jamie Kastner and executive producer Mark Anthony Jacobson comes There Are No Fakes, a journey into the largest art fraud scam in Canadian history.
Musician Kevin Hearn of the Barenaked Ladies buys a painting, “Spirit Energy of Mother Earth,” attributed to Norval Morrisseau, the Ojibway founder of the Woodland School. Acclaimed by Picasso and Chagall, Morrisseau is widely recognized to be the world’s first Indigenous art star. But Hearn begins to have doubts about the painting’s authenticity and winds up suing the gallery that sold it to him.
In short order he finds himself in the middle of a feud between two warring factions of white people, each claiming to be the true defenders of Morrisseau’s legacy. Questioning the authenticity of Hearn’s painting throws into doubt some 3000 Morrisseau-attributed works worth $30,000,000. Epithets are slung, suits and countersuits pile up, rocks are thrown through gallery windows…
The film follows leads to Thunder Bay, Morrisseau’s birthplace, known for its shameful history of Indigenous-white relations. Then, as Hearn’s court case proceeds, an almost-unbelievable new tale emerges about the origin of the paintings, and the story turns several shades darker.
Take a look at the trailer HERE
Kitab Productions presents
A KANDAHAR AWAY
A Film by Aisha Jamal
World Premiere: Wednesday, May 1, 6:30 PM at TIFF Bell Lightbox, Cinema 2
2nd screening: Thursday, May 2, 1:00 PM at Isabel Bader Theatre
3rd screening: Saturday, May 4, 10:15 AM at TIFF Bell Lightbox, Cinema 2
As an immigrant to Canada, Abdul Bari Jamal’s longing for his homeland of Afghanistan is a constant theme in his life. Now living in Toronto, Canada, he never thought he would find a piece of his former home right here in Canada’s heartland. Delighted by his discovery, he decided to buy every member of his family a plot of land in the dwindling farming community of Kandahar, Saskatchewan. A Kandahar Away follows the Jamal family – all born in Kandahar, Afghanistan – on their first family trip to see the land.
As this trip represents the first trip the family has taken together in over ten years, Abdul hopes that it will provide much-needed bonding time. Moreover, he hopes his children will see that there is an equal place for both Canad and Afganistan in their modern lives. For the occasion of the Jamal family’s visit, the 15 remaining residents of Kandahar, Saskatchewan have gathered to welcome the family, as their visit also represents the first-time locals meet a family from the namesake city in Afghanistan. Can his children see as much meaning in this act of tying the two Kandahar's together as their father?
A Kandahar Away captures the interaction of the Jamal family and their urban, immigrant perspective with that of the rural population of Saskatchewan and ultimately paints a varying portrait of what it means to be Canadian.
2020 American Indian Science and Engineering Society Leadership Summit
EditorPress Pool
Eve’s Fund president to speak about ThinkFirst Navajo at national injury prevention webinar
52nd Annual California Native American Day
Indigenous everything. A list of Indigenous Peoples Day events.
Reporter, ProducerJourdan Bennett-Begaye
'Warrior Women' documentary screening and reception February 20
Connecticut Valley Tobacco Museum announces new timeline exhibit
30th anniversary screening of Powwow Highway to raise funds for Pueblo Film Fest
Norwegian Sami singer and activist Mari Boine returns to the States for a Fall tour
Métis Nation to host a conversation on minorities in Canada
'A View from the Ridge' features a Native American family's complex history
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GE and Accenture Announce Breakthrough Industrial Internet Technology for Safer, More Efficient Oil and Gas Pipeline Operations
Gives customers faster access to critical data, helping them make better decisions to prevent failures and costly downtime
Columbia Pipeline Group first customer to implement across 15,000 miles of interstate natural gas pipelines
HOUSTON; Sept. 8, 2014 – GE (NYSE: GE) and Accenture (NYSE: ACN) today announced the launch of the Intelligent Pipeline Solution, the first-ever Industrial Internet offering to help pipeline operators make better decisions concerning the condition of their critical machines and assets in the oil and gas pipeline industry. It combines Pipeline Management, a GE Predictivity software solution powered by the PredixTM platform, with Accenture’s digital technology and systems integration capabilities, to help customers make better, faster decisions on their pipeline operations to improve safety and prevent costly downtime. Columbia Pipeline Group (CPG), strategically located within the Marcellus and Utica shale plays, will be the first customer to implement this breakthrough technology across its network of 15,000 miles of interstate natural gas pipelines.
“We need an agile and comprehensive pipeline solution that could be delivered quickly and allows for a more real-time view of pipeline integrity across our interstate natural gas pipelines,” said Shawn Patterson, president, operations and project delivery, Columbia Pipeline Group. “GE’s industrial Internet software platform and extensive pipeline equipment and inspection capabilities combined with Accenture’s strong industry knowledge, digital capabilities and experience with business process and systems integration made them the clear choice for CPG.”
“Pipeline Management helps customers proactively make the right decisions at the right time to keep their assets safe,” said Brian Palmer, president and CEO, GE Measurement & Control. “We’ve delivered a comprehensive software solution that helps operators prioritize where valuable resources are needed most and respond to potential events with a higher level of confidence. We anticipate transportation pipeline companies using the solution will see operational efficiency improvements in integrity, maintenance, safety and regulatory compliance.”
Current transmission pipeline infrastructure stretches across nearly 2 million miles globally1. Considerable amounts of natural gas transported in the United States are coming from the Marcellus and Utica shale plays, and operators like Columbia are looking for ways to keep up with current demand. Much of the U.S. pipeline infrastructure has been in place for at least 20 years2, and operators are taking added precautions to ensure safety remains at the forefront when transporting increased production volumes from shale formations. Pipeline companies are investing up to $40 billion a year3 to expand, maintain and modernize existing infrastructure. To help make the most of these significant investments, operators increasingly require more robust data, real-time workforce planning and information to optimize the safe performance of these networks and relevant systems.
“Accenture and GE have unveiled a breakthrough solution with a global standard for pipeline safety and productivity,” said Peggy Kostial, senior managing director for Accenture’s North America resources operating group. “We are excited about complementing GE’s industrial software experience with Accenture’s deep industry experience in system integration and change management services that are needed to unlock the true value of Intelligent Pipeline Solution. This is a tremendous opportunity to use advanced analytics and digital technologies to help Columbia Pipeline Group address its key industry challenges.”
The Intelligent Pipeline Solution is the first industry solution co-developed and brought to market as part of a strategic global alliance formed by GE and Accenture in 2013. Together they will develop technology and analytics applications that help wide-ranging industries take advantage of the massive amounts of data generated through business operations.
Learn more at www.intelligentpipelinesolution.com
Source: PII Pipeline Database (Summary of Infield Systems, Global Data DOT and CIA world fact book databases).
PHMSA
Douglas Westwood market reports, FERC, CIA World Factbook
GE (NYSE: GE) works on things that matter. The best people and the best technologies taking on the toughest challenges. Finding solutions in energy, health and home, transportation and finance. Building, powering, moving and curing the world. Not just imagining. Doing. GE works. For more information, visit the company’s website at www.ge.com.
About GE Oil & Gas
GE Oil & Gas works on the things that matter in the oil and gas industry. In collaboration with our customers, we push the boundaries of technology to bring energy to the world. From extraction to transportation to end use, we address today’s toughest challenges in order to fuel the future.
Lindsey Benton
lindsey.benton@ge.com
Holly Gilthorpe
gilthorpe@ge.com
Guy Cantwell
+ 281 900 9089 (mobile)
guy.cantwell@accenture.com
Justyna Devraj
+ 44 7500 124 567 (mobile)
justyna.devraj@accenture.com
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Progress MS-02 undocked !
Russian cargo spacecraft, Progress MS-02 was successfully undocked yesterday from International Space Station after lasting for over 6 months space mission.
Progress has finished its mission lasting since launch on March 31, 2016, during which it delivered over 2400 kg of payload for astronauts and cosmonauts and refueled International Space Station. It also served ISS with its propulsion for correcting course maneuver last time it was performed on September 11, 2016, before originally planned for September 23, 2016 docking of Soyuz MS-02 with members of Expedition 50 (it was finally postponed due the technical problems with Soyuz spacecraft).
Progress due the fact that is not able to perform reentry and land on Earth is rather used as kind of garbage truck. Before its last flight, Progress as usual was filled with trashes, unwanted equipment and everything, what could be burned in atmosphere over Pacific Ocean, where final disintegration of MS-02 was planned after passing atmosphere. Cosmonauts finished packing Progress during last week; last part of the procedure was conducted by Commander Anatoly Ivanishin from Roscosmos, who initialized spacecraft, removed clamps, attached docking mechanism and finally closed both hatches and separated Progress from ISS for good. Visit of the Progress lasting from April 2, 2016, was reaching end.
Maneuver of undocking Progress MS-02 from Zvezda module aft docking port was conducted on Friday, October 14. Whole procedure was conducted by specialists from Mission Control Center in Korolev under Moscow remotely; main phase of undocking started at 09:32 GMT from activation of docking mechanism of Progress. Five minutes later, MCC ordered Progress to release and retract eight hooks inside ring facing to Zvezda docking adapter and let spring mechanism to push away spacecraft from the ISS. Vehicle was released punctually at 09:37 GMT. At 09:40 GMT, when spacecraft reached safe distance of 20 m from ISS, DPO thrusters fueled with UDMH/N2O4 were ignited and Progress started to gradually move away. Next step was starting main engine, S5.80 to reduce speed and make entering atmosphere possible at around 12:50 GMT. Spacecraft reentered into dense layers of atmosphere and burned at around 13:57 GMT.
http://www.mcc.rsa.ru/
International Space Station, ISS, MS-02, Progress
ISS, Ivanishin, MS-02, Progress, Roscosmos, S5.80, Soyuz
Written by Susan Lewis
View all posts by: Susan Lewis
OA-5 berthed to ISS !
TGO on orbit, EDM situation still unclear – ESA with two satellites around Mars
Refrigerant Oils Market Report Forecast by Development, Trends, and Forecast (2019 – 2029)
Global Refrigerant Oils Market 2019-2029 is a comprehensive report which provides a detailed overview of the major driver, opportunities, challenges, current market trends and strategies impacting the global market along with evaluations and forecast of revenue and share analysis. Combining the analysis capabilities and data integration with the relevant findings, the report has predicted the strong future growth of the Refrigerant Oils Continue Reading...
Mobile Handset Protection Market Is Expected To Be Valued At US$ 51 Bn By 2017-2026
Connected Homes Market Is Estimated To Create Incremental Opportunity of US$ 138 Bn between 2017-2026
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Engineering Services for Iowa businesses
American Power Systems Energizes Its Export Business
A Davenport manufacturer of alternators and other electrical equipment for specialty vehicles expects to more than double the amount it sells overseas within the next three years.
Officials at American Power Systems Inc. predict the company will at least double its current six-figure export sales once it fully implements everything leaders learned during a CIRAS-driven class presented via the Quad Cities Manufacturing Innovation Hub.
Assessment: Iowa Mfg Need Help with Tech, Strategy
Iowa manufacturers have been slow to take proven steps toward improving their businesses—and now face a widening technology gap and workforce challenges that are placing increasing pressure on smaller companies, according to a recent CIRAS review of the state of Iowa manufacturing.
CIRAS’ 2017–2018 Iowa Manufacturing Needs Assessment Report, a document based on comments derived from six public forums and a survey of leaders at 228 manufacturers across Iowa, shows Iowa companies continuing to sort themselves onto one side or another of a widening profitability gap.
Birmingham Manufacturing Gets Reawakened to the Value of Innovation
Michael Nunn is still searching for the perfect product improvement idea. But thanks to some help from CIRAS, Nunn now believes he’s on the correct path.
Blue-9 Celebrates One-year Anniversary of New Iowa Headquarters
A small Maquoketa company that sells dog training equipment around the world is boosting production and expanding its product offerings—all after CIRAS helped the company arrange important testing and other steps to get it off the ground.
Camille Sloan Schroeder praised for Engineering Outreach
Camille Sloan Schroeder earlier this month was presented with the 2018 President’s Award of Merit by the Quad-City Engineering and Science Council (QCESC).
Capstone Students Hush Clamoring Granulator at Orbis Corporation
The Orbis Corporation’s plastic container manufacturing plant in Monticello has a significantly quieter corner of the factory now, after a capstone project by Iowa State University engineering students reduced the noise from a nearby granulator.
CIRAS + MEP = The National Network for Manufacturers
One of the promises CIRAS makes to our clients is that working with us brings you more than just our 500+ years of combined industry experience. Clients also get connected with CIRAS’ vast network of experts. Usually, this means one of our great partners or the service providers we work with in Iowa. But frequently, it means tapping into the Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) National Network.
CIRAS Helps Bazooka Farmstar Bring Order to Its Growth
A Washington, Iowa, maker of manure-injection equipment was able to double capacity and drastically reduce lead time after CIRAS arranged coaching for its key managers.
Bazooka Farmstar is a rapidly growing 110-person agricultural manufacturer that’s seen sales grow 140 percent since 2016. But as the company took off, its production processes and management seemed to lag. Lead times increased, labor costs rose, and it seemed more and more difficult to maintain an adequate supply of parts.
“The manufacturing team was doing a great job of meeting their production requirements but was spending considerable excess time and effort in doing so,” said Jim Poe, a retired CIRAS project manager. “They have great people. They had the education and the knowledge. They just needed some help with organization and focus.”
CIRAS Shows ADA Enterprises How to Build for the Future
A Northwood, Iowa-based manufacturer of pig and calf flooring and commercial outdoor furniture should see a major boost to its production capacity because of a CIRAS-assisted expansion of its production plant.
Thomas Stensrud, president of ADA Enterprises, said his company’s recently remodeled and expanded footprint should provide 20 years of growth for the maker of park furniture and plastic-coated pork industry flooring. “We plan on at least doubling or even tripling our capacity,” he said.
CIRAS Spotlight: Andrew Friend
CIRAS employees know a lot about Iowa businesses. Here are a few questions and answers to help you learn a little more about them:
CIRAS Teaches Cobot to Clean at Miracle Tools America
Multiple times each day, the skilled workers at Miracle Tools America in Davenport must stop what they’re doing and clean. Making drill bits can be a dirty business, and the tiny water channels that keep tools from overheating have a tendency to clog.
Hence, the company decided to begin experimenting with a new type of employee—one that wouldn’t mind the monotony.
One made out of metal.
CIRAS Will Help You Get Ready for the “Future of Manufacturing”
CIRAS is on a journey to help Iowa manufacturers discover and implement the future of manufacturing.
Cobot Unboxed
Here’s an update on the current state of the Digital Manufacturing Lab Powered by Alliant Energy.
Coming Soon: CIRAS Bringing Technology Showcase to you
More than 30 leaders from eastern Iowa manufacturing companies gathered in a Pella conference room last month for CIRAS’ first mobile effort at showing firms exactly what can happen in the labs at Iowa State University.
Cy-Hawk Partnership Helps TAP Extend Technology
Charles Romans sees tremendous possibility in the relationship he’s building with his counterparts on the other side of Iowa.
Romans is the 3D design prototype director for ProtoStudios, a University of Iowa rapid prototyping facility that’s part of the MERGE innovation lab in downtown Iowa City. Despite his black-and-gold employer, Romans and his staff have been working closely with CIRAS project manager Mark Williamson and Chris Hill, director of the CIRAS Technology Assistance Program (TAP), for more than a year as part of a joint effort to learn from each other and give taxpayers the maximum benefit from the equipment each agency controls.
“Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus!” Hill said with a chuckle. “It is possible for Hawkeyes and Cyclones to work together.”
Digital Manufacturing—Better Efficiency via an Internet-linked Vending Machine
Asked to explain the value of his two-year-old electronic supply cabinets, the comparison Joe Greving reaches for is to a major technological shift.
“I can’t imagine going back to the way we used to do it,” said Greving, president of Iowa Steel Fabrication in Osceola. “Once you have an iPhone X for 30 days, you’re not going back to a flip phone.”
Donald named Outstanding New Professional
CIRAS project manager Joy Donald will be honored with the Iowa State University Professional and Scientific Outstanding New Professional Award at a campus ceremony on September 23.
Engineering Capstone Projects Lead to Innovative New Products
Two Iowa companies over the past year have separately discovered a new way to safeguard vibrating truck fenders and a new, more attractive way to lock patio doors—both as a result of work done by graduating students at Iowa State University.
Capstone students in Iowa State’s College of Engineering worked on the truck fender project for Link Manufacturing, a Sioux Center company that manufactures heavy-duty truck suspensions. The company asked students to extend the life of after-market fender brackets that sometimes were breaking because of vibration.
Grand Opening: Digital Manufacturing Lab powered by Alliant Energy
Dozens of Iowa manufacturers got their first glimpse of a path to new technologies on September 26, as CIRAS formally opened its new Digital Manufacturing Lab powered by Alliant Energy.
Representatives from CIRAS, Alliant Energy, and the Iowa Economic Development Authority (IEDA) were joined by Iowa State University and Ames leaders for opening remarks and a tour.
Grover Joins CIRAS to Oversee Digital Manufacturing Lab
Abhay Grover has joined CIRAS as a project manager focused on new technologies.
GUEST VOICE: How Leading Iowa Companies Profit from Sustainability
It surprises me when I meet business leaders who still believe environmental responsibility beyond meeting regulation, or social responsibility outside their four walls, is a cost versus an investment with good returns. CSR and sustainability work around the world, and in Iowa, has proven that leading companies have found ways to do both while profiting along the way.
I make widgets. Why should I care about cybersecurity?
It happens every day. The news fills with words like botnets, malware, ransomware, heartbleed, phishing, and sniffing. We are told we must make passwords “long and strong,” avoid “unsafe” websites, and keep computers “up to date.” We wonder what hackers could ever want with us.
Mostly, we just wonder what is safe and what we should do to protect ourselves.
Here are a few ways businesses can start to address cybersecurity:
Iowa State Solar Car Team Probes the Practicality of a Sun-powered SUV
Members of Iowa State University’s PrISUm solar car team see a silver lining in the clouds that dampened their recent trip to Australia for the Bridgestone World Solar Challenge.
Despite rainy weather and a missed checkpoint that knocked them out of the finish, the Iowa State engineering students are taking pride in the fact that they managed to build a practical and highly functional solar-powered SUV—one that, once tweaked, appears destined for future competitions.
Legacy Manufacturing Reshores Jobs Using Robot Turntable
Legacy Manufacturing in Marion has added seven new employees (with at least three more coming soon) after a CIRAS-assisted automation program helped the company reshore production of one of its most popular products.
MEP Best Practices Conference: Lessons Learned
In September, leaders and subject matter experts from around the MEP National NetworkTM gathered in Kansas City for our biennial best practices conference. Why is this a big deal? The 300 or so manufacturing experts in attendance brought back lessons learned from working with more than 26,000 U.S. manufacturers in the last year alone. In addition to sharing operational practices that make us successful, this was an opportunity to get a pulse on American manufacturing.
Planning Continues to Bring About ‘Year of Manufacturing’ Industry Expansion
Industry experts from around the state are developing a detailed plan for growing Iowa manufacturing—with CIRAS slated to play a leading role both in the plan’s design and its implementation.
The ongoing effort stems from 2017’s governor’s Year of Manufacturing initiative, which charged the Iowa Economic Development Authority and the Iowa Innovation Council (IIC) with finding ways to increase a $29 billion manufacturing gross domestic product to $32 billion by 2022.
ProCircular helps MetalCraft Toughen its Cybersecurity
Jonathan Heinz acknowledges that it took a while for his company to get moving on cybersecurity. But Metalcraft, a nameplate and ID tag manufacturer in Mason City, is now behind no longer.
SmithCo Sees Growth Ahead After CIRAS Helped Company Prepare
A Le Mars manufacturer of side-dumping truck trailers believes his business is on the road to steady growth after CIRAS helped improve the company’s management structure and confirm that its marketing is on the correct path.
SmithCo Manufacturing Inc. was founded in 1994 to make side-dump trailers for the construction industry. Change loomed, however, as the company entered its third decade. SmithCo, long popular in construction, agriculture, and municipal waste hauling, had discovered a lucrative new market in the mining industry. But could the business handle it? Operations manager Scott Lovell saw the potential for enormous growth over the horizon, and he wanted to make sure his company was ready.
The Dimensional Group Finds a New Approach
By the time CIRAS walked through his door, Adam Gold was ready to listen.
It was 2014, and it was clear that The Dimensional Group was a company with problems. The Mason City custom packaging and commercial printing firm had stretched beyond its capabilities.
The Future of Manufacturing is Happening Today
Every day we see something “new” in manufacturing. 3D Printed food, connected everything, cobots, and the list goes on. In fact, we’ve heard of these possibilities for decades. But something about these things seems a bit more real now than in the past. Like something important is happening
Touring Tech – Manufacturers Find Value When They See What ISU Can Do
Nathan Meyer was no stranger to CIRAS, but he wasn’t fully aware of all the technical expertise available at Iowa State University until he took a CIRAS-led tour of campus research labs in the fall of 2017.
Update: Future of Manufacturing Series
About 18 months ago, CIRAS announced its new “Future of Manufacturing” series to help manufacturers become ready for what is “next” in manufacturing. While this was a significant leap, it was based on a simple premise: changes in technology, workforce, and business models were moving so fast that we needed to help get Iowa manufacturers out in front.
Walsh Door & Security Keeps Growing as CIRAS Guides
A rapidly growing Des Moines commercial door and electronic security company has become more efficient, more professional, and safer thanks to a long-standing CIRAS relationship that continues to grow.
Walsh Door & Security began as a builders’ hardware company, but the business evolved over the years to become one of very few U.S. firms that offer customers both physical barriers (doors, frames, and hardware) and electronic security (such as access control and video surveillance systems). Marty Walsh IV, co-president of the family-owned company, said the firm has grown steadily on both sides of its door and security business, even as the electronic offering expands.
Water Security in Iowa – Knowing What You Use, Having a Good Plan
For Bill Zimmerle, plant manager of the Valent BioSciences Corporation (VBC) facility in Osage, it all comes down to planning for the future.
The future, you see, requires water.
With Service Bureaus Coming, Is Iowa at an Additive Manufacturing Inflection Point?
Dennis Fogle believes the dawn is coming for his industry in Iowa.
“We’re right on the edge,” said Fogle, general manager of Agile Additive Manufacturing Ltd. in Pella. “It’s just over the hill. . . . I think we just need a little bit more education here.”
Agile, a recently formed offshoot of Canada’s largest 3D printing service bureau, opened in Iowa last year in preparation for an expected wave in the use of 3D printing in Iowa manufacturing. Several other Iowa companies likewise have been formed over the last two years with a business plan that involves designing and/or 3D printing products for others. All report more fervent interest in the technology.
WORKFORCE PIPELINE: CIRAS Helps Companies Find Solutions
CIRAS projects have a big impact on Iowa and its communities.
One of the things we do is to help companies find their way around a scarcity of workers. Sometimes, that means helping them reach out to graduating students:
Capstone Helps Life Line Open New Door
A Sumner, Iowa, manufacturer of emergency vehicles believes it’s on the cusp of a major innovation after Iowa State University engineering students helped the company develop a new design for a side-entry ambulance door.
Life Line Emergency Vehicles, a maker of custom ambulance bodies since 1985, was scheduled to go to a national trade show this fall with a working prototype of its first ambulance with a motorized sliding side door—a new feature that’s expected to make it safer and more convenient for emergency medical crews to operate in tight spaces or along the side of a highway.
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A safety assessment of branched chain saturated alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients
D. Belsito, D. Bickers, M. Bruze, P. Calow, H. Greim, Jon Hanifin, A. E. Rogers, J. H. Saurat, I. G. Sipes, H. Tagami
The Branched Chain Saturated Alcohol (BCSA) group of fragrance ingredients was evaluated for safety. In humans, no evidence of skin irritation was found at concentrations of 2-10%. Undiluted, 11 materials evaluated caused moderate to severe eye irritation. As current end product use levels are between 0.001% and 1.7%, eye irritation is not a concern. The materials have no or low sensitizing potential. For individuals who are already sensitized, an elicitation reaction is possible. Due to lack of UVA/UVB light-absorbing structures, and review of phototoxic/photoallergy data, the BCSA are not expected to elicit phototoxicity or photoallergy. The 15 materials tested have a low order of acute toxicity. Following repeated application, seven BCSA tested were of low systemic toxicity. Studies performed on eight BCSA and three metabolites show no in vivo or in vitro genotoxicity. A valid carcinogenicity study showed that 2-ethyl-1-hexanol is a weak inducer of liver tumors in female mice, however, the relevance of this effect and mode of action to humans is still a matter of debate. The Panel is of the opinion that there are no safety concerns regarding BCSA under the present levels of use and exposure.
Food and Chemical Toxicology
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.046
safety assessment
Photoallergic Dermatitis
phototoxicity
Phototoxic Dermatitis
genotoxicity
Branched chain saturated alcohols
Fragrance ingredients
Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Calow, P., Greim, H., Hanifin, J., ... Tagami, H. (2010). A safety assessment of branched chain saturated alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(SUPPL. 4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.046
A safety assessment of branched chain saturated alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients. / Belsito, D.; Bickers, D.; Bruze, M.; Calow, P.; Greim, H.; Hanifin, Jon; Rogers, A. E.; Saurat, J. H.; Sipes, I. G.; Tagami, H.
In: Food and Chemical Toxicology, Vol. 48, No. SUPPL. 4, 07.2010.
Belsito, D, Bickers, D, Bruze, M, Calow, P, Greim, H, Hanifin, J, Rogers, AE, Saurat, JH, Sipes, IG & Tagami, H 2010, 'A safety assessment of branched chain saturated alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients', Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 48, no. SUPPL. 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.046
Belsito D, Bickers D, Bruze M, Calow P, Greim H, Hanifin J et al. A safety assessment of branched chain saturated alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2010 Jul;48(SUPPL. 4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.046
Belsito, D. ; Bickers, D. ; Bruze, M. ; Calow, P. ; Greim, H. ; Hanifin, Jon ; Rogers, A. E. ; Saurat, J. H. ; Sipes, I. G. ; Tagami, H. / A safety assessment of branched chain saturated alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients. In: Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2010 ; Vol. 48, No. SUPPL. 4.
@article{a9759b2a4e89409ebc7bd6df40e6b435,
title = "A safety assessment of branched chain saturated alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients",
abstract = "The Branched Chain Saturated Alcohol (BCSA) group of fragrance ingredients was evaluated for safety. In humans, no evidence of skin irritation was found at concentrations of 2-10{\%}. Undiluted, 11 materials evaluated caused moderate to severe eye irritation. As current end product use levels are between 0.001{\%} and 1.7{\%}, eye irritation is not a concern. The materials have no or low sensitizing potential. For individuals who are already sensitized, an elicitation reaction is possible. Due to lack of UVA/UVB light-absorbing structures, and review of phototoxic/photoallergy data, the BCSA are not expected to elicit phototoxicity or photoallergy. The 15 materials tested have a low order of acute toxicity. Following repeated application, seven BCSA tested were of low systemic toxicity. Studies performed on eight BCSA and three metabolites show no in vivo or in vitro genotoxicity. A valid carcinogenicity study showed that 2-ethyl-1-hexanol is a weak inducer of liver tumors in female mice, however, the relevance of this effect and mode of action to humans is still a matter of debate. The Panel is of the opinion that there are no safety concerns regarding BCSA under the present levels of use and exposure.",
keywords = "Branched chain saturated alcohols, Fragrance ingredients, Review, Safety",
author = "D. Belsito and D. Bickers and M. Bruze and P. Calow and H. Greim and Jon Hanifin and Rogers, {A. E.} and Saurat, {J. H.} and Sipes, {I. G.} and H. Tagami",
doi = "10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.046",
journal = "Food and Chemical Toxicology",
T1 - A safety assessment of branched chain saturated alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients
AU - Belsito, D.
AU - Bickers, D.
AU - Bruze, M.
AU - Calow, P.
AU - Greim, H.
AU - Rogers, A. E.
AU - Saurat, J. H.
AU - Sipes, I. G.
AU - Tagami, H.
N2 - The Branched Chain Saturated Alcohol (BCSA) group of fragrance ingredients was evaluated for safety. In humans, no evidence of skin irritation was found at concentrations of 2-10%. Undiluted, 11 materials evaluated caused moderate to severe eye irritation. As current end product use levels are between 0.001% and 1.7%, eye irritation is not a concern. The materials have no or low sensitizing potential. For individuals who are already sensitized, an elicitation reaction is possible. Due to lack of UVA/UVB light-absorbing structures, and review of phototoxic/photoallergy data, the BCSA are not expected to elicit phototoxicity or photoallergy. The 15 materials tested have a low order of acute toxicity. Following repeated application, seven BCSA tested were of low systemic toxicity. Studies performed on eight BCSA and three metabolites show no in vivo or in vitro genotoxicity. A valid carcinogenicity study showed that 2-ethyl-1-hexanol is a weak inducer of liver tumors in female mice, however, the relevance of this effect and mode of action to humans is still a matter of debate. The Panel is of the opinion that there are no safety concerns regarding BCSA under the present levels of use and exposure.
AB - The Branched Chain Saturated Alcohol (BCSA) group of fragrance ingredients was evaluated for safety. In humans, no evidence of skin irritation was found at concentrations of 2-10%. Undiluted, 11 materials evaluated caused moderate to severe eye irritation. As current end product use levels are between 0.001% and 1.7%, eye irritation is not a concern. The materials have no or low sensitizing potential. For individuals who are already sensitized, an elicitation reaction is possible. Due to lack of UVA/UVB light-absorbing structures, and review of phototoxic/photoallergy data, the BCSA are not expected to elicit phototoxicity or photoallergy. The 15 materials tested have a low order of acute toxicity. Following repeated application, seven BCSA tested were of low systemic toxicity. Studies performed on eight BCSA and three metabolites show no in vivo or in vitro genotoxicity. A valid carcinogenicity study showed that 2-ethyl-1-hexanol is a weak inducer of liver tumors in female mice, however, the relevance of this effect and mode of action to humans is still a matter of debate. The Panel is of the opinion that there are no safety concerns regarding BCSA under the present levels of use and exposure.
KW - Branched chain saturated alcohols
KW - Fragrance ingredients
KW - Safety
U2 - 10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.046
DO - 10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.046
JO - Food and Chemical Toxicology
JF - Food and Chemical Toxicology
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Gangishetti, Umesh (1)
Gearing, Marla (1)
Hu, William (1)
Kamara, Dennis M. (1)
Walker, Lary C (1)
Willis-Parker, Monica Lauren (1)
Zhao, Liping (1)
Biology, General (1)
Journal of Alzheimer's Disease (1)
amyloid (1)
amyloidosi (1)
apolipoprotein (1)
assess (1)
cerebrovascular (1)
cognit (1)
donat (1)
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Emory Department of Gerontology/Geriatrics 2001-2014 (1)
Neurology: Cog Neurobehav
Pathology: Admin
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: Similarity in African-Americans and Caucasians with Alzheimer's Disease
by Dennis M. Kamara; Umesh Gangishetti; Marla Gearing; Monica Lauren Willis-Parker; Liping Zhao; William Hu; Lary C Walker
Biology, General
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) of the Aβ type is variably present in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). CAA contributes to cognitive decline and increases the risk of lobar hemorrhage; because both AD-typical dementia and lobar hemorrhage are more common in African-Americans than in Caucasians, we postulated that African-Americans with AD might be particularly susceptible to CAA. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed CAA histopathologically in the large vessels and capillaries of autopsy-derived frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortical samples from African-Americans (n = 18) and Caucasians (n = 19) with end-stage AD. In the combined cohort of 37 subjects, 22% of the subjects had severe CAA in large vessels, and 11% had severe CAA in capillaries. However, the prevalence and histopathologic characteristics of CAA were similar in the African-Americans and Caucasians. This conclusion was substantiated in an independent sample from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database, in which the degree of CAA was comparable in 1,554 Caucasians and 68 African-Americans with end-stage AD. These findings support a growing consensus that the fundamental histopathologic features of AD are largely impartial to the race of the afflicted.
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Food Safety Authority continues to shoot the messenger
posted in: Food, Health, Media Releases, Organic Community |
The Soil & Health Association is very concerned that New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA) staff are hell-bent on ignoring scientific research that clearly shows the links between aspartame and cancer, especially in children when the mother consumes aspartame during pregnancy. Aspartame converts to formaldehyde when ingested.
Not only that but Food Safety calling the Soil & Health spokesperson a scaremonger is again shooting the messenger instead of attending to the health concerns of the New Zealand community.
“Evidence from award-winning scientific researchers and the increasing local evidence is being studiously ignored by the agency. Why?” asks Soil & Health spokesperson, Steffan Browning.
“The agency has nothing original in its material and is trotting out the same old industry pap. Why? Who are they beholden to? Is it commercial and trade imperatives, philosophical, attitudinal and institutional blindness and deafness? What ever it is, it needs to change very quickly. The information that substantiates the rising list of aspartame victims concerns exists, but the precautionary approach is not even considered unless it is for trade protection.”
“Although the NZFSA toxicologist is touted as an expert, with over 30 years experience, including serving on international expert consultations, he is ignoring mounting research from the international scientific community, such as the following:
“These are indeed extremely high levels for adducts of formaldehyde, a substance responsible for chronic deleterious effects that has also been considered carcinogenic…..
”It is concluded that aspartame consumption may constitute a hazard because of its contribution to the formation of formaldehyde adducts.” (Trocho 1998)
“It was a very interesting paper, that demonstrates that formaldehyde formation from aspartame ingestion is very common and does indeed accumulate within the cell, reacting with cellular proteins (mostly enzymes) and DNA (both mitochondrial and nuclear). The fact that it accumulates with each dose, indicates grave consequences among those who consume diet drinks and foodstuffs on a daily basis.” (Blaylock 1998)
Methanol from aspartame is released in the small intestine when the methyl group of aspartame encounters the enzyme chymotrypsin (Stegink 1984, page 143). A relatively small amount of aspartame (e.g., one can of soda ingested by a child) can significantly increase plasma methanol levels (Davoli 1986a).
Clinically, chronic, low-level exposure to methanol has been seen to cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, ear buzzing, GI disturbances, weakness, vertigo, chills, memory lapses, numbness & shooting pains, behavioral disturbances, neuritis, misty vision, vision tunneling, blurring of vision, conjunctivitis, insomnia, vision loss, depression, heart problems (including disease of the heart muscle), and pancreatic inflammation (Kavet 1990, Monte 1984, Posner 1975).
The methanol from aspartame is converted to formaldehyde and then formic acid (DHHS 1993, Liesivuori 1991), although some of the formaldehyde appears to accumulate in the body as discussed above. Chronic formaldehyde exposure at very low doses has been shown to cause immune system and nervous system changes and damage as well as headaches, general poor health, irreversible genetic damage, and a number of other serious health problems (Fujimaki 1992, He 1998, John 1994, Liu 1993, Main 1983, Molhave 1986, National Research Council 1981, Shaham 1996, Srivastava 1992, Vojdani 1992, Wantke 1996). One experiment (Wantke 1996) showed that chronic exposure to formaldehyde caused systemic health problems (i.e., poor health) in children at an air concentration of only 0.043 – 0.070 parts per million!
“Methanol is a metabolic poison which, in the absence of ethanol (such as in fruits) is unstable and breaks down into formaldehyde, a poison and carcinogen, and formic acid, also a poison and carcinogen,” said Browning.
“The NZFSA “expert” toxicologist quotes formaldehyde in fruit digestion as some sort of equivalent, yet in fruit the methanol does not break down at the same rate into formaldehyde, when bound by natural pectin and is balanced by the proportionately much greater ethanol.”
“Fruit has protective factors which help prevent chronic poisoning from methanol metabolites such as formaldehyde. A dose of aspartame is significantly different than that of a mouthful of fruit which has a range of enzymes and compounds in balance.”
“Some NZFSA staff are also choosing to ignore the very real experiences of New Zealanders who thanks to Abby Cormack, Betty Martini, Safe Food Campaign and Soil & Health have quit aspartame and have recovered from serious life altering health effects,” said Browning.
“For the NZFSA toxicologist to suggest that Soil & Health encouraging people away from a carcinogenic neurotoxic synthetic sweetener is in any way inappropriate because of obesity or diabetes, shows a lack of objectivity. Yes we are taken seriously and the Obesity Action Coalition Executive Director has changed her televised pro-aspartame view since meeting anti-aspartame campaigners Abby Cormack and Betty Martini, and hearing of the corruption and spin, and having the independent research produced in a public forum.”
“Soil & Health will produce research papers substantiating any of its aspartame claims and the supportive information has all been available to NZFSA. It is a matter of will to acknowledge that people in the community are being harmed by aspartame and then actually do something about it.”
“Soil & Health is committed along with Safe Food Campaign, ADHD Society, Mission Possible, many scientists and doctors, consumers and producers to have the toxic aspartame and its stablemates out of the food chain.”
www.dorway.com/formaldehyde.html
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Uncategorized New senior meals site to open April 5 in...
New senior meals site to open April 5 in Carbondale
By OCHC
CARBONDALE — Mid-America Nutrition Program will be opening a third meal distribution center and dinning site April 5 in Carbonale. The senior dining site will be located at the Carbondale Community Center, 228 Main St., also known as the ELM Foundation Building.
Mid-America Nutrition Program Executive Director Martha Hagedorn-Krass said they picked April 5 as the opening day because it is Friendship Day.
“We serve a noon meal of roast beef, mashed potatoes and gravy, green beans and peanut butter pie on Friendship Day, the first Wednesday of the month,” Hagedorn-Krass said. “Our senior dining sites are all about sitting down and having lunch with your friends, so we thought April 5 would be a great day to open the site.”
Terri Ramsdell has been hired as Carbondale site manager. Ramsdell, an active member of the Carbondale community, will lead the efforts to develop the clientele and volunteer base.
Lunch is served at noon Monday through Friday. A $3 donation is suggested for people 60 years and older; anyone younger than 60 may eat for $5.75.
Mid-America Nutrition Program operates two additional senior dining sites in Burlingame and Osage City. In 2016, 24,500 noon meals were served in Osage County; 7,794 meals in congregate settings and 16,710 were home delivered. Each meal provides a third of the recommended daily allowance of nutrients.
One hundred thirty one senior citizens in Osage County currently participate in the senior nutrition program.
“That number likely will increase over the next year with the establishment of the new meal site in Carbondale,” Hagedorn-Krass said.
About Mid-America Nutrition Program, Inc.: Mid-America Nutrition Program is a comprehensive full service program dedicated to meeting the nutritional needs of the elderly through home-delivered meals and senior dining site meals in Anderson, Coffey, Franklin, Linn, Miami and Osage counties.
The organization provides the nutritional support that will help older people stay healthy and independent in their own homes. All persons 60 years and older and their spouse are eligible for nutrition services. People under the age of 60 with disabilities who reside at home with an eligible senior are also eligible. Mid-America Nutrition Program has been a Meals on Wheels provider since 1979.
For more information, to sign up for meals or to volunteer, contact Ramsdell at (785) 249-0664.
“Lunch reservations are required no later than the day before, make your opening day reservations early,” Hagedorn-Krass said.
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Richard E. Watson
Richard E. Watson Oct. 2, 1944 – Jan. 9, 2020 CARROLLTON, Texas — Richard E. Watson, 75, died Thursday, Jan. 9,...
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Shirley Ann Kinnett
Shirley Ann Kinnett March 22, 1945 – Jan. 7, 2020 TOPEKA — Shirley Ann Kinnett, Scranton, died Tuesday, Jan. 7, 2020,...
Marianne Waterman Haag
Marianne Waterman Haag Sept. 4, 1930 – Jan. 9, 2020 OSAGE CITY — Marianne Waterman Haag died Thursday, Jan. 9, 2020,...
Charles S. “Pete” Peterson
Charles S. "Pete" Peterson April 14, 1933 – Jan. 11, 2020 BURLINGAME — Charles S. "Pete" Peterson, formerly of Burlingame, died...
Dale H. Stout
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The Osage County Herald-Chronicle was founded in 1863 and serves the communities of Burlingame, Carbondale, Lyndon, Melvern, Olivet, Osage City, Overbook, Quenemo, and Scranton. It is the official newspaper of USD 420, USD 421, USD 434, USD 454, and USD 456.
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Peter Young Writes For You
Handwriting in courier 12 since 2009
Film Review: The Great Gatsby (old sport)
This column was originally published in the Central Western Daily on Tuesday 29th May 2013.
I must profess to not having read F. Scott Fitzgerald’s 1925 novel, The Great Gatsby recently, but I’m pretty sure that I have just seen the pop up book. Just like Leonardo DiCaprio’s mysterious Jay Gatsby knows how to throw a wild party, Baz Luhrmann certainly knows how to film one. Within minutes of the opening credits, we’re back to the hyper reality already established in Luhrmann’s Moulin Rouge: beautiful people, rapid edits, loud out-of-era music, rapid edits, champagne and partygoers jumping into swimming pools. Did I mention the rapid edits? Granted, they aren’t as headache inducing as in Moulin Rouge but there were moments where all I wanted was to take in this visual feast. Luhrmann clearly has an eye for beauty and detail, so why does he insist on ensuring that the lens doesn’t stay on anything long enough to enjoy it?
Tobey Maguire’s Nick Carraway arrives in New York City following his service in World War I and rents a house in West Egg, Long Island, right next to the Gatsby Mansion. Gatsby? Who Gatsby? What Gatsby? Throughout the first third of the film, DiCaprio’s enigmatic millionaire is consistently referred to as a mystery man. Although the host of elaborate parties, no-one knows what Gatsby looks like. Once Nick is invited to a party and becomes Gatsby’s “old sport”, this subplot is thrown out with several visual references to framed pictures of the “great” one adorning his mansion walls. The climax of the film also relies on a positive identification that shouldn’t have been possible.
Gatsby had a relationship with Carraway’s cousin Daisy (Carey Mulligan) before he was sent to war. Unfortunately Daisy is now unhappily married to the womanising Tom Buchanan (Joel Edgerton). To win back his old flame, Gatsby has purchased the mansion across the bay from the Buchanan’s residence in East Egg, as you do. Luhrmann gleefully utilises CGI sweeping shots over the water to remind us of the futility of their love. Either that, or Baz wants to subtly hammer home the fact that The Great Gatsby is shot in 3D. To reunite with his former love, Gatsby throws lavish parties in the hope that she will somehow attend. He also uses Carroway’s familial connections to arrange a reunion. I’m not entirely sure how Gatsby knew that Nick was related to Daisy, but who cares, THE GREAT GATSBY IS SHOT IN 3D.
All of the lead performances are solid. DiCaprio has the charisma to overcome a script that has him say “old sport” too many times. Maguire is appealing despite a weak bookend subplot which undermines his character and does nothing to drive the plot forwards. Mulligan is radiant as Daisy, and Edgerton is appropriately nasty as the moustache twirling villain. Poor Isla Fisher and the talented Jason Clarke are sidelined in small supporting roles. Keep an eye out also for some of our most highly regarded actors in thankless tiny character parts. You can play the “Where’s Wally? The Great Gatsby edition” by looking out for Vince Colosimo, Steve Bisley, Max Cullen and Jack Thompson.
The Great Gatsby is a case of style over substance. Luhrmann’s Gatsby hyper world is certainly an exciting place to visit but he has failed to capture F. Scott Fitzgerald’s literary classic on film. Instead he’s created the theme park ride of the book.
CWD Columns
on May 28, 2013 at 19:28 Leave a Comment
Tags: 2013, 3D, cinema, DiCaprio, film, Gatsby, Great, Maguire, movie, Mulligan, old, party, review, sport, Sydney
Olympic Thoughts: Stephanie Rice, Status Quo, Coles and McDonalds Glasses
This column was originally published in the Central Western Daily on Tuesday 31st July 2012.
According to the latest Olympic themed ad from a well known burger chain, their promotional glasses come alive at night and practice pole jumping. That might explain why my collection of glasses from the 2008 Beijing games have all accidentally met their maker on my kitchen floor in the past few months.
Writing of the Olympics, I was enjoying the live television coverage when I was confronted by a commercial informing me that Coles was the official supermarket for the Australian Team. Ah, exactly when during their time in London would the Aussie athletes be shopping at a Coles supermarket? Of course, they’d be buying their bread and permeate free milk at the same imaginary one in the UK that Dawn French and English rockers Status Quo buy their Vegemite and Tim Tams. Sorry, my mistake.
Earlier this month, Coles became the first supermarket chain to release their own music video. That’s right, Status Quo have recorded a 3 minute promotional video for their reworked (and reworded) 1975 hit Down Down. Complete with big red foam hands, the tongue in cheek (I hope) video is available to view on YouTube. Expect to see it on Rage sometime soon.
Whilst I would never deny anyone the opportunity to make a buck, it seems a shame that Coles hasn’t enlisted the help of a washed up Aussie band to promote their stores. I’m sure the world’s greatest INXS tribute band, known as INXS, would happily adapt their hits. Get out your big red hands folks and sing along with Need Milk Tonight and What You Need (is Cheap Bread).
It shouldn’t be too hard to find an Aussie band whose best days are behind them. Just follow the signs to A Day on the Green. Come to think of it, I’ll take Status Quo anytime rather than hear another second of Normie Rowe’s awful Coles TV commercial. It’s hard to put your fingers in your ears with big red foam hands.
I really felt sorry for Stephanie Rice after her disappointing performance in the 400m individual medley. The expectations of a nation must be a pretty heavy burden, especially when you’re a returning triple gold medallist. So much can happen in a space of four years.
The state of the art LCD TV I bought especially to watch the 2008 Beijing games has already been replaced by a bigger and better state of the art LCD TV. I rented a unit in 2008. Now I have a house and mortgage. Four years ago, it wasn’t possible to photograph yourself in a bikini and tweet it to the world, along with some inappropriate gaffes.
Seriously though, the idea that you can continue to maintain the fitness, discipline and training to be the best in the world again, despite becoming four years older, is ridiculous. This simple fact makes the achievements of dual gold medallists even more miraculous and amazing, and everyone else, well, human. And there’s absolutely nothing wrong with that.
Four years ago, I had to pay an extra $50 for the Olympic channels on pay TV. This time around, I just had to add the Sports Package for $18 which gets me 8 channels in HD. Thanks Foxtel. Now I can feel less guilty when I lose interest in the Olympics after a couple of days and go back to watching cartoons.
on August 10, 2012 at 08:18 Leave a Comment
Tags: 2012, Australia, Coles, Down Down, Foxtel, games, glasses, gold, grocery, London, McDonalds, medals, Olympics, promotions, shopping, sport, Status Quo, Stephanie Rice, supermarket, TV commercials
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Survey: Widespread Fear Amongst Conservatives at Google, Facebook, Amazon, Apple...
By Tyler O'Neil 2018-02-02T18:02:55
Last August, Google senior software engineer James Damore was fired after he released a memo revealing the tech giant to be an "ideological echo chamber." He is now suing the company for gender, racial, and viewpoint discrimination. A new survey released Friday suggests that not only do employees at tech companies in Silicon Valley admit their workplaces are "liberal" or "very liberal," but they admit to self-censorship on the job -- and conservatives feel less comfortable expressing their views on the job after Damore's firing.
"The consensus across the political spectrum that there is a real 'fire' when it comes to this this issue in tech was surprising," Garrett Johnson, co-founder of the Lincoln Network, the tech-politics company that commissioned the survey, told PJ Media. He remarked on "the liberal bias in tech companies and efforts to silence, to the extent that even 30 percent of very liberal people are hesitant to engage."
The Lincoln Network survey, taken last December, examined Silicon Valley employees at Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, Dropbox, Facebook, Google, Instacart, Intel, McAfee, Microsoft, PayPal, and Salesforce. Workers from across the ideological spectrum agreed that their offices were "liberal" or "very liberal," and many said they could not "be themselves" at work.
When asked "how would you characterize the ideological and cultural norms in your workplace?" 67 percent of Silicon Valley tech employees went for "liberal" or "very liberal."
More than three-quarters of "very conservative" employees (76 percent) said their workplaces were left of center, as did most "conservative" employees (71 percent). Those who identified as "libertarian" (69 percent) and "moderate" (67 percent) agreed. Even Silicon Valley employees who called themselves "liberal" (75 percent) and "very liberal" (51 percent) admitted their workplace was dominated by a left-wing atmosphere.
One liberal worker lamented that "there are people who are looking for a reason to be offended, and any sort of disagreement would make them wonder if I'm a secret Trump supporter. The idea of 'I agree with you 90%' is not enough." A moderate/libertarian recalled, "In numerous conversations, no one ever took the Republican side. The conversation was always around why Hillary was right."
A conservative put it bluntly: "It's a postmodern secularist Silicon Valley viewpoint. Highly liberal." A moderate agreed, saying, "My workplace is liberal. And atheist/agnostic."e
5 Things to Know About James Damore's Google Manifesto
When asked if they could "truly bring their whole selves to work," most right-leaning Silicon Valley employees emphatically said they were "hesitant" to be themselves at the office. A whopping 89 percent of very right-leaning workers and 74 percent of conservative employees agreed with the statement, "I am hesitant of being myself at work." More than two-thirds (69 percent) of libertarians also agreed, as did half of moderates (50 percent).
“Some of my colleagues will openly mock conservatives, assuming that everyone within earshot is liberal. Multiple times I’ve had to sit through cruel mockery of my home state while others nodded and laughed along," one conservative explained. Another recalled, “After the election, the head of a department made multiple insinuations we should fire employees who voted for Trump."
Not even all Silicon Valley liberals found this atmosphere welcoming. More than a third of "liberal" employees (36 percent) said they hesitate to be themselves, and 30 percent of "very liberal" workers agreed.
“The Senior VP of HR, in a company-wide meeting, described the fact that labor laws prohibit racial discrimination against white employees as ‘idiocy,'" one liberal employee recalled. Another said, “I witnessed repeated calls from managers and non-managers alike for people to be fired for the political views they expressed.”
Most strong conservatives (71 percent), conservatives (64 percent), and libertarians (66 percent) said the situation involving Damore's "diversity memo" made them less comfortable sharing their "ideological viewpoints with colleagues." Even large minorities of moderates (46 percent) and liberals (30 percent) said the same.
One conservative described the incident as "a huge wake-up call." He added, "Silicon Valley has been for my career left-liberal, but now it makes me wonder if we've moved from live-and-let-live to an environment where if you don't go along with the prevailing politics you're out of a livelihood."
Among very liberal employees, however, 26 percent said the Damore situation actually made them "more comfortable" sharing their ideas, while 14 percent also said they felt "less comfortable" about it.
One liberal put it this way: "Hell, Google ain't that liberal of a place, and even it recognized this guy for being a douchebag. Were I his line manager or higher in his reporting chain, you bet your a** I would have fired him."
About a third of right-leaning Silicon Valley workers said the ideology of their workplace gets in the way of their ability to do their jobs. Sizable minorities of very conservative (47 percent), conservative (34 percent), and libertarian (30 percent) workers agreed with the statement, "I feel my ideological views being at odds with my workplace norms affects my ability to do my best work."
One conservative recalled calling in sick after Election Day "in order to avoid all conversations about the election." Another explained that "there is oversized internal outrage and support if a leftist agenda item is 'wronged' by our product, but zero to very little is done about the mistakes and biases we're responsible for on more conservative issues."
Damore Suit: Google Caters to Furries, Transgenderism, and 'A Yellow-Scaled Wingless Dragonkin'
A libertarian put it point-blank: "There is a concerted purge of conservative employees at Apple." Another libertarian recalled, "A friend at a tech company was nearly terminated when his manager found out he was a Republican delegate. His manager lied to VPs about his performance to try to get him fired while telling him that he was performing well."
Some moderates (16 percent) and extreme liberals (12 percent) agreed that ideological differences got in the way of work, while only 2 percent of those just identifying as "liberal" said so.
A surprising number of Silicon Valley employees said they know someone who either did not pursue a tech career or who left a tech career due to perceived viewpoint conflicts. While extreme conservatives (59 percent) were most likely to know someone who rejected tech for ideological reasons, quite a few conservatives (36 percent) and libertarians (37 percent) agreed. About a fifth of liberal (21 percent) and very liberal (19 percent) employees reported the same.
"I have lost multiple talented colleagues who resigned rather than continue in the face of an increasingly extreme, narrow-minded, and regressive environment here at Google," one Silicon Valley libertarian said. "It's terrifying here. A real horror show. Every day could be my last."
Another libertarian said, "I refused to consider working for Google after their reaction to the Damore memo. I no longer consider some friends of mine who work in the industry people I can trust, after hearing them publicly discuss their approval of James Damore's firing (as well as other systematic gender and ethnic issues)."
A third libertarian lamented that the "public-facing wing" of the company proves "shrill and vocal in their radical progressivism." Due to this, the Silicon Valley employee expressed a fear that the company "will alienate its narrow user base because of its uncritical embrace of gender/identity politics."
Many conservatives might not be surprised at these findings of liberal bias at companies like Google, Apple, and Amazon. After all, last August Apple announced a partnership with the Left-wing smear factory and racket the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), a group known for equating conservative Christians — and a few reformist Muslims — with the Ku Klux Klan, labeling them "hate groups." Amazon excluded a Christian ministry from its nonprofit program on similarly spurious grounds, and now faces a lawsuit.
Furthermore, the Damore suit revealed a supercharged embrace of LGBT issues at Google. The Silicon Valley giant caters to sexual identities like furries and otherkin, and even hosted a seminar from a "plural being" who sexually identifies as both "a yellow-scaled wingless dragonkin" and "an expansive ornate building."
IT'S ON: Christian Group Sues SPLC and Amazon Over 'Hate Group' Designation
Such liberal positions in Silicon Valley may not be surprising, but this survey helped to make conservative complaints more concrete, and it also demonstrated that liberals are also uncomfortable with the situation.
"I assumed right-leaning participants would make this point and was surprised by the comments offered by left-leaning people who were willing to call this out," Johnson, co-founder of the Lincoln Network, told PJ Media. "It provides initial data to prove that most people are willing to have an honest conversation about this fire, if given the chance and not silenced by fear of the screaming mobs on the left or right ends of the spectrum."
He blamed leaders at tech companies for "enabling greater tribalization in our democracy."
Silicon Valley needs to seriously reconsider its commitment to a Leftist agenda, not just for the sake of conservatives, but even for the liberals who work there.
Another Scalp? Donation Processing Company Drops ‘Hate Group’ Christian Nonprofit Attacked by the Southern Poverty Law Center
https://pjmedia.com/trending/survey-widespread-fear-amongst-conservatives-at-google-facebook-amazon-apple/
Related: Culture, technology, Ideology, 2018
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Home / News / Press Release / Elderoth Posts New Lyric Video ‘Falling Star’
Elderoth Posts New Lyric Video ‘Falling Star’
Louise Swift July 12, 2015 Press Release Comments Off on Elderoth Posts New Lyric Video ‘Falling Star’ 444 Views
Power Prog Metal Elderoth Posts New Lyric Video ‘Falling Star’
New Album ‘Mystic’ Out Now
‘Mystic’ Album Stream – Listen here.
‘Mystic’ Album Order – Purchase here and iTunes
Track Listing – Elderoth – Mystic:
1. Within (1:01)
2. Black and Blue (4:15)
3. This Shadow By My Side (4:48)
4. My Future (3:27)
5. Falling Star (4:09)
6. In A Dream (3:36)
7. The Ocean (4:35)
8. Far In The Sea (4:27)
9. Always Remember (3:56)
Album Length: 34:17
Montreal, QC power prog metal band Elderoth has posted a new lyric video for their track ‘Falling Star’, which is off the band’s latest album‘Mystic’ released earlier this spring.
Lyric Video – Falling Star
Engineering a unique style of metal music with oriental instruments from East Asia, Montreal, QC’s Elderoth intertwine modern North American and European styles in a must-hear album with each track flowing across to the next to create a dynamic taste for fans. Featuring intense guitar licks, complex keyboard arrangements and powerful rhythms, Elderoth delivers a challenging sound that is catching the attention of metal aficionados, guitarists and professional musicians around the world for its pinnacle of musicianship, composition and technical ingenuity. The prog power metal band unleashed its new album ‘Mystic’ on April 28th to follow their 2012 self-titled debut.
Founding member and mastermind behind Elderoth, Collin McGee comments:
“We are glad to finally have this album released, quite a lot of work was put into it, and it really was a great learning experience. Bringing in the new far eastern oriental influences has really added a new twist to the development of our own unique style. I feel it is only just the beginning. This album showcases many new fresh and original ideas that we had to put on the table. Originality and being able to catch the listener’s attention has always been a goal for us, that and writing and playing what we enjoy as well. We’ve made this to reach out to our loyal fans and our new potential fans as well.”
Mcgee, the man behind the vision of Elderoth is the primary author, composer, lead guitarist, and singer. Through his years of being self-taught, studying music theory and composing endlessly, McGee has mastered composition on guitar and other instruments at a world-class level, along with writing lyrics and developing his vocals to a professional level that stands out in the audio mix both live and in the studio.
For more info, please visit the following links:
Album order: http://elderothband.bandcamp.com
http://elderoth.com
http://facebook.com/elderothband
http://twitter.com/elderothband
http://youtube.com/elderothmedia
“Elderoth delivers a challenging sound that is catching the attention of metal aficionados, guitarists and professional musicians around the world for its pinnacle of musicianship, composition and technical ingenuity.” – Metal-Rules.com
“Elderoth are the brainchild of a certain Collin McGee, and his singular vision has produced a unique metal sound…a sublime release.” – Hellbound
“Strong prog-metal is usually reserved for DREAM THEATER and the countries of Europe. But this album has put the entire community on notice. Name recognition will only take you so far. This music is fresh, crisp and chocked full of melodies, and keeps one step ahead of you, making you long for more.” – Metal Temple
“Boasting a unique mix of metal music with oriental instruments, Elderoth stands out in the Quebec metal scene due to their overall difference to other acts from the area, and their new album Mystic shows that they might be one of the best in that scene.” – Audio Honesty
“Elderoth present a very uplifting album that feels absolutely genuine in its lyrical themes. Mystic takes full advantage of the Progressive Metal aspect of its sound to tackle other styles in a way that feels natural to the blend of Sonata Arctica andDragonForce-lite material that makes up the album, all the while exploring different atmospheres without any concern to whether it’s heavy enough or not. This commendable approach makes for a journey that leaves you actually feeling good about yourself by the end of this just under thirty-five minute self-released offering. If you’re into well composed music that doesn’t restrict itself to one specific sub-genre of Metal in a way that feels one hundred percent fluid from start to finish, Mystic is something you are going to want to check out right away.” – Apoch’s Metal Review
“After the first spin of Mystic, my immediate reaction was that this music, these arrangements, are quite dense. Mostly this comes from the riffage and orchestration. You could further define the compositions as being either, in the worst sense, busy and cluttered, or in the best sense, complex and intriguing. It’s a knotty conundrum. Eventually, I think it will come down to the each listener’s subjective experience…Call it ambitious and bombastic, Elderoth’s Mystic will definitely give you some music to ponder.” – Danger Dog Review
Tags 'Falling Star' 'Mystic' asher media Asher Media Relations Canadian Elderoth Montreal new album New Lyric Video Power Prog Metal
About Louise Swift
I first went to a gig in 1981, Gillan at Leeds University. I've been a regular gig goer ever since. I haven't kept count of how many gigs I've been to over the intervening years, but it's a lot! My favourite bands are AC/DC then, in no particular order, Anti-Nowhere League, Slaughter and the Dogs, Towers of London and Dirt Box Disco. I tend to like Glam/Punk and rude offensive lyrics, not sure what that says about me but as Animal would say 'So What!' The question was recently put to me - did I write for any online publications? My reply - No, but I'd like to! Planetmosh was suggested and I found myself offering to review Aces High Festival. Easy peasy I thought! Well not quite, if a jobs worth doing it's worth doing well! I had sixteen bands to research. I found I actually enjoyed that and it kept me too busy to be making lunatic comments on Facebook! ;) Then I felt a bit inadequately qualified. I mean, who am I to comment on others, when my musical expertise extends to being able to play a mean Greensleeves on the recorder and a passable Annie's song on the flute! Haven't picked up either instrument for years! What I do have, however, is over 30 years of experience as a gig goer, so I can comment on what I like and what I don't! It's only my opinion and, if I don't like a band it doesn't mean they are bad, just not to my own liking. I admire anyone who has the guts to get up on that stage and have a go!
@2296928222
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Over-optimism in forecasts by official budget agencies and its implications
Jeffrey Frankel
in Oxford Review of Economic Policy
Published on behalf of The Oxford Review of Economic Policy Ltd
Volume 27, issue 4, pages 536-562
Published in print December 2011 | ISSN: 0266-903X
Published online December 2011 | e-ISSN: 1460-2121 | DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grr025
Oxford Review of Economic Policy
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep
National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
The paper studies forecasts of real growth rates and budget balances made by official government agencies among 33 countries. In general, the forecasts are found: (i) to have a positive average bias, (ii) to be more biased in booms, and (iii) to be even more biased at the 3-year horizon than at shorter horizons. This over-optimism in official forecasts can help explain excessive budget deficits, especially the failure to run surpluses during periods of high output: if a boom is forecasted to last indefinitely, retrenchment is treated as unnecessary. Many believe that better fiscal policy can...
The paper studies forecasts of real growth rates and budget balances made by official government agencies among 33 countries. In general, the forecasts are found: (i) to have a positive average bias, (ii) to be more biased in booms, and (iii) to be even more biased at the 3-year horizon than at shorter horizons. This over-optimism in official forecasts can help explain excessive budget deficits, especially the failure to run surpluses during periods of high output: if a boom is forecasted to last indefinitely, retrenchment is treated as unnecessary. Many believe that better fiscal policy can be obtained by means of rules such as ceilings for the deficit or, better yet, the structural deficit. But we also find: (iv) countries subject to a budget rule, in the form of euroland’s Stability and Growth Pact (SGP), make official forecasts of growth and budget deficits that are even more biased and more correlated with booms than do other countries. This effect may help explain frequent violations of the SGP. The question becomes how to overcome governments’ tendency to satisfy fiscal targets by wishful thinking rather than by action. Chile in 2000 created structural budget institutions that may have solved the problem. Independent expert panels, insulated from political pressures, are responsible for estimating the long-run trends that determine whether a given deficit is deemed structural or cyclical. The result is that Chile’s official forecasts of growth and the budget have not been overly optimistic, even in booms. Unlike many countries in the North, Chile took advantage of the 2002–7 expansion to run budget surpluses, and so was able to ease in the 2008–9 recession.
Keywords: budget rule; Chile; countercyclical; fiscal; forecast; institutions; procyclical; Stability and Growth Pact; structural budget; E62; H50
Journal Article. 8164 words. Illustrated.
Subjects: National Government Expenditures and Related Policies ; Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
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105.1 News Radio KWPM 1450
Home Rush Epcot Vacationer Restrains Herself with Debbie Blabbermouth Schultz
Epcot Vacationer Restrains Herself with Debbie Blabbermouth Schultz
RUSH: Here is Janice in Wayne, New Jersey. Thank you for holding and it’s great to have you on the program. How are you?
CALLER: Rush! After 30 years you’re on the phone? (giggling) I’m talking to you? Woohoo!
RUSH: (laughing)
CALLER: Oh, my God!
RUSH: Well, welcome, welcome to the program.
CALLER: Thank you, Rush. Oh! You have to be the tiebreaker, though. And I think my husband and son did this because they never thought I would get through on the phone. But please be the tiebreaker to this one.
RUSH: Uh, tiebreaker for what?
CALLER: We were in Disney World on Father’s Day, and guess who was next to us? Debbie Wasserman Schultz. I wanted to —
RUSH: Wuh wuh wuh wuh? I try to visualize these things.
CALLER: (laughing)
RUSH: So you and how many of your family? You’re up in Orlando?
CALLER: We were up in Orlando.
RUSH: Or “down in Orlando” in your case.
CALLER: Down in Orlando from us, from New Jersey.
RUSH: Right, down. Yeah, I got that right geographically.
CALLER: So my husband and my son just wouldn’t let me do it. I said —
RUSH: But now wait a minute. Where were you? Were you getting ready to go on a roller coaster? Were you in some burlesque show? Where were you?
CALLER: No, no, no. (laughing) We were in Epcot. Okay. We were going down a path. She walked right in front of us with a gentleman. I don’t know if it was her husband. She was barking orders for him to come back.
RUSH: Had to be her husband.
CALLER: That probably was her husband. Nobody else was around her, was just her and him, and I wanted to politely ask her when she was going to board the Trump train. So she was standing in a line, and I was there, and I was saying to my husband, “I have to go up to her; I have to go up to her,” and him and my son held me back. I said, “I would really like to ask her about the IT scandal and Awan and everything that was going on.” They said no. But I wanted to at least… Then I calmed down and I said, “Let me just at least ask her when is she boarding the Trump train,” and they wouldn’t let me, and I think I had a missed opportunity there.
RUSH: So you want to know if I think that you should have asked her that question or whether I think your —
CALLER: Yes, and I will take your opinion because you are “Rush the Rational” in our household.
RUSH: Well, I probably think that while you might have gotten some satisfaction out of it, it was probably wise to restrain yourself because of where you were.
CALLER: Okay.
RUSH: And because of her volatile nature.
RUSH: Remember you’re dealing with a liberal who could call the cops on you for harassment or any number of things — and she would no doubt hear that as taunting. “Hey, it’s Debbie Wasserman Schultz! Hey, what are you gonna get on the Trump train?” She would have either ignored you or she would have come back at you — and if she would have ignored you, you probably would have asked again. Right?
CALLER: Okay. Yes. You’re right. You’re right. This was the exact week before this happened to Sarah Sanders and Kirstjen Nielsen and Scott Pruitt and everybody where the Democrats get in their faces, and I said to my husband, “When do we get our say? When is it our turn?”
RUSH: Well, now, you could have chosen something else to say and then I might have agreed that you could have done that. You could have said, “So happy that you arranged for Hillary to win. It really helped Trump, and I wanted to thank you for helping Hillary win the primary.” If you wanted to tell her that, I would have encouraged you to do it.
CALLER: You would have? I should have come up with that.
RUSH: Now, they’re shaking their heads on the other side of the glass. “No, no, no, no, don’t advise people to do this, Rush.” Well, you are probably, in the long term, you’re probably the better person for restraining yourself here and not — it would have been provocative at Epcot. You know, it’s one thing to do something like that if she’s holding a town meeting, a town forum —
RUSH: — as part of her campaign and so forth. But God bless you for wanting to. I mean, God bless you for wanting to do it. I mean, you’re obviously a battler, and we need all kinds of people like you.
CALLER: Oh, God bless you, Rush. You are my hero. You are the voice of sanity and you are Rush the rational in our household, and we just love you.
RUSH: Well, thank you. I love all of you, too, out there too. I really do.
CALLER: Thank you for all you do for America.
RUSH: Well, I wish it could be more. I really wish it could be more, but I appreciate your thoughts, Janice. Thank you so much. By the way, did you enjoy your trip to Epcot and Disney World?
CALLER: Yes. It was beautiful. It was beautiful.
RUSH: How much time did you spend there?
CALLER: Six days.
RUSH: Wow!
CALLER: Six days. It was beautiful.
RUSH: Cool. It was your first time?
CALLER: No. No. We were there three other times.
RUSH: Did Debbie “Blabbermouth” Schultz seem to be having a good time?
CALLER: No. No. She had her face on that she always — not even happy looking. She didn’t even look happy. Maybe she’s there a lot, you know, because she lives down here, but she just did not look happy.
RUSH: Well, I don’t think that’s unusual. I don’t think they ever look happy whether they’re wearing vagina hats or, you know, some cockamamie weird T-shirt. I think the left is incapable of happiness, frankly, which is another reason why it was probably wise that you didn’t, because you would have appeared happy and having a good time. That would have just really irritated her. “Hey, Debbie, when are you gonna get on the Trump train?” Somebody would have popped their iPhone out and you’d be on video all over social media. (laughing) Some people think that’s worth it. I happen to not, but some people do.
BREAK TRANSCRIPT
RUSH: Avon, Ohio. Chuck, I’m glad you called, sir. It’s great to have you with us. Hi.
CALLER: Thank you, Rush. It’s a pleasure to talk to you. I was told I had to hurry and get right to the point so I’m gonna try and say, when you’re talking about the elections and the meddling, it’s like, what election are they talking about? Because every single county has an election, and their election results roll up to the state, and then the state rolls up to the federal. So there is no one general election. Every single county has their own individual election.
RUSH: Hm-hm.
CALLER: So did they meddle in every single county election?
RUSH: Yes. They meddled in the presidential election and we’re supposed to acknowledge this.
RUSH: Even though Obama has said, because of what you said just now, Obama has said it’s not possible to alter the outcome of a presidential race. You simply wouldn’t know where to go to start faking things, beyond what the Democrats already do. You wouldn’t know, if you’re an outsider like the Russians, where to go.
CALLER: Yeah, it’s like, you know, there’s thousands of individual elections —
RUSH: No. For the purposes of this, there’s one election. We go to the poll and we vote, and then they count, and then somebody wins. And that’s what the Russians meddled in. And we’re all supposed to admit it, even stubborn people like you and me, Chuck, we’re supposed to admit the Russians meddled in it, and we’re supposed to acknowledge that it doesn’t mean that it had anything to do with the outcome.
Well, then if it didn’t, then what the hell is the big deal about them meddling, if it didn’t have any impact at all? Which, again, Rosenstein said — look, folks. They are eager Trump to step in it somehow. They want the headline in the story: “Trump acknowledges his presidency may be in doubt.” Something like that is what they want. They don’t care factual, true, or not. They just need Trump to say something that will permit them to write that headline.
And Trump knows it.
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Paines Plough's Blog
Dispatches from the national theatre of new plays.
ROUNDABOUT 2019-2021
Paines Plough Uncategorized December 19, 2018 1 Minute
We are delighted to announce that Arts Council England is continuing to support ROUNDABOUT until 2021.
‘For Roundabout’ by The Poetry Takeaway, Video by TEA Films
Paines Plough’s ROUNDABOUT has transformed the possibilities of national touring, taking new plays to the heart of local communities. The ROUNDABOUT Auditorium – a pop-up, plug and play in-the-round theatre – provides an environment with a festival feel, open and accessible, and has enjoyed successful seasons in urban and rural environments across the UK since its launch in 2014.
James Grieve and George Perrin said:
“ROUNDABOUT is the nation’s local theatre, popping up in local communities, inviting people to pop in and see a show, take part themselves and experience something new. For five years now we have seen audiences grow as local people have taken ownership of ROUNDABOUT with ever more community generated events and activities alongside Paines Plough productions of outstanding new plays. This is touring at its most grassroots, a theatre for local people run by local people. We are thrilled and grateful Arts Council England has recognised the impact and value of ROUNDABOUT with a significant investment that secures the project for another three years.”
ROUNDABOUT has had a significant impact on attracting audiences from areas of least engagement, particularly amongst young people. Early indications from the Audience Agency are that the proportion of ROUNDABOUT’s audience that come from the least engaged segments has more than doubled since the project began.
From 2019, we will continue to work closely with our partners to grow audiences and participants for ROUNDABOUT in places like Mold, Salford, Lincoln, Poole, Stoke-on-Trent and Stratford.
We are looking forward to continuing to work with the communities that have made ROUNDABOUT such a success so far.
Here’s to the next three years!
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Kobold Press / Midgard Campaign Setting / Campaign Setting & Gazetteers
Southlands Campaign Setting (PFRPG)
Kobold Press
Show Description For:
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The Southlands: Realm of Mystery and Adventure!
Southlands Campaign Setting offers everything you need to have legendary adventures in a sprawling continent of wealthy desert empires, demon-haunted jungles, and vast savannahs where gnolls and werelions hunt.
Featuring the talents of Wolfgang Baur (Midgard Campaign Setting, Al-Qadim), Ben McFarland (Streets of Zobeck) and Brian Suskind, this 300-page setting book includes:
New character options for Pathfinder Roleplaying Game, with five new PC races—Gnolls, Kijani, Nkosi, Tosculi and Trollkin—plus seven minor races
New magic items and spells, from flying carpets to lotus magic and hieroglyph magic
New foes, perilous locations and deadly hazards, including the Orcs of the Green Abyss, the Corrupted Pyramid of Khensu, the Sorcerers of Nangui, and mummified monkey swarms
The many gods and demons of the Southlands: Anu-Akma , Ogun, Thoth-Hermes, Eshu, Set and more
Here are enough kingdoms, treasures, monsters and adventure hooks to provide years of gaming in the deserts, jungles and tropical mountains. Use Southlands with the Midgard Campaign Setting, or bring its cities, lore, creatures, and characters to any campaign.
Chosen as one of the Top 10 of 2016 by Endzeitgeist!
"One of the most beautiful books I’ve ever read, Southlands is a thoroughly inspired, brilliant and creative campaign setting that breathes the glorious spirit of Midgard, that takes a bow to real world mythology and that feels concise, almost novel-like in its superbly evocative prose. Southlands is absolutely superb in every way."
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Are there errors or omissions in this product information? Got corrections? Let us know at store@paizo.com.
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An Endzeitgeist.com review
Endzeitgeist — Mar 31, 2016, 01:02 am
This massive campaign setting-style book clocks in at 302 pages, 1 page front cover, 2 pages of editorial, 4 pages of ToC, 2 pages of KS-backer thanks, 1 page SRD, 1 page advertisement, 1 page back cover, leaving us with a massive 290 pages of raw content, so let's take a look!
I was a (hesitant) backer for this book's KS, but otherwise unaffiliated with the production of this massive tome. My book is mainly based on the print version, though the electronic version was consulted for the purpose of determining electronic functionality of e.g. bookmarks and the like.
What do I mean by "hesitant"? Okay, before we dive into this book's subject matter, a brief history lesson: I consider myself a pretty faithful fan of Kobold Press, ever since it was Open Design -I own literally every supplement and even have, back when I actually wasn't dirt poor, acted as a high-level-patron to get my very own special, unique module. I *really* like Midgard and the evocative potential Kobold press brings to the table. Alas, Deep Magic, the previous big book, was a heartbreaking exercise for me (see my review of that book) and it took, frankly, quite some prodding to dive in. I had a minor windfall and invested that, back in the day, in this book, as a kind of "make it or break it"-test. Did it pay off? Let's see!
The Midgard campaign setting's allure, so far, did lie primarily in its dark fantasy Germanic/Slavic flair, somewhat expanded upon by the Argonaut-style adventuring in the Journeys-books, but yeah - the focus was arguably euro-centric and thus, I was very much interested to see how the respective mythologies and power-dynamics would interact with the massive Southlands. The first thing you'll notice, though, is that the structure and organization of this book eclipses that of Deep Magic by leaps and bounds: We begin this book with a deatiled history of the Southlands - and it is a glorious read.
No, really - I mean that - the history as presented already takes you right into this book's world; it's prose is evocative and makes you remember immediately what you wanted, what you craved in fantastical settings. Still, this is the general history, the time-line. The book also is suffused by small sideboxes, where an in-character narrator provides quotes as a guide and adventure hooks/bucket-lists for adventurers for the respective regions can be found. The book also provides 5 general, new races that can be found throughout the Southlands: Gnolls, Trollkin, Tosculi (see the advanced races-installment for more on the wasp-people), Nkosi (feline shape-changer humanoids) and Kijani (plant humanoids that seek to become mammalian). The races themselves are pretty powerful (plant-immunities, for example), but not excessively so - they should work within the context of most fantasy games, though, if your gunning for gritty gameplay, you may want to take a close look at them. An innovation used here for the first time (for the tosculi exclusively) and later expanded in the Advanced Races Compendium is advice on racial scaling - so yes, you can scale down the tosculi by a bit, though imho the race does not require this in all but the grittiest of games. On a nitpicky side, some races are "lopsided" with attribute bonuses allocated to physical attributes, so if you're like me and prefer your races with a strong suit in both physical and mental attributes, that may be something to be aware of.
It should be noted that ethnicities of regular races as well as age, height and weight tables are part of the deal here. Now the interesting component here, ultimately, does not lie in the crunch (though it is significantly more solid - kudos to the authors! The intriguing component, however, would be the seamless and smart integration of literally thousands of years of history within the mythology of Midgard as a whole - whether it's the origin of Boreas, the frigid northern wind and the tie to the survivors of sunken Ankheshel or Umbuso, the ancient empire of titans, fleeing from the domains of Wotan - the most intriguing aspect here is that this massive continent of pure historicity manages to weave its meta-narrative seamlessly into the overall context of Midgardian mythology, extending the diversity and organic feeling of the world by leaps and bounds. An interesting component is also how mythic rules are handled - as a basic tenet, they are considered to be the effects of remnants of divinity sparks, left behind by fallen pantheons and titans, which provides a nice in-game rationale for the existence of powers like that.
Now, it is after this that we focus on the first overall region, which would be Nuria Natal, the eternal realm - Nuria Natal, at first glance, seems very much like the pseudo-Egyptian realm, but it is distinct from e.g. Osirion and Khemit or similar realms in several key aspects, the first of which is the focus on the river that defines it - springing from a planar rift of the world-tree Yggdrasil, it blends the mythologies of the Nile and Midgardian theology in a truly distinct and unique vision. Similarly, the trope of undying godkings has a twist that goes far beyond what you'd expect - the legendary rulers of the land, semi-divinities and halfgods, have achieved a sense of immortality and may return from the grave to vanquish the foes of Nuria Natal, thus also explaining why the powerful, draconic sultanate Mharoti has failed to conquer this powerful nation. Similarly, the gods, while utilizing the themes of real world mythologies, never feel like simple carbon adaptations of real-world mythology, instead acting as a properly woven-in essential component of the vista portrayed.
Nowhere does this become more apparent than in Per-Bastet, the city of the everlasting cat, home of the deity...and basically a modern metropolis seen through the lens of the fantastic: A distinct patriotism unifies the quarters and their diverse residents, which contains gnolls and catfolk in abundance alongside werelions; from planar alleyways to a churning river of elemental-inhabited sand making its way through the chaotic jumble of the metropolis, the influence of Bastet, her church, the god-queen and her agents or the vampiric masterminds in the shadows, the vision of a true melting pot of fantastic ethnicities resonates with a character one usually only ascribes to real world cities. The writing here is impeccable and, much like the entries on a certain city and its necropolis, the staggering panorama extends in its quality throughout the whole chapter - from sandships as a vehicle-modification to a well-written ecology of the mummy (with ample variants and death curses), this chapter is abask in inspired writing and makes the places jump forth from the pages - whether they be the aforementioned places or the Ghatazi salt pits or the dreaded city of Per-Anu, devoted to ending lives in all manner of ways. The church of Aten and its diverse teachings, variant mummies, a city of undead and 4 archetypes (including archetypes for Theurge and White Necromancer) as well as a 10-level-PrC complement this chapter. While not universally awesome and sporting some minor deviations in rules-language, the content herein still is rather solid and well-ingrained within the context of the world. The book also sports multiple nice traits for further customization. The book also sports a HUGE number of hieroglyphs - these work akin to how rune magic or ankeshellian glyph magic work - and, while powerful, their limitations per associated cult do offer a rather easy way for the GM to control their availability - want that trick only followers of Anu-Akma have? Well, you better buckle up and join that organization!
The second, massive chapter details the nation under the auspice of the remaining wind lords, the same entities that sent Boreas packing with his aspirations of genocide - but that does not mean these eternal lords of the lands are kind - far from it. Their description very much makes clear that these elemental spirits do not adhere to the same morality as mortals. It is also in this domain that the twin lands of the gnolls (with a delightfully nasty gnoll-tactics sidebar) can be found. What do I mean by these? Well, here's an entry: "Three words: leucrotta sorceror chieftain." If you're like me, this made you grin from ear to ear. The pages chronicling these harsh regions also tell of a depressed sphinx and her honor guard watching over the verdant ruins of a fallen empire and of the fate of Roshgazi, minotaur-nation and Catharge-equivalent - the nation has been razed to the ground by Mharot's might, but in the ruins of this place, the sentient maze still draws visitors inside, hoping for salvation...before its other personality comes to the surface - and the "Broken" does not take kindly to intruders...
Goblin-occupied Mardas Vula with its black pyramid still exerts a lure on others and, wandering the sands, a colossal dire camel prophet sports howdah-like gnoll-encampments. The jinnborn race hearkens back to the genasi or planetouched and can be pictured as the elemental-themed mortals and the race sports quite a diverse and well-crafted array of options, including limited protection versus one's element, endure elements and elemental blasts that can be upgraded via feats. That being said, this is very much a strong race, stronger than the "core"-races of the book, so take care when using them. At the same time, I thoroughly enjoyed their unique psychology and culture...but still. At their pretty high power-level, I wished more abilities were alternate racial traits instead of jamming all those abilities into the base frame of the race. The archetypes here are interesting - an elemental-themed paladin, gnoll caravan raiders and janni-calling summoners can be found and a PrC depicting the elite guard of aforementioned sphinx priestess is part of the deal. The chapter, like those before and after, also sports several unique spells and magic items - the latter of which deserve special mention, after all, we get an enchanted bed of nails and several unique carpets. One belt should be eyed very carefully, as it lets you pilot willing outsiders, fusing your body with them, which is exceedingly powerful when not handled with care.
Beyond the dominion of the wind lords, the book finds its full-blown stride with the high jungles, where access to the fabled well of urd can be found, as powerful aeromancers guard the Black Lotus Mesa as intelligent white apes afflicted with arcane wasting prowl the jungles. More unique and perhaps one of the most awesome and disturbing components of the whole book would be the fact that an Old One, verdant and all-consuming, ever-growing, extends its tendril'd reach beyond the confines, ever seeking to mutate and grow - it should then come as no surprise that the nation of Kush has, in efforts to stem the tide, turned to all manners of magicks most dark - but it may not be enough, as the corrupted Kijani that couldn't escape its influence spread spore pods far and wide, creating horrid tendril slaves. The chapter also is a JOY to read due to an actually neat aeromancer archetype and, more than that, due to the vast array of hazards and the 8 lotus-types, which act as addictive, yes...but they also serve as powerful power components. This chapter is twisted, inspired and absolutely glorious.
The kingdoms of salt and steel, bustling and defined by commerce - here, the land of serpent-scholars beckons, while in the land of ancients, the living reliquaries roam. This section is not only brilliant for its take on themes usually not represented - a royal mythic naga lich rules over Ankhrimari, while the Narumbeki legions with their battle tactics and unique combat options represent a powerful militaristic force - the themes evoked here are seldom seen, borrowing heavily from Africa's mythologies, with magical masks and awesome incantations sweetening the deal, while powerful combat divinations make for a unique and compelling magical tradition.
On the Corsair Coast, the holy city Shuruppak beckons, while the city of Sar-Shaba contains horrific demonic legions, warded and sealed await intrepid adventurers. The fabulously wealthy island nation of Shibai and wicked corsairs can be found...but there is also the happiest land, Kesara, realm of the saffron rajah, where everyone smiles - a smile of desperation and fear, for the tyrannic rajah of the land is capricious and nasty indeed - a realm devoted to the decadence of the horrible rakshasa master that sits bloated on its throne. Fiercely meritocratic lion kingdoms of Omphaya, led by a returned titan and his rakshasa vizier may not be a nice place to visit either. - but it sure should prove interesting.
The heartlands of the Southlands, the abandoned lands contain vast stretches of desert - it is here that the massive, black towers of the disturbing hive-cities of the tosculi can be found. Why disturbing? Well, there is one that consists of the resin-hardened corpses of the fallen. Yes. Awesome and so perfectly evocative. Someone has also probably read China Miéville's excellent "The Scar", for there is a floating city in the style of Armada to be found. Mechanically, these lands are brutal, as the web of ley lines is damaged, which makes primal magic rather powerful...and excessively dangerous. The long-limbed Ramad are a balanced race sported here and significant ley line magic expansions and delightfully disturbing living tosculi items complement this evocative, harsh land as we turn our gaze southwards, to the fringe of the southlands, where dinosaurs roam and the minotaur nation of Sudvall stands guard. The xorn sultanate of Zanskar can also be found here...and should you hesitate to set a whole campaign in the southlands...did you know that one particular bottle contains a whole city of assassins? Yeah...if you don't come to the Southlands, they may well come to you.
The pdf's last chapter is devoted to the pantheons and gods of the Southlands - and their depictions are inspired, utilizing concepts and names from real-world mythology, but putting a thoroughly unique spin on them. The book concludes with an equipment table as well as a feat-index. My copy also sports a truly superb, glossy poster-map of the gorgeous cartography.
Part II of my review is in the product discussion. (Post #75) See you there!
An RPG Resource Review
Megan Robertson — Dec 11, 2015, 05:12 am
New places to explore and have adventures in are always welcome, and those that push the boundaries out from the commonplace temperate quasi-mediaeval settings even more so. This one offers deserts and 'jungles' (somewhere in the back of my head a voice reminds me 'tropical rain forest' is the correct designation) and swathes of savannah grassland to roam over... and doesn't just provide places but all manner of new goodies such as new races, new types of magic and other enhancements to help you remind yourself that your character is indeed wandering around a new and different place. The diverse places are linked by a common theme: it's hot! This brings particular challenges as an environment but also an attraction... at least to me, I like my weather warm!
Intended to describe a large continent to the south of the lands depicted in the Midgard Campaign Setting, it can equally well be transplanted to your own campaign world to fill an appropriate geographical/ecological niche. The Introduction covers the scope of the work and speaks of some of the real-world influences - relics of ancient Egypt, classic Arabic tales and so on. Much is in a grand scale, and much is ancient lore waiting to be discovered. At times there's even a hint of a Conanesque flavour, throughout there are hints of things rich and strange, of an epic sweep of adventure to be had.
The first chapter, Welcome to the Southlands, provides an overview and presents 'Seven Secrets' - some quick facts to whet the appetite and maybe spawn ideas for adventures or an entire campaign. (There are, however, plenty of suggestions and adventure seeds scattered throughout the book, so don't worry if ideas are slow to come at first!) For those who want to promote the feeling of exploration, it can be fun to bring a party from elsewhere to visit the Southlands, and to facilitate that there's a wonderful NPC, Samad el-Fasiel, a local guide and factotum who always seems to know about interesting places to go and things to do... no matter where you happen to be at the time. There's a bit of history, going back to the dawn of time itself and running up to the present, with whole civilisations rising and falling (naturally leaving behind plenty of artefacts and lore...) and leading to current tensions. You'll find familiar races - humans and dwarves and more - and others, fully playable, such as the proud werelions (or nkosi), gnolls and trollkin, and stranger yet the plant-based kijani and the insectoid tosculi. The gods themselves take an interest, there is magic, there are dragons, mighty empires and ancient libraries... It all leaves one slightly breathless but wanting to find out more!
We then begin a tour of the various parts of the Southlands, starting with the River Kingdom of Nuria Natal, strongly influenced by ancient Egypt. After all, if you visit here there are tombs to rob and hieroglyphic magic to learn. Local deities - of whom there are rather a lot - take an active role in everyday life and are believed to walk the streets and even engage in theological debates with the assorted priesthoods! A large river runs through the centre of the kingdom enabling fertile lands to be carved out of the surrounding desert. There are several towns to visit, described in considerable detail like Per-Bastet, swarming with cats and where law enforcement is different depending on which part of the town you happen to be in. You'll find notes on monsters and other perils and a selection of adventure ideas.
Each succeeding region is given similar treatment - descriptions of the region and places worth visiting, creatures found there, local deities, notable items of equipment, the environment and its dangers, and so on. There are maps and city plans, new spells and even classes... all manner of material to help you bring each place alive, vivid reminders that this isn't a mediaeval version of your hometown where magic works but something far richer and stranger. The text itself spawns many ideas for adventure, never mind the specific lists of ideas scattered throughout. If deserts are not your thing, you might prefer the jungles or the dwarf-inhabited western areas, the Corsair Coast or the vast central expanse of the Abandoned Lands, a vast area with a small and scattered population. Or maybe the Southern Fringes with vast riches and greater dangers will attract you?
For those who enjoy exploring new places this is a real treat. There are discoveries to be made and adventures to be had... once your party has visited the Southlands they'll never be quite the same! A delightful addition to Midgard, or indeed to any campaign world that could do with a warm, unexplored continent.
Arabian Wonders, and a Bunch of Other Cool Stuff
Michael Sayre (Organized Play Developer) — Sep 3, 2015, 10:54 am
Originally posted at Somnambulant-gamer.com.
So, I hadn't heard of "Southlands: Adventures Beneath the Pitiless Sun" until I stumbled across it at PAX. I'd somehow completely missed the Kickstarter, hadn't heard it mentioned or seen any reviews, and yet it leapt right off the shelf at me.
The art, obviously, was the first thing to catch my eye. The cover features this kind of fantasy Arabian woman with a huge lion behind her, set against the backdrop of a desert vista with the hint of a magnificent city in the background. The thing that really struck me as I was leafing through the pages, was that every piece of art seems like it could have been drawn by the same hand, or at least by a team of artists who were all working in the same room. It's all high quality, beautiful, on theme, and there is a lot of it. One of my favorite pieces is on page 259, where a trio of priestesses of Bastet, the cat goddess, are routing a group of duergar.
The fluff and story hooks are excellent as well. You've got a couple rakshasa who are all angling their way towards stealing divinity through one nefarious scheme or another, titanic demigods walking amongst their people and serving as both religious and secular ruler, and tons of other interesting hooks and settings for adventure. One of the new playable races, the kijani, have an interesting backstory where they're fostering the seedlings of their children with human and minotaur hosts in an attempt to become more mammalian, which has lots of interesting story potential all on its own. There's also an expansive description of the various deities that make up the Southlands pantheon, with fairly detailed descriptions of all the interactions and relationships between the various deities.
The crunch, not surprisingly given the quality of the rest of the work, is also excellent. The book is rife with archetypes custom designed for the setting, including a summoner archetype that gets a genie in a magic lamp, gnoll caravan raiders, zebra-mounted cavalry sorcerers, and lots more. The pantheons come with a selection of cool new domains, like Bastet's Cat domain and the new Speed domain, as well as interesting choices for the various deities' favored weapons. The crunch isn't just for the players either; there are variant mummies (including the mummified monkey swarm, which is either horrifying or hilarious, I can't quite decide), tables of Primal Magic Events that can be triggered by casting spells in certain magically unstable areas of the Southlands, and lots more. Did I mention the array of divination spells, new familiars, and the alternate heiroglyphics casting system? Because those seem important to mention too.
This is just an awesome book, both in quality of production and quality of content. I seriously can't recommend this enough to anyone who may want to add elements that evoke India, the Middle East, and north Africa to their campaigns.
I really like this book a lot.
Mine all mine...don't touch — Aug 15, 2015, 12:39 pm
great stuff in here from the expected Egyptian stuff to things I didn't expect. I won't spoil any surprises but there is a wealth of great stuff. I was a kickstart backer and have been waiting semi patiently for this to hit my mailbox and when it did I camped out in a comfy chair and enjoyed. Another win and well done little kobolds!
Great Campaign Setting, For Both Midgard and Golarion Players!
Slothsy — Aug 10, 2015, 06:16 am
I got to read this book after a friend picked it up at Gen Con, and oh wow! If this is half as good as any of the other Kobold Press products, I know I'm going to be a devoted customer in the future.
This book has a great balance of both new character options, such as spells and feats, as well as a fleshed-out and real feeling campaign setting. Each country include significant information about at least one major city in it, and gives GMs and players more than enough information to go off of during their adventure. I'm personally a huge fan of the Bottled City, and can't wait to see that come up into play. It's a vibrant enough book that I know I'm going to be doing a campaign in this setting in the future - it's not even a question.
I know very little about Midgard already, but I already want to know more. This book is sutiable for those playing in Golarion, and I know I'm going to use it to flesh out some portions of Garund and other areas that my players may want to explore.
Product Discussion (100)
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terraleon Jul 21, 2015, 01:19 pm
Thanks for posting this and I can't wait to hear what people think. This was a great book to work on.
-Ben.
Wolfgang Baur Contributor; Publisher, Kobold Press; RPG Superstar Judge Jul 21, 2015, 02:36 pm
Lots of good discussion at the Kickstarter page, and there will be additional previews at KoboldPress.com, of course.
Grumpus RPG Superstar 2014 Top 32 Jul 21, 2015, 07:55 pm
I've only had the chance to flip through a few pages of the PDF so far, and this book looks really awesome. Beautifully laid out, lots of great art, and from the little I've read, very creative and interesting.
Can't wait to dig in to it some more!
Torillan Jul 21, 2015, 11:49 pm
Brief perusal only, but a LOT of words! Layout is gorgeous.
Marc Radle Jul 22, 2015, 05:33 am
Thanks so much for all the kind words about the art and layout! We all worked REALLY hard to make this book (and the Southlands Bestiary, for that matter) as visually awesome as possible! :)
You can read a bit more about the Southlands (and see some additional art!) HERE.
Mine all mine...don't touch Jul 22, 2015, 07:50 pm
I am so glad I kickstarted this one. Can't wait for the physical copy and bestiary to say nothing of the matching dice!
137ben Jul 23, 2015, 05:45 am
Is this a stand-alone campaign setting or a Midgard expansion? Or can it work either way?
Heine Stick Jul 23, 2015, 06:09 am
It's a Midgard expansion, but it can be used either way.
the xiao Jul 23, 2015, 06:12 am
Is this like Al-Qadim?
Oceanshieldwolf Jul 23, 2015, 06:19 am
The art and layout is top notch Marc.
@137ben - Heine Stick is correct! This can be used on its own, as part of a larger Midgard campaign OR very easily as part of any home brew campaign.
@the xiao - I think there is PLENTY for Al-Qadim fans to love here. Of course, given Wolfgang's history with Al-Qadim, is that any wonder? :)
Assassin Mountain, Secrets of the Lamp, Al-Qadim Monstrous Compendium ... etc.
@Oceanshieldwolf - thank you sir! That's very much appreciated :)
terraleon Jul 23, 2015, 07:40 am
137ben wrote:
It's an expansion, but it could easily be a setting on its own. There are the five Demon Cult pdfs which tie into this, along with the Advanced Races: Tosculi, Advanced Races: Gnolls, Advanced Races: Lizardfolk, and Advanced Races: Werelions. There will also be a bestiary, an anthology of 11 adventures, and another Advanced Races on Jinnborn-- which are all in the pipe and on the way soon.
Kryzbyn Jul 23, 2015, 07:44 am
That sword dancer sounds like a Basiran dancer from Kalamar...
MMCJawa Jul 23, 2015, 08:51 am
So question:
This appears to be Midgard's "Africa" expansion. I see a lot of Egypt/North African stuff, but how much is there here for people looking for a more Sub saharan type feel? Does it pull much or take much inspiration from areas farther south on the continent?
I would say yes - there are African jungle areas, and even lost world dinosaur/lizardfolk region. It even has a region called Kush - in the real world the Egyptians traded with Kush to the south for rare spices and minerals.
Wolfgang Baur Contributor; Publisher, Kobold Press; RPG Superstar Judge Jul 23, 2015, 10:41 am
I don't want to oversell the African elements, but there's some inspiration drawn from the Zanzibar pirates, from Benin, and to a lesser degree from Great Zimbabwe. The sub-Saharan dieties in the pantheon chapter include fantasy takes on Yemaja, Eshu, Kwansi, and Ogun.
For player options, there's a West African-inspired bard archetype, and I'd say the whole werelion PC race fits that region very well.
My and Brian's research material included 13C Mali, Ethiopia, Great Zimbabwe, Zanzibar Pirates, the Kilwa Sultanate and the Swahili Coast, a skosh of the Zulus. There's some elements of Prester John. The sub-Saharan elements certainly influenced several of the regions. We didn't necessarily keep them all in the same places, the way northern Midgard does, but many of the elements are. Makuria and Kush, for instance, aren't far, but Siwal is totally shifted from its analog and the influence of the Garamantians is probably not recognizible. In many ways, I like to think of it as if you put the "fantasy blur filter" on and smeared it across Africa.
My bibliography is available upon request. If you want it to include the Maghreb, Egypt, and Sahara references, that's a much bigger list. I also design for Ars Magica, and that's set in the mostly historical Mythic Europe. What I'm saying is, I read a lot of history books about the 13C, and my two projects before this one were in the neighborhood. I was certainly prepared when they asked me to write a PFS adventure in Rahadoum. As long as you stick to around the 13C, I'm pretty familiar with the place and the vibe. ;)
If you'd like to learn more about that awesome title page painting by Fred Fields (of Al-Qadim fame!), be sure to check out our Interview with Southlands Artist Fred Fields
Kvantum Jul 24, 2015, 09:25 am
Adventure Path Charter Subscriber; Pathfinder Adventure, Companion, Lost Omens, Rulebook Subscriber
Unless or until we get an actual Garund book from Paizo, this is also fairly useful for figuring out what you're going to throw at PCs who want to venture off the bottom edge of the Inner Sea map.
Kvantum wrote:
That's actually a GREAT point!
The upcoming Southlands Bestiary is, of course, even more portable than the campaign book, but the Southlands section on combat divination is one of my favorite new styles of magic.
Axial Jul 25, 2015, 02:57 pm
Wolfgang Baur wrote:
A bestiary which, if I understand correctly, features a demon lord!
Albus Jul 26, 2015, 06:11 am
The book is truly awesome! Glad to have backed it at kickstarter.
Now i really hope they take the east with Cathay, Sikkim and Khandiria as their next kickstarter project!
Brian W Suskind Jul 27, 2015, 09:37 am
The combat divination section was one of our favorites while writing the book.
My other fav is the "Abandoned Lands": a vast swath in the center of the continent once home to a Titan empire that was the equal of famed Ankeshel. The Titans very words were filled with magical power and they altered the lands ley lines to suit their needs. But the Titans culture fell to disease, insanity and chaos. Now it is a huge vista, mostly shunned by the human kingdoms and dotted with the remains of a mighty civilization.
Gee....I wonder if there is some cool adventure and treasure there? :)
Be sure to check out our Interview with Southlands Cartographer Anna Meyer!
Really curious to see when the first reviews for Southands pop up! Of course, the book is pretty huge, so it'll take a while just to read it :)
Asurendra Aug 4, 2015, 11:02 am
After gleefully reading the Tosculi-pdf, I lost my battle vs myself and bought Southlands. First impression: excellent! But I have maybe read 10% as of now!
Thanks for this great supplement!
Here's hoping we'll see more of Midgards as of yet unexplored regions in the future!
Kain Darkwind Aug 4, 2015, 01:42 pm
Marc Radle wrote:
I was going to hold off on this one a little bit, just because I don't *need* it, I just really want it.
But if you guys got Anna to do the maps...? Going to have to move it to the top of my list. Her Greyhawk maps were beyond amazing.
Are there any plans to do a more polished, expanded, bigger Northlands? That one little book has inspired a ton of adventure and character in a campaign that hasn't even set foot there yet in over six years of play.
Michael Dean Aug 4, 2015, 05:58 pm
I joined the KS, so I didn't want to look too much at the book at Gen Con while I'm waiting for mine. But I did get the Bestiary since I only get the pdf pledge, and it is amazing! I forgot that I got the leatherette version, so I could have picked up the "regular" version and justified it as my day to day use book. I did open it up briefly and the production values are really some of the best I've seen in rpg books.
Crai Aug 4, 2015, 06:23 pm
Wolfgang or Marc ...
Can you explain a little more what this Combat Divination magic is like? It sounds quite intriguing. Especially since the Divination school of magic has such a miniscule selection of spells to use in tactical combat.
My Diviner Wizard is all ears!
Marc Radle Aug 5, 2015, 05:19 am
@ Asurendra, awesome! Rest assured, I suspect we will!
@ Kain Darkwind, yeah, Anna is awesome! I would LOVE to see all of Midgard done by her! We'll have to wait and see ... :)
@ Michael Dean - glad you liked what you saw! It absolutely thrills me to hear folks digging the visual / production aspects of the books :)
@ Crai, Combat Divination is indeed really interesting ... but Wolfgang is probably best to talk about it. Give him a day or two to recover from the whirlwind that is GenCon and then I'm sure he'll pop in!
Tom Knauss Aug 5, 2015, 05:36 am
I worked the Kobold booth at Gencon. Both the Southlands and the Bestiary are visually spectacular. When I showed customers the Southlands map in the back of the campaign setting, they were left speechless.
Christina Stiles Contributor Aug 5, 2015, 07:51 am
Marc Radle always does amazing production work!!!!
Wolfgang Baur Contributor; Publisher, Kobold Press; RPG Superstar Judge Aug 5, 2015, 01:47 pm
Southlands Bestiary PDF also released today to backers. Should be available here later today or sometime tomorrow.
Torillan Aug 5, 2015, 06:17 pm
Looks good! The artwork and layout are, once again, top notch. Kudos to Kobold Press for releasing excellent materials! My fave publisher! And setting!
terraleon Aug 6, 2015, 08:52 am
Combat Divination is a set of spells, generally with immediate or swift casting times, that provide various benefits in combat, from penalties against foes, to bonuses, to altering targets, to improving initiative.
Crai Aug 6, 2015, 10:48 am
Thanks, Ben. Interesting ... looks like a sub-genre of traditional spells that hasn't been addressed yet. And as I stated in my last post, it gives Divination spells added utility within tactical combat without being in-your-face damage-or-condition granting attack spells.
terraleon Aug 6, 2015, 01:09 pm
Crai wrote:
... looks like a sub-genre of traditional spells that hasn't been addressed yet...it gives Divination spells added utility within tactical combat without being in-your-face damage-or-condition granting attack spells.
That was our plan when we pitched it and when Brian and I worked on it. I think it came out pretty well. I think there's probably room for a little more, but we didn't want to just do damage augmenting spells, because we thought those might be ripe for abuse. We really wanted to lean more in the "butterfly effect" direction and give diviners more options that made sense on the battlefield.
Marc Radle Aug 10, 2015, 06:39 am
Thanks for the great review Slothsy! :)
Set Aug 10, 2015, 07:03 am
terraleon wrote:
That does sound intriguing. I wrote some offensive divinations up back in 3.X for the Relics & Rituals submissions (inspired by Jean Grey taking out Mastermind by opening up his mind to the universe, in Marvel comics, or the various sorts of 'overwhelmed by all the sensation' effects that afflict untrained telepaths, or 'paralyzed / terrorized by visions of horrible fates' that can afflict precognitives or people like Raistlin, who can see everything decaying around them), but they didn't seem to appeal.
Thanks to how the Spell Focus feats work, both Abjuration and Divination definitely could use some more spells that require saving throws. (Or the feats could be reworded to add +1 caster level to spells with no saving throw, or something...)
With the success of characters like Luke Skywalker, who makes heavy use of 'divination' / precognition in combat (primarily to block blaster fire!), it's long past time to see some of that in games!
Marc Radle Aug 11, 2015, 04:49 pm
Nice comment over on the Kobold Press facebook page ...
"After spending some quality time with my KS print copy of Southlands yesterday, I feel pretty safe in saying that physically and visually this is the best book KP has ever put out. Congrats!"
Kobold Press facebook page
Voadam Aug 12, 2015, 04:29 pm
Just a touch too late for me now that the Wrath of the Righteous game my gestalt diviner specialist/monk/fighter played in wrapped up. Would have been perfect.
Christina Stiles wrote:
Wow! Thanks so much Christina! :)
terraleon Aug 13, 2015, 06:59 am
A new preview of some of the magic of the Southlands is up at Kobold Press today!
A new word of power, a spell, and an item...good stuff!
Southlands is currently #7 on Paizo's 'Top Ten Downloads From Other Companies' list!
Feros Aug 15, 2015, 03:24 am
Pathfinder Adventure, Adventure Path, Companion, Lost Omens, Maps, Pathfinder Accessories, Pawns, Rulebook Subscriber; Pathfinder Battles Case Subscriber
Just got this in the mail. This is one of the most beautiful gaming books I have. It's going to take me awhile to get through it, but so far it is beyond awesome! As a big fan of Al-Qadim, this is something of dream come true. Bravo all! :-)
Wolfgang Baur Contributor; Publisher, Kobold Press; RPG Superstar Judge Aug 15, 2015, 10:38 am
Thank you, Feros!
I hope you review it, either here or on DriveThru.
Hey, Mine all mine...don't touch, thanks for the nice review! (great name, by the way :)
By the way, anyone who didn't pick up a set of the awesome Southlands dice (custom-made by Q Workshop!) can pick up a set over at the Kobold Press store:
Southlands 7-Dice Set (Yellow and Black)
From what I understand, quantities are limited so ...
EltonJ Aug 17, 2015, 08:46 pm
I saw this. As usual, I cannot afford it now. :) But it looks cool, Wolfgang. :)
Adam Daigle Developer Aug 17, 2015, 09:23 pm
I got my fancy contributor copy today! I was loving the PDF, but it's so nice to see it in print. The book looks great! Awesome job, Wolfgang, Marc, Ben, Brian, and all the writers and editors and developers!
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The Kleberson effect, and other MLS thoughts
Posted by Dan Walsh on May 21, 2013 at 10:30 am
Photo: Paul Rudderow
Interesting week for the Union and MLS. Here are some observations.
The Kleberson effect
Brian Carroll looks like a different player when paired with Kleberson. With the Brazilian genuinely playing a more advanced playmaking role, Carroll has been freed up from having to support the attack so that he can focus on what he does best: Shielding the back line. Not only does Carroll look to be playing better defensively, but so too is the back line.
Reevaluating the Kleberson-Adu deal
Until Wednesday, it was beginning to look as though Kleberson joined the Union almost solely because his loan deal expires in December, whereas the man he was exchanged for, Freddy Adu, was under contract for two more years at a higher salary.
Forget that notion. Kleberson can clearly still play. He looks like the CAM the Union have lacked since the team first formed.
The difference between Kleberson and Keon Daniel at center attacking midfield is like night and day. The Union’s offense suddenly has some fluidity to it. No, it’s not perfect yet. (Danny Cruz still has almost no part in the short passing game, and there’s no guarantee Michael Farfan won’t be returned to the left flank, where he is less effective than on his favored right side.) But it looks on its way. And that could change this club from a counterattacking mid-table team that regularly parks the bus to steal points to a good team that genuinely plays entertaining, attacking soccer.
Hey Negadelphia! Maybe Hackworth has a clue after all
Many fans have taken shots at Union manager John Hackworth for his lineup choices. A few were probably more deserved than others. But it became very clear over the last week that some of his oft-criticized choices were very justified.
Hackworth’s choice to slowly work Kleberson into the lineup
As good as Kleberson has appeared in stretches, it’s very clear he’s nowhere near 90-minute fitness. In fact, 60-minute fitness is probably pushing it. Hackworth clearly saw this in practice and knew that Kleberson hadn’t been starting regularly in Brazil over the past year, so he chose to work him into the lineup slowly.
Ray Gaddis starting at left back
Hackworth’s choice to play Gaddis at left back instead of Gabriel Farfan makes sense now that Farfan has revealed he asked to no longer play left back this season. Put simply, Gaddis was the best alternative on the roster, even considering his weak left foot.
The next question, logically, is why the Union didn’t try to acquire a proven left back in the off-season. Hackworth touted the merits of 20-year-old Damani Richards, only to cut him in training camp.
Well, it’s not like the Union had a lot of roster flexibility, thanks to the Freddy Adu situation. That likely limited options to Gaddis, Sheanon Williams, rookies and journeymen such as former Columbus left back Shaun Francis, who was in camp but not signed. Adu’s departure hasn’t yet added flexibility due to Kleberson taking his roster and salary spot.
If Bakary Soumare leaves in a trade, it could open salary space a left back. Then again, if Gaddis can regularly play as well as he did in Saturday’s 1-0 win over Chicago, then maybe one won’t be necessary.
The choice to start Jeff Parke and Amobi Okugo over Bakary Soumare on opening day
For Soumare, the rust was evident in his first two starts for the Union, and 90-minute fitness was not. That’s no surprise to him or anyone else who follows soccer. It takes time to regain form after a long injury layoff. On the other hand, Parke and Okugo were ready to play at a high level right away. On opening day, they were probably the two best center backs on the roster.
Soumare’s excellent performance in the most recent Chicago game, however, shows he still has the skill to play at a high level. No, he’s not 100 percent yet, but he’s on his way. By the time he is, he could be playing for another team. Either way, Parke’s hamstring injury could be a blessing in disguise, because Soumare has put in a good enough shift in the shop window that someone should come calling with a decent trade offer. For now, the Union benefit.
The best ref in MLS?
Allen Chapman may be the best referee in Major League Soccer. He only debuted in MLS last year, but he consistently shows the confidence, prudence, judgment and demeanor required to control a very physical league. On Saturday, he controlled a potentially chippy match by judiciously handing out cards early. He showed he will book players for what they earn, not what they appear to earn. Example: He gave Sheanon Williams a yellow card and granted a free kick for a clear foul outside the penalty area, rather than award a PK after Sherjill MacDonald went down a bit too easily on subsequent contact from Williams after Chapman let them play the advantage. Over and over again, he made the right calls.
I’ve watched Chapman officiate several matches this year, and each time, he has called a stellar match. It’s a sharp departure from most MLS matches, in which poor officiating often plays a key part. PSP pioneered the Geiger Counter, our regular postgame rating of a referee’s performance, named after local referee Mark Geiger. We might have to figure out a clever term referencing Chapman for the matches that are actually officiated without controversy.
Whither Chivas USA?
Gabriel Farfan better make the most of his time at Chivas USA while he can. There’s no guarantee that team will be in southern California next year.
A few readers and I got to talking about Chivas on the site Monday, so here’s a little repurposing of my thoughts there.
If I’m MLS, I take the team, move it to San Antonio, and try a similar concept—but without a Mexican parent club—without being so explicit or uncompromising about it. San Antonio is a big and rapidly growing metropolitan area, 50 percent Latino, and proving successful so far in the NASL. It has only one major league team (the NBA’s San Antonio Spurs), its closest soccer competitors are at least 200 miles away (Houston, Monterrey*), and it would probably have a sizable pool of homegrown players from which to draw. Also, they already have a stadium that sits about 10,000 and can be expanded to about twice that. Build a good soccer team, and if you just happen to have a lot of Latino players in a heavily Latino community, well great. It’s good to reflect your community. If not, that’s fine too.
San Diego might have been the best move a year or two ago. Then Tijuana, a team formed in 2007, won the Mexican title in December and forged a popularity that seems to cross the U.S. border. Tijuana sits just 30 minutes from San Diego, they have a few American players, and they just poached one from the Galaxy’s youth academy. MLS may have missed its chance in San Diego, which is a shame, because it seemed an ideal place for the team. Now, Orlando and San Antonio look like the best alternatives outside New York City.
It should be no surprise that two MLS clubs haven’t thrived in Los Angeles, even putting aside Jorge Vergara’s mismanagement of Chivas USA. After all, Los Angeles can’t get two teams to thrive in other sports either. The Clippers have always played second fiddle to the Lakers. When the city had NFL teams, the Rams and Raiders were probably one team too many. (And look what happened: Both moved.) It’s just hard to do, particularly when you consider how young MLS is as a league.
North American sports are just different from what you have in Europe. Many soccer fans have visions of London, Manchester, Glasgow, and Milan derbies in their heads, but that’s just not how it sports work here. New York-Philadelphia, Toronto-Montreal, Portland-Seattle, Cleveland-Pittsburgh—rivalries between nearby regions, not within the same city, have always been been the best rivalries in North American professional sports.
Author: Dan Walsh Dan Walsh started the Philly Soccer Page in 2009. He spent over a decade as an award-winning newspaper and magazine reporter and continues freelance writing on the side. He moved to Italy in 2014. See more at http://www.danielwalsh.net. Email him at dwalsh@phillysoccerpage.com.
Osager says:
Yes, yes, maybe, sure, and really? three teams for Texas?
sieve! says:
Texas is a big state.
Some call Texas it’s own country
roma258 says:
If MLS is going to put another team in Texas, I’d rather see it go to Austin. It kind of has a Portland/Seattle thing going on, without any competing major league teams (ok UT football is probably bigger than some NFL teams, but still). Ton of expats, growing and prosperous core, plenty of latinos, etc. etc. San Antonio is meh, imho.
Smackey the Frog says:
I spent 6 years living in SA. South Texas would gobble up a team like some extra-cheesy nachos. Soccer would fit perfectly there, plus you have natural rivalries with Hou and Dal.
My only problem with it is the existing minor league team there already. Not sure if you can bump a still young Scorpions franchise up to MLS level so quickly. Also, who pays for it? If the NYC team cost $100M, how much would Chivas cost? $25M? $30M? Old Jorge won’t give it away for free.
Scot says:
Little issue there. The Scorpions already have a soccer-specific stadium up and running (and expandable to 18,000), not to mention a viable NASL franchise that’s at no risk of moving.
The Aztex aren’t in nearly as good a situation (the previous incarnation moved to Orlando just a few years ago, and the current incarnation is in the fourth tier).
Austin is good for SXSW and American football (you mentioned the semi-pro franchise with its own sports network)…perhaps Major League Lacrosse (just weird enough to differentiate it from the rest of Texas).
San Antonio is good for Puro Futbol and MLS.
Here is an observation I had this week. Could the Union have potentially traded Garfan for Aquduelo? I understand that Aguedelo want to go over seas, but maybe they could have made a push for him? I realize that we are deep at forward, but Juan can play.
Also, the allocation money that that NE gave up for Aguedelo was given to the U in the Garfan trade. Chivas basically gave allocation money, a 1st round pick and Agudelo up for Garfan. Someone shouldn’t be fired over that, they should be shot!
I spelled his name 6 different ways in that post, perhaps I should be shot….
We have a million jillion forwards and one of them is leading the league in scoring. To go out of your way to trade Garfan for Juan Aquadelo who is not guaranteed to start and not guaranteed to stay isn’t worth it unless we could have quickly shipped him off for a left back.
sjm003 says:
There honestly would be no place for Agudelo on this team. By the time he got integrated into the team, he’d be gone.
For clarification, I was alluding to the fact that whoever works for Chivas is doing a poor job, not anyone at the U in regards to this example
AD22 says:
Can Gaddis’ differing performances these past two games be attributed to the guy playing LM in front of him, the quality of the opposition, or both?
I think you have to take Baky into account for some of his better play on Saturday. He was all over Ray during that game. In a good way. He was constantly talking to him getting him into the right position. I don’t know if Hack gave Soumare the keys or he took them by his own initiative but Baky was running that back line.
Dan Walsh says:
Very good question. Quality of opposition probably has something to do with it. The LM in front of him? Not sure. The center back next to him, like Sieve mentions? Definitely. Soumare was very, very good vs. Chicago. Unasked: The DCM? Probably yes. Carroll looks much better with Kleberson. (See above.)
By that logic Kleberson is the most important person on the field due to a cascading calming effect he has on the rest of the team.
Wouldn’t go that far. Not yet, at least.
Section 114 says:
Why, yes he is. If only by subtraction. And I hope, a lot more.
Free Keon! To Return to Trinidad!
A. Stanford says:
Not buying the “Maybe Hackworth has a clue after all” argument re: Kleberson. He had plenty of opportunities to sub in Kleberson for Daniel in shorter stints to get him back into match fitness and failed to do so. It’s not as if Daniel was playing so well that it left Hackworth with a difficult decision on how to find time for Kleberson. I think Hackworth waited until Daniel’s play was so ridiculously poor that he couldn’t even convince himself anymore to leave him in there. The fact that he let it get to that point is what’s worrying. For the record, I don’t think Hackworth is clueless about everything – but his stance on Kleberson while our midfield consistently suffered was not good managing.
Jason R says:
Agreed. We also have Torres and Fernandez. If Klebes wasn’t ready, then surely one of those guys should have been given a shot over Daniel.
Fernandes is left footed and can play outside midfielder. Just saying.
I’m still not sold on Hackworth. Yes Okugo and Parke were ready to play now But if they were truly committed to Baky being a part of this team why not play him during preseason and let him work the rust off there. That is why we have preseason. If it didn’t work out slot Okugo back.
Why park the bus against a tiring and man down Chicago. Go for the throat.
Why does he only make positive changes to the line up when forced by ciirumstance?
The whole Left Back thing… seriously.
And there is the very tiny Elephant in the room named R—– T—–.
The Black Hand says:
Rip Torn???
Hack is still without clue.
How could you not star this guy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AzmhorISf4
The Chivas rumors are coming on the heels of Beckham’s retirement and comments about coming back to the U.S. as an owner per the option in his original contract. Since MLS probably can’t/won’t offer him NYC2, might it be that they’re considering pulling Chivas and making it the Beckham team? I know Miami was a site floated for his franchise.
Make that “can’t.” Just saw NYC FC announced on MLSsoccer.
What a horrible name.
Like worse than Red Bulls horrible.
Worse than crew horrible
just bad
Wow. They got the Yankees.
cszack4 says:
Does this mean we get DC United for Rivalry week next year?
Good points on the ref. I was worried about the game getting out of hand early in the second half, and turning into Seattle II. Then Chapman stopped the game after a foul to talk to some players (but mostly to slow the game down). Then the next two challenges that were the least bit over the line (Carroll’s and Anibaba’s) got cards — one for each team. That was textbook game control.
Andy Muenz says:
I agree. The play you’re refering to was one when Cruz and Thompson got tangled up. The foul went against Cruz (which the crowd, myself included, disagreed with). However, it looked like the ref went over to Cruz and explained his call which settled things down. We are not going to agree with every call, nor is every call going to be correct, but the situation is a lot more tolerable when the ref explains what he thinks he saw to the players (and watching the play on TV last night I thought the call could have gone either way).
Quick correction: Monterrey, not Guadalajara, is a near competitor to San Antonio. Thanks to Rolando for the catch. (Had Chivas in my head, Guadalajara … yeah.)
Congratulations to MLS on their 20th team.
umm, what next? are they done expanding? will they keep adding teams until they have enough for two leagues, so they can reduce travel expenses while still playing a balanced schedule? will they try to help flesh out the lower leagues? I look to PSP for speculation on these and many other points
Does anyone think relegation/promotion will ever make its way into MLS?
Well, since you ASKED … 😉
I think they’ll be fine going to 22, but I don’t think the markets are there yet. Chivas has to move, so Orlando will probably get them (even if I think San Antonio is better). San Antonio strikes me as the next best market. San Diego only if Tijuana somehow collapes. So I think, after 20, provided Chivas moves, they’ll take their sweet old time before expanding again.
re: Balanced schedule — They could. 38-game season? A bit long for the travel required here and the weather constraints. If they try to stay at 34 games … Two games a year vs. conference foes, one vs. the other conference … and then figure out what to do with another 5-6 games.
And no, they won’t help the lower leagues. Not much, at least.
I don’t think they are done expanding. For all their talk of gradually growing the game I think they are drunk on their recent success and the owners are getting greedy with the expansion fees. I think they will turn around and push for 22 at least now that cities are starting to fall all over themselves to finance stadiums to get MLS franchises.
I am afraid the MLS will enter a phase of expansion like the one the NHL had when they expanded into places like Columbus and Arizona with a philosophy of “If you build it they will come.” They may get away with it in New York but they can’t pull that off in too many other places.
I see too many empty seats when I watch the MLS for me not to think they are in just as a precarious position as they were before, just with higher stakes.
The Duke says:
Amen. And even in good markets (read: Philly) if the team’s performance is down, so is attendance. The more teams there are, the less likely a team is “doing well” relatively. It needs a balanced schedule so 20 or 22, idc. Houston back to the west conference next season?
“The Kleberson Effect”…I like it.
scottso says:
Now that Kleberson has arrived for real as a CAM, and LeToux is providing hustle and great service, we’re in a situation where the U have a bunch of starting-caliber forwards, and a shortage of wing midfielders. So maybe it’s finally time for the team to play a 4-3-3? I’m not a huge fan of the formation in general, but for this team it may be the optimal way to get the best 11 guys on the pitch. It would look like this:
MacMath
Williams-Okugo-Parke-Gaddis
Farfan — Kleberson
LeToux — Casey — McInerney
This is actually a 4-1-2-3, of course. We get Williams and Gaddis to utilize their natural tendencies to head up the pitch for width, with real creative midfielders in front of them to work with.
The potential weakness is getting the ball up to the attacking half through Carroll, though he has been somewhat better at that of late, partially relating to the pairing with Kleberson. Also, all three of our forwards are now capable of checking back into the midfield, so that may help too.
For as stubborn as Hack was with the line up, I have no reason to believe he will be instantly changing formations.
Great One says:
The problem with making a formation change, as always, is bc Brian Carroll plays one position and can do one job only. Even though he has played it better the last 2 games than any other games. We will continue in the 4-4-2 pretty much no matter what, bc when we’ve changed, it has not worked out well.
Also, Hackworth will start Cruz pretty much no matter what, and for that matter I’m not sure that he won’t start Keon again.
I think it’s pretty clear that Kleberson, Soumare, Letoux and Casey are definitely in our best 11 players. However due to positioning and stubbornness from the manager, they basically will never all be on the field together to start.
Call me crazy, call me stubborn as well, but I still would just like to see if Parke/Soumare in the back, and Okugo/Kleberson at Mid would be successful. I don’t know that it will, but I would love to see it.
I don’t really care for LeToux in the midfield. Unless we switch to a 4-3-3, I don’t see Seba adding to the game. As a mid, he and Cruz are a wash.
If we were to go 4-3-3, I would prefer Okugo in the CDM. We will need more versatility than Carroll can offer. Soumare has shown that, with more match fitness, he can be a formidable CB. A pairing with Parke would give us some serious size.
Fun to speculate, but will never come to fruition. Hackworth is of an archaic mindset and I don’t see him thinking outside of his box.
Steve l. says:
I would love to see the parke/Baky Okugo/kleberson thing tried against Toronto, why not tr it against a lesser team?
It would be interesting to see if Okugo as CDM (and Soumare/Parke in the back) would work, but as you say, we really have no idea. None of us has seen Okugo in the midfield since, like early last season. It irks me when people start yapping about this as though we actually did know. But I agree with you that I’d like to see it.
I also agree that Carroll seems at his best at the fulcrum of a 4-4-2, but the main thing is 1) to not have anyone playing flat with him (didn’t work with Migs, nor with Lahoud); and 2) to not have other midfielders who abandon their defensive responsibilities. Farfan is good in the latter respect; not sure about Special K, but he seems to get back pretty well. So for these reasons, I thought it might possibly work.
Basically, you’re getting LeToux (or Casey, depending on how you look at it) on the pitch instead of Cruz, and in his preferred position.
I agree, I would much prefer Letoux over Cruz in General.
I agree with the lineup but I would replace Marfan with Okugo and slot Soumare into the back line. Not because Marfan isn’t good enough – he can clearly play that position – but with Okugo up there we may finally be able to win the middle of the field and his passing and ability to defend will be a welcome addition to the midfield. It would be a tight triangle in the middle and Jack/Gaddis and Seba/Williams would cover the wings.
spugger says:
Chapmanometer
or…”the ref had a Chappy game.”
Hobosocks says:
I like that one. “The game started to get chippy and I thought it was going to be ugly, but then the ref got all chappy and things turned around.”
How about the ‘Chap Stick’ award, for the guy who puts the whistle to his lips only when it’s needed?
Also, since our new Brazilian seems to make his colleagues better, I move that we dub him “Special K”.
WilkersonMcLaser says:
Off topic, but this is pathetic: http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/2013/05/21/despite-inconsistent-playing-time-toronto-fcs-danny-califf-vows-i%E2%80%99m-still-go.
Ryan Nelson has some awful heavy cojones if he feels confident sitting Califf with but one league win under his belt.
If we DO trade Soumare and Okugo goes on Gold Cup duty, we could do a lot worse than Califf deputizing in a player-coach role. Just sayin’.
We already got enough relics on the bench as player coach. Anything that is not a Left Back is a complete waste.
We should be aiming a bit higher than Califf.
scottymac says:
I don’t think I am negative. I think I support this club emotionally and financially. I think the criticisms of Hackworth (lack of adjustments, inability to fix LB, handling of the Adu situation) are valid, not just “he’s a bum”. Today’s dealing of Soumare is another in that listing, unless it solves LB. Allocation money and draft picks do not help the team in the short term. If you want to point to a current playoff spot as proof Hack is a good manager, I think the deeper dive that we haven’t demonstrated an ability to beat good teams as proof that he isn’t yet.
tyrannosaurus pictures says:
Also visit my blog :: tyrannosaurus pictures
always i used to read smaller posts that as well clear their motive, and
that is also happening with this article which I am reading at this place.
my blog … home (Drew)
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John Hackworth lays out his postseason plansNovember 11, 2013
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News roundup: McKenzie gets new contract, full preseason friendlies schedule, and more
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A look at the Union's offseason so far
Setting a transfer record, Union sign midfielder Jamiro Monteiro
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Posts Tagged ‘attacks’
Tags: attacks, Bernie Sanders, dirty politics, Elizabeth Warren, sexism, smears, stunt
Integrity (sic) Initiative
Posted: December 17, 2019 in -
Tags: attacks, censorship, Corbyn, covert, election interference, government lies, Grey Zone, Institute for Statecraft, Integrity Initiative, operation mockingbird, propaganda, psyops, smears, UK
From Dec. 2018:
Inside the temple of covert propaganda: The Integrity Initiative and the UK’s scandalous information war
This is pretty major. UK govt admits that not only the Foreign Office but also the Army and the Ministry of Defence have funded the Institute for Statecraft, the body behind anti-Corbyn propaganda. https://t.co/hl87oulr5t pic.twitter.com/uaROch5ivG
— Mark Curtis (@markcurtis30) December 14, 2018
Its covert coordination with friendly politicians and mainstream journalists recalls the Cold War-era intrigue known as Operation Mockingbird.
A British government-funded disinformation organization is retweeting outrageous smears of anti-war journalists @RaniaKhalek, @TheWarNerd, and Corbyn adviser Seumas Milne, amplifying the lies of "leftist" imperialists Alexander Reid Ross and Pat Hilsman https://t.co/INrKUgIZnP
— Ben Norton (@BenjaminNorton) November 27, 2018
The War on Tulsi Gabbard at OpEdNews
Posted: October 28, 2019 in Joe Giambrone
Tags: attacks, censorship, hillary clinton, intelligence, McCarthyism, meedia, neoliberals, pro war, propaganda, proxies, Russia, slander, Syria, war, war on Tulsi Gabbard
The War on Representative Tulsi Gabbard (D)
Also, Facebook stopped blocking the article from being posted to groups. So, a minor victory.
Tags: accusations, attacks, bots, foreign policy, fraud, hillary clinton, libel, McCarthyism, neo-McCarthyism, New Knowledge, Political, Rssua, Russiagate, slander, smears, Syria, Tulsi Gabbard
Joe Giambrone
The Moscow Circus is back in town for an extended engagement. Democratic Party neo-liberals have abandoned the concept of debating one another to produce the most popular candidate for voters and instead have devolved into an endless stream of slander and evidence-free conspiracy theories about alleged ties to Russia. Hillary Clinton’s recent remarks smearing Hawaii Representative Tulsi Gabbard, and also 2016 Green Party candidate Jill Stein, have epitomized this “Neo-McCarthyism,” a strategy based on a Big Lie—that the Russian government is somehow backing one’s political opponents. No proof is required: not against Representative Gabbard, not against anyone. Clinton’s audience is pre-conditioned, over several years of anti-Russian propaganda, to simply believe these kinds of baseless claims.
The political environment has been poisoned since Clinton blamed a hypothetical Russian plot for her loss, rather than accepting electoral defeat with a bit of grace.
Said Clinton:
“This is an attack against our country. We are well beyond normal political concerns here. This is about the integrity of our democracy and the security of our nation.”
Her own campaign had already been exposed for rigging the 2016 Democratic Party primary in her favor against Bernie Sanders, glaringly anti-democratic. The exposure of Clinton’s “secret takeover” of the DNC prompted Tulsi Gabbard to resign from that organization and speak out against it. Hillary Clinton’s 2016 money-laundering scheme may have skirted campaign finance laws to the tune of $84 million.
The beauty and convenience of blaming Russia for all ills is that Russia remains an official enemy, a perpetual bad guy in a black hat,who can do nothing right. In the “Russian troll” myth, all Russians are the government of Russia, or simply “Putin,” despite no evidence ever having been produced to substantiate this assumption. We know that a “troll farm” called the Internet Research Agency is located inside Russia, and this is in fact a private company of spammers churning out cheap garbage on a wide variety of topics. A journalist might ask the reasonable question of why the Russian government would continue to use a known entity that’s appeared across Western news reports and is even cited in US government indictments for years? Is that how covert operations actually work?
Troll farms and spam-bots are in no way unique to Russia, either. Troll farms are in China, Mexico, Israel and anywhere else people spend some money on computers and cheap labor to produce social media junk. You could build a nefarious “troll farm” in your garage tonight if you wanted to. There is no barrier to entry. A “bot” is just a simple computer program to send out the junk, but which is now elevated to mythic status when the word “Russian” precedes it.
Unfortunately, for Hillary Clinton et al., her “Russian bots” slander was exposed earlier this year as a fraud, a hoax, a sham, as revealed in the NY Times and by Glenn Greenwald in The Intercept. It turns out to be ridiculously easy to fake a “Russian bot” presence and smear your political opponents, in this case one Judge Roy Moore of Alabama:
“NBC News, to smear Gabbard as a Kremlin favorite, relied on a group that it heralded as ‘experts’ without telling its audience about the major fraud which this firm just got caught perpetrating in order to, on behalf of the Democratic Party, fabricate claims of Kremlin interference in the Alabama Senate race (Greenwald).”
Fabrications. This company is “New Knowledge,” and its head, Jonathan Morgan, was actually banned from Facebook for pulling this fraud:
“That fraud was overseen by New Knowledge’s CEO, Jonathon Morgan… In other words, Morgan used his own fake Russian accounts to lie to the public and deceive the national media into believing that Kremlin-linked accounts were trying to defeat the Democratic Senate candidate when, in fact, the accounts he was citing were ones he himself had fabricated and controlled (Greenwald).”
The thoroughly debunked “Russian bots” smear against Major Tulsi Gabbard appeared in Greenwald’s piece, “NBC News, to Claim Russia Supports Tulsi Gabbard, Relies on Firm Just Caught Fabricating Russia Data for the Democratic Party.”
“Within a few days of Gabbard announcing her presidential bid, DisInfo 2018, part of the cybersecurity firm New Knowledge, found that three of the top 15 URLs shared by the 800 social media accounts affiliated with known and suspected Russian propaganda operations directed at U.S. citizens were about Gabbard.”
This was all but settled in February of 2019, until Hillary Clinton resurrected the smear last week.
But Why attack a current Major in the US Army National Guard?
Hillary Clinton and her neo-liberal faction represent certain interests that Rep. Gabbard vocally opposes. This conflict is direct and non-negotiable.
Rep. Tulsi Gabbard Responds to Hillary Clinton Slanders
Tags: attacks, hillary clinton, McCarthyism, propaganda, Redbaiting, response, Russia, Russia baiting, Russiagate, slander, smears, Tulsi Gabbard
Hillary and her gang of rich, powerful elite are going after me to send a message to YOU: “shut up, toe the line, or we will destroy you.” But we, the people, will NOT be silenced. Join me in taking our Democratic Party back and leading a government of, by and for the people! –> https://tulsi.to/take-the-party-back
Al Qaeda Apologists Attack Reporters for Daring to Travel to Syria
Posted: September 12, 2019 in -
Tags: al qaeda, attacks, foreign sponsor, international terrorism, intervention, jouranlists, Max Blumenthal, peace, propaganda, reporters, rt, Syria
The warmonger propagandists sit at home and concoct lies for more war, while these reporters travel to Syria to report on actual conditions on the ground. The warmongers are discredited liars and need to go find work in a different field.
‘We are used to it,’ say journos after Syria coverage called ‘Goebbels s**t’ by regime change crowd
Dore: Bashing the Neoliberal Clown Posse
Tags: attacks, clinton, DNC, Jimmy Dore, left, Lies, Neera Tanden, neoliberals, progressive, propaganda, smears, Susan Sarandon
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Tag: Black Lives Matter
Teaching in Times of State Violence
By Najeeba Syeed
In thinking through what my instruction looks like, I have begun to take into account what the act of deportation does to a family, how it can be addressed and thinking through trauma informed pedagogies to recognize its impact.
Flashback – What Political Theology Has To Do With Race In America (David True)
By Political Theology Today in History
When we understand that the Nixon campaign combined a call to law and order with the so-called Southern Strategy, it becomes clear that white sympathies were cultivated and that blacks were made to play the part of the enemy. Nixon’s presidency was a take-no-prisoners form of democracy mixed with demagoguery.
Body Politics, History
The Politics of White Supremacy—Ephesians 6:10-20 (Robert Williamson)
By Robert Williamson, Jr.
Although the Apostle Paul’s discussion of our struggle against rulers, authorities, cosmic powers, and spiritual forces of evil in heavenly places may strike many readers as a relic of a primitive cosmological outlook, it is fiercely relevant in our own day, where white supremacy functions as just such a power. Ta-Nehisi Coates has spoken of the illusions and lies undergirding the American Dream and, with the Apostle, calls us to awake to and struggle against the forces and ideologies that bind and enthral us.
The Politics of Belovedness—John 15:9-17 (Robert Williamson)
Only when we truly believe that Black Lives Matter, when we learn to lay down the privilege of whiteness before a God who delights in Blackness, can we understand what it means to be God’s beloved.
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Posts Tagged ‘1957 French Grand Prix’
Book Cover Shot…
Posted: March 31, 2017 in F1, Icons & Iconoclasts
Tags: 1957 British Grand Prix, 1957 Formula 1 Season, 1957 French Grand Prix, 1957 German Grand Prix, 1957 Pescara Grand Prix, Aintree, Juan Manuel Fangio, Maserati 250F, Stirling Moss, Vanwall VW57
Juan Manuel Fangio eases his Maserati 250F through Tatts Corner, Aintree, Liverpool during the 1957 British Grand Prix on 20 July…
Fangio qualified 4th but retired on lap 49 with engine problems, its an amazing shot ‘the maestro’ looks so relaxed at the wheel. Its the cover shot of a book i have, much of my library is in storage, a real pain in the arse in terms of access to research material, maybe one of you have the same book and can recall the title?
The race itself was a Vanwall benefit; Moss lead then took over Brooks car when his own engine went off song, Stewart Lewis-Evans Vanwall also lead briefly before being passed by Moss, he and Brooks shared the win from the Lancia Ferrari 801’s (LF801) of Luigi Musso and Mike Hawthorn.
Stirling Moss in Tony Brooks Vanwall VW57, Aintree 1957 (Michael Turner)
This article is pieced together around a swag of photos of Fangio aboard Maserati 250F’s in 1957, in many ways the combination defines the 1950’s for me. The greatest driver of the decade in its quintessential car, it may not have been the fastest of the era but for sure it provided a platform for so many drivers from journeymen (and women) to gods, to strut their stuff.
Monaco, 19 May 1957…
Between Moss who left Masers to join Vanwall and Fangio who left Ferrari to join Maserati the seven 1957 championship rounds, ignoring Indianapolis, were mopped up by those two drivers- Juan with 4 wins and Stirling 3.
Fangio’s Maser 250F being unloaded from its transporter in Monaco
Fangio made the 250F sing, the car was towards the end of its long competitive life with the great Argentinian extracting all it had to offer. He was at the height of his powers, I don’t doubt he retired at the right time, he was 46 years of age by the end of the season after all.
Having said that it would have been fascinating to see if he could adapt to mid-engined cars, I don’t doubt he would have had he raced on for a few more years. But best to retire at the top, and alive. So many elite sportsmen and women do that one season too many, Michael Schumacher for one, Fangio did not.
# Carlos Menditeguy DNF spin and #34 Giorgio Scarlatti DNF oil leak in the Officine Maserati garage, Monaco 1957. 250F x 2
Fangio popped his 250F on pole in the Principality but Moss led into the first corner with Fangio behind him. Sterling went off and crashed at the chicane on lap 4 with Collins, LF801, taking exasive action and hitting a stone wall as a result! Fangio managed to get through without a problem and Brooks Vanwall braked hard only to be rammed up the chuff by Hawthorn’s Fazz.
Only Brooks was able to keep going- but he was 5 seconds behind Fangio by the time he was up to speed again. Jack Brabham was up to 3rd late in the race in his little Cooper T43 Climax. It was a portent of the 1958 breakthrough win for a mid-engined car by Moss in Argentina, but had to push the car home as result of fuel pump failure, Jack was classified 6th, with Fangio ahead of Brooks, Masten Gregory in a Maserati, Lewis-Evans Vanwall and Trintignant LF801.
Fangio during Monaco practice in Giulio Alfieri’s 250F V12. The 60 degree, DOHC, 2 valve, 24 plug, Weber fed 2.5 litre engine developed circa 300-320bhp at a dizzy 10500rpm, about 50bhp more than the venerable inline 6 but the power was all at the top of the band. The engine had conrod and valve spring troubles early in its development too. Behra raced one in the Italian GP, he chomped thru tyres, such was the engines power and then retired with a lubrication problem. The engines time would come, but not for a decade!
Whilst the 250F was in the Autumn of its life Maserati were still developing the thing, not least with a 2.5 litre, quad-cam, 2 valve, Weber carbed 300 odd bhp V12. Fangio is putting some development laps into the thing at Monaco above.
The engine raced only once at championship level at Monza 1957, but suitably evolved in 3 litre, fuel injected form won a race or two mounted in the back of Cooper’s T81 and T86 in 1966/7. (Wins for Surtees ’66 Mexican GP and Rodriguez ’67 South African GP, both in T81’s)
An interesting Australian sidebar to this Maser V12 is Frank Gardner and Kevin Bartlett testing a 2.5 litre variant in the butt of a ‘cut and shut’ Tasman Brabham BT11A in February 1966. Sydney Alfa/Maserati dealer and former Australian 1960 Gold Star Champion and AGP winner Alec Mildren used his impeccable Maserati connections to score the engine which the team sussed as an alternative to the venerable Coventry Climax 2.5 litre FPF which was the Tasman staple moteur at the time. Simply put the engine was like an on/off switch in terms of its power delivery, then blew, which rather settled the matter of a ‘Warwick Farm 100’ start. A story for another time.
Fangio, quayside at Monaco in 1957, enroute to victory. He won in Argentina, Monaco, France and Germany. The Vanwalls won in Britain, Pescara and again in Italy at Monza; Moss/Brooks, Moss and Moss
The thing that always amazes me when looking at photos of Fangio is just how relaxed at the wheel he is. It’s key to great lap times, if you are that tense that your butt-cheeks grab the seat cover as you alight your racer you are definitely not going to feel what your steed is doing to extract the best from it! I remember Frank Gardner talking to me about this very point several decades ago.
When the laconic Aussie all-rounder returned home in 1975, in that first year he drove Bob Jane’s Holden Torana Chev Sports Sedan and fronted the Jane/Gardner Racing Drivers School at Calder. He wasn’t there much. In fact ex-Aussie F3 driver/mechanic and later Hardman F2 designer/builder Jim Hardman did most of the driver instruction aided by Andrew Newton, who also raced with some success. Both of them looked after the fleet of Elfin 620B Formula Fords driven by the bright eyed hopefuls, of whom i was one.
Anyway, on this particular frigid July day ‘ole FG was in effusive mode telling me about both the car setup advice and driver coaching he was giving to a well known fellow who had not long before jumped up from Formula Ford to F5000-105bhp to 500bhp is a big step.
His central point in talking about ‘the big car challenge’ was all about relaxing in the car- having soft hands and gentle feet and just being able to, as a consequence of not being so tense, feel what the car was doing and therefore be able to push the thing to its limits by better sensing said limits when reached…Easy to say of course, harder to do especially when you have 500bhp of fuel injected Repco-Holden V8 shoving you ferociously towards the horizon!
FG would have approved of Fangio’s relaxed demeanour in a car. Don’t confuse my meaning with the ferocious competititiveness and delicacy of control that went with the outer calm one can see here!
Fangio never looks anxious whether he is being closely followed at Monaco in third gear or drifting through the very high speed swoops of rural France at over 140mph in fifth.
It was magic to observe Fangio’s car control at close quarters when he was 67 years old and booting his W196 Benz sideways lap after lap in third gear through Sandown Park’s Shell Corner, only 30 metres away, during ‘The Fangio Meeting’ in 1978. The sight of this grand man of racing flicking the bellowing, powerful straight-8, silver beastie around is forever etched in my memory.
Cool, calm, collected, composed and FAST! Exactly as he was in 1957…
French GP, 7 July 1957…
The classic was held at the super fast Rouen-Les-Essarts road circuit in Grand-Couronne and Orival, northern France.
There are so many wonderful 250F shots of Fangio in 1957 drifting the sublimely forgiving chassis at well over 140 mph on public roads through wooded hillsides. I’m not suggesting, in describing the car as forgiving, it was easy my friends!
Crusin’ in having set pole i wonder? Rouen 1957. The lines of the 250F in 1957, here it’s Fangio’s ‘regular ‘Long nosed, lightweight’ chassis ‘2529’ spec are perfect, inch by sculpted inch. The cars epitomise everything great about Italian racing machines. Alfieri’s ’57 lightweight chassis was 40% stiffer than in ’56 with greater rear weight bias-48/52% front/rear. The 250F was maybe not quite the fastest tool in the 1950’s shed but it was close to it, enduring and capable of winning the 1954 and 1956 titles in addition to ’57 with more luck or the right bloke behind the wheel all season! No-one was going to beat Fangio in a W196 Merc in 1955 i don’t think
Fangio was fastest from Behra and Musso also on the front row. Behind them were Schell 250F and Collins then back a row Salvadori, Vanwall VW57 Hawthorn and Trintignant. At the jump Behra lead but Musso soon got ahead. Fangio was 3rd then Collins and Schell giving chase and then a fast-starting McKay-Fraser, BRM P25. Fangio worked his way past Behra on lap 2 and then took Musso for the lead on lap 4.
Collins got past Behra and the order remained unchanged at the front all the way to the flag with Fangio winning from Musso and Collins. Behra slipped behind Hawthorn, giving the Lancia-Ferrari 801 a 2-3-4 finish behind Fangio.
Hang on…Fangio indulging in one of his signature, oh so fast, oh so subtle and oh so wonderful, delicate, four wheel drifts. Poetry in motion innit!? Wonder who or what he tapped?
Germany, Nurburgring, 4 August 1957: Greatest GP of all?…
Fangio’s heroic drive at this most demanding of circuits proved to be his greatest ever drive and one of the best in the history of Grand Prix racing.
Fangio took pole with Hawthorn, LF801 Behra, 250F and Collins LF801 completing the front row. Then came Brooks, Schell and Moss on Vanwall VW57, 250F and Vanwall VW57. At the start Hawthorn and Collins battled for the lead with Fangio and Behra giving chase. On lap 3 Fangio passed Collins and soon led. Collins then passed Hawthorn and chased after Fangio with the great man edging gradually away.
Nurburgring 1957: Hawthorn and Collins, L Ferrari 801, Fangio and Behra 250F, then Moss and Brooks Vanwall VW57, Masten Gregory’s white Maser 250F, Lewis-Evans Vanwall VW57 and the rest…
A slow mid-race pit stop, scheduled for 30 seconds, lasted 1 minute and 18 seconds. One of the mechanics dropped the wheel hub nut under the car, it couldn’t easily be found! This left Fangio a minute behind the two Ferraris but then the chase was on! He drove absolutely at the limit, at the ragged edge of the cars capabilities, chasing down the two much younger men.
Fangio famously broke the lap record 10 times and passed both Collins, and then Hawthorn on the penultimate lap. Fangio won the race and in the process, his 5th and final World Title in a drive still spoken about in reverential terms and forever remembered whenever the great GP races are considered.
Pescara GP, 16 August, The Coppa Acerbo…
The FIA included the Coppa Acerbo, Pescara GP in the World Championship for the first time given the cancellation of the Dutch and Belgian GP’s early in the season due to squabbles about money. The daunting, dangerous 16-mile road circuit on the Adriatic Coast, still used then for non-championship events was the longest ever for an F1 race.
Ferrari didn’t bother to send 801’s for Mike Hawthorn and Peter Collins as the World Championship had already been won by Fangio and partly as a protest against Italian government’s move to ban road racing following Alfonso de Portago’s, Ferrari 335S Mille Miglia accident earlier in the year. Local boy Luigi Musso convinced Ferrari to lend him a car however, which he entered as a privateer. Shades of NART entries in the 1960’s when Ferrari wanted to protest, but not too much!
Shot at left shows Fangio’s Maser having a rear wheel replaced after spinning on Musso’s engine oil and danaging it
The Pescara battle was between Maserati and Vanwall and resulted in a Maserati pole for Juan-Manuel from Moss’s Vanwall VW57 and Musso’s ‘private’ Ferrari 801.
Musso took the lead but Maserati 250F privateer Horace Gould hit a mechanic who was slow to get off the grid. Brooks retired his Vanwall VW57 early with mechanical troubles. Moss took the lead from Musso on lap 2 from Fangio in 3rd but the field thinned as the heat took its toll; Lewis-Evans, Vanwall with tyre failures, Behra 250F engine failure. Then Musso disappeared on lap 10 when his engine blew, the oil caused Fangio to spin and damage a wheel. When Fangio rejoined, Moss had an unassailable lead, he won the race ahead of Fangio, Schell in 3rd ,Gregory 4th and Lewis-Evans 5th.
Fangio won the World Championship on 40 points from Moss and Musso on 25 and 16 points respectively. Maserati 250F, Vanwall VW57 and Lancia Ferrari 801.
All photos by Louis Klemantaski/Getty Images, Michael Turner
Tailpiece: The Maestro, Karussell, Nurburgring, Maser 250F chassis ‘2529’ German Grand Prix 1957, history being made. Majestic shot…
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Emmanuel Sanders Ronnie Harrison Courtland Sutton Malik Reed Von Miller Leonard Fournette Bradley Chubb Josh Lambo Joe Flacco Justin Simmons Josey Jewell Ryquell Armstead Cedric Ogbuehi James O'Shaughnessy Derek Wolfe Chris Conley Noah Fant Vic Fangio Jalen Ramsey Sports NFL football Professional football Football Athlete injuries Athlete health
Jacksonville Jaguars Denver Broncos
Fournette leads Jags' 26-24 comeback over Broncos
By ARNIE STAPLETON - Sep. 29, 2019 10:28 PM EDT
Jacksonville Jaguars running back Leonard Fournette reacts towards the crowd after a gain during the second half of an NFL football game against the Denver Broncos, Sunday, Sept. 29, 2019, in Denver. (AP Photo/Jack Dempsey)
DENVER (AP) — Neither Leonard Fournette's lingering frustration or Jacksonville's long drought without a 100-yard rusher showed any sign of abating Sunday when the Jaguars fell behind Denver by two touchdowns and Von Miller was celebrating his 100th career sack.
Fournette never lost faith and finished with a career-best 225 yards on 29 carries, sparking the Jaguars to a 26-24 win on Josh Lambo's 33-yard field goal as time expired.
"Making one guy miss and not letting one guy tackle you, that was my whole mentality coming into this game," said Fournette, who darted past Bradley Chubb at the line and bowled over Justin Simmons on his 81-yard rumble in the third quarter.
That set up Jacksonville's go-ahead touchdown and gave both him and the Jaguars (2-2) their first 100-yard game since Dec. 10, 2017, against Seattle.
"It was huge," Minshew said. "We were kind of backed up at that point, we got a good run, the O-line blocked it up and he did what he does. Once he gets in the secondary 1-on-1, he's hard to deal with. I was really happy for him to really get rolling. I know he's been getting frustrated and it was an awesome day for him."
Fournette topped his previous career high of 181 yards on Oct. 8, 2017, at Pittsburgh.
The Broncos (0-4) not only were victimized by a last-second field goal for the second time this season, but they blew a 14-point lead at home in a loss for the first time since 2006.
"We've got to find a way to close the game out," Miller said.
Minshew rove the Jaguars, one of four AFC South teams who are 2-2, into field goal range after Joe Flacco's 8-yard TD throw to Courtland Sutton with 1:38 left gave Denver a 24-23 lead.
Eerily reminiscent of their 16-14 loss to the Bears in Denver two weeks ago, the Broncos helped ignite the winning drive by getting whistled for roughing the passer.
Against Chicago, it was Chubb's questionable penalty, which the league admitted was a bad call. Against the Jaguars, it was a flag by Miller, who reached up and struck Minshew in his neck just as he released his pass after picking up the ball Chubb had knocked from his hand in a chaotic pocket.
"The refs got a hard job," Miller said. "We've got a hard job. It's just tough. It was a tough day, but we can't really blame the refs."
On the next play, Minshew hit Chris Conley with a 32-yard strike to get Lambo in range for his fourth field goal.
Miller's foul spoiled his big day in which he collected his 99th and 100th career sacks and drew several holding penalties, one of which wiped away a Jaguars touchdown.
The Broncos finally ended their sack drought, dropping Minshew five times, but suddenly they couldn't stop the run.
The result was their first home loss in which they led by 14 or more points since Nov. 19, 2006, when they were beaten by the Chargers 35-27 after jumping out to a 24-7 lead.
The Jaguars also recorded their first takeaway of the season despite missing star cornerback Jalen Ramsey, who was deactivated and missed a game for the first time in his four-year NFL career. He missed practice all week, first with an illness, then a back injury and finally for paternity leave.
Denver led by two TDs and was driving for another score just before halftime when safety Ronnie Harrison intercepted Flacco, who airmailed a pass to Emmanuel Sanders. That led to Lambo's second field goal, pulling the Jaguars to 17-6 at the break.
"We weren't going to freak out," Minshew said. "We were down 11 and we got some points just before half; that was huge. We knew we were going to get the ball back and have a chance to get right back in the game. We never doubted."
Coming out of the break, the Jaguars employed a heavy front with 308-pounder Cedric Ogbuehi serving as an eligible receiver and extra blocker for Fournette.
The Jaguars went on a 75-yard, 16-play opening drive that ate up nearly 10½ minutes, which Minshew capped with a 7-yard TD toss to running back Ryquell Armstead after slipping two potential sacks and with Derek Wolfe and Miller bearing down on him.
After Denver went three-and-out, Fournette reeled off his 81-yard run, setting up tight end James O'Shaughnessy's 18-yard TD grab that put the Jaguars ahead 20-17.
This was the Broncos' third gut-wrenching loss in coach Vic Fangio's first month.
"Adversity can bring you together or break you," defensive end Derek Wolfe said. "'So, we have to use this to bring us together, use it as a positive. Otherwise, we are in for another (bad) season."
GAME OF FIRSTS
Rookie tight end Noah Fant scored his first career TD on a 25-yard catch-and-run dumpoff from Flacco, and undrafted rookie pass rusher Malik Reed recorded his first sack.
INJURIES:
Broncos ILB Josey Jewell aggravated a hamstring injury in the second quarter.
Jaguars: Visit the Carolina Panthers on Sunday.
Broncos: Visit the Los Angeles Chargers on Sunday.
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Sean McVay NFL football Professional football Football Sports Todd Gurley Darrell Henderson Justin Hollins Kevin Hogan Steven Parker Michael Thomas Kareem Jackson Brandon Allen Dre'Mont Jones Mike Purcell Kevin Peterson Darious Williams Jalen Greene John Kelly Trey Johnson Trey Johnson John Kelly Dakota Allen Travin Howard Jared Goff Aaron Donald
Los Angeles Rams Denver Broncos New Orleans Saints Carolina Panthers
Denver Broncos at Los Angeles Rams 8/24/2019
Los Angeles Rams head coach Sean McVay enters the field with his team before the start of an NFL preseason football game against the Denver Broncos Saturday, Aug. 24, 2019, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill)
Aug. 24, 2019 09:07 PM EDT
Los Angeles Rams running back Todd Gurley enters the field before the start of an NFL preseason football game against the Denver Broncos Saturday, Aug. 24, 2019, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill)
Los Angeles Rams running back Darrell Henderson (27) is tackled by Denver Broncos linebacker Justin Hollins during the first half of an NFL preseason football game Saturday, Aug. 24, 2019, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Rick Scuteri)
Denver Broncos quarterback Kevin Hogan (9) throws against the Los Angeles Rams during the first half of an NFL preseason football game Saturday, Aug. 24, 2019, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill)
Denver Broncos quarterback Kevin Hogan (9) is tackled by Los Angeles Rams defensive back Steven Parker during the first half of an NFL preseason football game Saturday, Aug. 24, 2019, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill)
Los Angeles Rams wide receiver Michael Thomas, left, makes a catch next to Denver Broncos defensive back Kareem Jackson during the first half of an NFL preseason football game Saturday, Aug. 24, 2019, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill)
Los Angeles Rams quarterback Brandon Allen (8) looks to throw as Denver Broncos defensive end Dre'Mont Jones (93) during the first half of an NFL preseason football game Saturday, Aug. 24, 2019, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Rick Scuteri)
Los Angeles Rams quarterback Brandon Allen throws under pressure against the Denver Broncos during the first half of an NFL preseason football game Saturday, Aug. 24, 2019, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Rick Scuteri)
Los Angeles Rams running back Darrell Henderson, left, runs against the Denver Broncos during the first half of an NFL preseason football game Saturday, Aug. 24, 2019, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill)
Los Angeles Rams quarterback Brandon Allen, top, throws under pressure from Denver Broncos nose tackle Mike Purcell during the first half of an NFL preseason football game Saturday, Aug. 24, 2019, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill)
Los Angeles Rams cornerback Kevin Peterson, left, celebrates his interception with Darious Williams (31) during the second half of an NFL preseason football game against the Denver Broncos Saturday, Aug. 24, 2019, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill)
Los Angeles Rams wide receiver Jalen Greene (3) celebrates after a touchdown catch against the Denver Broncos during the second half of an NFL preseason football game Saturday, Aug. 24, 2019, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill)
Los Angeles Rams running back John Kelly, right, is tackled by Denver Broncos cornerback Trey Johnson (39) during the second half of an NFL preseason football game Saturday, Aug. 24, 2019, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill)
FILE - In this Aug. 24, 2019, file photo, Los Angeles Rams linebacker Travin Howard (48) during an NFL preseason football game against the Denver Broncos in Los Angeles. Howard and rookie Dakota Allen are competing for backup jobs and the final roster spots with the defending NFC champions this week in their preseason finale. (AP Photo/Rick Scuteri,File)
FILE - In this Aug. 24, 2019, file photo, Los Angeles Rams quarterback Jared Goff (16) warms up before the start of an NFL preseason football game against the Denver Broncos, in Los Angeles. Todd Gurley, Aaron Donald and now Jared Goff have all agreed to contract extensions over the past year that set new NFL benchmarks for guaranteed money at their respective positions. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill, File)
Sep. 04, 2019 08:22 AM EDT
FILE - In this Aug. 24, 2019, file photo, Los Angeles Rams quarterback Jared Goff (16) warms up before the start of an NFL preseason football game against the Denver Broncos in Los Angeles. The Rams play at the Carolina Panthers on Sunday. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill, File)
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JP2010165855A - Wiring board and method of manufacturing the same - Google Patents
Wiring board and method of manufacturing the same Download PDF
JP2010165855A JP2009006894A JP2009006894A JP2010165855A JP 2010165855 A JP2010165855 A JP 2010165855A JP 2009006894 A JP2009006894 A JP 2009006894A JP 2009006894 A JP2009006894 A JP 2009006894A JP 2010165855 A JP2010165855 A JP 2010165855A
wiring board
JP2010165855A5 (en
JP5339928B2 (en
Akio Horiuchi
Shunji Miyasaka
章夫 堀内
俊次 宮坂
Shinko Electric Ind Co Ltd
新光電気工業株式会社
2009-01-15 Application filed by Shinko Electric Ind Co Ltd, 新光電気工業株式会社 filed Critical Shinko Electric Ind Co Ltd
2009-01-15 Priority to JP2009006894A priority Critical patent/JP5339928B2/en
2010-07-29 Publication of JP2010165855A publication Critical patent/JP2010165855A/en
2012-02-16 Publication of JP2010165855A5 publication Critical patent/JP2010165855A5/ja
2013-11-13 Publication of JP5339928B2 publication Critical patent/JP5339928B2/en
239000010410 layers Substances 0 abstract 7
230000003014 reinforcing Effects 0 abstract 2
239000000758 substrates Substances 0 abstract 2
239000011229 interlayers Substances 0 abstract 1
230000002093 peripheral Effects 0 abstract 1
H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
H05K1/00—Printed circuits
H05K1/02—Details
H05K1/11—Printed elements for providing electric connections to or between printed circuits
H05K1/111—Pads for surface mounting, e.g. lay-out
H05K1/112—Pads for surface mounting, e.g. lay-out directly combined with via connections
H05K1/113—Via provided in pad; Pad over filled via
H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
H01L23/48—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor
H01L23/488—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor consisting of soldered or bonded constructions
H01L23/498—Leads, i.e. metallisations or lead-frames on insulating substrates, e.g. chip carriers
H01L23/49822—Multilayer substrates
H01L23/49838—Geometry or layout
H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
H05K3/46—Manufacturing multilayer circuits
H05K3/4644—Manufacturing multilayer circuits by building the multilayer layer by layer, i.e. build-up multilayer circuits
H05K3/4682—Manufacture of core-less build-up multilayer circuits on a temporary carrier or on a metal foil
H01L2221/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof covered by H01L21/00
H01L2221/67—Apparatus for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere
H01L2221/683—Apparatus for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere for supporting or gripping
H01L2221/68304—Apparatus for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere for supporting or gripping using temporarily an auxiliary support
H01L2221/68345—Apparatus for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere for supporting or gripping using temporarily an auxiliary support used as a support during the manufacture of self supporting substrates
H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
H01L2224/10—Bump connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
H01L2224/15—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bump connectors after the connecting process
H01L2224/16—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bump connectors after the connecting process of an individual bump connector
H01L2224/161—Disposition
H01L2224/16151—Disposition the bump connector connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive
H01L2224/16221—Disposition the bump connector connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked
H01L2224/16225—Disposition the bump connector connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked the item being non-metallic, e.g. insulating substrate with or without metallisation
H01L2224/16235—Disposition the bump connector connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked the item being non-metallic, e.g. insulating substrate with or without metallisation the bump connector connecting to a via metallisation of the item
H01L2224/16237—Disposition the bump connector connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked the item being non-metallic, e.g. insulating substrate with or without metallisation the bump connector connecting to a bonding area disposed in a recess of the surface of the item
H01L2224/26—Layer connectors, e.g. plate connectors, solder or adhesive layers; Manufacturing methods related thereto
H01L2224/31—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors after the connecting process
H01L2224/32—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors after the connecting process of an individual layer connector
H01L2224/32151—Disposition the layer connector connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive
H01L2224/32221—Disposition the layer connector connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked
H01L2224/32225—Disposition the layer connector connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked the item being non-metallic, e.g. insulating substrate with or without metallisation
H01L2224/73—Means for bonding being of different types provided for in two or more of groups H01L2224/10, H01L2224/18, H01L2224/26, H01L2224/34, H01L2224/42, H01L2224/50, H01L2224/63, H01L2224/71
H01L2224/732—Location after the connecting process
H01L2224/73201—Location after the connecting process on the same surface
H01L2224/73203—Bump and layer connectors
H01L2224/73204—Bump and layer connectors the bump connector being embedded into the layer connector
H01L23/49811—Additional leads joined to the metallisation on the insulating substrate, e.g. pins, bumps, wires, flat leads
H01L23/49816—Spherical bumps on the substrate for external connection, e.g. ball grid arrays [BGA]
H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
H01L2924/0001—Technical content checked by a classifier
H01L2924/00011—Not relevant to the scope of the group, the symbol of which is combined with the symbol of this group
H01L2924/00014—Technical content checked by a classifier the subject-matter covered by the group, the symbol of which is combined with the symbol of this group, being disclosed without further technical details
H01L2924/01—Chemical elements
H01L2924/01078—Platinum [Pt]
H01L2924/01079—Gold [Au]
H01L2924/15—Details of package parts other than the semiconductor or other solid state devices to be connected
H01L2924/151—Die mounting substrate
H01L2924/1517—Multilayer substrate
H01L2924/15172—Fan-out arrangement of the internal vias
H01L2924/15174—Fan-out arrangement of the internal vias in different layers of the multilayer substrate
H01L2924/153—Connection portion
H01L2924/1531—Connection portion the connection portion being formed only on the surface of the substrate opposite to the die mounting surface
H01L2924/15311—Connection portion the connection portion being formed only on the surface of the substrate opposite to the die mounting surface being a ball array, e.g. BGA
H05K3/10—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern
H05K3/20—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern by affixing prefabricated conductor pattern
H05K3/205—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern by affixing prefabricated conductor pattern using a pattern electroplated or electroformed on a metallic carrier
Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
Y10T29/49124—On flat or curved insulated base, e.g., printed circuit, etc.
Y10T29/49155—Manufacturing circuit on or in base
Y10T29/49165—Manufacturing circuit on or in base by forming conductive walled aperture in base
<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To easily obtain a structure which is less apt to have chipping of a substrate, and the like, occur with respect to mechanical stress from the outside, and the like. <P>SOLUTION: A wiring substrate (package) 10 has a structure, in which a plurality of wiring layers 11, 14, 17, and 20 are laminated having insulating layers 12, 15, and 18 therebetween and the wiring layers are interlayer connected via vias 13, 16, and 19 formed in the insulating layers. Reinforcing patterns 11A, 14A, 17A, and 20A are formed in the same surface, as that in the wiring layer in a peripheral region R2 of the package. The reinforcing patterns 11A, 14A, 17A, and 20A are formed of a conductive layer formed in the same surface as the wiring layers 11, 14, 17, and 20 and are provided in the shape of a continuous ring, in a planar view. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT
The present invention relates to a wiring board used for mounting an electronic component such as a semiconductor element. More specifically, a plurality of wiring layers are stacked with an insulating layer interposed therebetween, and vias formed in each insulating layer are provided. In particular, the present invention relates to a wiring board having an interlayer connection structure and a method of manufacturing the same.
Such a wiring board is also referred to as a “semiconductor package” in the following description for convenience in that it functions as a package on which a semiconductor element or the like is mounted.
A build-up method is widely used as a technique for manufacturing a wiring board having a multilayer structure. Multi-layered wiring boards using this build-up method can be produced in various types by combining the material of the interlayer insulating layer (typically resin) and the via hole forming process, and the typical manufacturing process is as follows: Insulating layer formation, via hole formation in the insulation layer, and wiring layer formation including conductor filling (via) inside the via hole are sequentially repeated on one or both sides of the core substrate as the support substrate. It will be accumulated. In such a structure, the wiring layer and the insulating layer can be formed thin because they are laminated by the build-up method, but the core substrate portion requires a corresponding thickness to give the wiring substrate rigidity, There was a limit to thinning the entire semiconductor package.
Therefore, recently, a structure in which the core substrate (supporting base material) is removed has been adopted in order to further reduce the thickness of the wiring substrate (semiconductor package). A wiring board having such a structure is also called a “coreless board” in the sense that there is no “core” part. A method for manufacturing such a coreless substrate will be described later. The basic process is to prepare a temporary substrate as a support, and a required number of build-up layers (insulating layers including via holes, via holes) on the temporary substrate. Are sequentially formed, and then the temporary substrate (support) is removed.
In this way, the thin substrate (coreless substrate) process differs from the conventional thick substrate (core substrate) process in that the support substrate is finally removed or left as a core. In any case, the method of forming the wiring layer is basically the same. That is, the width of the wiring pattern, the interval (pitch) between the wiring patterns, the size of the wiring portion (wiring forming region) in the wiring board, etc. are determined under the same design rule, and the wiring design is performed based on the determined design rules. For this reason, the same design is made for the distance from the substrate end (peripheral edge of the wiring board) to the wiring part (wiring forming region). In the current technology, the distance (the portion where no wiring is formed) is designed to be about 500 μm, for example.
As a technique related to such a conventional technique, for example, as described in Patent Document 1, in a multilayer substrate for a semiconductor device, a mounting surface on which a semiconductor element is mounted is formed as flat as possible and has a thickness. Can be formed as thin as possible. In the multilayer substrate disclosed in this document, conductor wiring is formed in multiple layers via an insulating layer, and one surface side of the multilayer substrate has a semiconductor element pad connected to an electrode terminal of a semiconductor element to be mounted. The formed semiconductor element mounting surface, and the other side of the multilayer substrate is an external connection terminal mounting surface on which pads for external connection terminals are formed. Conductor wiring formed on both surfaces of the insulating layer and / or Vias that electrically connect the pads are formed through the insulating layer and open to the external connection terminal mounting surface side of the insulating layer, and conductor wiring or pads formed on the semiconductor element mounting surface side A bottom surface is formed on the inner surface of the external connection terminal mounting surface side, and an opening area is formed in a truncated cone-shaped concave portion larger than the bottom surface area.
As another technique related to this, there is a coreless substrate manufacturing method described in Patent Document 2. In the method disclosed herein, a base layer is disposed in the wiring formation region on the prepreg, and the metal foil is attached to the prepreg via the base layer so that a metal foil larger than the base layer is in contact with the outer periphery of the wiring formation region. A temporary substrate is obtained by placing the prepreg and curing the prepreg by heating and pressing, and a metal foil is bonded to the temporary substrate. Furthermore, the build-up wiring layer is formed on the metal foil, and the build-up wiring layer is formed on the metal foil by separating the metal foil from the temporary substrate by cutting the peripheral portion of the base layer of the structure. A formed wiring member is obtained.
JP 2000-323613 A JP 2007-158174 A
As described above, the conventional coreless substrate (semiconductor package) is advantageous in terms of thinning because the core substrate is unnecessary, but on the other hand, since there is no core substrate, the rigidity of the entire package is small, and the external package The structure is vulnerable to mechanical stress (impact). For this reason, there was a problem that the end portion of the substrate is particularly easily chipped.
In other words, in the structure of the conventional coreless substrate (semiconductor package), due to the low rigidity of the entire package, “chip” occurs at the end of the substrate when mechanical stress or impact is applied from the outside. The risk is high, and it is also assumed that the wiring part is exposed depending on the degree of the “chip”. Furthermore, the outermost insulating layer (solder resist layer) of the package is relatively soft compared to the inner insulating layer (build-up layer such as epoxy resin), so when mechanical stress is applied from the outside There is also a possibility of delamination from the substrate body (delamination).
When chipping or the like occurs in the substrate in this way, the product (package) becomes a defective product. In particular, if some mechanical stress is applied from the outside during the manufacturing process, if the edge of the substrate is chipped, it will be defective at that stage, as well as the materials and man-hours spent so far. There was a problem that it was wasted and the production yield was lowered.
The present invention was created in view of the problems in the prior art, and a wiring board capable of easily realizing a structure in which chipping or the like of the board does not easily occur due to external mechanical stress or the like and its manufacture It aims to provide a method.
Furthermore, the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a wiring board that can easily realize a structure in which chipping or the like of a substrate is unlikely to occur without an additional manufacturing process, and can contribute to an improvement in manufacturing yield. For the purpose.
In order to solve the above-described problems of the prior art, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a structure in which a plurality of wiring layers are stacked with an insulating layer interposed therebetween and interlayer connection is made via vias formed in each insulating layer. And a reinforcing pattern is provided in the same area as the wiring layer in the peripheral region of the wiring board.
According to another aspect of the present invention, an opening corresponding to the shape of the pad to be formed in a portion corresponding to the wiring formation region and a portion corresponding to the peripheral region should be formed on the support base material. A step of forming a resist layer patterned to have an opening corresponding to the shape of the reinforcing pattern, and wiring that constitutes a pad on each of the support bases exposed from each opening of the resist layer A step of forming a conductive layer constituting a layer and a reinforcing pattern, and a step of forming an insulating layer on the surface of the support base on which the wiring layer and the conductive layer are formed after removing the resist layer A step of forming a via hole reaching the wiring layer at a portion of the insulating layer corresponding to the portion where the wiring layer is formed on the support base; and exposing the via hole on the insulating layer. Forming a wiring layer including vias connected to the wiring layer to be formed, and forming a conductor layer constituting a reinforcing pattern in a portion corresponding to the peripheral region on the insulating layer; And a step of removing the supporting base material after alternately laminating insulating layers, wiring layers, and conductor layers until it is obtained.
According to the configuration of the wiring board according to one aspect of the present invention, since the reinforcing pattern is provided in the same area as the wiring layer in the peripheral area (near the edge of the board), the peripheral part of the wiring board is reinforced. As a result, the rigidity of the entire substrate is increased. In other words, the structure is strong against mechanical stress or impact from the outside, so even if such stress is applied, the occurrence of “chips” at the edge of the substrate as seen in the prior art Can be suppressed. In addition, since the end portion of the substrate is difficult to chip, the possibility that the wiring portion is exposed is low.
According to the method for manufacturing a wiring board according to another aspect of the present invention, the effect obtained by the wiring board according to the above aspect (realization of a structure in which chipping or the like of the board is difficult to occur) It can be easily realized without accompanying (that is, since the conventional manufacturing process can be used as it is, and there is no cost load on the substrate).
As a result, even if some mechanical stress is applied from the outside during the manufacturing process, the presence of the conductor layer (reinforcing pattern) formed in the vicinity of the periphery of the wiring board prevents chipping of the edge of the board. Therefore, it is not a defective product, and the manufacturing yield can be improved.
It is sectional drawing which shows the structure of the wiring board (semiconductor package) which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention. It is a schematic plan view when the wiring board of FIG. 1 is seen from the chip mounting surface side. It is sectional drawing which shows the process (the 1) of the manufacturing method of the wiring board of FIG. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a process (No. 2) following the manufacturing process of FIG. 3. It is sectional drawing which shows the structure of the wiring board which concerns on the modification of embodiment of FIG. It is sectional drawing which shows the structure of the wiring board which concerns on the other modification of embodiment of FIG. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a state (configuration of a semiconductor device) in which a chip is mounted on the wiring board of FIG. 1.
Other structural features of the wiring board and the manufacturing method thereof according to the present invention and advantageous advantages based thereon will be described using embodiments of the invention described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a configuration of a wiring board (semiconductor package) according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 shows an upper side of the wiring board 10 (an electronic component such as a semiconductor element (chip). ) Is a schematic illustration of the configuration when viewed in plan from the side on which it is mounted). 2 is a longitudinal sectional view of FIG. 1 when viewed in a section along the line AA in the plan view of FIG.
As shown in FIG. 1, the wiring substrate (semiconductor package) 10 according to the present embodiment includes a plurality of wiring layers 11, 14, 17, and 20 having insulating layers (specifically, resin layers) 12, 15, and 18. It has a structure in which layers are interposed and connected to each other through conductors (vias 13, 16, and 19) filled in via holes VH1, VH2, and VH3 formed in the insulating layers 12, 15, and 18, respectively. Yes. That is, this package 10 is a wiring board manufactured using a general build-up method (a stack of a required number of build-up layers that are sequentially formed on both sides or one side of a core substrate as a support base). Unlike the above, it has a form of a “coreless substrate” that does not include a supporting base material.
As shown in FIG. 2, the coreless substrate has a wiring formation region R1 (portion surrounded by a broken line) defined in a portion corresponding to the region where the chip is mounted, and a peripheral region R2 around it. . In the present embodiment, in the coreless substrate (wiring substrate 10), the wiring formation region R1 is a rectangle having a side length of about 20 to 40 mm (for example, 30 mm × 30 mm), and the width of the peripheral region R2 is about 500 to 1000 μm. The thickness is selected to be about 0.1 to 0.5 mm.
The outermost resin layer 12 on the one surface side (upper side in the example of FIG. 1) of the coreless substrate is defined in a chip mounting area (wiring formation region R1) and a pad P1 (required portion of the wiring layer 11). Part) is arranged. In the example of FIG. 2, 16 pads P1 are arranged. As shown in FIG. 1, the pad P1 is provided so as to be exposed on the same surface as the surface of the package 10. The pad P1 is an electronic component (chip) such as a semiconductor element mounted on the package 10. The electrode pads are flip-chip connected via conductive members such as solder bumps.
On the other hand, a solder resist layer (insulating layer) 21 functioning as a protective film is provided on the surface opposite to the side where the pad P1 is formed (lower side in the example of FIG. 1). In the example, it is formed so as to expose the portion of the pad P2 defined at a required portion of the wiring layer 20) and cover the surface thereof. The pad P2 is connected to the pad P1 in the chip mounting area via the via 19, the wiring layer 17, the via 16, the wiring layer 14, and the via 13. The pads P2 exposed from the solder resist layer 21 are joined to external connection terminals such as solder balls and pins used when the package 10 is mounted on a mounting board such as a mother board. Alternatively, the pad P2 itself may be used as an external connection terminal instead of joining a solder ball or the like.
That is, in this embodiment, the surface on which the solder resist layer 21 is formed is referred to as an “external connection terminal bonding surface”, and the opposite surface (the pad P1 exposed on the same surface as the surface of the package 10 is formed). The surface on the side that is being used is used as the “chip mounting surface”. However, the chip mounting surface and the external connection terminal joint surface may be used upside down depending on the usage environment such as conditions and arrangement of the package 10.
Further, reinforcement patterns 11A, 14A, 17A, and 20A that characterize the present invention are provided in a portion (peripheral region R2) where the wiring of the package 10 is not formed. Each reinforcing pattern is constituted by a conductor layer (made of the same material as the wiring layer) that is formed at the same time when the wiring layers 11, 14, 17, and 20 are formed in the process of manufacturing the package 10 as will be described later. ing. Among these, the reinforcing pattern 11A corresponding to the uppermost wiring layer 11 (pad P1) is provided in a ring-like form that is intermittent when viewed in plan, as illustrated in FIG. In the example shown in the figure, three reinforcing patterns 11A are formed for each side of the package 10 and separated into a total of 12 portions. The reinforcing patterns 14A, 17A, and 20A corresponding to the other wiring layers 14, 17, and 20 are also provided in the same layout as the uppermost reinforcing pattern 11A.
The reason why the reinforcing patterns 11A, 14A, 17A, and 20A are intermittently provided as described above is as follows. That is, when the reinforcing pattern is a continuous ring-shaped pattern, the stress is caused in a specific direction (the pattern portion and the resin portion due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the reinforcing pattern (conductor layer) and the surrounding resin portion. Therefore, the substrate is highly likely to be distorted along that direction. In particular, if the distortion exceeds a certain limit and is continued for a certain period, the distorted state (partial warpage) may remain as it is. Thus, by providing this reinforcing pattern intermittently as shown in the figure, the stress generated due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient is dispersed in a plurality of directions, thereby reducing the possibility of substrate distortion. .
The reinforcing patterns 11A, 14A, 17A, and 20A are provided corresponding to the wiring layers 11, 14, 17, and 20, but are not necessarily provided corresponding to the wiring layers. May be thinned out. For example, the reinforcing patterns 11A and 20A are formed together with the wiring layer only for the outermost wiring layers 11 and 20 of the package 10, and only the wiring layer is formed for the other wiring layers 14 and 17, and the reinforcing patterns 14A and 17A are formed. May be omitted.
Further, the reinforcing patterns 11A, 14A, 17A, and 20A are essential components for achieving the intended purpose of the present invention, and considering their functions, the reinforcing patterns 11A, 14A, 17A, and 20A extend to the substrate end (the peripheral edge of the package 10). It is desirable to be present. However, in this case, if the side surface of the reinforcing pattern (conductor layer) is exposed, the side surface portion is oxidized, and in some cases, corroded, which may have some adverse effects. Therefore, even if the reinforcing pattern is extended, it is necessary to form the side surface so as not to be exposed. As for the uppermost reinforcing pattern 11A, the surface is exposed from the surface of the package 10, but a gold (Au) plating layer is deposited on the surface of the reinforcing pattern 11A as will be described later. There are no inconveniences such as oxidation and corrosion.
On the other hand, the package 10 is not manufactured in units of one from the beginning, but in order to improve productivity, a multi-piece board in which a plurality of wiring boards are formed is finally cut and divided into packages. Is obtained. Therefore, a space portion in consideration of a margin for cutting (cutting accuracy of about ± 50 μm) is required around the package that is finally cut and divided.
For example, when the distance from the substrate end to the wiring part (wiring forming region R1) is designed to be about 500 μm, the reinforcing patterns 11A, 14A, 17A, and 20A are formed in the area of about 500 μm. However, in order to ensure that the side surface of the reinforcing pattern is not exposed in consideration of cutting accuracy (about ± 50 μm), it is sufficient to select the distance from the substrate edge to the side surface of the reinforcing pattern to about 250 μm. It is.
Specific materials, sizes, thicknesses, and the like of the members constituting the package 10 will be described in relation to the process described below.
Hereinafter, a method of manufacturing the wiring board (semiconductor package) 10 according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4 showing an example of the manufacturing process.
First, in the first step (see FIG. 3A), a support base 40 as a temporary substrate is prepared. As a material of the support base material 40, a metal (for example, copper (Cu)) that can be dissolved in an etching solution is used in consideration of the fact that etching is finally performed as described later. Further, as a form of the support base 40, a metal plate or a metal foil is basically sufficient. However, as a specific example, “a method of manufacturing a wiring board and an electronic component previously proposed by the present applicant” The thing of the form as disclosed in "the manufacturing method of a mounting structure" (Unexamined-Japanese-Patent No. 2007-158174) can be used. That is, a base layer and a copper foil are placed on a prepreg (an adhesive sheet in which a reinforcing glass cloth is impregnated with a thermosetting resin such as an epoxy resin or a polyimide resin to form a semi-cured B stage) and heated. -The structure obtained by pressurizing can be used suitably as the support base material 40.
In the next step (see FIG. 3B), a plating resist is formed on the support substrate 40 using a patterning material, and a resist layer 41 is formed by patterning into a required shape. The resist layer 41 has an opening OP1 corresponding to the shape of the pad P1 to be formed in the portion corresponding to the wiring formation region R1, and the shape of the reinforcing pattern 11A to be formed in the portion corresponding to the peripheral region R2 (FIG. 2). And an opening OP2 corresponding to the reference).
The patterning material can be a photosensitive dry film (with a resist material sandwiched between a polyester cover sheet and a polyethylene separator sheet), or a liquid photoresist (novolak resin, epoxy resin, or other liquid resist). ) Can be used. For example, when using a dry film, after cleaning the surface of the support substrate 40, the dry film is laminated by thermocompression bonding, and this dry film is used with a mask (not shown) patterned into a required shape. Then, the resist layer 41 corresponding to a required patterning shape is formed by exposing the portion to ultraviolet rays (UV) and curing it, and then removing the portion by etching with a predetermined developer (openings OP1 and OP2). Even when a liquid photoresist is used, the plating resist (resist layer 41) can be formed through the same process.
In the next step (see FIG. 3C), the support base 40 is used as a power feeding layer on the support base (Cu) 40 exposed from the openings OP1 and OP2 of the plating resist 41. By electrolytic plating, the wiring layer 11 and the conductor layer 11A are formed corresponding to the openings OP1 and OP2, respectively. The wiring layer 11 functions as a pad P1 for mounting an electronic component (chip) such as a semiconductor element. The conductor layer 11A constitutes a reinforcing pattern that characterizes the present invention, and is not connected to any wiring layer.
As a material constituting the wiring layer 11 and the conductor layer 11A, a metal species that is not dissolved by the etching solution is selected in consideration of the fact that the support substrate 40 in contact therewith is finally etched. In this embodiment, since copper (Cu) is used as the material of the support substrate 40, a metal (Au) plating is applied in consideration of the fact that good conductivity can be secured as a different metal. Yes. Further, nickel (Ni) plating is applied on the Au plating layer. Alternatively, copper (Cu) plating may be further performed on this Ni plating layer. The reason why such a plated layer structure is used is to increase adhesion when a wiring layer is connected to the pad P1 via a copper (Cu) via in a later step, and Cu diffuses into the Au plated layer. This is to prevent this. That is, in this step, the pad P1 and the reinforcing pattern 11A having a two-layer structure of an Au plating layer and a Ni plating layer (or a three-layer structure of an Au plating layer, a Ni plating layer, and a Cu plating layer) are formed.
In the next step (see FIG. 3D), the resist layer 41 used as a plating resist is removed. For example, when a dry film is used as a plating resist, it can be removed using an alkaline chemical such as sodium hydroxide or monoethanolamine, and a liquid resist such as a novolac resin or an epoxy resin is used. In some cases, it can be removed using acetone or alcohol. As a result, a structure in which the wiring layer 11 (pad P1) and the conductor layer (reinforcing pattern) 11A are formed on the support base 40 as shown in the drawing is produced.
In the next step (see FIG. 3E), the insulating layer 12 is formed on the surface of the support base 40 on which the wiring layer 11 and the conductor layer 11A are formed. As a material of the insulating layer 12, an epoxy resin, a polyimide resin, or the like can be used. As a forming method, for example, an epoxy resin film is laminated on the support base material 40, the wiring layer 11 and the conductor layer 11A, and the resin film is pressed and cured at a temperature of 130 to 150 ° C. while being pressed. A resin layer (insulating layer 12) can be formed.
In the next step (see FIG. 3 (f)), drilling with a carbon dioxide gas laser, an excimer laser, or the like is performed at a required portion of the insulating layer 12 (a portion corresponding to the pad P1 formed on the support base 40). As a result, a via hole VH1 reaching the pad P1 is formed. In this step, the via hole VH1 is formed by a laser or the like. However, when the insulating layer 12 is formed using a photosensitive resin, a required via hole can be formed by photolithography.
In the next step (see FIG. 4A), the via hole VH1 is filled on the insulating layer 12 in which the via hole VH1 is formed (formation of the via 13), and the wiring layer 14 having a required pattern connected to the pad P1. And the conductor layer 14A constituting the reinforcing pattern is formed. The wiring layer 14 and the conductor layer 14A are respectively formed in a portion corresponding to the wiring formation region R1 and a portion corresponding to the surrounding peripheral region R2, and can be formed by, for example, a semi-additive method.
Specifically, first, a copper (Cu) seed layer (not shown) is formed on the insulating layer 12 including the inside of the via hole VH1 by electroless plating or sputtering, and then the wiring layer 14 to be formed. A resist film (not shown) having openings corresponding to the shapes of the conductor layer 14A is formed. Next, a conductor (Cu) pattern (not shown) is formed on the seed layer (Cu) exposed from each opening of the resist film by electrolytic Cu plating using the seed layer as a power feeding layer. . Further, after removing the resist film, the required wiring layer 14 and conductor layer 14A are obtained by etching the seed layer using the conductor (Cu) pattern as a mask.
In addition to the semi-additive method, various wiring formation methods such as a subtractive method can be used.
In the next step (see FIG. 4B), insulating layers and wiring layers / conductor layers are alternately laminated in the same manner as the processing performed in the steps of FIGS. 3E to 4A. In the illustrated example, for the sake of simplicity, two insulating layers and two wiring layers / conductor layers are laminated. That is, after a resin layer (insulating layer 15) is formed on the insulating layer 12 and the wiring layer 14 / conductor layer 14A, a via hole VH2 reaching the pad (not shown) of the wiring layer 14 is formed in the insulating layer 15. Then, the via hole VH2 is filled (formation of the via 16), and a wiring layer 17 having a required pattern connected to the pad is formed, and a conductor layer 17A constituting a reinforcing pattern is formed. Further, a resin layer (insulating layer 18) is formed on the insulating layer 15 and the wiring layer 17 / conductor layer 17A, and a via hole VH3 reaching the pad (not shown) of the wiring layer 17 is formed in the insulating layer 18. Then, the via hole VH3 is filled (formation of the via 19) to form a wiring layer 20 having a required pattern connected to the pad, and to form a conductor layer 20A constituting a reinforcing pattern. In the present embodiment, the wiring layer 20 constitutes the outermost wiring layer.
Further, the solder resist layer 21 is formed so as to expose the portion of the pad P2 defined at a required portion of the wiring layer 20 and cover the surface (on the insulating layer 18 and the wiring layer 20 / conductor layer 20A). The solder resist layer 21 can be formed, for example, by laminating a photosensitive solder resist film or applying a liquid solder resist and patterning the resist into a required shape. Thus, the pad P2 is exposed from the opening of the solder resist layer 21.
Since external connection terminals such as solder balls and pins used when the package 10 is mounted on a mother board or the like are joined to the pad P2, gold (Au) plating is applied to improve the contact property. It is desirable to leave. At this time, Ni plating is performed on the pad (Cu) P2, and then Au plating is performed. That is, a conductor layer (not shown) having a two-layer structure of a Ni plating layer and an Au plating layer is formed on the pad P2.
In the last step (see FIG. 4C), the support base material 40 (FIG. 4B) used as the temporary substrate is removed. For example, exposed pads P1 and P2 (Au plating layers are respectively formed on the surface layer portions) by wet etching using a ferric chloride aqueous solution, a cupric chloride aqueous solution, an ammonium persulfate aqueous solution, etc., a resin layer The support base (Cu) 40 can be selectively etched and removed with respect to 12 and the solder resist layer 21.
The wiring board 10 (FIG. 1) of this embodiment is manufactured by the above process.
As described above, according to the wiring substrate (semiconductor package) 10 and the manufacturing method (FIGS. 1 to 4) according to the present embodiment, the substrate in the peripheral region R2 (portion where the wiring is not formed) of the package 10 is used. Since the reinforcing patterns 11A, 14A, 17A, and 20A are formed in the vicinity of the end portion, the structure in which the peripheral portion of the package 10 is reinforced, that is, the structure that is strong against mechanical stress or impact from the outside. It has become. In other words, since the rigidity of the entire package is enhanced, even when mechanical stress or the like from the outside is applied, the occurrence of “chips” at the edge of the substrate as in the prior art is effectively suppressed. be able to. Further, since the end portion of the package 10 is difficult to be chipped, the possibility that the portions of the wiring layers 14, 17 and 20 are exposed is low.
Such reinforcing patterns 11A, 14A, 17A, and 20A for preventing chipping extend, for example, a portion of a wiring layer (in many cases, a plane layer formed in a “solid shape”) assigned as a power supply layer or a ground layer. Therefore, the reinforcing pattern can be easily designed. As a result, it is possible to easily realize a structure in which chipping or the like of the substrate hardly occurs due to external mechanical stress or the like.
Further, in the process of the present embodiment, since the conventional coreless substrate manufacturing process (FIGS. 3 and 4) can be used as it is in forming the reinforcing patterns 11A, 14A, 17A, and 20A, there is no cost load on the substrate. That is, it is possible to easily realize a package structure in which a substrate is not easily chipped without an additional manufacturing process.
Thereby, even when some mechanical stress or the like is applied from the outside in the middle of the process, chipping at the end of the substrate or the like is caused by the presence of the reinforcing patterns 11A, 14A, 17A, and 20A provided in the vicinity of the periphery of the package 10. Therefore, it is not a defective product, and the manufacturing yield can be improved.
In the configuration of the wiring substrate (semiconductor package) 10 according to the above-described embodiment, the reinforcing patterns (conductor layers 11A, 14A, 17A, 20A) has been described as an example. However, as is clear from the gist of the present invention (providing a reinforcing pattern in the vicinity of the end portion of the wiring board), a reinforcing pattern is not necessarily provided in each insulating layer. There is no need to provide it. FIG. 5 shows an example thereof (a modification of the embodiment of FIG. 1).
In the wiring board (semiconductor package) 10a according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the reinforcing pattern 20A (see FIG. 1) is omitted in the outermost solder resist layer 21 as compared with the configuration of the wiring board 10 in FIG. It is different. The other configuration is basically the same as the configuration of the wiring board 10 in FIG.
Moreover, the wiring board 10a of this embodiment can be manufactured basically in the same manner as the processing performed in each step (FIGS. 3 to 4) of the manufacturing method according to the above-described embodiment. However, the process according to the present embodiment is different in that the conductor layer (reinforcing pattern) 20A is not formed when the outermost wiring layer 20 is formed in the step of FIG. 4B. According to the present embodiment, in addition to the effects obtained in the above-described embodiments (FIGS. 1 to 4), the following advantages are obtained.
That is, as described above, the interlayer insulating layers 12, 15, and 18 are formed of an epoxy resin or the like. For example, the epoxy resin contains a silica filler in order to increase its rigidity. On the other hand, since the outermost insulating layer (solder resist layer 21) does not contain silica filler, it is relatively soft as compared with the insulating layers 12, 15, and 18 on the inner layer side. For this reason, when some mechanical stress is applied from the outside of the package 10, a “chip” occurs in the solder resist layer 21, and in some cases, the end of the solder resist layer 21 is peeled off from the substrate body. (Delamination) can also occur. In that case, the side surface of the reinforcing pattern 20 </ b> A covered with the solder resist layer 21 is exposed. When the side surface is exposed, problems such as oxidation and corrosion occur as described above.
Therefore, such a problem can be dealt with by adopting a structure in which the conductor portion in the solder resist layer 21 is pulled down from the end of the substrate as shown in FIG. 5 (that is, a structure in which the reinforcing pattern 20A is omitted).
Other embodiments for dealing with such inconveniences are also conceivable. FIG. 6 shows an example thereof (another modification of the embodiment of FIG. 1).
The wiring board (semiconductor package) 10b according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 6 omits the reinforcing pattern 20A (see FIG. 1) in the outermost solder resist layer 21a, as compared with the configuration of the wiring board 10 in FIG. The solder resist layer 21a is different in that the end portion thereof is formed at a position retracted by a predetermined distance from the end portion of the substrate (the peripheral portion of the package 10b). The “predetermined distance” to be moved backward is selected to be about 250 μm, for example. The other configuration is basically the same as the configuration of the wiring board 10 in FIG.
Also, the wiring board 10b of the present embodiment can be manufactured in the same manner as the processing performed in each step (FIGS. 3 to 4) of the manufacturing method according to the above-described embodiment. However, in the process according to the present embodiment, when the outermost wiring layer 20 is formed in the step of FIG. 4B, the conductor layer (reinforcing pattern) 20A is not formed, and the solder resist layer 21a is further formed. In this case, the resist patterning is performed such that the end portion thereof is located at a position retracted by a predetermined distance from the end portion of the substrate. Also in this embodiment, the same operational effects as in the embodiment of FIG. 5 can be obtained.
In the wiring substrates (semiconductor packages) 10, 10a, 10b of the above-described embodiments, chip electrode pads are connected to pads P1 exposed from one surface (chip mounting surface) via solder bumps, and the other. An external connection terminal such as a solder ball is bonded to the pad P2 exposed from the surface (external connection terminal bonding surface). FIG. 7 shows an example of the configuration.
The example of FIG. 7 shows a state in which a semiconductor element (for example, a chip of an active element such as a CPU) 31 as an electronic component is mounted on the package 10 of FIG. Yes. The chip 31 to be mounted has its electrode pads (not shown) flip-chip connected to the pads P1 in the chip mounting area (wiring formation region R1) via the solder bumps 32. Furthermore, the gap between the mounted chip 31 and the package 10 is filled with an underfill resin 33 (thermosetting epoxy resin or the like) and is thermally cured to improve the connection reliability between the chip 31 and the package 10. ing.
On the other hand, solder balls 35 are joined to the pads P2 on the external connection terminal joint surface opposite to the chip mounting surface by reflow. In the example shown in the figure, a form of BGA (ball grid array) in which solder balls 35 are joined to the pad P2 is used. Instead, a form of PGA (pin grid array) in which pins are joined to the pad. Alternatively, an LGA (land grid array) may be used in which the pad itself is an external connection terminal.
10, 10a, 10b ... wiring board (semiconductor package),
11, 14, 17, 20 ... wiring layer,
11A, 14A, 17A, 20A ... reinforcement pattern (conductor layer),
12, 15, 18 ... resin layer (insulating layer),
13, 16, 19 ... via,
21, 21a ... Solder resist layer (insulating layer),
30 ... Semiconductor device,
31 ... Semiconductor element (chip / electronic component),
P1, P2 ... Pad,
R1 ... wiring formation region,
R2 ... peripheral area,
VH1, VH2, VH3 ... via holes.
A wiring board having a structure in which a plurality of wiring layers are stacked with an insulating layer interposed therebetween and interlayer connection is made through vias formed in each insulating layer,
A wiring board, wherein a reinforcing pattern is provided in the same area as the wiring layer in a peripheral region of the wiring board.
2. The wiring board according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing pattern is formed of a conductor layer formed in the same plane as the wiring layer, and is provided in a ring-like form that is intermittent when viewed in a plan view. .
Furthermore, a solder resist layer is formed by exposing a portion of the pad defined at a required position of the outermost wiring layer,
3. The wiring board according to claim 2, wherein a reinforcing pattern is formed so as to correspond to each of the other wiring layers excluding the wiring layer covered with the solder resist layer.
The wiring board according to claim 3, wherein the solder resist layer is formed such that an end portion thereof is a position retracted from a peripheral edge portion of the wiring board.
On the support substrate, an opening corresponding to the shape of the pad to be formed in a portion corresponding to the wiring formation region and an opening corresponding to the shape of the reinforcing pattern to be formed in a portion corresponding to the peripheral region are provided. Forming a patterned resist layer,
Forming a wiring layer constituting a pad and a conductor layer constituting a reinforcing pattern on the supporting base material exposed from each opening of the resist layer; and
After removing the resist layer, forming an insulating layer on the surface of the support base on which the wiring layer and the conductor layer are formed;
Forming a via hole reaching the wiring layer in a portion of the insulating layer corresponding to a portion where the wiring layer on the support base is formed;
A wiring layer including a via connected to the wiring layer exposed from the via hole is formed on the insulating layer, and a conductor layer constituting a reinforcing pattern is formed in a portion corresponding to the peripheral region on the insulating layer And a process of
Thereafter, after the insulating layer, the wiring layer, and the conductor layer are alternately laminated until the required number of layers is obtained, the method for manufacturing the wiring board includes the step of removing the supporting base material.
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US20180330207A1 - Deep Image-to-Image Network Learning for Medical Image Analysis - Google Patents
Deep Image-to-Image Network Learning for Medical Image Analysis Download PDF
US20180330207A1 US16/042,538 US201816042538A US2018330207A1 US 20180330207 A1 US20180330207 A1 US 20180330207A1 US 201816042538 A US201816042538 A US 201816042538A US 2018330207 A1 US2018330207 A1 US 2018330207A1
medical image
S. Kevin Zhou
Dorin Comaniciu
Bogdan Georgescu
Yefeng Zheng
David Liu
Daguang Xu
Siemens Healthcare GmbH
2017-06-09 Priority to US15/618,384 priority patent/US10062014B2/en
2018-07-23 Application filed by Siemens Healthcare GmbH filed Critical Siemens Healthcare GmbH
2018-07-24 Assigned to SIEMENS MEDICAL SOLUTIONS USA, INC. reassignment SIEMENS MEDICAL SOLUTIONS USA, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ZHOU, S. KEVIN, COMANICIU, DORIN, GEORGESCU, BOGDAN, LIU, DAVID, XU, Daguang, ZHENG, YEFENG
2018-07-24 Assigned to SIEMENS HEALTHCARE GMBH reassignment SIEMENS HEALTHCARE GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SIEMENS MEDICAL SOLUTIONS USA, INC.
238000010191 image analysis Methods 0 abstract claims description title 91
230000013016 learning Effects 0 abstract claims description title 39
230000011218 segmentation Effects 0 claims description 104
210000003484 anatomy Anatomy 0 claims description 34
230000002829 reduced Effects 0 claims description 28
230000003902 lesions Effects 0 claims description 24
230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0 claims description 14
238000003786 synthesis Methods 0 claims description 14
230000002194 synthesizing Effects 0 claims description 14
238000007476 Maximum Likelihood Methods 0 claims description 4
230000002776 aggregation Effects 0 claims description 4
238000003384 imaging method Methods 0 claims description 2
239000002609 media Substances 0 claims 5
238000002591 computed tomography Methods 0 description 15
210000004185 Liver Anatomy 0 description 5
238000002600 positron emission tomography Methods 0 description 3
210000000988 Bone and Bones Anatomy 0 description 1
210000004072 Lung Anatomy 0 description 1
238000004220 aggregation Methods 0 description 1
239000008264 clouds Substances 0 description 1
238000000354 decomposition Methods 0 description 1
238000003709 image segmentation Methods 0 description 1
230000003211 malignant Effects 0 description 1
239000011159 matrix materials Substances 0 description 1
210000000056 organs Anatomy 0 description 1
238000005192 partition Methods 0 description 1
210000001519 tissues Anatomy 0 description 1
230000001131 transforming Effects 0 description 1
G06K—RECOGNITION OF DATA; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
G06K9/00—Methods or arrangements for reading or recognising printed or written characters or for recognising patterns, e.g. fingerprints
G06K9/62—Methods or arrangements for recognition using electronic means
G06K9/64—Methods or arrangements for recognition using electronic means using simultaneous comparisons or correlations of the image signals with a plurality of references, e.g. resistor matrix
G06K9/66—Methods or arrangements for recognition using electronic means using simultaneous comparisons or correlations of the image signals with a plurality of references, e.g. resistor matrix references adjustable by an adaptive method, e.g. learning
G06K9/36—Image preprocessing, i.e. processing the image information without deciding about the identity of the image
G06K9/46—Extraction of features or characteristics of the image
G06K9/4604—Detecting partial patterns, e.g. edges or contours, or configurations, e.g. loops, corners, strokes, intersections
G06K9/4609—Detecting partial patterns, e.g. edges or contours, or configurations, e.g. loops, corners, strokes, intersections by matching or filtering
G06K9/4619—Biologically-inspired filters, e.g. receptive fields
G06K9/4623—Biologically-inspired filters, e.g. receptive fields with interaction between the responses of different filters
G06K9/4628—Integrating the filters into a hierarchical structure
G06K9/6296—Graphical models, e.g. Bayesian networks
G06K9/6297—Markov models and related models, e.g. semi-Markov models; Markov random fields; networks embedding Markov models
G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
G06T7/00—Image analysis
G06T7/0002—Inspection of images, e.g. flaw detection
G06T7/0012—Biomedical image inspection
G06T7/0014—Biomedical image inspection using an image reference approach
G06T7/10—Segmentation; Edge detection
G06T7/11—Region-based segmentation
G06T7/143—Segmentation; Edge detection involving probabilistic approaches, e.g. Markov random field [MRF] modelling
G06T7/174—Segmentation; Edge detection involving the use of two or more images
G06T2207/00—Indexing scheme for image analysis or image enhancement
G06T2207/10—Image acquisition modality
G06T2207/10072—Tomographic images
G06T2207/10132—Ultrasound image
G06T2207/10136—3D ultrasound image
G06T2207/20—Special algorithmic details
G06T2207/20016—Hierarchical, coarse-to-fine, multiscale or multiresolution image processing; Pyramid transform
G06T2207/20081—Training; Learning
G06T2207/30—Subject of image; Context of image processing
G06T2207/30004—Biomedical image processing
G06T2207/30056—Liver; Hepatic
G06T2207/30096—Tumor; Lesion
A method and apparatus for automatically performing medical image analysis tasks using deep image-to-image network (DI2IN) learning. An input medical image of a patient is received. An output image that provides a result of a target medical image analysis task on the input medical image is automatically generated using a trained deep image-to-image network (DI2IN). The trained DI2IN uses a conditional random field (CRF) energy function to estimate the output image based on the input medical image and uses a trained deep learning network to model unary and pairwise terms of the CRF energy function. The DI2IN may be trained on an image with multiple resolutions. The input image may be split into multiple parts and a separate DI2IN may be trained for each part. Furthermore, the multi-scale and multi-part schemes can be combined to train a multi-scale multi-part DI2IN.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/618,384, filed Jun. 9, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/382,414, filed Dec. 16, 2016 and issued U.S. Pat. No. 9,760,807, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/276,309, filed Jan. 8, 2016, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to automated analysis of medical images, and more particularly, to automating various medical image analysis tasks using deep image-to-image network learning.
Medical image analysis involves solving important tasks such as landmark detection, anatomy detection, anatomy segmentation, lesion detection, segmentation and characterization, cross-modality image registration, image denoising, cross-domain image synthesis, etc. Computer-based automation of these medical image analysis tasks brings significant benefits to medical imaging. For example, one such benefit of automating medical image analysis tasks is that it allows structured image reading and reporting for a streamlined workflow, thereby improving image reading outcomes in terms of accuracy, reproducibility, and efficiency. Other benefits of automatic medical image analysis tasks include enabling personalized scanning at a reduced radiation dose, saving examination time and cost, and increasing consistency and reproducibility of the examination.
Currently the technical approaches for various medical image analysis tasks are task-dependent. In other words, for each task among landmark detection, anatomy detection, anatomy segmentation, lesion detection, segmentation and characterization, cross modality image registration, image denoising, cross-domain image synthesis, etc., there are a multitude of technical approaches crafted for such a task. Consequently, the approaches for solving the same task are very diverse in nature. There is no systematic, universal approach to address all of these medical image analysis tasks.
The present invention provides a method and system for automatically performing a medical image analysis task on an input image using deep image-to-image network learning. Embodiments of the present invention utilize a deep image-to-image network (DI2IN) learning framework to unify many different medical image analysis tasks. Embodiments of the present invention formulate various medical image analysis tasks as an image-to-image mapping problem, in which a trained DI2IN is used to map an input medical image or cohort of input medical images to an output image that provides a result of a particular medical image analysis task.
In one embodiment of the present invention, an input medical image of a patient is received. An output image that provides a result of a target medical image analysis task on the input medical image is automatically generated using a trained deep image-to-image network (DI2IN), The trained DI2IN uses a conditional random field (CRF) energy function to estimate the output image based on the input medical image and uses a trained deep learning network to model unary and pairwise terms of the CRF energy function.
These and other advantages of the invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by reference to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 illustrates a method for automatically performing a medical image analysis task using deep image-to-image network (DI2IN) learning according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates training a DI2IN using a deep learning model in a Conditional Random Field (CRF) framework according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 illustrates a method of anatomical object segmentation in a medical image using a multiscale part-based DI2IN according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary multiscale part-based DI2IN for anatomical object segmentation in a medical image according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 illustrates exemplary liver segmentation using the multi-scale part-based DI2IN of FIG. 4; and
FIG. 6 is a high-level block diagram of a computer capable of implementing the present invention.
The present invention relates to a method and system for automatically performing medical image analysis tasks using deep image-to-image network (DI2IN) learning. Embodiments of the present invention are described herein to give a visual understanding of the medical image deep image-to-image network (DI2IN) learning method and the medical image analysis tasks. A digital image is often composed of digital representations of one or more objects (or shapes). The digital representation of an object is often described herein in terms of identifying and manipulating the objects. Such manipulations are virtual manipulations accomplished in the memory or other circuitry/hardware of a computer system. Accordingly, is to be understood that embodiments of the present invention may be performed within a computer system using data stored within the computer system.
Embodiments of the present invention utilize a deep image-to-image network (DI2IN) learning framework to unify many different medical image analysis tasks. Embodiments of the present invention can be used to automatically implement various medical image analysis tasks, including landmark detection, anatomy detection, anatomy segmentation, lesion detection, segmentation and characterization, cross-modality image registration, image denoising, cross-domain image synthesis, and quantitative parameter mapping. Embodiments of the present invention formulate various medical image analysis tasks as an image-to-image mapping problem, in which a DI2IN is trained to learn a mapping from a particular type of input medical image or images to an output image that provides a result of a particular medical image analysis task. Embodiments of the present invention can be used to automatically perform any medical image analysis task for which the result of performing the medical image analysis task can be defined as an output image or images.
FIG. 1 illustrates a method for automatically performing a medical image analysis task using deep image-to-image network (DI2IN) learning according to an embodiment of the present invention. The method of FIG. 1 includes a training stage 100 and a testing stage 110. The training stage 100, which includes steps 102-108, is performed off-line to train a DI2IN for a particular medical image analysis task. The testing stage 110, which includes steps 112-116, performs the medical image analysis task on a newly input medical image using the trained DI2IN resulting from the training stage 100. Once the DI2IN for a particular medical image analysis task is trained in the training stage 100, the testing stage 110 can be repeated for each newly received input medical image(s) to perform the medical image analysis task on each newly received input medical image(s) using the trained DI2IN.
At step 102, an output image is defined for the medical image analysis task. The DI2IN learning framework described herein utilizes an image-to-image framework in which an input medical image or multiple input medical images is/are mapped to an output image that provides the result of a particular medical image analysis task. In the DI2IN learning framework, the input is an image I or a set of images I1, I2, . . . , IN and the output will be an image J or a set of images J1, J2, . . . , JM. An image I includes a set of pixels (for a 2D image) or voxels (for a 3D image) that form a rectangular lattice f={x} (x is a 2D vector for a 2D image and a 3D vector for a 3D image) and defines a mapping function from the lattice to a desired set, i.e., {I(x)∈R; x∈Ω} for a gray-value image or {I(x)∈R3; x∈Ω} for a color image. If a set of images are used as the input, then they share the same lattice Ω; that is, they have the same size. For the output image J, its size is often the same as that of the input image I, though different lattice sizes can be handled too as long as there is a defined correspondence between the lattice of the input image and the lattice of the output image. As used herein, unless otherwise specified, a set of images I1, I2, . . . , IN will be treated as one image with multiple channels, that is {I(x)∈RN; x∈Ω} for N gray images or {I(x)∈R3N; x∈Ω} for N color images.
The DI2IN image-to-image framework can be used to formulate many different medical image analysis problems. In order to use the DI2IN framework to perform a particular medical image analysis task, an output image must be defined for the particular medical image analysis task. The solutions/results for many image analysis tasks are often not images. For example, anatomical landmark detection tasks typically provide coordinates of a landmark location in the input image and anatomy detection tasks typically provide a pose (e.g., position, orientation, and scale) of a bounding box surrounding an anatomical object of interest in the input image. According to an embodiment of the present invention, an output image is defined for a particular medical image analysis task that provides the result of that medical image analysis task in the form of an image. In one possible implementation, the output image for a target medical image analysis task can be automatically defined, for example by selecting a stored predetermined output image format corresponding to the target medical image analysis task. In another possible implementation, user input can be received corresponding to an output image format defined by a user for a target medical image analysis task. Examples of output image definitions for various medical image analysis tasks are described below.
In an exemplary embodiment, the method of FIG. 1 can be used to perform landmark detection in an input medical image. Given an input medical image I, the task is to provide the exact location(s) of a single landmark or multiple landmarks of interest {xl, l=1, 2, . . . }. In one implementation, the output image J can be defined as:
J(x)=ΣlΣi l*δ(x−x l), (1)
where δ is a delta function. This results in a mask image in which pixel locations of the landmark l have a value of l, and all other pixel locations have a value of zero. In an alternative implementation, the output image for a landmark detection task can be defined as an image with a Gaussian-like circle (for 2D image) or ball (for 3D image) surrounding each landmark. Such an output image can be defined as:
J(x)=ΣlΣi l*δ(|x−x l|;σ), (2)
where g(t) is a Gaussian function with support σ and |x−xl| measures the distance from the pixel x to the lth landmark.
In an exemplary embodiment, the method of FIG. 1 can be used to perform anatomy detection in an input medical image. Given an input image I, the task is to find the exact bounding box of an anatomy of interest (e.g., organ, bone structure, or other anatomical object of interest). The bounding box B(0) can be parameterized by 0. For example, for an axis-aligned box, 0=[xc, s], where xc is the center of the box and s is the size of the box. For a non-axis-aligned box, θ can include position, orientation, and scale parameters. The output image J can be defined as:
J(x)=1 if x∈B(θ); otherwise 0. (3)
This results in a binary mask with pixels (or voxels) equal to 1 within the bounding box and equal 0 at all other pixel locations. Similarly, this definition can be extended to cope with multiple instances of a single anatomy and/or multiple detected anatomies.
In an exemplary embodiment, the method of FIG. 1 can be used to perform anatomy segmentation in an input medical image. Given an input image I, the task is to find the exact boundary of an anatomy or anatomies of interest. In one implementation, the output image J can be a multi-label mask function, defined as:
J(x)=l if x∈Anatomyl; otherwise 0. (4)
In an alternative implementation, the output image J can be defined as an image having a Gaussian-like band surrounding the boundary of each segmented anatomy of interest. Such an output image can be defined as:
J(x)=g(d(x,Anatomyl boundary)), (5)
where d(x, Anatomyl boundary) is the distance from the pixel x to the boundary of the lth segmented anatomy. In other possible implementations, representations such as a signed distance function or even level sets may also be used to define the output image for the anatomy segmentation task.
In an exemplary embodiment, the method of FIG. 1 can be used to perform lesion detection, segmentation, and characterization in an input medical image. In lesion detection and segmentation, given an input image I, the tasks are to detect and segment one or multiple lesions. The output image J for lesion detection and segmentation can be defined as described above for the anatomy detection and segmentation tasks. To handle lesion characterization, which aims to distinguish if a lesion is benign or malignant, if a liver lesion is hyperdense or hypodense, etc., the output image J can be defined by further assigning new labels in the multi-label mask function (Eq. (4)) or the Gaussian band (Eq. (5)) so that fine-grained characterization labels can be captured in the output image.
In an exemplary embodiment, the method of FIG. 1 can be used to perform image denoising of an input medical image. Given an input image I, the image denoising task generates an output image J in which the noise is reduced.
In an exemplary embodiment, the method of FIG. 1 can be used to perform cross-domain image synthesis. Given an input image/acquired from a source domain, the cross-domain image synthesis task generates an output image J as if it was acquired from a target domain. Examples of source/target domains for cross-domain image synthesis includes, but is not limited to, computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance (MR), T1-weighted MR (MRT1)/T-2 weighted MR (MRT2), CT/DynaCT, etc.
In an exemplary embodiment, the method of FIG. 1 can be used to perform cross-modality image registration. Given a pair of input images {I1, I2}, the image registration task finds a deformation field d(x) such that I1(x) and I2(x−d(x)) are in correspondence. In an advantageous implementation, the output image J(x) is exactly the deformation field, J(x)=d(x).
In an exemplary embodiment, the method of FIG. 1 can be used to perform quantitative parametric mapping. Given a set of input images {I1, . . . , In} and a pointwise generative model {I1, . . . , In}(X)=F(J1, . . . , Jm)(X), a parametric mapping task aims to recover the quantitative parameters that generated the input images. Examples of quantitative mapping tasks include MR fingerprinting and material decomposition from spectral CT.
It is to be understood, that for any medical image analysis task, as long as an output image can be defined for that medical image analysis task that provides the results of that medical image analysis task, the medical image analysis task can be regarded as a DI2IN learning problem and performed using the method of FIG. 1.
Returning to FIG. 1, at step 104, input training images are received. The input training images are medical images acquired using any type of medical imaging modality, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), DynaCT, ultrasound, x-ray, positron emission tomography (PET), etc. The input training images correspond to a particular medical image analysis task for which the DI2IN is to be trained. Depending on the particular medical image analysis task for which the DI2IN is to be trained, each input training image for training the DI2IN can be an individual medical image or a set of multiple medical images. The input training images can be received by loading a number of previously stored medical images from a database of medical images.
At step 106, output training images corresponding to the input training images are received or generated. The DI2IN trained for the particular medical image analysis task is trained based on paired input and output training samples. Accordingly for each input training image (or set of input training images), a corresponding output training image is received or generated. The output images for various medical image analysis tasks are defined as described above in step 102. In some embodiments, the output images corresponding to the input training images may be existing images that are stored in a database. In this case, the output training images are received by loading the previously stored output image corresponding to each input training image. In this case, the output training images may be received at the same time as the input training images are received. For example, for the image denoising task, a previously stored reduced noise medical image corresponding to each input training image may be received. For the cross-domain image synthesis task, each input training image is a source domain medical image and a previously acquired target domain medical image corresponding to each source domain medical image may be received. For the cross-modality image registration task, for each input training image pair, a previously stored deformation field defining a registration between the input training image pair may be received. For the quantitative parametric mapping task, for each set of input training images, a previously acquired set of quantitative parameters can be received. For landmark detection, anatomy detection, anatomy segmentation, and lesion detection, segmentation and characterization tasks, if previously stored output images (as defined above) exist for the input training images, the previously stored output images can be received.
In other embodiments, output training images can be generated automatically or semi-automatically from the received input training images. For example, for landmark detection, anatomy detection, anatomy segmentation, and lesion detection, segmentation and characterization tasks, the received input training images may include annotated detection/segmentation/characterization results or manual annotations of landmark l anatomy/lesion locations, boundaries, and/or characterizations may be received from a user via a user input device (e.g., mouse, touchscreen, etc.). The output training images can then be generated by automatically generating a mask images or Gaussian-like circle/band image as described above for each input training image based on the annotations in each input training image. It is also possible, that the locations, boundaries, and/or characterizations in the training input images be determined using an existing automatic or semi-automatic detection/segmentation/characterization algorithm and then used as basis for automatically generating the corresponding output training images. For the image denoising task, if no reduced noise images corresponding to the input training images are already stored, an existing filtering or denoising algorithm can be applied to the input training images to generate the output training images. For the cross-modality image registration task, the output training images can be generated by registering each input training image pair using an existing image registration algorithm to generate a deformation field for each input training image pair. For the quantitative parametric mapping task, the output training image can be generated by applying an existing parametric mapping algorithm to each set of input training images to calculate a corresponding set of quantitative parameters for each set of input training images.
At step 108, a deep image-to-image network (DI2IN) is trained for a particular medical image analysis task based on the input and output training images. According to an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, a mathematical model for the DI2IN is based on a Conditional Random Field (CRF), in which an energy function E is defined as:
E(J(x)|I(x);θ)=Σx∈Ω U(J(x)|I(x);θ)+Σx,y∈Θ V(J(x),J(y)|I(x),I(y);θ), (6)
where U(J(x)|I(x)) is the unary term, V(J(x),J(y)|I(x), I(y)) is the pairwise term, Θ is the set of neighboring pixels, and Θ is the modeling parameter. The likelihood is now given by:
P(J(x)|I(x);θ)=exp(−E(J(x)|I(x);θ))/Z(I(x);θ), (7)
where Z(I(x); θ) is a normalizing partition function.
During training, assuming the availability of paired training datasets {(In(x), Jn(x)); n=1, 2, . . . }, following the maximum likelihood principle, the goal of the training is maximize the likelihood P with respect to the modeling parameter θ:
minθΣn |E(J n(x)|I n(x);θ)+log Z(I(x);θ)]. (8)
In some possible implementations, a regularization term may also be included in Equation (8) to capture a prior belief about the parameter θ. Choices of the regularization include L2 norm, sparsity, etc. The training learns the modeling parameter θ that maximizes the likelihood P. During the testing (or estimation/inference) stage (110 of FIG. 1), given an newly received input image I(x), an output image is generated that maximizes the likelihood P(J(x)|I(x); θ) with the parameter θ fixed as the parameter learned during training.
The modeling choices for the unary and pairwise terms of the CRF energy function largely determines the effectiveness of the solution. According to an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, deep learning is used to model the unary and pairwise terms of the CRF energy function. FIG. 2 illustrates training a DI2IN using a deep learning model in a Conditional Random Field (CRF) framework according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2, a deep network 200 is learned to model the unary and pairwise terms of the CRF energy function. A deep network 200 includes an input layer 202, multiple hidden layers 204, and an output layer 206. For example, the deep network 200 may be a fully connected deep neural network or a convolutional neural network (CNN). The connections between two consecutive layers k and k−1 in the deep neural network 200 are through a set of weights or a weight matrix Wk,k-1. The input layer 202 of the deep network 200 corresponds to image data of the input image (or input images). The output layer 206 of the deep network has two nodes, one which outputs a value for the unary term of the CRF energy function, and one which outputs the pairwise term of the CRF energy function. The outputs from the nodes of the output layer 206 of the deep network 200 are then directly connected into the CRF energy function. The parameters for the deep network 200 are θ={Wk,k-1, k=2, 3, . . . }. Accordingly, in order to train the DI2IN, given paired input and output training images, weights for all the layers of the deep network 200 are learned which result in unary and pairwise terms of the CRF energy function which maximize the likelihood P(J(x)|I(x); θ). Alternatively, the deep network can be trained to generate the unary term of the CRF energy function and the pairwise term can be trained or defined using other methods.
In an embodiment in which the desired output image is a multi-label mask, for example in the cases of landmark detection, anatomy detection and segmentation, and lesion detection, segmentation, and characterization, a multi-class classifier can be learned via a deep network that computes the probability P(l|I(x); θ) of assigning the image pixel I(x) with label l and the unary term can be set as:
U(J(x)=I(x);θ)=−log P(P(l|I(x);θ)). (9)
For the pairwise term, it is advantageous to enforce label smoothness or cross-label context. If the image content at locations x and y are close, their labels should be close as well. In a possible implementation, to enforce label smoothness, the pairwise term can be set as:
V(J(x)=l,J(y)=m|I(x),I(y);θ)=δ(l−m)g(I(x),I(y)), (10)
where g(I(x),I(y)) measures the closeness between I(x) and I(y) in terms of both spatial locations and feature values. Alternatively, to leverage cross-label context, a deep network can be trained too, in which paired class labels (l,m) are used. In other words, the deep network P(l, m|I(x), I(y), θ) is learned to classify (I(x), I(y)) into one of the paired classed (l,m). In this case, the pairwise term can be set as:
V(J(x)=l,J(y)=m|I(x),I(y);θ)=−log(l,m|I(x),I(y)). (11)
In an embodiment in which the output image is a real-valued image, for example in the case of image synthesis, image denoising, and image registration, etc., a regression function F(I(x); θ) can be learned via a deep network that approximates the target output image J(x) and the unary term can be set as:
U ( J ( x ) | I ( x ) ; θ , σ ) = J ( x ) - F ( I ( x ) ; θ ) 2 ( 2 σ 2 ) + log ( σ ) , ( 12 )
where a is a pre-specified standard deviation value. For the pairwise term, to enforce smoothness in the spatial locations, the predicted output values, and the input values, the pairwise term can be set as:
V(J(x),J(y)|I(x),I(y);θ)=λ1 ∥J(x)−J(y)∥2+λ2 ∥I(x)−I(y)∥2+λ3 ∥x−y∥ 2, (13)
where λ1, λ2, and λ3 are weighting parameters used to weight the relative importance of smoothness in the predicted output values, the input values, and the spatial locations, respectively. Alternatively, it is possible to learn a joint regression function G that predicts both values of (J(x), J(y))=G(I(x), I(y); θ) based on I(x) and I(y) and then set the pairwise term as:
V ( J ( x ) , J ( y ) I ( x ) , I ( y ) ; θ ) = [ J ( x ) , J ( y ) ] - G ( I ( x ) , I ( y ) ; θ ) 2 ( 2 ρ 2 ) + log ( ρ ) , ( 14 )
where σ is a pre-specified standard deviation value.
In another possible implementation, where the target real-valued image J is the same for all input image I, but unknown, the training can be extended through the iteration of 2 steps: first, the energy function can be optimized with a given target output image Jt, and second the best target output image Jt+1 can be learned given the optimized energy function. For example, this can be applied to groupwise image registration or atlas-based image registration.
During learning (training), the deep-network is trained in an end-to-end fashion such that Equation (8) is minimized by using the deep network model parameters (i.e., the weights of the deep network). This is performed by computing the gradient of the CRF energy function with respect to the deep network model parameters, which can be done by applying the well-known chain rule. As a result, the well-known Back Propagation (BP) algorithm can be used to implement stochastic gradient descent in order to learn the deep network model parameters (weights) that minimize Equation (8). In the testing stage, the deep network with the learned weights is then used to calculate the unary and pairwise terms of the CRF energy function and the output image is found that optimizes the CRF energy function (i.e., minimizes Equation (8)). To handle complexity in the CRF inference, the mean field approximation method can be utilized to derive a solution efficiently. In an advantageous implementation, to reduce overfitting in learning the deep network, a convolution network, such as a CNN, in which a reduced number of parameters is defined across two consecutive layers of the deep network. When the convolutional network is used for every pixel location, a fully convolutional network is implied.
Returning to FIG. 1, in the testing stage 110, at step 112, an input medical image is received. The input medical image can be a 2D or 3D medical image acquired using any type of medical imaging modality, such as CT, MR, DynaCT, ultrasound, PET, etc. Depending on the medical imaging task to be performed for the received input medical image, the input medical image may be a set of medical images. The input medical image may be received directly from an image acquisition device used to acquire the input medical image, such as a CT scanner, MR scanner, etc. Alternatively, the input medical image may be received by loading a previously acquired medical image from a storage or memory of a computer system or receiving a medical image that has been transmitted from a remote computer system.
At step 114, an output image that provides a result of a medical image analysis task is generated from the input image using the trained deep image-to-image network (DI2IN). As described above, the trained DI2IN includes a trained deep network that calculates a unary term and a pairwise term of the CRF energy function for a predicted output image based on the input medical image and the learned weights of the deep network. The output image is generated by estimating an output image that optimizes the CRF energy function. In particular, with the deep network parameters fixed using the learned weights, an output image is found that minimizes Equation (8) (i.e., maximizes the likelihood of the CRF energy function) for the received input image. The unary and pairwise terms calculated using the trained deep network are set based on the type of output image to be generated, as described above in connection with step 108. The type of output image generated for the target medical image task to be performed is defined at step 102 of the training stage 100 and various examples are described above. For example, a multi-label or binary mask image or a Gaussian-like circle or band image can be generated to provide the results of a landmark detection, anatomy detection or segmentation, or lesion detection, segmentation and characterization task. A denoised medical image can be generated to provide the result of an image denoising task. A synthesized target domain medical image may be generated based on an input source domain medical image to provide the result on a cross-domain image synthesis task. A deformation field may be generated to provide the result for a cross-modality image registration task between a pair of input medical images. An image map of quantitative parameters may be generated from a set of input medical images to provide the result of a parametric mapping.
At step 116, the generated output image, which provides the result of the target medical image analysis task for the input image, is output. For example, the generated output image can be output by displaying the generated output image on a display device of a computer system. The generated output image can also be output by storing the generated output image on a memory or storage of a computer system or by transmitting the generated output image to a remote computer system.
According to an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, a multiscale part-based DI2IN can be trained and used to improve efficiency, robustness, and accuracy of a medical image analysis task. In the present disclosure, a multiscale part-based DI2IN is described for anatomical object segmentation in a 3D medical image. It is to be understood that such a multiscale part-based DI2IN can be trained and applied for other medical image analysis tasks as well.
Automatic detection and segmentation of an anatomical structure (object) in medical images is often a prerequisite for subsequent tasks such as recognition, measurement, or motion tracking, and therefore has numerous applications. Various methods have been proposed for medical image segmentation. However, the robustness and accuracy of those methods still needs further improvement on challenging segmentation problems where the target object exhibits high variations in position, orientations, size, shape, appearance, etc. Recently, fully convolutional network (FCN) has been proposed to leverage a deep convolutional neural network to perform segmentation with one-shot pixel classification (i.e., no bounding box detection is required) in 2D images. The network is trained end-to-end and the segmentation procedure is relatively efficient using a graphics processing unit (GPU) card. However, in FCN, voxel classification is based on a fixed field-of-view (FoV), which may not be optimal, especially for objects exhibiting large variations in size. With the rapid progress of medical imaging technology in the past decade, most medical images are 3D in nature (e.g., CT, MR, or ultrasound). Extending FCN to 3D bring several practical issues, including increased computational cost and memory footprint.
In an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, a multiscale part-based DI2IN is used for anatomical object segmentation of 3D medical images in order to address the above described challenges. A scale space representation (i.e., an image pyramid) of the input image data at multiple image resolutions can be built. For example, reduced resolution images of an input image at resolutions of 16 mm, 8 mm, 4 mm, and 2 mm can be generated. Such an image pyramid can be used in various ways during training and testing. One possible approach is to extract image patches at multiple resolutions. All of these image patches can then be used to simultaneously perform classification. A patch with a fixed size actually has a different field of view (FoV) at different resolutions. For example, a patch with 15×15×15 voxels has an FoV of 240×240×240 mm3 at the 16 mm resolution. Joint training with patches from multiple resolutions can increase robustness of the trained classifier under variation of the object size. As long as the object size matches one of the FoVs, it can be potentially segmented correctly. However, such an approach cannot accelerate the segmentation speed or reduce the memory footprint.
Alternatively, in an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, a sequence of DI2IN classifiers are trained on images with different resolutions. This results in a multiscale DI2IN including a respective DI2IN classifier for each of a plurality of resolutions, in which the segmentation result at a lower resolution is used to constrain the voxel classification at a higher resolution. This can significantly increase the segmentation speed and reduce the memory footprint required for the segmentation. In addition, a part-based DI2IN can be utilized for segmentation of an input image, in which the input image data is split into multiple parts and a separate trained DI2IN classifier is used to perform the segmentation in each of the parts of the input image. This can improve efficiency and accuracy of the segmentation. In various possible implementations, either multiscale DI2IN or part-based DI2IN may be independently implemented or may be combined into a multiscale part-based DI2IN.
FIG. 3 illustrates a method of anatomical object segmentation in a medical image using a multiscale part-based DI2IN according to an embodiment of the present invention. At step 302, an input medical image is received. The input medical image can be a medical image acquired using any type of medical imaging modality, such as CT, MR, ultrasound, PET, DynaCT, x-ray, etc. In an advantageous implementation, the input medical image is a 3D medical image, but the present invention is not limited thereto. The input medical image may be received directly from an image acquisitions device, such as a CT scanner, MR scanner, etc. Alternatively, the input medical image may be received by loading a previously acquired medical image from a storage or memory of a computer system or receiving a medical image that has been transmitted from a remote computer system.
At step 304, an image pyramid with multiple reduced resolution images of the input medical image is generated. The image pyramid is a scale space representation of the input medical image at multiple resolutions. For example, reduced resolution images of the input medical image at resolutions of 16 mm, 8 mm, 4 mm, and 2 mm can be generated. The number and resolutions of the reduced resolution images that are generated correspond to the structure of a trained multiscale part-based DI2IN (see step 306), which can be set in training of the multiscale part-based DI2IN. The image pyramid of the input medical image can be generated using well known techniques for generated reduced resolution images of an input image.
At step 306, a target anatomical object is segmented in each of the reduced resolution images using a sequence of trained DI2IN classifiers. The multiscale part-based DI2IN includes a respective trained DI2IN for each of a plurality of resolution levels. Each respective DI2IN is trained as described above using the method of FIG. 1. Accordingly, each trained DI2IN generates an output image that provides segmentation results for the target anatomical object at the respective resolution level. The segmentation result from the respective trained DI2IN at each reduced resolution level is used to constrain the voxel classification (segmentation) at the subsequent higher resolution level. For example, the higher level DI2IN classification can be constrained to a segmentation mask generated at a lower resolution. That is, the respective trained DI2IN at each reduced resolution level can generate a segmentation mask, and the segmentation mask at each reduced resolution level can be used to define a region of interest (ROI) in the image at the next higher resolution. The ROI is then cropped from the higher resolution image and used as the input image to the next trained DI2IN in the classifier. The ROI in a higher resolution image can correspond to voxels in the lower resolution segmentation mask having non-zero values. In a possible embodiment, the coarse segmentation mask from the lower resolution image may be expanded to compensate for segmentation error due to partial volume effects or imaging noise prior to defining the ROI in the higher resolution image. In many cases, the segmentation result at low resolutions will only occupy a small portion of the image data, such as 10% or even as low as 1%. Therefore, the classification (segmentation) result at low resolutions can be used to eliminate a large portion of the data for consideration at higher resolutions, which significantly increases segmentation speed.
In Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), convolution of filters is performed to extract image features. The filter responses are cached as input to the next CNN layer. If the network is deep or many filters (e.g., hundreds of filters) are used at a certain layer, the memory footprint is high. The maximum amount of memory of a single GPU currently available on market is 12 GB, e.g., the widely used NVIDIA GTX Titan X GPU. (NVIDIA Tesla K80 has 24 GB memory, but it combines two K40 GPUs and there is overhead in transferring data between GPUs.) A typical full-body CT scan contains about 512×512×1000 voxels. Represented with a “float” precision (4 bytes), such a CT scan consumes about 1 GB memory. With 12 GB memory, we can only have up to 12 filters at the original high resolution. In reality, the possible number of filters is even smaller since other CNN layers also consume memory. By using the segmentation mask at a lower resolution on the image pyramid to constrain the input image data at each subsequent higher resolution, a large portion of the image can be discarded completely in the following processing at the subsequent higher resolution. Instead of taking the whole volume as input to the next (higher resolution) layer, the volume can be cropped based on the ROI determined by the coarse segmentation at a lower resolution. In this way, the memory footprint is significantly reduced during training and testing of the DI2IN.
FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary multiscale part-based DI2IN for anatomical object segmentation in a medical image according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 4, the multiscale part-based DI2IN includes respective trained DI2INs 402, 404, and 406 for reduced resolution levels of 8 mm, 4 mm, and 2 mm, respectively. Accordingly, reduced resolution images of the input medical image are generated with resolutions of 8 mm, 4 mm, and 2 mm. DI2IN 402 inputs the 8 mm reduced resolution image and generates a segmentation mask providing a segmentation result in the 8 mm reduced resolution image. The segmentation mask for the 8 mm reduced resolution image defines a ROI which is cropped from the 4 mm reduced resolution image and input to DI2IN 404. DI2IN 404 generates a segmentation mask providing a segmentation result in the ROI of the 4 mm reduced resolution image, and the 4 mm resolution segmentation mask defines a ROI which is cropped from the 2 mm reduced resolution image and input to DI2IN 406. DI2IN 406 generates a segmentation mask providing a segmentation result in the ROI of the 2 mm reduced resolution image. The 2 mm resolution segmentation mask defines an ROI in the original resolution image, which is then classified using a part-based DI2IN.
In addition to reducing the computation time and memory footprint, multiscale DI2IN can also help to compensate variations in object pose and size, thereby increasing the segmentation accuracy. At a low resolution, even though DI2IN may not be able to provide an accurate segmentation of the target object, it will usually provide accurate information of the object location, orientation, and size. With a cropped volume as input to the next level DI2IN, variation in the object center can be removed by putting the object at the center of the cropped volume. In addition, the cropped volume can be further normalized with respect to estimated orientation and size. For example, the ROI can be aligned to the estimated orientation (a tilted ROI) and the ROI size can be set to be proportional to the estimated object size. Once an ROI is determined, other normalization is also possible. For example, non-linear voxel intensity transformation can be performed to make the ROI intensity histogram match statistics calculated from the training set. A classification probability map at a lower resolution can also be exploited as an additional input channel to the next DI2IN. This may further increase the classification accuracy.
Returning to FIG. 3, at step 308, the original resolution image is divided into multiple parts. At step 310, the anatomical object is segmented in each part using a respective trained DI2IN classifier. The segmentation of the original resolution input medical image can be constrained based on the segmentation mask generated from the highest resolution reduced resolution image (e.g., 2 mm in FIG. 4). In particular, the segmentation mask generated from highest resolution reduced resolution image can define an ROI in the original resolution image. The ROI can be cropped from the original resolution input medical image and used as the input image for segmentation at the original resolution. However, if the target object is large, such as the lungs or liver, the cropped volume can still consume a large amount of memory at the highest resolution. Even though DI2IN segments a whole input image with a single forward evaluation of the network, the FoV to perform classification for each voxel is much smaller and fixed. Therefore, the classification of a voxel on a top portion of the object does not use information from the bottom portion of the object at all (if the object height is larger than the FoV. Thus, according to an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, a part-based approach can be used to further reduce the memory footprint of the multiscale DI2IN.
In an advantageous implementation, the original resolution input image resulting from cropping the ROI from the original resolution input medical image can be split into multiple overlapping regions, each referred to as a “part” of the image. According to an advantageous implementation, neighboring regions (parts) should have an overlap at least half of the FoV of the trained deep network in order to generate exactly the same output as performing classification on the whole input image. For example, if the neural network takes a patch of 15×15×15 voxels as input for classification, the overlap between neighboring regions (parts) should be 8 voxels or more. A respective trained DI2IN is trained for segmentation of the target anatomical object in each of the image parts and segmentation of the anatomical object is independently performed in each of the parts of the input original resolution image using the respective trained DI2IN classifier. Each region (part) needs to have a size at least as large as the FoV for voxel classification. If the size of each region (part) is set to the same size as the classification FoV, each voxel will have its own region. This is equivalent to patch-based classification, which is not efficient. Therefore, in an advantageous implementation, the image can be split into a small number of regions (e.g., 5) having a size larger than the classification FoV subject to the constraint of GPU memory. The image characteristics of each part and its surrounding tissue may be quite different. Therefore, a divide-and-conquer strategy can be exploited to train a respective DI2IN for each part. The can make the learning problem easier, resulting in increased segmentation accuracy. The respective DI2IN for each part can be trained as described above using the method of FIG. 1.
As shown in FIG. 4, the multiscale part-based DI2IN of FIG. 4 includes DI2INs 408, 410, 412, 414, and 416, each of which performs segmentation of a respective part of the input medical image at the original resolution. The 2 mm segmentation mask generated by DI2IN 406 defines an ROI that is cropped from the original resolution input medical image, resulting in a cropped original resolution image. The cropped original resolution image is divided into the following five overlapping parts: a top-left part, a top-right part, a center part, a bottom-left part, and a bottom-right part. The size of these parts can be set during training. Each of the parts of the cropped resolution image is an input image that is input to a respective trained DI2IN. DI2INs 408, 410, 412, 414, and 416 segment that top-left part, top-right part, center part, bottom-left part, and bottom-right part, respectively. Each of the part-based original resolution DI2INs 408, 410, 412, 414, and 416 inputs the respective part of the cropped resolution image and outputs a segmentation mask that provides segmentation results for the prospective part. FIG. 5 illustrates exemplary liver segmentation using the multi-scale part-based DI2IN of FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 5, image 502 shows a full torso CT scan at 8 mm resolution. Image 504 shows a cropped liver ROI at the 4 mm resolution using the coarse segmentation at the 8 mm resolution. Image 506 shows a cropped ROI at the 2 mm resolution. Images 508, 510, 512, 514, and 516 show cropped top-left, top-right, center, bottom-left, and bottom-right parts, respectively, of the ROI at the original resolution.
In the embodiment described above in which multiscale and part-based DI2IN are combined, the cropped original resolution image generated from the ROI defined based on the segmentation mask at the highest reduced resolution is divided into multiple parts and each part is independently segmented using a respective trained DI2IN. It is to be understood, that part-based DI2IN can also be applied without multiscale DI2IN, in which case the whole input medical image is divided into a plurality of parts and a respective trained DI2IN used to perform segmentation in each part.
Returning to FIG. 3, at step 312, the segmentation results from the multiple parts of the original resolution image are aggregated to generate a final segmentation image. A respective output image, such as a segmentation mask, can be the respective DI2IN trained for each part, and the output images are combined to generate a final output image (e.g., segmentation mask) that provides the final segmentation result. Due to the overlap between neighboring regions (parts), voxels in the overlapping areas have multiple outputs from different DI2INs. Depending on the medical image analysis task, various aggregation methods can be used to combine the overlapping areas. If the output is a real value image, the values of the voxels in overlapping areas of output images can be averaged, either using a weighted or unweighted average. For segmentation (or detection or characterization), the output for each voxel is a class label that is a discreet value from a limited set. In this case, majority voting (weighted or unweighted) can be used to determine the voxel values in the final output image for voxels in overlapping areas of the output images for the multiple parts.
At step 314, the final segmentation image is output. For example, the final segmentation image can be output by displaying the final segmentation image on a display device of a computer system. The final segmentation image can also be output by storing the final segmentation image on a storage or memory of a computer system or by transmitting the final segmentation image to a remote computer system. In addition to the final segmentation image, the output images providing the segmentation results at the various resolutions and/or for the various parts can also be output. For example, one or more of the output images from the multiscale and multi-part DI2INs can be displayed on the display device.
As described above in the method of FIG. 3, multiscale and part-based DI2IN are used together. It is to be understood that either multiscale DI2IN or part-based DI2IN may also be used independent of one another. The method of FIG. 3 uses multiscale part-based DI2IN to automatically perform anatomical object segmentation in a 3D medical image. It is to be understood that this multiscale and/or part-based DI2IN framework can be similarly applied to other medical image analysis tasks as well. The multiscale and part-based DI2IN framework described for the anatomical object segmentation task can be applied straightforwardly to medical image analysis tasks that generate a mask image, such as landmark detection, anatomical object detection, and lesion detection, segmentation and characterization. The part-based DI2IN can also be applied straightforwardly to other medical image analysis tasks, such as image denoising, cross-domain image synthesis, cross-modality image registration, and quantitative parametric mapping. In an exemplary implementation, in order to apply multiscale DI2IN to medical image analysis tasks such as image denoising, cross-domain image synthesis, cross-modality image registration, and quantitative parametric mapping, output images can be generated at various resolution levels and the estimated output images at various resolution levels can be aggregated, for example by averaging or calculating a weight average of the estimated output images at the various resolution levels.
The above-described methods for training a DI2IN, automatically performing a medical image analysis task using a DI2IN, and anatomical object segmentation in a medical image using a multiscale part-based DI2IN may be implemented on a computer using well-known computer processors, memory units, storage devices, computer software, and other components. A high-level block diagram of such a computer is illustrated in FIG. 6. Computer 602 contains a processor 604, which controls the overall operation of the computer 602 by executing computer program instructions which define such operation. The computer program instructions may be stored in a storage device 612 (e.g., magnetic disk) and loaded into memory 610 when execution of the computer program instructions is desired. Thus, the steps of the methods of FIGS. 1 and 3 may be defined by the computer program instructions stored in the memory 610 and/or storage 612 and controlled by the processor 604 executing the computer program instructions. An image acquisition device 620, such as an MR scanning device or a CT scanning device, can be connected to the computer 602 to input image data to the computer 602. It is possible to implement the image acquisition device 620 and the computer 602 as one device. It is also possible that the image acquisition device 620 and the computer 602 communicate wirelessly through a network. In a possible embodiment, the computer 602 can be located remotely with respect to the image acquisition device 620 and the method steps described herein can be performed as part of a server or cloud based service. In this case, the method steps may be performed on a single computer or distributed between multiple networked computers. The computer 602 also includes one or more network interfaces 606 for communicating with other devices via a network. The computer 602 also includes other input/output devices 608 that enable user interaction with the computer 602 (e.g., display, keyboard, mouse, speakers, buttons, etc.). Such input/output devices 608 may be used in conjunction with a set of computer programs as an annotation tool to annotate volumes received from the image acquisition device 620. One skilled in the art will recognize that an implementation of an actual computer could contain other components as well, and that FIG. 6 is a high level representation of some of the components of such a computer for illustrative purposes.
The foregoing Detailed Description is to be understood as being in every respect illustrative and exemplary, but not restrictive, and the scope of the invention disclosed herein is not to be determined from the Detailed Description, but rather from the claims as interpreted according to the full breadth permitted by the patent laws. It is to be understood that the embodiments shown and described herein are only illustrative of the principles of the present invention and that various modifications may be implemented by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Those skilled in the art could implement various other feature combinations without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
1. A method for automatically performing a medical image analysis task on a medical image of a patient, comprising:
receiving an input medical image of a patient; and
automatically generating an output image that provides a result of a target medical image analysis task on the input medical image using a trained part-based deep image-to-image network (DI2IN) comprising a plurality of trained DI2INs corresponding to a plurality of parts of the input medical image by:
dividing the input medical image into the plurality of parts,
automatically generating, for each of the plurality of parts of the input medical image, a respective output image that provides a result of the target medical image analysis task on that part of the input medical image using the corresponding one of the plurality of trained DI2INs, and
aggregating the respective output images that provide the results of the target medical image analysis task on each of the plurality of parts of the input medical image to generate a final output image that provides the result of the target medical image analysis task on the input medical image.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the trained DI2INs uses a conditional random field (CRF) energy function to estimate the respective output image based on the corresponding one of the plurality of parts of the input medical image and uses a respective trained deep learning network to model unary and pairwise terms of the CRF energy function.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the target medical image analysis task is detection of one or more anatomical landmarks in the input medical image, and the final output image is one of a mask image in which only locations of the one or more anatomical landmarks have non-zero pixel or voxel values or an image with a Gaussian-like circle defined surrounding locations of the one or more anatomical landmarks.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the target medical image analysis task is detection of an anatomy of interest in the input medical image, and the final output image is a mask image in which only pixels or voxels located within a bounding box of the anatomy of interest have non-zero values.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the target medical image analysis task is segmentation of one or more anatomies of interest in the input medical image, and the final output image is one of a mask image in which only pixels or voxels located within boundaries of the one or more anatomies of interest have non-zero values or an image with a Gaussian-like band defined surrounding boundaries of the one or more anatomies of interest.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the target medical image analysis task is lesion detection, segmentation, and characterization, and the final output image is a multi-label mask image in which only pixels or voxels within lesion boundaries of one or more lesions have non-zero values assigned to each of the one or more lesions corresponding to a lesion type for each lesion.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the target medical image analysis task is an image denoising task, and the final output image is a reduced noise image of the input medical image.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the input medical image is a medical image in a source domain, the target medical image analysis task is cross-domain image synthesis, and the final output image is a synthesized medical image in a target domain corresponding to the input medical image.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the input medical image includes receiving the input medical image in a pair of input medical images acquired using different imaging modalities, the target medical image analysis task is registration of the pair of input medical images, and the final output image is a deformation field that provides the registration between the pair of input medical images.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the input medical image includes receiving the input medical image in a set of input medical images, the target medical image analysis task is a quantitative parametric mapping task, and the final output image is a set of quantitative parameters that generate the set of input medical images given a pointwise generative model.
11. The method of claim 1, further comprising, in a training stage prior to receiving the input medical image of the patient:
defining a type of output image that provides the result of the target medical image analysis task;
receiving a plurality of input training images;
receiving or generating corresponding output training images for the plurality of input training images, resulting in a training set of paired input and output training images; and
training each of the DI2INs of the part-based DI2IN by learning weight parameters of a deep learning network that models the unary and pairwise terms of the CRF energy function that result in a maximum likelihood for the corresponding part of the paired input and output training images over the training set of paired input and output training images.
12. The method of claim 2, wherein automatically generating, for each of the plurality of parts of the input medical image, a respective output image that provides a result of the target medical image analysis task on that part of the input medical image using the corresponding one of the plurality of trained DI2INs comprises:
estimating, for each of the plurality of parts of the input medical image, a respective output image that maximizes a likelihood of the CRF energy function given the part of the input medical image and a set of learned weight parameters of the respective trained deep learning network, wherein the respective trained deep learning network calculates the unary and pairwise terms of the CRF energy function based on the part of the input medical image, the estimated respective output image, and the set of learned weight parameters of the respective trained deep learning network.
13. An apparatus for automatically performing a medical image analysis task on a medical image of a patient, comprising:
means for receiving an input medical image of a patient; and
means for automatically generating an output image that provides a result of a target medical image analysis task on the input medical image using a trained part-based deep image-to-image network (DI2IN) comprising a plurality of trained DI2INs corresponding to a plurality of parts of the input medical image, comprising:
means for dividing the input medical image into the plurality of parts,
means for automatically generating, for each of the plurality of parts of the input medical image, a respective output image that provides a result of the target medical image analysis task on that part of the input medical image using the corresponding one of the plurality of trained DI2INs, and
means for aggregating the respective output images that provide the results of the target medical image analysis task on each of the plurality of parts of the input medical image to generate a final output image that provides the result of the target medical image analysis task on the input medical image.
14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein each of the trained DI2INs uses a conditional random field (CRF) energy function to estimate the respective output image based on the corresponding one of the plurality of parts of the input medical image and uses a respective trained deep learning network to model unary and pairwise terms of the CRF energy function.
15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the target medical image analysis task is one of anatomic landmark detection, anatomic structure detection, anatomic structure segmentation, lesion detection, segmentation or characterization, image denoising, cross-domain image synthesis, cross-modality image registration, or quantitative parameter mapping.
16. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising means for training the DI2IN comprising:
means for defining a type of output image that provides the result of the target medical image analysis task;
means for receiving a plurality of input training images;
means for generating corresponding output training images for the plurality of input training images, resulting in a training set of paired input and output training images; and
means for training each of the DI2INs of the part-based DI2IN by learning weight parameters of a deep learning network that models the unary and pairwise terms of the CRF energy function that result in a maximum likelihood for the corresponding part of the paired input and output training images over the training set of paired input and output training images.
17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the means for automatically generating, for each of the plurality of parts of the input medical image, a respective output image that provides a result of the target medical image analysis task on that part of the input medical image using the corresponding one of the plurality of trained DI2INs comprises:
means for estimating, for each of the plurality of parts of the input medical image, a respective output image that maximizes a likelihood of the CRF energy function given the part of the input medical image and a set of learned weight parameters of the respective trained deep learning network, wherein the respective trained deep learning network calculates the unary and pairwise terms of the CRF energy function based on the part of the input medical image, the estimated respective output image, and the set of learned weight parameters of the respective trained deep learning network.
18. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing computed program instructions for automatically performing a medical image analysis task on a medical image of a patient, the computer program instructions when executed by a processor cause the processor to perform operations comprising:
19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein each of the trained DI2INs uses a conditional random field (CRF) energy function to estimate the respective output image based on the corresponding one of the plurality of parts of the input medical image and uses a respective trained deep learning network to model unary and pairwise terms of the CRF energy function.
20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein the target medical image analysis task is one of anatomic landmark detection, anatomic structure detection, anatomic structure segmentation, lesion detection, segmentation or characterization, image denoising, cross-domain image synthesis, cross-modality image registration, or quantitative parameter mapping.
21. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein the operations further comprise, in a training stage prior to receiving the input medical image of the patient:
22. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 19, wherein automatically generating, for each of the plurality of parts of the input medical image, a respective output image that provides a result of the target medical image analysis task on that part of the input medical image using the corresponding one of the plurality of trained DI2INs comprises:
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US7869767B2 - Method and apparatus for adaptively controlling signals - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for adaptively controlling signals Download PDF
Ronald D. McCallister
Eric M. Brombaugh
CrestCom Inc
2008-12-12 Application filed by CrestCom Inc filed Critical CrestCom Inc
2012-12-11 Assigned to CRESTCOM, INC. reassignment CRESTCOM, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BROMBAUGH, ERIC M., MCCALLISTER, RONALD D.
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H03—BASIC ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
H03G—CONTROL OF AMPLIFICATION
H03G3/00—Gain control in amplifiers or frequency changers without distortion of the input signal
H03G3/20—Automatic control
H03G3/30—Automatic control in amplifiers having semiconductor devices
H03G3/3036—Automatic control in amplifiers having semiconductor devices in high-frequency amplifiers or in frequency-changers
H03G3/3042—Automatic control in amplifiers having semiconductor devices in high-frequency amplifiers or in frequency-changers in modulators, frequency-changers, transmitters or power amplifiers
H03G3/3047—Automatic control in amplifiers having semiconductor devices in high-frequency amplifiers or in frequency-changers in modulators, frequency-changers, transmitters or power amplifiers for intermittent signals, e.g. burst signals
H03F—AMPLIFIERS
H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
H03F1/02—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation
H03F1/0205—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers
H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
H03F3/20—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers
H03F3/24—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers of transmitter output stages
H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
H04B1/02—Transmitters
H04B1/04—Circuits
H04B1/0475—Circuits with means for limiting noise, interference or distortion
H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
H04L27/2614—Peak power aspects
H04L27/2623—Reduction thereof by clipping
H04L27/2624—Reduction thereof by clipping by soft clipping
H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
H03F2200/165—A filter circuit coupled to the input of an amplifier
H03F2200/258—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the input of the amplifier has voltage limiting means
A signal processing system according to various aspects of the present invention includes an excursion signal generator, a scaling system and a filter system. The excursion signal generator identifies a peak portion of a signal that exceeds a threshold and generates a corresponding excursion signal. The scaling system applies a real scale factor to contiguous sets of excursion samples in order to optimize peak-reduction performance. The filter system filters the excursion signal to remove unwanted frequency components from the excursion signal. The filtered excursion signal may then be subtracted from a delayed version of the original signal to reduce the peak. The signal processing system may also control power consumption by adjusting the threshold. The signal processing system may additionally adjust the scale of the excursion signal and/or individual channel signals, such as to meet constraints on channel noise and output spectrum, or to optimize peak reduction. The magnitude threshold, excursion signal and/or individual channel signals may also be adaptively adjusted based on, for example, a channel signal quality such as a noise level specification.
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 11/417,477, filed Apr. 27, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,783,260 to which priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 is claimed, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF INVENTION
This invention relates generally to signal transmission systems, including those associated with cellular infrastructure, where signal peaks may be advantageously reduced, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for reduction of peak power requirements by adaptively controlling signals.
Wireless communication basestations, networks, and other systems use power amplifiers to transmit signals to cellular phones, handheld messaging devices, computers, personal electronic assistants, and other devices. A power amplifier increases the average power of the transmitted wireless signal sufficiently to maintain a reliable communication link at any required distance. This is necessary because signal waveforms are used to efficiently convey information between a transmitter and a distant receiver. Since noise and interference are combined with the signal waveform at the receiver, the transmitter must amplify its waveform prior to transmission sufficiently to guarantee that the ratio of received signal energy to noise/interference energy exceeds a specified value; otherwise the receiver's additive noise/interference can overwhelm the signal energy, resulting in loss of information over the data link. This constraint applies to communication systems employing wireless transmission, including radio frequency (RF), optical and audio technologies.
Pre-transmission amplification of the information-bearing signal waveform constitutes one of the major costs associated with modern information transfer. FIG. 1 depicts a typical relationship between amplification cost and the maximum (peak) magnitude of the signal waveform. Package cost generally dominates for low peak-power amplifiers. However, beyond some point, additional peak-power capability results in exponentially-increasing amplifier costs. For this reason, signal processing techniques capable of reducing peak values of the transmitted waveform are greatly valued in modern wireless signal transmission systems.
The transmitted signal's power varies depending on both the modulation type and the data sequence being transmitted, which results in peaks and troughs in the instantaneous power as a function of time. The complexity and cost of an amplifier is highly dependent on the maximum instantaneous power it must accommodate. Consequently, basestation providers and operators and other electronics users seek ways to lower the instantaneous or “peak” power requirements of the relevant system.
To reduce system peak power requirements, a provider may simply limit the maximum amplifier output power by constraining or “clipping” the maximum magnitude of the amplifier's output signal. Clipping the amplifier output effectively reduces the peak power output requirement while still providing ordinary amplification for non-peak signals. Since the cost of a power amplifier rapidly increases as it is required to accommodate higher peak power levels, clipping can significantly reduce system cost. Clipping may be particularly attractive in applications in which large peaks occur only occasionally. For example, a single amplifier often simultaneously amplifies signals for multiple channels. Occasionally, the multiple channel signals constructively combine to generate a relatively high peak. The amplifier must either fully amplify the peak, requiring an expensive high peak-power amplifier, or the output magnitude may be clipped to facilitate the use of a lower peak-power, less expensive amplifier.
In wireless communications and networking, however, clipping is unacceptable. Clipping induces spectral regrowth, creating spectral energy in potentially restricted spectral regions. The electromagnetic spectrum is a finite resource, and it is strictly apportioned by restrictions from various governmental regulating agencies to minimize interference from competing users. The various spectrum users receive permission to transmit within certain bandwidths and are ordinarily prohibited from transmitting outside of the designated bandwidth. Even within the so-called “unlicensed bands”, strict FCC standards regulate spectral emissions to minimize interferences. Because spectral regrowth adds unacceptable frequency components to the signal, spectrum regulations do not permit clipping as a solution for high-power amplifier requirements.
The relationship between signal peaks and amplifier characteristics is of great significance with respect to wireless communications. Efficient power amplifiers exhibit an intrinsically nonlinear relationship between input and output power. The relationship between amplifier input and output power is depicted in the lower curve 240 of FIG. 2. For low levels of input power, the amplifier output signal is essentially a linearly-amplified replica of the input. However, at higher input signal power levels, the amplifier output reaches an upper limit, the amplifier saturation power, which cannot be exceeded. The region of the amplifier curve near the saturation point is nonlinear. Operation of the amplifier near its nonlinear amplification region generates unacceptable nonlinear noise which violates regulatory spectral masks, forcing operation at a lower input power level. Prior art includes numerous techniques which can be used to ‘linearize’ an amplifier, thus mitigating the nonlinear characteristic, and approaching the ideal linear relationship shown in the upper curve 242 in FIG. 2.
Amplifier nonlinearities convert input signal energy into nonlinear spectral energy which may violate regulatory spectral mask constraints. It is therefore necessary to limit the strength of the signal input to the amplifier so that its magnitude only rarely extends beyond the linear region of operation. As FIG. 2 shows, the value of amplifier linearization is that it can greatly extend the upper limits of the amplifier's linear region. After the amplifier has been linearized to the practical limit, generation of unwanted nonlinear spectral components may be further reduced by limiting the likelihood that the signal magnitude extends beyond the amplifier's linear region. This reflects the important fact that generation of unwanted nonlinear components requires that signal peaks extend beyond the amplifier's linear region; both signal and amplifier characteristics are involved, and both must be addressed.
The need for peak-reduction processing was greatly increased by the relatively recent widespread adoption of so-called ‘multi-channel’ signal waveforms for wireless infrastructure systems. The adoption of multi-channel signaling (MCS) occurred because of the strong economic incentive to combine several independent signal waveforms wherein all of the signals are transmitted in the same spatial direction and all signals can then share a single antenna. Previously, infrastructure basestations separately amplified each waveform, which were then combined using a ‘diplexer’ before sending the composite amplified signal to the antenna. However, since a four-signal high-power diplexer can cost on the order of $10,000, an alternative solution in the form of MCS was developed. In MCS, several independent signal waveforms are generated and combined while still in digital form. The combined signals then share a common frequency translation to RF, a common amplifier and a common antenna. The heavy, bulky, and expensive diplexer is eliminated. The digital channel waveforms remain separated by the inter-channel frequency spacing, typically less than ten megahertz, so that inexpensive (relatively low rate) digital processing can easily generate the composite waveform. FIG. 3 depicts the baseband complex spectra associated with four adjacent cellular signals. Note that the frequency offsets correspond only to the relative transmission frequencies, since the common RF frequency translation will be added to the MCS waveform after it has been converted into analog form. While MCS provides an economically advantageous solution to the diplexer problem associated with earlier transmission systems, MCS greatly aggravates the peak magnitude problem, since the signal peak of an MCS waveform is much higher than that of each of its component signal waveforms. Thus, MCS remains an incomplete solution to the diplexer problem of earlier transmission systems until peak reduction in MCS is effectively addressed.
In addition to the emergence of MCS waveforms with their large peak magnitudes, several important worldwide wireless standards [e.g. 802.11 (WiFi) and 802.16 (WiMAX)] have adopted orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms which use parallel transmission of many narrowband components. An OFDM signal may be considered as a special case of multi-channel transmission, with no spectral spacing between adjacent channels, and short burst (rather than continuous) transmission. The WiMAX waveform, which has been proposed as a potential worldwide solution for all wireless communication, uses basestation transmissions consisting of OFDM with several hundred channels. These channels are allocated to many users, with modulation types and power levels of those sets of channels sent to each user selected based on the path attenuation for each distinct physical link. The large peak power level variation of the many OFDM channels generates peak-reduction demands similar to those of MCS. OFDM must also satisfy stringent error vector magnitude (EVM) constraints for each set of channels allocated for each individual user, in the face of dynamically-varying channel modulation orders, path losses, and signal power levels. Peak-reduction processing therefore offers economic advantages to modern wireless communication systems, both RF and optical, both MCS and OFDM, as well as any other system in which signal peaks are beneficially reduced based on any standard, requirement or economic factor including, for example, digital radio and television broadcast systems.
Numerous technical papers directed to techniques for peak-reduction processing have been published, and several patents have been awarded, as would be expected for such an economically vital challenge.
One peak-reduction processing approach simply modifies the information stream itself prior to the signal generation (modulation) operation. See, e.g., R. W. Bauml, R. F. H. Fisher, and J. B. Huber, “Reducing the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio of Multi-Carrier Modulation by Selected Mapping,” Electron. Lett., vol. 32, no. 22, October 1996, pp. 2056-2057; R. van Nee and A. de Wild, “Reducing the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio of OFDM,” Proc. IEEE VTC '98, May 1998, pp. 2072-2076. While this technique reduces the peaks, it also significantly degrades the performance of error-correction coding, and has thus failed to find any significant market acceptance.
Other approaches generate/modulate the information stream onto the waveform, then alter that waveform to reduce its peak magnitude. See, e.g., T. May and H. Rohling, “Reducing the Peak-To-Average Power Ratio in OFDM Radio Transmission Systems,” Proc. IEEE VTC '98, May 1998, pp. 2474-78. One such approach applies localized smoothly-varying attenuation to the signal in the vicinity of each peak. Yet another approach avoids generating nonlinear noise by simply subtracting suitably scaled band-limited pulses from the signal to cancel each peak. While these approaches offer improvement, and at least two patents (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,366,319 and 6,104,761) have been granted for such an approach, they both add excessive noise to the signal. These approaches also do not offer a comprehensive and systematic peak-reduction processing solution when the MCS channels are dynamically varying in relative power levels and when the EVM requirements of each channel also dynamically vary, as is the case with real-world MCS transmission.
Still another technique is the classic clip-and-filter approach, which simply passes the waveform through a “clipper” (i.e. hard-limiter), then filters the clipped to ensure compliance with regulatory spectral constraints. This approach is very commonly used for peak-reduction of OFDM signals. e.g., R. O'Neill and L. Lopes, “Envelope Variations and Spectral Splatter in Clipped Multi-carrier Signals,” Proceedings of the PMRC '95, September 1995, pp. 71-75; J. Armstrong, “New OFDM Peak-to-Average Power Reduction Scheme,” IEEE VTC 2001, May 2001, Rhodes, Greece; J. Armstrong, “Peak-to-Average Power Reduction in Digital Television Transmitters,” DICTA2002 Conference, Melbourne, January 2002, pp. 19-24; J. Armstrong, “Peak-to-Average Power Reduction for OFDM by Repeated Clipping and Frequency Domain Filtering,” Electronics Letters. vol. 38, No. 5, February 2002, pp. 246-47; U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2004/0266372, 2004/0266369; H. A. Suraweera, K. Panta, M. Feramez and J. Armstrong, “OFDM Peak-to-Average Power Reduction Scheme With Spectral Masking,” Int'l Symposium on Comm. Systems Networks and Digital Processing (2004). The prior art in this area does nothing more than filter away out-of-band (OOB) energy. However, hard-limiting in this manner introduces passband nonlinear interference which cannot be removed by out-of-band filtering, and even out-of-band DFT filtering distorts the signal.
A conceptually-related peak reduction technique involves determining the ‘excursion’ (the portion of the signal exceeding a defined magnitude threshold), then filtering, scaling and time-aligning the excursion prior to subtracting it from a suitably delayed version of the original signal. This ‘filtered excursion’ approach eliminates signal distortion by applying filtering only to the excursion. The advantage is that spectral constraints are met without generating signal distortion, and peaks can be reduced by the maximum amount permitted by spectral constraints. The only prior art description of the filtered excursion approach, J. Armstrong, “PCC-OFDM with Reduced Peak-to-Average Power Ratio,” in IEEE 3Gwireless 2001, May 30-Jun. 2, 2001, San Francisco, pp. 386-391, is limited to a non-standard variant of OFDM that involves overlapped symbols. The author has notably described clip-and-filter as the preferred peak-reduction approach for standard OFDM signals in all subsequent publications.
This ‘filtered excursion’ approach forms the theoretical basis for the present invention as described and claimed below, but the present invention goes beyond prior approaches in several significant respects. The prior art relating to the filtered excursion approach to peak-reduction processing properly recognized the need for interpolation prior to forming the excursion signal, although claiming, incorrectly, that over-sampling by a factor of only two was required. An increased sampling rate prevents nonlinear spectral components associated with the excursion from aliasing back into the spectrum occupied by the original signal. This is important because once such nonlinear components occur, they cannot be removed by filtering. However, the prior art failed to recognize several critical factors involved in achieving optimal peak reduction. For example, the prior art did not recognize the need to vary the attenuation-versus-frequency characteristic of the excursion filtering across the signal passband in order to properly protect the weaker signal components. The prior art described only static frequency-dependent attenuation of the out-of-band excursion spectral components, and pointedly instructed to “distort the in-band (i.e. passband) component of the difference (excursion) as little as possible.” However, the nonlinearity represented by excursion formation generates relatively uniform spectral nonlinearity noise across the signal bandwidth. Ensuring that all portions of the signal satisfy a minimal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) constraint thus requires that extra attenuation be applied to the excursion in those spectral regions of weaker signal spectral energy. Even more critically, since the relative spectral energy of different signals varies dynamically, any such signal-responsive filtering must be dynamically adapted over time. Finally, each portion of a multi-channel signal must independently satisfy the error vector magnitude (EVM) constraint, which limits each distinct channel's SNR to one of a set of defined values, depending on that channel's modulation type. The cited prior art failed to recognize the need to dynamically adapt the signal passband ‘filtering’ in order to satisfy this critical specification. Finally, the prior art failed to grasp the critical importance of applying dynamic scaling to different portions of the excursion prior to filtering in order to achieve significantly enhanced peak-reduction. An object of the present invention is thus to provide gain and other control strategies for optimizing peak reduction subject to noise level (for example EVM) constraints, signal dynamics and residual linear and nonlinear distortion energy considerations.
A signal processing system for use in, for example, a communication and/or amplifier system, according to various aspects of the present invention includes an excursion signal generator and a filter system. The excursion signal generator identifies a peak portion of a signal exceeding a threshold, such as a magnitude threshold. Distinct portions of the excursion waveform are dynamically scaled to enhance peak reduction. The filter system filters a corresponding excursion signal having a magnitude and waveform corresponding to the portion exceeding the threshold to remove unwanted frequency components from a scaled version of the excursion signal. The filtered excursion signal may then be subtracted from a delayed version of the original signal to reduce the peak. In one embodiment, the signal processing system adapts to varying channel power levels by adjusting the magnitude threshold. The signal processing system may also adjust the scale of the excursion signal and/or individual channel signals, such as to meet constraints on channel noise and output spectrum, or to optimize peak reduction. In other embodiments, the magnitude threshold, excursion signal and/or individual channel signals may also be adaptively adjusted based on, for example, a channel signal quality such as a noise level specification.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES
A more complete understanding of the present invention may be derived by referring to the detailed description when considered in connection with the following illustrative figures. In the following figures, like reference numbers refer to similar elements and steps.
FIG. 1 illustrates the relationship between the magnitude of the signal peak and amplifier cost;
FIG. 2 is a comparison of nonlinear and linearized amplifier characteristics;
FIG. 3 shows the baseband complex spectra associated with adjacent cellular signals;
FIG. 4 is an illustration of a complex signal over time and a magnitude threshold;
FIG. 5 shows an exemplary signal magnitude probability density function (pdf);
FIG. 6 shows an exemplary peak-reduced signal magnitude probability density function;
FIG. 7 depicts complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) curves corresponding to four wideband code-division multiple access (WCDMA) channels using various values for the magnitude threshold;
FIG. 8 shows an optimized relationship between peak-reduction and amplifier linearization;
FIG. 9 shows exemplary raw excursion and filtered excursion waveforms including a portion of a signal exceeding a defined threshold;
FIG. 10 is a diagram of an excursion comprising multiple peaks or “peak events”;
FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a communications system according to various aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a signal processing system having a peak-power reduction component according to various aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a block diagram of an MCS modulator;
FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a peak-power reduction component;
FIG. 15 is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of an excursion signal generator;
FIG. 16 is a block diagram of an embodiment of an excursion signal generator;
FIG. 17 is a block diagram of an excursion signal generator having multiple scaling circuits;
FIG. 18 A-C are frequency diagrams for a signal processed by a filter system;
FIG. 19 is a diagram of a channel filter for filtering subchannels;
FIG. 20 is a magnitude diagram of a signal comprising multiple channels having subchannels;
FIG. 21 is a schematic of a detailed peak-reduction processing algorithm and architecture including an exemplary channel scaling circuit;
FIG. 22 illustrates a peak-reduction processing architecture;
FIG. 23 is a schematic of a detailed peak-reduction processing algorithm and architecture including an exemplary channel scaling circuit and circuitry for adaptively varying the signal magnitude threshold;
FIG. 24 shows a functional architecture for a typical excursion filter system 514;
FIG. 25 is a schematic representation of an excursion filter, a corresponding scaling filter, and their respective impulse responses;
FIG. 26 is a plot describing the desired variation in the gain within each channel filter 518 as a function of the filtered excursion power from each excursion filter channel;
FIG. 27 is an illustrative plot showing gain-controlled EVM dynamics corresponding to the algorithm and architecture of FIG. 21;
FIG. 27A is an illustrative plot showing the negligible spectral impact of EVM-controlled gain using the algorithm and architecture of FIG. 21;
FIG. 27B shows a raw and peak-reduced CCDF plot for a combination of four strong channels corresponding to the algorithm and architecture of FIG. 23;
FIG. 27C shows a plot of channel gains and EVM values versus time corresponding to the CCDF plot of FIG. 27B;
FIG. 27D shows a raw and peak-reduced CCDF plot for one weak channel and three strong channels corresponding to the algorithm and architecture of FIG. 23;
FIG. 27E shows a plot of channel gains and EVM values versus time corresponding to the CCDF plot of FIG. 27D;
FIG. 27F shows an improved CCDF plot achieved using cascaded peak reduction;
FIG. 28 is a block diagram of a scaling system having an approximation/scaling filter;
FIG. 29 is a TDMA waveform diagram of a sequence of time slots and a time slot windowing signal;
FIG. 30 is a block diagram of a filter system having additional filters and a switching system;
FIG. 31 shows the magnitude of a TDMA signal comprising multiple channels transmitted in a series of time slots;
FIG. 32 is a block diagram of an OFDM peak-power reduction component having an interpolator, a decimator, fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), and peak-event scaling, that shows mask generation based on channel-specific signal power and EVM constraints; and
FIG. 33 is a block diagram of an OFDM peak-power reduction component having an interpolator, a decimator, fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), peak-event scaling, mask generation based on channel-specific signal power and EVM constraints, and adaptive control of the magnitude threshold.
Elements and steps in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been rendered according to any particular sequence. For example, steps that may be performed concurrently or in different order are illustrated in the figures to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
The peak-reduction concepts of the present invention as discussed below are presented primarily in the context of MCS (typically four WCDMA channels), since it simplifies the discussion to treat a smaller number of signal channels. However, the peak-reduction processing concepts of the present invention are equally applicable to OFDM signals. Similarly, the discussion below is presented in the context of wireless communications systems. However, the peak-reduction processing concepts of the present invention are equally applicable to, for example, digital radio and television broadcast systems, including wired, terrestrial and satellite broadcast systems. The invention may, for example, provide benefits in the processing of any signal conveyed via variations in electromagnetic or acoustic fields. The inventive concepts may therefore be applied in optical data transmission and audio systems. The present invention thus includes within its scope the processing of signals, or apparatus therefor, in any system in which signal peaks may be advantageously reduced based on or pursuant to any standard, requirement or economic factor.
In the following discussion of the peak-reduction concepts of the present invention, the signal is assumed to be represented by a sequence of complex (i.e. quadrature) samples that uniquely describe the signal's instantaneous magnitude and phase as these values dynamically evolve over time. The random information borne by the signal results in random dynamic variations in signal phase and magnitude. FIG. 4 depicts such a signal as a time-varying trajectory. The cylindrical surface feature in FIG. 4 simply corresponds to a defined constraint on signal magnitude (the ‘threshold’). Occasionally, the magnitude exceeds the threshold; in FIG. 4 the extra-cylinder portion 410 of the signal 222 is illustrative of the portion of the signal which exceeds the threshold 412.
With reference to FIG. 4, the ‘clipped signal’ is that portion of the signal lying entirely within, or on, the cylinder, with the portion exterior to the cylinder replaced by its projection 410A onto the cylinder. The clipped signal magnitude is bounded by the threshold value; its phase is always identical to the original (unclipped) signal. This constraint on signal magnitude can be expressed mathematically as follows:
C ( n ) ≡ S ( n ) ∀ n _ S ( n ) ≤ M M [ S ( n ) S ( n ) ] ∀ n _ S ( n ) > M
Where C(n) is the clipped signal, S(n) is the unclipped signal, ∥S(n)∥ is the magnitude of the unclipped signal, M is the magnitude threshold and ∀n — ∥S(n)∥ means “for all values of n such that the magnitude of S(n).” Each signal segment 410 outside the cylindrical surface is defined as an excursion event X(n):
X(n)≡S(n)−C(n)
Variation in signal magnitude can be quantified statistically. FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the so-called magnitude probability density function (pdf) for a typical signal. Note that the magnitude pdf 250 exhibits a very long tail (along the Signal Magnitude axis), implying that very large values of signal magnitude can occur, albeit with declining likelihood as the signal magnitude gets larger. The purpose of peak-reduction processing is to alter the signal in a manner which eliminates or substantially reduces the probability that the signal magnitude will exceed some defined (threshold) value. To totally eliminate the possibility that the signal magnitude will exceed such a threshold value would have the effect of modifying the magnitude pdf from that depicted in FIG. 5 to that depicted in FIG. 6. The vertical dashed line 412 of FIG. 5 represents the magnitude threshold value. The increase in probability near the magnitude threshold in FIG. 6 as compared to FIG. 5 is a result of the fact that the area under the pdf curve must equal unity. The impact of a peak-reduction algorithm must therefore be able to transfer the tail (above the magnitude threshold) back into the body of the pdf (below the magnitude threshold). MCS magnitude pdfs exhibit extremely long tails like that shown in FIG. 5, which illustrates why MCS remains an incomplete solution to the diplexer problem discussed above until peak-reduction is effectively addressed.
Therefore, as can be appreciated from FIGS. 5 and 6, an important function of peak-reduction processing is to reduce the likelihood of large signal magnitudes. The communications industry commonly uses the statistical metric known as the Complementary Cumulative Probability Density Function (CCDF) plot to more clearly characterize the effectiveness of peak-reduction processing. The x-axis (horizontal) of a CCDF curve begins at 0 dB (defined as the average power of the signal), and extends to the maximum peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) value of the signal. The y-axis (vertical) of a CCDF curve lists the probability (on a log scale) that a given complex sample has any specific peak-to-average value. Plotting the before and after CCDF curves on the same graph characterizes the effectiveness of peak reduction. Plotting CCDFs for the same signal set using alternative peak-reduction processing algorithms clearly describes their comparative effectiveness. For example, FIG. 7 depicts CCDFs corresponding to four peak-reduced WCDMA channels using various values for the magnitude threshold M. In FIG. 7 the right-most curve corresponds to the raw input and the other curves correspond to the peak-reduced channel signals.
As discussed above with respect to prior art attempts to solve the problems associated with peak-power reduction, in the absence of regulatory spectral constraints, the optimal peak-reduction approach would be to simply determine the excursion and subtract that waveform from the original signal. This would yield the clipped signal. However, a spectral mask constraint does in fact exist, e.g., in the wireless telecommunications field, and therefore the original signal must be designed to satisfy the spectral mask. Thus, since the original signal in such a system is designed to satisfy the spectral mask constraint, only the excursion contributes unacceptable spectral energy. Sufficient filtering must therefore be applied to the excursion waveform (consisting of many isolated excursion events), to achieve compliance with the regulatory spectral masks. While this approach will not achieve complete cancellation of the deleterious excursion events, it comes as close as possible within the constraints of such a filtering technique while complying with the regulatory spectral constraints. The peak-reduction approach described and claimed herein builds on such a “filtered excursion” concept to provide a more complete solution to the problems associated with peak-reduction processing.
It is readily apparent that the signal magnitude probability density function as depicted in FIGS. 5 and 6 can be altered simply by replacing the original signal by the clipped signal, as defined above. Unfortunately, as also discussed above, clipping is an intrinsically nonlinear operation which introduces abrupt discontinuities in higher-order signal derivatives. Such discontinuities result in so-called spectral splatter, which generates spurious spectral energy outside the regulatory spectral mask. There is thus a need to simultaneously satisfy the spectral mask and re-shape the magnitude probability density function. Various aspects of the approach of the present peak-reduction concept achieve this and other objectives.
With respect to the discussion of variation in signal magnitude above with respect to FIGS. 2, 5 and 6, note that peak reduction will permit the signal to enter the amplifier shifted further to the right whether or not linearization is used. If both peak reduction and linearization are used, the signal input power level may be increased (i.e. shifted to the right) so that the signal magnitude threshold is identical to the upper limit of the amplifier linear region. This yields the maximum average output power and operating efficiency possible with a particular signal and amplifier. A signal transmission system may employ both these processing techniques, offering unique synergistic benefits. FIG. 8 depicts a peak-reduced signal at two different input powers with respect to a linearized amplifier characteristic 242. In both cases, the amplifier operation is entirely linear, since the entire signal magnitude range lies within the amplifier's linear region of operation. However, the amplifier output power is greater when the input signal has been pre-amplified, which shifts the pdf curve 252 so that its magnitude peak aligns with the amplifier's maximum linear limit, as illustrated by the right-most magnitude pdf curve 254.
FIG. 8 graphically depicts the key relationships between peak reduction and amplifier linearization. An objective of the present invention is to minimize the signal's maximum PAR value, the vertical boundary ideally to be aligned with the maximum linear limit of the amplifier. For example, every 1 dB reduction in PAR increases the maximum average amplifier power output by an extra 1 dB. A 3 dB reduction in signal PAR can reduce the cost of a basestation amplifier by thousands of dollars, providing a significant economic incentive.
FIG. 9 depicts a portion of a signal segment showing magnitude as it exceeds a defined threshold 412, the corresponding excursion event 410 and the filtered excursion 410B. The broad shaded bands represent pre-cursor 412A and post-cursor 412B segments, in which exponentially-decaying oscillations occur. Note that as the excursion filter system smoothes the excursion waveform it alters the peak magnitude from what is required to completely cancel the peak when subsequently subtracted from the time-aligned original signal. Each filtered excursion must therefore be scaled to ensure that subsequent subtraction from the time-aligned original signal reduces the signal peak to match the defined threshold. It is thus apparent that the desired scale factor is the ratio of the excursion peak magnitude Mx to the filtered excursion peak magnitude Mf. Since the filter's impact is invariant to scale changes, this scaling ensures that the filtered peak substantially matches the original excursion peak magnitude. However, the excursion scaling operation is complicated by the fact that the optimal scale factor is different for every excursion and depends on a complex interaction (convolution) between excursion samples and excursion filter system characteristics.
Excursion events are typically comprised of multiple local peak events. The heuristic description above conveys the core concept of filtered excursions, and the need to scale each excursion by a factor depending on both the excursion shape and the applied filtering. However, prior to describing a functional architecture for peak reduction within the scope of the present invention, the definitions of terms must be extended to address the fact that excursion events, consisting of contiguous non-zero excursion waveform samples, often are comprised of multiple signal magnitude peaks. FIG. 10 depicts an example of such a multi-peak excursion event, and shows the manner in which each such excursion event 2310 may be partitioned (‘parsed’) into a set of contiguous peak events 2312. In this example, the boundary between peak events is defined as the magnitude sample at the local minimum; it may be arbitrarily included in either of the bordering peak events for purposes of scaling. The scaling procedure may then parse the excursion waveform into sets of peak events, determine the optimal scaling factor for the complex samples which comprise each peak event, and then apply the resultant scaling factor prior to filtering of the excursion signal to satisfy spectral mask constraints. Of course, in other embodiments of the present invention excursion events may be parsed differently, based on any characteristics or attribute of the signal excursion which results in the desired excursion reduction.
The present invention is described partly in terms of functional components and partly in terms of various processing steps. Such functional components may be realized by any number of components configured to perform the specified functions and achieve the various results. For example, the present invention may employ various elements, materials, signal sources, signal types, integrated components, amplifiers, filters, and the like, which may carry out a variety of functions. In addition, although the invention is described in the wireless communication environment, the present invention may be practiced in conjunction with any number of applications, environments, communication protocols, amplification systems, and signal processing systems, including, but not limited to, optical/acoustic applications, environments, communication protocols and systems. The systems described herein are merely exemplary applications for the invention. Further, the present invention may employ any number of techniques for manufacturing, assembling, testing, and the like.
Referring to FIG. 11, a communications system 100 according to various exemplary aspects of the present invention comprises a transmitter 110 and a receiver 112. The transmitter 110 provides signals such as optical signals, electrical signals, acoustic signals, or any other signal which may convey information within the scope of the present invention to the receiver 112 via a medium 114. The medium 114 may comprise any mechanism for transmitting information between the transmitter 110 and the receiver 112. In the present exemplary embodiment directed to a wireless communications system, the transmitter 110 provides electromagnetic signals to the receiver 112, such as radio frequency (RF) signals, wireless telephone signals, or wireless data signals. The medium 114 in the present embodiment is thus any medium capable of sustaining transmission of electromagnetic signals.
The transmitter 110 and the receiver 112 are respectively configured to transmit and receive signals transmitted via the medium 114. The transmitter 110 and/or the receiver 112 may be configured as a transceiver to allow the reception and transmission of multiple signals from the same unit. In the present embodiment, the transmitter 110 is configured to modulate and transmit multiple signals to multiple receivers 112. This configuration corresponds, to for example, a wireless communications basestation. In this embodiment, the receivers 112 comprise remote receivers, such as wireless telephones, computers, personal digital assistants, handheld electronic message devices or other such receivers. The communications system 100 may be configured, however, in any suitable manner for communicating between any transmitter 110 and receiver 112, such as computers in a network, for example via a wireless network using multi-carrier modulations such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA).
The transmitter 110 of FIG. 11 may be suitably configured to process a digital signal and transmit a corresponding signal to the receiver 112. In a typical cellular communications embodiment, for example, the transmitter 110 may be configured in accordance with any appropriate specifications or standards for wireless digital communication, such as in accordance with Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), time division multiple access (TDMA), and/or code division multiple access (CDMA) specifications or standards. In a data communications environment, the transmitter 110 may be configured in conjunction with any suitable data communications specification or standard, such as IEEE 802.11, 802.15, or 802.16. The transmitter 110 may be further configured in any suitable manner to receive digital information and transmit a corresponding analog signal to the receiver 112.
For example, referring to FIG. 12, the transmitter 110 of the present embodiment includes a signal processing system 208 for processing a signal, such as for communication via the communication system 100. In the present embodiment, the signal processing system 208 includes a modulator 210, a peak-power reduction component 212, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 214, an RF converter 214A, and an amplifier 216. The modulator 210 receives digital information 220 from one or more data sources 218 and generates a baseband modulated signal 222.
In various embodiments, the peak-power reduction component 212 is configured to receive the modulated signal 222 from the modulator 210 and substantially reduce the peak power output requirement of the transmitter 110. The peak-power reduction component 212 may be additionally configured to inhibit spectral regrowth or other frequency components outside one or more desired bandwidths. In addition, the peak-power reduction component 212 may be further configured to inhibit or minimize the addition of noise to the signal to maintain an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio and/or remain within relevant error vector magnitude (EVM) constraints.
The DAC 214 is configured to receive a peak-reduced digital signal 224 from the peak-power reduction component 212 and convert the digital signal into an analog signal 226. The RF converter 214A translates the analog signal from a lower frequency (near or at baseband) to the desired RF transmission frequency prior to amplification. The amplifier 216 amplifies the analog RF signal 228 prior to transmission to the receiver 112. Additional distortion-compensation processing may be performed after the peak-power reduction component 212 and prior to the DAC 214.
The modulator 210 may comprise any suitable system for modulating a digital signal. Referring to FIG. 13, an exemplary modulator 210 comprises a conventional digital modulator and generates a baseband modulated multi-channel signal 222. The modulator 210 suitably comprises a multi-channel modulator for receiving multiple data streams, modulating the data stream for each channel and frequency translating the modulated signal to an appropriate offset frequency, and summing the various channel outputs into a composite output signal. The modulator 210 may be configured, however, in any suitable manner, for example as a single-channel modulator. The present exemplary modulator 210 comprises one or more baseband modulators 312 and one or more digital synthesizers 314. Each baseband modulator 312A-D converts data into a baseband waveform according to an appropriate modulation, such that each baseband modulator 312A-D converts information bits, such as compressed binary digital data corresponding to voice, data, or video signals, into a corresponding baseband digital waveform 316A-D. The baseband digital waveforms 316A-D may comprise any suitable waveforms, such as waveforms in accordance with a selected transmission encoding specification, such as GSM, spread spectrum, TDMA, CDMA, or the like. In an exemplary embodiment, the baseband digital waveforms 316A-D comprise time-varying sequences of complex pairs having an in-phase component (I) and a quadrature component (Q) occurring at a defined sample rate.
In various embodiments, each digital synthesizer 314A-D generates a complex digital local oscillator (LO) signal that multiplies the baseband digital waveform to generate offset-frequency modulated signals 322, which are then combined to form the baseband multi-channel signal 222. The digital synthesizer 314 may comprise any appropriate source of a digital carrier frequency or other signal to generate the individual offset-frequency modulated signals 322A-D. In the present exemplary embodiment, the digital synthesizer 314 comprises a conventional multiple-output digital synthesizer configured to provide several different LO signals 318A-D at different offset frequencies. These frequencies may, for example, correspond to offset frequencies for accepted transmission frequencies for a particular cellular or wireless network, or other communication spectral mask. In the present exemplary embodiment, the digital synthesizer 314 may suitably generate complex-exponential (“cisoid”) signals 318A-D at the desired offset frequencies for the individual offset-modulated modulated signals 322A-D for each channel. In this embodiment of the present invention, the digital synthesizer output signal 318 is multiplied with the baseband digital waveform 316 for the relevant channel via a multiplier, thus translating each baseband waveform to the proper channel offset frequency, thus constituting the individual offset-frequency modulated signals 322A-D. The various offset-frequency modulated signals 322A-D may be summed to form the composite baseband modulated signal 222.
Referring again to FIGS. 11 and 12, in an exemplary embodiment of a peak-power reduction component within the scope of the present invention, the composite baseband modulated signal 222 is provided to the peak-power reduction component 212 from the MCS modulator 210. The peak-power reduction component 212 may be configured in any suitable manner to reduce the peak power output of the transmitter 110, such as by subtracting portions of the signal exceeding a threshold from the signal. The peak-power reduction component 212 may also inhibit transmission of unwanted spectral energy, for example frequency components outside a regulatory spectral mask. The peak-power reduction component 212 receives the baseband modulated signal 222 from the modulator 210 and processes the baseband modulated signal 222 according to any suitable process. For example, referring to FIG. 4, the peak-power reduction component 212 may be configured to generate an excursion signal in response to a peak portion 410 in the baseband modulated signal 222 having a magnitude beyond a defined magnitude threshold 412. The peak-power reduction component 212 suitably removes or reduces the peak portion 410 from the baseband modulated signal 222 in response to the excursion signal.
Referring to FIG. 14, an exemplary embodiment of a peak-power reduction component 212 according to various aspects of the present invention comprises a delay element 510, an interpolator 502, an excursion signal generator 512, a scaling system 820, an excursion filter system 514, and an excursion reducer 544. The excursion signal generator 512 generates an excursion signal 410 in response to the baseband modulated signal 222 exceeding the magnitude threshold 412 as shown in FIG. 4. The output 410 of the excursion signal generator 512 may also be scaled by scaling system 820 prior to being processed by the excursion filter system 514. As shown in FIG. 14, the excursion filter system 514 filters unwanted frequencies from the signals produced by the excursion signal generator 512. An excursion reducer 544 subtracts the scaled and filtered excursion signal from the suitably delayed baseband modulated signal 222. The delay element 510 compensates for propagation time delay through the excursion signal generator 512 and the excursion filter system 514 so that the signal from the filter system 552 is time-aligned with the delayed baseband modulated signal 222.
The excursion signal generator 512 shown in the peak-power reduction component of FIG. 14 may be configured in any suitable manner to generate an excursion signal 410 responsive to peak portions of the baseband modulated signal 222 or other relevant signal. A suitably scaled and filtered version of the excursion signal 410 may then be subtracted from or otherwise used to reduce one or more peaks in the original signal. Moreover, the excursion signal 410 may be used in any suitable manner to reduce the peak power of the original signal. Referring to FIG. 15, an exemplary excursion signal generator 512 comprises a magnitude calculation circuit 810, a threshold circuit 812 (not shown), a peak parser 910 and a waveform generator 814. The output 410 of the excursion signal generator 512 is fed into the scaling system 820. The peak parser 910 identifies individual magnitude peaks in the signal 222, and the waveform generator 814 generates the excursion signal 410 in response to the identified peaks. In one embodiment, the excursion signal generator 512 receives the baseband modulated signal 222 and calculates magnitude values, such as successive magnitude values of the baseband modulated signal 222 based on the successive signal complex pairs. The excursion signal generator 512 compares the magnitude of samples of the signal 222 to the magnitude threshold 412. The excursion signal generator 512 generates the excursion signal 410 in response to the portions of the baseband modulated signal 222 that exceed the magnitude threshold 412. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the excursion signal generator 512 is configured to generate an excursion signal 410 that corresponds to the full duration (or full set of samples) of the baseband modulated signal 222 that exceeds the magnitude threshold 412, though the excursion signal generator 512 may be configured to generate an excursion signal 410 corresponding to any aspect of the signal exceeding the magnitude threshold 412.
Referring to FIG. 16, an exemplary excursion signal generator 512 comprises a magnitude calculation circuit 810, a threshold circuit 812 and a waveform generator 814, whose output 410 is the input to common-mode (as opposed to channel-specific) scaling system 820. The magnitude calculation circuit 810 calculates the magnitude of the baseband modulated signal 222 and generates a corresponding magnitude signal 816. The magnitude calculation circuit 810 may be implemented in any suitable manner to determine the magnitude of samples of the baseband modulated signal 222, such as a conventional circuit configured to calculate the magnitude according to the following equation:
M(n)=[I 2(n)+Q 2(n)]1/2
Where M(n) is the magnitude of the baseband modulated signal 222 for a complex sample pair at sample n, I(n) is the in-phase component of the signal for the complex sample pair I, and Q(n) is the quadrature component of the signal for the complex sample pair I. The magnitude calculation may be performed, however, according to any suitable technique or algorithm.
In the present embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 16, the magnitude signal 816 is provided to the threshold circuit 812, which compares the calculated magnitude to the magnitude threshold 412 and generates a corresponding comparison signal 818. The threshold circuit 812 may comprise any suitable system for comparing the magnitude of the baseband modulated signal 222 to the threshold. For example, the threshold circuit 812 may comprise a conventional comparator circuit or subtraction circuit.
The magnitude threshold 412 may comprise any suitable value and/or signal. For example, the threshold value may comprise a static value, such as one corresponding to the maximum power of the amplifier 216 or a power level slightly lower than the maximum power. Thus, the comparison signal 818 designates samples of the signal 222 corresponding to RF signal values that would exceed the maximum power level of the amplifier 216 or other suitable threshold. Alternatively, the magnitude threshold 412 may be a dynamic value. The magnitude threshold 412 may be adjusted according to any suitable criteria. For example, the magnitude threshold 412 may be calculated as a function of the signal power for the various channels and/or the amount of noise in the signal. Thus, if two channels are operating at maximum power and two other channels are operating at half the maximum power, the magnitude threshold 412 may be set at 75% of the maximum power. If the amount of noise in one or more channels approaches and/or exceeds a limit, such as the EVM threshold, the magnitude threshold 412 may be increased. Conversely, if the amount of noise is lower, the magnitude threshold 412 may be further decreased. Any suitable criteria or algorithm, however, may be used to select the magnitude threshold 412.
The communications system 100 may be configured to take advantage of the reduced peak-power requirements due to the peak-power reduction component 212. For example, the communications system may be designed or reconfigured to use a lower-power amplifier to transmit signals. In addition, the communications system 100 may be configured to use the additional power made available by the peak-power reduction component 212 to improve the link between the transmitter 110 and the receiver 112 and/or expand the coverage of the signal.
For example, the magnitude threshold 412 may be set at a selected level to reduce the overall peak-power demand of the transmitter 110. The average transmitted signal power may then be boosted so that the peak-power transmitted by the system returns to its original level, but with a higher average power of the transmitted signal. For example, if the threshold is originally set to reduce the peak-power requirement by 3 dB, the transmitted power of the peak-reduced signal may be increased by 3 dB to match the original peak-power. Thus, the same amplifier may be used to transmit a higher average power signal, thereby enhancing link quality. The magnitude threshold 412 may also be dynamically changed to reduce overall power consumption.
Reducing the level of the magnitude threshold 412 may raise the noise level in the transmitted signal. In many applications, however, the noise in the transmitted signal is relatively low compared to the ordinary noise level at the receiver, for example thermal noise. As a result, because the noise level has only slightly increased while the power of the transmitted signal has significantly increased, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver tends to improve.
In various environments, the reduction of the magnitude threshold 412 to boost the transmission power may be unacceptable, for example by causing the SNR at the transmitter to contravene standards that may apply. For example, the current IEEE 802.16 standard requires the transmitter SNR to be no less than 19.6 dB. If the magnitude threshold 412 for the transmitter 110 is reduced beyond a point, the induced noise from generating the excursion may cause the SNR to drop below the 19.6 dB minimum, despite the improved overall quality of the link. In such environments, the improved link quality may be implemented as an option. For example, the transmitter 110 and receiver 112 may be configured to initially operate in accordance with the relevant standard. The transmitter 110 and receiver 112 may communicate to establish whether the other may operate using the improved quality link. If the units share the ability to communicate with the improved quality link, the transmitter 110 and receiver 112 may be reconfigured, either manually or automatically, to reduce the magnitude threshold 412 to the lower level and boost the respective transmission levels.
In one embodiment, the threshold circuit 812 monitors the EVM value for each channel and adjusts the magnitude threshold 412 to minimize signal peaks (i.e. maximize peak-reduction) while remaining within EVM specifications. If the noise is low enough that the measured EVM value is below the relevant limit, the threshold circuit 812 decreases the magnitude threshold 412. If the EVM magnitude approaches or exceeds the relevant limit, the threshold circuit increases the magnitude threshold 412.
Referring again to FIG. 16 and continuing with the description of the implementation details of the various exemplary embodiments, the comparison signal 818 is provided to the waveform generator 814. The waveform generator 814 generates the excursion signal 410 according to the comparison signal 818. The waveform generator 814 may be configured in any suitable manner to generate the excursion signal 410, such as a conventional subtraction circuit to subtract the magnitude threshold 412 value from the magnitude component of the baseband modulated signal 222. Another exemplary method for generating the excursion would employ the CORDIC algorithm. See, e.g., Ray Andraka, “A Survey of CORDIC Algorithms for FPGA-based Computers,” Proceedings of the 1998 ACM/SIGDA Sixth International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays, Feb. 22-24, 1998, Monterey, Calif., pp. 191-200. Preferred CORDIC algorithm usage involves a series of phase-rotation operations to rotate the original signal vector (i.e. sample) to an equivalent-magnitude zero-phase vector, while simultaneously performing conjugate phase rotation operations on a vector initialized to zero-phase and magnitude equal to the magnitude threshold 412; the excursion sample equals the difference between this resultant vector and the original complex vector if the original signal magnitude is greater than the magnitude threshold 412, and equals zero otherwise. The operations of the threshold circuit 812 and the waveform generator 814 may be performed by a single circuit or system, such as a subtraction circuit configured to perform the comparison to the magnitude threshold 412 and generate the waveform by subtracting the magnitude threshold 412 from the magnitude of the baseband modulated signal 222. If the comparison signal 818 indicates that the magnitude signal 816 does not exceed the magnitude threshold 412, the waveform generator 814 may generate a null signal. If the comparison signal 818 indicates that the magnitude signal 816 exceeds the magnitude threshold 412, the waveform generator 814 generates a signal having a magnitude corresponding to the difference between the magnitude of the baseband modulated signal 222 and the magnitude threshold 412, and phase being identical to the baseband modulated signal. The resulting excursion signal may then be filtered, scaled, and subtracted from a suitably delayed version of the baseband modulated signal 222 to reduce signal peaks.
In various embodiments, a common-mode scaling system 820, as shown in FIG. 16, may be provided and configured to adjust the magnitude of the generated (excursion) waveform so that the resulting scaled excursion signal, after filtering, reduces peaks in the baseband modulated signal 222 that initially exceed the magnitude threshold so that they equal a selected value, generally the magnitude threshold value. The common-mode scaling system 820 receives the unscaled excursion signal 410 from the waveform generator 814 and selectively adjusts the magnitude of the excursion samples to generate the scaled excursion signal 516. The system 820 may scale the excursion signal 410 according to any suitable process and may be implemented in any suitable manner. For example, the system 820 may be configured to selectively adjust the unscaled excursion signal 410 such that the maximum magnitude of the peak-reduced signal 224 does not exceed the selected magnitude threshold. For example, if the magnitude threshold 412 for a particular system is 1.8 and the magnitude of the baseband modulated signal 222 is 4.0, the common mode scaling system 820 is suitably configured to scale the peak magnitude of the corresponding sample generated by the peak power reduction component 212, such as a scaled and filtered excursion signal 552 (as shown in FIG. 14), to 2.2. In still another example, the common mode scaling system may be configured to scale the excursion signal based on the ratio of the peak magnitude of the unfiltered excursion signal 410 to the peak magnitude of the filtered excursion signal 410B. As discussed above, this ensures that the scaled and filtered excursion peak magnitude substantially matches the original excursion peak magnitude. As can be appreciated, any implementation which achieves the desired objective of adjusting the magnitude of the generated waveform so that the filtered excursion signal reduces the signal peak to a defined threshold level or below is within the scope of the present invention.
With reference to FIG. 10, an excursion event 2310 may include multiple peak events 2312. The boundaries between the peak events 2312 may be defined according to any suitable criteria. Peak events 2312 are separated by a trough sample 2314, which may be defined as an excursion event sample having higher magnitude samples on each side. A peak event 2312 may be defined as a set of excursion samples for which the magnitude of immediately adjacent samples are either lower than the magnitude threshold 412 (at an excursion boundary) or higher than the magnitude of the trough between two peak-events). The common-mode scaling system 820 may thus suitably apply a selected scaling value to every sample of a particular peak event 2312, for example according to the magnitude of the highest magnitude sample in the pre-filtered peak event, the post-filtered peak event, or both. Thus, all of the samples between two troughs 2314 (or between the beginning of the excursion 2316 and the first trough 2314 or between the last trough 2314 and the end of the excursion 2318) are scaled using the same scaling factor, which is suitably selected according to the highest magnitude samples in the group of samples constituting the peak events 2312 of an excursion event 2310.
Thus, in various embodiments, as illustrated, for example, by FIG. 15, peak parser 910 may be provided and configured in any suitable manner to identify peaks in the incoming signal, such as via the magnitude signal from the magnitude calculation circuit 810. In one embodiment, the peak parser 910 comprises a peak detector 920 and a buffer 922. The peak detector 920 identifies a peak in the incoming signal in any suitable manner, such as by comparing the magnitudes of successive complex pairs in the incoming signal.
In the present embodiment, the peak detector 920 provides a signal to the buffer 922 when a peak is detected in the incoming signal samples. The buffer 922 is suitably configured to temporarily store the incoming signal while the peak detector 920 identifies the peaks in the incoming signal. The buffer 922 may comprise any suitable storage element, such as a FIFO buffer having an appropriate number of storage elements. When a peak is detected, the buffer 922 suitably provides the relevant data to the waveform generator 912. In the present embodiment, the waveform generator 814 is configured to generate an unscaled waveform in response to the detected peak in the incoming signal samples.
As shown in FIG. 17, the peak parser 910 may also be suitably configured to route the individual peaks to different scaling systems for processing. For example, when a first peak is identified, the peak parser 910 suitably transmits the peak event samples to a first scaling system 820A, and the next peak event samples may be transmitted to a second scaling system 820B, and the following peak event samples back to the first scaling system 820A or an additional scaling system. After scaling, the scaled samples may be recombined to form a single scaled excursion signal 516. Using different scaling systems 820A-B to process consecutive peaks may advantageously reduce inter-peak processing interference which may result from use of a single scaling system 820. Multiple scaling systems 820 may be implemented depending on processing system performance objectives.
In various embodiments, as shown illustratively in FIG. 14, the scaled excursion signal 516 is provided to the excursion filter system 514 to eliminate unacceptable spectral energy, such as frequency components induced by the excursion signal generator 512. The frequencies to be filtered may be selected according to any suitable criteria. Even though the excursion signal resembles unchannelized broadband noise spanning approximately 3× the bandwidth of the linear channelized signal, we may conceptualize it as consisting of two distinct components: spectral energy that cannot appear at the peak-reduction node 544 without violating EVM specifications; and all other excursion spectral energy; the role of the excursion filter system is to separate these components, passing the latter while eliminating the former. The excursion signal thus “contains” the channelized excursion energy (allowable spectral energy) as one component, and it is this component which is allowed to pass (with suitable scaling) by the excursion filter system. That is, the excursion signal can be considered as being comprised of two distinct components: (1) the allowable spectral energy; and (2) the unallowable spectral energy. However, there is no physical distinction between the allowable and unallowable spectral energy components until the excursions filter system applies channel filtering, i.e., the excursion is not channelized until filtering is applied. In the present embodiment, spectral energy is attenuated or eliminated at any frequencies other than those approved by the applicable regulatory spectral mask. In systems having multiple spectral energy levels across a particular signal passband, the excursion filter system 514 may be configured to adjust the relative spectral energy levels across the passband to approximately match the in-band variations. For example, if one portion of a channel's average power spectrum is 10 dB lower than the rest of the power spectrum, as might be the case when the channel consists of adjacent sub-channels, the excursion filter system 514 may introduce a matching 10 dB relative attenuation of the excursion spectrum across the same frequency range.
The excursion filter system 514 may be configured in any suitable manner to substantially filter the unwanted frequencies and transmit the desired frequencies, or otherwise promote the transmission of desired frequencies and/or attenuate unwanted frequencies. For example, the excursion filter system 514 is suitably configured to separate the scaled excursion signal 516 into individual frequency components corresponding to the input channels. The excursion filter system 514 filters individual components of the excursion signal corresponding to baseband modulated signal 222 to eliminate any unacceptable power spectral energy. Alternatively, the excursion filter system 514 may be configured as a bandpass or bandstop filter to pass or attenuate power spectral energy at selected frequencies, or otherwise configured to alter the distribution of power spectral energy over a defined frequency range. In addition, the excursion filter system 514 may comprise multiple filter systems, such as a cascade of filters or a set of parallel filters.
In the present exemplary embodiment, the excursion filter system 514 comprises multiple parallel channel filters 518 whose outputs are summed together. Each channel filter 518 suitably comprises a conventional digital filter for reducing excursion signal power at selected frequencies corresponding to the particular channel. For example, each channel filter 518 may include a down-converter 520, a low pass filter 522, a channel-specific gain-adjustment 540, and an up-converter 524, and each channel filter 518 suitably operates in a similar manner. Referring to FIGS. 14 and 18A-C, the down-converter 520 receives the scaled excursion signal 516, which exhibits a wide range of frequencies fS (FIG. 18A). The down-converter 520 shifts the frequency of the entire input spectrum to the left or right, such as by an amount substantially corresponding to the center/offset frequency fA of the relevant channel. The low pass filter 522 filters input signals to substantially eliminate signal energy above a selected cutoff frequency fC and substantially transmit signals below the selected cutoff frequency (FIG. 18B). The up-converter 524 shifts the frequency of the filtered signal to a higher frequency, such as to a selected frequency or by a selected amount. In the present embodiment, the up-converter 524 shifts the center frequency by an amount substantially corresponding to the center frequency of the relevant channel, i.e. back to the original center/offset frequency (FIG. 18C). Outputs 542 from the various channel filters 518 are then combined into a composite signal 552 by a filtered signal summer 550.
As shown schematically in FIG. 14, an exemplary down-converter 520 for the present embodiment comprises a multiplier 526 and a complex conjugate generator 528. The complex conjugate generator 528 receives the relevant digital synthesizer signal 318 from the relevant digital synthesizer 314 and generates a complex conjugate signal 530 corresponding to the complex conjugate of the digital synthesizer signal 318. The multiplier 526 multiplies the complex conjugate signal 530 with the scaled excursion signal 516. The resulting frequency-shifted signal 536 is a substantially identical waveform as the scaled excursion signal 516, but frequency-shifted by an amount substantially equal to the negative of the channel's offset frequency.
In the present embodiment, the frequency-translated signal 536 is provided to the low-pass filter 522. The low-pass filter 522 may be implemented in any suitable manner and may be configured to use any suitable cutoff frequency. For example, the low-pass filter may comprise a single filter, multiple parallel filters, or a cascade of filters. In the present embodiment, the low-pass filter 522 comprises a digital low-pass filter, such as a finite impulse response filter, having a cutoff frequency corresponding to one-half the approved bandwidth of the relevant channel. For example, if the approved channel frequency range is 20 MHz to 20.5 MHz, the cutoff frequency may be set at one-half of the 500 kHz bandwidth, or at 250 kHz. The digital low pass filter 522 thus transmits a filtered signal 538 comprising the components of the down-adjusted signal 536 that are below the cutoff frequency and attenuates spectral components above the cutoff frequency. The low pass filter 522 suitably comprises an approximately linear phase filter to minimize the amount of phase and/or magnitude error induced by the filter.
In a communications system using subchannels within the various channel passbands, such as an OFDMA environment, each channel filter 518 may include one or more bandpass or bandstop filters for filtering unwanted frequencies. For example, referring to FIG. 19, the various channels of baseband modulated signal 222 may include sub-channels at different frequencies within the channel, such as in an OFDMA system. Each such channel filter 518 suitably includes multiple bandpass filters or series of bandstop filters 1710 for each sub-channel configured to filter frequencies other than the sub-channel frequency. This sub-channel filtering may be preferentially implemented using the fast fourier transform (FFT),
In addition, the gain of each sub-channel filter 1710 may be adjustable to control the magnitude of the particular sub-channel, for example to facilitate adjustment of the relative sub-channel spectral energy levels across the passband to approximately match the in-band variations, or to comply with sub-channel EVM constraints. For example, referring to FIG. 20, the baseband modulated signal 222 may comprise multiple main channels 1810, each of which includes multiple sub-channels 1812. Each sub-channel filter 1710 suitably operates as a magnitude adjustment circuit to adjust the gain for the sub-channel to reduce interference between sub-channels, such as by adjusting the sub-channel filter 1710 magnitudes according to the relative average signal power magnitudes of the corresponding sub-channel. Thus, the sub-channel filter 1710 may provide greater attenuation of the sub-channel excursion signal for a lower magnitude sub-channel signal, which tends to reduce the interference attributable to the higher energy levels in the adjacent sub-channels, and may be critical to comply with sub-channel EVM constraints.
In the present exemplary embodiment involving frequency shifting shown in FIG. 14, the filtered channel signal 538 is transmitted to the up-converter 524 for conversion back to the original channel frequency offset. In the present embodiment, the frequency-converter 524 comprises a multiplier 532 which multiplies the filtered signal 538 with the digital synthesizer signal 318 from the digital synthesizer 314 to return the filtered signal 538 to the original channel frequency offset, and a phase-shifter 534 required to compensate for processing-induced delay.
The signal processing system may also be configured to adjust the magnitude and/or phase of the filtered signal 538. Because the filtered excursion is to be subtracted from the baseband modulated signal 222, the filtered excursion is suitably configured to exactly match the portion of the baseband modulated signal 222 that exceeds the threshold 412. Channel filtering may alter its passband magnitude and phase relative to the baseband modulated signal 222. Infinite-impulse response (IIR) filtering may be used to reduce the filter complexity relative to that required using finite-impulse-response (FIR) filtering; however, IIR filtering introduces nonlinear phase distortion and passband magnitude ripple in the signal passband that can degrade peak-reduction, Further, the magnitude of the filtered signal 538 may be adjusted to conform to transmission requirements or other considerations. Consequently, the signal processing system may be configured using an equalizer to adjust the passband magnitude and/or phase of the filtered signal 538 to reduce passband distortion in the channel filter. The equalization function is suitably integrated into the low pass filter system 522, or may comprise a separate equalization circuit 566 for processing the filtered signal 538. The low pass filter 522 suitably comprises an FIR or equalized-IIR low pass filter. Low pass filter 522 is a single channel's LPF, whereas the impulse response of interest in computing common-mode scaling is that of the entire excursion filter system 514.
Phase equalization causes the composite phase shift as a function of the frequency for the cascade of the channel filter and the equalizer to be as close to linear as possible. The phase equalization function is suitably implemented as an all-pass filter (i.e. all magnitudes are passed with unity magnitude) whose phase-shift-vs-frequency characteristic can be adjusted. The phase equalizer is suitably configured to compensate for phase shifts induced by the low pass filter 522 and/or any other sources of unwanted phase shifts. Magnitude equalization addresses passband magnitude ripple distortion by adding a cancellative passband magnitude ripple, such that the net ripple (i.e. product of the cascaded magnitude effects) is reduced.
In the present exemplary embodiment as shown schematically in FIG. 14, each individual channel filter 518 also includes a dedicated phase correction element 534 to compensate for the phase shift introduced by frequency conversion operations and processing propagation delay. The phase correction element 534 suitably adjusts the phase (in radians) of the filtered signal 538 according to the radian frequency (in rad/sec) of the digital synthesizer signal 318 from the digital synthesizer 314 multiplied by the duration (in seconds) of the propagation delay through the channel filter 518. For example, the phase correction element 534 may adjust the phase of the digital synthesizer signal 318 prior to using it to up-convert the filtered excursion energy. This channel-specific phase shift assures that a channel filter 518 input sinewave in the channel passband will exit from that channel filter with no change in magnitude or phase.
In an exemplary embodiment including frequency shifting, the resulting frequency-converted, phase-adjusted scaled and filtered excursion 552 comprises a waveform corresponding to the scaled excursion of the baseband modulated signal 222 beyond the threshold magnitude. Due to the filtering, the phase-adjusted filtered signal 552 only an acceptable amount of spectral energy outside the approved bandwidth.
One purpose of the present inventive concept is that the scaled excursion signal 516 is provided to the excursion filter system 514 to remove any components in the scaled excursion signal 516 outside of the approved channel bandwidths. In particular, the scaled excursion signal 516 is provided to each down-converter 520, which translates the center frequency of the signal from each channel offset frequency to baseband. The frequency-translated signal 536 is then provided to the low-pass filter 522, which filters out frequencies above the cutoff frequency. In the present embodiment, the cutoff frequency corresponds to one half the bandwidth of the approved bandwidth. The filtered signal 538 is then adjusted by the up-converter 524 to frequency-translate the signal to the original channel offset frequency. The filtered signal, including sub-channels within a particular passband or channel, may also be processed for phase and magnitude adjustment to compensate for changes induced by the excursion signal generator 512 and the excursion filter system 514.
In a system using sub-channels, each channel filter 518 may adjust the magnitude of the various sub-channel filters according to the magnitudes of the sub-channels in the signal. Consequently, sub-channel signals in the excursion signal having lower magnitudes are subjected to greater attenuation than those having greater magnitudes. In a time division environment, each channel filter 518 may adjust the magnitude of the various channel filter gain-adjustments in a manner dependent on the time slots for the excursion signal according to the magnitudes of the signals in those time-slots in the baseband modulated signal 222. Thus, excursion channel time slots corresponding to signal channel time slots having lower energy magnitudes are subjected to greater attenuation than excursion channel time slots corresponding to signal channel time slots having greater energy magnitudes. Each channel filter 518 may also apply a smoothing window to the filtered excursion signal generated by that channel filter.
The composite filtered signal 552 comprises a waveform corresponding to the waveform of the excursion beyond the threshold in the baseband modulated signal 222. By filtering the excursion signal, unwanted frequency components, such as those attributable to spectral regrowth or other signal processing effects, may be eliminated from the composite filtered excursion signal 552. When this composite filtered signal 552 is subtracted from the delayed baseband modulated signal 222 by the excursion reducer, the resulting peak-reduced signal 224 tends to exhibit maximum peak magnitudes that are essentially equal to the magnitude threshold and exhibit few or no unwanted frequency components introduced by the peak-power reduction component 212. Consequently, the peak-power of the signal decreases, facilitating use of a lower cost amplifier 216 while satisfying all regulatory spectral constraints (masks) and minimizing distortion to the original signal.
In addition, the peak-reduction component 212 need not precisely determine the instant at which an excursion peak occurs, or the precise amplitude and phase value of the peak, as is critical in many alternative approaches. E.g., T. May and H. Rohling, “Reducing the Peak-To-Average Power Ratio in OFDM Radio Transmission Systems,” Proc. 1998 Vehicular Tech. Conf., vol. 3, pp. 2474-78, May 18-21, 1998. Peak-reduction techniques that subtract a scaled and time-aligned version of a constant band-limited pulse shape from the original signal are known to exhibit high sensitivity to errors in determining the precise magnitude, phase and precise instant at which the peak occurs, forcing high over-sampling to mitigate this degradation, as described by M. Lampe and H. Rohling, “Reducing Out-of-Band Emissions Due to Nonlinearities in OFDM Systems,” 49th IEEE Conference on Vehicular Technology, 16-20 May, 1999, pp. 2255-2259. The alternative method described herein completely eliminates this critical sensitivity by processing a multi-sample portion (i.e. peak-event) of the excursion waveform; each individual peak event is scaled, filtered and subtracted from the baseband modulated signal 222 with corrections for delays and equalization. Further, the peak-power reduction component suitably operates in the same manner, regardless of the number of input signals. The substantial peak-reduction performance improvement using the new approach is directly attributable to eliminating the prior art's limitation of scaling a constant (band-limited) pulse shape; the highly variable shape of signal peaks demands generation of an optimal cancellation waveform (i.e. filtered and scaled peak-event) for each individual signal peak.
The composite filtered signal 552 may be provided to the excursion reducer 544 or subjected to further processing. Additional processing may comprise any suitable processing, such as to improve the signal or adapt the signal to a particular environment. For example, the composite filtered signal 552 may be processed using further peak-power reduction processing or filtering, such as via another peak-power reduction component 212. The signal may exhibit slight variation in the maximum magnitude of its peaks due to filter response in the preceding peak-power reduction processing, scaling misadjustments, or other sources. Repetitive peak-power reduction processing reduces such variation.
Referring to FIG. 14, the filtered signal 538 may also be further processed according to any desired criteria. For example, the filtered signal 538 may be provided to a channel scaling/gain control element 540, for example between the channel lowpass filter (LPF) filter 522 and the up-converter 524. Such a channel scaling circuit may be used in the excursion-reduction approach of the present invention as illustrated, for example, by FIG. 21.
In one embodiment, the channel gain control element 540 may adjust the relative signal energy for the multiple signals to control the amount of in-band noise added to either the overall signal or any individual channel. For example, the channel gain control element 540 may be responsive to basestation control signals that adjust the transmission power for a particular channel, such as according to the estimated attenuation between the transmitter 110 and the receiver 112.
In an alternative embodiment, the channel gain control element 540 may adjust the magnitude of the filtered signal 538 to control the amount of noise added to the signal that may be caused by the peak-power reduction component 212. For example, in cellular communications, the acceptable amount of noise that may be added to a particular channel is typically constrained by error vector magnitude (EVM) specifications. The peak-power reduction component 212, however, may add noise to one or more channels. For example, peak reduction may add noise to a lower power channel. To reduce the added noise, the channel gain control element 540 may adjust the amount of peak-power reduction applied to the lower power channel by adjusting the gain applied to the filtered signal 538 for that channel.
FIG. 22 depicts a preferred embodiment of a functional architecture of a peak-reduction processing algorithm within the scope of the present invention and which may be further implemented according to the various configurations described above. The composite multi-channel (MCS) baseband modulated signal 222 splits into two paths: the bottom path computes the optimal peak-reduction cancellation waveform, whereas the top path simply delays the original signal so that the peak-reduction signal is properly time-aligned. The interpolator 502 is suitably interposed to expand the digital spectrum adequately so that the nonlinear spectral components created during excursion generation (an intrinsically nonlinear operation) remain adequately isolated from the original signal spectrum. For purposes of the present description, it is assumed that the sample rate of the MCS waveform is sufficient to satisfy the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem for the original baseband signal. In this case, since the bandwidth of the excursion signal will be at least three times that of the corresponding baseband signal, an interpolator 502 must increase the sampling rate by at least a factor of three. Interpolator 502 combines the functions of increasing the sampling rate of the signal, as well as filtering off any spectral ‘images’ created in this process. Occasionally, the sampling rate of the original signal might be increased to facilitate sample rate conversion, in which case the additional explicit interpolator 502 might be unnecessary. It is critical however, that the sample rate at the input to the excursion generator be at least three times that of the Nyquist-Shannon sampling rate required to represent the baseband MCS signal. The excursion signal, a complex baseband signal, is then split into two paths to facilitate scaling processing.
The output signal 504 of the interpolator is input to the excursion generator 512. The excursion signal 410 is generated by reference to a magnitude threshold level 412. The path from the excursion generator leads to the peak parser 910, which is part of the common-mode scaling system 820. The peak parser 910 parses the set of contiguous complex samples corresponding to each isolated excursion event into sets of complex peak event samples as illustrated in FIG. 10. As noted, the minimum-magnitude (i.e. ‘trough’) sample point, for example, may be arbitrarily assigned to either the preceding or trailing peak event. In a particular embodiment, the parsed peak events are used to compute an optimal (real) scaling factor that is applied to each sample within each peak event. The embodiment of FIG. 22 may include scaling filter 2512 and a peak scaling circuit 2514, as described more fully below with respect to FIG. 28. The scaled sample stream may then be low-pass filtered and decimated (any required low-pass filtering is usually implicit in a ‘decimator’) to reduce the sample rate back to the sample rate of the original MCS signal prior to applying the excursion filtering; a lower sample rate significantly reduces the power consumption and complexity of the excursion filter implementation. The decimator 562, whether explicitly shown or not, is preferentially the last operation in the scaling system. The scaled excursion signal 516 is processed by the excursion filter system 514. The excursion filter imposes spectral constraints on the scaled complex excursion sample stream. Constraints are also imposed on the excursion filtering process with respect to error vector magnitude levels, residual distortion noise and relative power levels of individual channel signals, as described in more detail below with respect to the exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 21 and 23. The scaled and filtered excursion signal 552 is then combined with a suitably delayed version of the baseband modulated signal 222 at excursion reducer 544 to produce the peak-reduced digital baseband signal 224.
Optimal peak reduction requires that each peak event be scaled by its own unique scale factor. The optimal scale factor equals the ratio of the peak-magnitude of the raw (unfiltered) excursion to the peak magnitude of the filtered excursion. It is clear from the discussion of the basic peak-reduction concept above that, if possible, simply subtracting the unfiltered excursion waveform from the delayed signal would result in a peak signal magnitude identically equal to the magnitude threshold 412 value. However, the excursion filtering required to satisfy spectral constraints distorts each peak event, with the result that the peak of the difference between the delayed signal and the filtered excursion will generally exceed the threshold. It is thus necessary to determine a scaling factor which will restore the condition that the final peak-reduced signal peak magnitude substantially matches the threshold value. If the filter reduces the peak excursion magnitude by a factor of two, then the excursion should be scaled by a factor of two to compensate for the filter's effective scaling. It is apparent that the optimal scale factor is the ratio of the peak of the raw excursion to that of the filtered excursion; it is less apparent how to easily obtain the value of the peak magnitude of the filtered excursion.
Ideally, each distinct peak event would be passed through its own excursion filter system, the proper scale factor determined, these scale factors then applied to each peak event in the composite excursion waveform and the scaled peak events then passed through a final excursion filter system. However, the very long length of the excursion filter system impulse response compared to the much shorter typical length of a peak event poses implementation challenges. First, implementing a large number of such excursion filter systems adds undesirable implementation complexity. Second, the addition of this long processing step would require a corresponding delay for the original MCS signal, and delay itself adds significant complexity. Resolution of this dilemma requires scrutiny of the impulse response of the excursion filter system.
The excursion filter system may, for example, include several (typically 1-4) parallel finite-impulse response (FIR) bandpass filters, which may be implemented using an architecture such as, for example, the one depicted in FIG. 24. This type of architecture facilitates dynamic tuning of the center frequencies for each of the N channels. Each channel filter may apply a unique spectral mask and each may be implemented using either finite-impulse-response (FIR) or infinite-impulse-response (IIR) filter architectures.
Regardless of the excursion filter system architecture employed, its impact is completely characterized by its impulse response, which will always appear as a very long (complex) sequence. The magnitude of the excursion filter system's impulse response will always exhibit an oscillatory variation in magnitude; it slowly increases, reaches a peak, and then slowly decays to zero. It is important to realize that the relatively few filter impulse response values located near the peak magnitude values will approximately determine the peak magnitude of the filtered peak event. Hence, the peak magnitude of the filtered excursion may be computed using a very simple (approximation) FIR filter whose impulse response main lobe approximates that of the full-complexity excursion filter system. FIG. 25 depicts the relationship between a long excursion system filter (upper) and the approximate filter (lower) used for scaling. The upper filter impulse response curve of FIG. 25 corresponds to the illustrated full-complexity multi-tap digital filter whereas the lower curve corresponds to the illustrated approximation filter having far fewer taps. The filter output at the instant when the peak event magnitude peak is centered in either the full excursion filter system or the simplified scaling filter is substantially identical, since the peak event length is substantially the same as the scaling (approximation) filter length. It has been found that scaling filters of very modest length yield nearly ideal peak event scaling. The magnitude of the filtered peak event is preferably computed when its peak magnitude point is aligned with the peak magnitude of the excursion impulse response. The optimal scale factor substantially equals the ratio of this magnitude value to that of the unfiltered peak event.
In the present exemplary embodiment, each parsed peak event is passed through a separate scaling filter, thereby determining the required scale factor with precision and low complexity. As discussed above, only a few such scaling filters are required to substantially approximately compute the optimal scale factor, i.e., the ratio of the peak of the raw excursion to the peak of the filtered excursion. The (real) scale factors are then used to apply optimal scaling to each sample in each peak event as it emerges from the delay shown, for example, in FIG. 22. It is important to realize that this scaling filter concept, although discussed herein in the context of MCS, applies also to peak-reduction of OFDM and OFDMA waveforms, such as WiMAX signals, where many different sub-channel modulation types and power levels characterize the transmission, and EVM constraints must be satisfied. OFDMA transmissions may dynamically vary the sub-channel power levels and modulation orders in response to environmental conditions, as do MCS channels, and at any point in time each channel has a unique maximum allowable value of noise power based on the channel's dynamically-varying signal power and modulation order (with attendant EVM value). The vector consisting of channel noise power maxima forms a passband energy mask which when transformed into the time domain with an inverse-FFT yields a characteristic filter impulse response analogous to both the full and simplified excursion filter in FIG. 25. Optimal scale factors for each peak event across the OFDM symbol are determined using a similar procedure as described for MCS waveforms. This processing is described in FIG. 32. Knowledge of the modulation type used in each sub-channel, and the EVM specification associated with that modulation type, permits calculation of a vector of allowed relative noise power levels for each channel. The absolute amount of peak-reduction noise in each channel is then uniquely determined by these relative weightings and the actual magnitude threshold value. FIG. 33 depicts the integrated OFDM peak-reduction system architecture, in which the magnitude threshold is adaptively varied so that every OFDM channel has the maximum allowable amount of noise added to it by the peak-reduction processing. This assures the maximum possible amount of peak-reduction consistent with the set of channel modulations and their associated EVM specifications. The scaled excursion waveform consisting of the concatenated scaled peak events is filtered by forming the dot-product of the scaled excursion waveform vector and the composite vector of passband and out-of-band weights described above. Finally, the dot-product vector is transformed into the time domain with an inverse-FFT, forming the filtered excursion waveform vector; this is then time-aligned with the delayed OFDM symbol vector and subtracted from it to yield the peak-reduced OFDM symbol.
The apparent simplicity of this unique scaling approach obscures an important assumption: that individual peak events may be scaled independently of proximate peak events, i.e., a particular peak event may be scaled without regard to scaling of, for example, a peak event which either precedes or trails the peak event under consideration. Research has determined that the described approach offers near-optimal peak-reduction performance; more sophisticated scaling techniques do not yield appreciably better results. The following conclusions may thus be drawn: (1) excursion filtering adequately smoothes the many abrupt gain discontinuities thus precluding the induced amplitude-modulation from generating spectral mask violations and (2) the scaling error caused by proximate peak events is minimized because each target peak event is centered in the scaling filter main lobe, attenuating the relative impact of all proximate peak events.
Before expanding the description beyond the exemplary architecture of FIG. 22 it is important to understand how the error-vector magnitude (EVM) constraint interacts with the dynamically-varying relative power levels of the individual channel MCS signals. The EVM constraint and excursion filter gain are inextricably intertwined. The EVM specification ensures that standard link receivers are designed such that they will operate on transmitted waveforms which satisfy some defined minimum quality level. The channel EVM specification is defined as the maximum tolerable ratio of noise to signal in each channel. Specifically, the EVM specification reads as
EVM rms % ≡ 100 〈 P N 〉 〈 P S 〉
Where PN is the channel noise power and Ps is the channel signal power. The channel-specific EVM specification constrains the total (composite) noise level in each transmission channel. Composite noise consists of several components including: (1) noise generated by peak-reduction; (2) in-channel ‘noise’ corresponding to linear distortion induced by frequency translation and amplification and (3) in-channel ‘noise’ induced by the power amplifier. In addition to the fact that the channel signal powers are varying dynamically in response to estimated link propagation losses, EVM levels for each channel may also vary dynamically. Bandwidth-efficient (i.e. higher-order) modulations demand lower EVM levels for tolerable link degradation, and any link may switch between modulation types at any time. Since residual distortion contributed by the amplifier and frequency conversion is also time-varying, and amplifier nonlinear noise is signal-dependent, ensuring that the EVM constraint is satisfied poses a major basestation design challenge.
Excursion generation, an intrinsically nonlinear operation, generates nonlinear spectral energy that is approximately uniformly spread over the linear signal bandwidth; the level of nonlinear energy can be determined entirely by a few maximum-strength channel signals. This presents difficulties with respect to the propagation of any weak channel signals because the ratio of signal power to the relatively-fixed nonlinear noise level decreases as channel signal power decreases. At low channel signal power levels, the nonlinear noise in such a weak channel bandwidth may violate the EVM constraint. One response to this problem, varying the gain in each excursion filter channel to track the relative power in that channel has been previously described (See U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0266369). Simulations demonstrated such a simple gain control strategy prevented nonlinear noise from degrading weak-channel EVM. However, this simple gain control strategy reduces channel gains much more than necessary to satisfy EVM constraints, yielding sub-optimal peak-reduction performance; moreover, it is unable to adapt to variations in the other noise contributions cited above.
It is thus apparent that there is a difference between the degree of gain control required to meet EVM constraints and that required to achieve optimal peak-reduction scaling. Optimal peak-reduction scaling requires that peak-event-specific common-mode scaling be applied to each peak event sample whereas EVM protection requires channel-specific gain control (rather than common-mode gain-control) responsive to the average power over many peak events. However, benefits within the scope of the present invention may be achieved using both the described common-mode scaling and channel-specific scaling together or either alone. Moreover, the common-mode scaling of the present invention may be adaptively responsive to a measured channel signal quality even in the absence of channel-specific gain control. For example, the common-mode scaling system may adjust peak event samples based on a feedback signal comprised of a specified error vector magnitude value and/or a residual channel or composite noise level.
The conceptual basis for the channel-specific gain control strategy within the scope of the present invention is that the linear and nonlinear distortion noise induced by frequency conversion and amplification processing may be estimated and adaptively mitigated during subsequent processing, leaving some measurable amount of residual distortion noise. Since this noise is independent of the peak-reduction processing noise, the composite noise power will be the root-mean-square (rms) sum of each of the independent noise processes. Both these noise processes are only loosely correlated, and therefore combine approximately in an rms manner. Once the rest of the channel noise is estimated, knowledge of the channel EVM limit permits computation of the maximum noise that may be added by peak-reduction processing. It is then possible to measure the short-term average noise actually being added by peak-reduction, and use the ratio of these values to determine the proper gain for a particular channel. Recall that optimal peak-reduction requires each channel gain to be unity. Thus when the measured channel noise is less than required to satisfy the EVM specification, the gain should default to a value of unity. However, when the peak-reduction noise level exceeds its limit (as determined by the channel EVM limit and the estimated residual channel noise), a corrective gain equal to the ratio of the noise limit to the measured noise must be applied. If the measured peak-reduction rms channel noise is twice as high as permitted, a gain of 0.5 must be applied to ensure EVM compliance.
The exemplary functional architecture discussed above with respect to FIG. 22 may be replaced with the exemplary embodiment of the invention as depicted in FIG. 21, showing an exemplary excursion filter system 514 in detail. However, the architecture of FIG. 22 is an equally valid implementation of various aspects of the present invention. A single channel filter 518 is shown in detail. Each channel filter 518 is functionally identical, although their parameter values will generally be distinct.
The exemplary embodiment of FIG. 21 includes an excursion filter system 514 which further includes an adaptive channel scaling (gain control) circuit 548 which compares the channel noise to a gain control threshold based on a relevant EVM standard. The EVM values are suitably computed on a channel-by-channel basis. Under various standards, the maximum channel noise may be specified as having an EVM limit α, such as 17.5% or 12.5% of the root-mean-square (rms) power of the corresponding channel signal of the baseband modulated signal 222. Referring to FIG. 21, the average channel signal power may be computed, then scaled based on the EVM specification for that channel, to obtain a limit on the total channel noise power. A transmitter system may employ any suitable techniques and/or systems to reduce the noise induced by linear distortions, such as linear equalization, as well as to reduce the other distortion noise, such as noise induced by nonlinearity intrinsic to high-power amplifiers, for example by linearization processing. Distortion mitigation techniques, however, may not eliminate all such distortion noise energy. The channel gain control circuit 548 may be configured to measure an amount of residual distortion noise energy in each channel after application of distortion reduction processes, such as after equalization and linearization processing. The channel gain control circuit 548 may subtract this measured residual distortion noise energy from the EVM-permitted amount, which defines the permissible noise that may be added to each channel by the peak-reduction processing procedure. If the rms power of the noise does not exceed the permissible amount, the channel gain control circuit 548 may maintain unity gain resulting in the maximum peak reduction. If the rms power of the noise exceeds the threshold, then the channel gain control circuit 548 attenuates the filtered signal 538. The attenuation may be selected according to any suitable criteria. In the present exemplary embodiment, the attenuation is selected to promote compliance with the relevant channel EVM criterion. Thus, the desired gain Gk may be calculated as:
G k ≡ { 1 _if _P xk ≤ AP xk AP xk P xk _otherwise AP xk ≡ α 2 P sk - N k
Where Pxk, is the power of the signal exceeding the magnitude threshold 412 for the kth channel, and Psk is the signal power in the kth channel, α (which may include some margin) is the EVM limit for the kth channel, and Nk is the estimated residual distortion noise for the kth channel. The maximum allowed amount of channel noise added to the kth channel due to peak-reduction processing, APxk, is computed by subtracting the estimated residual (linear and nonlinear) distortion noise, Nk, associated with frequency conversion and amplification from this computed value of maximum acceptable (total) kth channel noise, α2Psk. This equation corresponds, as an example, to the desired-gain plot shown in FIG. 26.
AMRk, the ratio of the allowed added peak noise to the measured peak noise in the kth channel is computed in the divider 2210. If this ratio is less than unity, there is no need to reduce the gain applied to the filtered channel excursion signal. However, if this power ratio exceeds unity, then the gain must be reduced by a factor equal to the square-root of AMRk. This gain value, Gk, 2216 is computed and applied to a version of the filtered channel excursion signal at the output of the delay operator 2112. In addition, a modified version of this gain is fed back to the scaling system to ensure that peaks are scaled to reflect the new channel filter gain. The gain modification is required to avoid control loop stability problems encountered if feedback gain values drop below a defined minimum. This minimum gain value, MinG, is sufficiently low that negligible peak scaling error is introduced by limiting the lowest gain value fed back to the scaling system, as shown in FIG. 21.
The exemplary embodiment of FIG. 21 provides a method for ensuring that the long-term average value of EVM remains close to the value of α, but because the short-term EVM exhibits some random variation about this value due to the structure of the signals—which vary dynamically, the limit may be occasionally exceeded. Thus, a fixed nominal α value must be selected such that the upper reaches of the dynamic variation seldom exceed the specified limit. This implies that some peak-reduction potential will remain unused if α is fixed. It is also difficult to empirically select an α target. The present invention thus includes an automatic adaptive system that adjusts each channel α so that the EVM substantially matches the allowed limit. In this and similar embodiments, for example, a criteria is specified regarding toleration of the EVM values exceeding a defined limit, for example by specifying the percentage of time such an excess EVM is acceptable. A determination is then made regarding the extent to which the defined limit is actually exceeded. The target value of α is reduced if the tolerable limit is exceeded. On the other hand, the target value of α is increased if the tolerable limit is not reached. The difficulty of empirically selecting a target value for α is thus eliminated and the maximum amount of peak reduction achieved under all circumstances.
Referring again to FIG. 21, in this embodiment the baseband modulated signal 222 is provided to the delay element 510 and the interpolator 502. A magnitude threshold 412 and an excursion generator 512, which may comprise magnitude calculation circuit 810, threshold circuit 812, and waveform generator 814, identifies portions of the interpolated baseband modulated signal 504 beyond the magnitude threshold 412 and generates a corresponding unscaled excursion signal 410. The unscaled excursion signal 410 comprises any suitable signal for reducing the peak in the baseband modulated signal 222.
The unscaled excursion signal 410 is processed by the scaling system 820 in such a manner that the maximum magnitude of signal peaks in the peak-reduced signal 224 is approximately equal to the defined magnitude threshold 412. The scaling system outputs the scaled excursion signal 516 for further processing by the excursion filter system 514.
In the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 21, the complex sample stream from the excursion generator is optimally scaled, and then filtered by the excursion filter system 514 consisting of multiple parallel channel filters 518. Bandpass filtering is accomplished using cascaded down-conversion, low-pass filtering, and then up-conversion; the indicated phase-shift is a common feature of this form of bandpass filter implementation. Pxk is computed as the short-term average rms noise power added to a channel by peak-reduction processing. As discussed, the maximum permissible value of the short-term average rms noise power is computed from the average channel signal power, the EVM target value (αk) and the estimated residual (linear and nonlinear) distortion noise, Nk, associated with frequency conversion and amplification. Note that, as individual channel gains vary over time, common-mode gain values within the scaling unit 820 must be adjusted to maintain optimal peak event scaling.
FIGS. 27 and 27A illustrate the performance achievable using the peak-reduction functional architecture shown in FIG. 21 with a particularly challenging set of channel signal power levels: two adjacent strong channels and two adjacent weak channels. FIGS. 27 and 27A characterize simulated weak channel gain and EVM variation using the architecture described above. The top curve 2710 of FIG. 27 shows the raw EVM variation over time, the middle curve 2712 shows the corresponding gain-controlled EVM and the bottom curve 2714 is the channel gain multiplied by a factor of ten. Note that even though the weak channel's relative amplitude is only 0.1, the adaptive gain control approach described and claimed herein results in achievement of an average weak channel gain of approximately 0.6, and even during intervals of peak EVM the weak channel gain is greater than 0.5. These detailed computer simulation results verify that the present inventive approach and the described architecture ensures EVM compliance while minimizing signal peak excursions. FIG. 27A confirms that this has been achieved without violating the WCDMA spectral mask. In the absence of adaptive gain control, the raw EVM 2710 exhibits±5% variation, which would require wasting 5% of the noise budget on margin. Note the greatly reduced (five-fold) EVM variability 2712 using the inventive gain control approach. The channel gain 2714 clearly shows the dynamics induced by the adaptive gain strategy described and claimed herein, and the tightly-controlled resulting channel EVM clearly illustrates the benefit of this gain-control strategy. FIG. 27A depicts the power spectral density of the channel signals, particularly the two weak channels, both before 2718 and after 2716 the adaptive gain control strategy has been applied; clearly there is negligible spectral degradation (as far down as 80 dB) associated with the described gain control strategy.
The gain control strategy described and claimed herein impacts the peak-reduction performance in the following manner. Only those weak channels which require EVM protection actually exhibit gain reductions, and then only the minimum required to satisfy EVM constraints; stronger channels maintain their near-unity gains in order to maximize achievable peak-reduction performance. Research demonstrates that the gain control approach of the present invention protects weak channels from EVM violations while achieving near-optimal peak reduction.
The cited prior art references authored by Armstrong failed to recognize the benefits of separately filtering the excursion and then subtracting the result from the delayed original signal for all conventional OFDM signals. The prior art recognized the need to interpolate the signal prior to clipping the OFDM signal, as well as the need to apply filtering to reduce the out-of-band OFDM signal energy sufficiently to comply with regulatory spectral masks. The prior art failed to realize the importance of applying in-band dynamically adaptive filtering to protect any relatively weak channel signals, and failed to recognize the opportunity to apply adaptive gain control to channels to ensure that they satisfy EVM specifications. The prior art also failed to grasp the benefit of adaptive peak scaling in order to greatly improve peak reduction performance. The techniques and systems described and claimed herein thus provide numerous advantages over prior art techniques and systems and are critical for ensuring EVM specifications are met for each of the sub-channels within the OFDM signal, particularly as they dynamically vary in transmit strength. Of course, these advantages apply to MCS as well.
The algorithm/architecture described above may also be configured to monitor the final peak reduced signal magnitude statistics, thereby adaptively adjusting the threshold value to optimize peak-reduction performance. The industry-standard definition of a signal ‘peak’ is that magnitude value which is exceeded 0.01% of the time. The architecture described above permits accurate measurement of signal statistics and concomitant adjustment of the threshold value to minimize this statistical metric of signal peak.
The peak-reduction algorithm described above with reference to FIG. 21 works very well in minimizing the PAR when all four channels are at maximum power, and therefore achieves the benefit of reducing the cost of the high-power amplifier (HPA) needed to support this embodiment of the invention. However, the life-cycle cost of a basestation is greatly impacted by the power consumption of those same HPAs. A further modification to the algorithm described with reference to FIG. 21 wherein the threshold value is adaptively varied yields additional benefits in power consumption over the lifetime of the transmitter. Consider the situation in which all four channels are transmitting at a power level that is only 10% of their required peak transmission power levels. This situation actually occurs far more frequently than that in which all four channels are at maximum power. If the magnitude threshold 412 is the same as that which minimizes PAR for all four channels at maximum power, the peak-reduction processing algorithm described with reference to FIG. 21 will not have the desired effect of reshaping the CCDF of the signal, since the signal will only very rarely exceed this high magnitude threshold 412 level. If the PAR is to be minimized even at this reduced power level, the threshold value must be adaptively reduced.
The present invention therefore includes in one embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 23, an integrated control algorithm for both channel gains and magnitude threshold 412 driven by AMRk, the ratio of allowed peak-reduction noise power to measured peak-reduction noise power in each channel; the square-root of the channel AMRk value is referred to as that channel's ‘headroom,’ since it equals that channel's estimated gain margin. Gain control loop stability considerations establish a minimum allowed value of channel gain, MinG. If driven at defined time intervals, this algorithm is executed as follows:
Magnitude Threshold Control:
If any AMRk<MinG, increase M
Else, If any AMRk>1.0, decrease M
Else, maintain M at current value
This addition to the peak-reduction architecture and algorithm described with respect to FIG. 21 results in the peak-reduction architecture and algorithm depicted in FIG. 23. FIG. 23 is identical to FIG. 21 with the addition of feedback from the excursion filter system 514 to the threshold control system 2208, as shown by the dashed lines in FIG. 23. The structure and operation of the peak-reduction architecture of FIG. 23 is such that four parallel automatic-gain control (AGC) loops are driven by channel-specific measurements, yet they result in feedback to two serial common-mode operations (excursion generation and peak-scaling) that impact all channels. The net result is a unique ability to minimize peak-to-average-power-ratio (PAR) for any combination of channel powers, and to dynamically adapt as circumstances evolve. Since this processing yields a very sharply defined peak magnitude under dynamically-varying channel power levels, it is possible to dynamically control the maximum supply voltage to the amplifier used to amplify this signal. Since the power consumption of the amplifier is proportional to its supply voltage, the sharply defined signal peak permits substantial reduction in amplifier power consumption over all operating conditions. In an alternative embodiment, a threshold calculation circuit 2208 receives a feedback signal from the output of the excursion filter system 514 and adjusts the magnitude threshold 412 according to the magnitude of the output signal. The magnitude threshold 412 may be adjusted based on the peak-power reduction component 212 output according to any suitable algorithm or process. For example, the threshold calculation circuit 2208 may compare the output signal power or the average output signal power over a selected time duration to a selected level, such as the maximum power level of the amplifier 216. If the output power level is substantially lower than the selected level, the threshold calculation circuit 2208 may adjust the magnitude threshold 412 to a lower level. The magnitude threshold 412 may also be scaled in response to other criteria or output, for example in response to the output of the peak-power reduction component 212.
The performance of the embodiment of the invention as illustrated in FIG. 23 is shown in FIGS. 27B and 27C, for a combination of four strong channels, and in FIGS. 27D and 27E, for one weak channel and three strong channels. FIG. 27B shows raw 2720 and peak-reduced 2722 CCDF plots for four strong channels. FIG. 27C shows 10× gain 2726 and EVM 2724 variation versus time for four strong channels using EVM-based excursion channel filter gain control. FIG. 27D shows raw 2728 and peak-reduced 2730 CCDF plots for one weak channel and three strong channels. FIG. 27E shows EVM variation 2732 and 10× gain versus time for one weak channel 2736 and three strong channels 2734 using EVM-based excursion channel filter gain control. In both cases, EVM values for all four channels quickly converge to the defined EVM target of 17%.
A further aspect of the inventive peak-reduction process targets the rate of decline in the CCDF curves. An ideal peak-reducer would exhibit a nearly vertical limit line implying the signal magnitude never exceeds the limit. However, in reality the CCDF curves exhibit a slight flare-out that represents two primary mechanisms: 1) scaling errors and 2) finite automatic gain control bandwidth and delay. The scaling errors usually occur because of the influence on scaling of proximate peak events, and because extremely long peak events can cause significant scale errors. Both flare-out mechanisms may be mitigated by simply passing the peak-reduced waveform through a second application of the same processing. FIG. 27F depicts an exemplary improved CCDF plot achieved using two cascaded peak-reduction operations. FIG. 27F shows an exemplary raw CCDF 2738, a peak-reduced CCDF 2740, and a peak-reduced CCDF 2742 that has undergone two cascaded peak-reduction operations.
The signal provided by the peak-power reduction component 212 may also be adjusted to compensate for changes in the magnitude of the signal incurred by the excursion filter system 514, for example by the channel scaling (gain control) circuits 548. For example, the common-mode scaling system 820 may also be configured to adjust the common-mode scaling factor to compensate for magnitude changes caused by the various channel circuits, such as channel gain adjustments that may be effected by the channel scaling circuits 548. Common-mode scaling may thus be applied to, for example, EVM control. Alternatively, the adjustment may be performed by other components, such as a downstream amplifier, and the common-mode scaling system 820 may adjust the signal according to any suitable criteria or information, such as feedback from the excursion filter system 514, and/or approximations of changes in the signal induced by other components such as the excursion filter system 514.
The signal magnitude may be adjusted in any suitable manner and according to any suitable criteria. For example, in the present exemplary embodiment, the common-mode scaling circuit 820 receives one or more feedback signals from the channel scaling circuits 548. The common mode scaling circuit 820 adjusts the common-mode scaling magnitude based on the feedback signals. As is apparent, this feedback approach is consistent with the exemplary embodiments of the invention as described in FIGS. 21 and 23.
In a preferred embodiment, the feedback signals comprise the scaling factor, with a potentially-constrained minimum value, generated by each channel scaling circuit 548. For example, referring again to FIG. 21, the output of each comparison circuit 2212 may be provided to the common-mode scaling system 820. The common-mode scaling system 820 may also adjust the common-mode scaling factor according to any other appropriate criteria, such as the known impulse responses of the various channel filters 518 that comprise the excursion filter system 514 in FIG. 24.
Note that in FIG. 21 the output of comparison circuits 2212 is shown as provided directly to the scaling system 820. In an exemplary embodiment, the scaling system 820 may be configured to adjust the scaling according to an approximation of the changes incurred by excursion filter system 514 or other components. However, the output of comparison circuits 2212 may be provided directly to the scaling system 820 without any such approximation processing. In an embodiment including approximation processing, the approximation may be generated in any suitable manner, such as by an approximation filter having an impulse response similar to that of the excursion filter system 514. For example, referring to FIGS. 22 and 28, the scaling system 820 may comprise a scaling delay circuit 2510, a scaling (approximation) filter 2512, and a peak scaling circuit 2514. The incoming signal is provided to the scaling delay circuit 2510 and the scaling (approximation) filter 2512. The scaling delay circuit 2510 delays propagation of the signal while the scaling (approximation) filter 2512 and the peak scaling circuit 2514 process the signal. The scaling (approximation) filter 2512 processes the signal to approximate the effect of the excursion filter system 514 on the signal. The peak scaling circuit 2514 adjusts the scaling applied to the excursion samples based on the effects indicated by the scaling (approximation) filter 2512.
The scaling (approximation) filter 2512 may be configured in any suitable manner to approximate one or more effects of the excursion filter system 514. The output sequence corresponding to each set of excursion samples may be computed for any excursion filter system 514. The output may comprise a smoothed version of the excursion waveform, sandwiched in between oscillations decaying in each direction of time. The oscillations are required to satisfy the spectral constraints imposed by the excursion filter system 514. The scaling (approximation) filter 2512 may generate an accurate estimate of the smoothed excursion itself, without the oscillatory extensions, and the peak of the filtered excursion or peak event determined. In one embodiment, the approximation filter 2512 determines the scaling for each set of excursion samples as the ratio of the peak magnitude of the input (unfiltered) peak event to the maximum magnitude of the filtered peak event, which encourages the peak-adjusted output signal maximum peaks to closely match the defined magnitude threshold 412.
In the present embodiment, the scaling (approximation) filter reflects the effects of the various channel filters 518 and/or other components comprising the excursion filter system 514. For example, the approximation filter may comprise simplified versions of each of the low pass filters and their related components. Referring to FIGS. 14 and 28, each low pass filter 522 may comprise a multi-tap digital filter. To meet spectral requirements, the low pass filter 522 may be a relatively complex filter having dozens or hundreds of taps. Low pass filter 522 is a single channel's LPF, whereas the impulse response of interest is that of the excursion filter system 514. The impulse response of the excursion filter system 514 is substantially completely determined by the impulse response of the lowpass filters 522, the channel offset frequencies 318 and the output of the channel scaling/gain control element 540. The approximation filter 2512 suitably comprises a simplified version of the impulse response of the excursion filter system 514, and may be implemented using substantially fewer taps, such as five to ten taps. The approximation filter 2512 is suitably configured to share the same tap values around the main lobe 2610 of the impulse response 2612 of the excursion filter system 514, but only extends for a portion of the impulse response 2612 of the excursion filter system 514. Although the output of the approximation filter 2512 may not generate a signal compliant with the spectral requirements, the peak magnitude of the approximation filter 2512 approximates the peak magnitude of the excursion filter system 514.
Referring to FIG. 28, the peak scaling circuit 2514 receives the unscaled excursion 410 from the scaling (approximation) filter 2512 and adjusts the scaling applied to the original signal accordingly, for example to counter the effects of the excursion filter system 514 on the magnitude of the excursion. In one embodiment, the peak scaling system 2514 compares the signal from the approximation filter 2512 to the original signal and adjusts the scaling accordingly. Thus, if the maximum sample magnitude of a peak event processed by the scaling (approximation) filter is 80% of the maximum sample magnitude of the unfiltered peak event, the peak scaling circuit 2514 may apply a scaling factor of 1.25 to the original peak event samples to compensate for the attenuation induced by the scaling (approximation) filter 2512.
As is apparent for this and other embodiments, signals may be scaled, for example, to maximize peak reduction and remain within EVM specifications. The channel filters 518 may attenuate individual channel signals, reducing peak-reduction, if the noise in that channel is approaching its EVM limits or other applicable signal quality criteria. In addition, the common-mode scaling circuit 820 may scale the samples in each peak event to better match the magnitude threshold 412 by compensating for changes in the excursion signal induced by the excursion filter system 514. As is readily apparent, the embodiment of the invention illustrated by FIG. 28 is consistent with the exemplary embodiments of the invention illustrated in FIGS. 21 and 23.
The channel gain control circuit 548 may also be configured to provide time slot scaling for time division multiple access (TDMA) or time division duplexing (TDD) signals, for example in conjunction with smooth “window” curves to transition between the nominal scalings used for successive time slots. In particular, various time division schemes, such as those employed by burst CDMA and GSM, require the signal to smoothly decrease in magnitude to substantially zero between time slots. Accordingly, the channel gain control circuit 548 may be configured to apply a time-varying gain to the filtered signal 538. For example, referring to FIG. 29, the channel gain control circuit 548 may apply a unity gain 850 to the filtered signal 538 for most of a time division time slot 852, such as using a Blackman window or Hamming window. At the ends 854 of the time slot 852, the gain is gradually adjusted between zero and unity such that the filtered signal 538 substantially smoothly ramps up from zero to unity gain 850, is held at unity gain 850 for most of the time slot 852, then substantially smoothly ramps back down to zero near the end of the time slot 852. This smooth ramping reduces undesirable spectral artifacts associated with rapid signal magnitude variations at each end of a time slot.
In one embodiment, the decay rate of the signal from the channel filter 518 may be too slow to fully decay before the next time slot time. Accordingly, referring to FIG. 30, the channel filter 518 may be configured with additional filters 522 and a switching system 858 for each channel. The additional filters 522 may comprise any number of additional filters 522 that may be required to filter the signal while one or more other filters 522 allow their signals to decay. In the present embodiment, each channel includes two filters 522. The switching system 858 switches the input and output for the channel between the two filters 522 according to a time slot timing signal 860. Thus, a first time slot signal is filtered by the first filter 522A. At the end of the time slot, the switching system 858 switches the signal input and output to the second filter 522B. The second filter 522B handles the filtering during the second time slot while the output of the first filter 522A decays to zero. The switching system 858 switches back and forth between the filters 522 so that each filter 522 is allowed to decay for the duration of a time slot before being used for the following time slot.
In various embodiments, the additional filters 522 and the switching system 858 may be unnecessary, for example due to the operation of the time scaling window and the channel gain control circuit 548 adjusting the power of the filtered signal 538 in accordance with basestation control signals, which may include maximum channel and time slot noise limits derived from the modulation and EVM for that channel and time slot. In particular, the nominal gain across each time slot may be varied to match the average relative signal magnitudes in each time slot, or to assure EVM compliance as previously described. For example, referring to FIG. 31, the energy in a first time slot TS1 is significantly higher than the energy in a second time slot TS2. The channel filter 518 is suitably configured as a magnitude adjustment circuit to adjust the gain of the filtered signal 538 to a lower magnitude during the second time slot TS2. The filtered energy from a high-level time slot excursion is suitably attenuated sufficiently to reduce potential interference with a weaker signal in a subsequent time slot. The channel gain control circuit 548 is configured to adjust the amplitude of the filtered signal 538, which includes the portion of the signal that may be caused by the extended decay of the filter. As a result, the portion of the filtered signal 538 attributable to the extended decay of the filter is attenuated, which tends to reduce its effect on the intended signal.
Following processing by prior elements of the system, including appropriate filtering, scaling and adjusting, the scaled and filtered excursion signal 552 is provided to the excursion reducer 544, as shown in, for example, in FIG. 14. The excursion reducer 544 also receives the baseband modulated signal 222 via the delay element 510. The delay element 510 is configured to compensate for the propagation time of the signal through the interpolator 502, excursion signal generator 512, scaling system 820, and excursion filter system 514. The excursion reducer 544 combines the baseband modulated signal 222 and the scaled and filtered excursion signal 542, for example, by subtracting the scaled and filtered excursion signal 542 from the delayed version of the baseband modulated signal 222. The excursion reducer 544 generates a peak-reduced signal 224 having a maximum magnitude approximately equal to the magnitude threshold 412 and with few or no components outside the approved bandwidth. The peak-reduced signal 224 is provided to the DAC 214, which converts the peak-reduced signal 224 into an analog signal 226 for amplification and transmission.
The communication system 100 may be used in various environments to transfer information, and may be adapted to the particular environment or application. In various applications, the excursion filter system 514, the excursion signal generator 512, or other elements of the system may be changed or optimized for the environment or application. Further, additional elements may be added to or removed from the communications system 100 to facilitate or improve operation for the particular environment or application. For example, various applications or environments may utilize relatively low sampling rates compared to the carrier frequencies. For example, under certain wireless communication standards, such as systems conforming to standards such as IEEE 802.11 and 802.16 standards employing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), sampling rates may approach the Nyquist limits for the carrier frequencies. The peak-power reduction component 212 may be configured for improved operation in such low sampling rate applications. In a further example application requiring increased sampling frequency, the peak-power reduction component 212 may be adapted to reduce noise in the signals of interest. In one embodiment, the peak-power reduction component 212 is suitably configured to inhibit the addition of noise to the signals of interest that may be caused by the peak-power reduction process, such as intermodulation noise generated by the excursion signal generator 512. In particular, the sampling frequency of the baseband modulated signal 222 may be substantially increased above the Nyquist sampling rate to inhibit aliasing of the excursion energy into the signal spectrum.
Referring to FIG. 32, an alternative exemplary embodiment of a peak-power reduction component 212 according to various aspects of the present invention comprises the delay element 510, the excursion signal generator 512, the excursion filter system 514, a sampling rate increase system 502, and a sampling rate reduction system 562. The sampling rate increase (interpolator) system 502 increases the sampling rate of the baseband modulated signal 222, while the sampling rate reduction system 562 correspondingly reduces the sampling rate of the baseband modulated signal to its original rate. By increasing the sampling rate of the baseband modulated signal 222 before generating the excursion signal, noise components caused by aliasing fall outside the spectra of the channel signals, and may thus be filtered by the excursion filter system 514. FIG. 32 is described in terms of an OFDMA application, but of course the techniques described therein are equally applicable to any low sampling rate applications or environment.
The sampling rate increase system 502 of FIG. 32 may comprise any suitable system for increasing the sampling rate of the baseband modulated signal 222. In the present embodiment, the sampling rate increase system 502 consists of an interpolator configured to generate intermediate samples based on the original samples in the baseband modulated signal 222. The interpolator may generate the intermediate samples according to any suitable algorithm, such as a linear interpolation. In addition, the interpolator may generate any suitable number of intermediate samples to achieve a desired increased frequency. In the present embodiment, the interpolator increases the sampling rate by a factor of about four.
Likewise, the sampling rate reduction system 562 of FIG. 32 may comprise any suitable system for decreasing the sampling rate of the signal from the excursion filter system 514 back to the original sampling rate. In the present embodiment, the sampling rate reduction system 562 includes a decimator configured to remove intermediate samples from the signal. In the present embodiment, the decimator decreases the sampling rate by a factor of about four to return the signal to the original sampling rate of the baseband modulated signal. It has been found that including an interpolator and decimator in this manner to increase and decrease the signal sampling rate, respectively, may advantageously reduce the power required for the signal processing operations described and claimed herein significantly, in the present embodiment by approximately a factor of four. Power efficiencies may also be expected for other interpolator/decimator sampling rate scenarios. In a preferred embodiment, the decimation may occur between the scaling 820 and the excursion filter system 514, in order to reduce the implementation complexity and power consumption of the excursion filter system 514.
In the OFDM environment, the excursion generator 512 in FIG. 32 is understood to incorporate the peak parsing and scaling functions previously described in detail. The excursion filter system 514 may include an OFDM gain mask 564 configured to provide conformance to the regulatory and standard-based spectral constraints, but very importantly, the channel mask representing the maximum allowed channel noise power (as determined by the signal power and channel EVM constraint) previously described. The preferred embodiment of the gain mask operation 564 is a vector dot product of the frequency domain scaled excursion and the mask which results from the combination of the regulatory spectral constraints and channel noise power restrictions. The peak-power reduction component 212 may also perform additional processing, such as substantially removing the DC component of the signal, for example by subtracting the average of the in-phase and quadrature components of the signal from the samples corresponding to the original samples.
The excursion filter system 514 may be further adapted for systems using fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), such as an OFDMA communications system under the IEEE 802.16 standard. For example, referring to the alternative exemplary embodiment of FIG. 32, a peak-power reduction component 212 according to various aspects of the present invention comprises the delay element 510, the excursion signal generator 512, the excursion filter system 514, the sampling rate increase (interpolator) system 502, and the sampling rate reduction (decimator) system 562. The modulator 210 is configured to generate a signal, such as an 802.16a OFDM symbol having cyclic prefix data. In the present embodiment, the excursion filter system 514 includes an FFT filter system. To facilitate the use of the FFTs, the sampling rate increase system 502 is suitably configured to increase the sampling rate of the baseband modulated signal 222 such that the total number of samples in the OFDM vector corresponds to a power of two, such as by a factor of four. Similarly, the sampling rate reduction system 562 reduces the sampling rate of the baseband modulated signal by the same amount.
In an alternative embodiment of the decimation and filtering systems of FIG. 32, the sample rate reduction system may be eliminated and its function implemented by the FFT filter system. By performing a larger FFT at the higher sample rate and discarding portions of the frequency domain beyond the bandwidth of the baseband modulated signal, effective decimation prior to the gain mask operation may be realized. Of these two alternatives, the preferred decimation and filtering embodiment must be chosen based on the processing resources available in the specific application.
Alternatively, the excursion waveform may only be generated for the raw OFDMA waveform, excluding the cyclic prefix, and the output of the peak-reduction then modified to create a cyclic prefix corresponding to the peak-reduction waveform itself, with the composite waveform then subtracted from the delayed signal to accomplish peak reduction. For example, the excursion waveform may be generated without the cyclic prefix. After the peak-reduction process, for example after the summing of the various filtered excursions, a cyclic prefix may then be generated based on the peak-reduction waveform. The prefix is then attached to the front and back end of the transmitted signal.
The particular implementations shown and described are illustrative of the invention and its best mode and are not intended to otherwise limit the scope of the present invention in any way. Indeed, for the sake of brevity, conventional manufacturing, connection, preparation, and other functional aspects of the system may not be described in detail. Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in the various figures are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical couplings between the various elements. Many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connections may be present in a practical system.
One such alternative embodiment simply uses a fixed common-mode scaling value for all excursion samples, where that scale value and an associated magnitude threshold value are selected to optimize peak-reduction for the case where all channels are near their maximum power. The magnitude threshold value may then be selectively increased to ensure EVM compliance when necessary as some channel power levels decrease. Even though this embodiment eliminates both the adaptive common-mode and channel-specific scaling, it provides substantial peak-reduction benefit and is an application of our inventive concept and architecture.
The present invention has been described above with reference to preferred embodiments. However, changes and modifications may be made to the preferred embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention. The order of processing steps described above with respect to the method aspects of the present invention are representative and the invention may be practiced in any sequence within the broad scope of the invention as described and claimed which accomplishes the stated objectives. These and other changes or modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
1. A signal processing system comprising:
a distortion measuring system configured to dynamically measure distortion in a signal, wherein the signal comprises one or more channel signals transmitted via one or more channels,
a distortion determination system configured to dynamically determine an allowable amount of distortion in at least one channel signal,
a distortion budgeting system configured to dynamically subtract measured distortion from allowable distortion to identify the maximum incremental distortion in at least one channel signal which may be created by peak-reduction processing, and
a peak-reduction processing system configured to reduce signal peaks in at least one channel signal, wherein the peak-reduction processing system creates no more than the maximum incremental distortion.
2. The signal processing system of claim 1, wherein the allowable amount of distortion is based on an error vector magnitude specification.
3. The signal processing system of claim 1, wherein the system for dynamically determining an allowable amount of distortion is configured to determine an amount of noise that may be added to a channel signal without exceeding a limit.
4. The signal processing system of claim 1, wherein the distortion is comprised of residual linear and nonlinear distortion.
5. The signal processing system of claim 1, further configured to process signals selected from the group consisting of TDD, GSM, CDMA, WCDMA, TDMA, QFDM, and OFDMA signals, and signals formed as hybrids of this group.
6. A method of processing a signal, comprising:
dynamically measuring distortion in at least one channel signal of a signal comprised of one or more channel signals transmitted via one or more channels,
dynamically determining an allowable amount of distortion in at least one channel signal,
dynamically subtracting measured distortion from allowable distortion to identify the maximum incremental distortion in at least one channel signal which may be created by peak-reduction processing, and
reducing signal peaks in at least one channel signal via peak-reduction processing, wherein the peak-reduction processing creates no more than the maximum incremental distortion.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the allowable amount of distortion is based on an error vector magnitude specification.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of dynamically determining an allowable amount of distortion includes determining an amount of noise that may be added to a channel signal without exceeding a limit.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein the distortion is comprised of residual linear and nonlinear distortion.
10. The method of claim 6, wherein the signal is selected from the group consisting of TDD, GSM, CDMA, WCDMA, TDMA, OFDM, and OFDMA signals, and signals formed as hybrids of this group.
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Tag Archives: winterpills
Favorite Records of the Year: Stars of 2017
By Alan Haber – Pure Pop Radio
Every year around this time, I sit down to start work on this feature and I marvel at the sheer number of wonderful albums released during the previous 12 months. And then, I’m off and running.
The process of reviewing contenders for this list results in a survey of the absolute top of the pops that came out during the last 12 months. There were a lot of great indie records released in 2017. These are the ones that I came back to the most.
There are 21 entries in this year’s feature–18 albums and three singles, all followed by links you can click on to purchase them. They are presented in no particular order. As in years past, I do not rank them; I have trouble deciding which album should sit at number five versus number six and anyway, if I did rank them, the placements would likely vary depending on the day. So they are presented as a group of highly listenable creations, all of which I recommend without reservation, every day of the week.
And so, without further ado, here is Pure Pop Radio’s Favorite Records of the Year: Stars of 2017. The choices are mine; the pleasure, listening to them, is all yours.
Bill DeMain | Transatlantic Romantic
Built around the Nashville, Tennessee artist’s piano and lovely vocals, and co-producer Jim Hoke’s tasteful string and horn arrangements, Transatlantic Romantic is a delicious, wonderfully arranged song cycle stacked high with sweet, beautifully written and performed classic-sounding songs in the style of Harry Nilsson, Randy Newman, Van Dyke Parks, and Harpers Bizarre. Case in point: “Lemon Yellow,” a lovely waltz blessed by Van Dyke Parks-meets-George Martin strings, Randy Newman-esque piano, and the charming story about the love of a car that came “all the way from Germany.” There is charm to spare in this gem of an album, a warm, beating heart full of joy. Purchase
Bill Lloyd | It’s Happening Now
It’s Happening Now bathes listeners in the warm glow of tremendous acoustic-based songs evoking mid-’60s folk-pop aesthetics. Lovely melodies, nimble acoustic guitar playing, and emotive vocals combine for an affective listening experience from a contemporary music master. A couple of heartfelt numbers are among the best songs that Lloyd has written thus far: the gorgeous, beautifully orchestrated and tenderly sung “Happiness,” about really and truly and completely giving in to love (“Happiness/As much of a choice as a chance/You simply decide that you’ll dance/This time…/Then maybe you’ll finally be blessed with/Happiness”), and “Let Me In Your Life Again,” a gentle upbeat plea for rekindling a romance (“Back inside your grace/Warm in your embrace/Only face to face/Do I feel anything so true”). It’s Happening Now is Bill Lloyd’s finest hour, by far. Purchase
The Bye Bye Blackbirds | Take Out the Poison
Bradley Skaught’s Oakland, California-based outfit’s best offering yet presents 11 finely wrought, emotionally charged songs in an album stocked full of classic tracks. Variety is the key: “Let Your Hair Fall Down,” an out-and-out pop workout, complete with horns and sounding as if it were plucked from the J. Geils playbook, sits comfortably alongside such numbers as the mid-tempo, string-laden country ballad, “Duet,” which features a lovely vocal by Lindsay Paige Garfield, who co-wrote the song with Skaught. A career-defining release. Purchase
Karla Kane | King’s Daughters Home for Incurables
The Corner Laughers’ Karla Kane steps into the spotlight with this enchanting solo set bringing together modern folk and soft pop sensibilities. Kane’s lovely vocals and melodies power these heartfelt songs, such as the gorgeous ballad “Under the Oak in May” and the amazing, percussive piano marvel “All Aboard,” which sports a traveling, train-inspired beat and builds to a seductive close. A true marvel of an album. Purchase
Fun of the Pier | 14:42
Nottingham, England’s Fun of the Pier paints their debut album in bright, happy folk-pop hues for a pleasing listening experience. Songs such as “Past/Future” and “(In My) Time” are drenched in lovely, clever and catchy melodies. Beautiful ballads “Lost and Lazy” and “I Live this Life (She Said)” hearken to classic artists such as Claire Hamill and Kate Rusby (and there is a correlation worth noting). 14:42 is a wonderful, delightful collection of songs, expertly performed, with Helen Luker’s alluring vocals particularly noteworthy. Purchase
Kelley Ryan | Telescope
astroPuppees veteran Ryan’s long player is a master class effort of melodic proportions, stocked deep with luscious, carefully crafted compositions. Telescope’s enticing mix of balladry and radio-friendly should-be-top-of-the-pops creations includes the catchy, mid-tempo closer “Real Gone Girl,” with its enticing melody and lovely, memorable and magical harmonies; and the gentle, so pretty “Pulling for Romeo,” from which this album gets its title (“You’re at the end of your rope/Don’t need a telescope…”). How does this album fit into the current melodic pop landscape? It fits like a glove. Purchase
Dave Caruso | Buddha Pesto Manifesto
Dave Caruso’s new songs, which form the whole of this career-defining new album, play with the duality of the times in our lives when decisions must be made. Easy or hard to fathom, these decisions are the fabric of our lives, set within this album to glide along atop durable melodies that beat to the heart of the matter. The album’s closer is a particular highlight: “I Get to Make You Laugh,” delivered emotionally by way of Caruso’s tender vocal and keyboard, finds the narrator self-realizing that another man has the woman’s commitment at the same time that the narrator has her soul. Coming three years after the bravura performances captured within Caruso’s breakout album Cardboard Vegas Roundabout, Buddha Pesto Manifesto sets a high bar for future musical endeavors. Purchase
Cindy Lee Berryhill | The Adventurist
A deeply felt, melodic, invigorating and emotional song cycle looking back on and celebrating Berryhill’s time with Paul Williams, the creator of Crawdaddy, the first, authoritative rock publication of record, The Adventurist shows the future unfolding for Berryhill one day at a time with each new step forward informed by steps already taken. The album’s heart-filled center is the heartbreakingly honest, emotionally melodic “Somebody’s Angel” (“The first time I kissed somebody new/I cried when I thought about you/And all the good times we had and the living we’d been through,” Berryhill sings. “Now I’m here for you forever or long as I am able/I gotta be somebody’s angel.”) The Adventurist, a remarkable, many-hued cycle of life, will grab hold of your heart as it summons your deepest emotions to the surface and affects you to your core. (Omnivore) Purchase
Cait Brennan | Third
A miraculous, astounding, and audacious album pairing Brennan, a one-of-a-kind artist, and multi-instrumentalist and ace producer Fernando Perdomo, Third is surely one of those fortified-in-heaven happenings that make life on earth a wonderful thing. Recorded at Memphis, Tennessee’s legendary Ardent Studios, fortified with Big Star heart, Third is a roller coaster ride through all of life’s travails, an emotional wake up call for all humans negotiating the pathways of their existence. The album’s highlight? “Catiebots Don’t Cry,” a gut-wrenching you-love-her-I-love-her-what-are-we-gonna-do-about-it slow-to-mid-tempo burner, a skewed kind of aromatic love song featuring Brennan’s multi-tracked, thing-of-beauty three-dimensional vocal harmony stacks. This Third is astonishing, bold, and seemingly effortless. (Omnivore) Purchase
The Blood Rush Hour | Who Folds First
The followup to 2014’s astounding And Then… The Unthinkable Happened is just as miraculous and entirely satisfying, encompassing a variety of song styles, all finely wrought melodic microcosms and performed with perfection. Who Folds First brings the hits and a few happy surprises, like the Manhattan Transfer-like, a cappella opening that introduces the Todd Rundgren-esque “No More Excuses,” and “The Space that We Have Made,” about getting to the heart of the matter, a triumphant Steely Dan-ish number sung by Pure Pop Radio favorite Christian Phillips, who devised the three-dimensional vocal arrangements with Hour leader Robert DeStefano. Joyous and quite special. Purchase
Chris Price | Stop Talking
Stop talking? Hardly. The aim is for you to listen to these wonderful songs, recorded by Price between 2013 and 2016, and tell your friends about them, thereby creating a groundswell of support for this exceptional artist. From the catchy Paul McCartney-meets-Stephen Bishop-meets-Rupert Holmes “One of Them” to the tender, Nilsson-esque “You and Me (And Everyone Else),” co-written by Price and The New Pornographers’ Joe Seiders, and the toe-tapping, orchestrated charmer “Once Was True,” which puts a lovely chord progression and melodic structure center stage, Stop Talking is a classy keeper. (Omnivore) Purchase
The Weeklings | Live at Daryl’s House Club Vol. 1
Ten Beatles classics, inhabited and driven with red-hot enthusiasm by this ever-passionate New Jersey foursome, blow like missiles out of your speakers for a fun time that, yeah, yeah, yeah, cannot help but be had by all. Top tracks? Take your pick: “I Saw Her Standing There” (energy to spare and take-that drumming), “Nowhere Man” (tight, three-dimensional harmonies), or “Helter Skelter,” (a pulse-pounding showcase for the band and Lefty’s in-your-face vocal). Or, really, any of the other tracks on offer. Short of being transported to an alternate universe where the actual Beatles are playing at a club in your neighborhood, this is as real as this fab thing gets. (See below for more Weeklings fun.) Purchase
Coke Belda | Coke Belda 3 (Gs): A Tribute to the Bee Gees
The long-awaited followup to 2013’s Coke Belda I and 2015’s Nummer Zwei breathes new life into the art of musical homage. This alluring celebration of the charms of the Brothers Gibb, a virtual explosion of Bee Gees joy, hits the mark at every turn. Playing all of the instruments and singing all of the vocals, save for a welcome guest appearance from Gretchen’s Wheel’s Lindsay Murray, Coke delivers smile after smile. “Claustrophobia,” arranged and played as a sweet Merseybeat romp, will book you on a virtual time travel trip back to the 1960s. The album closer, a beautiful take on “Our Love (Don’t Throw It All Away),” a top 10 Billboard chart hit for Andy Gibb in 1978, written by Bee Gee Barry and keyboardist Blue Weaver, is a welcome, perhaps unexpected nugget. Follow with glee. (Bonus Belda joy follows below.) Purchase from Kool Kat (CD), Purchase from Futureman (Digital)
Scott Gagner | Pins and Needles
A way-more-than-worthy followup to 2014’s five-star Rise and Shine, Pins and Needles elevates Scott Gagner’s art to six stars, at least. Boasting 10 literate, affecting pop songs and a lovely, emotional reading of “America the Beautiful,” the album is one of the great pleasures of 2017. Top numbers include the bluesy “Heart Attack” (“It seems I was a victim of love/Not heart disease”), the classic pop sounds of “The Ghost of Me and You,” and the aforementioned “America the Beautiful.” Lovely through and through. Purchase
Robyn Gibson | Bob of the Pops Vol. 1 and Vol. 2
Buoyant exercises in the art of homage, Bob of the Pops Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 find The Junipers’ multi-instrumentalist Robyn Gibson having a good old time putting his warm, wide-eyed spin on some of his favorite pop songs from across the decades. All across this lovingly essayed two-volume landscape, Gibson’s softhearted vocals and obvious love for the material cast a warm glow over every melody line and emotional keystone communicated. In Gibson’s hands, these classic constructs breathe new life into familiar musical landscapes. From Vol. 1, The Beatles’ “Nowhere Man” fairly drips with joy; the opening, harmony drenched a cappella couplet is sweetly delivered, and the song reveals itself as a modern-day folk song, every harmonic element glimmering with life and hope. Among the other top spins: The Hollies’ “Listen to Me” and the Who’s “I Can’t Reach You.” Vol. 2’s take on the Monkees’ “Girl that I Knew Somewhere” and Matthew Sweet’s “I’ve Been Waiting” are winners, as is “Bob’s” version of a well-known little group from Liverpool’s “There’s a Place.” Unmissable, and so much fun. Free Downloads
Scott Brookman | Smellicopter Two
Four years and seven months on from the mighty Smellicopter, Richmond, Virginia’s favorite son returns with this top-flight five-song sequel, a sterling collection of pop songs that should not only please fans but also draw in new Brookman connoisseurs. From the opening marriage of ’70s Todd Rundgren and late-’90s June and the Exit Wounds ambiance, “Consideration,” to “Old Bones Found,” a clever, catchy mix of pure pop styles, Smellicopter Two delivers the goods. Purchase
Dana Countryman | The Joy of Pop
The fourth time’s the charm, although it certainly can be said that the previous three times have been equally charming; The Joy of Pop is nothing less than a joy, another in a growing line of wonderful retro-pop albums from a master of melody. With compatriots like Matt Tyson, Dana’s wife Tricia and Klaatu’s Dee Long in tow, you’re bound to have a rousing good time bathing in the glow of such gorgeous songs as “August Dream,” a Broadway-styled creation influenced, no doubt, by the work of Richard Carpenter, Burt Bacharach and Gilbert O’Sullivan; “Tell Me that You Love Me,” an early-1960s mid-tempo ballad dripping with Buddy Holly-isms; and “Can’t Stop Thinking ‘Bout You,” a jangly number graced with Dee Long’s beautiful guitar work. There is even a jolly holiday number, “It’s an Amazon.com Kind of Christmas,” that begs to be played year-round. Joy? There plenty to go around here. Purchase
Richard X. Heyman | Incognito
One-man-band Richard X.’s 12th album, no less than his best work by far, is powered by stellar playing, singing and songwriting that gets better with each passing year. Dazzling songs and equally dazzling performances greet you at every turn. In the pure popper “A Fool’s Errand,” the narrator tells the world that his love for his partner is solid and for the ages. “Her Garden Path” is a muscular track with a grandly attractive riff that chronicles a man’s escape from a woman’s web. And the horn-infused, soulful pop number “So What” finds Richard sounding as though he’s channeling the Rascals’ Felix Cavaliere. All of Richard’s albums are fantastic listens, but if you’re new to Richard’s work and you wonder where you should start, Incognito is a great place to jump in. Purchase
Winterpills | “Colorblind”
Upon first hearing this Massachusetts band’s music and, in particular songwriter Philip Price’s top-flight, three-dimensional songs, I could do nothing except flip for joy. This single, not yet represented on an album, is a great example of what Winterpills does best, and that is envelop the listener with lovely melodies and hooks galore. Beyond that, this description from the group’s Bandcamp page sums the process up nicely: “‘Colorblind’ features an infectious wall-of-sound vocal hook, samples recorded into an iPhone in a DC parking lot, out-of-tune pianos colliding over a burned-out city, a fat R&B beat, all poured through the alchemy of producer Justin Pizzoferrato’s overdrive brain.” Add this song, and all of Winterpills’ glorious albums, to your collection today. Purchase
Coke Belda | “Operator (That’s Not the Way it Feels)”
Coke Belda, who is ably represented above in this year’s Favorite Records of the Year feature, released this past November this heartfelt reinvention of Jim Croce’s top 20 hit. “My lovely wife, Verónica, introduced me to Jim Croce many years ago,” says Coke on his Bandcamp page. “I was captivated by his tunes and voice and I always thought this song was a clear power-pop song disguised as an acoustic piece.” Playing all of the instruments and singing all of the vocals, Coke has introduced Croce’s perennial to new listeners, as well as listeners who grew up with the song when it was first released. Stellar work. Purchase
The Weeklings | “Paperback Writer”
New Jersey’s Fab Four reconvened in the studio during the last few months of 2017 to record and release a couple of jolly Christmas singles–“Revolution Wonderland,” a mash-up of the Beatles’ “Revolution” and the perennial Christmas classic “Winter Wonderland,” and a lively take on the original Fabs’ “Christmas Time is Here Again,” with dollops of “Flying” and “Baby You’re a Rich Man” skillfully sewn in. Last September, they released this, and here’s that word again, joyous slice of Weekling-ized fun, reviewed by me thusly: “Lefty, Zeek, Rocky and Smokestack huddle together and Weekling-ize the number one 1966 Billboard chart Beatles smash with an in-your-face-and-your-ears-too injection of contemporary immediacy, tight-knit harmonies, a surprising and smile-inducing…break, rhythmic whirligigs, Lefty’s spot-on Paul McCartney-esque bass runs, and a daring dose of Monkees derring-do for a rip-roaring, must-play-it-again-and-again two minutes and 47 seconds-long eargasm.” Still sounds about right. Purchase
Pure Pop Radio’s signature shows, Alan Haber’s Pop Tunes Deejay Show, playing the latest and greatest melodic pop songs from today and across the decades, and Pure Pop Radio: In Conversation, the premiere Internet melodic pop talk show, air weekly on Pop that Goes Crunch Radio.
Listen to the Pop Tunes Deejay Show on Tuesdays and Thursdays at 8 pm ET (two different shows every week); In Conversation airs every Wednesday night at 9 pm ET. Don’t miss a minute!
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January 11, 2018 Alan Haber's Pure Pop Radio 5 Comments
Categories: favorite records of the year, Favorite Records of the Year: Stars of 2017 Tags: alan haber, bill demain, Bill Lloyd, cait brennan, chris price, cindy lee berryhill, coke belda, dana countryman, dave caruso, favorite records of the year, Favorite Records of the Year: Stars of 2017, fun of the pier, Karla Kane, kelley ryan, pop that goes crunch radio, pure pop radio, reviews, richard x. heyman, robyn gibson, scott brookman, scott gagner, the blood rush hour, the bye bye blackbirds, the weeklings, winterpills
New on Pure Pop Radio 08.29.17: NRBQ, Bubble Gum Orchestra, Neil Finn, Winterpills, and Crime Scene are Top of the Pops
Spins and Reviews | 08.29.17
NRBQ | Happy Talk (Omnivore, 2017)
Entertaining adoring audiences for five decades, the undeniably versatile and forever-sure-to-please band shows no signs of hanging up their rather extensive repertoire. Happy Talk, a joyous five-song EP that was cut during a touring break, follows the well-received, mammoth and comprehensive five-CD box set, High Noon: A 50-Year Retrospective, which was released last November to great acclaim. Two catchy originals join three choice covers in a must-get collection that screams “Full length, please!” I love the Hee-Hawish toe-tapper “Yes, I Have a Banana,” the succinct take on Roy Orbison’s “Only the Lonely,” and the sprightly, loving and heartfelt version of “Happy Talk,” from South Pacific. Charming through and through, this is a mini-masterpiece.
Where to Get It: Pre-order from the Omnivore Shop (releases October 20), Amazon
Bubble Gum Orchestra | “The Beatles Made Me” (from the forthcoming album, Sixthoverture)
The first single from Bubble Gum Orchestra’s forthcoming long player, Sixthoverture, is a bit of a stylistic departure from Michael Hildebrandt’s creative outlet. The usual overt nods to all things Electric Light Orchestra are tempered in this sweet yet somewhat edgy slice of musical gratitude.
The bulk of the lyric is a thank-you to the Fab Four for inspiration rendered, but there is this quizzical verse: “Abbey Road/Abbey Road nearly ruined me/Just like the love/Just like the love that you stole from me.” Michael says that the Abbey Road bit “is referencing that [the] Abbey Road album was so great to me that anything I would ever listen to after that by any other band would never compare.” And as for the part about love: it “is a relationship thing comparing lost love to also being ruined.” An interesting left turn, indeed.
We are proudly premiering “The Beatles Made Me” on tonight’s edition of the Pop Tunes Deejay Show on Pop that Goes Crunch Radio. We are, in fact, the first North American radio show to play this great song, so thank you, MH.
Where to Get It: The BGO Store
Neil Finn | “Second Nature” and “More than One of You” (from the forthcoming album, Out of Silence) | (2017)
Just on the basis of the spirited, orchestrated mid-tempo ballad “Second Nature” and the quite lovely “More than One of You,” this is a return to the Crowded House-era side of Neil Finn’s craft, which to my mind has been missing from much of his solo output. Recording live with his band, Finn aimed to record the whole of Out of Silence in a three-hour session on August 25 with a quick release date, now looking like September 22. Neil Finn has delivered to the world some of the most melodic songs heard since his time in Split Enz and on through the Crowded House years and beyond. These two new songs are more-than-worthy additions to his catalog.
Where to Get It: Amazon (Here and here); Album pre-order
Winterpills | “Colorblind” (2017)
A new release from Winterpills, one of my favorite bands of those I’ve discovered in recent years, is always welcome. A typically catchy, widescreen recording of a typically catchy song, “Colorblind” is another notch in the Northampton, Massachusetts band’s win column. How do I describe this song? I couldn’t possibly do better than the description posted on the band’s Bandcamp page, so here goes: “‘Colorblind’ features an infectious wall-of-sound vocal hook, samples recorded into an iPhone in a DC parking lot, out-of-tune pianos colliding over a burned-out city, a fat R&B beat, all poured through the alchemy of producer Justin Pizzoferrato’s overdrive brain.” That about sums it up. Now go get it.
Where to Get It: Bandcamp
Crime Scene | Alter Life (2017)
Three members of Swedish pop-rockers Crime Scene were players in the much-missed Longplayer Orchestra (Ulf Holmberg, Jon Sundberg, and Göran Holmberg). Their new songs may hit harder than the poppier Longplayer output, but they are no less catchy and appealing. Crime Scene’s crafted ingredients, cooked up with fourth member Per Östling, top the pops with songs like power ballad “No Gravity,” the pretty “I Tend to Shy Away,” and album closer “Almost Spring,” a gorgeous number that features a lovely vocal turn from guest singer Trish Sheldon and just a hint of banjo accent. A can’t-miss collection.
Where to Get It: Apple Music, Amazon Digital. Listen on Spotify
August 29, 2017 Alan Haber's Pure Pop Radio 2 Comments
Categories: New on Pure Pop Radio Tags: alan haber, bubble gum orchestra, Crime Scene, Neil Finn, New on Pure Pop Radio, NRBQ, pop that goes crunch radio, pure pop radio, reviews, winterpills
(Originally posted 01.03.17)
2016 was a terrific year for melodic pop music from both new and heritage artists, perhaps the best in recent memory. My list of 28 Favorite Records of the Year from 27 artists–The Stars of 2016–is presented below in random order.
It has long been my view that ranking entries on best-of-the-year lists is an impossible task, at least for me. If I made such a list on Monday, would the number nine entry still be in that slot on Tuesday? Perhaps not. Sometimes, I fear, agonizing over a particular placement would be akin to splitting hairs and not particularly a worthwhile enterprise. So, I’ll go with I like these a lot instead.
Here are my Favorite Records of the Year–The Stars of 2016–in no specific order. All are more than worthy of your time, and all should be added to your core collection of the greatest melodic pop music in the universe.
And now, on with the show…
The Stars of 2016
Bob Lind | Magellan Was Wrong Pop bard Bob Lind’s latest is a typically heartfelt collection of songs that deliver his always magical one-two punch: emotional lyrics and beautiful melodies, brought to life with stellar arrangements and production, much of it supplied in grand fashion on this album by the Spongetones’ Jamie Hoover. Gorgeous soundscapes abound, such as the romantic, catchy “From the Road,” awash with poppy background harmonies from Hoover and perceptive, picturesque lyrics from Lind (“In moments others call mundane/My soul is warming by your flame/Turning just like a sailor to the harbor/And I will carry back my songs and tales/Of calms and gales/And sing and tell them all/To you”), and Lind’s emotional cover of Tom Paxton’s “Bottle of Wine.”
Where to Get It: Amazon
The Legal Matters | Conrad With this album, the Legal Matters have set a new standard for vocal harmonies in melodic pop music. Andy Reed, Chris Richards, and Keith Klingensmith are the players, and their human voices are their instruments. The songs are sweetly realized, from the opener “Anything,” not the first track on this album tipping its hat to the much-loved Beach Boys vocal vibe, to the upbeat, single-worthy “Short Term Memory,” which tips its drumsticks to Ringo Starr in a delightful fill and puts forth some top-notch electric guitar playing. To listen to this album is a thrilling experience.
Where to Get It: Kool Kat Musik, Amazon, iTunes, CD Universe
The Weeklings | Studio 2 The beat-betrothed, Beatlesque foursome from New Jersey, steeped in the Fab tradition and nom de plumed in the spirit of all that started off holy in Liverpool’s Cavern Club a fair number of years ago, follows up their self-titled long player, affectionately known as Monophonic, with a sterling 12-song set composed of eight superlative originals and four rare John Lennon and Paul McCartney songs not given away to other artists. Recording in Abbey Road’s hallowed Studio 2, where the Beatles made their astounding magic, Glen Burtnik, Bob Burger, John Merjave and Joe Bellia, aka Lefty, Zeek, Rocky and Smokestack, respectively, make considerable Merseyside hay with delightfully brisk and catchy songs steeped in the effervescent spirit of the Fab Four. A splendid time, to be sure.
Where to Get It: Kool Kat Musik, Amazon
Caper Clowns | The Buca Bus Delicious pure pop from Odense, Denmark delights with a dozen beautifully written and performed pearls. Lovely melodies and vocal harmonies are always present, particularly on instant classics such as the should-be-hit-bound earworm “A Tale of Romance and Magnetic Trains” and the gorgeous ballad “Lizard Heart.” Debut of the year? Most certainly.
Where to Get It: iTunes, imusic, Amazon UK (mp3 download)
Kenny Herbert | Forever and Beyond A gorgeous, romantic song cycle inspired by Caroline, the love of his life, Forever and Beyond is Herbert’s melodically-charged survey of the power of true love. The 14 songs on offer, encompassing 1930s, 1950s and modern melodic pop vibes, are tremendously affecting, beautifully drawn snapshots of a happy existence. The pretty “Queensferry Girl” and the catchy, McCartney-esque pop song “It’s All Good” shine among a rich collection of gems.
Where to Get It: Kenny’s website, iTunes
Nick Piunti | Trust Your Instincts Guitars, bass, drums, powerful vocals, and a whole lot of moxie power the pop on Nick’s latest, high-energy collection. These songs make heads turn and hearts embrace its many charms. “One Hit Wonder” is the big, splashy, pure pop hit here, a clear winner on an album full of winners.
Where to Get It: Kool Kat Musik, Amazon, iTunes and Bandcamp
Gleeson | Curse My Lucky Stars Austin, Texas band Gleeson have made their White Album, a sparkling collection of songs varied in approach and tone that makes a case for melodic pop being the genre of the moment. Encompassing beautiful balladry, art-pop, rock and retro charm, Curse My Lucky Stars is a marvel.
Teddy Thompson and Kelly Jones | Little Windows A true, modern classic bathed in retro charm, Little Windows’ rewards are many. There is a decidedly romantic notion at play here, one that slips in and out of hand holding echoes of the Everly Brothers at Cadence, Roy Orbison, Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton, Buck Owens and a thousand other country-pop artists and their golden recordings. These lovely, heartfelt songs, brought to life by two of pop music’s finest vocalists, make up an album that is like a bright lighthouse shining across the sea, drawing you in.
Where to Get It: Teddy Thompson store, Amazon, and iTunes
Ray Paul | Whimsicality Thirty-six years after the release of Ray Paul and RPM’s album Go Time, the artist is once again regaling listeners with enticing tales set to everyone’s favorite power pop beat. A delicious mix of originals and well-chosen covers, such as the Grass Roots’ “Temptation Eyes” and Paul McCartney’s “Oh Woman, Oh Why,” meets wonderfully-realized originals like the dynamic “A Fool Without Your Love” and McCartney-esque “Jeannie.” With Ray’s gorgeous melodies and strong vocals out front, this is a treat from first note to last.
Where to Get It: Kool Kat Musik, Amazon, and iTunes
Myrtle Park’s Fishing Club | Benches A monumentally towering testament to melodic and harmonic excellence, Benches is a delight from start to finish. There is nothing quite like Kate Stephenson’s take on melodic pop music, just as there is nothing like her soaring imagination, and her ability to express all manner of emotion and make the listener feel. Working in concert with musical partner John Steel, Kate delivers wondrous songs (and three-dimensional vocal harmony stacks) like “Somebody Called Me an Onion,” a smile-inducing, upbeat, energetic pop number with faux-reggae shadings about peeling back the layers to reveal the full, human package of emotion; and the a cappella wonder “Silent Letter,” a tune about inner beauty and the sanctity of thought that doesn’t always have to be laid bare. For those of you keeping score, this is the second Myrtle Park’s Fishing Club album to wear our Favorite Records of the Year mantle. As it should be.
Where to Get It: Myrtle Park’s Fishing Club’s website, Amazon, and iTunes
The Nines | Alejandro’s Visions Rolling and then filtering the influence of the music of writers such as George Gershwin and Rodgers and Hart into a mix peppered with the harmony styles of the Beach Boys, the Four Freshmen and even doo-wop, and then topping the resulting flow with his love of artists such as the Electric Light Orchestra and XTC, Steve Eggers has delivered a harmony- and melody-drenched soundtrack to an imaginary film, somewhat of a sequel to the last Nines album, Night Surfer and the Cassette Kids. Standout tracks include the beautiful, bittersweet, old-fashioned “When Our Love Was in Bloom,” stacked deep with gorgeous harmonies and an irresistible melody; and the early rock and roll/pop hybrid “Operator (Coming Home to You),” which sports a meaty, catchy, percussive piano riff, opens with an aural allusion to the Ronettes’ “Be My Baby,” and lays out a delectable Jeff Lynne-ish bridge that will make you smile. Alejandro’s Visions is Eggers’ best and most assured work yet, an immensely satisfying collection that belongs in every melodic pop music fan’s collection.
Where to Get It: Kool Kat Musik, CD Baby, and Amazon (mp3)
Seth Swirsky | Circles and Squares Proving that a creative, heartfelt approach to making music will yield magic almost every time, Seth Swirsky has crafted a collection of songs that draws on all of his strengths, and perhaps incorporates a couple of new ones. Moreover, these songs reveal the truth about all of our lives, right from the first track, “Shine,” his statement of purpose, the one that sets the stage for what comes next. And what comes next is winner after winner, such as the lovely confessional and autobiographical “I Don’t Have Anything (If I Don’t Have You),” in which the narrator allows that life means nothing at all without the proverbial “one”: “I’ve got some baseballs/That are pretty rare/Got a swimming pool/And a fast car/But I don’t care/’Cause I don’t have anything if I don’t have you…I’ve got gold records/Hanging on my wall/But without your love/Baby you can have ’em all…” This 16 song collection is the latest expression of craft from one of pop music’s most important artists.
Where to Get It: seth.com, Kool Kat Musik, Amazon, and iTunes
Lucy Wainwright Roche and Suzzy Roche | Mud and Apples A sparkling duo release from Suzzy Roche and her daughter, Lucy Wainwright Roche. Warm harmonies, clever songwriting and the inclusion of beautifully-sung covers such as Paul Simon’s “Bleecker Street” and the Cascades’ “Rhythm of the Rain” push this 11 track masterpiece into hall-of-fame territory. Roches fans will be charmed, and so will everyone else. Surely one of this year’s top expressions of musical joy.
The Monkees | Good Times! Good Times! is a classic-sounding Monkees album that happens to have been released 50 years after Monkeemania began. A mix of recordings based on sessions produced during the group’s heyday and new songs written by top-flight, current songwriters of note, this is a fun listen from start to finish. A shining example of how good this album is: The perky, catchy “You Bring the Summer,” written by XTC’s Andy Partridge, fulfilling a childhood dream. A great album.
Where to Get It: Amazon and iTunes
Mimi Betinis | Music Sounds and Basement Tapes Vol. 1 Pezband’s Betinis scores with two sterling releases in 2016 that are really two sides of a rather entertaining coin, so they both rate a spot in this Stars of 2016 feature. Music Sounds is a vivid, quite alive offering of melodic treasures. Its songs are wonderfully realized pop confections that hit the hooky bullseye, like “She Wants You,” which surreptitiously recalls the famed intro to the Ronettes’ “Be My Baby” in the intro, and “Summer Love,” a warm love letter and look back to a seasonal romance (that, perhaps unknowingly, taps the sound of 10cc member Eric Stewart’s guitar playing in the solo).
Basement Tapes Vol. 1 collects tracks that Mimi has been working on over the years, like “Ray of Light,” a melodic sweetness that sounds like an Andy Partridge outtake off of XTC’s Nonsuch album, and simply lovely covers (Paul McCartney’s song for Mary Hopkin, “Goodbye,” and the Hudson Brothers’ “So You Are a Star” are glorious). Saying that some heritage artists are only getting better as time passes by can sound like rather an empty assertion, but my, how that phrase does indeed fit snug as a bug, listening to Music Sounds and Basement Tapes Vol. 1.
Where to Get Them: Pop Music Sounds and CD Baby
Winterpills | Love Songs The numbers on Winterpills’ seventh album get under your skin; they become you in some celestial kind of way. The vocals of songwriter Philip Price and his wife, guitarist and keyboard player Flora Reed, are the collective glue that holds these proceedings together–the glue that gives them life. Consider “Wanderer White,” a rolling, rhythmic song about a fall from grace, in which Philip takes the lower notes and Flora the higher ones, and “Freeze Your Light,” which starts off as if in a church with a slight, ghostly choral singsong and becomes a folk-into-pop number with a delectable chorus buoyed by the same low-and-high vocals. The poppy bopper and should-be-hit-bound “Celia Johnson” turns the tables with Philip initially taking the high vocal part and Flora following closely. A trumpet and coronet serenade add to the song’s beauty; a lovely, echoed piano part comes in for a beautiful coda. A real treat.
Where to Get It: Winterpills’ web store and iTunes
Butch Young | Mercury Man Butch Young’s miraculous, hall-of-fame-worthy album is a modern classic by way of its dazzling array of 1970s-styled instant classic songs, peppered with a mix of Paul McCartney and Harry Nilsson-esque magic. Every one of these Los Angeles-based artist’s songs is a clear winner, like the title track, “Persephone,” “One Foot In,” and “The Fools of May.” Awesome.
Where to Get It: Kool Kat Musik, CD Baby, and iTunes
The Dowling Poole | One Hyde Park One Hyde Park, the sterling follow-up to the Dowling Poole’s Bleak Strategies, is a virtual tour de force and, if that weren’t enough, it’s an album influenced by sounds from across the pop landscape that doesn’t actually sound like its influences. Witness “Vox Pops,” which incorporates a very Partridge Family-sounding keyboard line and a very Brian May-sounding guitar solo; “Hope and Glory,” an upbeat pop song; and “Bring Back the Glow,” a smooth, rolling ’70s number. Joy from across the pond.
Where to Get It: Bandcamp, Amazon, and iTunes
Chris Murphy with Michael Carpenter | “Real Love” This absolutely gorgeous ballad recasting of John Lennon’s song is one of this year’s major triumphs in melodic pop music. For this rendition, the tempo has been slowed, allowing Murphy to lovingly communicate the depth of the emotional lyric. Murphy’s vocal may well be the best vocal performance of the year. His ability to hold a melody line’s final note in such an artful way, to sustain its resonance and maximize its impact on the listener, is something to behold. Recorded with precision and heart by Carpenter on the occasion of singer Kylie Whitney’s wedding (Whitney also sang background vocals), this new version of this wonderful song is proof positive that covers can reveal new layers of emotion not previously brought to the surface.
Where to Get It: iTunes and CD Baby
Emitt Rhodes | Rainbow Ends Forty-three years after his third album, Farewell to Paradise, was released, this new collection surfaces to critical and listener acclaim, and rightly so. Here are songs that feature all of the Rhodes hallmarks: beautiful, catchy melodies; inventive chord changes; and those velvety, smooth, sturdy and emotive vocals. Perhaps this is no more evident than on the emotional ballad “I Can’t Tell My Heart.” Somewhat reminiscent of Mirror‘s “Love Will Stone You,” this is a showcase for Emitt’s committed, vocal delivery; the gorgeous melody and emotional lyrics combine to sketch the breakup of a relationship and a considered plea for the other party to embrace the option to heal. A wonderful surprise and an instant classic. Welcome back to a truly special artist.
Daisy House | Western Man Doug Hammond and his daughter Tatiana’s album for the ages features golden harmonies and great songs that will melt your heart all the way through. The heavenly duo channels the Byrds in the uptempo “She Comes Runnin’ Back” and “Twenty-One,” offers up a catchy, playful vibe with the singalong number “Willow,” and delivers a strong, emotive ballad with the orchestrated tune, “Western Man.” Best news of all: a new album is soon to be released. Happy new year, indeed.
Brain Circus | Brain Circus This smashing collection of impossible-to-resist songs performed in grand style by ace songwriter and keyboard wizard Brian Curtis, late of the much-loved band the Oohs, serves up 13 numbers in all, performed entirely by this transplanted Virginian. The majestic, heartfelt love song “Finally Found the One,” a musical sculpture formed with smiles and tears and a whole lot of heart, is but one highlight. You’ll detect essence of the Beach Boys, Jellyfish and Queen, among other classic touchstones, but this is all Curtis and don’t you forget it.
The Flat Five | It’s a World of Love and Hope This Chicago-based band of harmony-hounds deserves supergroup status, thanks to the members’ affiliation with artists such as Neko Case, NRBQ and the New Pornographers. Welcome a deliciously wondrous assortment of luscious pop dressed in a variety of comfortable musical clothing that runs the gamut from the Manhattan Transfer-meets-hep cat vibe of the delightful “Buglight” to the Paul McCartney retro-sway of “I Could Fall in Love with You” and the pretty back porch balladry of the Roches-like “Bottom Buck.” Pretty special all the way through.
Where to Get It: Amazon, iTunes, and Bandcamp
Bent Van Looy | Pyjama Days Based in Paris, France and a member of the band Das Pop, Bent Van Looy’s 2016 release is a lovely, pure poppy collection of sweet-sounding catchy melodies sung with assured style, like the upbeat pop number “My Escape,” beautifully arranged with little Beach Boys vocal flourishes weaved in; “Mr. Fletcher’s Song,” a melodic mid-tempo ballad that wouldn’t sound out of place on a Randy Newman album, and the sumptuous title track, a three-minute genius construct, nicely orchestrated and adorned with a smile-inducing whistle. Pop on.
The Junipers | Red Bouquet Fair This charming collection from the Leicester, United Kingdom band recalls the sweet sunshine pop sound of the 1960s and 1970s in such lovely songs as “Summer Queen” and “Like a Merry-Go-Round.” Red Bouquet Fair is no less than the audio equivalent of smiling at your good fortune on a warm day in the park while sipping cool lemonade (the effect is equally transcendent wherever else you may be). The vocals are enchanting and the instrumentation is perfectly played. Lovely.
Tommy and the Rockets | Beer and Fun and Rock ‘n’ Roll This ace project, featuring 10 pop-rockers, co-written, except for one, by super criminal defense attorney Michael Chaney and Thomas “Tommy” Stubgaard, who plays all of the guitars, bass, and provides handclaps, shake the house, as it were. Check out the catchy, Beach Boys-influenced sunshine anthem “Here Comes Summer,” and a couple of energetic Ramones nods, “Silly Teenage Love” and “You Want Me (But I Don’t Want You)”). Cheery, toe-tapping fun.
Where to Get It: Kool Kat Musik, Amazon, and CD Baby
The Explorers Club | Together This collection of songs imbued with the spirit of the best of the Beach Boys, the Four Freshman, the Association and other time-honored practitioners of the art is one of the sweetest offerings of the year. Here are songs that are beautiful and beautifully sung, lovely and lovelier still, from Jason Brewer, Wyatt Funderburk, Paul Runyon, Kyle Polk and Mike Williamson. From the southern California harmony- and sun-soaked sound of “California’s Callin’ Ya” to the Four Freshmen-meets-“Graduation Day”-by-way-of-Les Paul ballad “Perfect Day,” Together invites listeners to bathe in the beauty of harmony-filled dreams.
Harmony-filled dreams… Ah, as ever, they feel so right. With 2016 now in our collective rearview mirror, it is time to look ahead into what is just around the corner. Your favorite artists, and those new to the melodic pop scene, are itching to get going…to release their latest creations, crafted with a mix of melody, harmony, and keen performance.
Already, I have heard a few upcoming albums that I predict will knock your socks off. Nick Bertling, who records under the name Bertling Noise Laboratories, has been making a name for himself with a few rather extraordinary platters; the Lab’s latest, releasing later this month, is a covers collection called, in a nod to the great Harry Nilsson, A Little Touch of Bertling in the Night. This is a sweet mélange of favorite songs from yesterday, filtered through today’s singular sensibilities. It is uniquely Bertling, and you’re going to love it.
Dana Countryman, of whom much has been said throughout these pages, all of it sweeping-me-off-my-feet good, is about to release in 10 days, through Australia’s Teensville Records, his passion project, a tribute to the 1960s girl group and Brill Building sounds that continue to bring joy to ears around the world. Dana Countryman’s Girlville!: New Songs in the Style of Yesterday’s Hits will transport you back to a much simpler time, perhaps, when melody and joy were king. Lisa Mychols, Swan Dive’s Molly Felder, and Lisa Jenio are just three of the vocalists that help to bring Dana’s vision to life on an album that you will hug tightly. Look for Dana to appear on Pure Pop Radio: In Conversation soon to talk about this landmark release.
Bill DeMain, whose solo music and treasured albums with Molly Felder as Swan Dive will always have a place here on Pure Pop Radio, has a new record that will soon be released. After hearing and playing on the air a bonus track from Beans, a lovely arrangement of the Beach Boys’ “Wendy,” we hope the release date comes very soon.
The Word is Love
“Spread the word,” the Beatles sang back in 1965. They were talking about love, not melodic pop music written and recorded in the 2010s, but they might as well have been looking forward, as should we all.
In 2017, we look forward to bringing you more of the greatest melodic pop music from the ’60s to today. We’re on the job 24-hours-a-day, seven days a week, 365 days a year. A click of any of the Listen links that follow will connect you with our stream. Spread the word about Pure Pop Radio, if you will and, if you haven’t already, please click the Follow button on the homepage of this very website to ensure that you will be notified by email every time we make a post.
Thanks for reading our list of our Favorite Records of the Year: The Stars of 2016. Add them all to your collection; your ears will thank you, as will I.
April 30, 2017 Alan Haber's Pure Pop Radio Leave a comment
Categories: Album Reviews, Favorite Records of the Year: Stars of 2016, Uncategorized Tags: alan haber, bent van looy, bertling noise laboratories, bill demain, bob lind, brain circus, butch young, caper clowns, chris murphy with michael carpenter, daisy house, dana countryman, emitt rhodes, favorite records of the year, gleeson, kenny herbert, lucy wainwright roche and suzzy roche, mimi betinis, myrtle park's fishing club, nick bertling, nick piunti, pure pop radio, ray paul, reviews, seth swirsky, stars of 2016, streamlicensing, teddy thompson and kelly jones, the dowling poole, the explorers club, the flat five, the junipers, the legal matters, the monkees, the nines, the weeklings, tommy and the rockets, winterpills
Winterpills’ Philip Price Guests on Tonight’s Pure Pop Radio: In Conversation
Winterpills’ Philip Price sits down with Alan Haber for a two-hour marathon session tonight on Pure Pop Radio: In Conversation. The typically in-depth discussion begins at 8 pm ET.
During the show, Philip and Alan take a detailed look at the many stops along Philip’s musical career. You’ll find out about the events and influences that helped to inform Philip’s artistic path, which includes stints in many bands including the Maggies and his current outfit, the mighty Winterpills, whose latest album, Love Songs, is a big spinner here on Pure Pop Radio. You’ll hear great tracks from the Maggies, Philip’s solo releases (including an unreleased tune), and Winterpills. Don’t miss this exciting show.
September 6, 2016 Alan Haber's Pure Pop Radio Leave a comment
Categories: Pure Pop Radio: In Conversation Tags: alan haber, interview, philip price, pure pop radio, Pure Pop Radio: In Conversation, streamlicensing, the maggies, winterpills
We’re Groovin’ to the Tunes on a Wednesday! It’s Day Two of Pure Pop Radio’s Four-Day New Music Songfest!
It’s a good day–a very good day–that fills your heart with lovely melodic sounds from today’s top melodic pop artists. That day–that very good day– is today…day two of Pure Pop Radio’s Four-Day New Music Songfest.
What do we have on tap for you today? Which new songs and artists are we tapping our feet to? Following on from yesterday’s mix of the Monkees, Mark Lindsay and Susan Cowsill, the Posies, McPherson/Grant, Joe Giddings, Sundown, Hector and the Leaves, and Matt Duncan, we’re posied…uh, poised to serve up another rundown of great music we’re now playing in rotation on the air.
Here we go. We lead off with a couple of releases that will be hogging our air time and nestling comfortably in your CD players and on your turntables…
The Explorers Club | Together Aspiring harmony singers, here is your virtual textbook, a collection of songs imbued with the spirit of the best of the Beach Boys, the Four Freshman, the Association and other time-honored practitioners of the art. Here are songs that are beautiful and beautifully sung, lovely and lovelier still.
Jason Brewer, Wyatt Funderburk, Paul Runyon, Kyle Polk and Mike Williamson are the right people in the right place at just the right time, serving up delicious melodic constructs that are as soulful as they are true. From the southern California harmony- and sun-soaked sound of “California’s Callin’ Ya” to the Four Freshmen-meets-“Graduation Day”-by-way-of-Les Paul ballad “Perfect Day,” Together invites listeners to bathe in the beauty of harmony-filled dreams.
We’re playing all of the following songs in rotation: “”California’s Callin’ Ya,” “Once in a While,” “Be Around,” “Gold Winds,” “Perfect Day,” “Quietly,” “My Friend,” “No Strings Attached,” “Don’t Waster Her Time,” and “Before I’m Gone,” the album’s penultimate number that sings a sweet a cappella close. Delicious.
Winterpills | Love Songs We’ve been playing this Massachusetts band’s seventh album over and over for days on end, living with the songs’ emotions and sensibilities as if they were our own. These songs get under your skin; they become you in some celestial kind of way. You are frankly powerless to regress from their charms.
These songs function on many different levels, even as they share a single attribute that defines them as part of a whole: the vocals of songwriter Philip Price and his wife, guitarist and keyboard player Flora Reed, are the glue that holds these proceedings together–the glue that gives them life. Consider “Wanderer White,” a rolling, rhythmic song about a fall from grace, in which Philip takes the lower notes and Flora the higher ones. Or “Freeze Your Light,” which starts off as if in church with a slight, ghostly choral singsong and becomes a folk-into-pop number with a delectable chorus buoyed by the same low-and-high vocals.
The poppy bopper and should-be-hit-bound “Celia Johnson” turns the tables with Philip initially taking the high vocal part and Flora following closely. A trumpet and coronet serenade add to the song’s beauty; a lovely, echoed piano part comes in for a beautiful coda. The album closer, the gospel-tinged ballad “It Will All Come Back to You, with appropriate harmony vocal stacks and a tender trumpet solo, is all manner of charm and emotion–even when it amps up the pace and volume towards the end.
The album package is a marvel of grace and intelligent design, with its highly striking cover and Edward Gorey-styled illustration in the foldout of the digipak. And in these days of streaming and downloads overtaking physical media as the music delivery method of choice for so many, a striking package is something to behold and treasure.
Winterpills’ Love Songs is so good, we’ve added six songs to our playlist: “A New England Deluge,” “Bringing Down the Body Count,” “Freeze Your Light,” “It Will All Come Back to You,” “Wanderer White,” and the catchy and hit worthy “Celia Johnson.” This album is a keeper and will be for years to come.
Peter Lacey | “Jonny and the Aspirations” This lively, horn-shaded, Stax-ian rumination on the price of success, or lack thereof, in the music business marks a new chapter in the evolution of Peter Lacey the recording artist. With nary a Beach Boys or folk nod within earshot, “Jonny and the Aspirations” wouldn’t have sounded out of place following Elton John’s “Bennie and the Jets” on Goodbye Yellow Brick Road. Peter’s new album, New Way Lane, is only days away; we can’t wait to hear what that album has in store for our, and your, ears. Now playing in rotation, naturally.
Gretchen’s Wheel | Behind the Curtain Nashville-based Lindsay Murray’s second project as Gretchen’s Wheel is a meaty, inspired collection of songs imbued with powerful emotion. Sounding like a musical cousin to Aimee Mann, Lindsay sings with conviction and spirit on songs like the poppy, mid-tempo ballad “The Good Things” and the waiting-to-be-a-hit-single smash, “Try to Make It.” Catchy melodies and intelligent songwriting abound. We’re playing six songs in rotation: “Invisible Thief,” “Younger Every Year,” “The Good Things,” “Live Through You,” “Vapors,” and “Try to Make It.” Good going, Lindsay.
Nerf Herder | Rockingham Geek rockers Parry Gripp, Steve Sherlock, Linus of Hollywood and Ben Pringle take no prisoners with their fifth album, full of in-your-face pop-punk, most of which is not aimed squarely at our rather less-than-punky playlist. Nevertheless, we’ve added three groovy songs punctuated with pop culture references and a whole lot of fun: “The Girl Who Listened to Rush,” “Allie Goertz,” and “We Opened for Weezer.”
Tin Toy Cars | Falling, Rust and Bones And now for something sorta, kinda totally different from the usual Pure Pop Radio fare: a mandolin-fronted, pop-washed Americana band from Las Vegas. The band’s website makes its brief clear: “With mandolin, violin, banjo, guitar and upright bass, one might expect bluegrass or something with an old time slant, but add the compositional drumming of Aaron Guidry (Cirque du Soleil), and a songwriting approach more in line with Paul Simon than Bill Monroe, and a new image begins to emerge.” Indeed. The songs we’re playing in rotation–“Not for Nothing,” “Addicted to You,” “Desert Dogs,” and “Down on the Bowery” (a gypsy-folk bopper sounding like an otherworldly Roches)–are your entree to this band’s enticing, inviting sound. We dig it.
Torbjorn Petersson and Keith Klingensmith | “Open Up Your Eyes” Indie pop stalwarts Torbjorn Petersson and Keith Klingensmith, the latter a member of the much-loved Legal Matters, turn in a delicious cover of a song by Stereo Tiger. If you look up the word “catchy” in the dictionary, this song will undoubtedly play. Harmonies, melody, and top-flight vocals propel this one into your hearts. Now playing in rotation.
Laurie Biagini | “Stranger in the Mirror” This welcome return to recording finds this Vancouver, British Columbia popster in top form, delivering an infectious shuffle of a tune centered around a strong, catchy melody. Business as usual, as it turns out. Glorious.
Strangely Alright | “Shake It” Regan Lane and crew shake the floorboards with this propulsive, beat-driven pop-rocker. Electric guitars blaze and strong, committed vocals carry the melody along. There is enough energy in this recording to power Las Vegas on a really hot day. Nice.
The Recreations | “Swing Together” Thanks to Pop 4’s Scott McPherson for hipping us to this inventive slice of pure pop from Tokyo’s the Recreations. Fronted by pop visionary Yohei, this is a vital mix of soft pop, Burt Bacharach, Jellyfish, swing and jazz that comes together as a wholly unique creation you will never forget. More to come, but for now this one’s in rotation. Enjoy.
Adam Walsh | “Calico Skies” Here we go again: another fantastic cover from the immensely talented Adam Walsh, whose taste in music is eclipsed only by his own prowess. In Adam’s capable hands, Paul McCartney’s lovely “Calico Skies” gets a slightly sped-up reading, no less emotional than the original. Keep ’em coming, Adam.
Preoccupied Pipers |”Mayday” We’ve said, many times, that KC Bowman, he of Pop 4, Agony Aunts, and the Corner Laughers, is the hardest working man in show business, because he’s also got this Preoccupied Pipers project through which he every-so-often releases such catchy nuggets as this uptempo pop-rocker, which clocks in at 1:47 (that’s minutes, not hours), which is Roger Miller territory, but this is not “King of the Road” or “England Swings,” so make of that what you will. In any case, you’ll love this kicker of a tune. Whew.
You might think we’ve run out of gas for today, but we haven’t. We’ve got to stop somewhere and leave some nuggets for tomorrow. So, tomorrow, we will have another run of reviews of the latest songs added to our playlist. See you then!
Alan Haber’s Pure Pop Radio is the original 24-hour Internet radio station playing the greatest melodic pop music from the ’60s to today. From the Beatles to the Monkees, the Posies, McPherson Grant, the Connection and the New Trocaderos, we play the hits and a whole lot more. Tune in by clicking on one of the listen links below.
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May 4, 2016 Alan Haber's Pure Pop Radio Leave a comment
Categories: pure pop radio's four-day new music songfest, Pure Pop Radio's Four-Day New Music Songfest Will Be...A-May-Zing! Tags: adam walsh, alan haber, gretchen's wheel, kc bowman, keith, laurie biagini, nerf herder, peter lacey, preoccupied pipers, pure pop radio, pure pop radio's four-day new music songfest, reviews, scott mcpherson, strangely alright, streamlicensing, the explorers club, the recreations, tin toy cars, tobbe, torbjorn petersson and keith klingensmith, winterpills
Curry Cuts Path to the ’80s for Retro-riffic British Invasion Compilation
(Win a copy of Here Comes the Reign Again: The Second British Invasion and a Reign t-shirt by filling in the form below. Be sure to type “Reign” in the Comments section. There is a quick turnaround on this contest: Entries must be received by tomorrow night, December 12, at midnight ET. The winner will be chosen on Saturday, December 13. Good luck!)
Producer Andrew Curry, who released his first compilation, Drink a Toast to Innocence: A Tribute to Lite Rock, in April of 2013, follows up in relatively short order with Here Comes the Reign Again: The Second British Invasion. While he’s billed as executive producer of Reign, Curry is better dubbed master curator, or perhaps more appropriately, caretaker of decades gone by.
Dipping this time into the musical waters flowing through the ’80s, Curry has assembled a sterling group of contemporary artists to pay tribute to and/or apply a new coat of paint on songs that were first released more than three decades ago. It is a testament to these songs–and, if Curry knows anything, he knows that the song is job one–that they retain their fortitude so long after first being heard.
To that end, Fountains of Wayne frontman Chris Collingwood turns in a spirited, lovingly rendered version of the Dream Academy’s “Life in a Northern Town,” supported by luscious background vocals from Phillip Price and Flora Reed from Winterpills; The Corner Laughers soup up the beat as they apply their particular magic to Madness’ “Our House”; and Big-Box Store takes a wholly different approach to Kim Wilde’s frenetic “Kids in America,” slowing it down and infusing it with a heartfelt dose of passion.
Jim Boggia and Pete Donnelly turn Adam Ant’s cheeky “Goody Two Shoes” inside out, applying a faux-military drum part and making every note count for a kind of jazzy workout. Similarly, the Davenports dress Wham’s “Freedom” up in power pop overalls, thereby upping the song’s catchy quotient. And Linus of Hollywood puts every ounce of emotion at his disposal into his take on Daryl Hall’s classic “Everytime You Go Away,” originally waxed by Paul Young.
The first lesson one learns listening to compilations such as this is that some aspect of everything you hear today can be traced back to something that came before. The spirit of these songs, denizens of radio first tuned into so long ago, lives on in these new versions of favored classics. The second lesson? Good songs never die, and as chosen and curated by master compilation craftsman Curry, they still rock and roll and fill your body and soul. And in the form of this Reign, they make a great, collective stocking stuffer. – Alan Haber
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December 11, 2014 Alan Haber's Pure Pop Radio Leave a comment
Categories: Album Reviews, Win Something from Pure Pop Radio! Tags: adam ant, alan haber, andrew curry, box-box store, chris collingwood, contest, curry cuts, daryl hall, fountains of wayne, here comes the reign again: the second british invasion, jim boggia, kim wilde, linus of hollywood, madness, paul young, pete donnelly, pure pop radio, review, streamlicensing, the corner laughers, the davenports, the dream academy, wham!, winterpills
Day Eight is Great! Pure Pop Radio’s New Music Explosion Logs Two Weeks of Cool, New Sounds, and Week Three is Just Around the Corner! Welcome to the Weekend!
Hey! It’s the weekend! The weekend’s here! You know what that means, right? It means that week two of Pure Pop Radio’s New Music Explosion is rolling into the weekend and week three, day number nine is merely days away.
Today is day eight, and we’ve got a typically diverse and exciting lineup of new adds to the Pure Pop Radio playlist to lay out for you. Let’s get started!
Various Artists | Pop Power from the Garage – Australian Power Pop * 74-86 We’ve been digging the very sweet, new releases from Australia’s Zero Hour Records. This one shares the basic approach that previous compilations of Australian power pop have taken over the last, many years, although this time around the focus is on the years 1974-1986. This mighty fine collection dishes up 22 great tracks. Of course, we’ve chosen the poppier ones to add to our playlist, and they are: Beathoven – “Do You Remember the Time,” The Clones – “Tired of Hiding,” Lee Cutelle – “You’ve Got the Power Over Me,” Heroes – “Baby’s Had a Taste,” Riffs – “I’m Not Just Another Boy,” The Prefects – “Wait Until Midnight,” Young Homebuyers – “Boyfriend,” and the Eighty Eights – “What Would Your Mother Say.” Your mother would say “Spin ’em if you’ve got ’em!” Listen for these very cool tracks now playing in rotation on Pure Pop Radio.
The Lost Boys | Answers On a Postcard and Not ‘Arf It’s…The Lost Boys This Southampton, England foursome puts their guitars up front where they belong and turns out track after track of catchy, melodic pop music. We’ve taken tracks from Answers On a Postcard and Not ‘Arf It’s…The Lost Boys and added them to our playlist. Listen for “Broken Story,” “From Love to Hate,” “Flowers,” “In My Sleep,” and “Crazy for You (I Guess that I’m).” Great melodies, singing and playing…what more can you ask for?
Johnny Popstar and the Luv Explosion | Whining and Crying and A Day at the Beach A great pop band, with perhaps a smattering of punk aesthetic and influences from across decades of catchy songs, Johnny Popstar and the Luv Explosion is a real find. We hear the Turtles, the Archies, the Dave Clark Five and a host of other sixties and seventies bands bouncing around in this clever mix of sounds. This is the kind of music you might have heard on the radio way back in the day. Heck, it’s music you should be hearing on the radio today. And you will, because a total of 10 Popstar tunes are now spinning in rotation on Pure Pop Radio, including “Daphne Blake,” “Karen Palangi,” “A Day at the Beach,” “Dr. Wiggley,” “Oh Valerie (I Really Hate Your Boyfriend),” “We Could Get Along,” “Oh Louise,” “Social Status Crisis,” “Fit to Be Tied,” and “Don’t Ban the Wolfman.” And yes, “Daphne Blake” is indeed a shout-out to Scooby Doo’s own. Great stuff.
mylittlebrother | If We Never Came Down As perfect as a beautiful day in the country or a clear, wondrous night under the stars, mylittlebrother is a wonderful British band that specializes in lovely, clever, insanely catchy pop songs that capture the imaginations of listeners. Entrancing melodies, gorgeous harmonies and a sense of humanity makes this album the find of the year. We’ve added seven songs to our playlist: “Lovers of Life, Unite!,” “NoseDive,” “Gold,” “My Hypocritical Friend,” “If We Never Came Down,” “Slow Dance,” and “Profiterolls.” Sort of reminiscent, in spirit, of the Wilson Hospital’s equally lovely, lone album. Truly special and quite magical.
The Solicitors | Blank Check We’re probably the first pop radio entity to have played the Solicitors. Well, we’re at least one of the first. In any case, we were way early spinning tracks from one of Australia’s greatest pop ‘n’ roll bands working today. Lee Jones’ catchy songs, performed with great gusto and made for radio play, are aces all around. The band’s debut album is one of the classic releases of this or any other year. Sounding like a lost act on the Stiff label, the Solicitors make great pop ‘n’ roll music and this album is proof. Several of the tracks here are previously released, and we’ve been playing them for awhile; we’ve now added “If You Let Me Hold You,” “I Need You More,” “For This Evening’s Entertainment,” “(You Should See the) Look On Your Face,” “I Love Your Love,” “My Secret is Safe With Me,” and “Goodbye.” It hardly ever gets better than this.
Kurt Baker – Brand New B-Sides The pop and roll of Kurt Baker is as intoxicating today as it was on his very first release. If anything, Kurt elevates his craft ever higher with each new record. With producer and engineer extraordinaire Wyatt Funderburk at his side, there are no limits to what Kurt can achieve. This latest release, composed of songs that didn’t make 2012’s Brand New Beat album–some of which were released as bonus tracks in France and Japan–is a collection that, quite rightly, sets the bar even higher for future records, so good are the 10 songs included here. We’ve added seven to our playlist: “Emma Stone,” “Since You’ve Been On My Mind,” “What’s that Got to Do with Rock ‘n’ Roll,” “On the Run,” “I’ve Tried Everything,” “Think It Over,” and “So It Goes.” Pure pop with a rockin’ beat, served up by a master.
The Singles | Four Tracks Recorded around 1980 at Unique Recorders in New York City, these four catchy songs pop along like old friends. Great melodies and strong hooks ensure repeat plays. Here’s what we’re now playing in rotation on Pure Pop Radio:”It’s All My Fault,” “Leave that Girl Alone,” “Off and Running,” and “We’re Not Kids Anymore.” Tony, who sang lead and background vocals and played some bass, was joined in the studio by Les Fradkin, Rich Tuske, Marty Shapiro, JP Patterson and Joe Servello. Fradkin produced “It’s All My Fault” and “Off and Running.” Prepare to smile and tap along with the tunes.
My Brother Woody | Football Musings Set to Music You can now add to the (however slowly) growing pop sports sub-genre begun by The Duckworth Lewis Method, who sing about cricket, My Brother Woody’s album, which concerns itself with football (or, I believe in this case, soccer). We are, as usual, confused about the meaning of sports words in different parts of the world, but we do know our pop music, and this is pop music of the first order. Some fetching melodies and deep hooks propel these great songs into the consciousness. We’re spinning four songs in rotation: “50p Head,” “Panini Sticker Album Blues (1987),” “Bouncebackability,” and “The A-Z of Football.”
The Cry | Dangerous Game (US Edition) This isn’t the Cry’s first dance in the pop music arena, but it is their first full-length release here in the United States. This US version of Dangerous Game cobbles together 13 songs that have previously been released in Europe and Asia, plus a new track, “Last Thing that I Do,” a relatively sensitive, mid-tempo ballad with great guitar work that is rather unlike their usual upbeat, more rocking material. Fast or slow, this is a great band that deserves your time and attention. “Last Thing that I Do,” along with a host of other great tracks, is now playing in rotation on Pure Pop Radio.
Winterpills | Echolalia Nine years on from their first, self-titled album, Winterpills returns with a collection of cover songs. But this is not your father’s cover songs album: This isn’t a collection of versions of chart smashes and wedding band favorites. Nick Drake, Jules Shear, XTC and other lesser-known artists get the call here, along with such new-to-the scene groups as the Beatles, Beck and Buddy Holly. The sum total of Echolalia‘s parts is an album that belongs to Winterpills and plays like a song cycle composed of like-minded compositions. We’re playing six re-imagined, emotional, newly shaped songs: Sharon Van Etten’s “One Day,” Jules Shear’s “Open Your Eyes,” Matthew Sweet’s “We’re the Same,” Damien Jurado’s “Museum of Flight,” XTC’s “Train Running Low on Soul Coal,” and Mark Mulcahy’s “A World Away from this One.” A great record.
And so we come to the end of our second week of postings about new music added to the Pure Pop Radio playlist. On tap, we’ve got another week’s worth of very cool releases joining the more than 5,300 other classic tunes on the air; all the fun starts next Tuesday, October 28. We’ve also got a very special review for you, and news of something to look out for here on the Pure Pop Radio website in November. So, stay tuned!
October 24, 2014 Alan Haber's Pure Pop Radio Leave a comment
Categories: New Songs Added to the Playlist! Tags: alan haber, johnny popstar and the luv explosion, kurt baker, my brother woody, my little brother, new songs added to the playlist, pop power from the garage, popboomerang records, pure pop radio, streamlicensing, the cry, the singles, the solicitors, tony pernice, winterpills, wyatt funderburk, zero hour records
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Rearranging the way we learn
World-changing research
Rearranging the
way we learn
Designing a classroom to fit the needs of 21st century schoolkids
By Jo Chandler and Catriona May, University of Melbourne
Moveable walls, beanbag drop zones and free-range layouts. Today’s classrooms would be barely recognisable to teachers from yesteryear, more used to rows of desks facing the front and ‘chalking and talking’.
But although contemporary classrooms appear to promise more engaging and inspiring learning opportunities for students, little is known about what constitutes the ideal classroom. This is despite millions of public dollars being spent on renovations and new builds since the 1970s.
Tour the exhibition
To get more bang for the Government’s buck and, most importantly, help teachers make the most of modern classroom designs, more evidence is needed.
Now two University of Melbourne studies are building tools to assess the educative value of modern, innovative classrooms; and then to challenge teachers on how they might use these spaces to their full potential.
Marist College, Bendigo. Sliding doors, writable surfaces and adaptable furniture-flexible spaces enable collaborative group learning. Architect: Y2 Architecture. Picture: Bill Conroy.
It’s an overdue investment in evaluating what role the design of 21st century classrooms plays on student experiences – not least given concerns about Australia’s record of slow, steady decline across most educational standards. Indeed, the latest NAPLAN results reveal literacy and numeracy are stagnating and writing skills in years 7 and 9 have significantly decreased.
Inevitably the backlash over NAPLAN includes calls from some quarters to “sit the kids down and read and write and do sums”.
“I’ve got no argument with that except where it is tied only to a didactic teaching style,” says the two projects’ lead investigator, Associate Professor Wesley Imms.
“Students facing the front, the teacher lecturing, kids writing it down and memorising it and spilling it back – we need a component of that for sure.”
But it needs to be integrated into a flexible suite of teaching styles and contexts if students are also going to graduate with the skills demanded in the changing workplace.
The next generation of workers, he says, “have to be collaborative, have to access information very quickly, have to work in teams, have to be very lateral in the way they approach problems, so they require a learning environment that builds those skills”.
So what are we learning about what a 21st century “classroom” should look like? For a start, it’s not a classroom, says Associate Professor Imms, it’s a learning environment. “I’m still an advocate of lecture theatres and of didactic teaching spaces, because there are times where it is more efficient to teach big groups, where a teacher just has to say sit down, write this down, memorise it and give it back to me.
“But then you need to move quickly into getting five kids to go and nut it out together. Or for the walls to move to cut a space for 60 students down to groups of 20. Or for students to retreat into private cubby holes to research on their own. So the ideal space has that flexibility.”
Watch how by changing the way school classrooms are structured, researchers are improving the way children learn
One interesting snapshot result from the research so far is that kids learning in flexible spaces improved their mathematics grades when compared to a traditional classroom; and one teacher who had been a die-hard opponent became an evangelical advocate.
“It’s an example of the scenarios that underpin this project,” says Associate Professor Imms. “Teachers don’t always realise the power of potential they have to use in the physical space.”
The two Australian Research Council (ARC) linkage projects are running back to back, with the Innovative Learning Environments and Teacher Change Project (ILETC), a $2 million study, running for the next four years, and the Evaluation of 21st Century Learning Environments (E21LE) shortly coming to an end.
Teachers don’t always realise the power of potential they have to use in the physical space.
Associate Professor Wesley Imms
They are both cross-disciplinary, bringing together researchers from the Melbourne Graduate School of Education and the Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, through the Learning Environments and Applied Research Network (LEaRN).
Stonefields School, Auckland, NZ. Shared spaces enable collaborative teaching and student directed learning. Architect: Jasmax. Picture: Alex de Freitas.
The ILETC project is a massive undertaking, potentially involving more than 6000 schools across Australia and New Zealand. Having dug into some of the environmental questions through the earlier ARC research, Associate Professor Imms says the project is moving into a much more contentious area – “challenging teachers to rethink what makes ‘good teaching’ in these spaces.”
The first step is to explore how teachers are using these fast-proliferating innovative environments. Arguably, many are teaching just as they always have, despite being in new spaces.
“So this is an intentionally provocative project, in that we are going out to teachers and saying ‘you might be able to teach even better if you make the most of the opportunities these spaces provide’,” says Associate Professor Imms.
“While the project is about space, it is really about our teachers adapting to change, about rethinking how they teach in light of innovative design and the future needs of their students.”
While rows of desks facing the blackboard are fast becoming a relic of the past, it is hard to predict what the classrooms of the future may look like. But one thing is certain – if they are to be truly effective, the teachers working within them must keep pace with change. And providing a roadmap to help them do so is a useful start.
Find out more about this research.
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Head of Visual Art and Design Education, Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne
Dr Benjamin Cleveland
Melbourne School of Design, University of Melbourne
Our Lady of Assumption Primary School, Sydney. A single classroom with moveable furniture and different types of spaces encourages student choice, playfulness and independence. Architect: BVN. Picture: John Gollings.
Made Possible By Melbourne
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50 years ago Wesley Imms’ classroom was a ship. The next year a spaceship. Those memories sparked his quest for learning spaces to fit the needs of 21st century schoolkids.
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Building the prefab schools of the future
Prefab technology is driving the development of new classrooms in Australia that are a world away from the old “portables” you may remember
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Blaine's Puzzle Blog
Weekly discussion on the NPR puzzler, brain teasers, math problems and more.
NPR Sunday Puzzle (Jul 8, 2018): Slicing your Pancake
NPR Sunday Puzzle (Jul 8, 2018): Slicing your Pancake:
Q: The word PANCAKE has an unusual property. If you remove its last letter, you get a series of U.S. state postal abbreviations — PA, NC, and AK. Can you name a major city and state that both have this property? To solve this, first think of a state in which you can drop its last letter to leave a series of state postal abbreviations. Then find a major city in that state that also has this property. The city and state names have to be different. What city and state is it?
To your pancake, add butter, syrup or whipped cream, as you like it.
Edit: One of the characters in Shakespeare's "As You Like It" was Orlando de Boys.
A: ORLANDO, FLORIDA
Posted by Blaine at 6:11 AM
Labels: lists, npr
Blaine Sun Jul 08, 06:11:00 AM PDT
Here's my standard reminder... don't post the answer or any hints that could lead directly to the answer (e.g. via a chain of thought, or an internet search) before the deadline of Thursday at 3pm ET. If you know the answer, click the link and submit it to NPR, but don't give it away here.
You may provide indirect hints to the answer to show you know it, but make sure they don't give the answer away. You can openly discuss your hints and the answer after the Thursday deadline. Thank you.
DKC Sun Jul 08, 06:14:00 AM PDT
Not clear- do we drop the last letter on the city too?
Word Woman Sun Jul 08, 06:19:00 AM PDT
Lorenzo Sun Jul 08, 06:20:00 AM PDT
Mort Canard Sun Jul 08, 06:28:00 AM PDT
Same here. Well known city.
Snipper Sun Jul 08, 06:24:00 AM PDT
(From end of last week’s string)
A little trickery with this week’s puzzle. And Will deserves a Tony award for acting like he didn’t realize there were two answers last week.
Paul Sun Jul 08, 06:31:00 AM PDT
Ah! Now I get it!
Haris H. Sun Jul 08, 10:04:00 AM PDT
I think I get this but I will definitely check back on Thursday to confirm...
Mort Canard Sun Jul 08, 06:37:00 PM PDT
Bwahahahahahahah!!!
Paul Thu Jul 12, 12:10:00 PM PDT
I couldn't understand why it would be a Tony award, rather than an Oscar or Emmy or Marconi ... then it dawned on me.
Rob Sun Jul 08, 06:27:00 AM PDT
I found this not a puzzle to figure out, but to look up, using lists.
Yeah, Just a job of perusing lists looking for a pattern.
26 states with an odd number of letters.
3 states that have the property.
Cities? -- left to the reader.
ron Sun Jul 08, 09:06:00 AM PDT
Yes. I have the 3 states and a city in each of those states...
BirdQueen Sun Jul 08, 12:44:00 PM PDT
That's what I did 🔤
SuperZee Sun Jul 08, 02:34:00 PM PDT
I have two cities in one state, plus the intended answer.
Thanks Blaine! Went back and found the third state.
Charles Sun Jul 08, 06:29:00 AM PDT
CORRECTION: I think you drop the last letter of the city. At least I did and I found a very simple answer. Interestingly, there is a secondary answer from a different state and, although the city there is hardly major, it is named after a major world city.
There is a second answer from the second state that fits the pattern but it only what I would call a small town that I have never heard of before.
zeke creek Sun Jul 08, 06:34:00 AM PDT
May we repeat state postal abbreviations?
In the same name or between State and City?
Between the two employing repeats
What I am guessing is the intended answer has a repeat abbreviation from the state to the city.
Jaxon Sun Jul 08, 06:40:00 AM PDT
Good thinking about the two sets of answers - I hope WS will mention both of them when he gives the answers next week. Both sets have the valid properties – but the “majorness” of the city in the second answer (not the city it is named for) could invalidate that answer.
I have been to both the cities in the 2 answers.
No unused clues in this week's On Air Challenge.
Enjoying Blaine’s breakfast, then going out to play.
ecoarchitect Sun Jul 08, 06:56:00 AM PDT
WS certainly has a funny character! He kids.
Is the city part of a different state?
I have nailed two different States and two different Cities in each State.
68Charger Sun Jul 08, 07:12:00 AM PDT
Not that bad a puzzle. But like some other players have found, I don't doubt there are multiple answers.
I wonder if this week only, would Will Shortz accept snail mail??
Dave Sun Jul 08, 07:57:00 AM PDT
Very easy. I project that there will be over 1,000 correct entries to this puzzle.
jan Sun Jul 08, 08:54:00 AM PDT
.75WW ? ;-)
Mendo Jim Sun Jul 08, 09:09:00 AM PDT
I have three states and three cities, two easily major and one not.
I guess that there are several more "not" but worth looking for.
Liz Sun Jul 08, 12:20:00 PM PDT
I have three states, but have not found the city of one of the states, yet.
Word Woman Sun Jul 08, 01:29:00 PM PDT
There’s also a city that shares its name with a state in one of the three states. That would have been a fun puzzle.
Yep! So far I have come up with 10 legitimate answers if one stop light towns were included. I should get a life.
Jaxon Sun Jul 08, 03:57:00 PM PDT
Three states and up to 7 towns so far – plus the one that shares its name with one of the states. Thanks, WW.
Natasha Sun Jul 08, 09:25:00 AM PDT
I just received an email from a friend in that city and state and never connected the dots! This can be tricky if one does not follow the rules.
GOING GLOBAL...
Some country and city names have the property that if you remove their last letter you get a series of country postal abbreviations. Can you name a country and major city in that country that both have this property?
Jean Dick Sun Jul 08, 01:09:00 PM PDT
I got a little flustered with this morning's puzzle. Focusing on states or cities lists was just not helping. Finally, when I re-read the list of states, the answer appeared. Duh :)
Deborah Sun Jul 08, 02:00:00 PM PDT
Opinion - I found a solution in which a postal abbreviation repeats in the city and the state. That doesn't violate the rule about the city and state names being different, correct? (Meaning, if the puzzle were about countries, the answer couldn't be France, France, if there were a city in France called "France") What think you?
Meant to prohibit Oklahoma City, Oklahoma or Kansas City, Kansas if either of those would have fit the pattern.
BridgeWAter, IoWA could be used repeating the WA for Washington state. Of course the rest of the words don't fit the requirements.
It's been awhile since we've had more than half a dozen female posters here at Blainesville.
Unknown Sun Jul 08, 05:33:00 PM PDT
really !!
WHINING ABOUT GENDER EQUALITY EVEN HERE??
No, MF, not whining, just observing.
WW, have wondered about some of the names that could be either gender. Personally I like the idea of the board being coed.
Yes, MC, I've wondered that, too. Today, there seem to be more typically female names, like Jean and Deborah, newly posting here, but who knows? They certainly could be male; Jean from Montreal or Paris? It's curious.
Am guessing that Jan is also a woman, tho it could be a man's name.
Be Well! Am trundling off to bed. Have to be up before dawn. Heading for the pharmacy and a meeting with the good doctor. Wish me luck.
jan is a man. You could talk to jan in the morning ;-).
Jean Dick Tue Jul 10, 09:00:00 AM PDT
At least one Jean is a woman... This one!
Mort Canard Tue Jul 10, 12:49:00 PM PDT
Not to congratulate you merely for your anatomy as a woman but welcome to the blog. Glad to have you.
googlyeyes1 Sun Jul 08, 03:02:00 PM PDT
I’m not far from the non-answer.
Paul Sun Jul 08, 03:02:00 PM PDT
Just for fun, I drew a triangle connecting the city and two towns that I found, and then dropped a perpendicular from the larger of the two towns to the opposite side of that triangle. I'm easily amused.
Aren't we all? The geographic midpoint between my northern and southern municipalities is almost exactly on a state line.
ron Sun Jul 08, 03:45:00 PM PDT
Some city landscapers need new training.
OR LA ND o, FL OR ID a; Pop. 277,173
CO NC OR d, NE WY OR k; Pop. 8,494
CA SC o, MA IN e; Pop. 3,880 (Sa-lute!)
The perpendicular from Concord to the Orlando-Casco leg seems to pass through "the city so nice they named it twice" (at least close enough to melt away those little town blues).
What is the longest word you can make using postal abbreviations?
Mendo Jim Sun Jul 08, 04:44:00 PM PDT
I mentioned it before.
Blaine Sun Jul 08, 05:02:00 PM PDT
There's a 12 letter word meaning "producing unhealthy milk".
skydiveboy Sun Jul 08, 05:08:00 PM PDT
Maybe Will should milk it for whatever it's worth.
Udderly possible.
I have 2 ten-letter words and a slew of eight-letter words.
I made up a series of Postal Code word quizzes for FunTrivia several years ago utilizing 200 plus words.
I ended up with four ten letter ones, but not Blaine's twelve, which I am guessing it has "lactaria" in it
Mendo Jim Mon Jul 09, 12:41:00 PM PDT
Mendo Jim Tue Jul 10, 08:56:00 AM PDT
All-America
Mendo Jim Tue Jul 10, 02:42:00 PM PDT
Word Woman Thu Jul 12, 01:27:00 PM PDT
Blaine, what was your 12-letter word?
Mendo Jim Thu Jul 12, 01:42:00 PM PDT
One last ten: convallari.
WW: Did you have another?
Blaine Thu Jul 12, 05:52:00 PM PDT
The 12-letter word is cacogalactia
Leo Sun Jul 08, 05:39:00 PM PDT
It's summertime. Anyone going on vacation?
68Charger Sun Jul 08, 07:36:00 PM PDT
For now, Thailand is out!!
sophizgood Sun Jul 08, 09:42:00 PM PDT
I’ve got it! Blaine thanks for publishing this. I can’t write or typecast enough to get Will Shortz’s directions down.
Will Shortz covered how you don't even need a pencil in a long comment to Blainesvuille on 9/6/15. Look at the right sidebar to find it.
Blaine Tue Jul 10, 05:48:00 PM PDT
Here's a direct link to Will Shortz's comment
We struggled with last week’s puzzle but today’s was a cinch. Sending it off now. But they never call.
cranberry Sun Jul 08, 11:15:00 PM PDT
I've been to the city/state that I believe to be the intended answer. It's easy to get there from here, though it may take a few hours, naturally. There are a few points of interest there for anyone choosing to vacation there, but of course revealing much about those points of interest would be a dead giveaway.
Musical clue: Eric Clapton
I have to agree. It would be even more of a dead giveaway than the dead giveaway you just posted.
cranberry Tue Jul 10, 01:01:00 AM PDT
I thought it was a rather mundane comment, as usual.
larry Mon Jul 09, 01:01:00 AM PDT
There will be closer to 2000!
Clark a pseudonym Mon Jul 09, 05:30:00 AM PDT
Every so often it's good to solve a puzzle quickly. Then I can think about something else during the week. It's my birthday today and at my age (80,ouch!!) I'm not interested in what this city has to offer.
Word Woman Mon Jul 09, 07:30:00 AM PDT
C a p, here’s to a fabulous trip around the sun! Here’s to many more.
legolambda Mon Jul 09, 07:36:00 AM PDT
Happy birthday, Boy named "Pseudonym."
LegoWhoPerhapsOughtToHaveWritten"HappyBirthdaySueperman"SinceYourPseudonymIsClark"
Garry Rust Mon Jul 09, 03:08:00 PM PDT
Happy Birthday! 45 miles due East of this city you may find a place more to your liking. Safe travels.
Natasha Mon Jul 09, 05:53:00 PM PDT
Clark, Happy Birthday! I enjoy reading your posts. Superman is a good role to play I think. My daughter in law was the set designer on the Lois and Clark series. Did you ever watch it?
Garry Rust Mon Jul 09, 08:32:00 AM PDT
Hoping the dawn of a new day will help me see the solution to this puzzle.
jsulbyrne Mon Jul 09, 08:53:00 AM PDT
OK! I think I got it. Now I can get out and golf, but unfortunately it is too hot here in the midwest.
Musical clue: America
Add-on clue: Central America
Clark a pseudonym Mon Jul 09, 04:12:00 PM PDT
Lego,
You got it. "Clark a pseudonym" is because I often wear Superman T shirts. That's because I firmly believe that part of retirement is to be as eccentric as you can. The other more important part is to reinvent yourself.
Also thanks to WW and Garry Rust for their good wishes
Word Woman Mon Jul 09, 05:17:00 PM PDT
Clark Nym, does this mean your real name is Superman? Any additional wisdom from your four-score years here? This evening, what are your thoughts on kryp tonite (sic)?
ecoarchitect Mon Jul 09, 06:26:00 PM PDT
SHEESH! Superman's real name is Kal-El. Why do we even let girls into this playhouse?!?!?!
Gadzooks, eco! A quick primer on the Man of Steel, Codex, (not I)-Zod has me wondering about comic relief on this blog.
I still want to hear from our local Superman, though.
P.S. Kal-El? Isn't that a branch campus of the University of Kalifornia?
SuperZee Tue Jul 10, 05:11:00 AM PDT
Will you settle for a SuperZee?
BEST NEWS OF THE DAY-
All 12 boys and their coach have been rescued in Thailand.
Blaine Tue Jul 10, 05:18:00 AM PDT
Confirmed – Just the last few divers and a doctor still to exit, but otherwise the rescue operation is complete.
Word Woman Tue Jul 10, 05:32:00 AM PDT
Hooyah!
Mort Canard Tue Jul 10, 11:35:00 AM PDT
Great news!!!! Glad they are all safe.
I still find this incredible. Don't think there is a professional FIFA team that would have to be taught how to dive.
The Thai cave news is purely lump-in-the-throat time.
Reminds of the Peruvian miners, Apollo 13 and all the kids down wells since Kathy Fiscus.
ron Tue Jul 10, 09:33:00 PM PDT
THIS WEEK'S CARTOONS.
Clark a pseudonym Wed Jul 11, 08:46:00 AM PDT
Great about the kids and all without my help! Lois and I had stopped listening to the news for a while. So we missed one of the great feel good stories...drat!
68Charger Wed Jul 11, 01:57:00 PM PDT
Once the kids were safe I kinda quit following the story. I'll be curious what the heck that coach was thinking in letting those kids go so far into the cave.
Plus, there is that dark cloud over the whole thing knowing that one of the Seals died while helping out.
Word Woman Wed Jul 11, 02:22:00 PM PDT
This is a fascinating article about the boys, several who are from Myanmar: Boys.
Here is an exerpt:
"It was Adul Sam-on, 14, the stateless descendant of a Wa ethnic tribal branch once known for headhunting, who played a critical role in the rescue, acting as interpreter for the British divers."
"Proficient in English, Thai, Burmese, Mandarin and Wa, Adul politely communicated to the British divers his squad’s greatest needs: food and clarity on just how long they had stayed alive."
jan Wed Jul 11, 03:04:00 PM PDT
The Onion has a picture of a grimy kid in front of the cave with the headline "THAI SOCCER PLAYER STILL WAITING FOR PARENTS TO PICK HIM UP".
skydiveboy Wed Jul 11, 03:19:00 PM PDT
And while you're there at the Onion be sure to also check out the video just below the photo:
How To Get Your Picky Toddler To Finish All Of Their Foie Gras
"Coach Ake (Ekkapol Ake Chantawong) - 25 years old, kept the incredibly brave and resilient young soccer players safe inside the cave. Here's a bit about him: He lost his entire family when he was just 10 yrs old. He became a Buddhist monk, and was raised in the monastery; he now devotes his life to young people and to the boys he coaches.
Inside the cave he taught the boys to meditate in order to stay calm and to conserve their energy; he helped them to keep their spirits up and he refused food - instead giving the boys his rations.
After the rescue, he was in the worst shape of the group and he was the last one rescued out.
His aunt says that she knows he is probably blaming himself. The parents of the trapped boys say “We will heal his heart”."
ecoarchitect Wed Jul 11, 05:26:00 PM PDT
I can't blame the coach. Although the reports vary widely and wildly, it seems pretty much a tourist cave, not a spelunking cave, at least when it's dry. Their bicycles were found about halfway in, couldn't be that hard to move about.
I read that it's a right of passage for boys to scratch their names in one of the chambers. Boys will be boys - sheesh, why do we even let them into this playhouse?
There are signs at the entry warning about the weather from July to September (they entered June 23rd). Apparently the coach checked in with the park rangers before they entered, who should have been aware of weather forecasts. Though I also read that Thai's don't obsess about the weather like we do.
Rather than find fault, I'd rather think of this as one of those accidents when nature does things different than our expectations. And yes, the coach deserves a lot of credit for their survival that WW notes.
Maybe it's a matter of different cultures. As a parent or as head of an institution for kids, I would want to know where those kids are at all times. Especially if they are going a mile or two inside a mountain cave!
By cultures, I just mean between the USA and Thailand!
I disagree. To me it seems like when I grew up here in Seattle. Parents were not over protective then and it was a much better way to grow up, not being afraid of everything like kids are trained to be now.
When I would come home, after being out all day, my mother would usually ask me where I had been and what I had done. I was always able to respond articulately to both questions with a single word answer. To question #1: "Out." To question #2: "Nothing."
I think it is a great shame that Charles Manson had to die before Trump could pardon him.
Mort Canard Thu Jul 12, 12:25:00 PM PDT
Donald could always pardon Charley posthumously. He did so with Jack Johnson. Don't know how pardoning Manson would appeal to Trump's need for self aggrandizement though.
Mendo Jim Wed Jul 11, 05:01:00 PM PDT
It looks like a whole bunch of people, young and old, comported themselves admirably, before and during the rescue.
I am looking forward to the stories as they come out.
Read this article and then watch the video to get a very different perspective on how the rescue was actually performed.
https://www.vox.com/2018/7/11/17561932/thai-cave-rescue-boys-stretcher
This story is also interesting, but the one I posted a link to above is better. I suggest reading both as they are very different.
https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/11/asia/thai-cave-rescue-full-story-intl/index.html
Natasha Thu Jul 12, 12:58:00 PM PDT
SDB: Tks for sharing articles. I never would have known about the sedation.
skydiveboy Thu Jul 12, 01:55:00 PM PDT
It is called the Sedation Act.
I am glad no one consulted Prime Minister Theresa May on how to rescue the Thai boys from the cave. She still can't seem to figure out how to get out of the EU via Brexit. (Not that I want them out of the EU)
Sort of like the lifeguard training i went through 60 years ago when we were taught that we might have to knock out (i.e. slug in the jaw) swimmers in trouble who were struggling.
Now I want to hear the story of how the decision was made to knock 'em out and who made it.
Mort Canard Thu Jul 12, 11:31:00 AM PDT
Should be interesting this afternoon as to the number of cities and small towns that fit the pattern in the three states that also fit the pattern. Would not be surprised to see over a dozen.
Will did say: "Can you name a MAJOR CITY and state that both have this property?" So I would assume he won't accept or mention small towns some of us come up with.
Mendo Jim Thu Jul 12, 11:49:00 AM PDT
The sedation/stretcher technique is not getting much play in the main stream media.
my local paper's AP summary mentions only "guide" as to how the boys were extracted.
Still looking forward to future revelations.
Alternate municipalities that do not meet all the puzzle parameters are:
MAINE, NEW YORK
PARIS, MAINE
"PVC" is Peach Valley Cafe in ORLANDO, FL.
Add-on clue: Central America refers to Central Florida University, located in ORLANDO.
I forgot this one: The embedded “Boys” link about the Thai rescue was a reference to Orlando de Boys from As You Like It.
Florida & Orlando
ecoarchitect Thu Jul 12, 12:00:00 PM PDT
OR LA ND O, FL OR ID A
WS certainly has a funny character! He kids.: WS (the PM) refers to William Shakespeare, the Play Maker; Orlando is the lead male and younger brother in As You Like It, as Blaine noted.
Is the city part of a different state?: Orlando was also a novel by Virginia Woolf.
I have two answers.
Orlando, Florida → Or La Nd (o) Fl Or Id (a) Is a major city.
Casco, Maine → Ca Sc (o) Ma In (e) Pop. 3742.
I also posted: “Am trundling off to bed. Have to be up BEFORE DAWN. Heading for the PHARMACY and a meeting with THE GOOD DOCTOR. Wish me luck.
Tony ORLANDO was a 70 pop singer with his backup singers Dawn. The group was known as Tony Orlando and Dawn, therefore Orlando was before dawn.
Tour De Pharmacy and The Good Doctor were two movies staring ORLANDO Bloom.
In terms of its fame if not its size, I'd say Scarsdale, New York is nearly major.
jan Thu Jul 12, 01:21:00 PM PDT
And just 10 miles from Will's Westchester Table Tennis Center.
Yes, Scarsdale ought to garner an HM, at least.
Garry Rust Thu Jul 12, 12:14:00 PM PDT
My hints were Dawn, as in Tony Orlando and Dawn, see(sea) water surrounding Fl, golf(gulf) as in Gulf of Mexico, Fl. western border, and hot, as in Fl. being in the tropic zone.
metsma Thu Jul 12, 12:41:00 PM PDT
What about SCARSDALE NEW YORK
ORLANDO, FLORIDA , or COCOA, FLORIDA
> VW
Virginia Woolf wrote Orlando
Snipper Thu Jul 12, 01:09:00 PM PDT
My clues -
“A little trickery “ was reference to Orlando Magic.
“Tony award for Will” was reference to Tony Orlando.
Great clue, Snipper.
SuperZee Thu Jul 12, 01:27:00 PM PDT
My watch comment, was intended as a reference to a Mickey Mouse watch, with its Disney and Orlando associations. To avoid what wold have been a well earned, "Blaining," I refrained from characterizing this puzzle as, "Mickey Mouse."
An alternate answer - that is as far from being a major city as you can get, Denmark, New York, 2016 population 2844
Iris Corona Thu Jul 12, 02:13:00 PM PDT
“¡Por favor manténgase alejado de las puertas!” is the Spanish announcement on the Walt Disney World monorails, following the English Please stand clear of the doors!
ron Thu Jul 12, 02:30:00 PM PDT
1. FL OR ID A (-A)→ OR LA ND O (-O).
2. NE WY OR K (-K) →
SC AR SD AL E (-E).
3. MA IN E (-E) →
CA SC O (-O).
Liz Thu Jul 12, 05:07:00 PM PDT
I had these, plus some more. I submitted Orlando and Scarsdale.
I had 3 cities, 10 towns, and 1 village.
FL OR ID A: OR LA ND O, CO CO A, both cities. MA RI NE LA ND, a town with 5 postal code pairs is pretty cool, but doesn't remove leave an extra letter.
MA IN E: CA SC O, PA RI S, LA MO IN E, DE NM AR K - all are towns, not cities
NE WY OR K: NE WY OR K, the city which violates the rules. AL DE N, CO NC OR D, DE NM AR K, MI LA N, PA RI S, SC AR SD AL E, all towns. FL OR ID A (a village)
EKW Thu Jul 12, 03:34:00 PM PDT
There is a well known signpost in Maine listing distances to a
nine locations, all in Maine, including Norway, Paris, Denmark, Naples,Sweden, Poland, Mexico, Peru and China.
While Maine is a major state, none of these are major cities.......
So I submitted Paris, Maine (PA RI S, MA IN E), as a possible answer.
Sign, sign, everywhere a sign
EKW, I like your different thinking on the majorness of the city.
Tomorrow is Friday the 13th!
Do not venture out. Stay home from work. Do not go spelunking.
Average number of people who explore caves per year: 2,000,000
Average number of deaths in cave exploration per year: 3
Likelihood of death from exploring a cave: 1:666,667
Number of skydive jumps in 2017: 3,200,000
Number of fatal skydiving accidents: 24
Likelihood of death from skydiving: 1:133,571
5 times more likely to die skydiving.
Mort Canard Sat Jul 14, 11:10:00 AM PDT
Survived!!!!
skydiveboy Sat Jul 14, 11:39:00 AM PDT
This surprising as I thought you were for sure a dead duck.
Mort Canard Sat Jul 14, 03:10:00 PM PDT
Why can't I be both???
This is an excellent summary of the Thai rescue with new details, well-crafted diagrams and video clips, and a cohesive look at so many threads of the story.
The flexible plastic cocoons or "Skeds" were key to keeping the boys and coach swaddled and safe through all the narrow, water-filled chambers. Just incredible.
Mendo Jim Fri Jul 13, 09:56:00 AM PDT
"Thailand’s new king donated supplies."
Good of him.
Still fudging on "sedation."
cranberry Thu Jul 12, 11:14:00 PM PDT
(Oregon, Louisiana, North Dakota; Florida, Oregon, Idaho)
Eric Clapton had a song called "Mainline Florida" on his 1974 album "461 Ocean Boulevard".
My comment using the words "mundane" and "usual" referred to the Universal Theme Park in Orlando. Both words are synonyms for "universal".
legolambda Fri Jul 13, 02:57:00 AM PDT
Now that, my friends, is a hint that would never be removed by a blog administrator!
LegoWhoIsAboutAsMundaneAndUsualAsTheyGetAndWhoIsAlsoMuchLessFunThanOrlando'sUniversalThemePark(EvenThoughHeIsProudOfThisWeek'sJustNowUploadedPuzzleria!WhichReallyIs"LotsOfFun"AsWillShortzHimselfOnceSaidOverNationalPublicRadio!Whew!)
Deborah Fri Jul 13, 04:40:00 AM PDT
(I did get this puzzle)
And, BTW, did you know that there is a Florida, New York? It's not a city, I believe it's termed a village, but it fits... not that most people have heard of it...but it's in my area. Not that WS may have heard of it...
skydiveboy Fri Jul 13, 05:37:00 PM PDT
This may be the most revealing cave rescue story yet, from the Washington Post:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/time-is-running-out-inside-the-treacherous-rescue-of-boys-trapped-in-thai-cave/2018/07/13/df335afe-8614-11e8-8f6c-46cb43e3f306_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.e41786bffefa
Natasha Fri Jul 13, 07:07:00 PM PDT
Mendo Jim Sat Jul 14, 05:00:00 PM PDT
The most worrisome thing about the sedation story is the variation in accounts of the strength of the effects.
They run from mild anti-anxiety to full unconsciousness.
It looks like ketamine was the drug used and it may have been a reasonable choice.
Maybe Jan can weigh in.
jan Sat Jul 14, 06:19:00 PM PDT
Jan never steps on a scale in public.
skydiveboy Sat Jul 14, 06:25:00 PM PDT
jan, Was it always that way, or did you just scale back?
Next week's challenge: This week's challenge comes from Sandy Weisz of Chicago, who's also attending the National Puzzlers' League convention in Milwaukee this weekend. Name a famous person from Chicago — first and last names. The last name ends in an E. Change the E to an I and rearrange the letters in just the last name to get a famous actor — whose first name is the same as the first person's. Who are these people?
SuperZee Sun Jul 15, 05:51:00 AM PDT
Puzzles this easy should be illegal.
skydiveboy Sun Jul 15, 05:54:00 AM PDT
Is this supposed to really be a puzzle?
Seriously? Another anagram puzzle?
As the first dealer of the Society To Relimquish Anagram Puzzles I am embarrassed to admit I had the answer before he finished asking the question.
Well, at least the Anagram Solvers on the 'net won't help with this one.
Will Shortz mentioned SCARSDALE, NEW YORK as being longer than his intended answer, but that he didn't consider SCARSDALE a "major city" so he didn't accept it.
WW and I hoped that solution would get an HM, though Shortz never mentioned length as a qualification.
npr (739)
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substitution (19)
geekdad (9)
vowels (6)
ciphers (4)
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kakuro (1)
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Copyright © 1998-2020 Blaine, All rights reserved.
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Using Kickstarter to Create an Investment Opportunity
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DarkOne
Perfect Dark times
Compare with another player
Leaderboard progress
PR history
LTK times
WRs
DarkOne's Perfect Dark Times
Perfect Agent
dataDyne Central - Defection 0:06 / 78 pts / 20th 0:47 / 0 pts / 131st 2:35 / 0 pts / 124th
dataDyne Research - Investigation 1:34 / 0 pts / 193rd 2:22 / 0 pts / 152nd 2:58 / 36 pts / 62nd
dataDyne Central - Extraction 0:54 / 13 pts / 85th 1:41 / 8 pts / 90th 1:48 / 47 pts / 51st
Carrington Villa - Hostage One 1:16 / 0 pts / 114th 1:34 / 0 pts / 114th 2:04 / 0 pts / 109th
Chicago - Stealth 0:16 / 12 pts / 86th 0:32 / 0 pts / 129th 0:36 / 0 pts / 137th
G5 Building - Reconnaissance 0:50 / 0 pts / 108th 0:59 / 7 pts / 91st 1:12 / 20 pts / 78th
Area 51 - Infiltration 1:17 / 0 pts / 138th 2:02 / 0 pts / 135th 2:44 / 20 pts / 78th
Area 51 - Rescue 1:37 / 0 pts / 140th 2:38 / 0 pts / 145th 3:34 / 0 pts / 99th
Area 51 - Escape 2:39 / 0 pts / 116th 3:57 / 0 pts / 122nd 3:59 / 11 pts / 87th
Air Base - Espionage 1:24 / 0 pts / 137th 1:55 / 0 pts / 98th 2:30 / 16 pts / 82nd
Air Force One - Antiterrorism 0:59 / 0 pts / 120th 1:28 / 0 pts / 111th 1:40 / 0 pts / 109th
Crash Site - Confrontation 1:28 / 0 pts / 124th 1:45 / 0 pts / 132nd 2:21 / 0 pts / 98th
Pelagic II - Exploration 1:01 / 0 pts / 129th 2:14 / 2 pts / 96th 3:00 / 1 pts / 97th
Deep Sea - Nullify Threat 3:23 / 0 pts / 181st 4:54 / 0 pts / 153rd 4:06 / 11 pts / 87th
Carrington Institute - Defense 0:56 / 0 pts / 119th 1:39 / 0 pts / 130th 2:02 / 17 pts / 81st
Attack Ship - Covert Assault 2:28 / 10 pts / 88th 3:02 / 19 pts / 79th 3:54 / 39 pts / 59th
Skedar Ruins - Battle Shrine 1:19 / 15 pts / 83rd 1:54 / 0 pts / 118th 2:10 / 0 pts / 98th
Mr. Blonde's Revenge 1:36 / 0 pts / 120th 1:38 / 2 pts / 96th 1:45 / 0 pts / 110th
Maian SOS 1:51 / 0 pts / 150th 2:19 / 0 pts / 136th 2:28 / 11 pts / 87th
WAR! 0:28 / 0 pts / 104th 0:53 / 0 pts / 110th 1:03 / 4 pts / 94th
The Duel 0:03 / 0 pts / 1st 0:06 / 0 pts / 1st 0:09 / 0 pts / 1st
27:25 / 128 pts
40:19 / 38 pts
Overall Combined Time: 1:56:22 (79th)
Overall Combined Points: 399 points (138th)
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Strategy & Principles
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Campaign to Fight Toxic Prisons
The Campaign to Fight Toxic Prisons (FTP) is a collaboration with the Abolitionist Law Center. FTP’s mission is to conduct grassroots organizing, advocacy and direct action to challenge...
Chicago United for Equity
Chicago United for Equity works with civic leaders in schools, neighborhoods, and citywide organizations to activate racial equity throughout Chicago. We work with school leaders and local school...
Chippewa Valley Ex-Prisoners Organizing
ROC Wisconsin is an urgent call to our state to: Restore communities that have been harmed by mass incarceration; Restore families to wholeness and health; Restore balance, fiscal...
Resist is a foundation that supports people's movements for justice and liberation. We redistribute resources back to frontline communities at the forefront of change while amplifying their stories of building a better world.
info@resist.org
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These 15 North Jersey dishes will never be taken off the menu
By Esther Davidowitz, North Jersey Record
Dishes come and go but some are never ever taken off the menu. Why is that?
Easy: Some dishes are just phenomenally, profoundly, positively delicious.
**** Excerpt ****
Warm Crepe of Lump Crabmeat and Wild Mushroom at Lorena’s, Maplewood
Chef Humberto Campos's lump crab and mushroom crepe ($21) is a winning gustatory experience, so much so that when Campos once tried to deny his fans, they "started to riot," he said. "I took it off the menu and got phone calls, emails. It's never happening again."
The crepe, introduced New Year's Eve 2005 (they were stuffed with lobster at first) makes it onto on nine out of 10 tables in Lorena's dining room every night. Diners order it as an appetizer, as a mid-course, even as an entrée. "We'll double the order for a main course," Humberto said.
**** Excerpt Ends ****
To view entire article go to: https://www.northjersey.com/story/entertainment/dining/2019/05/28/these-15-north-jersey-dishes-never-taken-off-menu/3695689002/
Restaurant Lorena's Reviewed as one of The 25 Best Restaurants 2008, "Best French Restaurant" and "Best Upscale Dining"
LORENA'S (Maplewood) Cozy, romantic,and a delight for its polished service and chef Humberto Campos Jr.'s entrancingly flavorful and beautifully presented
Restaurant Lorena's selected as one of the Diners' Choice Best Overall Restaurants in New York / Tri-State Area
Each month OpenTable analyzes more than 400,000 new diner reviews and Restaurant Lorena's was selected as one of the Diners' Choice Best Overall Restaurants
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Tag Archives: Catherine Keener
The 40 Year Old Virgin: Simply The Best
The time has come to talk of things. Of films that are the best of Comic Kings. And yes, this movie has wings. I am now ready to beamingly review The 40 Year Old Virgin, my favorite of all comedies. A close second is Dumb & Dumber, followed by Meet The Spartans. But more about that later.
This movie is revolutionary. In a first in grossout comedy, this movie tackles sex. And other things. But mostly sex. And they do it in such a hilarious way that it feels like a high brow poop joke for men. Steve Carell breaks onto the scene in this one after Anchorman, and we have established the comedic actors who will dictate standout comedies for the next 5 or 10 years. (Seth Rogen hasn’t stopped… he maybe should have…) But in the best work that Judd Apatow has ever put out, The 40 Year Old Virgin stands at the pinnacle of best comedies of all time.
The 40 Year Old Virgin is the story of Andy (Steve Carell) a worker at a tech store (Smart Tech) with not much of a life outside his apartment. His co-workers think he’s weird and he doesn’t help refute that claim. It isn’t until one night over a game of poker (with one of the funniest scenes in comedic history) that the guys find out why he’s so strange.
He’s a virgin.
And that’s not even the whole hilarious scene! A lot of the jokes and quotes me and my friends use come from Paul Rudd and Romany Malco. So it just shows that the whole cast was integral in creating a superb comedy.
But with David (Paul Rudd), Cal (Seth Rogen), and Jay’s (Romany Malco) help, Andy sets out on the road to not becoming a virgin. Many hilarious scenes and antics later, Andy meets Trish (Catherine Keener) who shows off a fantastic body for an older woman, if I may add. The go on a whole buttload of dates and Andy finds love before sex… Or does he?
A hard and true scene. This actually happened.
This movie literally is too legit to quit. Most of the lines in this film were improvised right on camera. I myself own the unrated edition with 17 extra minutes, and it is one of the funniest experiences to watch this with my friends. Me and my friends had plans to remake this for ourselves, scene by scene, and adapt it to 4 18 year old guys. Those dreams are still alive in fact. If only…
Gotta slay some hoodrats. Boom, boom, boom.
I have become a big fan these actors because of this movie. Paul Rudd is hilariously and deliriously lost in lost love over a great cameo by Mindy Kaling (Kelly of The Office) as the infamous Amy. Paul Rudd is the character I related to in the movie with the lines that made me laugh the most. Romany Malco is genius in this movie, bringing his ghetto flavor to the film. I haven’t seen him in much else, but this movie has him shining with all the rest. Seth Rogen, well, I liked him more at the time. He has turned into that character in every comedy who just smokes weed and drinks all the time. He doesn’t add much to the comedy. But he did in this one.
And then there’s the infamous Steve Carell. Right before The Office took off, this was his role. He was born to play this role (seeing as he helped write it and produce it). He was fresh and new at this point and untested in the world of comedy. He’s outrageous when he needs to be, he was awkward and lovable, and he just knows how to deliver lines that sound
But each timeeeee…
You know how I know you’re gay? You like Coldplay.
unnatural coming from a man of his age. Fun fact, my mom went to Denison University with Steve Carell in college. He was a senior (and her R.A. if I’m not mistaken). He was involved in improv and comedy and there’s a picture of Steve during the porno scene that he turns around. He has a mustache, and he had one in college. That was a college photo. That’s pretty cool if I do say so myself.
So you got a great cast and some great cameos by some up and coming comedic stars. Jonah Hill makes an appearance as the overweight and strange eBay store customer. Jane Lynch, before Glee took off, played the Smart Tech boss and
The cast of champions. Looks like Rudd is rockin the clip on phone belt…
sexually aggressive woman, Paula (she’s a lesbian, BTW). Steve Carell’s wife, Nancy Carell makes an appearance as the sex education worker. David Koechner, co-star with Steve in Anchorman pays a visit, as well as Kevin Hart, the short and black comedian in one of the funniest scenes in the film. “I’m talkin’ frosty.” Oh, and if you look to the left in the first shot of the first club scene they take Andy to, you’ll see Jenna Fischer chilling on a couch as an extra. Check it out.
So what more could I say about this movie to make you go and watch it right now? Great comedy, hilarious, outrageous jokes, and an all-star cast of soon to be big actors. Judd Apatow did something right in directing this movie along with giving Steve Carell the chance to be the “It Kid” of comedy. I love every minute of this movie and I hope you will too. Best comedy of all time. 10 out of 10.
And don’t forget about Mooj.
(^Video NSFW, or children)
3 Comments | tags: 10 out of 10, 17 exrtra minutes, 18 year old virgin, Amy, Anchorman, Andy, awkward and lovable, best comedy of all time, black comedian, born to play this role, breakout performance, Cal, cameos, Catherine Keener, club scene, co-star, co-workers, college, Comic King, David, David Koechner, Denison University, Dumb & Dumber, eBay store customer, fanatastic body for an older woman, favorite comedy, fresh and new, funniest scenes ever, ghetto flavor, Glee, great comedic actors, grossout comedy, high brow poop joke for men, hilarious presentation, I'm talkin frosty, improvised lines, integral cast, It Kid of comedy, Jane Lynch, Jay, Jenna Fischer, jokes and quotes, Jonah Hill, Judd Apatow, Kelly of The Office, Kevin Hart, lesbian, lost in love, love before sex, Meet the Spartans, Mindy Kaling, Mooj, mustache, Nancy Carell, outrageous, Paul Rudd, Paula, pinnacle of all comedies, poker game, porno scene, RA, relatable characters, remake, revolutionary, Romany Malco, Seth Rogen, sex, sex ed worker, simply the best, Smart Tech, Smart Tech boss, smokes and drinks, standout comedies, Steve Carell, superb comedy, The 40 Year Old Virgin, The Office, too legit to quit, Trish, unrated edition, up and coming comedic stars, virgins, weird and lonely, writer and producer | posted in Movies
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The First Commencement
In 1771 the first group of Dartmouth seniors completed their long, arduous and sometimes tedious studies and were about to graduate from this new institution. Dartmouth was not only new, it was rustic. Eleazar Wheelock had arrived in what is now Hanover in August of 1770. With the help of some 50 devoted followers, and a handful of slaves – we must not forget the slaves – Wheelock managed to carve something resembling a community out of the wilderness in the course of the following year.
From Wheelock’s description of the College that first year, we know that after much labor they managed to build a small one-story structure for Wheelock and his family and another two-story structure to house the students. All, in Wheelock’s words, “in the plainest and cheapest manner.” After several failed attempts, they managed to establish two working wells, but two attempts to build saw mills failed completely. Some small additions to these buildings were made the following summer.
By other accounts we know that the town itself was growing up around the College, since there was, by the time of the first Commencement, an inn or tavern nearby. Rough though the town and College still were, Wheelock put a good face on things. In a letter to a friend he wrote that Hanover was beginning to become a “habitable world.”
Somehow, in the midst of all this building, well digging and sawing, Wheelock managed to hold something resembling classes. In August of 1771, he was ready to graduate four students (no, they were not necessarily geniuses; they had been studying with Wheelock prior to his arrival in New Hampshire).
John Wentworth
Courtesy of the Hood Museum of Art
Currently on view
at the Hood Musuem of Art
in the American gallery
Wheelock called together the Board of Trustees to grant these first students their degrees. Invitations also went out to John Wentworth, the Royal Governor of the colony then in residence at Portsmouth, the New Hampshire Executive Council and many members of the clergy in New England.
In those days, travel to the Upper Valley was a somewhat arduous affair. Roads were, in Wheelock’s words, “new and bad.” Thus it should have come as no particular surprise that only one of the Trustees managed to show his face. Interestingly, an article in the Boston Evening-Post describing the affair noted that the audience included “a concourse of other persons beyond all expectation.” Of course, this might just have been a nice way of saying more people managed to make the journey than could have been expected under the circumstances.
But the poor showing by the Trustees was just the beginning of the problems that would beset this first of many celebrations. Governor Wentworth, clearly a hardier or more devoted soul than many of the Trustees, may have been the person who coined the good Yankee phrase “Ya can’t get thar from here.” The Governor and his retinue, numbering sixty or more by some accounts, were forced by the lack of roads running east and west in New Hampshire—a problem that persists into our own time—to travel by a wildly circuitous route. They began by going north to Wolfeboro and then through Haverhill, camping by the open road several nights in a row. Frustrated by this trip, Wentworth would later build an almost direct route from Portsmouth to Hanover that came to be known—fittingly—as the Governor’s road. Parts of this ancient highway still exist today, but alas, for those of us traveling east, much of it has returned to its original state—forest.
Once all were assembled, it was found that because they were lacking a quorum of the Trustees, they could not actually award the degrees. Instead, each graduate was issued a simple piece of paper in place of a formal diploma until such time as a proper vote could be taken.
From here, things went from bad to worse. The only thing that seems to have cooperated was the weather. “There was a stand erected… from which each graduate presented the assembly with an oration. The graduates then performed an anthem that they had composed and set to music.” Following the ceremony there was a meal. Unfortunately Mrs. Wheelock was “sick in bed and wholly confined to her chamber” and thus unable to participate in any of the proceedings. This was particularly unfortunate, as Wheelock explained later, because “the chief cook I had depended upon for the College was laid asleep it was said, by making too free with the bottle.” In the same letter Wheelock notes, “We were indeed in very trying circumstances.” All in all, it was pretty rough affair and some of the finer gentry in the crowd “turned up their noses at the plainness of the surroundings.”
The Wentworth Bowl
After his return to Portsmouth, Governor Wentworth sent Wheelock a gift. This gift was no small piece and carried a great deal of symbolism. He sent a large silver bowl, weighing, by one account, sixty-six ounces or just over four pounds. But this was not just a bowl, or as some have called it, a “punch-bowl with a movable crown”; it was a monteith. A monteith, for those who don’t have one of these at home—or have never heard of this article—is a bowl for chilling wine glasses. The crown is for holding the stems so that the cup of the glass can rest in the cold water inside the bowl.
What is significant about this gift is that a monteith is something that only a gentleman of high station would have in his house—a member of the nobility as Wentworth was. Remember that Wheelock lived in a rude log cabin in the midst of a wilderness that had only recently been shaped into something resembling a settlement. The gift of the monteith can be seen as symbolic gesture. Though the College was a crude and rough place where an elegant silver monteith would serve little or no function, Wentworth’s gift showed that he hoped it would grow to be a place where such an item was not out of place – in short, that Dartmouth would become a shining, elegant and revered thing in time. Wentworth gave this bowl as something for the College to grow into.
So, at each Commencement, as we look back on and celebrate the rough beginnings of the College, we should also remember the monteith as a symbol of what Dartmouth must always strive to be.
A Continuation of the Narrative of the Indian Charity-School, in Lebanon, in Connecticut: From the Year 1768, to the Incorporation of it with Dartmouth-College, and Removal and Settlement of it in Hanover, in the Province of New-Hampshire, 1771: DC Hist E97.6.M5 W55 1771
Eleazar Wheelock, Hanover, NH to Moses Peck, August 5, 1771, regarding conditions in Hanover: DC Hist Mss 771455.3
Aaron Storrs, Portsmouth NH to Eleazar Wheelock, August 10, 1771, regarding roads: DC Hist Mss 771460
Eleazar Wheelock, Hanover, NH to William Patton, September 2, 1771, regarding success of Commencement: DC Hist Mss 771455.3
Vertical Files: Commencement 1771-
The Wentworth Bowl, Realia 109
Posted by Rauner Library on 6/10/2011 No comments :
Labels: Dartmouth History
Class Day, usually the day preceding Commencement, began with the seniors meeting at the senior fence dressed in caps and gowns. From there they formed a procession, headed by the College band, and marched from the fence to the steps of Dartmouth Hall, where the class president gave a welcome speech. This was generally a short nostalgic piece that looked back at the class’s experience over the previous four years.
The President’s address was followed by the Address to College and the Class Oration. In 1912 this was a short speech looking forward to life after College titled “The Other Eight Hours,” a discourse on work and avocation.
Following the oration, the procession reformed and marched to the Bema. Here the Class Poem was read. Again, nostalgia was the rule, but also an epic poem style was often adopted.
The darkness rests on mullion and rafter,
High and unlit of the lamp below.
The great hall wakes with the lights and the laughter,
Of the last, long feast in the home we know.
The tapestries stir in their ancient places,
In the high-hung helms flicker spectral faces;
Sweet are the joys that toil comes after,
And the final goblet is emptied slow.
The Class Poem was followed by the Sachem Oration. In later years this was done on the site of the Old Pine. This was more light-hearted and satirical. It was also done in full Indian garb and couched in Olde English.
Give ear and hearken, ye braves of Occom. For many days the signals of the great hunt have burned and signs of the chase has been upon the hilltops. It is well then, that ye should meet in council, that ye should smoke the sacred peace pipe, and should see the smoke uprising, the Pukwana of the peace pipe, while you pledge anew as man to brother.
Since the whole idea of the Sachem Oration was based on the Hovey song “Eleazar,” it was often followed with a drink of rum, since that satirical song has Wheelock bringing a 500-gallon keg of rum with him to share with the imaginary Indians he met on the Hanover plain.
The Sachem Oration was followed by the class ode. This was a song or chant. In 1921 it was sung to the tune of an old Welsh song called the Men of Harlech. The ode began:
Here we stand with life before us
Dartmouth’s green still waving o’er us
Raise a song in sounding chorus:
Dartmouth live for aye!
At this point the procession reformed and everyone adjourned to the Old Pine where the pipe smoking took place. This was a symbolic peace pipe ceremony related to the fictitious meeting between Eleazar Wheelock and the Abenaki Sachem, again, as depicted in Hovey’s song “Eleazar.” Traditional 18th-century style clay pipes were used.
Once the pipes were smoked, they were broken on the stump of the Old Pine following its demise in 1892. This was to symbolize the breaking of the seniors’ bonds with the College in their role as students.
While the pipes were smoked, or just before, there was also an address to the Old Pine. As with so many of these addresses, it was again a nostalgic address that also admonished the listeners to go forth and make the institution proud of them.
Here is a brief example from 1921:
Let us take a backward glimpse, for a moment, with the spirit of the Old Pine. Towering above its companions on this eminence, for nearly a century it greeted first the rising sun and was the last to catch its declining rays…. That majestic pine is gone. And yet the qualities called to mind by its remnant indicate the significance of this rite. Uprightness, vigor, and courage, the Old Pine had in its day; and we, too, must evidence these characteristics if we would as successfully rise to the places of superior trust and opportunity which the college has made possible for us.
Finally the Dartmouth song was sung, the procession reformed and marched to the senior fence where they received their class books (the Aegis) and dispersed.
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Anthony Randazzo
Senior Fellow, Reason Foundation
Anthony Randazzo is a senior fellow at Reason Foundation, a nonprofit think tank advancing free minds and free markets.
His research portfolio is regularly evolving, and he maintains a wide interest in economic policy at both a domestic and international level.
Randazzo is also managing director of the Pension Integrity Project, which provides technical assistance to public sector retirement system stakeholders who are seeking to prevent pension plan insolvency. His research focus on the national public sector pension crisis has a dual focus of identifying the systemic factors that cause public officials to underfund pension obligations as well as studying the processes by which meaningful pension reform can be accomplished. Within the Project he leads the analytics team that develops independent, third party actuarial analysis to stakeholders considering changes to public sector retirement systems.
In addition, Randazzo writes about the moral foundations of economic theory, and is currently developing research on the ways that the moral intuitions of economists influence their substantive findings on topics like income inequality, immigration, or labor policy.
Randazzo's work has been featured in The Wall Street Journal, Forbes, Barron's, Bloomberg View, The Washington Times, The Detroit News, Chicago Sun-Times, Orange-County Register, RealClearMarkets, Reason magazine and various other online and print publications.
During his tenure at Reason he has published substantive research on housing finance, financial services regulation, and various other aspects of economic policy at the federal level. And he has written regularly on labor economics, tax policy, privatization, and Turkish-U.S. political and economic issues.
Randazzo has also testified before numerous state and local legislative bodies on pension policy matters, as well as before the House Financial Services Committee on topics related to housing policy and government-sponsored enterprises.
He holds a multidisciplinary M.A. in behavioral political economy from New York University.
Follow Anthony Randazzo on Twitter @anthonyrandazzo
Phoenix Pension Reform Act Could Save $1.6 Billion
By Anthony Randazzo
The Public Employee Pension Crisis Explained
A plain language guide to defined benefit pensions and unfunded liabilities
By Kristen Kelley, Anthony Randazzo and Truong Bui
Phoenix Pension Reform Act Summary Analysis
Initiative Eliminates Taxpayer Risks, Could Save Hundreds of Millions
Lessons and Myths of West Virginia’s Pension Reform
Don’t Raid California’s Rainy Day Fund to Pay Down Its Debt
Saving for a budget challenge is a separate policy goal from paying off state debt
Open Letter Challenges Autodealer Rent Seeking in New Jersey
The Intentionally Unrealistic FY2015 Budget
Pension Reforms Have Record of Success
How Ventura County can eliminate nearly $1 billion in pension debt
By Anthony Randazzo and Adrian Moore
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Homemade Peanut Butter Bars
Published On June 4, 2013 | By Christa Schueler | Food, Recipes
A Twist on the Classic Reese’s Peanut Butter Cup
As a child, and let’s face it, and adult as well, one of my favorite chocolate candies was the Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups. There’s just something about the combination of peanut butter and chocolate that is appetizingly delicious. Unfortunately, I don’t really eat peanut butter cups anymore, mostly because of the undesirable ingredients they contain. That still hasn’t abated my desire for chocolate and peanut butter. That’s why I was happy to come across this great recipe by Pretty Simple Great. It’s a classic twist on Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups without all of the chemicals and preservatives.
Photo Courtesy of Pretty Simple Great
1 cup butter melted
2 cups graham cracker crumbs
1 cup + 4 tablespoons peanut butter
1 1/2 cups semisweet chocolate chips
In a medium bowl, mix together the melted butter, graham cracker crumbs, confectioners’ sugar, and 1 cup peanut butter until well blended. Press evenly into the bottom of an un-greased 9×13 inch pan. In a metal bowl over simmering water, or in the microwave, melt the chocolate chips with the peanut butter, stirring occasionally until smooth. Spread over the peanut butter layer. Refrigerate for at least one hour before cutting into squares.
chocolatedessert recipesHomemade Peanut Butter Barshomemade recipesLas Vegas Bloggerspeanut butterPretty Simple GreatReese's Peanut Butter Cups
Christa Schueler UNLV graduate, wife, mother of three, blogger and aspiring novelist, Christa Schueler brings her writing, editing and research skills to Recess. As an advocate for education and health reform and a 25 year Las Vegas resident, Christa understands the need for providing a platform and a "voice" for women in Southern Nevada. Despite Las Vegas being one of the fastest growing cities in the country, Christa has seen continual lack of community connection and strives to change that. Now, she's joined the sandbox revolution!
Lemon Basil Chicken Bake
The Best Homemade Vinaigrette Recipe
Fig, Brie & Prosciutto Crackers with Fresh and Easy
Las Vegas Bloggers Know How To Entertain the #FreshHoliday Way with Fresh & Easy
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Justia Regulation Tracker Agencies And Commissions Nuclear Regulatory Commission Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Review; Comment Request, 19981-19982 [E7-7533]
Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Review; Comment Request, 19981-19982 [E7-7533]
Download as PDF Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 76 / Friday, April 20, 2007 / Notices Fae Korsmo, National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22230, (703) 292–8030. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dated: April 17, 2007. Suzanne H. Plimpton, Reports Clearance Officer, National Science Foundation. [FR Doc. E7–7501 Filed 4–19–07; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 7555–01–P NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Review; Comment Request U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). ACTION: Notice of the OMB review of information collection and solicitation of public comment. sroberts on PROD1PC70 with NOTICES AGENCY: SUMMARY: The NRC has recently submitted to OMB for review the following proposal for the collection of information under the provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. Chapter 35). The NRC hereby informs potential respondents that an agency may not conduct or sponsor, and that a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a current valid OMB control number. 1. Type of submission, new, revision, or extension: Revision. 2. The title of the information collection: NRC Form 314, Certificate of Disposition of Materials. 3. The form number if applicable: NRC Form 314. 4. How often the collection is required: this form is submitted once, when a licensee terminates its license. 5. Who is required or asked to report: Persons holding an NRC license for the possession and use of radioactive byproduct, source, or special nuclear material who are ceasing licensed activities and terminating the license. 6. An estimate of the number of responses: 171. 7. The estimated number of annual respondents: 171. 8. The number of hours needed annually to complete the requirement or request: 85.5. 9. An indication of whether Section 3507(d), Pub. L. 104–13 applies: Not applicable. 10. Abstract: NRC Form 314 furnishes information to NRC regarding transfer or other disposition of radioactive material by licensees who wish to terminate their licenses. The information is used by VerDate Aug<31>2005 18:52 Apr 19, 2007 Jkt 211001 NRC as part of the basis for its determination that the facility has been cleared of radioactive material before the facility is released for unrestricted use. A copy of the final supporting statement may be viewed free of charge at the NRC Public Document Room, One White Flint North, 11555 Rockville Pike, Room O–1 F21, Rockville, MD 20852. OMB clearance requests are available at the NRC worldwide Web site: http://www.nrc.gov/public-involve/ doc-comment/omb/index.html. The document will be available on the NRC home page site for 60 days after the signature date of this notice. Comments and questions should be directed to the OMB reviewer listed below by May 21, 2007. Comments received after this date will be considered if it is practical to do so, but assurance of consideration cannot be given to comments received after this date. OMB Desk Officer, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (3150–0028), NEOB–10202, Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC 20503. Comments can also be submitted by telephone at (202) 395–3087. The NRC Clearance Officer is Margaret A. Janney, 301–415–7245. Dated at Rockville, Maryland, this 13th day of April 2007. For the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Margaret A. Janney, NRC Clearance Officer, Office of Information Services. [FR Doc. E7–7530 Filed 4–19–07; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 7590–01–P NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Review; Comment Request U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). ACTION: Notice of the OMB review of information collection and solicitation of public comment. AGENCY: SUMMARY: The NRC has recently submitted to OMB for review the following proposal for the collection of information under the provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. Chapter 35). The NRC hereby informs potential respondents that an agency may not conduct or sponsor, and that a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a current valid OMB control number. PO 00000 Frm 00106 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 19981 1. Type of submission, new, revision, or extension: Extension. 2. The title of the information collection: NRC Forms 540 and 540A, ‘‘Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest (Shipping Paper) and Continuation Page;’’ NRC Forms 541 and 541A, ‘‘Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest, Container and Waste Description, and Continuation Page;’’ NRC Forms 542 and 542A, ‘‘Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest, Index and Regional Compact Tabulation, and Continuation Page.’’ 3. The form number if applicable: NRC Forms 540 and 540A; NRC Forms 541 and 541A; and NRC Forms 542 and 542A. 4. How often the collection is required: Forms are used by shippers whenever radioactive waste is shipped. Quarterly or less frequent reporting is made to NRC depending on specific license conditions. 5. Who will be required or asked to report: All NRC-licensed low-level waste facilities. All generators, collectors, and processors of low-level waste intended for disposal at a lowlevel waste facility must complete the appropriate forms. 6. An estimate of the number of annual responses: NRC Form 540 and 540A: 13,400 licensees. NRC Form 541 and 541A: 13,400 licensees. NRC Form 542 and 542A: 756 licensees. 7. The estimated number of annual respondents: NRC Form 540 and 540A: 2,500 licensees. NRC Form 541 and 541A: 2,500 licensees. NRC Form 542 and 542A: 22 licensees. 8. An estimate of the total number of hours needed annually to complete the requirement or request: NRC Form 540 and 540A: 10,050 (.75 hours per response). NRC Form 541 and 541A: 44,341 (3.3 hours per response). NRC Form 542 and 542A: 567 (.75 hours per response). 9. An indication of whether Section 3507(d), Pub. L. 104–13 applies: Not applicable. 10. Abstract: NRC Forms 540, 541, and 542, together with their continuation pages, designated by the ‘‘A’’ suffix, provide a set of standardized forms to meet Department of Transportation (DOT), NRC, and State requirements. The forms were developed by NRC at the request of lowlevel waste industry groups. The forms E:\FR\FM\20APN1.SGM 20APN1 sroberts on PROD1PC70 with NOTICES 19982 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 76 / Friday, April 20, 2007 / Notices provide uniformity and efficiency in the collection of information contained in manifests which are required to control transfers of low-level radioactive waste intended for disposal at a land disposal facility. NRC Form 540 contains information needed to satisfy DOT shipping paper requirements in 49 CFR Part 172 and the waste tracking requirements of NRC in 10 CFR Part 20. NRC Form 541 contains information needed by disposal site facilities to safely dispose of low-level waste and information to meet NRC and State requirements regulating these activities. NRC Form 542, completed by waste collectors or processors, contains information which facilitates tracking the identity of the waste generator. That tracking becomes more complicated when the waste forms, dimensions, or packagings are changed by the waste processor. Each container of waste shipped from a waste processor may contain waste from several different generators. The information provided on NRC Form 542 permits the States and Compacts to know the original generators of low-level waste, as authorized by the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985, so they can ensure that waste is disposed of in the appropriate Compact. A copy of the final supporting statement may be viewed free of charge at the NRC Public Document Room, One White Flint North, 11555 Rockville Pike, Room O–1 F21, Rockville, MD 20852. OMB clearance requests are available at the NRC worldwide Web site: http://www.nrc.gov/public-involve/ doc-comment/omb/index.html. The document will be available on the NRC home page site for 60 days after the signature date of this notice. Comments and questions should be directed to the OMB reviewer listed below by May 21, 2007. Comments received after this date will be considered if it is practical to do so, but assurance of consideration cannot be given to comments received after this date. Margaret Malanoski, OMB Desk Officer, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (3150–0164, –0166, & –0165), NEOB–10202, Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC 20503. Comments can also be e-mailed to Margaret_A._Malanoski@omb.eop.gov or submitted by telephone at (202) 395– 3087. The NRC Clearance Officer is Margaret A. Janney, 301–415–7245. Dated at Rockville, Maryland, this 13th day of April 2007. VerDate Aug<31>2005 18:52 Apr 19, 2007 Jkt 211001 For the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Margaret A. Janney, NRC Clearance Officer, Office of Information Services. [FR Doc. E7–7533 Filed 4–19–07; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 7590–01–P PEACE CORPS Information Collection Requests Under OMB Review Peace Corps. Notice of public use form review request to the Office of Management and Budget. AGENCY: ACTION: SUMMARY: The Director for Coverdell World Wise Schools invites comments on information collection requests as required pursuant to the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 USC Chapter 35). This notice announces that the Peace Corps has submitted to the Office of Management and Budget a request to approve the use of the PC–DP–969.3 (04/2007), World Wise Schools Conference Online Registration Form. A copy of the information collection may be obtained from Sally Caldwell, Director of World Wise Schools, Peace Corps, Office of Domestic Programs, 1111 20th Street, NW., Washington, DC 20256. Ms. Caldwell may be contacted by telephone at 202–692–1425. The Peace Corps invites comments on whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for proper performance of the functions of the Peace Corps and the Paul D. Coverdell World Wise Schools’ Annual Conference, including whether the information will have practical use; the accuracy of the agency’s estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used; ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, including through the use of automated collection techniques, when appropriate, and other forms of technology. Comments on the form should also be addressed to the attention of Ms. Sally Caldwell, and should be received on or before June 19, 2007. Information Collection Abstract Title: World Wise Schools Conference—Online Registration Form. Need for and Use of this Information: The Peace Corps and Paul D. Coverdell World Wise Schools need this information to officially register attendees to the annual World Wise PO 00000 Frm 00107 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 Schools Conference. The information is used a s record of attendees. Respondents: Educators, and employees of governmental and nongovernmental organizations interested in promoting global education in the classroom. Respondents’ Obligation to Reply: Voluntary. Burden on the Public: a. Annual reporting burden: 50 hours. b. Annual record keeping burden: 50 hours. c. Estimated average burden per response: 10 minutes. d. Frequency of response: Annually. e. Estimated number of likely respondents: 300. f. Estimated cost to respondents: $0.00/$0.00. Dated: April 10, 2007. Wilbert Bryant, Associate Director for Management. [FR Doc. 07–1972 Filed 4–19–07; 8:45am] BILLING CODE 6051–01–M PEACE CORPS Information Collection Requests Under OMB Review Peace Corps. Notice of public use form review request to the Office of Management and Budget. AGENCY: ACTION: SUMMARY: The Director for Coverdell World Wise Schools invites comments on information collection requests as required pursuant to the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. Chapter 35). This notice announces that the Peace Corps has submitted to the Office of Management and Budget a request to approve the use of the PC–DP–969.4 (04/2007), Speakers Match: Request for a Speaker (Online). A copy of the information collection may be obtained from Sally Caldwell, Director of World Wise Schools, Peace Corps, Office of Domestic Programs, 1111 20th Street, NW., Washington, DC 20526. Ms. Caldwell may be contacted by telephone at 202–692–1425. The Peace Corps invites comments on whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for proper performance of the functions of the Peace Corps and the Paul D. Coverdell World Wise Schools’ Speakers Match program, including whether the information will have practical use; the accuracy of the agency’s estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used; ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be E:\FR\FM\20APN1.SGM 20APN1
[Federal Register Volume 72, Number 76 (Friday, April 20, 2007)]
Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for the
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Review; Comment Request
AGENCY: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).
ACTION: Notice of the OMB review of information collection and
solicitation of public comment.
SUMMARY: The NRC has recently submitted to OMB for review the following
proposal for the collection of information under the provisions of the
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. Chapter 35). The NRC hereby
informs potential respondents that an agency may not conduct or
sponsor, and that a person is not required to respond to, a collection
of information unless it displays a current valid OMB control number.
1. Type of submission, new, revision, or extension: Extension.
2. The title of the information collection: NRC Forms 540 and 540A,
``Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest (Shipping Paper) and
Continuation Page;'' NRC Forms 541 and 541A, ``Uniform Low-Level
Radioactive Waste Manifest, Container and Waste Description, and
Radioactive Waste Manifest, Index and Regional Compact Tabulation, and
Continuation Page.''
3. The form number if applicable: NRC Forms 540 and 540A; NRC Forms
541 and 541A; and NRC Forms 542 and 542A.
4. How often the collection is required: Forms are used by shippers
whenever radioactive waste is shipped. Quarterly or less frequent
reporting is made to NRC depending on specific license conditions.
5. Who will be required or asked to report: All NRC-licensed low-
level waste facilities. All generators, collectors, and processors of
low-level waste intended for disposal at a low-level waste facility
must complete the appropriate forms.
6. An estimate of the number of annual responses:
NRC Form 540 and 540A: 13,400 licensees.
NRC Form 542 and 542A: 756 licensees.
7. The estimated number of annual respondents:
NRC Form 540 and 540A: 2,500 licensees.
NRC Form 542 and 542A: 22 licensees.
8. An estimate of the total number of hours needed annually to
complete the requirement or request:
NRC Form 540 and 540A: 10,050 (.75 hours per response).
NRC Form 541 and 541A: 44,341 (3.3 hours per response).
NRC Form 542 and 542A: 567 (.75 hours per response).
9. An indication of whether Section 3507(d), Pub. L. 104-13
applies: Not applicable.
10. Abstract: NRC Forms 540, 541, and 542, together with their
continuation pages, designated by the ``A'' suffix, provide a set of
standardized forms to meet Department of Transportation (DOT), NRC, and
State requirements. The forms were developed by NRC at the request of
low-level waste industry groups. The forms
provide uniformity and efficiency in the collection of information
contained in manifests which are required to control transfers of low-
level radioactive waste intended for disposal at a land disposal
facility. NRC Form 540 contains information needed to satisfy DOT
shipping paper requirements in 49 CFR Part 172 and the waste tracking
requirements of NRC in 10 CFR Part 20. NRC Form 541 contains
information needed by disposal site facilities to safely dispose of
low-level waste and information to meet NRC and State requirements
regulating these activities. NRC Form 542, completed by waste
collectors or processors, contains information which facilitates
tracking the identity of the waste generator. That tracking becomes
more complicated when the waste forms, dimensions, or packagings are
changed by the waste processor. Each container of waste shipped from a
waste processor may contain waste from several different generators.
The information provided on NRC Form 542 permits the States and
Compacts to know the original generators of low-level waste, as
authorized by the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of
1985, so they can ensure that waste is disposed of in the appropriate
Compact.
A copy of the final supporting statement may be viewed free of
charge at the NRC Public Document Room, One White Flint North, 11555
Rockville Pike, Room O-1 F21, Rockville, MD 20852. OMB clearance
requests are available at the NRC worldwide Web site: http://
www.nrc.gov/public-involve/doc-comment/omb/index.html. The document
will be available on the NRC home page site for 60 days after the
signature date of this notice.
Comments and questions should be directed to the OMB reviewer
listed below by May 21, 2007. Comments received after this date will be
considered if it is practical to do so, but assurance of consideration
cannot be given to comments received after this date.
Margaret Malanoski, OMB Desk Officer, Office of Information and
Regulatory Affairs (3150-0164, -0166, & -0165), NEOB-10202, Office of
Management and Budget, Washington, DC 20503.
Comments can also be e-mailed to Margaret--A.--
Malanoski@omb.eop.gov or submitted by telephone at (202) 395-3087.
The NRC Clearance Officer is Margaret A. Janney, 301-415-7245.
Dated at Rockville, Maryland, this 13th day of April 2007.
Margaret A. Janney,
NRC Clearance Officer, Office of Information Services.
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Justia Regulation Tracker Agencies And Commissions Federal Reserve System Agency Information Collection Activities: Announcement of Board Approval Under Delegated Authority and Submission to OMB, 47505-47507 [2019-19520]
Agency Information Collection Activities: Announcement of Board Approval Under Delegated Authority and Submission to OMB, 47505-47507 [2019-19520]
Download as PDF khammond on DSKBBV9HB2PROD with NOTICES Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 175 / Tuesday, September 10, 2019 / Notices m. Individuals desiring to be included on the Commission’s mailing list should so indicate by writing to the Secretary of the Commission. n. Comments, Motions to Intervene, or Protests: Anyone may submit comments, a motion to intervene, or a protest in accordance with the requirements of Rules of Practice and Procedure, 18 CFR 385.210, .211, .214. In determining the appropriate action to take, the Commission will consider all protests or other comments filed, but only those who file a motion to intervene in accordance with the Commission’s Rules may become a party to the proceeding. Any comments, motions to intervene, or protests must be received on or before the specified comment date for the particular application. o. Filing and Service of Responsive Documents: Any filing must (1) bear in all capital letters the title COMMENTS, MOTION TO INTERVENE, or PROTEST as applicable; (2) set forth in the heading the name of the applicant and the project number of the application to which the filing responds; (3) furnish the name, address, and telephone number of the person protesting or intervening; and (4) otherwise comply with the requirements of 18 CFR 385.2001 through 385.2005. All comments, motions to intervene, or protests must set forth their evidentiary basis. All comments, motions to intervene, or protests should relate to project works which are the subject of the temporary variance request. Agencies may obtain copies of the application directly from the applicant. A copy of any protest or motion to intervene must be served upon each representative of the applicant specified in the particular application. If an intervener files comments or documents with the Commission relating to the merits of an issue that may affect the responsibilities of a particular resource agency, they must also serve a copy of the document on that resource agency. A copy of all other filings in reference to this application must be accompanied by proof of service on all persons listed in the service list prepared by the Commission in this proceeding, in accordance with 18 CFR 385.2010. Dated: September 4, 2019. Nathaniel J. Davis, Sr., Deputy Secretary. [FR Doc. 2019–19474 Filed 9–9–19; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6717–01–P VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:56 Sep 09, 2019 Jkt 247001 EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF THE UNITED STATES Notice of Open Meeting of Both the Advisory Committee of the ExportImport Bank of the United States (EXIM) and the Sub-Saharan Africa Advisory Committee of the ExportImport Bank of the United States (EXIM); Correction Export-Import Bank of the United States. ACTION: Notice; correction. AGENCY: The Export-Import Bank published a document in the Federal Register on June 21, 2019, concerning a meeting of the Advisory and SubSaharan Committees. The start time has since been revised. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For further information, contact the External Engagement team, 811 Vermont Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20571, at external@exim.gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: SUMMARY: Correction In the Federal Register of August 21, 2019, Document 2019–19792, on page 43598, in the third column, correct the Time and Place to read: Time and Place: Wednesday, September 11, 2019 from 9:00 a.m. until 1:45 p.m. A break for lunch will be at the expense of the attendee. Security processing will be necessary for reentry into the building. The meeting will be held at EXIM headquarters in the Main Conference Room—11th floor, 811 Vermont Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20571. Joyce Brotemarkle Stone, Assistant Corporate Secretary. [FR Doc. 2019–19528 Filed 9–9–19; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6690–01–P FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM Agency Information Collection Activities: Announcement of Board Approval Under Delegated Authority and Submission to OMB Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. SUMMARY: The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Board) is adopting a proposal to extend for three years, with revision, the Recordkeeping and Disclosure Requirements Associated with the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection’s (Bureau) Regulation E (Electronic Fund Transfers) (FR E; OMB No. 7100–0200). The revisions are applicable immediately. AGENCY: PO 00000 Frm 00032 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 47505 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Federal Reserve Board Clearance Officer—Nuha Elmaghrabi—Office of the Chief Data Officer, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington, DC 20551, (202) 452–3829. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Desk Officer—Shagufta Ahmed— Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, New Executive Office Building, Room 10235, 725 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20503, or by fax to (202) 395–6974. A copy of the PRA OMB submission, including the reporting form and instructions, supporting statement, and other documentation will be placed into OMB’s public docket files. These documents also are available on the Federal Reserve Board’s public website at https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/ reportforms/review.aspx or may be requested from the agency clearance officer, whose name appears above. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: On June 15, 1984, OMB delegated to the Board authority under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) to approve and assign OMB control numbers to collections of information conducted or sponsored by the Board. Boardapproved collections of information are incorporated into the official OMB inventory of currently approved collections of information. Copies of the PRA Submission, supporting statements, and approved collection of information instrument(s) are placed into OMB’s public docket files. Final Approval Under OMB Delegated Authority of the Extension for Three Years, With Revision, of the Following Information Collection: Report title: Recordkeeping and Disclosure Requirements Associated with the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection’s (Bureau) Regulation E (Electronic Fund Transfers). Agency form number: FR E. OMB control number: 7100–0200. Effective Date: Immediately. Frequency: Event generated. Respondents: State member banks (SMBs) and their subsidiaries, subsidiaries of bank holding companies, U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks (other than federal branches, federal agencies, and insured state branches of foreign banks), commercial lending companies owned or controlled by foreign banks, and organizations operating under section 25 or 25A of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 601– 604a; 611–631). Estimated number of respondents: Gift card exclusion policies and E:\FR\FM\10SEN1.SGM 10SEN1 khammond on DSKBBV9HB2PROD with NOTICES 47506 Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 175 / Tuesday, September 10, 2019 / Notices procedures, Gift card policy and procedures, Transmitter error resolution standards and recordkeeping requirements, Acts of agents, Initial disclosures, Change-in-terms, Error resolution, Remittance transfer disclosures, and Time limits and extent of investigations, 970 respondents; Periodic statements, 71 respondents; Pre-acquisition disclosures (short form disclosure)—one time, Pre-acquisition disclosures (long form disclosure)—one time, Periodic statement alternative— one time, and Pre-acquisition disclosures (short form disclosure)— ongoing, 5 respondents; and internet posting and submission of prepaid account agreements—one time and internet posting and submission of prepaid account agreements—ongoing, 6 respondents. Estimated average hours per response: Gift card exclusion policies and procedures, Gift card policy and procedures, Transmitter error resolution standards and recordkeeping requirements, Acts of agents, Remittance transfer disclosures, and Pre-acquisition disclosures (long form disclosure)—one time, 8 hours; Initial disclosures, 0.03 hours; Change-interms, 0.02 hours; Periodic statements, 7 hours; Error resolution, 0.5 hours; Time limits and extent of investigation, 4.5 hours; Pre-acquisition disclosures (short form disclosure)—one time, 40 hours; Periodic statement alternative—one time, 24 hours; internet posting and submission of prepaid account agreements—one time, 1 hour; Preacquisition disclosures (short form disclosure)—ongoing, 4 hours; and internet posting and submission of prepaid account agreements—ongoing, 0.08 hours. Estimated annual burden hours: Gift card exclusion policies and procedures, Gift card policy and procedures, Transmitter error resolution standards and recordkeeping requirements, and Acts of agents, 7,760 hours; Initial disclosures, 7,275 hours; Change-interms, 6,596 hours; Periodic statements, 5,964 hours; Error resolution, 14,550 hours; Remittance transfer disclosures, 93,120 hours; Time limits and extent of investigations, 52,380 hours; Preacquisition disclosures (short form disclosure)—one time, 1,914 hours, Preacquisition disclosures (long form disclosure)—one time, 383 hours; internet posting and submission of prepaid account agreements—one time, 6 hours, Pre-acquisition disclosures (short form disclosure)—ongoing, 191 hours; Periodic statement alternative— one time, 1,148 hours, and internet posting and submission of prepaid account agreements—ongoing, 2 hours. VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:56 Sep 09, 2019 Jkt 247001 General description of report: The Electronic Funds Transfer Act (EFTA) requires consumers be provided meaningful disclosures about the basic terms, costs, and rights relating to electronic fund transfer (EFT) services involving a consumer’s account. The disclosures required by the EFTA are triggered by specific events. The disclosures inform consumers, for example, about the terms of the EFT service, activity on the account, potential liability for unauthorized transfers, and the process for resolving errors. Legal authorization and confidentiality: Section 904 of the EFTA (12 U.S.C. 1693b) authorizes the Bureau to issue regulations to carry out the purposes of the EFTA, which establishes the basic rights, liabilities, and responsibilities of consumers who use EFT and remittance transfer services and of financial institutions or other persons that offer these services. The Bureau’s Regulation E, 12 CFR part 1005, implements the EFTA. An institution’s recordkeeping and disclosure obligations under Regulation E are mandatory. Because the Board does not collect any information pursuant to the Bureau’s Regulation E, no issue of confidentiality normally arises. In the event the Board were to obtain information regarding consumer EFT transactions during the course of an examination, such information may be kept confidential under section (b)(8) of the Freedom of Information Act, which protects information contained in or related to an examination of a financial institution (5 U.S.C. 522 (b)(8)). Current actions: On April 30, 2019, the Board published a notice in the Federal Register (84 FR 18286) requesting public comment for 60 days on the extension, with revision, of the Recordkeeping and Disclosure Requirements Associated with the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection’s (Bureau) Regulation E (Electronic Fund Transfers). Beginning April 1, 2019, entities subject to the Bureau’s Regulation E were required to comply with the following recordkeeping and disclosure requirements related to prepaid accounts in accordance with the Bureau’s new final rule. Pre-Acquisition Disclosures (Section 1005.18(b)) Before a consumer acquires a prepaid account, a financial institution is required to provide a consumer with a short form disclosure and a long form disclosure. The short form disclosure is required to include: Certain fee information—including any periodic PO 00000 Frm 00033 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 fee, per purchase fee, ATM withdrawal fee, cash reload fee, ATM balance inquiry fee, customer service fee, and inactivity fee (collectively, ‘‘static fees’’); the number of fee types in addition to the static fees; two additional fee types that generated the highest revenue from consumers during the previous 24 months; statements regarding linked overdraft credit features, registration, and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)/ National Credit Union Association (NCUA) insurance; a reference to the Bureau’s website containing information on prepaid accounts; and information on where the consumer can find the long form disclosure. For payroll card accounts, the short form disclosure is required to include a statement regarding options to receive wages or salary from the employer. For government benefit accounts, the short form disclosure is required to include a statement regarding options to receive government benefits. Furthermore, the Bureau requires a financial institution to disclose, in conjunction with the short form disclosure, its name, the name of the prepaid account program, any purchase price for the prepaid account, and any fee for activating the prepaid account. The long form disclosure is required to include: A title, including the name of the prepaid account program; information about all fees and the conditions under which they may be imposed; a statement regarding registration and FDIC/NCUA insurance; a statement regarding linked overdraft credit features; a statement containing the financial institution’s contact information; a reference to the Bureau’s website containing information on prepaid accounts; and a reference to the Bureau’s website and telephone number to submit complaints. Generally, these disclosures are required to be provided before a consumer acquires a prepaid account, though there are certain exceptions. For prepaid accounts sold at retail locations, however, a financial institution may provide the long form disclosure after acquisition if the short form disclosure contains information enabling the consumer to access the long form disclosure by telephone or on a website and other requirements are met. A similar accommodation is made for prepaid accounts acquired orally by telephone. The pre-acquisition disclosures are required to follow specific formatting rules, and, for the short form disclosures, be substantially similar to model forms. If the financial institution uses a foreign language in connection E:\FR\FM\10SEN1.SGM 10SEN1 Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 175 / Tuesday, September 10, 2019 / Notices with a consumer’s acquisition of a prepaid account, a financial institution is generally required to provide the preacquisition disclosures in that foreign language. Periodic Statement Alternative (Section 1005.18(c)) Financial institutions are required to provide periodic statements for prepaid accounts either by providing a periodic statement that complies with section 1005.9(b) or, as an alternative, by making transaction information available to the consumer by telephone, electronically, and in writing upon the consumer’s request pursuant to section 1005.18(c). khammond on DSKBBV9HB2PROD with NOTICES Initial Disclosures (Sections 1005.18(d)(1)(i) and 1005.18(f)(1)) Financial institutions are required to include in the initial disclosure required by section 1005.7 all the information required to be disclosed in the preacquisition long form disclosure. If a financial institution chooses to provide the alternative disclosures instead of a regular periodic statement, it must modify some of the disclosures included in the initial disclosures. The Bureau determined and the Board agrees that financial institutions already engage in these activities as usual and customary activities, as defined under 5 CFR 1320.3(b)(2). Therefore, under 5 CFR 1320.3(b)(2), there is no additional burden for these provisions. Error Resolution Notice and Procedures for Resolving Errors (Sections 1005.18(d)(1)(ii), 1005.18(d)(2), and 1005.18(e)) Prepaid accounts are required to comply with the limited liability error resolution requirements applicable to other accounts subject to Regulation E. For prepaid accounts where the financial institution provides alternative disclosures to regular periodic statements, the timing requirements for the error resolution procedures are modified. For prepaid accounts that are not payroll card accounts or government benefit accounts, a financial institution is generally not required to comply with the liability limits and error resolution requirements in sections 1005.6 and 1005.11 for any prepaid account for which it has not successfully completed its consumer identification and verification process. A notice concerning error resolution, provided with the initial disclosures and substantially similar to the Bureau’s model form for prepaid accounts, is required to be provided in place of the notice required by section 1005.7(b)(10). Alternatively, for prepaid account VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:56 Sep 09, 2019 Jkt 247001 programs for which the financial institution does not have a consumer identification and verification process, the financial institution is required to describe its error resolution process and limitations on consumers’ liability for unauthorized transfers or, if none, state that there are no such protections. An annual error resolution notice substantially similar to the model form for prepaid accounts is required to be provided in place of the notice required by section 1005.8(b). Alternatively, a financial institution may include on or with each electronic and written account transaction history, a notice substantially similar to the abbreviated notice for periodic statements contained in the model forms, modified as necessary to reflect the error resolution procedures the financial institution is required to follow. The Bureau determined and the Board agrees that financial institutions already engage in these activities as usual and customary activities, as defined under 5 CFR 1320.3(b)(2). Therefore, under 5 CFR 1320.3(b)(2), there is no additional burden for these provisions. Change-In-Terms Notice (Section 1005.18(f)(2)) The change-in-terms notice provisions in section 1005.8(a) apply to any change in a term or condition that is required to be disclosed under 1005.7 or 1005.18(f)(1) for a prepaid account. The Bureau determined and the Board agrees that financial institutions already engage in these activities as usual and customary activities, as defined under 5 CFR 1320.3(b)(2). Therefore, under 5 CFR 1320.3(b)(2), there is no additional burden for these provisions. Disclosures on Device or Entry Point (Section 1005.18(f)(3)) Financial institutions are required to disclose on the prepaid account access device the name of the financial institution and the website and telephone number a consumer can use to contact the financial institution about the prepaid account. If a financial institution does not provide a physical access device in connection with a prepaid account, the disclosure is required to appear on the website, mobile application, or other entry point a consumer must visit to access the prepaid account electronically. The Bureau determined and the Board agrees that financial institutions already engage in these activities as usual and customary activities, as defined under 5 CFR 1320.3(b)(2). Therefore, under 5 CFR 1320.3(b)(2), there is no additional burden for these provisions. PO 00000 Frm 00034 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 47507 Internet Posting and Submission of Prepaid Account Agreements (Section 1005.19) Prepaid account issuers are generally required to submit to the Bureau new and amended prepaid account agreements and notification of withdrawn agreements no later than 30 days after the issuer offers, amends, or ceases to offer the agreement. The rule provides a de minimis exception and a limited product testing exception to this requirement. If an issuer is required to submit a prepaid account agreement to the Bureau and the prepaid account agreement is offered to the general public, the issuer is also required to post the account agreement in a prominent and readily accessible location on its website. If a prepaid account agreement is not posted on the issuer’s website, the issuer must provide a consumer with a copy of the consumer’s prepaid account agreement no later than five business days after the issuer receives the consumer’s request for the agreement. The consumer must be able to request the agreement by phone. The comment period for this notice expired on July 1, 2019. The Board did not receive any comments. The revisions will be implemented as proposed. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, September 5, 2019. Michele Taylor Fennell, Assistant Secretary of the Board. [FR Doc. 2019–19520 Filed 9–9–19; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6210–01–P FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM Proposed Agency Information Collection Activities; Comment Request Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. ACTION: Notice, request for comment. AGENCY: The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Board) invites comment on a proposal to extend for three years, without revision, the Consumer Satisfaction Questionnaire, the Federal Reserve Consumer Help— Consumer Survey, the Consumer Online Complaint Form, and the Appraisal Complaint Form (FR 1379a, b, c, and d; OMB No. 7100–0135). DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before November 12, 2019. ADDRESSES: You may submit comments, identified by FR 1379a, b, c, d, by any of the following methods: • Agency Website: https:// www.federalreserve.gov. Follow the SUMMARY: E:\FR\FM\10SEN1.SGM 10SEN1
[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 175 (Tuesday, September 10, 2019)]
Agency Information Collection Activities: Announcement of Board
Approval Under Delegated Authority and Submission to OMB
AGENCY: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
SUMMARY: The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Board)
is adopting a proposal to extend for three years, with revision, the
Recordkeeping and Disclosure Requirements Associated with the Bureau of
Consumer Financial Protection's (Bureau) Regulation E (Electronic Fund
Transfers) (FR E; OMB No. 7100-0200). The revisions are applicable
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Federal Reserve Board Clearance
Officer--Nuha Elmaghrabi--Office of the Chief Data Officer, Board of
Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington, DC 20551, (202)
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Desk Officer--Shagufta
Ahmed--Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of
Management and Budget, New Executive Office Building, Room 10235, 725
17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20503, or by fax to (202) 395-6974.
A copy of the PRA OMB submission, including the reporting form and
instructions, supporting statement, and other documentation will be
placed into OMB's public docket files. These documents also are
available on the Federal Reserve Board's public website at https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/reportforms/review.aspx or may be requested
from the agency clearance officer, whose name appears above.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: On June 15, 1984, OMB delegated to the Board
authority under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) to approve and assign
OMB control numbers to collections of information conducted or
sponsored by the Board. Board-approved collections of information are
incorporated into the official OMB inventory of currently approved
collections of information. Copies of the PRA Submission, supporting
statements, and approved collection of information instrument(s) are
placed into OMB's public docket files.
Final Approval Under OMB Delegated Authority of the Extension for Three
Years, With Revision, of the Following Information Collection:
Report title: Recordkeeping and Disclosure Requirements Associated
with the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection's (Bureau) Regulation
E (Electronic Fund Transfers).
Agency form number: FR E.
Effective Date: Immediately.
Frequency: Event generated.
Respondents: State member banks (SMBs) and their subsidiaries,
subsidiaries of bank holding companies, U.S. branches and agencies of
foreign banks (other than federal branches, federal agencies, and
insured state branches of foreign banks), commercial lending companies
owned or controlled by foreign banks, and organizations operating under
section 25 or 25A of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 601-604a; 611-
Estimated number of respondents: Gift card exclusion policies and
procedures, Gift card policy and procedures, Transmitter error
resolution standards and recordkeeping requirements, Acts of agents,
Initial disclosures, Change-in-terms, Error resolution, Remittance
transfer disclosures, and Time limits and extent of investigations, 970
respondents; Periodic statements, 71 respondents; Pre-acquisition
disclosures (short form disclosure)--one time, Pre-acquisition
disclosures (long form disclosure)--one time, Periodic statement
alternative--one time, and Pre-acquisition disclosures (short form
disclosure)--ongoing, 5 respondents; and internet posting and
submission of prepaid account agreements--one time and internet posting
and submission of prepaid account agreements--ongoing, 6 respondents.
Estimated average hours per response: Gift card exclusion policies
and procedures, Gift card policy and procedures, Transmitter error
Remittance transfer disclosures, and Pre-acquisition disclosures (long
form disclosure)--one time, 8 hours; Initial disclosures, 0.03 hours;
Change-in-terms, 0.02 hours; Periodic statements, 7 hours; Error
resolution, 0.5 hours; Time limits and extent of investigation, 4.5
hours; Pre-acquisition disclosures (short form disclosure)--one time,
40 hours; Periodic statement alternative--one time, 24 hours; internet
posting and submission of prepaid account agreements--one time, 1 hour;
Pre-acquisition disclosures (short form disclosure)--ongoing, 4 hours;
and internet posting and submission of prepaid account agreements--
ongoing, 0.08 hours.
Estimated annual burden hours: Gift card exclusion policies and
resolution standards and recordkeeping requirements, and Acts of
agents, 7,760 hours; Initial disclosures, 7,275 hours; Change-in-terms,
6,596 hours; Periodic statements, 5,964 hours; Error resolution, 14,550
hours; Remittance transfer disclosures, 93,120 hours; Time limits and
extent of investigations, 52,380 hours; Pre-acquisition disclosures
(short form disclosure)--one time, 1,914 hours, Pre-acquisition
disclosures (long form disclosure)--one time, 383 hours; internet
posting and submission of prepaid account agreements--one time, 6
hours, Pre-acquisition disclosures (short form disclosure)--ongoing,
191 hours; Periodic statement alternative--one time, 1,148 hours, and
internet posting and submission of prepaid account agreements--ongoing,
General description of report: The Electronic Funds Transfer Act
(EFTA) requires consumers be provided meaningful disclosures about the
basic terms, costs, and rights relating to electronic fund transfer
(EFT) services involving a consumer's account. The disclosures required
by the EFTA are triggered by specific events. The disclosures inform
consumers, for example, about the terms of the EFT service, activity on
the account, potential liability for unauthorized transfers, and the
process for resolving errors.
Legal authorization and confidentiality: Section 904 of the EFTA
(12 U.S.C. 1693b) authorizes the Bureau to issue regulations to carry
out the purposes of the EFTA, which establishes the basic rights,
liabilities, and responsibilities of consumers who use EFT and
remittance transfer services and of financial institutions or other
persons that offer these services. The Bureau's Regulation E, 12 CFR
part 1005, implements the EFTA. An institution's recordkeeping and
disclosure obligations under Regulation E are mandatory. Because the
Board does not collect any information pursuant to the Bureau's
Regulation E, no issue of confidentiality normally arises. In the event
the Board were to obtain information regarding consumer EFT
transactions during the course of an examination, such information may
be kept confidential under section (b)(8) of the Freedom of Information
Act, which protects information contained in or related to an
examination of a financial institution (5 U.S.C. 522 (b)(8)).
Current actions: On April 30, 2019, the Board published a notice in
the Federal Register (84 FR 18286) requesting public comment for 60
days on the extension, with revision, of the Recordkeeping and
Disclosure Requirements Associated with the Bureau of Consumer
Financial Protection's (Bureau) Regulation E (Electronic Fund
Transfers). Beginning April 1, 2019, entities subject to the Bureau's
Regulation E were required to comply with the following recordkeeping
and disclosure requirements related to prepaid accounts in accordance
with the Bureau's new final rule.
Pre-Acquisition Disclosures (Section 1005.18(b))
Before a consumer acquires a prepaid account, a financial
institution is required to provide a consumer with a short form
disclosure and a long form disclosure. The short form disclosure is
required to include: Certain fee information--including any periodic
fee, per purchase fee, ATM withdrawal fee, cash reload fee, ATM balance
inquiry fee, customer service fee, and inactivity fee (collectively,
``static fees''); the number of fee types in addition to the static
fees; two additional fee types that generated the highest revenue from
consumers during the previous 24 months; statements regarding linked
overdraft credit features, registration, and Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC)/National Credit Union Association (NCUA) insurance;
a reference to the Bureau's website containing information on prepaid
accounts; and information on where the consumer can find the long form
disclosure. For payroll card accounts, the short form disclosure is
required to include a statement regarding options to receive wages or
salary from the employer. For government benefit accounts, the short
form disclosure is required to include a statement regarding options to
receive government benefits. Furthermore, the Bureau requires a
financial institution to disclose, in conjunction with the short form
disclosure, its name, the name of the prepaid account program, any
purchase price for the prepaid account, and any fee for activating the
prepaid account.
The long form disclosure is required to include: A title, including
the name of the prepaid account program; information about all fees and
the conditions under which they may be imposed; a statement regarding
registration and FDIC/NCUA insurance; a statement regarding linked
overdraft credit features; a statement containing the financial
institution's contact information; a reference to the Bureau's website
containing information on prepaid accounts; and a reference to the
Bureau's website and telephone number to submit complaints.
Generally, these disclosures are required to be provided before a
consumer acquires a prepaid account, though there are certain
exceptions. For prepaid accounts sold at retail locations, however, a
financial institution may provide the long form disclosure after
acquisition if the short form disclosure contains information enabling
the consumer to access the long form disclosure by telephone or on a
website and other requirements are met. A similar accommodation is made
for prepaid accounts acquired orally by telephone.
The pre-acquisition disclosures are required to follow specific
formatting rules, and, for the short form disclosures, be substantially
similar to model forms. If the financial institution uses a foreign
language in connection
with a consumer's acquisition of a prepaid account, a financial
institution is generally required to provide the pre-acquisition
disclosures in that foreign language.
Periodic Statement Alternative (Section 1005.18(c))
Financial institutions are required to provide periodic statements
for prepaid accounts either by providing a periodic statement that
complies with section 1005.9(b) or, as an alternative, by making
transaction information available to the consumer by telephone,
electronically, and in writing upon the consumer's request pursuant to
section 1005.18(c).
Initial Disclosures (Sections 1005.18(d)(1)(i) and 1005.18(f)(1))
Financial institutions are required to include in the initial
disclosure required by section 1005.7 all the information required to
be disclosed in the pre-acquisition long form disclosure. If a
financial institution chooses to provide the alternative disclosures
instead of a regular periodic statement, it must modify some of the
disclosures included in the initial disclosures.
The Bureau determined and the Board agrees that financial
institutions already engage in these activities as usual and customary
activities, as defined under 5 CFR 1320.3(b)(2). Therefore, under 5 CFR
1320.3(b)(2), there is no additional burden for these provisions.
Error Resolution Notice and Procedures for Resolving Errors (Sections
1005.18(d)(1)(ii), 1005.18(d)(2), and 1005.18(e))
Prepaid accounts are required to comply with the limited liability
error resolution requirements applicable to other accounts subject to
Regulation E. For prepaid accounts where the financial institution
provides alternative disclosures to regular periodic statements, the
timing requirements for the error resolution procedures are modified.
For prepaid accounts that are not payroll card accounts or government
benefit accounts, a financial institution is generally not required to
comply with the liability limits and error resolution requirements in
sections 1005.6 and 1005.11 for any prepaid account for which it has
not successfully completed its consumer identification and verification
A notice concerning error resolution, provided with the initial
disclosures and substantially similar to the Bureau's model form for
prepaid accounts, is required to be provided in place of the notice
required by section 1005.7(b)(10). Alternatively, for prepaid account
programs for which the financial institution does not have a consumer
identification and verification process, the financial institution is
required to describe its error resolution process and limitations on
consumers' liability for unauthorized transfers or, if none, state that
there are no such protections.
An annual error resolution notice substantially similar to the
model form for prepaid accounts is required to be provided in place of
the notice required by section 1005.8(b). Alternatively, a financial
institution may include on or with each electronic and written account
transaction history, a notice substantially similar to the abbreviated
notice for periodic statements contained in the model forms, modified
as necessary to reflect the error resolution procedures the financial
institution is required to follow.
Change-In-Terms Notice (Section 1005.18(f)(2))
The change-in-terms notice provisions in section 1005.8(a) apply to
any change in a term or condition that is required to be disclosed
under 1005.7 or 1005.18(f)(1) for a prepaid account.
Disclosures on Device or Entry Point (Section 1005.18(f)(3))
Financial institutions are required to disclose on the prepaid
account access device the name of the financial institution and the
website and telephone number a consumer can use to contact the
financial institution about the prepaid account. If a financial
institution does not provide a physical access device in connection
with a prepaid account, the disclosure is required to appear on the
website, mobile application, or other entry point a consumer must visit
to access the prepaid account electronically.
Internet Posting and Submission of Prepaid Account Agreements (Section
1005.19)
Prepaid account issuers are generally required to submit to the
Bureau new and amended prepaid account agreements and notification of
withdrawn agreements no later than 30 days after the issuer offers,
amends, or ceases to offer the agreement. The rule provides a de
minimis exception and a limited product testing exception to this
requirement. If an issuer is required to submit a prepaid account
agreement to the Bureau and the prepaid account agreement is offered to
the general public, the issuer is also required to post the account
agreement in a prominent and readily accessible location on its
website. If a prepaid account agreement is not posted on the issuer's
website, the issuer must provide a consumer with a copy of the
consumer's prepaid account agreement no later than five business days
after the issuer receives the consumer's request for the agreement. The
consumer must be able to request the agreement by phone.
The comment period for this notice expired on July 1, 2019. The
Board did not receive any comments. The revisions will be implemented
as proposed.
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, September 5,
Michele Taylor Fennell,
[FR Doc. 2019-19520 Filed 9-9-19; 8:45 am]
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Natalie Hanni
Managing Director, Alumni Leadership & Community, Teach for America-Washington at Teach For America, Inc.
RelSci Relationships
Number of Boards
View Relationship Details
RelSci Relationships are individuals Natalie Hanni likely has professional access to. A relationship does not necessarily indicate a personal connection.
Wendy Kopp
Founder at Teach For America, Inc.
Relationship likelihood: Strong
Elisa Villanueva
Chief Executive Officer at Teach For America, Inc.
Andrew Lakis
Executive Director, Teach for America-Eastern North Carolina at Teach For America, Inc.
Kevin Huffman
Interim Chief External Affairs Officer at Teach For America, Inc.
Damion LeeNatali
Executive Director, Teach for America-Colorado at Teach For America, Inc.
Managing Director of Development & Communications at KIPP DC
Lori Vetters
Managing Director, Diversified Corporate Banking at Regions Bank
Kaya Henderson
Former DC Executive Director at Teach For America, Inc.
Former President & Chief Executive Officer at "I Have A Dream" Foundation
Omari Todd
Former Ed/Assistant Secretary at Teach For America, Inc.
Volodymyr Zelensky
Ukraine’s Premier Offers Resignation as Political Infighting Grows - The New York Times
Chief justice, senators sworn in for Trump impeachment trial - The Washington Times
Senator Martha McSally Calls CNN Reporter a ‘Liberal Hack’ After Being Asked Abo... - Time Magazine
Marie L. Yovanovitch
Ukraine Investigates Reports of Surveillance of Marie Yovanovitch - The New York Times
Eliot Engel
State Dept chided for silence over alleged threats to envoy - Associated Press
Paths to Natalie Hanni
Managing Director, Alumni Leadership & Community, Teach for America-Washington
Teach For America, Inc.
Teach For America (TFA) is a nonprofit organization whose stated mission is to "enlist, develop, and mobilize as many as possible of our nation's most promising future leaders to grow and strengthen the movement for educational equity and excellence." The organization aims to accomplish this by recruiting and selecting college graduates from top universities around the United States to serve as teachers. The selected members, known as "corps members," commit to teaching for at least two years in a public or public charter K–12 school in one of the 52 low-income communities that the organization serves.
Natalie Hanni is affiliated with Teach For America, Inc.
This web site is not endorsed by, directly affiliated with, maintained, authorized, or sponsored by Natalie Hanni. The use of any trade name or trademark is for identification and reference purposes only and does not imply any association with the trademark holder. The Presence of Natalie Hanni's profile does not indicate a business or promotional relationship of any kind between RelSci and Natalie Hanni.
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The Affair - A short story - Emma Kavanagh
A couple have been found dead in their living room.
Was it a simple domestic misunderstanding or is there more to it than meets the eye...?
This quick, short story by Emma Kavanagh features Charlotte Solomon, the Swansea Times crime reporter we meet in Emma's brilliant new psychological thriller 'Hidden'.
'The Affair' is supposed to be read before Hidden, as in it Charlie meets police officer Aden (also featured in Hidden) for the first time, but apart from this, I think there's no reason to read these books in any particular order.
A couple have been found murdered in their living room. Charlie goes to the scene and joins numerous neighbours who have crowded at the couple's front door. Using her nosy reporter skills, Charlie observes and listens to the neighbours' gossip and body language and from there starts to piece together the events leading up to the crime.
Ms Kavanagh has a knack for engaging the reader and thanks to her excellent writing skills I really enjoyed reading this short story.
Hidden - Emma Kavanagh
HE'S WATCHING A gunman is stalking the wards of a local hospital. He's unidentified and dangerous, and has to be located. Urgently.
Police Firearms Officer Aden McCarthy is tasked with tracking him down. Still troubled by the shooting of a schoolboy, Aden is determined to make amends by finding the gunman - before it's too late.
SHE'S WAITING To psychologist Imogen, hospital should be a place of healing and safety - both for her, and her young niece who's been recently admitted. She's heard about the gunman, but he has little to do with her. Or has he?
As time ticks down, no one knows who the gunman's next target will be. But he's there. Hiding in plain sight. Far closer than anyone thinks...
I would like to thank Random House, Cornerstone and NetGalley for allowing me to read an ARC of this book.
"I can smell the blood. It is all I can smell. It coats my nostrils, my lungs, it stains the inside of my throat. It is on me."
These are the harrowing opening lines of this gripping psychological thriller. 'Hidden' kept me on tenterhooks from start to finish. As I was reading it, I could feel my heart beat faster and my stomach squeeze with tension and the more I advanced in the book, the more pressured I felt. The fact that from the prologue I knew that things would ultimately end up tragically, just increased my apprehension a tenfold.
What factors drive a man to open fire on a crowd of innocent people? 'Hidden' starts off with a horrific mass murder in a hospital lobby ... a gunman ... a bloodbath ... a scene out of horror films.
"The bodies litter the hospital lobby like autumn leaves blown inside on a gusty day. There are so many of them, the floor has vanished beneath them."
The first chapter is narrated by Charlie, a crime reporter, and a witness to this mass murder. She describes the devastation left in the wake of the gunman.
From then on, we are taken back in time to six days before the shooting. A hooded armed man is spotted inside the hospital. Soon after a nurse is run over on a busy motorway. Who is this gunman? Why is he targeting a specific ward? Is the nurse's death an unfortunate accident or is it somehow linked to the strange happenings at the hospital?
Chapter by chapter, through countdown of days and povs of the four main characters, the author brings the story full circle as she skilfully unfurls the circumstances leading to the shooting. We are taken inside the mind, the psyche of the principal characters: Aden the police officer who's carrying deep psychological scars; Charlie, who feels she doesn't truly know her own family; Imogen the psychologist, a red-haired twin who's in an uncertain relationship; and the shooter, who's ultimately a victim himself and of whom I couldn't guess the identity till the very end.
This book is so well-written that I actually ended up feeling sorry for the shooter. His is the reality of many people around us in real life. People who have been hurt or traumatised and who even though they try hard, seem not to find their place in society. People who once they reach their breaking point, are capable of doing the unthinkable.
'Hidden' is a brilliant psychological thriller that hooked me from the first page and I highly recommend it to anyone loving a truly absorbing read. This was my first Emma Kavanagh book and it will certainly not be the last.
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Posted: July 15, 2015 by Rex Brynen in conferences, Lebanon
Tags: Institute for Palestine Studies
Call for Papers: Towards Engaged and Responsible Research: The Case of the Palestinian Refugee Camps of Lebanon Workshop
18-19 March 2016, Institute for Palestine Studies, Beirut, Lebanon
Submission deadline: 31 August 2015
The Israel-Palestine conflict is one of the most protracted conflicts of our time and has produced one of the largest refugee crises in contemporary history. In the continued absence of a political solution Palestinian refugees remain in exile for over six decades. Reflecting the importance of this longstanding and fundamental crisis, the academic study of Palestinian refugees generated, and continues to generate, a large body of knowledge across a variety of disciplinary fields. In contrast little research has been devoted to investigate the state of academic research and its impact on the researched community. This workshop will focus on the study of the Palestinian refugee camps of Lebanon which have been, and continue to be, one of the most coveted sites of fieldwork for researchers year after year and decade after decade. It will convene scholars and community workers to probe three inter- related themes.
1. The state of academic research
What is the current state of academic research on Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon? How has research evolved over time? Is it possible to outline certain trends? Are researchers focusing on certain topics and leaving others unexamined? Are there gaps to be filled? What directions should future scholarship take?
2. Research impact
How has research, spanning several decades, affected the Palestinian community? What responsibilities do researchers carry towards the researched community in under-privileged conditions? Are there strategic intersections between activism and research in Palestinian camps? What challenges or
dilemmas does it give rise to? What are the different models, experiences and potentials of activist- research that have emerged in this context? Are there lessons to be learned from other places?
3. New forms of research/knowledge production
What new forms of research are emerging in Palestinian camps? Are these practices challenging traditional roles of researchers in marginalized contexts? Are they exploring new forms of knowledge production and targeting new audiences for their research?
The workshop will be in both English and Arabic. Speakers will be given 20 minutes to discuss their papers and a 40 minutes Q&A session will follow at the end of their panel.
To apply, please email perla@palestine-studies.org with the following information:
Your name, position, and institutional affiliation.
The title of your paper.
An abstract of your proposed paper (up to 500 words). Make sure to include your paper’s main
thesis/argument.
A short biography – not exceeding 100 words.
Please put ‘IPS research workshop submission’ in the subject line. Submissions can be either in English or Arabic. The deadline for submitting paper proposals is 31 August 2015. Submissions will be reviewed and selected participants will be notified by 30 September 2015.
The selected presenters are required to submit a draft paper of 4,000 to 5,000 words by the 31 January 2016.
If you wish to attend the workshop without presenting a paper, please email your request to perla@palestine-studies.org. Please include your name and affiliation and please put ‘IPS research workshop attendee’ in the subject line.
The Institute for Palestine Studies, founded in Beirut in 1963, is an independent nonprofit Arab research and publication center that is not affiliated to any political organization or government.
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Principal Mechanical Design Handbook: Measurement, Analysis and Control of Dynamic Systems (Handbooks)
Mechanical Design Handbook: Measurement, Analysis and Control of Dynamic Systems (Handbooks)
Harold Rothbart, Thomas Brown
Optimize the efficiency and reliability of machines and mechanical systems
Totally redesigned to meet today's mechanical design challenges, this classic handbook provides a practical overview of the complex principles and data associated with the design and control of dynamic mechanical systems.
New Chapters on continuous control systems, digital control systems, and optical systems
Covers power transmission and control subsystems
Categories: Technology\\Mechanical Engineering
Editora: McGraw-Hill Professional
Páginas: 1178
Series: McGraw Hill Handbooks
fatigue458
bearings352
belts314
springs284
clutch284
differential247
asme239
reliability230
deflection220
brake213
tooth210
design fundamentals199
mechanical design fundamentals197
damping183
roller180
gearing178
subsystem components172
eqs172
mechanical subsystem172
mechanical subsystem components170
acceleration168
curvature155
mcgraw155
deformation147
coordinates147
C3ATIP
Mechanical Design Handbook_Measurement, Analysis and Control of Dynamic Systems, 2nd-2006_(Harold A. Rothbart, Thomas H. Brown).pdf
Ethernet Passive Optical Networks
Kramer, Glen
Язык: english
Carpentry and Framing Inspection Notes
Gil Taylor
This page intentionally left blank
Measurement, Analysis, and Control
of Dynamic Systems
Harold A. Rothbart
Dean Emeritus
Teaneck, N.J.
Thomas H. Brown, Jr.
Faculty Associate
Institute for Transportation Research and Education
Raleigh, N.C.
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid
Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul
Singapore Sydney Toronto
Copyright © 2006, 1996 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in
the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no
part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a
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DOI: 10.1036/0071466363
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Part 1 Mechanical Design Fundamentals
Chapter 1. Classical Mechanics
Chapter 2. Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 3. Kinematics of Mechanisms
Chapter 4. Mechanical Vibrations
Chapter 5. Static and Fatigue Design
Chapter 6. Properties of Engineering Materials
Chapter 7. Friction, Lubrication, and Wear
Part 2 Mechanical System Analysis
Chapter 8. System Dynamics
Chapter 9. Continuous Time Control Systems
Chapter 10. Digital Control Systems
Chapter 11. Optical Systems
Chapter 12. Machine Systems
Chapter 13. System Reliability
Mechanical Subsystem Components
Chapter 14. Cam Mechanisms
Chapter 15. Rolling-Element Bearings
Chapter 16. Power Screws
Chapter 17. Friction Clutches
Chapter 18. Friction Brakes
Chapter 19. Belts
Chapter 20. Chains
Chapter 21. Gearing
Chapter 22. Springs
Appendix A. Analytical Methods for Engineers
Appendix B. Numerical Methods for Engineers
Index follows Appendix B
A.1
William J. Anderson
Ellement Bearings)
Vice President, NASTEC Inc., Cleveland, Ohio (Chap. 15, Rolling-
William H. Baier Director of Engineering, The Fitzpatrick Co., Elmhurst, Ill. (Chap. 19, Belts)
Stephen B. Bennett Manager of Research and Product Development, Delaval Turbine
Division, Imo Industries, Inc., Trenton, N.J. (Chap. 2, Mechanics of Materials)
Thomas H. Brown, Jr. Faculty Associate, Institute for Transportation Research and Education,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. (Co-Editor)
John J. Coy Chief of Mechanical Systems Technology Branch, NASA Lewis Research Center,
Cleveland, Ohio (Chap. 21, Gearing)
Thomas A. Dow Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, N.C. (Chap. 17, Friction Clutches, and Chap. 18, Friction Brakes)
Saul K. Fenster President Emeritus, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, N.J. (App. A,
Analytical Methods for Engineers)
Ferdinand Freudenstein Stevens Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University,
New York, N.Y. (Chap. 3, Kinematics of Mechanisms)
Theodore Gela Professor Emeritus of Metallurgy, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N.J.
(Chap. 6, Properties of Engineering Materials)
Herbert H. Gould Chief, Crashworthiness Division, Transportation Systems Center, U.S.
Department of Transportation, Cambridge, Mass. (App. A, Analytical Methods for Engineers)
Bernard J. Hamrock Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus,
Ohio (Chap. 15, Rolling-Element Bearings)
John E. Johnson Manager, Mechanical Model Shops, TRW Corp., Redondo Beach, Calif.
(Chap. 16, Power Screws)
Sheldon Kaminsky Consulting Engineer, Weston, Conn. (Chap. 8, System Dynamics)
Kailash C. Kapur Professor and Director of Industrial Engineering, University of Washington,
Seattle, Wash. (Chap. 13, System Reliability)
Robert P. Kolb Manager of Engineering (Retired), Delaval Turbine Division, Imo Industries,
Inc., Trenton, N.J. (Chap. 2, Mechanics of Materials)
Leonard R. Lamberson Professor and Dean, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
West Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Mich. (Chap. 13, System Reliability)
Thomas P. Mitchell Professor, Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering,
University of California, Santa Barbara, Calif. (Chap. 1, Classical Mechanics)
Burton Paul Asa Whitney Professor of Dynamical Engineering, Department of Mechanical
Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. (Chap. 12,
Machine Systems)
Copyright © 2006, 1996 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
J. David Powell Professor of Aeronautics/Astronautics and Mechanical Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, Calif. (Chap. 10, Digital Control Systems)
Abillo A. Relvas Manager––Techical Assistance, Associated Spring, Barnes Group, Inc., Bristol,
Conn. (Chap. 22, Springs)
Harold A. Rothbart Dean Emeritus, College of Science and Engineering, Fairleigh Dickenson
University, Teaneck, N.J. (Chap. 14, Cam Mechanisms, and Co-Editor)
Andrew R. Sage Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs, George Mason Universtiy,
Fairfax, Va. (Chap. 9, Continuous Time Control Systems)
Warren J. Smith Vice President, Research and Development, Santa Barbara Applied Optics, a
subsidiary of Infrared Industries, Inc., Santa Barbara, Calif. (Chap. 11, Optical Systems)
David Tabor Professor Emeritus, Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Solids,
Department of Physics, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England (Chap. 7, Friction, Lubrication,
and Wear)
Steven M. Tipton Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tulsa, Tulsa,
Okla. (Chap. 5, Static and Fatigue Design)
George V. Tordion
(Chap. 20, Chains)
Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
Dennis P. Townsend Senior Research Engineer, NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland,
Ohio (Chap. 21, Gearing)
Eric E. Ungar Chief Consulting Engineer, Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.
(Chap. 4, Mechanical Vibrations)
C. C. Wang Senior Staff Engineer, Central Engineer Laboratories, FMC Corporation, Santa
Clara, Calif. (App. B, Numerical Methods for Engineers)
Erwin V. Zaretsky Chief Engineer of Structures, NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio
(Chap. 21, Gearing)
Mechanical design is one of the most rewarding activities because of its incredible
complexity. It is complex because a successful design involves any number of individual
mechanical elements combined appropriately into what is called a system. The word
system came into popular use at the beginning of the space age, but became somewhat
overused and seemed to disappear. However, any modern machine is a system and
must operate as such. The information in this handbook is limited to the mechanical
elements of a system, since encompassing all elements (electrical, electronic, etc.)
would be too overwhelming.
The purpose of the Mechanical Design Handbook has been from its inception to provide the mechanical designer the most comprehensive and up-to-date information on
what is available, and how to utilize it effectively and efficiently in a single reference
source. Unique to this edition, is the combination of the fundamentals of mechanical
design with a systems approach, incorporating the most important mechanical subsystem
components. The original editor and a contributing author, Harold A. Rothbart, is one of
the most well known and respected individuals in the mechanical engineering community.
From the First Edition of the Mechanical Design and Systems Handbook published over
forty years ago to this Second Edition of the Mechanical Design Handbook, he has continued to assemble experts in every field of machine design—mechanisms and linkages,
cams, every type of gear and gear train, springs, clutches, brakes, belts, chains, all manner
of roller bearings, failure analysis, vibration, engineering materials, and classical mechanics,
including stress and deformation analysis. This incredible wealth of information, which
would otherwise involve searching through dozens of books and hundreds of scientific and
professional papers, is organized into twenty-two distinct chapters and two appendices. This
provides direct access for the designer to a specific area of interest or need.
The Mechanical Design Handbook is a unique reference, spanning the breadth and
depth of design information, incorporating the vital information needed for a mechanical
design. It is hoped that this collection will create, through a system perspective, the level of
confidence that will ultimately produce a successful and safe design and a proud designer.
This Second Edition of the Mechanical Design Handbook has been completely reorganized from its previous edition and includes seven chapters from the Mechanical Design
and Systems Handbook, the precursor to the First Edition. The twenty-two chapters contained in this new edition are divided into three main sections: Mechanical Design
Fundamentals, Mechanical System Analysis, and Mechanical Subsystem Components. It
is hoped that this new edition will meet the needs of practicing engineers providing the
critical resource of information needed in their mechanical designs.
The first section, Part I, Mechanical Design Fundamentals, includes seven chapters
covering the foundational information in mechanical design. Chapter 1, Classical
Mechanics, is one of the seven chapters included from the Second Edition of the
Mechanical Design and Systems Handbook, and covers the basic laws of dynamics and
the motion of rigid bodies so important in the analysis of machines in three-dimensional
motion. Comprehensive information on topics such as stress, strain, beam theory, and
an extensive table of shear and bending moment diagrams, including deflection equations, is provided in Chap. 2. Also in Chap. 2 are the equations for the design of
columns, plates, and shells, as well as a complete discussion of the finite-element
analysis approach. Chapter 3, Kinematics of Mechanisms, contains an endless number
of ways to achieve desired mechanical motion. Kinematics, or the geometry of
motion, is probably the most important step in the design process, as it sets the stage
for many of the other decisions that will be made as a successful design evolves.
Whether it’s a particular multi-bar linkage, a complex cam shape, or noncircular gear
combinations, the information for its proper design is provided. Chapter 4, Mechanical
Vibrations, provides the basic equations governing mechanical vibrations, including an
extensive set of tables compiling critical design information such as, mechanical
impedances, mechanical-electrical analogies, natural frequencies of basic systems, torsional systems, beams in flexure, plates, shells, and several tables of spring constants
for a wide variety of mechanical configurations. Design information on both static and
dynamic failure theories, for ductile and brittle materials, is given in Chap. 5, Static and
Fatigue Design, while Chap. 6, Properties of Engineering Materials, covers the issues
and requirements for material selection of machine elements. Extensive tables and charts
provide the experimental data on heat treatments, hardening, high-temperature and lowtemperature applications, physical and mechanical properties, including properties for
ceramics and plastics. Chapter 7, Friction, Lubrication, and Wear, gives a basic overview
of these three very important areas, primarily directed towards the accuracy requirements
of the machining of materials.
The second section, Part II, Mechanical System Analysis, contains six chapters, the
first four of which are from the Second Edition of the Mechanical Design and Systems
Handbook. Chapter 8, Systems Dynamics, presents the fundamentals of how a complex
dynamic system can be modeled mathematically. While the solution of such systems will
be accomplished by computer algorithms, it is important to have a solid foundation on
how all the components interact—this chapter provides that comprehensive analysis.
Chapter 9, Continuous Time Control Systems, expands on the material in Chap. 8 by
introducing the necessary elements in the analysis when there is a time-dependent
input to the mechanical system. Response to feedback loops, particularly for nonlinear
damped systems, is also presented. Chapter 10, Digital Control Systems, continues
with the system analysis presented in Chaps. 8 and 9 of solving the mathematical
equations for a complex dynamic system on a computer. Regardless of the hardware
used, from personal desktop computers to supercomputers, digitalization of the equations must be carefully considered to avoid errors being introduced by the analog to
digital conversion. A comprehensive discussion of the basics of optics and the passage
of light through common elements of optical systems is provided in Chap. 11, Optical
Systems, and Chap. 12, Machine Systems, presents the dynamics of mechanical systems primarily from an energy approach, with an extensive discussion of Lagrange’s
equations for three-dimensional motion. To complete this section, Chap. 13, System
Reliability, provides a system approach rather than addressing single mechanical elements.
Reliability testing is discussed along with the Weibull distribution used in the statistical
analysis of reliability.
The third and last section, Part III, Mechanical Subsystem Components, contains nine
chapters covering the most important elements of a mechanical system. Cam layout and
geometry, dynamics, loads, and the accuracy of motion are discussed in Chap. 14 while
Chap. 15, Rolling-Element Bearings, presents ball and roller bearing, materials of construction, static and dynamic loads, friction and lubrication, bearing life, and dynamic analysis.
Types of threads available, forces, friction, and efficiency are covered in Chap. 16, Power
Screws. Chapter 17, Friction Clutches, and Chap. 18, Friction Brakes, both contain an
extensive presentation of these two important mechanical subsystems. Included are the
types of clutches and brakes, materials, thermal considerations, and application to various
transmission systems. The geometry of belt assemblies, flat and v-belt designs, and belt
dynamics is explained in Chap. 19, Belts, while chain arrangements, ratings, and noise are
dealt with in Chap. 20, Chains. Chapter 21, Gearing, contains every possible gear type,
from basic spur gears and helical gears to complex hypoid bevel gears sets, as well as the
intricacies of worm gearing. Included is important design information on processing and
manufacture, stresses and deflection, gear life and power-loss predictions, lubrication, and
optimal design considerations. Important design considerations for helical compression,
extension and torsional springs, conical springs, leaf springs, torsion-bar springs, power
springs, constant-force springs, and Belleville washers are presented in Chap. 22, Springs.
This second edition of the Mechanical Design Handbook contains two new appendices not in the first edition: App. A, Analytical Methods for Engineers, and App. B,
Numerical Methods for Engineers. They have been provided so that the practicing
engineer does not have to search elsewhere for important mathematical information
needed in mechanical design.
It is hoped that this Second Edition continues in the tradition of the First Edition,
providing relevant mechanical design information on the critical topics of interest to
the engineer. Suggestions for improvement are welcome and will be appreciated.
Our deepest appreciation and love goes to our families, Florence, Ellen, Dan, and Jane
(Rothbart), and Miriam, Sianna, Hunter, and Elliott (Brown). Their encouragement, help,
suggestions, and patience are a blessing to both of us.
To our Senior Editor Ken McCombs, whose continued confidence and support has
guided us throughout this project, we gratefully thank him. To Gita Raman and her
wonderful and competent staff at International Typesetting and Composition (ITC) in
Noida, India, it has been a pleasure and honor to collaborate with them to bring this
Second Edition to reality.
And finally, without the many engineers who found the First Edition of the
Mechanical Design Handbook, as well as the First and Second Editions of the
Mechanical Design and Systems Handbook, useful in their work, this newest edition
would not have been undertaken. To all of you we wish the best in your career and
consider it a privilege to provide this reference for you.
Thomas P. Mitchell, Ph.D.
Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering
Santa Barbara, Calif.
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.3
1.2 THE BASIC LAWS OF DYNAMICS 1.3
1.3 THE DYNAMICS OF A SYSTEM OF
MASSES 1.5
1.3.1 The Motion of the Center of Mass 1.6
1.3.2 The Kinetic Energy of a System 1.7
1.3.3 Angular Momentum of a System
(Moment of Momentum) 1.8
1.4 THE MOTION OF A RIGID BODY 1.9
1.5 ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS 1.12
1.5.1 Generalized Forces and d’Alembert’s
Principle 1.12
1.5.2 The Lagrange Equations 1.14
1.5.3 The Euler Angles 1.15
1.5.4 Small Oscillations of a System near
Equilibrium 1.17
1.5.5 Hamilton’s Principle 1.19
The aim of this chapter is to present the concepts and results of newtonian dynamics
which are required in a discussion of rigid-body motion. The detailed analysis of particular rigid-body motions is not included. The chapter contains a few topics which,
while not directly needed in the discussion, either serve to round out the presentation
or are required elsewhere in this handbook.
The study of classical dynamics is founded on Newton’s three laws of motion and on
the accompanying assumptions of the existence of absolute space and absolute time.
In addition, in problems in which gravitational effects are of importance, Newton’s
law of gravitation is adopted. The objective of the study is to enable one to predict,
given the initial conditions and the forces which act, the evolution in time of a
mechanical system or, given the motion, to determine the forces which produce it.
The mathematical formulation and development of the subject can be approached in two
ways. The vectorial method, that used by Newton, emphasizes the vector quantities force
and acceleration. The analytical method, which is largely due to Lagrange, utilizes the
scalar quantities work and energy. The former method is the more physical and generally
possesses the advantage in situations in which dissipative forces are present. The latter is
more mathematical and accordingly is very useful in developing powerful general results.
1.2 THE BASIC LAWS OF DYNAMICS
The “first law of motion” states that a body which is under the action of no force
remains at rest or continues in uniform motion in a straight line. This statement is also
MECHANICAL DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS
known as the “law of inertia,” inertia being that property of a body which demands
that a force is necessary to change its motion. “Inertial mass” is the numerical measure
of inertia. The conditions under which an experimental proof of this law could be carried
out are clearly not attainable.
In order to investigate the motion of a system it is necessary to choose a frame of reference, assumed to be rigid, relative to which the displacement, velocity, etc., of the system are
to be measured. The law of inertia immediately classifies the possible frames of reference
into two types. For, suppose that in a certain frame S the law is found to be true; then it must
also be true in any frame which has a constant velocity vector relative to S. However, the law
is found not to be true in any frame which is in accelerated motion relative to S. A frame of
reference in which the law of inertia is valid is called an “inertial frame,” and any frame in
accelerated motion relative to it is said to be “noninertial.” Any one of the infinity of inertial
frames can claim to be at rest while all others are in motion relative to it. Hence it is not
possible to distinguish, by observation, between a state of rest and one of uniform motion in
a straight line. The transformation rules by which the observations relative to two inertial
frames are correlated can be deduced from the second law of motion.
Newton’s “second law of motion” states that in an inertial frame the force acting on
a mass is equal to the time rate of change of its linear momentum. “Linear momentum,”
a vector, is defined to be the product of the inertial mass and the velocity. The law can
be expressed in the form
ddt(mv) F
which, in the many cases in which the mass m is constant, reduces to
ma F
where a is the acceleration of the mass.
The “third law of motion,” the “law of action and reaction,” states that the force with
which a mass mi acts on a mass mj is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to
the force which m j exerts on m i . The additional assumption that these forces are
collinear is needed in some applications, e.g., in the development of the equations governing the motion of a rigid body.
The “law of gravitation” asserts that the force of attraction between two point
masses is proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them. The masses involved in this formula are the
gravitational masses. The fact that falling bodies possess identical accelerations leads,
in conjunction with Eq. (1.2), to the proportionality of the inertial mass of a body to
its gravitational mass. The results of very precise experiments by Eotvös and others
show that inertial mass is, in fact, equal to gravitational mass. In the future the word
mass will be used without either qualifying adjective.
If a mass in motion possesses the position vectors r1 and r2 relative to the origins
of two inertial frames S1 and S2, respectively, and if further S1 and S2 have a relative
velocity V, then it follows from Eq. (1.2) that
r1 r2 Vt2 const
t1 t2 const
in which t1 and t2 are the times measured in S1 and S2. The transformation rules Eq. (1.3),
in which the constants depend merely upon the choice of origin, are called “galilean
transformations.” It is clear that acceleration is an invariant under such transformations.
The rules of transformation between an inertial frame and a noninertial frame are
considerably more complicated than Eq. (1.3). Their derivation is facilitated by the
application of the following theorem: a frame S1 possesses relative to a frame S an angular
velocity passing through the common origin of the two frames. The time rate of change
of any vector A as measured in S is related to that measured in S1 by the formula
(dAdt)S (dAdt)S A
The interpretation of Eq. (1.4) is clear. The first term on the right-hand side accounts
for the change in the magnitude of A, while the second corresponds to its change in
direction.
If S is an inertial frame and S1 is a frame rotating relative to it, as explained in the
statement of the theorem, S1 being therefore noninertial, the substitution of the position vector r for A in Eq. (1.4) produces the result
vabs vrel r
In Eq. (1.5) vabs represents the velocity measured relative to S, vrel the velocity relative
to S1, and r is the transport velocity of a point rigidly attached to S1. The law of
transformation of acceleration is found on a second application of Eq. (1.4), in which
A is replaced by vabs. The result of this substitution leads directly to
r 2 v
(d 2rdt2)S (d 2rdt2)S ( r)
is the time derivative, in either frame, of . The physical interpretation of
in which
Eq. (1.6) can be shown in the form
aabs arel atrans acor
where acor represents the Coriolis acceleration 2 vrel. The results, Eqs. (1.5) and
(1.7), constitute the rules of transformation between an inertial and a nonintertial
frame. Equation (1.7) shows in addition that in a noninertial frame the second law of
motion takes the form
marel Fabs − macor − matrans
The modifications required in the above formulas are easily made for the case in which
S1 is translating as well as rotating relative to S. For, if D(t) is the position vector of the
origin of the S1 frame relative to that of S, Eq. (1.5) is replaced by
Vabs (dDdt)S vrel r
and consequently, Eq. (1.7) is replaced by
aabs (d 2Ddt2)S arel atrans acor
In practice the decision as to what constitutes an inertial frame of reference depends
upon the accuracy sought in the contemplated analysis. In many cases a set of axes rigidly
attached to the earth’s surface is sufficient, even though such a frame is noninertial to the
extent of its taking part in the daily rotation of the earth about its axis and also its yearly
rotation about the sun. When more precise results are required, a set of axes fixed at the
center of the earth may be used. Such a set of axes is subject only to the orbital motion of
the earth. In still more demanding circumstances, an inertial frame is taken to be one
whose orientation relative to the fixed stars is constant.
1.3 THE DYNAMICS OF A SYSTEM OF MASSES
The problem of locating a system in space involves the determination of a certain
number of variables as functions of time. This basic number, which cannot be reduced
without the imposition of constraints, is characteristic of the system and is known as
its number of degrees of freedom. A point mass free to move in space has three
degrees of freedom. A system of two point masses free to move in space, but subject
to the constraint that the distance between them remains constant, possesses five
degrees of freedom. It is clear that the presence of constraints reduces the number of
degrees of freedom of a system.
Three possibilities arise in the analysis of the motion-of-mass systems. First, the
system may consist of a small number of masses and hence its number of degrees of
freedom is small. Second, there may be a very large number of masses in the system,
but the constraints which are imposed on it reduce the degrees of freedom to a small
number; this happens in the case of a rigid body. Finally, it may be that the constraints
acting on a system which contains a large number of masses do not provide an appreciable
reduction in the number of degrees of freedom. This third case is treated in statistical
mechanics, the degrees of freedom being reduced by statistical methods.
In the following paragraphs the fundamental results relating to the dynamics of mass systems are derived. The system is assumed to consist of n constant masses mi (i 1, 2, . . ., n).
The position vector of mi, relative to the origin O of an inertial frame, is denoted by ri. The
force acting on mi is represented in the form
Fi Fei a Fij
in which Fie is the external force acting on mi, Fij is the force exerted on mi by mj, and
Fii is zero.
1.3.1 The Motion of the Center of Mass
The motion of mi relative to the inertial frame is determined from the equation
Fei a Fij mi
On summing the n equations of this type one finds
Fe a a Fij a mi i
i1 j1
where F e is the resultant of all the external forces which act on the system. But
Newton’s third law states that
Fij −Fji
and hence the double sum in Eq. (1.11) vanishes. Further, the position vector rc of the
center of mass of the system relative to O is defined by the relation
mrc a miri
in which m denotes the total mass of the system. It follows from Eq. (1.12) that
mvc a mivi
and therefore from Eq. (1.11) that
Fe m d 2rc dt2
which proves the theorem: the center of mass moves as if the entire mass of the system
were concentrated there and the resultant of the external forces acted there.
Two first integrals of Eq. (1.14) provide useful results [Eqs. (1.15) and (1.16):
F dt mv st d mv st d
The integral on the left-hand side is called the “impulse” of the external force.
Equation (1.15) shows that the change in linear momentum of the center of mass is
equal to the impulse of the external force. This leads to the conservation-of-linearmomentum theorem: the linear momentum of the center of mass is constant if no
resultant external force acts on the system or, in view of Eq. (1.13), the total linear
momentum of the system is constant if no resultant external force acts:
F #r
mv2c d
which constitutes the work-energy theorem: the work done by the resultant external
force acting at the center of mass is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of the
center of mass.
In certain cases the external force Fie may be the gradient of a scalar quantity V
which is a function of position only. Then
Fe −∂V/∂rc
and Eq (1.16) takes the form
c mv2c Vd 0
If such a function V exists, the force field is said to be conservative and Eq. (1.17) provides
the conservation-of-energy theorem.
1.3.2 The Kinetic Energy of a System
The total kinetic energy of a system is the sum of the kinetic energies of the individual
masses. However, it is possible to cast this sum into a form which frequently makes
the calculation of the kinetic energy less difficult. The total kinetic energy of the masses
in their motion relative to O is
miv2i
ri rc i
where i is the position vector of mi relative to the
system center of mass C (see Fig. 1.1).
mir2c a mirc # i a mi2i
2 i1
σi
a mii 0
by definition, and so
mrc a mi2i
which proves the theorem: the total kinetic energy of a system is equal to the kinetic energy
of the center of mass plus the kinetic energy of the motion relative to the center of mass.
1.3.3 Angular Momentum of a System (Moment of Momentum)
Each mass mi of the system has associated with it a linear momentum vector mivi. The
moment of this momentum about the point O is ri mivi. The moment of momentum
of the motion of the system relative to O, about O, is
HsOd a ri mivi
d 2r
HsOd a ri mi 2i
which, by Eq. (1.10), is equivalent to
HsOd a ri Fei a ri a Fij
It is now assumed that, in addition to the validity of Newton’s third law, the force Fij is
collinear with Fji and acts along the line joining mi to mj, i.e., the internal forces are
central forces. Consequently, the double sum in Eq. (1.19) vanishes and
HsOd a ri Fei MsOd
where M(O) represents the moment of the external forces about the point O. The following
extension of this result to certain noninertial points is useful.
Let A be an arbitrary point with position vector a relative to the inertial point O
(see Fig. 1.2). If i is the position vector of mi relative to A, then in the notation
already developed
a sri ad mi i HsOd a mvc
HsAd a i mi
ρi
Thus (ddt) H(A) (ddt)H(O) a mv c a
m(dvcdt), which reduces on application of Eqs. (1.14)
and (1.20) to
sd/dtdHsAd MsAd a mvc
The validity of the result
(ddt)H(A) M(A)
is assured if the point A satisfies either of the conditions
1. a 0; i.e., the point A is fixed relative to O.
2. a is parallel to vc; i.e., the point A is moving parallel to the center of mass of the
A particular, and very useful case of condition 2 is that in which the point A is the
center of mass. The preceding results [Eqs. (1.20) and (1.21)] are contained in the
theorem: the time rate of change of the moment of momentum about a point is equal
to the moment of the external forces about that point if the point is inertial, is moving
parallel to the center of mass, or is the center of mass.
As a corollary to the foregoing, one can state that the moment of momentum of a
system about a point satisfying the conditions of the theorem is conserved if the
moment of the external forces about that point is zero.
The moment of momentum about an arbitrary point A of the motion relative to A is
Hrel sAd a i mi i a i mi sri ad HsAd a a mii (1.22)
If the point A is the center of mass C of the system, Eq. (1.22) reduces to
Hrel(C) H(C)
which frequently simplifies the calculation of H(C).
Additional general theorems of the type derived above are available in the literature. The present discussion is limited to the more commonly applicable results.
1.4 THE MOTION OF A RIGID BODY
As mentioned earlier, a rigid body is a dynamic system that, although it can be considered
to consist of a very large number of point masses, possesses a small number of degrees of
freedom. The rigidity constraint reduces the degrees of freedom to six in the most general
case, which is that in which the body is translating and rotating in space. This can be seen
as follows: The position of a rigid body in space is determined once the positions of three
noncollinear points in it are known. These three points have nine coordinates, among
which the rigidity constraint prescribes three relationships. Hence only six of the coordinates are independent. The same result can be obtained otherwise.
Rather than view the body as a system of point masses, it is convenient to consider it to
have a mass density per unit volume. In this way the formulas developed in the analysis of
the motion of mass systems continue to be applicable if the sums are replaced by integrals.
The six degrees of freedom demand six equations of motion for the determination
of six variables. Three of these equations are provided by Eq. (1.14), which describes
the motion of the center of mass, and the remaining three are found from moment-ofmomentum considerations, e.g., Eq. (1.21). It is assumed, therefore, in what follows
that the motion of the center of mass is known, and the discussion is limited to the
rotational motion of the rigid body about its center of mass C.∗
Let be the angular velocity of the body. Then the moment of momentum about C
is, by Eq. (1.3),
HsCd
r s rd
Rotational motion about any fixed point of the body is treated in a similar way.
where r is now the position vector of the element of volume dV relative to C (see Fig. 1.3),
is the density of the body, and the integral is taken over the volume of the body. By a
direct expansion one finds
r ( r) r2 r(r ⋅ ) r2 rr ⋅
r2I ⋅ rr ⋅ (r2I rr) ⋅
and hence
H(C) I(C) ⋅
IsCd
sr2I rrd dV
is the inertia tensor of the body about C.
In Eq. (1.26), I denotes the identity tensor. The inertia tensor can be evaluated once
the value of and the shape of the body are prescribed. We now make a short digression to discuss the structure and properties of I(C).
For definiteness let x, y, and z be an orthogonal set of cartesian axes with origin at
C (see Fig. 1.3). Then in matrix notation
Ixx
IsCd ° 2Iyx
2Izx
Ixx
2Ixy
Iyy
2Izy
sy2 z2d dV
xy dV
2Ixz
2Iyz ¢
Ixy
It is clear that:
1. The tensor is second-order symmetric with real elements.
2. The elements are the usual moments and products of inertia.
3. The moment of inertia about a line through C defined by a unit vector e is
e ⋅ I(C) ⋅ e
4. Because of the property expressed in condition 1, it is always possible to determine
at C a set of mutually perpendicular axes relative to which I(C) is diagonalized.
Returning to the analysis of the rotational motion, one sees that the inertia tensor
I(C) is time-dependent unless it is referred to a set of axes which rotate with the body.
For simplicity the set of axes S 1 which rotates with the body is chosen to be the
orthogonal set in which I(C) is diagonalized. A space-fixed frame of reference with
origin at C is represented by S. Accordingly, from Eqs. (1.4) and (1.21),
[(d/dt)H(C)]S [(d/dt)H(C)]S1 H(C) M(C)
which, by Eq. (1.25), reduces to
I(C) (d/dt) I(C) M(C)
H(C) iIxxx jIyyy kIzzz
In Eq. (1.29) the x, y, and z axes are those for which
IsCd ° 0
0 ¢
and i, j, k are the conventional unit vectors. Equation (1.28) in scalar form supplies
the three equations needed to determine the rotational motion of the body. These equations, the Euler equations, are
Ixx sd
Iyy sd
Izz sd
x >dtd
>dtd
z >dtd 1
y z sIzz
2 Iyyd 5 Mx
x xx 2 Izzd 5 My
y sIyy 2 Ixxd 5 Mz
The analytical integration of the Euler equations in the general case defines a problem
of classical difficulty. However, in special cases solutions can be found. The sources of the
simplifications in these cases are the symmetry of the body and the absence of some components of the external moment. Since discussion of the various possibilities lies outside
the scope of this chapter, reference is made to Refs. 1, 2, 6, and 7 and, for a survey of
recent work, to Ref. 3. Of course, in situations in which energy or moment of momentum,
or perhaps both, are conserved, first integrals of the motion can be written without employing the Euler equations. To do so it is convenient to have an expression for the kinetic energy T of the rotating body. This expression is readily found in the following manner.
The kinetic energy is
s rd2 dV
# [r s rd] dV
which, by Eqs. (1.24), (1.25), and (1.26), is
IsCd #
or, in matrix notation,
2T s
0 ¢°
y¢
Equation (1.31) can be put in a simpler form by writing
s> d # IsCd # s> d
In Eq. (1.32) I is the moment of inertia of the body about the axis of the angular
velocity vector .
1.5 ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS
The knowledge of the time dependence of the position vectors ri(t) which locate an n-mass
system relative to a frame of reference can be attained indirectly by determining the dependence upon time of some parameters qj ( j 1, . . ., m) if the functional relationships
ri ri(qj, t)
i 1, . . ., n; j 1, . . ., m
are known. The parameters qj which completely determine the position of the system
in space are called “generalized coordinates.” Any m quantities can be used as generalized coordinates on condition that they uniquely specify the positions of the masses.
Frequently the qj are the coordinates of an appropriate curvilinear system.
It is convenient to define two types of mechanical systems:
1. A “holonomic system” is one for which the generalized coordinates and the time
may be arbitrarily and independently varied without violating the constraints.
2. A “nonholonomic system” is such that the generalized coordinates and the time
may not be arbitrarily and independently varied because of some (say s) nonintegrable constraints of the form
a Aji dqi Aj dt 0 j 1, 2, . . ., s
In the constraint equations [Eq. (1.34)] the Aji and Aj represent functions of the qk
and t. Holonomic and nonholonomic systems are further classified as “rheonomic”
or “scleronomic,” depending upon whether the time t is explicitly present or absent,
respectively, in the constraint equations.
1.5.1 Generalized Forces and d’Alembert’s Principle
A virtual displacement of the system is denoted by the set of vectors ri. The work
done by the forces in this displacement is
W a Fi # ri
If the force Fi, acting on the mass mi, is separable in the sense that
Fi Fia Fic
in which the first term is the applied force and the second the force of constraint, then
'r
W a sFai Fcid c a i qj i td
'qj
The generalized applied forces and the generalized forces of constraint are defined by
Qaj a Fai # i
Qcj a Fci # i
respectively. Hence, Eq. (1.37) assumes the form
W a Qaj qj a Qcj qj a sFai Fcid # i t
If the virtual displacement is compatible with the instantaneous constraints t 0,
and if in such a displacement the forces of constraint do work, e.g., if sliding friction
is absent, then
W a Qaj qj
The assumption that a function V(qj, t) exists such that
Qaj 5 2'V/'qj
leads to the result
W52 V
In Eq. (1.42), V(qj, t) is called the potential or work function.
The first step in the introduction of the kinetic energy of the system is taken by
using d’Alembert’s principle. The equations of motion [Eq. (1.10)] can be written as
Fi 2 miri 5 0
and consequently
$ #
a sFi mirid ri 0
The principle embodied in Eq. (1.43) constitutes the extension of the principle of virtual work to dynamic systems and is named after d’Alembert. When attention is confined to ri which represent virtual displacements compatible with the instantaneous
constraints and to forces Fi which satisfy Eqs. (1.36) and (1.41), the principle states
$#
a Qj qj a miri ri
1.5.2 The Lagrange Equations
The central equations of analytical mechanics can now be derived. These equations,
which were developed by Lagrange, are presented here for the general case of a rheonomic
nonholonomic system consisting of n masses mi, m generalized coordinates qi, and s constraint
a Akj dqj Ak dt 0
k 1, 2, . . ., s
The equations are found by writing the acceleration terms in d’Alembert’s principle
[Eq. (1.43)] in terms of the kinetic energy T and the generalized coordinates. By definition
mir2i
'r dq
ri a i j i
j1 'qj dt
'ri >'qj 5 'ri >'qj
i 1, 2, . . ., n
'ri >'qj 5 sd>dtds'ri >'qjd
. d 'ri
'T>'qj a miri #
dt 'qj
. 'ri
. a miri #
Accordingly,
d 'T
$ 'r
a mrri # i
j 1, 2, . . ., m
and by summing over all values of j, one finds
a a dt 'q. 'q b qj a mi ri ri
'ri
ri a
for instantaneous displacements. From Eqs. (1.44) and (1.47) it follows that
a a dt 'q. 'q Qj b qj 0
The qj which appear in Eq. (1.48) are not independent but must satisfy the instantaneous constraint equations
a Akj qj 0
The “elimination” of s of the qj between Eqs. (1.48) and (1.49) is effected, in the
usual way, by the introduction of s Lagrange multipliers k(k 1, 2, . . ., s). This step
leads directly to the equations
Qaj a
kAkj
These m second-order ordinary differential equations are the Lagrange equations of
the system. The general solution of the equations is not available.∗ For a holonomic
system with n degrees of freedom, Eq. (1.50) reduces to
Qaj
j 1, . . ., n
In the presence of a function V such that
Qaj 2'V>'qj
'V>'qj 0
Eqs. (1.51) can be written in the form
d 'l
in which
j 1, 2, . . ., n
The scalar function l—the lagrangian—which is the difference between the kinetic and
potential energies is all that need be known to write the Lagrange equations in this case.
The major factor which contributes to the solving of Eq. (1.52) is the presence of
ignorable coordinates. In fact, in dynamics problems, generally, the possibility of finding analytical representations of the motion depends on there being ignorable coordinates. A coordinate, say qk, is said to be ignorable if it does not appear explicitly in the
lagrangian, i.e., if
'l>'qk 0
If Eq. (1.53) is valid, then Eq. (1.52) leads to
'l>'qk const ck
and hence a first integral of the motion is available. Clearly the more ignorable coordinates that exist in the lagrangian, the better. This being so, considerable effort has
been directed toward developing systematic means of generating ignorable coordinates
by transforming from one set of generalized coordinates to another, more suitable, set.
This transformation theory of dynamics, while extensively developed, is not generally
of practical value in engineering problems.
1.5.3 The Euler Angles
To use lagrangian methods in analyzing the motion of a rigid body one must choose a set
of generalized coordinates which uniquely determines the position of the body relative to
a frame of reference fixed in space. It suffices to examine the motion of a body rotating
about its center of mass.
An inertial set of orthogonal axes , , and with origin at the center of mass and a
noninertial set x, y, and z fixed relative to the body with the same origin are adopted.
The required generalized coordinates are those which specify the position of the x, y,
and z axes relative to the , , and axes. More than one set of coordinates which
achieves this purpose can be found. The most generally useful one, viz., the Euler
angles, is used here.
Nonholonomic problems are frequently more tractable by vectorial than by lagrangian methods.
ζ z1
z2 z3
ϑ
x1 x2
The frame , , and can be brought into coincidence with the frame x, y, and z by
three finite rigid-body rotations through angles , , and ,∗ in that order, defined as
follows (see Fig. 1.4):
1. A rotation about the axis through an angle to produce the frame x1, y1, z1
2. A rotation about the x1 axis through an angle to produce the frame x2, y2, z2
3. A rotation about the z2 axis through an angle to produce the frame x3, y3, z3,
which coincides with the frame x, y, z
Each rotation can be represented by an orthogonal matrix operation so that the
process of getting from the inertial to the noninertial frame is
cos
° y1 ¢ ° 2sin
° y2 ¢ ° 0
sin
2sin
0¢ °¢ A°¢
(1.54a)
sin ¢ ° y1 ¢ B ° y1 ¢
(1.54b)
0 ¢ ° y2 ¢ C ° y2 ¢
(1.54c)
Consequently,
° y ¢ 5 CBA ° ¢ 5 D ° ¢
cos cos cos sin sin
cos sin cos cos sin
2sin cos cos sin cos 2sin sin cos cos cos
sin sin
2sin cos
D 5CBA5 ¶
cos sin
This notation is not universally adopted. See Ref. 5 for discussion.
Since A, B, and C are orthogonal matrices, it follows from Eq. (1.55) that
° ¢ 5 D21 ° y ¢ 5 Dr ° y ¢
where the prime denotes the transpose of the matrix. From Eq. (1.55) one sees that, if
the time dependence of the three angles , , is known, the orientation of the x, y, z
and axes relative to the , , and axes is determined. This time dependence is sought
by attempting to solve the Lagrange equations.
The kinetic energy T of the rotating body is found from Eq. (1.31) to be
2T Ixx
Iyy
Izz
in which the components of the angular velocity
are provided by the matrix equation
° y ¢ CB ° 0 ¢ C ° 0 ¢ ° 0 ¢
It is to be noted that if
Ixx 2 Iyy 2 Izz
none of the angles is ignorable. Hence considerable difficulty is to be expected in
attempting to solve the Lagrange equations if this inequality, Eq. (1.59), holds. A similar inference could be made on examining Eq. (1.30). The possibility of there being
ignorable coordinates in the problem arises if the body has axial, or so-called kinetic,
symmetry about (say) the z axis. Then
Ixx Iyy I
and, from Eq. (1.57),
2T Is2 sin2 2 d Izz s cos d2
The angles and do not occur in Eq. (1.60). Whether or not they are ignorable
depends on the potential energy V(, , ).
1.5.4 Small Oscillations of a System near Equilibrium
The Lagrange equations are particularly useful in examining the motion of a system
near a position of equilibrium. Let the generalized coordinates q1, q2, . . ., qn—the
explicit appearance of time being ruled out—represent the configuration of the system.
It is not restrictive to assume the equilibrium position at
q1 and q2 qn 0
and, since motion near this position is being considered, the qi and qi may be taken to
be small.
The potential energy can be expanded in a Taylor series about the equilibrium point
in the form
'2V
Vsq1 c qnd Vs0d a a b qi a a a
b q q c (1.61)
2 i j 'qi 'qj 0 i j
i1 'qi 0
In Eq. (1.61) the first term can be neglected because it merely changes the potential
energy by a constant and the second term vanishes because 'V>'qi is zero at the equilibrium point. Thus, retaining only quadratic terms in qi, one finds
Vsq1 c qnd a a Vij qi qj
2 i j
Vij 5 s'2V>'qi 'qjd0 5 Vji
are real constants.
The kinetic energy T of the system is representable by an analogous Taylor series
Tsq i c q d a a Tij qi qj
Tij Tji
are real constants. The quadratic forms, Eqs. (1.62) and (1.64), in matrix notation, a
prime denoting transposition are
qrvq
1 . .
q rtq
In these expressions v and t represent the matrices with elements Vij and Tij, respectively, and q represents the column vector (q1, . . ., qn). The form of Eq. (1.67) is necessarily positive definite because of the nature of kinetic energy. Rather than create the
Lagrange equations in terms of the coordinates qi, a new set of generalized coordinages i is introduced in terms of which the energies are simultaneously expressible as
quadratic forms without cross-product terms. That the transformation to such coordinates is possible can be seen by considering the equations
vbj
, the roots of the equation
|v t| 0
are the eigenvalues—assumed distinct—and bj are the corresponding eigenvectors.
The matrix of eigenvectors bj is symbolized by B, and the diagonal matrix of eigenvalues
by . One can write
brkvbj
j brk tbj
brk vbj
k brk tbj
because of the symmetry of v and t. Thus, if
brk tbj 0
, it follows that
and, since the eigenvectors of Eq. (1.68) are each undetermined to within an arbitrary
multiplying constant, one can always normalize the vectors so that
bri tbi 5 1
BtB I
where I is the unit matrix. But
vB tB
BvB BtB
Furthermore, denoting the complex conjugate by an overbar, one has
vbj 5
brj vbj
brj tbj
since v and t are real. However,
jbrj
because v and t are symmetric. From Eqs. (1.72) and (1.73) it follows that
jdbrj
tbj 5 0
The symmetry and positive definiteness of t ensure that the form brj tbj is real and
positive definite. Consequently the eigenvalues j , and eigenvectors b j , are real.
Finally, one can solve Eq. (1.68) for the eigenvalues in the form
5 brj vbj >brj tbj
The transformation from the qi to the
coordinates can now be made by writing
from which
qrvq 5
rBrvB 5
1 . rBrtB . 1 . rI .
qr tq
It is seen from Eqs. (1.76) and (1.77) that V and T have the desired forms and that the
corresponding Lagrange equations (1.52) are
d 2 i >dt2
i 1, . . ., n
where 2i i. If the equilibrium position about which the motion takes place is stable, the 2i
are positive. The eigenvalues i must then be positive, and Eq. (1.75) shows that V is positive
definite. In other words, the potential energy is a minimum at a position of stable equilibrium.
In this case, the motion of the system can be analyzed in terms of its normal modes—the n
harmonic oscillators Eq. (1.78). If the matrix V is not positive definite, Eq. (1.75) indicates that
negative eigenvalues may exist, and hence Eqs. (1.78) may have hyperbolic solutions. The
equilibrium is then unstable. Regardless of the nature of the equilibrium, the Lagrange equations (1.78) can always be arrived at, because it is possible to diagonalize simultaneously two
quadratic forms, one of which (the kinetic-energy matrix) is positive definite.
1.5.5 Hamilton’s Principle
In conclusion it is remarked that the Lagrange equations of motion can be arrived at
by methods other than that presented above. The point of departure adopted here is
Hamilton’s principle, the statement of which for holonomic systems is as follows.
Provided the initial (t1) and final (t2) configurations are prescribed, the motion of
the system from time t1 to time t2 occurs in such a way that the line integral
3 l dt 5 extremum
where l T V. That the Lagrange equations [Eq. (1.52)] can be derived from this
principle is shown here for the case of a single-mass, one-degree-of-freedom system.
The generalization of the proof to include an n-degree-of-freedom system is made
without difficulty.
The lagrangian is
lsq, q, td 5 T 2 V
in which q is the generalized coordinate and q(t) describes the motion that actually
occurs. Any other motion can be represented by
q# std 5 qstd 1 εfstd
in which f(t) is an arbitrary differentiable function such that f (t1) and f (t2) 0 and ε is
a parameter defining the family of curves q# std. The condition
3 lsq1, q1, td dt 5 extremum
is tantamount to
sq# , q# , td dt 5 0
'ε 3t1 1 1
for all f(t). But
'l 'q#
lsq# 1, q# 1, td dt 5 3 a
b dt
'ε 3t1
'q# 'ε
t1 'q 'ε
which, by Eq. (1.79), is
. 'l
sq# 1, q# 1, td dt 5 3 cfstd
1 f std . d dt
'ε t1
'q#
Its second term having been integrated by parts, Eq. (1.81) reduces to
'ε
lsq# , q#, td dt
fstd a
. b dt
dt 'q#
because f(t1) f(t2) 0. Hence Eq. (1.80) is equivalent to
3 fstd a 'q 2 dt 'q. b dt 5 0
for all f(t). Equation (1.82) can hold for all f(t) only if
dt 'q
which is the Lagrange equation of the system.
The extension to an n-degree-of-freedom system is made by employing n arbitrary
differentiable functions fk(t), k 1, . . ., n such that fk(t1) fk(t2) 0. For the generalizations of Hamilton’s principle which are necessary in treating nonholonomic systems,
the references should be consulted.
The principle can be extended to include continuous systems, potential energies
other than mechanical, and dissipative sources. The analytical development of these
and other topics and examples of their applications are presented in Refs. 4 and 8
through 12.
1. Routh, E. J.: “Advanced Dynamics of a System of Rigid Bodies,” 6th ed., Dover Publications,
Inc., New York, 1955.
2. Whittaker, E. T.: “A Treatise on Analytical Dynamics,” 4th ed., Dover Publications, Inc.,
3. Leimanis, E., and N. Minorsky: “Dynamics and Nonlinear Mechanics,” John Wiley & Sons,
4. Corben, H. C., and P. Stehle: “Classical Mechanics,” 2d ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
5. Goldstein, H.: “Classical Mechanics,” 2d ed., Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.,
Reading, Mass, 1980.
6. Milne, E. A.: “Vectorial Mechanics,” Methuen & Co., Ltd., London, 1948.
7. Scarborough, J. B.: “The Gyroscope,” Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1958.
8. Synge, J. L., and B. A. Griffith: “Principles of Mechanics,” 3d ed., McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., New York, 1959.
9. Lanczos, C.: “The Variational Principles of Mechanics,” 4th ed., University of Toronto Press,
Toronto, 1970.
10. Synge, J. L.: “Classical Dynamics,” in “Handbuch der Physik,” Bd III/I, Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, 1960.
11. Crandall, S. H., et al.: “Dynamics of Mechanical and Electromechanical Systems,” McGraw-Hill
Book Company, Inc., New York, 1968.
12. Woodson, H. H., and J. R. Melcher: “Electromechanical Dynamics,” John Wiley & Sons,
Stephen B. Bennett, Ph.D.
Manager of Research and Product Development
Delaval Turbine Division
Imo Industries, Inc.
Trenton, N.J.
Robert P. Kolb, P.E.
Manager of Engineering (Retired)
2.2 STRESS
2.2.1 Definition
2.2.2 Components of Stress 2.3
2.2.3 Simple Uniaxial States of Stress
2.8 CLASSIFICATION OF PROBLEM TYPES
2.9 BEAM THEORY 2.26
2.9.1 Mechanics of Materials Approach
2.9.2 Energy Considerations 2.29
2.9.3 Elasticity Approach 2.38
2.10 CURVED-BEAM THEORY
2.10.1 Equilibrium Approach 2.42
2.10.2 Energy Approach 2.43
2.11 THEORY OF COLUMNS 2.45
2.12 SHAFTS, TORSION, AND COMBINED
2.12.1 Torsion of Solid Circular Shafts
2.2.4 Nonuniform States of Stress 2.5
2.2.5 Combined States of Stress 2.5
2.2.6 Stress Equilibrium 2.6
2.2.7 Stress Transformation: ThreeDimensional Case 2.9
2.2.8 Stress Transformation: TwoDimensional Case 2.10
2.2.9 Mohr’s Circle
2.3 STRAIN 2.12
2.3.2 Components of Strain 2.12
2.3.3 Simple and Nonuniform States of
Strain 2.12
2.3.4 Strain-Displacement Relationships
2.12.2 Shafts of Rectangular Cross Section
2.12.3 Single-Cell Tubular-Section Shaft
2.12.4 Combined Stresses 2.50
2.13 PLATE THEORY
2.13.1 Fundamental Governing Equation
2.3.5 Compatibility Relationships 2.15
2.3.6 Strain Transformation 2.16
2.4 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS 2.17
2.4.1 Introduction 2.17
2.4.2 General Stress-Strain Relationship
2.13.2 Boundary Conditions 2.52
2.14 SHELL THEORY
2.14.1 Membrane Theory: Basic Equation
2.5 STRESS-LEVEL EVALUATION 2.19
2.5.2 Effective Stress 2.19
2.6 FORMULATION OF GENERAL MECHANICS-OF-MATERIAL PROBLEM 2.21
2.6.2 Classical Formulations 2.21
2.6.3 Energy Formulations 2.22
2.6.4 Example: Energy Techniques 2.24
2.7 FORMULATION OF GENERAL THERMOELASTIC PROBLEM 2.25
2.14.2 Example of Spherical Shell Subjected
to Internal Pressure 2.58
2.14.3 Example of Cylindrical Shell
Subjected to Internal Pressure 2.58
2.14.4 Discontinuity Analysis 2.58
2.15 CONTACT STRESSES: HERTZIAN
2.16 FINITE-ELEMENT NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
2.16.1 Introduction 2.63
2.16.2 The Concept of Stiffness
2.16.3 Basic Procedure of Finite-Element
Analysis 2.68
2.16.4 Nature of the Solution 2.75
2.16.5 Finite-Element Modeling Guidelines
2.16.6 Generalizations of the Applications
2.16.7 Finite-Element Codes
The fundamental problem of structural analysis is the prediction of the ability of
machine components to provide reliable service under its applied loads and temperature. The basis of the solution is the calculation of certain performance indices, such
as stress (force per unit area), strain (deformation per unit length), or gross deformation, which can then be compared to allowable values of these parameters. The allowable values of the parameters are determined by the component function (deformation
constraints) or by the material limitations (yield strength, ultimate strength, fatigue
strength, etc.). Further constraints on the allowable values of the performance indices
are often imposed through the application of factors of safety.
This chapter, “Mechanics of Materials,” deals with the calculation of performance
indices under statically applied loads and temperature distributions. The extension of
the theory to dynamically loaded structures, i.e., to the response of structures to shock
and vibration loading, is treated elsewhere in this handbook.
The calculations of “Mechanics of Materials” are based on the concepts of force
equilibrium (which relates the applied load to the internal reactions, or stress, in the
body), material observation (which relates the stress at a point to the internal deformation, or strain, at the point), and kinematics (which relates the strain to the gross deformation of the body). In its simplest form, the solution assumes linear relationships
between the components of stress and the components of strain (hookean material
models) and that the deformations of the body are sufficiently small that linear relationships exist between the components of strain and the components of deformation.
This linear elastic model of structural behavior remains the predominant tool used
today for the design analysis of machine components, and is the principal subject of
this chapter.
It must be noted that many materials retain considerable load-carrying ability when
stressed beyond the level at which stress and strain remain proportional. The modification of the material model to allow for nonlinear relationships between stress and
strain is the principal feature of the theory of plasticity. Plastic design allows more
effective material utilization at the expense of an acceptable permanent deformation of
the structure and smaller (but still controlled) design margins. Plastic design is often
used in the design of civil structures, and in the analysis of machine structures under
emergency load conditions. Practical introductions to the subject are presented in
Refs. 6, 7, and 8.
Another important and practical extension of elastic theory includes a material
model in which the stress-strain relationship is a function of time and temperature.
This “creep” of components is an important consideration in the design of machines
for use in a high-temperature environment. Reference 11 discusses the theory of creep
design. The set of equations which comprise the linear elastic structural model do not
have a comprehensive, exact solution for a general geometric shape. Two approaches
are used to yield solutions:
The geometry of the structure is simplified to a form for which an exact solution is
available. Such simplified structures are generally characterized as being a level
surface in the solution coordinate system. Examples of such simplified structures
include rods, beams, rectangular plates, circular plates, cylindrical shells, and
spherical shells. Since these shapes are all level surfaces in different coordinate
systems, e.g., a sphere is the surface r constant in spherical coordinates, it is a
great convenience to express the equations of linear elastic theory in a coordinate
invariant form. General tensor notation is used to accomplish this task.
The governing equations are solved through numerical analysis on a case-by-case
basis. This method is used when the component geometry is such that none of the
available beam, rectangular plate, etc., simplifications are appropriate. Although
several classes of numerical procedures are widely used, the predominant procedure
for the solution of problems in the “Mechanics of Materials” is the finite-element
2.2.1 Definition2
“Stress” is defined as the force per unit area acting on an “elemental” plane in the
body. Engineering units of stress are generally pounds per square inch. If the force is
normal to the plane the stress is termed “tensile” or “compressive,” depending upon
whether the force tends to extend or shorten the element. If the force acts parallel to
the elemental plane, the stress is termed “shear.” Shear tends to deform by causing
neighboring elements to slide relative to one another.
2.2.2 Components of Stress2
A complete description of the internal forces (stress distributions) requires that stress
be defined on three perpendicular faces of an interior element of a structure. In Fig. 2.1
a small element is shown, and, omitting higher-order effects, the stress resultant on
any face can be considered as acting at the center of the area.
The direction and type of stress at a point are described by subscripts to the stress
symbol or . The first subscript defines the plane on which the stress acts and the
second indicates the direction in which it
acts. The plane on which the stress acts is
indicated by the normal axis to that
plane; e.g., the x plane is normal to the x
axis. Conventional notation omits the
second subscript for the normal stress
and replaces the by a for the shear
stresses. The “stress components” can
thus be represented as follows:
Normal stress:
xx x
yy y
zz z
Shear stress:
Stress components.
xy xy
yz yz
xz xz
zx zx
yx yz
zy zy
In tensor notation, the stress components are
ij yx
Stress is “positive” if it acts in the “positive-coordinate direction” on those element
faces farthest from the origin, and in the “negative-coordinate direction” on those
faces closest to the origin. Figure 2.1 indicates the direction of all positive stresses,
wherein it is seen that tensile stresses are positive and compressive stresses negative.
The total load acting on the element of Fig. 2.1 can be completely defined by the
stress components shown, subject only to the restriction that the coordinate axes are
mutually orthogonal. Thus the three normal stress symbols x, y, z and six shearstress symbols xy, xz, yx, yz, zx, zy define the stresses of the element. However, from
equilibrium considerations, xy yx, yz zy, xz zx. This reduces the necessary
number of symbols required to define the stress state to x, y, z, xy, xz, yz.
2.2.3 Simple Uniaxial States of Stress1
Consider a simple bar subjected to axial loads only. The forces acting at a transverse
section are all directed normal to the section. The uniaxial normal stress at the section
is obtained from
P/A
where P total force and A cross-sectional area.
“Uniaxial shear” occurs in a circular cylinder, loaded as in Fig. 2.2a, with a radius
which is large compared to the wall thickness. This member is subjected to a torque
distributed about the upper edge:
T ∑Pr
Uniaxial shear basic element.
Now consider a surface element (assumed plane) and examine the stresses acting. The
stresses which act on surfaces a-a and b-b in Fig. 2.2b tend to distort the original
rectangular shape of the element into the parallelogram shown (dotted shape). This
type of action of a force along or tangent to a surface produces shear within the element, the intensity of which is the “shear stress.”
2.2.4 Nonuniform States of Stress1
In considering elements of differential size, it is permissible to assume that the force
acts on any side of the element concentrated at the center of the area of that side, and
that the stress is the average force divided by the side area. Hence it has been implied
thus far that the stress is uniform. In members of finite size, however, a variable stress
intensity usually exists across any given surface of the member. An example of a body
which develops a distributed stress pattern across a transverse cross section is a simple
beam subjected to a bending load as shown in Fig. 2.3a. If a section is then taken at
a-a, F´1 must be the internal force acting along a-a to maintain equilibrium. Forces F1
and F´1 constitute a couple which tends to rotate the element in a clockwise direction,
and therefore a resisting couple must be developed at a-a (see Fig. 2.3b). The internal
effect at a-a is a stress distribution with the upper portion of the beam in tension and
the lower portion in compression, as in Fig. 2.3c. The line of zero stress on the transverse cross section is the “neutral axis” and passes through the centroid of the area.
Distributed stress on a simple beam subjected to a bending load.
2.2.5 Combined States of Stress
Tension-Torsion. A body loaded simultaneously in direct tension and torsion, such
as a rotating vertical shaft, is subject to a combined state of stress. Figure 2.4a depicts
such a shaft with end load W, and constant torque T applied to maintain uniform rotational velocity. With reference to a-a, considering each load separately, a force system
Body loaded in direct tension and torsion.
as shown in Fig. 2.2b and c is developed at the internal surface a-a for the weight load
and torque, respectively. These two stress patterns may be superposed to determine the
“combined” stress situation for a shaft element.
Flexure-Torsion. If in the above case the load W were horizontal instead of vertical,
the combined stress picture would be altered. From previous considerations of a simple
beam, the stress distribution varies linearly across section a-a of the shaft of Fig. 2.5a.
The stress pattern due to flexure then depends upon the location of the element in question; e.g., if the element is at the outside (element x) then it is undergoing maximum
tensile stress (Fig. 2.5b), and the tensile stress is zero if the element is located on the
horizontal center line (element y) (Fig. 2.5c). The shearing stress is still constant at a
given element, as before (Fig. 2.5d). Thus the “combined” or “superposed” stress state
for this condition of loading varies across the entire transverse cross section.
Body loaded in flexure and torsion.
2.2.6 Stress Equilibrium
“Equilibrium” relations must be satisfied by each element in a structure. These are satisfied if the resultant of all forces acting on each element equals zero in each of three
mutually orthogonal directions on that element. The above applies to all situations of
“static equilibrium.” In the event that some elements are in motion an inertia term
must be added to the equilibrium equation. The inertia term is the elemental mass multiplied by the absolute acceleration taken along each of the mutually perpendicular
axes. The equations which specify this latter case are called “dynamic-equilibrium
equations” (see Chap. 4).
Three-Dimensional Case.5,13 The equilibrium equations can be derived by separately
summing all x, y, and z forces acting on a differential element accounting for the incremental variation of stress (see Fig. 2.6). Thus the normal forces acting on areas dz dy
are x dz dy and [x (∂x/∂x) dx] dz dy. Writing x force-equilibrium equations, and
by a similar process y and z force-equilibrium equations, and canceling higher-order
terms, the following three “cartesian equilibrium equations” result:
∂x/∂x ∂xy/∂y ∂xz/∂z 0
∂y/∂y ∂yz/∂z ∂yx/∂x 0
∂z/∂z ∂zx/∂x ∂zy/∂y 0
FIG. 2.6 Incremental element (dx, dy, dz) with
incremental variation of stress.
or, in cartesian stress-tensor notation,
ij, j 0
i,j x,y,z
and, in general tensor form,
gikij,k 0
where gik is the contravariant metric tensor.
“Cylindrical-coordinate” equilibrium considerations lead to the following set of
equations (Fig. 2.7):
∂r/∂r (1/r)(∂r /∂) ∂rz/∂z (r )/r 0
∂r/∂r (1/r)(∂/∂) ∂z/∂z 2r/r 0
∂rz /∂r (1/r)(∂z/∂) ∂z/∂z rz/r 0
The corresponding “spherical polar-coordinate” equilibrium equations are (Fig. 2.8)
∂r
1 ∂r
r
(2r r cot ) 0
r ∂
r sin ∂
1 ∂
[( ) cot 3r] 0
Stresses on a cylindrical element.
Stresses on a spherical element.
(3r 2 cot ) 0
The general orthogonal curvilinear-coordinate equilibrium equations are
∂
∂ 1
h1h2h3 h1h2
∂ h2h3 ∂ h3h1 ∂ h1h2
∂ h1
h1h3 h1h2 h1h3 0
h2h1 h2h3 h2h1 0
h1h2h3 ß h3h1
∂ h 1h2
∂ h 3 h1
where the , , specify the coordinates of a point and the distance between two
coordinate points ds is specified by
(ds)2 (d /h1)2 (d /h2)2 (d /h3)2
which allows the determination of h1, h2, and h3 in any specific case.
Thus, in cylindrical coordinates,
(ds)2 (dr)2 (r d)2 (dz)2
h1 1
h2 1/r
so that
In spherical polar coordinates,
(ds)2 (dr)2 (r d)2 (r sin d )2
h3 1/(r sin )
All the above equilibrium equations define the conditions which must be satisfied by each
interior element of a body. In addition, these stresses must satisfy all surface-stressboundary conditions. In addition to the cartesian-, cylindrical-, and spherical-coordinate
systems, others may be found in the current literature or obtained by reduction from the
general curvilinear-coordinate equations given above.
In many applications it is useful to integrate the stresses over a finite thickness and
express the resultant in terms of zero or nonzero force or moment resultants as in the
beam, plate, or shell theories.
Two-Dimensional Case—Plane Stress.2 In the special but useful case where the
stresses in one of the coordinate directions are negligibly small (z xz yz 0)
the general cartesian-coordinate equilibrium equations reduce to
∂x/∂x ∂xy/∂y 0
∂y/∂y ∂yx/∂x 0
The corresponding cylindrical-coordinate equilibrium equations become
Plane stress on a thin slab.
∂r/∂r (1/r)(∂r/∂) (r )/r 0
∂r/∂r (1/r)(∂/∂) 2(r/r) 0
This situation arises in “thin slabs,” as indicated
in Fig. 2.9, which are essentially two-dimensional
problems. Because these equations are used in
formulations which allow only stresses in the
“plane” of the slab, they are classified as “planestress” equations.
2.2.7 Stress Transformation: Three-Dimensional Case4,5
It is frequently necessary to determine the stresses at a point in an element which is
rotated with respect to the x, y, z coordinate system, i.e., in an orthogonal x´, y´, z´ system. Using equilibrium concepts and measuring the angle between any specific original and rotated coordinate by the direction cosines (cosine of the angle between the
two axes) the following transformation equations result:
x´ [x cos (x´x) xy cos (x´y) zx cos (x´z)] cos (x´x)
[xy cos (x´x) y cos (x´y) yz cos (x´z)] cos (x´y)
[zx cos (x´x) yz cos (x´y) z cos (x´z)] cos (x´z)
y´ [x cos (y´x) xy cos (y´y) zx cos (y´z)] cos (y´x)
[xy cos (y´x) y cos (y´y) yz cos (y´z)] cos (y´y)
[zx cos (y´x) yz cos (y´y) z cos (y´z)] cos (y´z)
z´ [x cos (z´x) xy cos (z´y) zx cos (z´z)] cos (z´x)
[xy cos (z´x) y cos (z´y) yz cos (z´z)] cos (z´y)
[zx cos (z´x) yz cos (z´y) z cos (z´z)] cos (z´z)
x´y´ [x cos (y´x) xy cos (y´y) zx cos (y´z)] cos (x´x)
[xy cos (y´x) y cos (y´y) yz cos (y´z)] cos (x´y)
[zx cos (y´x) yz cos (y´y) z cos (y´z)] cos (x´z)
y´z´ [x cos (z´x) xy cos (z´y) zx cos (z´z)] cos (y´x)
[xy cos (z´x) y cos (z´y) yz cos (z´z)] cos (y´y)
[zx cos (z´x) yz cos (z´y) z cos (z´z)] cos (y´z)
z´x´ [x cos (x´x) xy cos (x´y) zx cos (x´z)] cos (z´x)
[xy cos (x´x) y cos (x´y) yz cos (x´z)] cos (z´y)
[zx cos (x´x) yz cos (x´y) z cos (x´z)] cos (z´z)
In tensor notation these can be abbreviated as
k´l´ Al´nAk´mmn
Aij cos (ij)
m,n → x,y,z
k´,l´ → x´,y´,z´
A special but very useful coordinate rotation occurs when the direction cosines are
so selected that all the shear stresses vanish. The remaining mutually perpendicular
“normal stresses” are called “principal stresses.”
The magnitudes of the principal stresses x, y, z are the three roots of the cubic
equations associated with the determinant
x
y
z
where x,…, xy,… are the general nonprincipal stresses which exist on an element.
The direction cosines of the principal axes x´, y´ z´ with respect to the x, y, z axes
are obtained from the simultaneous solution of the following three equations considering separately the cases where n x´, y´ z´:
xy cos (xn) (y n) cos (yn) yz cos (zn) 0
zx cos (xn) yz cos (yn) (z n) cos (zn) 0
cos2 (xn) cos2 (yn) cos2 (zn) 1
2.2.8 Stress Transformation: Two-Dimensional Case2,4
Selecting an arbitrary coordinate direction in which the stress components vanish, it
can be shown, either by equilibrium considerations or by general transformation formulas, that the two-dimensional stress-transformation equations become
n [(x y)/2] [(x y)/2] cos 2 xy sin 2
nt [(x y)/2] sin 2 xy cos 2
where the directions are defined in Figs. 2.10 and 2.11 (xy nt,
The principal directions are obtained from the condition that
nt 0
tan 2 2xy/( x y)
0).
where the two lowest roots of (first and second quadrants) are taken. It can be easily
seen that the first and second principal directions differ by 90°. It can be shown that
the principal stresses are also the “maximum” or “minimum normal stresses.” The
“plane of maximum shear” is defined by
FIG. 2.10
Two-dimensional plane stress.
Plane of maximum shear.
tan 2 (x y)/2xy
These are also represented by planes which are 90° apart and are displaced from the
principal stress planes by 45° (Fig. 2.11).
Mohr’s circle is a convenient representation of the previously indicated transformation
equations. Considering the x, y directions as positive in Fig. 2.11, the stress condition on
any elemental plane can be represented as a point in the “Mohr diagram” (clockwise shear
taken positive). The Mohr’s circle is constructed by connecting the two stress points and
drawing a circle through them with center on the axis. The stress state of any basic element can be represented by the stress coordinates at the intersection of the circle with an
arbitrarily directed line through the circle center. Note that point x for positive xy is below
the axis and vice versa. The element is taken as rotated counterclockwise by an angle
with respect to the x-y element when the line is rotated counterclockwise an angle 2 with
respect to the x-y line, and vice versa (Fig. 2.12).
Stress state of basic element.
2.3 STRAIN
Extensional strain
is defined as the extensional deformation of an element divided by
the basic elemental length, u/l0.
In large-strain considerations, l 0 must represent the
instantaneous elemental length and the definitions of strain
must be given in incremental fashion. In small strain considerations, to which the following discussion is limited, it is
only necessary to consider the original elemental length l0
and its change of length u. Extensional strain is taken positive or negative depending on whether the element increases
or decreases in extent. The units of strain are dimensionless
(inches/inch).
“Shear strain” is defined as the angular distortion of an
FIG. 2.13 Shear-strainoriginal right-angle element. The direction of positive shear
deformed element.
strain is taken to correspond to that produced by a positive
shear stress (and vice versa) (see Fig. 2.13). Shear strain
is equal to 1 2. The “units” of shear strain are dimensionless (radians).
2.3.2 Components of Strain2
A complete description of strain requires the establishment of three orthogonal extensional and shear strains. In cartesian stress nomenclature, the strain components are
Extensional strain:
Shear strain:
1⁄2
⁄2
where positive x, y, or z corresponds to a positive stretching in the x, y, z directions
and positive xy, yz, zx refers to positive shearing displacements in the xy, yz, and zx
planes. In tensor notation, the strain components are
⁄2
2.3.3 Simple and Nonuniform States of Strain2
Corresponding to each of the stress states previously illustrated there exists either a
simple or nonuniform strain state.
In addition to these, a state of “uniform dilatation” exists when the shear strain
vanishes and all the extensional strains are equal in sign and magnitude. Dilatation is
defined as
and represents the change of volume per increment volume.
In uniform dilatation,
3 x3 y3
2.3.4 Strain-Displacement Relationships4,5,13
Considering only small strain, and the previous definitions, it is possible to express the
strain components at a point in terms of the associated displacements and their derivatives in the coordinate directions (e.g., u, v, w are displacements in the x, y, z coordinate system).
Thus, in a “cartesian system” (x, y, z),
∂u/∂x
∂v/∂x ∂u/∂y
∂v/∂y
∂w/∂y ∂v/∂z
∂w/∂z
∂u/∂z ∂w/∂x
or, in stress-tensor notation,
ui, j uj, i
i,j → x,y,z
In addition the dilatation
∂u/∂x ∂v/∂y ∂w/∂z
or, in tensor form,
ui,j
i → x,y,z
Finally, all incremental displacements can be composed of a “pure strain” involving
all the above components, plus “rigid-body” rotational components. That is, in general
U xX 1⁄2
Y 1⁄2
X yY ⁄2
V ⁄2
W 1⁄2
zY
xZ
Y zZ
yX
X 1⁄2
where U, V, W represent the incremental displacement of the point x X, y Y, z Z
in excess of that of the point x, y, z where X, Y, Z are taken as the sides of the incremental element. The rotational components are given by
x ∂w/∂y ∂v/∂z
y ∂u/∂z ∂w/∂x
z ∂v/∂x ∂u/∂y
or, in tensor notation,
ij ui, juj, i
x,
y, yx
In cylindrical coordinates,
∂ur/∂r
(1/r)(∂uz/∂ ∂u/∂z
(1/r)(∂u/∂) ur/r
∂ur/∂z ∂uz/∂r
∂uz/∂z
∂u/∂r u/r (1/r)(∂ur/∂)
The dilatation is
(1/r)(∂/∂r)(rur) (1/r)(∂u/∂) ∂uz/∂z
and the rotation components are
r (1/r)(∂uz/∂) ∂u/∂z
∂ur/∂z ∂uz/∂r
z (1/r)(∂/∂r)(ru) (1/r)(∂ur/∂)
∂u
1 ∂u
r
cot r
u cot
∂ur
r
(1/r2 sin )[(∂/∂r)(r2ur sin ) (∂/∂)(ru sin ) (∂/∂ )(ru )]
The rotation components are
r (1/r sin )[(∂/∂)(ru sin ) (∂/∂ )(ru)]
(1/r sin )[∂ur/∂ (∂/∂r)(ru sin )]
(1/r)[(∂/∂r)(ru) ∂ur/∂]
In general orthogonal curvilinear coordinates,
h1(∂u /∂ ) h1h2u (∂/∂ )(1/h1) h3h1u (∂/∂ )(1/h1)
(h2/h3)(∂/∂ )(h3u ) (h3/h2)(∂/∂ )(h2u )
h1h2h3[(∂/∂ )(u /h2h3) (∂/∂ )(u /h3h1) (∂/∂ )(u /h1h2)]
h2h3[(∂/∂ )(u /h3) (∂/∂ )(u /h2)]
where the quantities h1, h2, h3 have been discussed with reference to the equilibrium
equations.
In the event that one deflection (i.e., w) is constant or zero and the displacements
are a function of x, y only, a special and useful class of problems arises termed “plane
strain,” which are analogous to the “plane-stress” problems. A typical case of plane
strain occurs in slabs rigidly clamped on their faces so as to restrict all axial deformation. Although all the stresses may be nonzero, and the general equilibrium equations
apply, it can be shown that, after combining all the necessary stress and strain relationships, both classes of plane problems yield the same form of equations. From this, one
solution suffices for both the related plane-stress and plane-strain problems, provided
that the elasticity constants are suitably modified. In particular the applicable straindisplacement relationships reduce in cartesian coordinates to
and in cylindrical coordinates to
2.3.5 Compatibility Relationships2,4,5
In the event that a single-valued continuous-displacement field (u, v, w) is not explicitly
specified, it becomes necessary to ensure its existence in solution of the stress, strain,
and stress-strain relationships. By writing the strain-displacement relationships and
manipulating them to eliminate displacements, it can be shown that the following six
equations are both necessary and sufficient to ensure compatibility:
∂2 y/∂z2 ∂2 z/∂y2 ∂2
/∂y ∂z
2(∂2 x/∂y ∂z) (∂/∂x)(∂
∂2 z/∂x2 ∂2 x/∂z2 ∂2
2(∂
/∂y ∂
/∂x ∂
/∂z)
/∂y ∂yxy/∂z)
/∂x ∂z
∂2 x/∂y2 ∂2 y/∂x2 ∂2
/∂z ∂x) (∂/∂y)(∂
/∂x ∂
/∂x ∂y
/∂x ∂y) (∂/∂z)(∂
In tensor notation the most general compatibility equations are
ij,kl
kl,ij
ik,jl
jl,ik
i,j,k,l x,y,z
which represents 81 equations. Only the above six equations are essential.
In addition to satisfying these conditions everywhere in the body under consideration, it is also necessary that all surface strain or displacement boundary conditions be
satisfied.
2.3.6 Strain Transformation4,5
As with stress, it is frequently necessary to refer strains to a rotated orthogonal coordinate system (x´, y´, z´). In this event it can be shown that the stress and strain tensors
transform in an identical manner.
x´ →
y´ →
z´ →
x´y´ → 1⁄2
y´z´ → ⁄2
z´x´ → ⁄2
zx → 1⁄2
In tensor notation the strain transformation can be written as
ek´l´ Al´nAk´m
m, n → x, y, z
l´k´ → x´, y´ z´
As a result the stress and strain principal directions are coincident, so that all remarks
made for the principal stress and maximum shear components and their directions
Strain transformation.
apply equally well to strain tensor components. Note that in the use of Mohr’s circle in
the two-dimensional case one must be careful to substitute 1⁄2 for in the ordinate
and for in the abscissa (Fig. 2.14).
2.4 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS
2.4.1 Introduction2
It can be experimentally demonstrated that a one-to-one relationship exists between
uniaxial stress and strain during a single loading. Further, if the material is always
loaded within its elastic or reversible range, a one-to-one relationship exists for all
loading and unloading cycles.
For stresses below a certain characteristic value termed the “proportional limit,” the
stress-strain relationship is very nearly linear. The stress beyond which the stressstrain relationship is no longer reversible is called the “elastic limit.” In most materials
the proportional and elastic limits are identical. Because the departure from linearity is
very gradual it is often necessary to prescribe arbitrarily an “apparent” or “offset elastic limit.” This is obtained as the intersection of the stress-strain curve with a line parallel to the linear stress-strain curve, but offset by a prescribed amount, e.g., 0.02 percent (see Fig. 2.15a). The “yield point” is the value of stress at which continued
deformation of the bar takes place with little or no further increase in load, and the
“ultimate limit” is the maximum stress that the specimen can withstand.
Note that some materials may show no clear difference between the apparent elastic, inelastic, and proportional limits or may not show clearly defined yield points
(Fig. 2.15b).
The concept that a useful linear range exists for most materials and that a simple
mathematical law can be formulated to describe the relationship between stress and
strain in this range is termed “Hooke’s law.” It is an essential starting point in the
“small-strain theory of elasticity” and the associated mechanics of materials. In the
above-described tensile specimen, the law is expressed as
Stress-strain relationship.
as in the analogous torsional specimen
where E and G are the slope of the appropriate stress-strain diagrams and are called
the “Young’s modulus” and the “shear modulus” of elasticity, respectively.
2.4.2 General Stress-Strain Relationship2,4,5
The one-dimensional concepts discussed above can be generalized for both small and
large strain and elastic and nonelastic materials. The following discussion will be limited to small-strain elastic materials consistent with much engineering design. Based
upon the above, Hooke’s law is expressed as
(1/E)[x (y z)]
xy/G
(1/E)[y (z x)]
yz/G
(1/E)[z (x y)]
zx/G
where is “Poisson’s ratio,” the ratio between longitudinal strain and lateral contraction in a simple tensile test.
In cartesian tension form Eq. (2.74) is expressed as
[(1 )/E]ij (v/E)ijkk
ij 0
i≠j
i,j,k x,y,z
The stress-strain laws appear in inverted form as
x 2G x
y 2G y
z 2G z
xy G
yz G
zx G
(1 )(1 2v)
G E/2(1 )
In cartesian tensor form Eq. (2.76) is written as
ij 2G ij ij
and in general tensor form as
ij 2G ij gij
where gij is the “covariant metric tensor” and these coefficients (stress modulus) are often
referred to as “Lamé’s constants,” and gmn mn.
2.5 STRESS-LEVEL EVALUATION
2.5.1 Introduction1,6
The detailed elastic and plastic behavior, yield and failure criterion, etc., are repeatable
and simply describable for a simple loading state, as in a tensile or torsional specimen.
Under any complex loading state, however, no single stress or strain component can be
used to describe the stress state uniquely; that is, the yield, flow, or rupture criterion must
be obtained by some combination of all the stress and/or strain components, their derivatives, and loading history. In elastic theory the “yield criterion” is related to an “equivalent stress,” or “equivalent strain.” It is conventional to treat the stress criteria.
An “equivalent stress” is defined in terms of the “stress components” such that
plastic flow will commence in the body at any position at which this equivalent stress
just exceeds the one-dimensional yield-stress value, for the material under consideration. That is, yielding commences when
equivalent E
The “elastic safety factor” at a point is defined as the ratio of the one-dimensional
yield stress to the equivalent stress at that position, i.e.,
ni E/equivalent
and the elastic safety factor for the entire structure under any specific loading state is
taken as the lowest safety factor of consequence that exists anywhere in the structure.
The “margin of safety,” defined as n 1, is another measure of the proximity of any
structure to yielding. When n 1, the structure has a positive margin of safety and will
not yield. When n 1, the margin of safety is zero and the structure just yields. When n
<1, the margin of safety is negative and the structure is considered unsafe. Note that
highly localized yielding is often permitted in ductile materials if it is of such nature as to
redistribute stresses without failure, building up a “residual stress state” which allows all
subsequent loadings to be accomplished with elastic-stress states. This is the basic concept
used in the “autofrettage process” in the strengthening of gun tubes, and it also explains
why ductile materials often have low “notch sensitivity” (see Chap. 6).
2.5.2 Effective Stress1,6
The concept of effective stress is very closely connected with yield criteria.
Geometrically it can be shown that a unique surface can be constructed in stress space
in terms of principal stresses (1, 2, 3) such that all nonyielding states of stress lie
within that surface, and yielding states lie on or outside the surface. For ductile materials the yield surface may be taken as an infinitely long right cylinder having a center
axis defined by 1 2 3. Because the yield criterion is represented by a right
cylinder it is adequate to define the yield curve, which is the intersection with a plane
normal to the axis of the cylinder. Many yield criteria exist; among these, the “Mises
criterion” takes this curve as a circle, and the “Tresca criterion” as a regular hexagon
FIG. 2.16 Tresca and Mises criteria. (a) General yield criteria. (b) One
principal stress constant.
(see Fig. 2.16). The former is often referred to by names such as “Hencky,” “HenckyMises,” or “distortion-energy criterion” and the latter by “shear criterion.”
Considering any one of the principal stresses as constant, the “yield locus” can be
represented by the intersection of the plane i constant with the cylindrical yield
surface, which is represented as an ellipse for the Mises criterion and an elongated
hexagon for the Tresca criterion (Fig. 2.16b).
In general the yield criteria indicate, upon experimental evidence for a ductile material, that yielding is essentially independent of “hydrostatic compression” or tension for
the loadings usually considered in engineering problems. That is, yielding depends only
on the “deviatoric” stress component. In general, this can be represented as
´k k 1⁄3(1 2 3)
where ´ is the principal deviatoric stress component and the actual principal stress.
In tensor form
´ij ij 1⁄3kkij
The analytical representation of the yield criteria can be shown to be a function of the
“deviatoric stress-tensor invariants.” In component form these can be expressed as follows, where 0 is the yield stress in simple tension:
Mises:
0 (1/ 2)
where 1, 2, 3 are principal stresses.
⁄302 ´ij´ij
0 1 3
Tresca:
where 1 > 2 > 3, or, in general symmetric terms,
[(1 3)2 02][(2 1)2 02][(3 2)2 02] 0
2.6 FORMULATION OF GENERAL
MECHANICS-OF-MATERIAL PROBLEM
2.6.1 Introduction2,4,5
Generally the mechanics-of-material problem is stated as follows: Given a prescribed
structural configuration, and surface tractions and/or displacements, find the stresses
and/or displacements at any, or all, positions in the body. Additionally it is often
desired to use the derived stress information to determine the maximum load-carrying
capacity of the structure, prior to yielding. This is usually referred to as the problem
of analysis. Alternatively the problem may be inverted and stated: Given a set of surface tractions and/or displacements, find the geometrical configuration for a constraint
such as minimum weight, subject to the yield criterion (or some other general stress or
strain limitation). This latter is referred to as the design problem.
2.6.2 Classical Formulation2,4,5
The classical formulation of the equation for the problem of mechanics of materials is
as follows: It is necessary to evaluate the six stress components ij, six strain components ij, and three displacement quantities ui which satisfy the three equilibrium equations, six strain-displacement relationships, and six stress-strain relationships, all subject to the appropriate stress and/or displacement boundary conditions.
Based on the above discussion and the previous derivations, the most general threedimensional formulation in cartesian coordinates is
(equilibrium)
(1/E)[z (xy)]
(1/G)xy
(1/G)yz
(1/G)xz
(strain-displacement)
(stress-strain relationships)
In cartesian tensor form these appear as
ij,j 0
ui,j uj,i
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Only a few Russian companies regularly introduce innovation in products and services. The reason why many others fail to do so may have something to do with how they treat their employees’ innovative ideas, according to HSE sociologists.
A Disadvantaged Start: How Childhood Poverty Affects Self-confidence in Adulthood
In 2017, 30% of Russian families with children under three and almost 20% of families with children under 18 were living below the poverty line. Incidentally, financial hardships experienced during childhood do not leave one unaffected. A study by an HSE psychologist shows that poverty experienced in childhood reduces self-esteem and self-assurance even in adults who later achieve financial success.
Shedding Light on Mysteries of the Past
Michele Minardi, from Italy, holds a PhD in Archaeology from Sydney University and has spent a number of years in investigating Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan. He has recently joined the team of Centre of Classical and Oriental Archaeology of the Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies as a Research Fellow. We spoke with Michele about his projects, teaching methods and expedition plans.
Chapters of books
Report a publication
Research at HSE
Working Party of National Experts on Science and Technology Indicators. DSTI/EAS/STP/NESTI. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2012. No. DSTI/EAS/STP/NESTI(2012)9/ANN1.
Gokhberg L., Fursov K., Perani G.
The paper provides a number of proposed draft operational guidelines for technology measurement and includes a number of tentative technology definitions to be used for statistical purposes, principles for identification and classification of potentially growing technology areas, suggestions on the survey strategies and indicators. These are the key components of an internationally harmonized framework for collecting and interpreting technology data that would need to be further developed through a broader consultation process. A summary of definitions of technology already available in OECD manuals and the stocktaking results are provided in the Annex section.
Priority areas: business informaticsengineering science
Full text (PDF, 3.13 Mb)
Keywords: ICTbiotechnologynanotechnologyscience and technology statisticsinnovation statisticsOECDemerging technologiesenabling technologiesgeneral-purpose technologies
Publication based on the results of: Аналитическое обеспечение реализации государственной политики в образовании, научно-технической и инновационной сфере(2012)
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You are here: Parliament home page > Parliamentary business > Publications and Records > Committee Publications > All Select Committee Publications > Commons Select Committees > Justice > Justice
Transforming Rehabilitation Contents
4Providers and working relationships
91.In this Chapter we examine the problems in probation relating to providers and their working relationships with others in the criminal justice system, including the voluntary sector and the courts. We also explore some of the key challenges facing staff in the probation sector.
The voluntary sector
92.As explained earlier in this Report an aim of the Transforming Rehabilitation (TR) changes was to “open up the market”, including to the voluntary sector.152 In December 2013 when the then Justice Committee discussed the TR reforms (before they were implemented) with the then Secretary of State, Chris Grayling MP, he explained this objective and pointed out that the voluntary sector had “enormous skills” which it could bring to probation.153 He also implied that he expected the voluntary sector to be well-represented at CRC parent company level as bids had been received from “a very good mix of private and voluntary sector [organisations], often in partnership”.154 Mr Grayling assured the then Committee that safeguards would be in place to ensure that providers engaged the voluntary sector:
If the big guy duffs up the little guy, we can duff up the big guy. We will have mechanisms in place to say, “If you make a material change to your structure and supply chain, you have to tell us first.” If it is wholly unreasonable, ultimately, we will have power to withdraw the contract.155
Involvement of the voluntary sector
93.We heard from a number of witnesses, including CRC parent companies, about the benefits of the voluntary sector, especially the smaller and more local voluntary sector organisations.156 For example, Seetec, a CRC parent company, told us in oral evidence that CRCs could provide many of the services that larger voluntary sector organisations provided, but smaller, more niche providers “truly understand a very small cohort [and] get results”.157 Sodexo, another CRC parent company, told us that “incredibly good sets of arrangements in a particular town” were characteristic of smaller, local organisations.158 The charity Shelter suggested in their oral evidence that the system was experiencing a lack of local input: they advocated opportunities “to encourage more organisations locally to get involved to meet local needs”.159
94.Napo told us that regardless of where people stood on the TR reforms, “nobody in probation would have argued against an enhanced role for the third sector”.160 Nacro, a national social justice charity and a partner of the Sodexo CRC, told us that this aim of the Government to open up the market “had not materialised”.161 In April 2018 HM Inspectorate of Probation produced a Report on Probation Supply Chains, which confirmed what we had heard in evidence—the voluntary sector was less involved in probation following the TR reforms:
It seems that the third sector is less involved than ever in probation services, despite its best efforts; yet, many under probation supervision need the sector’s specialist help, to turn their lives around.162
Research findings published in May 2018 from Clinks, a national infrastructure organisation supporting voluntary sector organisations working in the criminal justice system, provided further such evidence of low voluntary sector involvement. Of the 132 organisations who responded to their survey, 35% received funding from CRCs and just two organisations received funding from the NPS (it should be noted that the respondents were not directly representative of the whole voluntary sector working in criminal justice so caution is needed with regard to drawing generalisations from the figures).163
95.In oral evidence, YSS Ltd, a charity, explained that with regard to voluntary sector involvement it felt like they had “taken a step back”.164 Shelter told us that the reason for this reduced involvement was the financial pressures facing CRCs which had resulted in them having to make budget cuts.165 YSS Ltd. told us in oral evidence that their funding from their local CRC had been cut due to the CRC’s financial constraints but the CRC had made very clear that they did not want to make such cuts.166
96.Pact, a charity, told us in oral evidence that Transforming Rehabilitation had “opened up the market to a greater extent for larger organisations that have more capital, a bigger capital base and bigger capability to manage the risk involved”.167 They also explained that they were one of the few small and medium-sized organisations in the market.168 Switchback, a charity, claimed in oral evidence that “most of the smaller voluntary sector organisations work[ed] outside the formal contracting framework” due to the contractual pressures.169 Nacro acknowledged that smaller organisations had been pushed out of the market, but did not agree that larger organisations had gained from this:
There is a misconception that larger charities, such as Nacro, benefited from [complicated contracts], because pre the work we are doing in TR, our volume of work was three times higher than we are doing now in transforming rehabilitation.170
Details of CRC supply chains are not published and some witnesses called for there to be greater transparency.171
97.While witnesses largely acknowledged the valuable role of the voluntary sector, a small number cautioned against using the voluntary sector as a matter of course.172 For example, Andrew Bridges, HM Chief Inspector of Probation between 2004 and 2011, explained:
It is […] illogical and counter-productive for the MoJ or HMPPS to require CRCs to subcontract to voluntary organisations as an end, even when the CRC has calculated that it can provide the relevant service itself more economically and effectively.173
98.The Minister did not agree that the voluntary sector was less involved and in oral evidence told us that the Government had “increased the number of voluntary sector partners compared with what happened under public sector provision”.174 He did acknowledge though that larger voluntary sector organisations tended to be more involved: “It is certainly true that some of the smaller third sector organisations feel less involved. Larger third sector organisations […] are more involved”.175 However, he explained that the voluntary sector might feel less supported now as “they existed in a better funding environment seven or eight years ago”.176 In Justice oral questions on 24 April, the Minister explained that the challenge for the Government was to make “sure that when we work with the third sector we work, not with big national providers, but with small, grassroots local charities”.177
99.In follow-up evidence the Minister told us that one CRC consortium included a voluntary sector organisation, three larger voluntary-sector organisations were partners for CRCs and there were approximately 90 voluntary sector organisations operating as part of CRC supply chains. He was unable to provide an assessment of how this compared to the pre-TR system as “[Probation] Trusts did not routinely collect data on the level or value of voluntary sector involvement in their services”.178
100.In our view the Government has failed to open up the probation market, a key aim of the Transforming Rehabilitation reforms. We are not convinced by the Minister’s comments that the voluntary sector is more involved in probation than before the TR reforms. The decreased involvement of the voluntary sector, especially that of smaller local organisations, is deeply regrettable and reduces the quality and array of services available to individuals on probation. This has resulted in fewer local and specialist services being offered. We are concerned that currently the details of supply chains of probation providers are not publicly available and therefore it is not possible to fully assess the scale of the voluntary sector’s involvement. We recommend that from 1 February 2019 the Ministry of Justice should publish information on probation supply chains for each CRC area and NPS region on a quarterly basis. This should include information on all sub-contractors (not just those in the voluntary sector) and the monetary value of the sub-contracts.
101.Dame Glenys told us that targets did not exist for CRCs on the proportion of their supply chain which should be provided by the voluntary sector.179 The Inspectorate’s report on probation supply chains explained that at the contract bidding stage CRCs had been required to include details of their supply chains plans, including the involvement of the voluntary sector. However, “CRC intentions (as expressed in their bids) were not then hard wired into CRC contracts”.180 CRC companies also told us that their use of the voluntary sector had not been as high as they had anticipated due to the cumbersome and inflexible contracting arrangements.181 YSS Ltd. proposed that targets should be reintroduced for the minimum proportion of the CRC’s budgets “to be spent on voluntary sector provision”.182 In follow-up evidence the Minister explained that although there had been targets on voluntary sector involvement under the pre-TR probation system these targets were “often not met”.183
102.The evidence is mixed on what effect the introduction of targets for voluntary sector involvement might have on their participation in CRC supply chains. We recommend that the Ministry of Justice should consider, in response to this Report, what benefits might be gained from reintroducing targets for each Community Rehabilitation Company on the proportion of its budget which should be spent on voluntary sector provision, and whether involving some of the smaller, more specialised voluntary sector organisations could be incentivised.
Contractual barriers to further involvement of the voluntary sector
103.We heard about issues relating to providers being able to sub-contract to the voluntary sector through the Industry Standards Partnering Agreement (ISPA). On their website Clinks summarised the purpose and requirements of ISPAs:
To protect and strengthen the position of Tier 2 and Tier 3 providers in the current market, the MoJ and NOMS have drawn up a set of market stewardship principles, which can be found in the Principles of Competition document and an Industry Standard Partnership agreement (ISPA). Tier 1 providers will be required to sign an ISPA with Tier 2 organisations in their supply chain, and it is intended to be seen as good practice for working with Tier 3 organisations.184
104.In oral evidence Sodexo and Seetec described ISPAs as having “created some fairly cumbersome arrangements”, which were acting as a barrier to involving voluntary sector organisations. HM Chief Inspector of Probation explained that the ISPA document was 60-pages long.185 We discussed earlier in this Report the benefits particularly of smaller voluntary sector organisations. In oral evidence, CRCs explained that they thought the arrangements were not “appropriate for some very small organisations, where [they] would otherwise be contracting on much more flexible arrangements and much more locally”.186 Andy Keen-Downs, Chief Executive of Pact, a voluntary sector CRC sub-contractor, made similar points and explained that in order to secure their sub-contracts they had “spent tens of thousands of pounds on legal and professional fees just to read the contracts and negotiate them”. He explained that this would not be possible for smaller organisations.187
105.The Minister agreed that contracting processes, not just in the probation context, disadvantaged smaller organisations:
Small local organisations often feel, quite rightly, that they are disadvantaged when they are bidding, […] against big national charities that have much bigger grant proposal writing teams that can offer economies of scale, but often lack the local links and local knowledge on the ground to deliver programmes properly.188
106.The Industry Standards Partnering Agreements (ISPA) are cumbersome for both probation providers and the voluntary sector, especially smaller organisations, and others who might reasonably form part of the probation supply chain. By 1 February 2019, the Ministry of Justice should review the ISPA, with a view to reducing its length and complexity. The Ministry should write to the Committee after that review to set out the changes that it has made.
Working with the courts
107.Section 4 of the Offender Management Act 2007 provides that “the giving of assistance to any court in determining the appropriate sentence to pass, or making any other decision, in respect of a person charged with or convicted of an offence” is reserved to “a probation trust or other public body”.189 In practice this means that only the National Probation Service, and not Community Rehabilitation Companies, can submit pre-sentence reports (see footnote for definition) and provide advice to the courts.190 The NPS has a dedicated team of report writers servicing the courts.191
108.HM Inspectorate of Probation published a thematic report in June 2017 on the work of probation services in courts.192 In its submission to the Committee, the Inspectorate highlighted the key findings from that report, including that:
“the NPS did not assess the risk of an individual going on to cause serious harm well enough overall, but the NPS were serving the court well in most other respects, having made determined steps to improve court reporting nationally”; and
“most cases […] go on to be managed by CRCs, and while NPS reports generally met the court’s needs, they were less likely to be full enough for CRCs to promptly commence planning”.193
109.The Magistrates’ Association (MA) expressed concern to our predecessor Committee in 2013 about changes being made which would allow private companies (i.e. CRCs) to advise the courts. They were concerned that this might “lead to game playing by many of the providers”.194 While this was not an issue that was raised in submissions to this inquiry we have borne it in mind when considering the points raised by witnesses.
110.The Howard League for Penal Reform, among others, told us they believed that the lack of direct contact between CRCs and the courts was damaging sentencer confidence, especially with regard to community alternatives to custody, an issue which we return to in the next Chapter.195 The Magistrates’ Association expressed the view that sentencers had “too little information” about services provided by CRCs.196 Sonia Crozier from the National Probation Service stressed in evidence the importance of the NPS working with CRCs “to ensure that there [was] confidence in the options that we are recommending”.197
111.CRC providers were also dissatisfied with their lack of direct access to the courts, and in oral evidence Sodexo called for “direct access between CRCs and the courts in any reiteration of this”.198 The trade unions were concerned about the lack of interface between CRCs and the courts, but welcomed improvements that were brought about by local sentencer forums, which had helped to improve the relationship between CRCs and sentencers.199
112.Other witnesses were more positive about informal arrangements which compensated for CRCs lack of direct access with sentencers. For example, HM Chief Inspector of Probation told us that there were other, more informal ways in which CRCs could positively assist the courts, including by ensuring that “the bench [had] a really clear understanding of what would be delivered should a community sentence be ordered”.200 We heard about some of these more informal ways during our evidence, although it was suggested that practice varied across England and Wales. For example, Suki Binning, Chief Executive of Kent, Surrey & Sussex Community Rehabilitation Company (owned by Seetec), told us in oral evidence that work had been done at a local level to improve sentencer awareness of services provided by CRCs. In her CRC’s area she had “sent out [bespoke] data to all [her] magistrates courts and Crown courts demonstrating how [the CRC were] delivering the sentence of the court”.201 Similarly, Lynda Marginson, Probation Divisional Director North East, NPS, explained that joint CRC and NPS meetings at a local level in North East England had resulted in better information being available to sentencers and the NPS on what CRCs offered.202
113.We appreciate that Section 4 of the Offender Management Act 2007 was not amended following the Transforming Rehabilitation reforms as it was felt to be inappropriate for a private company to be able to make commercial gains as a result of advice given to a court. We do not propose that changes should be made to Section 4 of the Offender Management Act 2007. Nonetheless, we are concerned that barriers remain in some areas and adequate information on services delivered by CRCs is not available to sentencers and NPS staff. Arrangements need to be in place consistently across England and Wales which ensure that sentencers are well informed about services offered by CRCs to compensate for CRCs’ lack of direct access to the courts.
Numbers of staff
114.The National Probation Service identified the need to recruit further staff who “undertake face-to-face work with offenders”. It explained that at 30 June 2017 the NPS employed 8,758 staff and it wished to “increase total staff numbers to 10,714 by 31 March 2018. This include[d] recruiting roughly 1,500 probation officers and probation service officers”.203 Supplementary written evidence from Sonia Crozier, Director, Probation and Executive Director, Probation and Women, explained that between June and December 2017 the NPS had increased its headcount by 220 to 8,978, thus falling below its aim of 10,714 (although it the figures may not be directly comparable).204 The table below sets out further detail on the changes to the number of NPS frontline probation staff between 31 March 2017 and 31 March 2018, as published in HMPPS’s annual workforce statistics:
Table 2: Band 3, 4 and 5 Probation Officer number, 31 March 2017–31 March 2018
Band 3 (Probation Service Officers) 205
Band 4 (Probation Officers) 206
Band 5 (Senior Probation Officers)
Total number of frontline staff
2, 357
Change between 2017 and 2018
(+37.9%)
Source: Data taken from Ministry of Justice, Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS) Workforce Statistics Bulletin, as at 31 March 2018, 17 March 2018
It is not possible to ascertain how many Probation Officers or other case managers work for each CRC as no requirement exists for them to publish such information.207
115.Napo questioned in its written evidence whether the Ministry of Justice was too focussed on prison officer recruitment at the expense of Probation Officer and other case manager recruitment:
[S]taff shortages are as great as in the prison service. Unfortunately, probation recruitment is not a MoJ priority, as seen by at least 16 MoJ and HMPPS tweets promoting recruitment to the prison service in the last two months to no tweets about joining probation.208
We sought assurances from the Minister about the priority being given to the recruitment of Probation Officers and other case managers, particularly those in the NPS, for which the MoJ would have some influence. He assured us that Probation Officers or other case managers recruitment was a “high priority” and that the Ministry was modelling its recruitment campaign “on its successful campaigns for the recruitment of prison officers”.209
116.We recommend that the National Probation Service and Community Rehabilitation Companies should be required to provide the Ministry of Justice with workforce data on a quarterly basis. This should include information on the recruitment and retention rates for Probation Officers and other case managers by grade, and total workforce numbers by NPS area and CRC. This data should be published by the Ministry as part of its quarterly statistics.
117.Unison and Napo agreed in oral evidence that morale was at an “all-time low”.210 The South-South West branch of Napo explained that morale was “at a record low” in its area.211 A Probation Officer described morale as “dire”.212 Others agreed that morale had been negatively impacted by the Transforming Rehabilitation changes.213 Despite this negative overall picture on morale, especially within CRCs, Napo’s submission highlighted that there were some pockets of good morale. In its submission Napo provided analysis of performance by each CRC parent company, which drew on the findings of an Inspectorate Report which had found that “staff morale was good, with leaders enjoying the confidence of their staff” at the Seetec-owned CRC.214
118.The results of the 2017 staff survey for the National Probation Service either just meet the Civil Service average or fall noticeably below the Civil Service average. In two out of three categories the NPS results are also below the Ministry of Justice average.215 The numbers below illustrate the number of respondents who provided a positive score for questions relating to these themes.
Table 3: Staff survey results for 2017
Organisational objectives and purpose
Resources and workload
Leadership and managing change
MoJ average
Civil Service average
Source: Created using data from Gov.uk, Transparency data: Civil Service People Survey: 2017 results, 16 November 2017
Since 2014, staff survey results for the NPS have remained broadly stable. Similar data is not readily available for CRCs and therefore it is not possible to compare morale of staff working for the NPS and for CRCs.
119.Probation Officers and other case managers provide an important public duty and it is important that morale within the sector is maintained. We recommend that from 2019 all providers, both CRCs and the NPS, should be required to use the same, or a similar, staff survey each year. Results of those staff surveys should be published for the seven NPS areas and the 21 CRCs.
Training and workload
120.The Centre for Community, Gender and Social Justice at the University of Cambridge linked the issue of morale to high caseload.216 We heard in evidence that Probation Officers across the probation sector had high caseloads/workloads.217 Some had caseloads of over 150 offenders (either in custody or the community).218 HM Inspectorate of Probation’s Annual Report for 2017 suggested that in general a distinction could be drawn between the caseloads of NPS staff compared to CRCs:
we generally find NPS staff busy but not exceptionally pressed, and most tell us they can manage their caseloads […] In some CRCs, staff numbers have been pared down in repeated redundancy exercises, with those remaining carrying exceptional caseloads.219
In oral evidence Sodexo explained that there needed to be a distinction between caseloads and workloads as the amount of work attached to supervising an offender varied over the course of their supervision: “there is not a direct relationship between caseload and workload. In our model, quite a lot of the workload is at the beginning and very intensive, but it is less intensive towards the end of an order”.220
121.We also heard that in some cases Probation Officers and other case managers were dealing with cases for which they were not qualified. The Community & Criminal Justice Division at De Montfort University, which provides a range of undergraduate programmes for aspiring criminal justice practitioners, explained that “some recently recruited, less experienced Probation Service Officers working in CRCs have informed us that they are expected to manage cases involving domestic violence and abuse after receiving only a single day of training on this subject”.221 A Probation Officer explained the impact of such an approach on the workloads of experienced staff: “To compensate, inexperienced staff or staff in other roles have been given case management responsibilities with little or no training. Remaining experienced staff were being allocated unrealistically high caseloads”.222 Suki Binning, Chief Executive of the Kent, Surrey and Sussex CRC, explained that Probation Instructions existed which provided “clear guidelines about suitably qualified staff” handling particular cases and they were complied with in her area.223
122.The Ministry accepted that there had been workforce challenges as a result of the Transforming Rehabilitation changes:
The impact of these changes to volume and caseload mix has been substantial. The NPS caseload increased by 10% between September 2014 and June 2017, creating considerable workforce challenges. Conversely, the weighted volume of work delivered by CRCs is around a third lower than anticipated.224
In a Westminster Hall debate in February 2018, the Minister, Rory Stewart OBE MP, stated that he did not think that Probation Officers should have caseloads of more than 50 to 55.225
123.Napo told us that there had also been a “de-professionalisation of the Probation service”.226 Despite a national training programme existing, they questioned its value:
there are concerns about the effectiveness of this training, how accessible it is, and whether cost has overridden quality. The lack of any national oversight also increases the risk of further fracture.227
The Community & Criminal Justice Division at De Montfort University also raised issues relating to the accessibility of training: workload pressures meant that it was harder for probation staff to undertake training, including the Professional Qualification in Probation (PQiP).228 Working Links, a CRC parent company, called for more funding to be available for Probation Officer training.229
124.When questioned about how the sector was responding, via training, to changes in the profile of offenders, especially an increase in the number of sex offenders, Kilvinder Vigurs, Probation Divisional Director London, NPS, explained that the training remit was “robust” and responded to the changes in cases being investigated by the police and going through the courts.230 Suki Binning also explained that work was underway to align NPS and CRC staff’s professional experience through a national professionalisation board.231
125.Despite the work going on regarding training, the unions called for a Licence to Practice to be introduced. They envisaged that this would include a national standard of practice “so that everyone [was] clear about delivery, standards, safeguards and how we can develop suitable professional training”.232 Similarly, HMI Probation called on the Government to “develop a probation workforce strategy to ensure the probation profession [was] able to meet demands”.233 HM Chief Inspector of Probation, suggested that such a strategy should focus on: “developing the profession as a whole; making sure there [were] enough staff of the right calibre, developing them, and retaining skilled staff”. The Inspectorate also advocated that probation staff “should be supported by a professional body that can manage […] registration and continuous professional development”.234 Unison was doubtful that a coherent probation workforce strategy could be developed while the NPS-CRC split remained.235 We did not question the Minister on these proposals.
126.We are concerned at the caseloads and workloads of probation staff. We are also concerned that there have been some claims that probation staff are handling cases for which they do not have the right training and/or experience. We recommend that the Ministry of Justice should publish a probation workforce strategy, which covers both staff working in the NPS and CRCs, in the next 12 months. As a minimum, the strategy should set out the Ministry’s expectations with regard to professional standards, training, and maximum caseloads/workloads for probation staff. This strategy should be developed in consultation with the trade unions and HM Inspectorate of Probation.
Data sharing across the system and IT
127.We also heard concerns that different IT systems within the criminal justice system were unable to share information relating to offenders.236 For example, Napo told us that it was concerned “about the interface between the various systems in the NPS—reporting systems and record systems—and the system being run by the CRCs”.237 Unison also explained that it was a “quite common occurrence that the NPS court staff [could not] access records at the court on the nDelius system238 before entering the court” and the impact of this was that NPS staff did not always have the information needed to advise the courts.239 Shelter explained that sharing information was “quite difficult” as systems did not speak to each other and “different systems [were] being used in prison from probation and out in the community”.240
128.We also heard that the Ministry had moved the “goalposts” on requirements that CRCs’ IT systems had to comply with. Working Links, a CRC parent company, for example, explained that it was:
contractually required to migrate away from the MoJ IT systems and subsequently invested £6.5m into developing our own IT solution. The MoJ then changed approach. Faced with a higher cost to continue than to turn back, we opted to halt our development and continued use of the MoJ existing IT systems. The resources we invested have not been compensated for and would otherwise have been available to invest in our frontline probation services.241
129.In oral evidence Seetec, another CRC parent company, explained that “security constraints” had acted as a barrier to greater integration and practitioners being able to access information on the go. However, their Managing Director, John Baumback, explained in oral evidence that technical solutions existed to safeguard data, such as those currently being used by Children’s Services.242 Sonia Crozier, NPS, explained that there were some joint systems in place within the probation sector. She explained that the NPS were close to implementing ViSOR, the Dangerous Persons Database, used by police and probation.243
130.In response to a Report from the Committee of Public Accounts and in evidence to us the Ministry implied that a solution had been found for some of these problems and was in the process of being implemented: “The Strategic Partner Gateway, which allows providers to link their ICT systems to HMPPS systems, has been in place since September 2016”.244 HMI Probation, in its written submission in November 2017, explained that their understanding was “that CRCs [were] still waiting for the implementation of the much needed strategic IT gateway”. This, coupled with financial pressures, had meant that no CRC had been able to “fully implement the new systems they [had] planned and invested in”.245
131.We are concerned that problems remain regarding data sharing across the criminal justice system. It is disappointing that CRCs have spent large sums of money developing IT systems to meet the Ministry’s contractual requirements, only for the MoJ to move the goalposts. By 1 February 2019, the Ministry of Justice should ensure that security constraints and IT barriers which prevent data from being shared between organisations involved in managing an offender from the point of arrest, in prison and through to support in the community are proportionate. This should include identifying how the number of IT systems could be rationalised and/or linked so that the same data is not repeatedly inputted into different systems.
152 Ministry of Justice, Transforming Rehabilitation: A Strategy for Reform, Cm 8619, May 2013, p6
153 Oral evidence taken before the Justice Committee on 4 December 2013, HC (2013–14) 94, Q179
156 See for example Q190. Evidence also suggested that smaller organisations tended to be more specialist and local, see for example, Dr Christine Hough (TRH0027), Shelter (TRH0030), Ministry of Justice (TRH0032), Seetec (TRH0036), Centre for Justice Innovation (TRH0057), Clinks (TRH0060), Working Links (TRH0080), Switchback (TRH0084) and Association of Police and Crime Commissioners (TRH0109).
157 Q236
161 Q121. See also Dr Christine Hough (TRH0027).
162 HM Inspectorate of Probation, Probation Supply Chains: A thematic inspection by HM Inspectorate of Probation, April 2018, p5
163 Clinks, tracktr: Under represented, Under pressure, Under resourced: The voluntary sector in Transforming Rehabilitation, April 2018, p7
166 Q125. See also PACT Future (TRH0114). The National Probation Service have also reportedly had to withdraw funding from the voluntary sector, see for example, statement by John Samuels QC, False economy? Withdrawal by the National Probation Service of funding for Circles support and accountability
167 Q121. See also: Shelter (Q119), Dr Christine Hough (TRH0027) and Mr Jonathan and Gareth Evans (TRH0040).
169 Q150. See also Agenda (TRH0038) and Langley House Trust (TRH0110).
170 Q121. See also Association of Police and Crime Commissioners (TRH0109) for reduced role of smaller voluntary sector organisations.
171 Ministry of Justice (TRH0118). See also, Agenda (TRH0038).
172 See for example written evidence from Seetec (TRH0036).
173 Mr Andrew Bridges (TRH0005)
176 Qq372–373
177 HC Deb, 24 April 2018, col 715
178 Ministry of Justice (TRH0118)
180 HM Inspectorate of Probation, Probation Supply Chains: A thematic inspection by HM Inspectorate of Probation, April 2018, p12
181 Q222 and Qq234–235
182 YSS ltd (TRH0056)
184 Tier 1 providers are the main contractors and are contracted by the Ministry of Justice, they can sub-contract another provider (Tier 2) to supply a service and Tier 2 providers can sub-contract another provider (Tier 3) to supply services. Clinks, “Subcontracting under TR”, accessed 25 May 2018
186 Q222. See also Dr Christine Hough (TRH0027). why me? (TRH0096), and Q236
187 Q123. See also, Anawim (TRH0007); Clinks (TRH0060); and Women in Prison (TRH0076).
189 Offender Management Act 2007, section 4
190 Pre-sentence reports are prepared under Section 156 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 by the probation service before a custodial or community sentence is ordered. They should include an assessment of the nature and seriousness of the offence, and its impact on the victim.
191 National Probation Service (TRH0034)
192 HM Inspectorate of Probation, The work of probation services in courts: An inspection by HM Inspectorate of Probation, June 2017
193 HM Inspectorate of Probation (TRH0052)
194 Written evidence from the Magistrates’ Association to the Justice Committee’s inquiry Crime reduction policies: a co-ordinated approach?, HC (2013–14) 1004
195 See for example, David Chantler (TRH0013) and The Howard League for Penal Reform (TRH0017).
196 Magistrates Association (TRH0023)
205 Probation Service Officers have undertaken a vocational qualification.
206 Probation Officers have successfully completed a combined degree course and vocational qualification.
207 Q95
208 Napo, the Trade Union and Professional Association for Probation and Family Court Staff (TRH0059)
210 Qq85–86. See also Inspiring intelligence ltd (TRH0089).
211 NAPO South-South West branch (TRH0014)
212 A Probation Officer 2 (TRH0099)
213 See for example, A former Probation Officer (TRH0004), UNISON (TRH0045), Napo, the Trade Union and Professional Association for Probation and Family Court Staff (TRH0059), Women in Prison (TRH0076), and A Probation Officer 2 (TRH0099).
215 Gov.uk, Transparency data: Civil Service People Survey: 2017 results, 16 November 2017
216 Centre for Community, Gender and Social Justice (TRH0024)
217 See for example: UNISON (TRH0045), HM Inspectorate of Probation (TRH0052), A Probation Officer (TRH0069), why me? (TRH0096), and A Probation Officer 2 (TRH0099)
219 HM Inspectorate of Probation, 2017 Annual Report, 14 December 2017, p11
221 Community & Criminal Justice, De Montfort University (TRH0055). See also: HM Inspectorate of Probation, Quality & Impact inspection: The effectiveness of probation work in Northamptonshire: An inspection by HM Inspectorate of Probation, April 2017
222 A Probation Officer (TRH0069)
225 HC Deb, 27 February 2018, col 277WH
226 Napo (TRH0105)
228 Community & Criminal Justice, De Montfort University (TRH0055)
229 Working Links (TRH0080)
232 Q95. See also Dr Rebecca Marples, Professor Charlie Brooker and Dr Coral Sirdifield (TRH0095).
235 UNISON (TRH0102)
236 See for example The Salvation Army (TRH0011).
238 nDelius is the national (England and Wales) public-sector offender case-management system.
244 Ministry of Justice (TRH0032) and HM Treasury, Treasury Minutes: Government response to the Committee of Public Accounts on the Twentieth to the Thirtieth reports from Session 2017–19, Cm 9618, May 2018, p36
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San Francisco is a spirited melting pot of contrasting worlds. Whether it’s hitting a club in the high-energy Mission District, shopping for vinyl in hippy Haight-Ashbury’s post-Beat wonderland, or just relaxing by the surf at the tranquil Ocean Beach, San Francisco’s bound to have something for everyone.
First-time visitors eager to explore famous landmarks will also find plenty to check off their bucket list. After all, this is a city where it’s possible to jog across the Golden Gate Bridge, take a trolley to Fisherman’s Wharf, tour Al Capone’s cell, and wander the colourful alleys of Chinatown, all in 1 day.
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10 Best Things to Do in San Francisco
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San Francisco resonates with a cool, quirky, and vibrant culture. From the Latin-influenced eateries and weird stores of the historic Mission area to the ultra-trendy Haight and affluent paradise of Pacific Heights, there’s an area suited for everyone. Visit the museums and art galleries in the centre, and stop by the iconic Golden Gate Bridge for spectacular views across the glistening bay waters. Meanwhile, the city's green spaces are perfect for chilling out in.
Retail in San Francisco ranges from the ritziest up-market designer stores to the most off-beat boutiques. Union Square is the place for splurging shoppers seeking top brands, with dozens of vast clothing stores surrounding the wide stone plaza, and a sublime white marble shopping centre nearby. Head to the Haight for a hipster haven, and rifle through the ultra-cool records stores and vintage clothing shops. For a mad retail melting-pot, visit the Mission and marvel at the mix of weird independent stores and mouthwatering Mexican food-trucks.
If you crave some authentic Italian cuisine, then head to North Beach, known as Little Italy. Here, a range of upscale restaurants and budget eateries hand-toss pizza dough, pastas, and refreshing salads. Whether you dine in style or stop for a quick bite, you’re sure to experience the best of San Francisco’s Italian food. The Mission is renowned for its Latin food influence, but also offers a wide selection of artisan restaurants and cafés, much like the Haight. To sample some of the city’s freshest seafood, check out the chic restaurants along the Marina, and treat yourself to a bread-bowl of clam chowder with a side helping of spectacular views.u
Stop by the glowing, copper-coloured Golden Gate Bridge and you can take in the full, unforgettable sweep of the glistening Golden Gate Strait waters and the sparkling city skyline beyond. Nearby, you’ll discover Golden Gate Park, a huge, sweeping stretch of green space consisting of flower gardens, tranquil lakes and play areas for the kids. If the park doesn’t satisfy your hunger for natural beauty, then head across the bridge to the Mount Tamalpais State Park, a lush hilly area where hiking trails criss-cross through the forests, leading to curved coves and hidden sandy beaches.
Getting around San Francisco can be a little confusing at first, due to its complex cross-grid system and lack of left-turn lanes on the key city streets. Once you get the hang of it, driving is an easy way to get around, but the city’s reliable bus system is just as smooth. San Francisco is a great walking city, with a mix of architectural styles to gaze at, stores to stop at, and unbeatable views at the top of steep hills – but be watchful when walking at night around the outskirts of the central areas.
United States of America: другие популярные места
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Rural Lawyer
Practicing law beyond the suburban sprawl
Speaking Dates
Stephanie Kimbro
Doing, Not Waiting
July 13, 2015 / Bruce Cameron
While the senior leadership of the Georgia Bar Association work on plans for a lawyer incubator (a small pilot program) and a rural lawyer assistance plan (now in the hands of the state legislature), the bar’s Young Lawyers Division have launched the Succession Planning Pilot Program with the idea of matching successful, practicing, small city or rural lawyers with young lawyers and recent graduates looking for positions.
The program leverages existing resources available at the state’s law school’s career services and addresses two of the chief concerns of a fledgling rural lawyer – the lack of mentors and the need to develop a sustainable practice – while giving established rural lawyers a pipeline of interested, qualified successors.
A Rural Lawyer tip of the hat to small town lawyer Sharon Edenfield for bringing this idea to fruition.
July 1, 2014 June 28, 2014 / Bruce Cameron
From the Rural Lawyering 101 videos:
This particular clip was the result of a bit of serendipity; I had recently been in an e-mail conversation with a pre-law student interested in eventually starting a rural practice and how one might choose a suitable law school to achieve this laudable goal.
October 18, 2013 October 11, 2013 / Bruce Cameron
Lawyers getting scarce in Nebraska (hat tip to Sidney Sun Telegraph)
The Nebraska State Bar Association is reporting that many Nebraska counties lack sufficient numbers of lawyers to adequately serve the needs of the client base. Currently 12 counties have no lawyers, the end result being that clients are traveling 200+ miles in order to access legal services (unintended consequence #2 is that these clients are not only taking the dollars they would spend on lawyers out of the county, they are taking the dollars they would spend on other things as well). The good news is that the Nebraska State Bar Association has started an initiative to try to encourage law students to consider a rural law career – pointing out things like the accelerated career advancement (average time to partner in a rural firm: 4-5 years), and the availability of a challenging workload. The program includes tours of small towns and, in its inaugural year, connected at least 2 – 3 graduates with jobs (hey, it’s a start).
OK, So I wasn’t the first with the idea to map where lawyers aren’t
The South Dakota Bar Association beat me to the punch with their map of “Lawyer Population in Rural Areas“, and if that’s not bad enough, I’m betting it’s even more accurate than mine ’cause they most likely had professionals do it (not that I’m jealous or anything).
The reviews thus far for: On Becoming a Rural Lawyer
Susan Carter Liebel has posted a thoughtful review of my book over on Solo Practice University. Caroline Elefant of My Shingle fame was very generous with her review, as were the folks over at SDRuralLawyer, who listed my book as one of their featured books.
Out Standing in the Field – Rural Lawyers in the News
July 10, 2013 July 10, 2013 / Bruce Cameron
In “Is Bigger Always Better?“, attorney Michael C. Larson talks about the pull to come home to the small town law practice his great-grandfather started in spite of the occasional law school daydream of a big law career. For Mr. Larson, bigger was not better, it is the little things, the personal connection to his work and to his clients that make his career fulfilling – as he puts it: “There is something to say about being not only intellectually invested, but emotionally invested in your clientele. I get to see first-hand the way I affect people’s lives.”
Corey Bruning discusses how he went from zero to his first jury trial in about 15 minutes in “Rural Practice Realized: A Success Story” – well, not quite in 15 minutes, there was a bit of set up before hand. Mr. Bruning is a second career attorney, Deputy State’s Attorney and partner in a small town (his hometown) law practice. As of this month, he’s six months into a law practice that covers everything from criminal prosecution to estate work, family law to business law and everything in between. Sounds like a typical rural law practice to me.
April 10, 2013 / Bruce Cameron
It seems that, thanks to HB 1096 South Dakota’s attempt at rural lawyer recruitment is riding high in the press and the blogosphere. Seems that everyone from the New York Times to the ABA Journal are reporting on it. Even Above the Law is throwing their two cents in.
The various responses seem to be a mixed bag, which is to be expected; after all at first glance $12,000 yearly stipend for a 5 year term in a rural county (and in South Dakota, rural is rural) seems like a poor trade. But, this really isn’t designed to recruit just any lawyer, it is designed to encourage South Dakota grown young lawyers to head out to those under-served counties. While $12,000 does not seem like a terribly large incentive, at the end of 5 years, that $60,000 could make a serious dent in one’s student loans.
Nor is does this seem to be an attempt to reformulate legal education along the lines of medical school. It does seem to be taking an idea from a program that works (seems its harder to get doctors to practice in rural communities then it is to get lawyers out there) in order to address at least one concern (how do I pay my loans) new lawyers have about heading out on their own.
Farewell Harper Lee
No Lawyer, So What
Mom, Apple Pie & Rural Lawyer Assistance
Categories Select Category Being Solo Billing Practices Book Review eBooks Education Hardware Holistic Law Marketing The Practice On Hiatus On Law School Other Lawyer Stories Practice Management Practice Matters Practice Tools Pro Bono Ramblings Rural Practice Small Town Life Software Solo Out Of School Technology The Rural Lawyer Shortage Uncategorized
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Copyright © Bruce Cameron and Rurallawyer.com, 2009-2016. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Bruce Cameron and Rurallawyer.com with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.
© Bruce Cameron and Rurallawyer,com, 2009-2019. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Bruce Cameron and Rurallawyer.com with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.
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Sachin’s film mints Rs 8.40 cr on opening day in India
Mumbai, May 27:
“Sachin: A Billion Dreams”, a documentary drama on ace Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, registered an opening day collection of Rs 8.40 crore, according to the makers.
The film released on Friday in Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu and English.
“Sachin: A Billion Dreams creates history as docu-drama. Biggest opening in the genre with Rs 8.40 crore in India in all languages,” read a statement issued on behalf of the film’s makers.
‘Sachin: A Billion Dreams’: Movie Review
“Sachin: A Billion Dreams” to release in five…
According to trade analyst Taran Adarsh, it is an “impressive” opening for a film in this genre.
The movie takes viewers through Tendulkar’s journey in his personal and professional life. It features the master blaster himself as he lets his fans into parts of his life they may not have known yet.
Members of the film and sports fraternity have already given the tale a thumbs up.
Responding to the praise coming his way on Twitter, Tendulkar wrote in one post: “For me, it’s always about intention rather than expectation. We gave it our 100 per cent. So glad you liked it.” (IANS)
India-Mauritius ink agreement for maritime security
Photojournalist dies of sunstroke in Odisha capital
Parineeti is a fantastic actor: ‘Saina’ maker Amol Gupte
Shabana Azmi hurt in road accident on Mumbai-Pune Expressway
Akshay Kumar wishes Twinkle on marriage anniversary in ‘Pakshiranjan’ style
Sara & Kartik share love-soaked first poster of Love Aaj Kal
‘Game of Thrones’ spin-off likely to premiere in 2022
Happy B’day Sid Malhotra: First look of ‘Shershaah’ out
Odisha: Miscreants set afire books of Class X student, issue…
Docu-feature on Sachin Tendulkar to be out on May
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Tag Archives: Democratic Party (United States)
Wilkes-Barre Mayor Says He’s Undecided About Another Run, Contends His Comments Misunderstood
Map of Pennsylvania highlighting Luzerne County (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
WILKES-BARRE — Saying his comments were misunderstood, Mayor Thomas Leighton said Friday he has not yet decided on running for another term.
Leighton, a Democrat, will begin the fourth and final year of his third term in January. He said he will discuss whether to run again with his wife and children over the holidays, make a decision and announce it in February as he has previously done.
“No decision has been made,” he said Friday.
Read more: http://www.timesleader.com/news/news/50732477/
By Roy • Posted in Politics, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton • Tagged Councilman Tony George, Democratic Party (United States), F. Thomson Leighton, Luzerne County, Mayor of Wilkes-Barre, Mayor Thomas Leighton, Politics, re-election, Wilkes-Barre City Council, Wilkes-Barre PA
Tom Wolf On Work, Reforms And Driving His Jeep
AFTER TOM WOLF got his doctorate from MIT, he worked at his family-owned cabinet company – driving a forklift.
That experience could soon come in handy.
Estimates just released by the state’s Independent Fiscal Office say the incoming governor’s first budget faces a shortfall of nearly $2 billion.
Heavy lifting clearly is called for.
Read more at http://www.philly.com/philly/news/politics/20141117_Tom_Wolf_on_work__reforms_and_driving_his_Jeep.html#7AA1RDMFBPBSBrrc.99
By Roy • Posted in Pennsylvania, Politics • Tagged budget deficit, Democratic Party (United States), governor elect, governor of Pennsylvania, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Mount Wolf PA, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Legislature, pensions, Politics, Republican Party (United States), Tom Corbett, Tom Wolf, Wolf Organization
Former IBM worker, College Professor To Run For Wilkes-Barre Mayor
WILKES-BARRE, PA — Brian Kelly said he wants to get Wilkes-Barre back on the right track, and that’s why he is running for mayor in 2015.
Kelly, 66, announced his candidacy Friday and said he is running as a “JFK Democrat.” He said the city suffers from “malaise,” as evidenced by the demolition of the Hotel Sterling and the continued non-functioning fountain on Public Square.
Interest in the mayoral post has been high, considering the primaries are not until next spring. Councilman Tony George has announced that he will seek the Democratic nomination next year and Democratic Councilman George Brown is said to be pondering a run.
Incumbent three-term Democratic incumbent Mayor Tom Leighton said Friday he will not decide whether to run again until February. Leighton also declined to respond to criticism Kelly made of city operations.
Read more: http://www.timesleader.com/news/local-news/50686313/
By Roy • Posted in Politics, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton • Tagged Brian Kelly, Councilman George Brown, Councilman Tony George, crime, Democratic Party (United States), Hotel Sterling, Luzerne County, mayor, Mayor of Wilkes-Barre, Politics, Public Square fountain, Sherman Hills, Wilkes-Barre Mayor Tom Leighton, Wilkes-Barre PA
Corbett Down 17 In New Quinnipiac Poll
Democratic challenger Tom Wolf leads Gov. Tom Corbett (R) by 17 percentage points among likely voters in Pennsylvania – 55 percent to 38 percent – as the campaign enters its final month, according to a Quinnipiac University Poll released Tuesday.
The survey shows a slight improvement for Corbett compared to the last Quinnipiac Poll of the race Sept. 11, when Wolf led 59 percent to 35 percent among likely voters.
Read more at http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/big_tent/Corbett-down-17-in-new-Quinnipiac-Poll.html#Ccbgppqxvz3zPMFX.99
By Roy • Posted in Pennsylvania, Politics • Tagged Democratic Party (United States), Election Day, governor of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Percentage, Percentage point, Politics, Quinnipiac University, Quinnipiac University Polling Institute, Republican Party (United States), Tom Corbett, Tom Wolf
Wolf Maintains Large Lead Over Corbett With Month Left In Governor’s Campaign
The latest sample of voter opinions in the Pennsylvania governor’s race tested for lingering effects of Gov. Tom Corbett’s handling of the Jerry Sandusky child molestation investigation.
It shows the struggling Republican incumbent still trailing Democratic challenger Tom Wolf by double digits.
Robert Morris University Polling Institute found 54.6 percent of voters say the Sandusky case would not affect their vote, according to an online survey sponsored by Trib Total Media. Almost 27 percent say Corbett’s handling of the investigation makes them less likely to support his re-election, and 12 percent say it makes them more likely to vote for Corbett.
Read more: http://triblive.com/news/adminpage/6892975-74/voters-percent-corbett#ixzz3F6TB4qOv
By Roy • Posted in Pennsylvania, Politics • Tagged Democratic Party (United States), economy, education, Election Day, governor of Pennsylvania, Jerry Sandusky, Joe Paterno, NCAA sanctions, Penn State University, Pennsylvania, pensions, political poll, Politics, Republican Party (United States), Robert Morris University Polling Institute, taxes, Tom Corbett, Tom Wolf, Trib Total Media
A Look At The Pennsylvania Governor Candidates’ Different Plans For The Minimum Wage, Drilling And Marijuana Laws
Standard of the Governor of Pennsylvania http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/us-pa.html#gov (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
All four Democrats running for governor want to get more revenue from natural gas drilling. But they have different plans for how to tax the extraction and what to do with the money.
All four want to raise the minimum wage, but they don’t all agree by how much.
When it comes to marijuana laws, they aren’t in lockstep either.
The May 20 primary will decide whether state environmental protection secretary Katie McGinty, state Treasurer Rob McCord, U.S. Rep. Allyson Y. Schwartz or York County businessman Tom Wolf will get the Democratic nomination for governor.
Read more: http://www.ydr.com/local/ci_25638608/look-at-pa-governor-candidates-different-plans-minimum
By Roy • Posted in Performing Arts, Politics • Tagged Allyson Schwartz, Democratic Party (United States), education, Election, Gov. Tom Corbett, governor of Pennsylvania, Katie McGinty, Minimum wage, Natural gas, PA Lottery, PA State Stores, Pennsylvania, Politics, primary election, Tom Wolf, Treasurer Rob McCord
Montco Official Says Keim Street Bridge Project Moving Forward
Location of Lower Pottsgrove Township in Montgomery County (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
LOWER POTTSGROVE TOWNSHIP, PA — Not that she needed a reminder that all politics are local, but Montgomery County Commissioner Leslie Richards still remembers one of the first calls she got on the historic night she and Commissioners Chairman Josh Shapiro made history by being the first Democrats to take the majority in 100 years.
“I’ll never forget one of the first calls I got on election night,” she said March 24 as she, Shapiro and Commissioner Bruce Castor conducted the last of their roundtable meetings around the county, this one at the Lower Pottsgrove Township Building.
“I said ‘hello’ and the voice on the other end said ‘so when is the new Keim Street Bridge going to be finished?’”
The answer, she gave Monday, is that the project is “moving forward.”
Read more: http://www.pottsmerc.com/general-news/20140331/montco-official-says-keim-street-bridge-project-moving-forward
By Roy • Posted in Chester County, Norristown/Montgomery County, Politics, Pottstown • Tagged bridge closure, bridge replacement, Bruce Castor, Chester County, Democratic Party (United States), design phase, infrasturcture, Josh Shapiro, Keim Street Bridge, Leslie Richards, Montgomery County Pennsylvania, Montgomery County., North Coventry Township, Politics, Pottstown
Provisions Of The Pa. Transportation Funding Bill
Provisions of the transportation funding legislation passed today by the Pennsylvania Senate:
— Generates at least $2.3 billion per year after a five-year period by gradually increasing taxes and fees on motorists; generates $7.36 billion total over the first five years.
— Directs $1.65 billion per year to highway and bridge construction and repair by the fifth year, including $220 million annually for locally owned roads and bridges.
— Directs $476 million to $497 million per year to mass transit agencies by the fifth year.
By Roy • Posted in Pennsylvania, Politics, Travel • Tagged $2.3 billion, Democratic Party (United States), infrastructure, mass transit, Oil Company Franchise Tax, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State Senate, Politics, Public transport, renewal fees, Republican Party (United States), revenue, Roads and Highways, Tom Corbett
Act 47 Cities Elect New Mayors Amid Changes
Map of Pennsylvania, showing major cities and roads (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
HARRISBURG – New mayors have been elected in four large cities under Act 47 status just as lawmakers are giving greater attention to urban fiscal issues.
Election Day brought victories to Democrat Bill Courtright in Scranton, Democrat Bill Peduto in Pittsburgh, Democrat Eric Papenfuse in Harrisburg and Republican Matt Pacifico in Altoona.
The mayors-elect came to office by various routes and campaigned on issues specific to their cities, but once in office they will face common problems with a shrinking tax base, greater demand for municipal services and the skyrocketing cost of unfunded pension obligations for municipal employees.
It could help matters that new elected spokesmen for cities will be on the scene while state lawmakers consider a wave of legislation to help municipalities address financial problems.
Read more: http://citizensvoice.com/news/act-47-cities-elect-new-mayors-amid-changes-1.1582982
By Roy • Posted in Pennsylvania, Politics • Tagged Act 47, Altoona PA, Bill Courtright, Bill Peduto, Democratic Party (United States), Election Day, Eric Papenfuse, financially distressed city, Financially Distressed Municipalities Act, Harrisburg PA, investments, Matt Pacifico, mayor, municipal debt, Pennsylvania, pensions, Pittsburgh, Politics, Scranton PA, Senate Local Government Committee, shrinking tax bases
Rodriguez Wins Race For West Reading Mayor
Map of Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States with township and municipal boundaries (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
A hotly contested mayor’s race came to an end Tuesday night in West Reading, with independent Valentin Rodriguez Jr. trumping two opponents to earn the seat with 290 votes.
Democrat Peter B. Gustis and Republican Kathleen Frymoyer trailed, with 151 and 150 votes, respectively.
Results were complete but unofficial Tuesday night.
Rodriguez will replace Shane J. Keller, who opted not to seek re-election.
By Roy • Posted in Politics, Reading/Berks • Tagged Berks County, Carl G. Garman, Democratic Party (United States), Election Day, Grace Craze, Kathleen Frymoyer, Mayor of West Reading, Mayor Shane J. Keller, Peter B. Gustis, Politics, Republican Party (United States), Valentin Rodriguez Jr, West Reading Borough Council, West Reading Crime Watchers, West Reading PA
Officials Announce Plans To Apply For Redevelopment Runding For Reading
A 1947 topographic map of the Reading, Pennsylvania area. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
The city’s plans to apply for a major revitalization zone went public this morning, as the effort won approval from local business and community groups, county officials and even colleges and state legislators that will collaborate on the effort.
“We’re a team,” said state Sen. Judy Schwank, a Ruscombmanor Township Democrat.
“We’re totally committed to work on a united effort to get a proposal in place,” Mayor Vaughn D. Spencer said.
Council and the local businesses clearly are in on the effort, Council President Francis G. Acosta said.
By Roy • Posted in Politics, Reading/Berks • Tagged Berks County, City Revitalization and Improvement Zones, Commissioner Christian Y. Leinbach, Council President Francis G. Acosta, Democratic Party (United States), economic development, Judy Schwank, Main Street program, Mayor Vaughn D. Spencer, Reading Eagle, Reading PA, Rep. Tom Caltagirone, revitalization, Ruscombmanor Township Democrat
Anthony Weiner’s Bakery Meltdown: He Was Provoked, But Still…
Official portrait of United States Congressman (D-NY). (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
It’s possible that New York Democratic mayoral candidate Anthony Weiner was simply suffering from low blood sugar when he verbally attacked a man who tried to shame him Wednesday as Weiner campaigned in an Orthodox Jewish section of Brooklyn.
After all, his left cheek was bulging like a chipmunk when he heard someone in the bakery call him a “scumbag.”
Or it could just be that he’s had it, sick of being moralized at by people who are too dense to grasp that Weiner, who has already apologized for his mortifying sexual improprieties and begged his wife for forgiveness, has Moved On.
Read more: http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-anthony-weiners-bakery-meltdown-he-was-provoked-but-still-20130904,0,4884246.story#ixzz2e2AYiNS7
By Roy • Posted in Politics • Tagged Anthony Weiner, Brooklyn, Democratic Party (United States), Huma Abedin, New York, New York City, NYC Mayoral Election, Orthodox Judaism, Politics, Rosh Hashana, sexting scandal
Timeline Of San Diego Mayor Bob Filner Scandal
English: US Rep. Bob Filner (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Key dates in the sexual harassment scandal of San Diego Mayor Bob Filner:
Nov. 6, 2012: Filner, a 10-term congressman, is elected mayor. He is the first Democrat in 20 years to lead the nation’s eighth-largest city.
Dec. 3, 2012: Filner takes office.
June 20, 2013: Filner communications director Irene McCormack Jackson confronts Filner at staff meeting about unwanted sexual advances. Allen Jones, Filner’s deputy chief of staff, quits.
July 8: Filner’s fiancee, Bronwyn Ingram, says she ended engagement, later says the mayor sent sexually explicit messages to other women and set up dates in her presence.
Read more: http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/aug/23/timeline-of-san-diego-mayor-bob-filner-scandal/
By Roy • Posted in Politics • Tagged Allen Jones, Attorney Jan Goldsmith, behavioral therapy, Bob Filner, Bronwyn Ingram, Democratic National Committee, Democratic Party (United States), Donna Frye, Gloria Allred, groping, Irene McCormack Jackson, mayor, outpatient counseling, Politics, recall, San Diego, San Diego City Council, San Diego County Democratic Party Central Committee, Sexual harassment, U.S. Sen. Barbara Boxer, U.S. Sen. Dianne Feinstein, unwanted advances
Corbett Signs Bill Creating City Revitalization Zones
Gov. Tom Corbett on Monday signed into law the bill that will give Reading and other Pennsylvania cities a chance to create so-called City Revitalization and Improvement Zones to attract new businesses.
The 130-acre zones will be funded with public bonds issued by a local municipal authority running the zone. The bonds will be repaid by local and state tax revenue raised within the zone.
The law resulted in large part from the work of state Sen. Judy Schwank, a Ruscombmanor Township Democrat, who noted that the original bill sponsored by Sen. Lloyd Smucker, a Lancaster Republican, would have frozen out Reading.
By Roy • Posted in Pennsylvania, Politics • Tagged business, City Revitalization and Improvement Zones, Democratic Party (United States), economic development, Judy Schwank, Lloyd Smucker, Pennsylvania, revitalization, Tax revenue, Tom Corbett
Americans On Food Stamps
English: Logo of the . (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
The number of people using food stamps through the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) increased by an average of 13 percent a year from 2008 to 2012. House Republicans dropped funding for food stamps from a new version of the farm bill. Voting takes place Thursday. Read related article.
Click here to see map of US with 2012 Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation levels by state: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/food-stamps/
By Roy • Posted in Politics • Tagged budget, budget cuts, children, Democratic Party (United States), elderly, farm bill, food stamps, funding cuts, low income, Politics, Poverty, program cuts, Republican, SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, United States
State Budget Action Takes Center Stage This Week In The House, But Will It Get Done On Time?
The House today is expected to begin debate on a $28.3 billion state spending plan for next year.
It is the House Republicans’ 2013-14 budget proposal, one of three that has been put on the table along with ones from Gov. Tom Corbett and Senate Democrats.
None of the three plans call for any increases in in broad-based taxes, such as the sales tax or personal income taxes.
Much of today’s debate is likely to focus on amendments that reflect the House Democrats’ priorities that would raise the proposed total spending level to $28.7 billion. The additional money they want to spend would be directed to K-12 and higher education and social services.
Read more: http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2013/06/state_budget_action_takes_cent.html#incart_m-rpt-2
By Roy • Posted in Pennsylvania, Politics • Tagged $28.3 billion, budget, Democratic Party (United States), education funding, Government spending, Harrisburg, House Republican, Income tax, Medicaid expansion, Pennsylvania House of Representatives, Politics, Republican, sales tax, social services, Tom Corbett, transporation
Federal Budget Cuts Will Affect More Than Federal Programs, Officials In Scranton Say
English: Official photo of Senator Bob Casey (D-PA). (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
The across-the-board federal budget cuts known as sequestration will hurt everything from the local barbershop to the largest manufacturers in Northeast Pennsylvania, said members of a panel at Sen. Bob Casey’s office Friday in downtown Scranton.
With no deal between Congress and the White House in sight and just hours before sequestration kicked in at midnight, the Democratic senator and a cross-section of local civic leaders struck a dire tone.
“We don’t have a full sense of what will happen,” Mr. Casey said. “If this goes a day or week, it will have an impact. If it goes six months, the effect will be devastating.”
As the furloughs and cuts begin, sequestration will have an immediate impact not just on the government employees, but on contractors, and the communities where they live and spend.
Read more: http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/federal-budget-cuts-will-affect-more-than-federal-programs-officials-in-scranton-say-1.1452684
By Roy • Posted in Pennsylvania, Politics • Tagged Barack Obama, Democratic Party (United States), funding, GOP, job loss, Northeastern Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Politics, program cuts, revenue, Scranton PA, sequestration, taxes, United States, United States Congress, US Congress, US Sen Bob Casey Jr, White House
West Virginia’s Jay Rockefeller Won’t Seek Re-Election To U.S. Senate
Official photograph of Jay Rockefeller, U.S. Senator. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
CHARLESTON, W.Va. — U.S. Sen. Jay Rockefeller, who came to West Virginia as a young man from one of the world’s richest families to work on antipoverty programs and remained in the state to build a political legacy, announced Friday he will not seek a sixth term.
The 75-year-old Democrat’s decision, coming at a time when his popularity in a conservative state had been waning for sparring with the powerful mining industry and supporting President Barack Obama, told The Associated Press ahead of his formal announcement that it was time to retire.
After about three decades in elective office, it was time to “bring more balance to my life after a career that has been so obsessively dominated by politics and public policy and campaigns,” he said. “I’ve gotten way out of whack in terms of the time I should spend with my wife and my children and my grandchildren.”
Mr. Rockefeller’s retirement was widely expected and puts the seat held by Democrats since 1958 in jeopardy for the party. Within weeks of November’s elections, Republican U.S. Rep. Shelley Moore Capito vowed to run for the Senate seat in 2014, even if it meant going up against Mr. Rockefeller and his storied name. Other Republicans also have been eyeing the seat in recent weeks.
Read more: http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/news/politics-national/west-virginias-jay-rockefeller-wont-seek-re-election-to-us-senate-669999/#ixzz2HgtUoBYB
By Roy • Posted in Politics • Tagged Barack Obama, Coal mining, conservative, Democratic Party (United States), Jay Rockefeller, John D. Rockefeller, Natural gas, Obamacare, philanthropist, Politics, retirement, Shelley Moore Capito, strip mining, US Senate, West Virginia
Progress Seen In Last-Minute ‘Fiscal Cliff’ Talks
English: President Barack Obama addresses a joint session of the United States Congress in the chamber of the House of Representatives at the United States Capitol on 24 February 2009. Español: Presidente Barack Obama dando un discurose por una sesión conjunta del Congreso de los Estados Unidos en la cámara de la Cámara de Representantes en el Capitolio de los Estados Unidos, 24 de febrero de 2009. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
WASHINGTON — Working against a midnight deadline, negotiators for the White House and congressional Republicans in Congress narrowed their differences today on legislation to avert across-the-board tax increases.
Congressional officials familiar with talks between Vice President Joe Biden and Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell said one major remaining sticking point was whether to postpone spending cuts that are scheduled to begin on Jan 1.
Republicans want to replace across-the-board reductions with targeted cuts elsewhere in the budget, and the White House and Democrats were resisting.
At the same time, Democrats said the two sides were closing in on an agreement over taxes. They said the White House had proposed blocking an increase for most Americans, while letting rates rise for individuals with incomes of $400,000 a year and $450,000 for couples, a concession from President Barack Obama’s campaign call to set the levels at $200,000 and $250,000.
By Roy • Posted in Politics • Tagged Barack Obama, Bush era tax cuts, defense budget, Democratic Party (United States), fiscal cliff, House Speaker John Boehner, Joe Biden, Medicare, Mitch McConnell, Party leaders of the United States Senate, Politics, program cuts, Republicans, social security, spending cuts, tax increases, United States, US Congress, US Senate, White House
A Comeback For Anthony Weiner?
Editor’s note: Just when you thought it was safe!
One year after resigning from Congress following news he had emailed lewd photos of himself to women, married former Democratic Rep. Anthony Weiner desires a return to politics, according to New York news outlets.
“The disgraced former congressman—who’s sitting on a $4.5 million campaign war chest—is mulling a bid for citywide office next year and ‘seriously considering’ a mayoral run,” sources told the New York Post. The newspaper reported that Weiner has spoken with former staffers about returning to work for him.
Read more: http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/comeback-anthony-weiner-142709357.html
By Roy • Posted in Politics • Tagged Anthony Weiner, Democratic Party (United States), former congressman, internet, New York, New York Post, sex scandal, Sexting, United States Congress, War chest
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Briefing Paper on Research Integrity: What it Means, Why it Is Important and How we Might Protect it
This briefing paper looks at developments in efforts to address issues of research integrity. It explores the available data on the frequency of misconduct, why it is thought that researchers would commit misconduct in the first place, how national and international organisations have approached the promotion of research integrity, and the manner in which allegations of misconduct are handled.
Related conetnt
Advancing Research Integrity Practices and Policies: From Recommendation to Implementation
This workshop aimed to advance implementation of the recommendations published in Science Europe’s Survey Report ‘Research Integrity Practices in Science Europe Member Organisations.’ The workshop explored the challenges in taking forward certain recommendations through the discussion of case studies presented by organisations that have already tackled some of the more difficult issues.
Research Integrity and Ethics
Open Letter from the Governing Board of Science Europe on Research Integrity in the European Policy Landscape
Safeguarding research integrity is a shared task. This is the core message of the Science Europe Governing Board in its Open Letter which is a contribution to the revision of the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. It provides the opportunity to take stock of the recent policy developments and of Science Europe’s contribution to the European debate on research integrity.
Research Integrity Practices in Science Europe Member Organisations
Research integrity is at the core of the research endeavour. It is the basis for researchers’ trust in each other and in the research record and, equally importantly, society’s trust in research. This report maps existing policies, procedures, and practices for promoting research integrity and builds upon this to make a number of key recommendations for improving research integrity including processes and policies, awareness raising, training, and collaboration.
Seven Reasons to Care about Integrity in Research
Research integrity is intrinsic to research activity and excellence. It is at the core of research itself. It is a basis for researchers to trust each other as well as the research record, and, equally importantly, it is the basis of society’s trust in research evidence and expertise. This brochure sets out seven key reasons why research organisations should be concerned about promoting research integrity amongst their research communities.
Science Europe Roadmap
The Roadmap, approved by the Science Europe General Assembly in November 2013, is Science Europe’s action plan to contribute to the elements of a successful research system. It acts as a framework for voluntary collective activity, providing a long-term strategy for the association. The ‘Priority Action Areas’ are those in which Science Europe members believe that there is a potential to achieve tangible and substantive progress, and where they can add real value by working together.
European Research Area
EU Framework Programmes
Research Assessment
What's going on Our resources
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Tall Ships and Tall Tales
a life of dancing with history
If you like to read about the behind-the-scenes politics of major events then this is the book for you ... King's persistence and passion to bring history to life is impressive.'
Fiona Purdon, Sunday Territorian
'Now my mate has reached the grand old age of 70, he feels it is time to return to that campfire of old, pull up a few logs, and ask you all to sit down so he can spin a few yarns, tall tales included. As a fellow jackaroo, I recommend you give him a hearing. These are pretty good yarns.'
'Jonathan King has long been a leader in resurrecting Australian history and breathing new life into it.'
Geoffrey Blainey
'This is fantastic story from an incredible Australian. Jonathan King, a descendant of Philip Gidley King, is one of the last true eccentric Aussie "ratbags" - and we need more of them! Read the behind the scenes story of the First Fleet Re-enactment Expedition and how Jonathan's dream became a reality - despite a campaign from the hardened bureaucrats to stop it. A wonderful autobiography and a must read for everyone who loves Australia.'
'A ripping yarn about a lifetime of ripping adventures.'
Saturday Age, Sydney Morning Herald, Canberra Times
Over the last 40 years, Jonathan King has brought history to life, re-enacting events such as the First Fleet’s voyage across the high seas to Botany Bay, the mutiny against ship’s captain William Bligh on the Bounty, Matthew Flinders’ troubled circumnavigation of Terra Australis, Ernest Shackleton’s death-defying dash across the icy waters of the Antarctic Ocean, and Marco Polo’s passage from China.
Along the way, King has encountered a cast of mavericks, rogues, entrepreneurs, dignitaries, and politicians — a veritable who’s who of Australia and beyond. These include bushman R.M. Williams, singers Slim Dusty and Helen Reddy, actor Jack Thompson, media magnate Rupert Murdoch, great train robber Ronnie Biggs, explorer Edmund Hillary, boxer Muhammad Ali, Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, rock star Sting — and even Queen Elizabeth II.
So join this bestselling author and historian as he recounts his spectacular adventures: jackarooing on outback stations; trekking the Amazon to meet a remote tribe; sailing the perilous waters of the Atlantic; riding a traditional junk in the South China Sea; being detained by Spanish border guards; and becoming caught in an Antarctic hurricane, just metres from reaching Shackleton’s grave. These extraordinary tales will leave you breathless, dazzled, and inspired by King’s persistence and sheer courage in bringing history to life.
Rights Held: World
Autobiography: historical, political & military BIOGRAPHY & AUTOBIOGRAPHY / Historical HistoryExpeditionsAutobiography: general HISTORY / Expeditions & DiscoveriesHISTORY / Civilization
Award-winning historian Dr Jonathan King is the author of Gallipoli Diaries: the Anzacs’ own story, day by day (Scribe, 2014), and has been producing books and films about World War I since 1994. He leads battlefield tours to Gallipoli and the Western Front, and is a regular television and radio commentator, as well as a writer for newspapers. After lecturing at The University of Melbourne for many years, he has written more than 30 books and produced 20 documentaries. He is based in Sydney with his fellow adventurer and wife, Jane. They have four daughters and seven grandchildren.
Award-winning historian Dr Jonathan King is the author of Gallipoli…
Gallipoli Diaries
RRP: $35.00 Pub date: 29 Sep 2014 Category: First World War Cover view
The Western Front Diaries
RRP: $39.99 Pub date: 24 Jun 2015 Category: Military history Cover view
Palestine Diaries
RRP: $39.99 Pub date: 16 Oct 2017 Category: First World War Cover view
Honourable Exit
RRP: $49.99 Pub date: 4 Jun 2019 Category: Biography: historical, political & military Cover view
The Unseen Anzac
Jeff Maynard
RRP: $29.99 Pub date: 3 Apr 2017 Category: Biography: historical, political & military Cover view
RRP: $39.99 Pub date: 21 Oct 2015 Category: Biography: historical, political & military Cover view
Eichmann before Jerusalem
RRP: $45.00 Pub date: 27 Oct 2014 Category: The Holocaust Cover view
Indignez-Vous!
Stephane Hessel
RRP: $9.99 Pub date: 23 May 2011 Category: Autobiography: historical, political & military Cover view
Rainbow Pie
RRP: $35.00 Pub date: 30 Aug 2010 Category: Autobiography: historical, political & military Cover view
Mike Richards
Come Spring
Maria Lewitt
RRP: $26.99 Pub date: 4 Mar 2002 Category: Autobiography: historical, political & military Cover view
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Brought to you by boats.com Europe, Scuttlebutt Europe is a digest of sailing news and opinions, regatta results, new boat and gear information and letters from sailors -- with a European emphasis. Contributions welcome, send to
Cape2Rio: The Race For Second Place
After the seriously well sailed Maserati has crossed the finish line in 10days 11hrs and 29min, Scarlet Runner will be the next boat expected to cross the line. She has another 680NM to go. Given the fact that they do have light breeze out there, it could take up to 3 days for her to finish. I am pretty sure that Masearti will also be the first boat on handicap. The big tussle is now on for second place.
In my opinion there are only 3 boats seriously in the running for the second place handicap positions at the moment.
- Scarlet Runner: The Aussies did sail a solid race so far but will be doomed in the forecasted light breeze during the next 48hrs. So far they are still on 2nd place but the weather could really hurt their efforts to reach Rio fast enough.
- Iskareen: The only German entry moved constantly up the leader board during the last 5 days. The light displacement with a generous downwind sail plan is a winning combination in anything above 15kn of breeze. I can't fault their efforts to keep the boat moving and it will come at no surprise to me if they will gain more time on the other boats.
- Privateer: The proudly South African entry of the Kuttel brothers has done nothing wrong in the route planning so far. They decided to go the longer but faster northerly route to Rio. This way they stayed out of trouble and in the breeze, bravo. We should not forget that they are only two up, racing against fully crewed boats. -- Harry Brehm
Note from Trevor Wilkins on location
The excitement reached a high as we watched the fickle wind trying to make up its mind.........many is the time when a yacht has been becalmed off the entrance to the the Bay.........We went out to meet Maserati off the coast and experienced their sheer frustration as they played with the switching patterns of the very light breeze. About 8 sail changes later they drifted over the line in the magnificent Bay, the Sugar Loaf and in the background the Corcovardo bathed in the light of the full moon. A case or two of ice cold beers and Bubbly followed by a good meal welcomed the crew to the shores of Rio de Janerio.
www.cape2rio2014.com
The Best In Both Worlds
Sam Newton, who is one of Australia's most talented sailors, was part of the 2013 winning US Team Oracle in The America's Cup and is also a four-times JJ Giltinan (world) champion on Gotta Love It 7 in the 18ft Skiffs.
Now back in Australia on Gotta Love It 7 in search of a fifth Giltinan title, Sam took time out to discuss what he sees as the differences in 18ft Skiffs and America's Cup yachts:
"The 18's and Cats have many obvious differences but a lot of similarities as well".
"I had the pleasure of doing a lot of sailing and racing on the AC45's and AC72's over the past 2 years and between them I also experienced a lot of similarities to the 18ft Skiff".
"When Oracle set the Protocol for the 34th Cup, their concept had a lot of similarities to what the 18ft skiffs have been doing for decades".
"It was all about creating a spectacle for sponsors and fans, something the skiffs have done well for a long time. The racing is short and intense and the venue is close to vantage points to ensure it encourages a big following".
"On board the boats, the main difference between the Skiff and the cat is obvious. Two hulls and a wing sail compared to the single hull and a conventional mainsail. Another is the much larger team of eleven sailors on the AC72, which brings in a whole new dynamic".
"One thing still remains; the 18ft skiff is by far the hardest to bear away at the top mark in 20+ knots. The 45's give good action to the sailors and spectators at the top mark as we saw through the AC World Series, and the 72ft Cats are a lot easier by using the foils to create lift in the bow which we don't have the option of in the skiff". -- Frank Quealey, Australian 18 Footers League
www.18footers.com.au
http://18skiff.com
Race The RORC Caribbean 600 On A Volvo 70!
Do you dream of sailing a Volvo 70? The keel fully canted. Flying a huge spinnaker with six of your crewmates grinding on the pedestals in tropical sunshine. Feeling the power as the boat accelerates down a wave at 25+ knots in warm Caribbean winds...
This could be you!
Monster Project, Team Russia's boat (Kosatka) in the 2008 Volvo Ocean Race, is the only Volvo Open 70 available for charter - a unique opportunity for amateur sailors to experience these amazing racing machines!
The RORC Caribbean 600 is the headline offshore racing event in the Caribbean. With a 600 mile course around 10 islands, it's an epic race to rival the Fastnet - but much warmer!
Join us on Monster Project for our RORC Caribbean 600 program:
- Tuesday 18 through Saturday 22 February: pre-race training at Falmouth Harbour in beautiful Antigua
- Saturday 22 February: Welcome Party, Antigua Yacht Club
- Sunday 23 February: final boat preparations / rest day
- Monday 24 February: RORC Caribbean 600 starts at 1050h
- Friday 28 February: Prize-giving Ceremony, Antigua Yacht Club
Monster Project's RORC Caribbean 600 package includes:
- Race entry
- Berthing fees
- Pre-race training
- Professional Racing Skipper and Crew
- Food and bottled water during sailing
- Monster Project race clothing
- Safety equipment (loan)
- Wet-weather clothing (loan)
Can't make it to the RORC? Monster Project also operates Caribbean, UK, European and Trans-Atlantic Racing and Adventure Sailing charters for groups, corporates and individuals.
See the Calendar on our website:
www.volvo70charter.co.uk
The Knives Come Out
Chris Rattue in the New Zealand Herald:
Rugby is the only sport in this country that holds mass attention under any circumstances, although it still gets a summer publicity holiday. The America's Cup is a corporate plaything that means little to the masses most of the time.
I've also long had the feeling that those in control of TNZ like to have everyone in their pocket. As with the New Zealand Rugby Union, creating home rule is relatively easy in such a small country.
This confirmed landlubber is still unsure whether poor little TNZ were beaten solely by big bad Yankee money - as was alleged by the TNZ apologists - or at least partly by sailing and strategic skill in San Francisco. Whichever way, here's the big worry about D. Barker. He's got the mark of an America's Cup loser on him.
This is not said lightly because from this distant shore he appears a terrific bloke, easy to cheer for and is without question a fine sailor. But the America's Cup is a different league to other sailing where personality type ranks alongside sailing ability.
This is not a nice thought - maybe Barker is too nice. One thing is sure - the record isn't good.
www.nzherald.co.nz
20th Singapore Straits Regatta
The 20th edition of the Singapore Straits Regatta is the third part of the Asia Sailing Circuit for the Perpetual Cup series, which includes the Raja Muda and Phuket's King's Cup. Sailors from Singapore and abroad will compete in 9 races over 4 days across two spectacular destinations - Singapore and Batam island in Indonesia.
In Singapore the fleet was based at One degree 15 marina, a modern, fully equipped marina on Sentosa island where preparations began for the 16 nautical mile passage to Batam island in Indonesia. Nongsa Point Marina is hosting the IRC B and IRC C classes plus the one-design J24s over the next 3 days. The weather was tough with strong winds, choppy waves and strong current which all helped the boats reach their destination faster.
Today was the first day of racing with ideal conditions forecast. The fleet was ready on the Nongsa Point marina for 3 windward/leeward races, and anticipation was intense amongst the crews looking forward to some great sailing ahead.
With races schedule to start at 11am sharp, the crews checked over their sails and equipment for the strong weather conditions.
The boats spread evenly across the first startline, and David Dimmock's Blue Note quick off the line. Two windward marks were set, a short course for the IRC C and one-design classes, and one further out for the IRC B class.
www.icarussailingmedia.com
www.straitsregatta.com
Royal Southern David Thomas Regatta
Hamble, Hampshire, UK: In 2014, the yacht designer and sailing legend David Thomas is celebrating 25 years as a member of the Royal Southern Yacht Club and, in recognition, the Royal Southern is inviting owners of David Thomas-designed yachts to celebrate this landmark anniversary between 9th and 11th May.
Owners will have the opportunity to get together, partake in some light-hearted class and handicap racing, socialise and enjoy a celebratory dinner. Above all, this is an opportunity to celebrate in the company of this great man, his wife Trudi and his family.
Thousands of David Thomas-designed boats continue to give their owners fun afloat, whether cruising or racing and so the Royal Southern invites you to join them in honouring the man and his work.
The Entry form and full details of berthing (from Friday 9th May) plus an itinerary of the events afloat and ashore will be available shortly from: www.royal-southern.co.uk
Meanwhile, expressions of interest should be emailed direct to:
Natalie Gray, Sailing Secretary:
"En Solitaire? An Unforgettable Experience!"
Alex Pella, a 42-year old Catalan sailor, has participated in two Imoca seasons (2009-2011), notably taking the start of the last Barcelona World Race. He was also enlisted for the role of consultant in the filming of the box office hit, En Solitaire, which made the big screen this winter. On his return from the last Transat Jacques Vabre aboard a Class40, we asked him about what he refers to as an unforgettable experience.
What was the toughest thing about your role as consultant for François Cluzet?
AP: "It was a 6-month mission including the preparation of the boat, the gear and the team, and above all the filming. Clearly the toughest thing was going out on the water everyday for 2 months, 9 hours a day! There were 18 of us aboard an IMOCA60 that was intended to be sailed shorthanded, only 3 of whom were sailors: Yann Riou, who helped me with the sailing and electronics and Olivier Cusin, who was the boat captain. The tricky element was ensuring safety in the tough conditions. I set a limit of a 3-metre swell and 30 knots of breeze.
It was very complicated to satisfy the needs of the scenario, namely giving the impression of being offshore, whilst we were close to the coast (Groix or the Canaries), finding the right angles for the shoots and taking the sun, waves and wind into account so that everything tied together! Added to that, the filming doesn't correspond with the chronological order of the film…
- Where are you at with your own plans? Is a return to IMOCA possible?
AP: "Yes, I dream of returning to IMOCA for the Barcelona World Race and then the Vendée Globe. In the meantime, I'm trying to get in as much sailing as I can and I had a good Transat Jacques Vabre in the Class 40. Right now, it's complicated in the current economic context. 2014 boasts a fantastic schedule with the novel New York-Barcelona race, the Rhum and then the Barcelona World Race. Coming from Barcelona, it's really a major objective for me, but I know it'll be tough!"
From the IMOCA site: www.imoca.org
Movie info: www.imdb.com/title/tt2165236/
A critical review of the film: www.hollywoodreporter.com
RORC Entries Open
The RORC is pleased to announce that REMUS (RORC's Entry Management and Update System) will be open for entries for the 2014 season from midday Monday 13th January 2014.
2014 is set to be a very busy year's racing with the RORC. The calendar contains a full roster of domestic races alongside our inshore events, the RORC Easter Challenge and IRC National Championship. For the intrepid sailor there will be two 1800nm+ offshore races, including the test of endurance that is the Sevenstar Round Britain and Ireland Race and the inaugural RORC Transatlantic Race.
You can view the full RORC schedule here. www.rorc.org
REMUS: https://secure.rorc.org/app/
Fitzroy Yachts To Lay Off Staff
New Zealand-based Fitzroy Yachts this morning released the following press statement. The yard has building yachts since 1997 and with seveal award-winning yachts on the water has forged a name itself as one of the world's leading sailing yacht builders. Recent launches include 50m Ohana, 50m Zefira and and 47m Salperton IV and work is currently underway on 37.5m FY17 which is due to launch this month and deliver in March. With no further orders signed, the yard has been forced to make the difficult decision to consolidate operations. This morning's news is all the demonstration that is needed that superyacht orders represent significant jobs, and that in signing orders owners inject huge levels of investment into local economies.
Statement from Fitzroy Yachts
"Fitzroy Yachts has a long history as one of the world's leading sailing yacht builders, and has been the recipient of several significant awards. The yard is extremely proud of our fleet of superyachts, and above all of the talented staff who bring these beautiful projects to reality.
Like a large number of our fellow yacht builders, we have felt the effects of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and its impact on the new build order book. Following the imminent completion of our current build, the 37.5m Dubois performance sloop FY17, a substantial reduction of employees, albeit extremely regrettable, will not be avoidable.
The management is currently negotiating with the owner of FY17 a goodwill contribution to support the employees in the form of an incentive linked to a successful and timely completion of his yacht.
Completing the build of FY17 to Fitzroy's high standards is our priority, as is working with other local employers to try and find jobs for as many of the staff as we can. We are optimistic that with the labour market in New Plymouth, and the strong sense of community within the New Plymouth business community, that many of our staff will be able to gain new employment. As their work attests, they are all highly skilled employees."
Yacht Race Organisers Urged To Repay Grant
Organisers of a new Auckland to Bluff yacht race are being urged to pay back $100,000 in taxpayer money after the event was cancelled.
Next month's inaugural race was set to get $440,000 from the Government, with a quarter already paid before the race was called off due to a lack of entries.
Taxpayers' Union spokesman Jordan Williams says it is an appalling waste of public money.
"If you give a grant for a boat race, it should be conditioned on the boat race happening. "The race organisers are obliged to do the right thing, and refund the money."
nz.news.yahoo.com
1991 Hoek Design Classic Ketch. EUR 980,000. Located in Edam, Netherlands.
Built by the top Dutch yard Engelaer in 1991, Kim was one of the first of many epic retro classics from the boards of Hoek Design. With her low profile, long overhangs and beautiful sheer line, this 70 ft ketch is an excitingly pretty yacht. Moreover, her classic appearance is combined with an ultra-modern underwater body with wing keel and elliptic spade rudder. She has travelled the world in classic style.
In 2006, Kim was completely refitted by another leading yard, Holland Jachtbouw. The expert craftsmen modified the interior and she is now perfect for chartering, sleeping up to six guests in four separate cabins. An entirely new saloon and comprehensive equipment upgrade ensures that your on board life will be very pleasant indeed.
Brokerage through Hoek Brokerage BV: www.yachtworld.com/hoekbrokerage/
Complete listing details and seller contact information at uk.yachtworld.com
Calvin: I'm a genius, but I'm a misunderstood genius.
Hobbes: What's misunderstood about you?
Calvin: Nobody thinks I'm a genius.
boats.com is a highly powerful and effective global marketing solution for the boating industry. With half a million new and used boat listings, offered across the globe by manufacturers, brokers, dealers and private advertisers, it is the most comprehensive site in the World. Over 1.4 million boating consumers visit our sites every month, generating up to 16.5 million page views, with over 500,000 of these visitors coming from within Europe. Whether you are providing a product or service or selling new or pre owned boats, boats.com offers an extensive and varied range of solutions, tailored to suit all marketing budgets offering extensive local and international coverage.
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Bulgari Ireland racks up surge in sales on international growth
Bulgari’s Irish business has reported a 10% increase in sales to €1.1 billion as profits more than doubled to €109 million last year.
The luxury jewellery company owned by LVMH redirects sales from across the world to its Irish arm, using a structure also employed by tech firms such as Facebook and Apple.
Documents recently filed in Dublin have shown that sales grew significantly last year after increased demand internationally, particularly in Asian countries, the Irish Times reported.
Sales derived from Asia, excluding Japan, increased by almost €100 million during the year, reaching €474 million. A further €120 million came from the Americas, while Japan also contributed €120 million. Meanwhile, €133 million were routed from Middle East.
Bulgari, whose campaigns have been fronted by famous celebrities including Julianne Moore, Carla Bruni, Rachel Weisz and Bella Hadid, employes 141 people in Ireland.
According to reports, it is planning to open an international distribution centre at the Horizon Logistics Park near Dublin Airport to serve overseas demand.
Bulgari overhauls its distribution
What impact can be expected from LVMH's record purchase of Tiffany?
Jewellery: The new frontier for luxury groups
LVMH gets access to Tiffany's books after it raises offer - sources
La Samaritaine Pont Neuf is finally, almost, ready
Tiffany asks LVMH to raise its $14.5 billion offer
Tiffany takeover needs a lot of LVMH polish
Hotel business a new growth driver for fashion labels
After leaving the fashion week calendar, Alexander Wang feels “liberated”
A Haute Joaillerie show at Bulgari
Bulgari av Georges V
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PCMag Asia | VR Headset | News
Portal on HoloLens: Alternate Dimensions, But in Real Life
By Tom Brant
Feb. 8, 2017, 7:45 p.m.
A developer was able to use HoloLens to play Portal with the real world as his backdrop.
While virtual reality is getting a lot of attention from developers and gaming enthusiasts, that doesn't mean that augmented reality is suddenly uncool, as an AR game maker demonstrated this week with a slick YouTube video of a side project he's been working on for Microsoft's HoloLens.
The project is essentially a HoloLens port of the critically acclaimed Valve game Portal, released in 2007 for PCs and consoles. The project's creator, Kenny W, uploaded a video sample of his work on Sunday, and it's one of the most unique uses of HoloLens technology we've seen to date.
SEE ALSO: Restoring Vision With Bionic Eyes: No Longer Science Fiction
The concept is strikingly simple. Since HoloLens lets you see the real world and the virtual world at the same time, Kenny W was able to stick portals on real-world surfaces and throw objects through them. The demos range from a wall-to-floor connection to throwing a block down the stairs and conjuring up a portal to accept it where it lands.
Creating a new set of portals is as simple as pinching your two fingers together. One aspect of the original game that's missing from the demo, though, is the ability to enter a portal yourself. That wouldn't be possible on the HoloLens, since you're still very much in the physical world when you wear it.
Kenny told The Next Web that he created the demo entirely using the Unity 3D gaming engine, which Microsoft has been working hard to get HoloLens developers familiar with.
You won't be able to experience a HoloLens version of Portal yourself unless you have programming skills and a few thousand dollars lying around to purchase a headset. If you have an Oculus Rift, however, you can experience Portal in virtual reality, which Kokatu likened to "almost a religious experience."
Oculus Rift (Consumer ...
Microsoft HoloLens Development ...
HTC Vive Pro Is Sharp, Advanced, and Impressive
Hands On: Lenovo's Mirage Standalone VR Headset
Six Flags, Samsung Announce 'Mixed Reality' Roller Coaster
The VR Lobbyists Have Arrived
Tom Brant tom_brant@pcmag.com
Tom is PCMag's San Francisco-based news reporter. He got his start in technology journalism by reviewing the latest hard drives, keyboards, and much more for PCMag's sister site, Computer Shopper. As a freelancer, he's written on topics as diverse as Borneo's rain forests, Middle Eastern airlines, and big data's role in presidential elections. A graduate of Middlebury College, Tom also has a master's journalism degree from New York University. Follow him on Twitter @branttom. See Full Bio
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About Us~ Reviewers and Review Info
Rating Scale & Review Info
Scattered Thoughts and Rogue Words Flash Fiction Writing Month 2016
STRW’s Writing Don’ts And Vocabulary Winces
Mini Rants and Writings!
Bad Vocabulary
Reader Story Recommendations
authors Lou Sylvre and Anne Barwell
Lou Sylvre and Anne Barwell on Writing, Characters, and their story ‘Sunset at Pencarrow’ (author interview and giveaway)
Sunset at Pencarrow (World of Love) by Lou Sylvre and Anne Barwell
Cover Artist: Anne Cain
(Discount code PENCARROW from 5/31-6/30, 30% off, DSP store only.)
Amazon | Barnes and Noble | Google Books | iTunes | Kobo
✒︎
Scattered Thoughts and Rogue Words is happy to have Anne Barwell and Lou Sylvre here today talking about writing, characters and their latest story, Sunset at Pencarrow. Welcome, Anne and Lou!
Lou: Before we get started answering questions, Anne and I just want to say thanks—first to readers, but equally to STARW for hosting us on our Sunset at Pencarrow blog tour. A heads-up: We have a Rafflecopter giveaway going on so don’t forget to enter early and often!
How much of yourself goes into a character? Do you feel there’s a tight line between Mary Sue or should I say Gary Stu and using your own experiences to create a character?
Lou: The answer to that question depends on how I look at it. In the most literal sense, plunking myself down in a fictional situation and writing about what I would do there, never ever. On the other hand, I’m sure many readers have heard it said that characters are all different versions of the author, and I believe there is some truth to that. I mean, how can we write characters with integrity—real reactions, responses, interactions, and inner workings unless they somehow come from inside ourselves? But so much goes into making up all the hidden parts of ourselves, not just our experiences and so forth, but our empathy, not to mention those characteristics that are part of us and we would never be able to say why. When I write a character, I definitely draw on that resource. Sometimes, it’s just little bits of gut knowledge or subtle reaction. Sometimes, though, it’s extreme—for instance when I write a “bad guy,” what they’re made of are my own honest responses exaggerated and twisted.
So the process goes something like this: Imagine a character vastly different from me, then write as if I am him (or her). Use my own honest emotions, reactions, responses, etc., to drive him along his trajectory toward whatever it is he wants or needs.
Does research play a role into choosing which genre you write? Do you enjoy research or prefer making up your worlds and cultures?
Anne: I don’t really choose the genres I write—they choose me. I enjoy researching, but I also love the challenge of making up my own worlds and cultures. I’ve written a few historicals and writing those always entails lot of research, and I always learn something new with each book. I work at a library so I tend to refer to a mix of print and electronic materials when I need information. Although I don’t have to worry so much about every little details being as accurate as possible when writing fantasy, I still want consistency in my world building and to ensure that whatever magic system I’m using makes sense. So… instead of a lot of research in the traditional sense, I’m still spending the time I’d usually research in making up a new world.
Lou: I don’t see that as an either/or question. Every novel takes place in a fictional world, even if it is contemporary romance set in a real city, with real buildings and streets and even events—because your characters don’t live in that real city and their story isn’t happening there. And even the most far-flung paranormal, sci-fi, or fantasy has to have elements of realism, because if it didn’t, it would make little sense to readers, and because to hold such a story together the question of “how” is at least as important as “what.” I do enjoy research a great deal regardless of the kind of story I’m writing. That was one of the bonuses of writing Sunset at Pencarrow; it required quite a good bit of research for me, never having been to New Zealand, not having a Vietnamese Buddhist mother, not having been familiar with the places fighting might have occurred in Afghanistan, etc. Anne and I do have another work in process which would fall, genre-wise, somewhere between fantasy and magical realism, but it’s worked around a real series of events in historical Scotland. Lots of research needed there, too—interesting, and one of the fun parts of the writer’s job.
Has your choice of childhood or teenage reading genres carried into your own choices for writing?
Lou: As a teen, I loved fantasy, sci-fi, and suspense/thriller fiction. I veered away from that in my thirties and forties, reading a lot of Native American literature, women’s literature, lesbian fiction, and mainstream novels and short stories (though I never really stopped reading fantasy and sci-fi). Sometime in the last two decades, I’ve come back around, and now read genre fiction almost exclusively, especially fantasy and (with or without the suspense) romance—the latter mostly M/M. Not surprisingly, those are also the things I like to write nowadays.
Anne: Definitely. I grew up on a reading diet of mostly SF/fantasy and comic books, with the odd historical and mystery detective thrown in. I loved—and still do—Susan Cooper, Madeleine L’Engle, Robert Heinlein, Rosemary Sutcliff, and Andre Norton, to name just a few. If a book looked interesting, I’d read it, which is still my criteria for picking up one today.
My writing, like my reading, covers a range of genres, and sometimes a book will ‘misbehave’ and not stick to one genre. I’ve written historical (WWI and II so far), fantasy (contemporary, high, and urban), SF (time travel), and contemporary romance. There’s a touch of mystery detective through several of those too.
Do you like HFN or HEA? And why?
Lou: Either can be satisfying to me, but I do want one or the other if I’m reading romance. I don’t particularly care for endings that are essentially cliffhangers (unless the next book picks up where the last left off in a series), or endings that just leave too much to the reader to decide what happened, in any genre. To me, however, the very worst kind of ending is the one that tidies everything up too neatly, with no room for me to imagine a future for the characters in my own reader mind.
Anne: I don’t mind whether characters get a HFN or HEA, as long as they don’t go through a lot of strife for nothing. In some situations, such as an historical, a HEA isn’t going to happen, but that’s fine. Sometimes, the story is a slice of someone’s life, and like real life, I’d prefer not to know what happens in the future. As long as they’re happy now, I’m happy.
Sometimes characters aren’t going to get either, but there needs to be a good reason for that, depending on the story. If there isn’t a good reason though, I get annoyed. I read a series a couple of years ago, and devoured all three tome sized books, only to have the author kill one of the main characters in the second to last chapter of the final book and then have something happen that undid everything the characters had worked for. And yes, I’m still muttering about that one.
Do you read romances, as a teenager and as an adult?
Anne: I didn’t read any romance stories until I was an adult, although some of the stories I read had some romance in them, so I have a lot of catching up to do. I’ve always enjoyed stories that are more character driven and as romance is a part of life, it makes sense that I’d be drawn towards reading the genre. I read across a lot of genres, and my romance reading tends to be more MM rather than MF, although I do enjoy a good MF romance too.
Lou: I didn’t really start reading romances until I was in my twenties, unless you count things like Jane Eyre, which I read as a young teen. In the 1970s, I read authors like Kathleen E. Woodiwiss and Johanna Lindsey—that was the infamous bodice-ripper era. I stopped reading them for a while except Lesbian romance. For the past decade or so, I’ve been reading mostly (but not exclusively) M/M when I read romance.
How do you feel about the ebook format and where do you see it going?
Anne: I read both ebooks and hardcopy, but given the choice I prefer the feel of a hardcopy book. However, if it wasn’t for ebooks, I wouldn’t have been able to read many books that I’ve enjoyed. There are more novellas available now than there used to be, as most of those aren’t in print, and also being in New Zealand, books and postage to here are very expensive, so many books I want to read would be out of my reach in hardcopy.
I think there’s a place for both ebooks and hardcopy for that reason. Each has their pros and cons, and readers who prefer one of the other, so I’m hoping we’ll continue to be able to have the option to read whichever way we want for.
How do you choose your covers? (curious on my part)
Lou: I’ve been lucky enough to work with Dreamspinner Press and Harmony Ink, their YA imprint. More so than some publishers, they allow the author to have a good deal of input about what goes on the cover, but it’s the assigned artist who interprets that. They provide mock-ups to choose from, and also accept suggestions for changes. So I don’t have to just accept a cover as a done deal, but I also don’t have to create one or go shopping for one. When I choose from the mocks and offer possible tweaks, I’m looking to evoke a feeling or atmosphere that gets at the heart of the book. I am more than pleased with the covers I have, and honestly I’m delighted with the cover Anne and I got from Reese Dante for Sunset at Pencarrow.
Do you have a favorite among your own stories? And why?
Lou: I’m going to take the liberty of changing the question slightly. Since Sunset at Pencarrow is my current love, I’m going to choose my favorite among my other books. It’s not easy, but I’d have to choose Because of Jade, the final book in my Vasquez and James series. Through five previous stories, I put those men through hell. They faced unspeakable terrors, they grew as individuals, and they grew in their love for each other. At the end of each book, they had a happy ending, but never quite complete. In BOJ, they are finally mature, and though they face problems and scares, the main focus is the way they grow their love outward, as they adopt a little girl and make a family. I love the men the characters grew into, I love the world they make for themselves in this book, and I love their little girl. More than that, it makes my heart sing a little that I finally got to give them a true happy ever after, which they so richly deserved.
Anne: Choosing a favorite story is like choosing a favorite child, but one of my favorites would have to be my Echoes Rising series. This series has been a part of my life for well over a decade, and when I started writing the first book—Shadowboxing—it was the first time I knew that what I was working on was a novel. It actually turned out to be three novels, but these books and their characters will always have a soft spot in my heart.
What’s next for you as an author?
Anne: Comes a Horseman, which is the 3rd and final book of my WWII Echoes Rising series releases from DSP Publications on 1st August. After that, One Word, which is book 3 of my contemporary fantasy series Hidden Places is being published by Dreamspinner Press in November/December this year. Writing wise, I’m finishing up Prelude to Love which is a contemporary romance set in New Zealand. After that I’m heading into another co-written book with Lou called The Harp and the Sea, which is a historical set in 17th century Scotland with a touch of magic realism. While she’s working on her side of that, I’ll be writing A Sword to Rule, the 2nd and final book of my fantasy series Dragons of Austria.
Lou: I’m re-working the first two books and writing the third in a series that spun off from Vasquez and James, and making some decisions about the series future. Anne and I have a novel in progress (the Scottish historical/fantasy mentioned above), and I’ve got a couple of novellas in the early stages. So, I’m busy, and hopefully will have more specific news soon. Thanks for asking!
Lou and Anne: Thank you again, readers. We’d love to hear your thoughts, so leave a comment (and get another giveaway entry in the process). We also hope to see you along the way throughout the tour.
for the complete schedule and links!
Kiwi Nathaniel Dunn is in a fighting mood, but how does a man fight Wellington’s famous fog? In the last year, Nate’s lost his longtime lover to boredom and his ten-year job to the economy. Now he’s found a golden opportunity for employment where he can even use his artistic talent, but to get the job, he has to get to Christchurch today. Heavy fog means no flight, and the ticket agent is ignoring him to fawn over a beautiful but annoying, overly polite American man.
Rusty Beaumont can deal with a canceled flight, but the pushy Kiwi at the ticket counter is making it difficult for him to stay cool. The guy rubs him all the wrong ways despite his sexy working-man look, which Rusty notices even though he’s not looking for a man to replace the fiancé who died two years ago. Yet when they’re forced to share a table at the crowded airport café, Nate reveals the kind heart behind his grumpy façade. An earthquake, sex in the bush, and visits from Nate’s belligerent ex turn a day of sightseeing into a slippery slope that just might land them in love.
World of Love: Stories of romance that span every corner of the globe.
Words: 48,703
Formats: epub, mobi, pdf
ASIN: B071LHK72M
Anne Barwell
Anne Barwell lives in Wellington, New Zealand. She works in a library, is an avid reader and watcher across genres, and is constantly on the lookout for more hours in her day. Music often plays a part in her stories, and although she denies being a romantic at heart, the men in her books definitely are. Anne has written in several genres—contemporary, fantasy, historical, and SF— and believes in making her characters work for their happy endings.
Lou Sylvre loves romance with all its ups and downs, and likes to conjure it into books. The romantics on her pages are men who fall hard for each other, end up deeply in love, and often save each other from unspeakable danger. It’s all pretty crazy and very sexy. Among other things, Lou is the creator of the popular Vasquez and James series, which can be found at Dreamspinner Press, Amazon, and many other online vendors.
Website: http://annebarwell.wordpress.com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/anne.barwell.1
Twitter: https://twitter.com/annebarwell
Email: darthanne@gmail.com
Lou:
Website: http://www.sylvre.rainbow-gate.com
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/AuthorLouSylvre/
Twitter: http://twitter.com/sylvre
Email: lou.sylvre@gmail.com
Lou and Anne’s shared Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/sylvrebarwellhoffmann/
Rafflecopter script and links:
http://www.rafflecopter.com/rafl/display/4059d62414/?
This entry was posted in Book Giveaways, Book Reviews, Book Tours and Contests, Books, Contemporary fiction, Dreamspinner Press, eBooks, LGBTQ Book Reviews, M/M Book Reviews, M/M Contemporary Fiction, M/M Fiction, M/M Romance, Uncategorized and tagged @annebarwell, @dreamspinners, @sylvre, A Dreamspinner Press Author Guest Tour, A Dreamspinner Press World of Love Story, authors Lou Sylvre and Anne Barwell, Sunset at Pencarrow (World of Love) by Lou Sylvre and Anne Barwell.
A MelanieM Release Day Review: Sunset at Pencarrow (World of Love) by Lou Sylvre and Anne Barwell
Rating: 3.75 stars out of 5
So many things about this book pulled me to it from the authors and that gorgeous cover to that idea of people meeting in an airport and making a special connection. Yes, I know….but overdone or not, the idea is magic and possible. Here the location, takes it that next step further. The story is located in Wellington, New Zealand so the authors take advantage of the many incredible sights including the Orongorongos during a camping sequence and the coast. We even get a small taste of an earthquake. But mostly we get two men making a personal exploration of each other, physically, mentally and emotionally.
And something like that can be wearing at times. Mind you this is a quick trip for one and a unfortunate delay for the other. And Nate comes off pretty awful at times in this story, argumentative and irritating. Sometimes Rusty is right behind him. Each time they work through their various issues, which is nicely adult of them no matter they are strangers strongly attracted to one another. Both Lou Sylvre and Anne Barwell write great characters and I see that both in Rusty and Nate. One man is still grieving the loss of his husband, the other trying to recover from a bad relationship; not the best foundation when meeting someone you find hugely attractive with a limited timeframe. So there is a lot of talking, stress, working things through internally and out. The story is told from both points of view and third person, necessary to get everything in the authors are trying to accomplish. However, when you are trying to do that in only 129 pages you might not be giving yourself (and the men) the time needed to let the reader in and really get to know these men and take them to heart. One aspect I adored? The fact that the men acknowledged they felt “something” more, maybe not love exactly, but something strong enough that they wanted to explore it further. I liked that realism and appreciated it. That was another factor that elevated this story for me.
I have to admit one of my favorite things about this story was the ending before the epilogue. It takes place in the airport. It has the right last minute romantic touch I just love in a story. Perfectly done! The Epilogue was even better. Still I wished for more length, more time spent with both men to get to know a bit more about them, their histories and maybe a little less of Nate “going off”. But this is a lovely romance, sweet and heartwarming with a great location. I definitely recommend Sunset at Pencarrow (World of Love) by Lou Sylvre and Anne Barwell.
Cover Artist: Reese Dante. What a gorgeous cover. Caught my eye and kept it there, romantic and pertinent to the story.
Sales Links: Dreamspinner Press | Amazon
ebook, 129 pages
Expected publication: June 7th 2017 by Dreamspinner Press
Series World of Love setting New Zealand
This entry was posted in Book Reviews, Books, Contemporary fiction, Dreamspinner Press, eBooks, LGBTQ Book Reviews, M/M Book Reviews, M/M Contemporary Fiction, M/M Fiction, M/M Romance, Uncategorized and tagged A Dreamspinner Press A World of Love Story, A MelanieM Recommended Story, A MelanieM Release Day Review: Sunset at Pencarrow (World of Love) by Lou Sylvre and Anne Barwell, authors Lou Sylvre and Anne Barwell, Sunset at Pencarrow (World of Love) by Lou Sylvre and Anne Barwell.
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CU Scholar
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Graduate Thesis Or Dissertation
A Process of Definition : Studies of teacher professional identity development in communities of practice at a KIPP school Public Deposited
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Citeable URL: https://scholar.colorado.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/5x21tf60n
Teacher professional identity plays a key role in teacher effectiveness and retention and has a direct impact on classroom practice. While there are many factors that contribute to the development of that identity, much of the focus in the literature has been on the individual. Social practice and interaction, however, play equally important roles in a teacher’s identity formation and growth. The purpose of this study is to more deeply explore the intersection of the individual teacher’s experiences and history and the individual’s participation in communities of practice in that identity development and the impact of that overlap in her understanding of her role as a teacher. Grounded in research on communities of practice and drawing on the theory of habitus, this study took place in a specific context - a Knowledge is Power Program (KIPP) school - and included three case studies of teachers there. It focused on the early influences and histories of the individuals, their professional experiences, and their participation in communities of practice while at the KIPP school. Research data were collected through individual interviews, classroom and professional development and meeting observations and artifact collection. The subjects’ learning trajectories provided insight into the ways in which habitus and personal history merge with professional interaction and development to form an understanding of their roles as educators.
Rose, Tanya Renee
Liston, Dan
Jurow, Susan
Whitcomb, Jennie
Kirshner, Ben
teacher identity
English [eng]
aProcessOfDefinitionStudiesOfTeacherProfessionalIdentit.pdf 11/14/2019 Public
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Shipyard Brewing Adds Locally Produced Malt to its Original Flagship Beer
(Portland, Maine) – Nearly 25 years after creating it, Shipyard Brewing is making a homegrown adjustment to its very first beer. Shipyard’s Export Ale is now brewed with an addition of locally grown malted barley from Maine Malt House.
“Export is a beer that stands for Maine and our state’s nautical heritage,” says Bruce Forsley, Shipyard’s vice president of sales & marketing. “The beer’s fans are largely New Englanders who love the beer’s malt-forward balance, subtle dryness and supreme drinkability. We think these beer lovers will appreciate the locally grown malt in the beer, and using it allows us to boost our longstanding efforts to support Maine farmers and New England entrepreneurs.”
Maine Malt House is the malting arm of the third-generation, family run Buck Farms in Mapleton, Maine. The company grows its Mapleton Pale two-row barley on a quarter of its 1,000 acres and malts the barley by hand in floor-malt fashion.
“We’re excited to be working with a larger and well-established brewery like Shipyard,” says Jacob Buck, Maine Malt House co-founder. “It gives us a great deal of legitimacy and credibility and will prove to be very beneficial for our business.”
Shipyard has used the company’s malts for small-batch beers in the past. “We‘ve been wanting to use Jacob’s malts in one of our packaged beers,” says Shipyard founder Fred Forsley. “But we weren’t sure if he could provide us with enough malt to do that.”
Buck says Maine Malt House is in the midst of an expansion that allows his family’s company to seize the opportunity with Shipyard. “We are working to increase our capacity by 500%,” Buck says, “and this arrangement allows us to quickly put that effort to use.”
This year Shipyard expects to buy about 30,000 pounds of the company’s malt. About 25 other local breweries use the malt in their beers.
Such locally produced beer ingredients are an asset to Shipyard and its craft beer peers. “Logistically, Maine brewers are handicapped,” Fred Forsley says. “We’re at the end of the road here and things have to come a long way to get to us. We support companies like Maine Malt House because the more things brewers can get locally, the more efficient we can all be. That support also helps to create more local companies and jobs.”
Export Ale was the first beer produced at Federal Jack’s Restaurant & Brew Pub, which opened in Kennebunk, Maine in June of 1992. The brew pub was founded by Fred Forsley and brewer Alan Pugsley, the pair opened Shipyard Brewing in Portland, Maine in 1994 with Export as that brewery’s flagship.
“We’re very proud of Export,” Fred Forsley says. “It was a rule-breaking beer when we launched it. Now its place in craft beer has changed from an assertive trailblazer to a sessionable go-to beer with character and flavor. By adding this local malt to the beer we’re giving Export a nice update and adding a new chapter to its history.”
Shipyard Brewing Company is a family owned independent brewery rooted in tradition and brimming with innovation. Established in 1994, Shipyard is located on the historic waterfront in Portland, Maine and served as an economic and cultural catalyst for the rebirth of its neighborhood and the development of New England craft brewing.
The brewery produced 116,000 barrels of beer in 2016. The brewery produces over 25 varieties of packaged beer and has allied brewpubs, breweries and taprooms in New England and Florida. Learn more at www.shipyard.com .
For further information and interviews with Fred and Bruce Forsley contact Marty Jones at marty@martyjones.com
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RIPE FOR REINVENTION
A visit with the tomato sellers at Accra’s traditional market points the way toward Ghana’s future.
Located approximately 620 kilometers north of Accra, at the crossing of three ancient trade routes, Tamale is Ghana’s fastest-growing city. The sight and sound of motorbikes wading through green and yellow auto-rickshaws on well-paved roads define the city. The population is visibly youthful. The weather—a feature of the savannah—is assertively hot and dry in the absence of rain. The third most populous city in Ghana, Tamale is led in numbers by Accra, followed by Kumasi. For its residents, Tamale’s transition from big town to the city has come with new banks, more houses that expand the boundaries of habitation, supermarkets, and hotels. For sports lovers, the benign majesty of Tamale’s football stadium, built 10 years ago, remains a source of pride. The frequency of domestic flights to the city’s airport these days provides more than a hint of Tamale’s importance in the national economy: Not long ago, flights were limited to a few a week. Today, you have a daily option of four flights from a single airline. There are plans to upgrade the airport from domestic to international.
Some things, however, remain the same in Tamale. The Aboabo market is one example, like a scene from a historical movie. Its glory lies in its alleys and its nonexistent direction signs. Here, neither Google maps nor the Internet can give any clues on where you can find what. You get what you need by keeping your eyes open and talking to people. I travelled here in July 2018 to find out more about the tomatoes sold on this market, to trace their source and understand their contribution to the economy of Tamale.
Click here to see the full essay in GOALKEEPERS.
Karim2019-12-04T21:54:49+00:00
About the Author: Karim
Copyright 2019 Selase Kove-Seyram | All Rights Reserved
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You are here: Home › U.S. Cities › FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla.
Archive | FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla.
FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. News
Florida RV Rental Dealer Announces Hot New Locations
By Send2Press Newswire on July 25, 2013 in Business, Florida, FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla., Press Releases, Transportation, Travel and Tourism
FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla., July 25, 2013 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) — Florida-based RV rental dealer – Allstar Coaches – announced this week two new RV rental location openings in Fort Lauderdale, Fla. and Orange County, Calif.
VLP Strengthens Trademark Practice with Addition of Scott Austin
By Send2Press Newswire on March 18, 2013 in Business, Florida, FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla., Legal and Law, Management Changes, Press Releases
FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) — VLP Law Group LLP is very pleased to announce that trademark attorney Scott R. Austin, Board Certified by the Florida Bar in Intellectual Property Law, has joined the firm from Gordon and Rees LLP.
South Florida Smile Spa Grand Opening Offers a Pleasant and Professional Dental Experience for the Entire Family
By Send2Press Newswire on December 6, 2012 in Business, Dentistry, Florida, FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla., Medical, Press Releases
FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) — South Florida Smile Spa commenced its 2012 Grand Opening by launching a new dental office for families in the Fort Lauderdale and Pompano Beach neighborhood, which offers general and cosmetic dentistry, sedation, one hour whitening, oral surgery and root canal treatment; all procedures are done on the premises.
Allstar Coaches: Luxury RV Rentals Serve Multiple Markets
By Send2Press Newswire on November 1, 2012 in Florida, FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla., Hospitality, Press Releases, Transportation, Travel and Tourism
FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) — Luxury RV rentals are not just for special occasions. Staff at Allstar Coaches will tell you that it gets creative and practical client requests as well.
RV Rental Outfit Standing By to Provide Gulf Coast Storm Relief
By Send2Press Newswire on August 29, 2012 in Business, Florida, FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla., Global Aid and Disaster Relief, Press Releases, Transportation
FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) — Allstar Coaches, the national RV rental dealer based in Florida, has announced today that it stands ready to assist in the wake of Hurricane Isaac. Allstar provided more than 30 RV rentals to government agencies, the Red Cross and various utility and insurance companies following Hurricane Katrina. ‘As a […]
Second Street Capital, Inc. Joins Forces with NeoPod Systems, LLC to Bring Quality Affordable Housing to the Market
By Send2Press Newswire on August 7, 2012 in Construction, Florida, FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla., Funding and Investment, Manufacturing, Press Releases, Videos
FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) — Second Street Capital, Inc., has joined forces with NeoPod Systems, LLC to provide builders with tools to help them bring quality affordable housing to the market in order to answer the housing needs of communities across the U.S. as well as many areas throughout the world. In order to […]
Allstar Coaches Redefines Luxury RV Travel
By Send2Press Newswire on July 17, 2012 in Florida, FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla., Hospitality, Press Releases, Transportation, Travel and Tourism
FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) — Traveling in a luxury RV rental just got even better. Allstar Coaches is paving the way and setting new standards in the luxury motorhome rental market. RV rentals continue to grow in popularity. The Recreational Vehicle Industry Association (RVIA) attributes this growth to flexibility and convenience, comfort, family appeal, […]
Epic Airfares Help Drive RV Rental Business to Record Levels
By Send2Press Newswire on May 31, 2012 in Automotive, Florida, FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla., Press Releases, Transportation, Travel and Tourism
FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) — According to Allstar Coaches, the RV rental industry is poised to have its best year ever; thanks in part to the highest airfares seen in more than three decades. The airline industry’s seemingly relentless commitment to create innovative new ways to bilk consumers is finally driving them away.
Brand On the Run – RV Rentals Taking Corporate America On Tour
By Send2Press Newswire on April 16, 2012 in Advertising and Marketing, Automotive, Florida, FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla., Press Releases, Transportation
FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla., April 16, 2012 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) — It’s no secret that marketing directors are on a perpetual quest for the next best thing, now they’re discovering that the perfect vehicle to ‘drive their brand’ may be a custom wrapped motorhome rental. Branded RV rentals have emerged as a cutting edge marketing tool and […]
LDV Capital Management Hosts General Electric, Hecla Mining and Atlas Pipeline Partners
By Send2Press Newswire on March 12, 2012 in Banking and Finance, Business, Florida, FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla., Press Releases, Public Companies
FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla., March 12, 2012 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) — LDV Capital Management commenced its 2012 Spring Break for Wall Street Dinner and Luncheon Series last month by hosting corporate presentations for General Electric Company (NYSE:GE), Hecla Mining Company, and Atlas Pipeline Partners, L.P.
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flock Sentence Examples
The men hurried down and soon saw that the flock was a large one.
All four, like a flock of scared birds, got up and left the room.
It was as if he'd tossed out a sacrificial lamb to a flock of vultures.
8), and the true fearers of God a little flock gathered together in private exercises of religion (perhaps the germ of the later synagogue) in the midst of a godless nation (iii.
They were unanimous in adopting the idea of a church in which all the members were priests under the Lord Jesus, the One High Priest and Ruler; the officers of which were not mediators between men and God, but preachers of One Mediator, Christ Jesus; not lords over God's heritage, but ensamples to the flock and ministers to render service.
15), goes forth from Bethlehem to feed the flock in the strength of Yahweh.
So in Triumph of Life, 265, "Whom from the flock of conquerors I Fame singled out for her thunderbearing minion," out seems to be due to the compositor.
Included in Kingsbridge is the little town of Dodbrooke, which at the time of the Domesday Survey had a population of 42, and a flock of 108 sheep and 27 goats; and in 1257 was granted a Wednesday market and a fair at the Feast of St Mary Magdalene.
Sometimes he would take care of the whole flock while the shepherd was resting or eating his dinner.
The process of absorption goes on as follows: The inhabitants of the country immediately surrounding a town of rapid growth flock into it; the gaps thus left in the rural population are filled up by migrants from more remote districts, until the attractive force of one of the rapidly-growing cities makes its influence felt, step by step, to the most remote corner of the land.
For example, on the surface of a shibuichi box-lid we see the backs of a flock of geese chiselled in silver, and when the lid is opened, their breasts and the under-sides of their pinions appear.
His work and influence were not confined to his own immediate flock, but radiated by means of his homilies and treatises, and through the disciples he despatched as missionaries, among all the Gothic tribes beyond the Danube.
Her bed looked as if a flock of geese had combusted over it, and she counted at least ten dead pillows.
For Amos cannot have been quite alone either in Israel or in Judah; there must have been a little flock of those who felt with Amos that there was small reason indeed to "desire the day of Yahweh" (v.
But his example and his zeal profoundly influenced for good the Irish poor forming the majority of his flock; and the "League of the Cross" which he founded, and which held annual demonstrations at the Crystal Palace, numbered nearly 30,000 members in London alone in 1874.
In the Deuteronomist the Passover sacrifice can be from either flock or herd, whereas in the Holiness Code only lamb is mentioned, and in the Priestly Code either kid or lamb.
Reflection had further shown them that to hamper their fleets by imposing the direct protection of a great flock of merchant ships on them was not even an effectual way to protect commerce.
One dark night James Hogg was on the hilltop with a flock of seven hundred lambs.
Near the top of a hill he saw a little shepherd boy who was lying on the ground while a flock of sheep and lambs were grazing around him.
As the name for a keeper of a herd or flock of domestic animals, the herdsman, it is usually qualified to denote the kind of animal under his protection, as swine-herd, shepherd, &c., but in Ireland, Scotland and the north of England, "herd" alone is commonly used.
prophecies, sometimes directed to the faithful flock or to the princes,.
Its ready response to the king's heavy demands for the purpose of the national defence points to the existence of a healthy and self-sacrificing public spirit, and the eagerness with which the youth of all classes now began to flock to the foreign universities is another satisfactory feature of the age.
In another a flock of vultures is feeding on the bodies of the fallen enemy; in a third a tumulus is being heaped up over those who had been slain on the side of Lagash.
Take heed to all the flock over which the Holy Ghost bath made you bishops."
Honiton (Honetona, Huneton) is situated on the British Icknield Street, and was probably the site of an early settlement, but it does not appear in history before the Domesday Survey, when it was a considerable manor, held by Drew (Drogo) under the count of Mortain, who had succeeded Elmer the Saxon, with a subject population of 33, a flock of 80 sheep, a mill and 2 salt-workers.
He is succeeded by a foolish shepherd, who neglects his flock and lets it go to ruin.
Mos, people), the great body of " faithful people" which, in nearly every various conception of the Christian Church, stands in relation to the clergy as a flock of sheep to its pastor.
Accordingly a selection of particular plants to breed from, because they possess certain desirable characteristics, is as rational as the selection of particular animals for breeding purposes in order to maintain the character of a herd of cattle or of a flock of sheep.
They counted them and were surprised to find that not one lamb of the great flock of seven hundred was missing.
The shepherds (rulers) of the nation make their flock an article of trade and treat the sheep as sheep for the shambles.
When that door was opened and the prisoners, crowding against one another like a flock of sheep, squeezed into the exit, Pierre pushed his way forward and approached that very captain who as the corporal had assured him was ready to do anything for him.
"He relieved the poor wheresoever he came, so that flies flock not thicker to spilt honey than beggars constantly crowd about him" (Fuller).
"Stop those wretches!" gasped Kutuzov to the regimental commander, pointing to the flying soldiers; but at that instant, as if to punish him for those words, bullets flew hissing across the regiment and across Kutuzov's suite like a flock of little birds.
In the case of centripetal migrations people flock to some particula place where exceptionally favourable conditions have been found to exist.
The sacrifice of the Passover of the flock and the herd shall be done in the place where God shall cause His name to dwell.
In such transparent and seemingly bottomless water, reflecting the clouds, I seemed to be floating through the air as in a balloon, and their swimming impressed me as a kind of flight or hovering, as if they were a compact flock of birds passing just beneath my level on the right or left, their fins, like sails, set all around them.
Down Sheep Breeders' Association, the Shropshire Sheep Breeders' Association and Flock Book Society, the Southdown Sheep Society, the Suffolk Sheep Society, the Border Leicester Sheep Breeders' Society, the Wensleydale Longwool Sheep Breeders' Association and Flock Book Society, the Incorporated Wensleydale Blue-faced Sheep Breeders' Association and Flock Book Society, the Kent Sheep Breeders' Association, the Devon Longwool Sheep Breeders' Society, the Dorset Horn Sheep Breeders' Association, the Cheviot Sheep Society and the Roscommon Sheep Breeders' Association.
"I can say in the presence of God, in comparison of whom we are but like poor creeping ants upon the earth, I would have lived under my woodside to have kept a flock of sheep rather than undertook such a government as this."
Sheep-farming and cattle-raising are carried on very generally, and, with the fisheries, provide the main occupation of the inhabitants, though they profit not a little from the tourists who flock to many of the islands throughout the summer.
A little flock of these titmice came daily to pick a dinner out of my woodpile, or the crumbs at my door, with faint flitting lisping notes, like the tinkling of icicles in the grass, or else with sprightly day day day, or more rarely, in spring-like days, a wiry summery phe-be from the woodside.
Thus since it has become the fashion for Chinese students to flock to the schools and colleges of Japan, there adopting, as do their Japanese fellow-students, Occidental garments and methods of hairdressing, the distinction of nationality ceases to be perceptible.
22 Jacob vows of his own free will to pay tithes, just as the Arabs used to vow the tithe of the increase of the flock (schol.
It is from the particular application of the word to sheep that "flock" is used of the Christian Church in its relation to the "Good Shepherd," and also of a congregation of worshippers in its relation to its spiritual head.
The word "flocculent" is used of many substances which have a fleecy or "flock"-like appearance, such as a precipitate of ferric hydrate.
The latter, about the time of Elizabeth's succession, expressed his hope that the bishops would become pastors, labourers and watchmen; and that the great riches of bishoprics would be diminished and reduced to mediocrity; that, being delivered from courtly and regal pomp, the bishops might take care of the flock of Christ.
According to an alternative explanation, the heavenly Ram, placed as leader in front of the flock of the stars, merely embodied a spontaneous figure of the popular imagination.
From Meroe to Memphis the commonest subject carved or painted in the interiors of the temples is that of some contemporary Phrah or Pharaoh worshipping the presiding deity with oblations of gold and silver vessels, rich vestments, gems, the firstlings of the flock and herd, cakes, fruits, flowers, wine, anointing oil and incense.
The town still forms a great centre of Hindu devotion, and large numbers of pilgrims flock annually to the festivals.
He destroys " the three shepherds " in one month, but is soon weary of his flock and the flock of him.
Not only did pupils flock to Tosa from many quarters, attracted alike by the novelty of Itagaki's doctrines, by his eloquence and by his transparent sincerity, but also similar schools sprang up among the former vassals of other fiefs, who saw themselves excluded from the government.
2: "Only let the flock of Christ keep peace with its duly-appointed presbyters"(T -V K - to-ra/.Lvicey nü 1rpEQavTEpWv).
the hope of new deposits of unheard-of richness thousands would flock on unfounded rumours to new and perhaps distant localities, where many might perish from disease and starvation, the rest returning in poverty and rags.
of teaching, administering the sacraments, visiting the flock pastorally, and taking oversight, with his fellow elders, of all the interests of the church.
Robertson Smith, on the other hand, a new era was reached, in which the recently recognized existence of Totemism was made the basis of an attempt to give a 1 Scipione de Ricci, bishop of Pistoia from 1780 to 1791, on the ex-Jesuits requesting him to consecrate a bell dedicated to this object, issued a pastoral letter (3rd June 1784) in which he pointed out that the spirit of true religion was "far removed from fetichism," and warned his flock against "cardiolatry."
ca`rdhas, which shows the pre-Teutonic form, means a troop), a number of animals of one kind driven or fed together, usually applied to cattle as "flock" is to sheep, but used also of whales, porpoises, &c., and of birds, as swans, cranes and curlews.
It publishes an annual Flock Book, the first volume of which appeared in 1890.
There were 9149 flocks in 1886; in 1906 the number had risen to 18,500 - average size of each flock about 1050.
In later times the measure of authority conceded to a pastor as the shepherd of a flock has been much diminished in consequence of the gradual development of democratic feeling in both minister and congregation.
The list of grievances presented by Wesley's enemies to the Grand Jury at Savannah gives abundant evidence of his unwearying labours for his flock.
Wesley saw that here was the very means he needed to watch over his flock.
seemed about to consent, when a cowardly monk, one Malatesta Sacramoro, cried out that the shepherd should lay down his life for his flock.
in 1910), to which thousands of visitors flock.
It is to them rather than to the sylvan scenes of the Ardennes that travellers and tourists flock.
In the western country numerous posts were founded, wherein fur-trader and missionary were often at variance, the trader finding brandy his best medium of exchange, while the missionary tried in vain to stay its ravages among his flock.
According to Blyth, it is a favourite amusement among the natives to let loose a couple of tame caracals among a flock of pigeons feeding on the ground, when each will strike down a number of birds before the flock can escape.
Visitors continued to flock to him, and his correspondence, as always, took a wide range.
In 1852 he produced "Girls Sewing," "Man Spreading Manure"; 1853, "The Reapers"; 1854, "Church at Greville"; 1855 - the year of the International Exhibition, at which he received a medal of second class - "Peasant Grafting a Tree"; 1857, "The Gleaners"; 1859, "The Angelus," "The Woodcutter and Death"; 1860, "Sheep Shearing"; 1861, "Woman Shearing Sheep," "Woman Feeding Child"; 1862, "Potato Planters," "Winter and the Crows"; 1863, "Man with Hoe," "Woman Carding"; 1864, "Shepherds and Flock, Peasants Bringing Home a Calf Born in the Fields"; 1869, "Knitting Lesson"; 1870, "Buttermaking"; 1871, "November - recollection of Gruchy."
1555) writes to his friend Bullinger in 1549, that he reads "a public lecture twice in the day to so numerous an audience that the church cannot contain them," and adds, "the Anabaptists flock to the place and give me much trouble."
"Suppose," he continues, "that in a country infested by wolves, you have a flock of sheep, keeping the wolves off during the lambing season will not afford much protection if you withdraw shepherd and dogs during the rest of the year."
Pilgrims from all parts of the East flock to Jerusalem to obtain the " new fire " on Easter Eve at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
It is my purpose also to give the names and number and times of those who through love of innovation have run into the greatest errors, and proclaiming themselves discoverers of knowledge, falsely so called, have like fierce wolves unmercifully devastated the flock of Christ.
of silence, and the two speakers would be on common ground when the native indicated by the name bwirri his cudgel, flung whirring through the air at a flock of birds, or when the native described as a jakkal-yakkal the bird called by the foreigner a cockatoo.
Grieved at the ignorance and superstition which the remissness of the clergy permitted to flourish in the neighbouring parishes, he used every year to visit the most neglected parts of Northumberland, Yorkshire, Cheshire, Westmorland and Cumberland; and that his own flock might not suffer, he was at the expense of a constant assistant.
He gave religious instruction to his fellow-captives, and formed from among them a little flock, of which he was himself the pastor.
His unconventional preaching shocked the more staid members of the flock, but filled the church to overflowing with people unaccustomed to churchgoing.
generally referred to AuKOS ("wolf") and explained as he who keeps away the wolves from the flock (cf.
In the same year Robert and William Wright, of Nocton Heath, Lincoln, sold their flock of 95 o animals to Senor Manuel Cobo, Buenos Aires, for -C30,000.
- A Shropshire flock of about two hundred breeding ewes is here taken as a typical example of the numerous systems of managing sheep on a mixed farm of grazing and arable land.
Swedes gradually give place to mangolds, rye and clover before the end of April, when shearing of the ewe flock begins, to be finished early in May.
In August the ewes are culled and the flock made up to its full numbers by selected shearling ewes.
Coleman, Sheep of Great Britain (1907), and the Flock Books of the various breed societies.
Eusebius accepted the small bishopric of Emesa (the modern Horns) in Phoenicia, but his powers as mathematician and astronomer led his flock to accuse him of practising sorcery, and he had to flee to Laodicea.
Finally, after a further interval of ten days, he entered once more with his law agent, three witnesses and eight horses, drove up to the debtor's house, repeated his demand, and if not satisfied drove a herd of cattle or a flock of sheep in upon the farm and left men to care for them.
The similar word for an enclosure or pen for animals, especially for sheep, and hence applied in a spiritual sense to a community of worshippers, or to the whole body of Christians regarded as Christ's flock, must be distinguished.
He was credited with having shown moderation at Milan, but it is certain that he came into sharp collision with the archbishop, Saint Charles Borromeo, who took up the cause of his flock.
The Welsh joined him in great numbers, not forgetting that by his Tudor descent he was their own kinsman, and when he reached Shrewsbury English adherents also began to flock in to his banner, for the whole country was seething with discontent, and Battle of Bosworth.
They were also required to watch over the souls of the flock and report to the bishop the cases of those who had sinned or were in need of spiritual help. "You deacons," says the Apostolical Constitutions (4th century), "ought to keep watch over all who need watching or are in distress, and let the bishop know."
Both settlements were originally intended for the residence of foreign merchants only, but as the advantages of living under foreign protection became evident by reason of the security it gave from arbitrary taxation and arrest, Chinese began to flock in.
25 1916 he took ship with his leading partizans for Crete, whence he sent out his proclamation to the Greek people, calling upon all true patriots to disavow Constantine and his fatal policy and to flock to the standard of the Entente.
A proclamation for banishing Romish priests issued in 1605, and was followed by an active and general persecution, which was so far from succeeding that they continued to flock in from abroad, the lord-deputy Arthur Chichester admitting that every house and hamlet was to them a sanctuary.
Sometimes the missionary, on the other hand, is anxious to demonstrate that the myths of his heathen flock are a corrupted version of the Biblical narrative.
Lafitau tells the same story as current among his Red Indian flock, except that the old witch and her son took the form of birds, not of hares.
12 sqq.), while Jacob seems to settle at Shechem (xxxiv.), and there or at Dothan, a few miles north, his sons pasture their father's flock (xxxvii.
Thus Rome allowed the wolves to mingle with the dogs in watching over the flock, just at a time when the civil wars of the 4th century had denuded the Rhenish frontier of troops, whose numbers had already been diminished by Constantine.
Each flock consists of about 10,000 sheep, under the command of a mayoral, and is divided into sections containing about 1000 each, each section tinder the charge of an overseer (capataz), who is assisted by a number of shepherds (pastores) attended by dogs.
80) they dwelt in the farthest north, where the nights were so short that the shepherd who was driving out his flock met another driving it in.
In 15 4 8 he founded the celebrated confraternity of the Santissima Trinita de' Pellegrini e de' Convalescente, whose primary object is to minister to the needs of the thousands of poor pilgrims who flock to Rome, especially in years of jubilee, and also to relieve the patients discharged from hospitals, but still too weak for labour.
The Sumerians and Accadians, the non-Semitic inhabitants of the Euphrates valley prior to the Babylonians, described the stars collectively as a " heavenly flock "; the sun was the " old sheep "; the seven planets were the " old-sheep stars "; the whole of the stars had certain " shepherds, " and Sibzianna (which, according to Sayce and Bosanquet, is the modern Arcturus, the brightest star in the northern sky) was the " star of the shepherds of the heavenly herds."
These Sigurd forged into a new sword, so hard that with it he could cleave the anvil and so sharp that it would sever a flock of wool floating against it down stream; and, so armed, he sought and slew the dragon.
In 1704 he found, while visiting a member of his flock, a book which had been brought into Scotland by a commonwealth soldier.
Dorohoi is a market for the timber and farm produce of the north Moldavian highlands; merchants from the neighbouring states flock to its great fair, held on the 12th of June.
In 1821, it is true, all the bishops and many of their flock were put to death by way of discouraging sympathies with the Greeks; but successors were soon consecrated, by bishops sent from *Antioch at the request of the patriarch of Constantinople, and on the whole the Church has prospered.
Heidi, the rest of your flock has been in bed for a half-hour.
You could release a flock of startled geese into the cinema auditorium entirely unnoticed.
There were also numerous White and Brown Pelicans and a flock of 200+ American avocets plus many gulls and terns.
Get a whole flock and you'll go batty in no time.
bling up your latest car, wear expensive clothes and women will flock to you.
broiler flock at a cost of £ 8 per sample (flock ).
more BSE and sheep BSE has never been found in the UK sheep flock.
On the evening of the 13th we had a flock of 31 little bustards.
canopy flock held another endemic, Rufous-cheeked Tanager, whilst the restricted-range Fulvous-headed Tanager foraged in the outer leaves of a roadside tree.
A flock of 100+ choughs and Alpine choughs was something I hadn't appreciated last time.
Just past an army camp we had a flock of 26 Cream-coloured coursers on a field with very short grass.
In the pines we had a small flock of 5 common crossbills.
Next we found a small flock of red crossbills but they remained too mobile for good views.
stock dove: Only sighting was a flock of 8 during an evening walk on St Mary's on 12th.
Near the gulls, roosted a group of Comb Ducks and behind them a flock of Garganey included some smart drakes.
A flock of about 40 of these birds was headed by two Tufted ducks.
ewe flock.
The Woodlands Flock was started in 2004 with the purchase of 8 pedigree shearling ewes from Mr Frank Martin's Humby Flock.
bird fanciers flock to this island to view the bird sanctuaries on the dramatic cliffs at North and South Stack.
In the summer my hefted flock of sheep grazes the common land of the Black mountain.
Not, of course, like a modern school teacher, but as the shepherd who leads and feeds the flock.
In mixed flock with 197, 232, 233, 240, 244 & 245.
The Olive Tanagers stayed around and I could always hear this noisy flock.
Just before the camp we came upon a sizeable flock of Helmeted Guineafowl.
Long periods of time may pass before a mixed-species feeding flock appears or some shy and skulking individual is detected.
At least 1 Velvet scoter remained with the Common Scoter flock off the Bill.
March ewe flock starts lambing: The March lambing flock begins lambing this month.
They were difficult to see, only one small feeding flock found which stayed in very close canopy cover.
Livestock The station has a sheep flock of some 1600 breeding sheep.
Agricultural scientist, owner of a small pedigree sheep flock.
flock of sheep being brought to a river inlet to drink.
flock of geese!
flock of ewes nearby, found seven dead.
A flock of Scarlet Macaws was screaming by overhead while we working some nasty little flycatcher.
foraged with a large mixed flock along the Manu road below CORL.
goes unnoticed by the flock of young creatives.
gray-headed tanagers skirted the flock and occasionally allowed for good views.
The reserve has its own small flock of sheep for this purpose, but cattle from a local grazier are also used.
grievous wolves will enter in not sparing the flock.
We saw a flock of 24 slender-billed gulls in a pool on the beach next to the platform.
hefted flock of Rough Fell Sheep.
Had excellent views of large hawk cuckoo here and the casuarinas around our bungalow often held a noisy flock of Oriental pied hornbill.
A flock of about a dozen jackdaws foraged around the green mown grass of the Holmbush roundabout, northeast Shoreham.
A Blyth's Pipit was perhaps a somewhat duller side attraction, but a flock of sociable lapwings was most certainly not.
Few other species involved in the movement - just 1 Tree Pipit - but a flock of c100 linnets in the rape field.
Large numbers of Azure-winged magpies fed in the surrounding olive groves, with a flock of at least 70 seen going to roost.
Mail order brides, find them online Russian Mail Order Brides flock to online matchmaking.
melodious sound of a shepherd girl calling her small flock.
older, more experienced merlins will often attack a flock of birds, singling out the young & weak when the flock disperses.
A flock of crows has found something newsworthy in the cornfield across the river.
noisy flock passing through.
pall of darkness grew around him, he slowly lifted his head to see a flock of sheep towering over him.
Then, out of the blue came a flock of very noisy austral parakeets.
pedigree shearling ewes from Mr Frank Martin's Humby Flock.
plat of ground, where there was a very fine flock of turkeys.
In the middle distance a flock of about 1000 Collared pratincoles wheeled in the air only to disappear into the marsh as they landed.
From the 1740s onwards the informal asymmetric style of French rococo was translated into flock.
Preaching, caring for the flock and equipping the saints can be profoundly secular.
We did, however find a small flock of Semi-palmated sandpiper at close range.
savage wolves " who " will not spare the flock " .
Small flocks of herons started to fly into roost soon to be followed by flock after flock of brilliantly colored scarlet Ibis.
Also present was a nice duck flock of 76 common scoters 2 velvet scoters and a lovely male scaup.
scrapie from the national flock.
Well, there are no such scruples in Macau, which is why daytrippers from HK flock here.
serology profile of a broiler breeder flock at 23 and 29 weeks.
shear wool and take little care for your flock.
shearling bought for 2,000gns in Skipton to re-stock the Arkle flock.
shearling gimmers from the Aviemore flock were in the leading prices.
sheep flock.
He has two sheepdogs to help him keep his flock in order.
shepherd smitten, and the flock scattered!
shepherds of the flock were now killing their sheep.
smite is the shepherd smitten, and the flock scattered!
Made of heavy duty PVC with soft flock top (try saying that after a few snifters ).
By 10.00 we were at Hopewell Rocks where we discovered a flock of migrant songbirds.
spare the flock.
Computer simulations in this field provide biological insights, and also have spinoffs such as the realistic flock of bats in Cliffhanger.
starling flock is 10,000, Some flock!
Unless the whole flock health and nutritional status is good, then poor fertility will result.
There; try again, " said Ujarak, pointing to a flock of birds which came sweeping toward them.
tanager flock had Emerald, Bay-headed, Silver-throated and a Tawny-capped Euphonia.
toxoplasmosis in a flock on gross margins.
Today's is " Anglicans pick trailblazer to lead flock " in the same paper.
By the mid 1990s the flock had been built up and was regularly selling 50 tups a year, aimed at the commercial breeder.
vigilance behavior of crested terns during which flock size changes occurred.
Some facts and figures The reserve is nationally important as a refuge for its flock of wintering whooper swans.
Imagine a flock of 200 or so all yelling at the same time.
Any dishonest use of the flock had to be repaid ten-fold, but loss by disease or wild beasts fell on the owner.
If he let the flock feed on a field of corn he had to pay damages four-fold; if he turned them into standing corn when they ought to have been folded he paid twelve-fold.
In Genoa the government was particularly unpopular, for the Genoese resented being handed over to their old enemy Piedmont like a flock of sheep. Nevertheless the king strongly disliked the Austrians, and would willingly have seen them driven from Italy.
Therefore the inhabited world shall fall a sacrifice to the tyranny of its kings, while Israel is delivered to a shepherd who feeds the sheep for those who make a trade of the flock (lri y n ??zs?, xi.
And Yahweh took me from behind the flock; and Yahweh said to me, Go, prophesy against my people Israel."
Under this act a record committee, appointed annually by the pedigree stud, herd and flock book associations of Canada, perform the duties of accepting the entries of pure-bred animals for the respective pedigree registers, and are provided with an office and with stationery and franking privileges by the government.
In Brittany the people flock into the cemeteries at nightfall to kneel bare-headed at the graves of their loved ones, and to fill the hollow of the tombstone with holy water or to pour libations of milk upon it, and at bedtime the supper is left on the table for the soul's refreshment.
2: "Only let the flock of Christ keep peace with its duly-appointed presbyters"(T -V K - to-ra/.Lvicey nü 1rpEQavTEpWv).
When flying, flamingos present a striking and beautiful sight, with legs and neck stretched out straight, looking like white and rosy or scarlet crosses with black arms. Not less fascinating is a flock of these sociable birds when at rest, standing on one or both legs, with their long necks twisted or coiled upon the body in any conceivable position.
The Riksdag ordinance of 1617 first converted a turbulent and haphazard mob of " riksdagmen," huddling together like a flock of sheep " or drunken boors," into a dignified national assembly, meeting and deliberating according to rule and order.
At last James Hogg said, "It's of no use; all we can do is to go home and tell the master that we have lost his whole flock."
One flock of 300+ spotted redshank feeding in deeper water like phalaropes.
The bible talks about " savage wolves " who " will not spare the flock ".
The NSP aim is to reduce and eventually eliminate scrapie from the national flock.
Figure 2 illustrates a typical serology profile of a broiler breeder flock at 23 and 29 weeks.
No, you yourself are the hairdresser, since you only shear wool and take little care for your flock.
Another top scrapie genotype ram, the ram is out of a gimmer shearling bought for 2,000gns in Skipton to re-stock the Arkle flock.
Two more shearling gimmers from the Aviemore flock were in the leading prices.
How is the shepherd smitten, and the flock scattered !
The shepherds of the flock were now killing their sheep.
Made of heavy duty PVC with soft flock top (try saying that after a few snifters).
I know that after I leave, savage wolves will come in among you and will not spare the flock.
The estimated number of birds in the starling flock is 10,000, Some flock !
There; try again, said Ujarak, pointing to a flock of birds which came sweeping toward them.
A tanager flock had Emerald, Bay-headed, Silver-throated and a Tawny-capped Euphonia.
Recently, Stubbings (1996) estimated the effect of toxoplasmosis in a flock on gross margins.
Today 's is " Anglicans pick trailblazer to lead flock " in the same paper.
I studied sequences of individual vigilance behavior of crested terns during which flock size changes occurred.
Egyptian and Spur-winged Geese were fairly numerous, but we only found one flock of White-faced Ducks.
Locals and out-of-state visitors alike flock to the outlet to take advantage of valuable markdowns on designer products.
Shopaholics flock to this mall because they can enjoy everyday savings of up to 65 percent off retail prices, in addition to special sales and promotions such as a winter clearance event and President's Day sale.
Transform your living room with a scene from a forest, or your office with a flock of birds.
Purveyors of the highly unusual will flock to this crystal perfume bottle, perhaps for a reason slightly apart from its beauty.
When celebrities bare their bellies in crop tops, many girls will flock to do the same, but just because a super-short shirt or skirt is available in a junior size doesn't mean a parent has to cave in and buy it.
Gift Certificates to Popular Stores: There are a few stores that the majority if teens seem to flock to.
It's well known for its music, sports, and real estate, and many popular Spanish-speaking celebrities flock there.
Still, fans flock to the Internet for photos and news of the latest celebrity wardrobe fails.
Robert Pattinson is a heartthrob for teen girls, who flock to catch him in each new installment of the Twilight movie series.
Another reason families flock to Alaska is that an increasing number of cruise lines are catering to pint-sized passengers.
Often, when a breed of dog becomes popular in the media, people flock to buy the latest "trend" in dog ownership.
It's no wonder that women of all sizes flock to the Bill Blass line.
The coaster's construction began in July 2006 after a flock of rumors about the newest ride and the park's first major roller coaster since 1999.
Park goers flock to Alton Towers to ride the Oblivion, the first vertical drop coaster in the world, Nemesis, the first inverted coaster in Europe, and much more.
Millions of adrenaline junkies flock to the Hershey, Pennsylvania, theme park during its regular season, which runs from May through September.
Though many people flock to England to see famous landmarks like Big Ben and Buckingham Palace, the country is also dotted with theme parks sure to please any enthusiast.
Thrill seekers flock to the park in droves, making it the second most visited theme park in England.
Players still flock to the original version of the game, preferring its balanced gameplay and adrenaline-pumping team-based combat.
You click again to spread the feed in front of them so that your flock doesn't have to go hungry.
In between these crazy clicking sessions where you're chasing down your flock, collecting eggs, and performing other tasks, you must make your way to the marketplace to do your business.
People will flock to the video games market to fill these new jobs.
Collectors flock to wines in the 95 to 100 point range, and most are willing to pay a premium for quality rare wines.
Millions of people flock to dance studios every week to learn rumba, improve their rumba, or just dance the rumba.
Inspired by new wave bands such as Flock of Seagulls, it was the new trend to have your hair cut in an asymmetrical fashion.
Thousands of clients flock to the salon for a brief respite from life's hectic pace.
Just as many people abroad travel to the states for professional services, many women and men flock to fashion capitals such as London to receive runway worthy tresses and hair color.
However, plenty of other options for making birds are available to folders who want to create a flock of their own.
Expectant mothers from across the country flock to Gap Maternity for the company's signature roll panel jeans.
Regardless, Dolce & Gabbana call the shots while celebrities flock to their retail stores.
With its easy design and flirty style, women flock to these types of suits in droves.
Decades after her debut in the 1950s, Barbie still knows how to win over a crowd, and little girls still flock to her section of the toy aisle in droves.
The turtleneck helps to elongate the body, which is one reason petite women may flock to this style.
Today, they inspire a retro-chic feeling that women flock to when they wish to convey a sexy appearance softened with a hint of coy innocence.
If you need ideas to raise money for charity work that involves young volunteers getting involved in the fundraising, try a flamingo flock.
Then, people can pay a certain amount of money to "flamingo flock" the front yard of a friend or relative.
For millions of people, it is customary to flock to post-Thanksgiving sales in order to score big on gifts, but many other people desire a stress-free, less commercial, and more spiritual Christmas holiday.
The Merry Christmas Tree: This adorable card features an upbeat rendition of "Silent Night" sung by a flock of animated birds who help light up a gigantic Christmas tree in the middle of a snowy forest.
While MySpace is most popular among teenagers and young adults, users of all ages flock to the site to connect with others who share their interests.
It's no wonder people flock to see these cartoons at their vilest - it's all in good fun, and the animation and even the fashions are nearly always intriguing.
Striped Petal: Women who love colors in warm, tropical hues will flock to this wallet.
It's no wonder so many men and women flock to this versatile style.
Horror fans and video game fans will likely flock to this one from Tri-Star and director David Gans (Necronomicon, Crying Freeman).
Year after year, women and men flock to these movies out of love of the genre.
There are so many movies in Walt Disney's vault that Disney movie fans flock to purchase those films as soon as they are released.
Celebrities and regular girls alike flock to the sexy feline logo.
All a consumer has to do is insert his desired width and shoe size into a search bar before a flock of results appear.
When people see an admired celebrity purchasing a certain item, these same people will flock to buy that product.
Ladies who love a little boost will flock to Venus, a peep-toe wedge with a four inch heel.
Exotic dancers or strippers will flock to shoes like this Star sandal.
Professionals will flock to the smart Trevor loafer, a modern slip-on style that appears much more costly than its under $50 price suggests it would be.
Millions of readers flock to Toni's site each day.
Millions of Young and the Restless fans flock to the site on a daily basis to read recaps of individual episodes.
College students who certainly don't live the thug lifestyle flock to tattoo parlors and request tattoos similar to those they see on television and in magazines.
Visitors flock to the city each year to marvel at the sights and enjoy the cosmopolitan atmosphere.
In fact, thousands of people from all over the world flock to Vegas every year to start their new lives together.
Spring is indeed one of the most popular times of year for tourists to flock to the historic French city.
When the weather warms up, visitors flock to outdoor recreation areas such as Beach-walker Park and Folly Beach County Park.
Hikers, trekkers and water lovers flock to this affordable sports watch that offers wearers dual time zone displays, alarms, one touch backlighting and 50 meters of water resistance.
In this way, it's easy to see why time and again, consumers flock to this much respected company for their undergarment needs.
Another reason women flock to the Wacoal name is because their designs are not only comfortable, but incredibly feminine and romantic, and that's not just because of the addition of lace and bows.
Don't confuse that with Flock of Seagulls synthesizing; Depeche Mode has some intensely thoughtful and choreographed music.
Hearing of his cure, people flock to Tommy to hear his story, and he becomes a spiritual leader.
Football fans will flock to homes with a huge flat screen.
Most card designers look to specific inks, rubber stamps, paper punches, edgers, stickers, flock, and glitter.
It's funny because when I think about that time it was the big 80s perm, flyaway bangs and the Flock of Seagulls thing.It was a fantastic experience.
Mosquitoes naturally flock to things that resemble nectar or flesh.
Avoid wearing brightly colored clothes or floral patterns - bees flock to them.
Birds: A flock of seagulls look right at home on a beachy pedicure.
Fans of the seductive scent of Very Irresistible Givenchy, a decadent blend of star anise, plum and Turkish rose, will flock to this light body lotion.
Musk lovers and non-aficionados alike flock to this scent, so it's possible you will enjoy it no matter which camp you fall into.
However, while many do flock to the sites that feature communicating for the purpose of finding a sexual encounter, there are other reasons adults rely on the Web for communication.
Users flock to the Internet when they need information or want to look up something in the Yellow Pages.
While locals may know the restaurant as an excellent location for holiday celebrations, others flock to it for their prime rib, hand cut steak, and, of course, the homemade biscuits, rolls, and pies.
FLOCK.
To save his flock from extinction or dispersion, Ulfilas decided to withdraw both himself and his people.
The sturdy Protestantism of Taylor and his flock, who seem to have caused various commotions, marked him out for the special enmity of Mary's government; and he was one of the first to suffer when in January 1 555 parliament had once more given the clerical courts liberty of jurisdiction.
People flock here from around the globe to taste the award-winning cuisine offered by the top chefs in the business.
And though Origen travelled to Rome, it was not to view the graves of dead men, but to establish relations with the living flock (Euseb.
The flock included intelligent pupils, empty-headed imitators, and romantic natures who turned philosophy into lyric measures.
Students began to flock to the small obscure university of Wittenberg, and the elector grew proud of the teacher who was making his university famous.
Birds flock to them in great numbers; in consequence they are completely covered with guano, which gives them a snow-white appearance.
RAYAH (Arabic ra ` iyah, peasants, subjects, flock, herd, ra'a, to pasture, cf.
flockmate
flockless
volery
phaps-histrionica
bedground
flock-paper
flockling
flocketh
flocculonodular-lobe
flocculonodular-lobes
flocculus
floccus
flockings
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Rite Beyond Rome
Raising Vatican II from Council to Canonical Status like Prelature
PICTURE THE POSSIBILITY OF A VATICAN II RITE
Explorando el Camino Del Concilio al Nuevo Rito
Reasons for a Vatican II Rite
Para resolver la polarización iglesia
Vatican II & the Future Church
Featured Sisters Lea and Consilia
No Vatican II Rite! . . . What Loss to World & Church!*
Ah, so Vatican II was just another one of those Church Councils, was it?
Well, no, it was obviously a very dangerous Council because it could have changed today’s Church and World had it not been perceived as a threat to Roman Rite Catholicism.
“Keep Vatican II from rupturing the Church” has been the main concern of post-Vatican II popes. “Spiritualize it…Absorb it into the traditional Church and we will be all the better for it.”
Pope Francis takes a different turn. His strategy is to socialize Vatican II by focusing it on helping the poor and away from doctrinal change which undergirds traditional Roman hierarchical structure.
Is the World better off without the full implementation of Vatican II as a new Catholic Rite with its open vs. closed-system approach to World and Church?
Let’s see…Would we have …
▪ Massive failure of Christian conscience in regard to world response to the global immigrant crisis…a crisis too similar to the global failure of Christian conscience at the time of the Holocaust. Such moral failure, including the introduction of nuclear warfare, were major reasons the Second Vatican Council was convened.
2019 Update: Would the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops have been so hyper-focused on abortion that they would make it the “preeminent” determining factor for Catholic voters in 2016 AND 2020? …putting Church, State, and World in serious spiritual, political, economic and environmental jeopardy globally. https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/bishops-meeting-reveals-division-over-how-influence-political-debate
Would we be engaged in the following global/national phenomena today if a Vatican II RITE had been allowed to emerge out of the Council by the 1980’s?
• Significant increase in ethnic and religious wars?
• New rise in rampant racism, anti-Semitism, and xenophobia?
• So many favored national candidates with anti-xyz tyrannical positions?
• First world regression into old self-satisfied nationalism and denominationalism?
• Aggressive controversy in media (including blogs) replacing efforts at genuine dialog?
• Corporate lobbying vs. climate control, bank regulation, and domestic programs?
• 2019 Update: Would the 2019 outgoing bishops’ conference president, Cardinal Daniel DiNardo of Galveston-Houston, called climate change “important” but not “urgent” if Vatican II had been encouraged, even allowed to mature in its relationship to the world?
IS the Church better off for having resisted the movement of Vatican II toward a paradigm shift in theology, governance and liturgy?
Let’s see…would there have been…
▪ Long and strong resistance to accountability for the clergy sex abuse scandal, especially at higher bureaucratic levels?
▪ Conservative/liberal rupture within the Church…with parishes, religious communities and families split asunder…even the Church itself.
▪ Unprecedented and continued loss of practicing and dedicated Catholics from parishes in much of the world…including loss of vocations to priesthood and religious life…including loss of women to ordained ministry.
According to Cardinal Kasper: “We have neither fully implemented the council nor really received the post-conciliar documents; they have remained without consequence. We are at a standstill.” (Cardinal Kasper, ORIGENS, July 2, 2015 (Volume 45, No. 9) “Vatican II: Toward a Multifaceted Unity”)
Has Vatican II been resisted as a Council because it is such a paradigm shift in perspective from Roman [Opus-EWTN Evangelical] Catholicism…so much so that…
…in order to become once again an effective moral influence in the modern world,..We desperately need a Vatican II Rite?
…alongside the 23 other different inter-independent Catholic Rites,
…a Vatican II Rite to stand in sisterly/brotherly union with Rome?
2019 Update: If not a Post-Vatican II Rite, then a Post-Vatican II Prelature…to have some canonical standing and canonical future next to the majority Opus Dei Prelature (now morphed into the Catholic majority EWTN-Evangelical Church). What is a prelature?
Think about it! To Comment: Click on title of article and scroll to bottom of page.
Visit : PICTURE THE POSSIBILITY OF A VATICAN II RITE
Blessings and thanks for reading and thinking about this!
Sisters Lea and Consilia et al
https://RiteBeyondRome.com
*Original copy posted on this site 06/03/2016
Dare to Share:
November 8, 2018 August 19, 2019 Sisters Lea and Consilia
Catholic Tradition: Theologically Different Churches
Tradition Reminds Us: Theological Differences Need Not Rupture the Unity of the Church
Eastern Catholics, while fully Catholic and in communion with Rome, differ in more ways than just liturgy.
They also possess a unique spiritual tradition, as well as a unique theological approach.
Roman Opus-genre Evangelical Catholicism also possesses its own traditionalist spiritual and theological approach significantly aligned with Church Councils prior to 1962…as different from Vatican II (1962-65) which was distinctly different from prior councils in its non-absolutist approach to Catholic theology, government, and liturgy. (See https://www.scribd.com/document/311633660/Exploring-a-VATICAN-II-Catholic-Rite)
A uniquely transformative council from its very outset, Vatican II was often perceived as a threat to traditionalist Catholicism and its future. In light of this perception, Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI gave Opus Dei the canonical status and structure of a papal prelature in support of its existence and propagation throughout the world. To date, this move has resulted in the resurgence of traditional Catholicism globally.
Consequently, now it is the Post-Vatican II Church which is in danger of disappearing into Opus-genre Evangelical Catholicism with its well-funded strategic focus on laity as the servants of a clerical Church. (See Heidi Schlumpf’s three-part FOCUS series at https://www.ncronline.org/news/accountability/focus-campus-ministry-has-big-money-conservative-connections
Meanwhile, the post-Vatican II Church falls into the background… as if the Second Vatican Council was about nothing more than spiritual renewal and the laity’s call to holiness.
Opus-genre Evangelical Catholicism is now the majority universal expression of Catholicism. Given this, perhaps we ought to pay more attention to the Catholic tradition of unity in diversity that existed for many centuries between Rome and those Eastern Catholic Churches in union with Rome. The quote below is from a website introducing the West to Eastern Catholicism:
“Is it true that the Eastern Catholic Churches are allowed to have different theological expressions?
If so what does it involve?
This certainly is true. The Eastern Catholic Churches are not only “allowed” but are actively encouraged to cultivate their own distinctive theological expressions.
Eastern Catholics, while fully Catholic and in communion with the Pope, differ in more ways than just liturgy. We also possess a unique spiritual tradition, as well as a unique theological approach.
While we agree with the Latin Church on fundamental matters of doctrine, we approach doctrine in a very different way – from the Eastern perspective.
While the Western Church has traditionally formulated doctrine in terms of scholastic Latin theology, we rely almost exclusively on the theology of the Eastern Church Fathers. This difference, rather than rupturing the unity of the Church, further expresses the true UNIVERSALITY of Christ’s Church.
This is authoritatively taught by the Second Vatican Council:
“All in the Church must preserve unity in essentials. But let all, according to the gifts they have received enjoy a proper freedom, in their various forms of spiritual life and discipline, in-their different liturgical rites, and even in their theological elaborations of revealed truth” (UNITATIS REDINTEGRATIO, no. 4).”
(Excerpt above from Doctrine | From East to West)
Returning to the first Roman Catholic prelature approved by two popes, Opus Dei has different theological perspectives on Vatican II. That theological perspective has been updated and rebranded in George Weigel’s book, EVANGELICAL CATHOLICISM. Opus-genre Evangelical Catholicism, now global majority Catholicism, is very different in perspective from Vatican II Catholicism.
Given the above, wouldn’t a Vatican II “Branch” Church with its much more culturally-open theological perspective be the best resolution to national and global Church polarization?
A Vatican II Prelature would perhaps be the first step to a global Vatican II Church. A Vatican II Church could be an invaluable asset to the universal Church alongside the global Opus-genre Evangelical Catholic Church and the 25+ other Eastern and other Rite-Churches in union with Rome, no?
Also see: Can the Church Dialogue Its Differences into Unity?
January 27, 2018 August 19, 2019 Sisters Lea and Consilia
Polarization or Stifling Consensus: The Only Choices?
Certainly, the Vatican’s choice for “Profound Consensus” over polarization in the Church would seem to be the most logical one. But is it?
Logical or not, the Church is well on the road to a profound consensus which may not be what Vatican secretary Cardinal Parolin was recommending.
National Catholic Reporter: Cardinal Parolin addresses US bishops with call for ‘profound consensus’
Vatican II expert, Massimo Faggioli, describes the reality and danger of one-way polarization within the Church. See link below where Rite Beyond Rome responds to his La Croix International article:
To Read more: https://www.scribd.com/document/370006049/Church-Polarization-or-Stifling-Consensus-Not-the-Only-Choices…
To view and download PDF: Church Polarization or Dangerous Consensus?
When “profound consensus” is rooted in “safe choice” over the risk of allowing the Holy Spirit to break through staid Catholic consciousness, is it the preferred choice for the Church in the world today?
In this instance, wouldn’t it be wiser and more rational to diversify the Church’s expressions of Catholicism in ways that maintain “consensual unity” AND dynamic and creative diversity…?
…as described in the 1973 book, POLARIZATION IN THE CHURCH, edited by Hans Kung and Walter Kasper?
Thanks for reading…Comments and questions appreciated!
(Click on article title to comment.)
October 27, 2017 October 27, 2017 Sisters Lea and Consilia
Can the Church Dialogue Its Differences into Unity?
A conversation with Paula Ruddy in regard to her comments to our post, Church Unity: NOT about merging disparate factions, on this website.
Paula Ruddy:
“I can see the intention for this, empathize with it. However, I think there is another way to unity through dialogue among people of different worldviews.
The postmodern cultural view that all are equally valid ways of viewing “reality” supports this strategy for unity, but is it true that Vatican II can be interpreted both as true to the Gospel in opening to the world and as not true to the Gospel in opening to the world? Isn’t there some objectivity in what the Gospel teaches and how the Church should exist in the world?”
Sisters Lea and Consilia reply:
Yes, there have always been different ways of viewing “reality” with every view claiming its own view as valid, even superior to the other’s view of reality.
The problem within the Catholic Church begins when two or more worldviews diverge so radically that they no longer see the Gospel through the same “objectivity” lens. This is the case of the different Gospel views between Opus Dei/ Evangelical Catholicism AND Post-Vatican II understandings of the Gospel. In other countries, the problem is that cultural adaptation to the Gospel is thwarted by “one way only” interpretations of Catholic doctrine and practive.
Pope Benedict may have correctly described the two interpretations of Vatican II as continuity and rupture…continuity with the Council of Trent and rupture as break. However, one might interpret his words differently…as meaning continuity with Church Tradition AND rupture…NOT break or Schism as Pope Benedict implied…but rupture into a new shoot, an evolutionary outgrowth from the Root of Jesse.
“What about the Petrine Ministry to lead in the Gospel direction? Should the Pope say ‘all interpretations of Vatican II are valid’?”
Insofar as any interpretation of Vatican II can be supported by Vatican II documents or post-Vatican II theology, it would seem the pope ought to consider those interpretations valid.
Of course, this has not been the case with the two popes preceding Pope Francis. For many Catholics today, including George Weigel, the interpretation of Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI are the ONLY authorized interpretations of Vatican II.
As for the Petrine Ministry of the Pope to lead and unify the Church in the Gospel direction, perhaps the papal ministry for the future lies in coordinating/negotiating the differing Gospel interpretations within a shared Papal/People of God relationship… a negotiating servant-leadership for a challenging multifaceted set of Gospel interpretations. For example, the 20+ Eastern Catholic Rites/Churches in union with Rome, the Opus Dei prelature, and the Anglican ordinariate are but a few examples of this negotiating servant-leadership.
“The question I have about dividing us up is this: Is it good to abandon the mainstream Church to the point of view that the Holy Spirit is NOT IN the world while establishing an ordinariate that believes the Gospel calls for discerning the Holy Spirit and the Kingdom of God WITHIN the world as it is?”
The questions we have here are these: What is “mainstream Church” Catholicism? The majority viewpoint? The viewpoint of the presiding pontiff?
Is there any point of view within the various Catholic Rites/Churches, prelature, or ordinariates that teaches “the Holy Spirit is NOT in the world”? Perhaps the answer is “yes” when we consider post-Trent Church vs. world theology where the Holy Spirit resides only in the One True Catholic Church. The Second Ecumenical Council pushed back on this view of Church and world. Is this theological viewpoint what is “dividing us up” along with the scientific revolution, the loss of leadership credibility, clericalism, and marginalization of women, divorced Catholics, LGBTQ+, etc?
“Isn’t it better to continue the dialogue among people with evolving worldviews within the Church, depending on the Holy Spirit, faith and reason to keep us together?”
Indeed, it is ALWAYS better to continue dialogue within the Church. When there is radical divergence in theological interpretation, however, dialogue becomes much more difficult, if not impossible.
Throw inequality of relationship into the mix, as Leonard Swidler discusses in his Dialogue Decalogue and dialogue actually becomes impossible. One has to ask if even the Holy Spirit is impeded from holding us together if we cannot treat each other as the sisters and brothers that Jesus called us to be.
Do the believers in the rightness of Vatican II have brave spokespeople who can make the vision clear and compelling to the mainstream Roman Rite Catholic? If not, how are they going to run an ordinariate?
One has to wonder if it is necessary “to make the vision clear and compelling to the mainstream Roman Rite Catholic.” If the goal is to win mainstream Catholicism back from the decades of spiritual groundwork done by Evangelicial Catholicism (and its precursor, the Opus Dei Movement/Prelature), that ship has left the harbor.
What we see as possible and URGENT is the redirection of energy spent by those who stand continually waiting in the vestibule of Roman Rite Catholicism, begging and hoping that someday Vatican II will rise again…if only we are patient enough.
If the Apostles never came out of the Upper Room, there would be no Catholic Church today. What were they waiting for? Approval by the Temple High Priest?
As for “brave spokespeople” of the great Second Ecumenical Vatican Council, we have many both in this life and in the hereafter. Fortunately, those who have left us in this life have also left their writings for us to study and discern the earliest spirit and wisdom of Vatican II.
As for how a Vatican II prelature or a Vatican II ordinariate might operate, we do have models today within the Church, models which might be adjusted and applied both to different national cultures and different evolving understandings of a Post-Vatican II Church in an ever-changing world. As in every institutional model, what the model presents is always ONLY a model.
“I appreciate the “Rite Beyond Rome” effort to discern how we should proceed. I hope we keep talking.”
We appreciate your efforts and the efforts of all those working to discern how we should proceed in moving forward. We intend to explore the prelature, ordinariate models here on https://RiteBeyondRome.com as precursor to a Post-Vatican II Rite/Church in union with Rome, if that is where the Wisdom Spirit of God leads.
And YES, let’s keep talking!
February 20, 2017 August 19, 2019 Sisters Lea and Consilia
Reform Roman Catholicism, A Rational Alternative?
Poor Pope Francis, his hands are tied by literal interpretations of tradition regarding women’s ordination, GLBT, Communion for the divorced and other issues.
As Patriarch of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church; he is caught between a rock and a hard place…between:
ancient interpretations of papal leadership rooted in monarchical male dominion with its considerable $$$ support
modern understandings of leadership rooted in a cultural consciousness which rejects monarchic models for that of democratic unity.
How ironic is it that democracy-oriented “Catholics for reform” maintain that Pope Francis should speak as a monarch and command the Roman Rite to change. How strange it is that reform-minded Catholics also express great satisfaction when Pope Francis demotes or dismisses Romanist ultra-conservatives from office, no?
Doesn’t this type of reform-minded Catholicism wind up advancing the same “get rid of the opposition” uniformity position…a position that reformist Catholics have long criticized Romanist Catholics for using against Vatican II cardinals, bishops and pastors?
Despite the Roman Catholic position for a tradition against change,
reform-minded Catholics console themselves with the belief that Roman Catholicism will change eventually, even if they do not live to see that change.
A thousand years ago, Roman Rite Catholicism could not force the Eastern Catholic Churches to accept and practice Western interpretations of catholic theology, governance, and liturgy. And so they worked out a settlement.
The settlement worked out to keep unity between East and West. You might call the settlement a “toleration policy”…allowing Eastern Rite/Church differences such as married priests and collegial governance… as long as they promised to recognize the Patriarch of Rome as head of the Catholic Church.
This tradition of “friendly toleration” has been applied most recently with the Anglican Catholic Rite/Church which promises union with the Pope as Patriarch of Rome. SO, why can’t dissent on this matter of women’s ordination and other matters be resolved by our Church’s ancient “toleration” policy…Roman Rite toleration of a Vatican II Rite/Church with its different interpretations and practices of theology, governance and liturgy? …a Vatican II Rite in union with Rome? Why not?
Dare We Catholics Believe Differently?
Literal & Poetic Interpretations of Catholicism, the real split?
November 14, 2016 August 19, 2019 Sisters Lea and Consilia
“The Church in the Trump Era: Catholicism or Americanism?”…or Something Else?
In reply to Massimo Faggioli’s article: “The Church in the Trump Era: Catholicism or Americanism?” published 11.14.2016 on https://international.la-croix.com
Massimo Faggioli writes, “There is the problem of political and cultural polarization within [the American] Church” and notes “this problem goes beyond the bishops and includes some American theologians, Catholic colleges and universities, and organized lay associations such as the Knights of Columbus.”
When Massimo writes this about the American Catholic Church, he comes close to identifying by name the most influential arm of Catholic neo-conservatism embedded both financially and theologically in the WORLDWIDE Catholic Church from the Vatican down to local parishes…Opus Dei.
Opus Dei was founded in the 1930’s and has since spread to over 16 countries. In 1982, Pope John Paul II created a new juridical status for this neo-conservative Catholic clerical/lay group…the “personal prelature” as special canonical recognition by the Roman Catholic Church. As such, it claims to eschew political involvement in its preaching and practice, while other sources claim its mission is to infiltrate the highest spheres of political, economic and cultural power. Another neo-conservative revisionist group, the traditionalist Society of St. Pius X, was offered “personal prelature” status by Pope Benedict XVI in 2012.
Opus Dei has been operating a strong recruiting campaign for young professionals, prospective seminarians and other college students in the USA and other countries since long before the 1995 America Magazine article about them. Link below.
Couldn’t this neo-conservative bastion of revisionist Catholicism have something to do with:
the neo-conservative relationship of the U.S. bishops with Pope Francis?
the neo-conservative relationship of American Catholics toward their federal and local governments?
Remembering that the well-organized Opus Dei papal prelature is doing its faithful work in many other countries beside the USA,
could this be part of the reason for the rise of neo-conservative political movments in other countries?
Massimo says: “a rather urgent and dramatic question for Catholics in this great country…deep at the heart of the future of the Church in the United States is the fundamental choice between being a Roman Catholic Church in America or being an Americanist Catholic Church.”
There could be a third choice here, no? Since Roman Catholicism, beginning with the U.S., is increasingly coming to be defined by revisionist neo-conservative movements of the Roman Catholic Church, shouldn’t the U.S. and Catholics worldwide have the choice to be part of a Vatican II Rite in union with Rome?
The Church in the Trump Era: Catholicism or Americanism? by Massimo Faggioli
Opus Dei in the United States: From February 25, 1995 by James Martin, SJ
https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2012/12/13/opus-dei-united-states-february-25-1995
https://ritebeyondrome.com/2017/09/23/church-unity-is-not-institutional-merger-cardinal-kasper/
“Huge gap separates Pope Francis from liturgical traditionalists” by Massimo Faggioli
Our comment below on Massimo Faggioli’s article…comment censored by Global Pulse Magazine (GPM article link below):
“We appreciate Massimo Faggioli’s hope that Vatican II Church is going to make a come-back. However, in the few short years Pope Francis has, do you really believe he can reverse the massive “particular sympathy and irenic attitude” towards traditionalism” imbibed by the Catholic population and taught in many universities, seminaries, parishes and publications worldwide for the past 30+ years?
Furthermore, with the dying off of so many Vatican II Catholic clergy, theologians and laity, should we really sit back and depend on Pope Francis to revive the Vatican II Church…against the strong and pervasive traditionalist push for a “smaller, purer Church”?
Fact is, the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church has set itself up as a formidable opponent to Vatican II and its prophetic interpretations of theology, governance, liturgy and Catholic identity. So why not let elder brother Rome stand guard over Council of Trent hermeneutics as the representative of institutional Catholicism?
Meanwhile, Pope Francis is in a position to liberate Vatican II from the hands of those who shall never see Vatican II as anything more than a confirmation of the Council of Trent.
Pope Francis can protect the universal Church from schism by blessing the Trentonian and Vatican II traditions as “equally valid yet different” branches of Catholic thought and practice.
This move would be somewhat akin to the “separate yet one-with” brotherhood of Roman and the Eastern Church Catholicism which has a less scholastic/more mystical interpretations of Catholic theology, governance and liturgy than its Roman “elder brother”.
Otherwise, Francis dies and the Church moves comfortably back into its Curial mode of Trent Council Catholicism, as if Vatican II never really happened, no?”
Massimo Faggioli’s article: “Huge gap separates Pope Francis from liturgical tradionalists” – Global Pulse Magazine
http://www.globalpulsemagazine.com/news/huge-gap-separates-pope-francis-from-liturgical-tradionalists/3568 (article published 7.18.2016)
Have we even begun to understand what degree of change the Holy
Spirit was/is calling forth from within the event of the Second Vatican Council?
Some Catholics see the past few decades…from a different viewpoint…
…as an erosion of faith in the doctrines we have…
But others look at Vatican II as a gift of the Holy Spirit,
as God calling forth a whole new perspective on doctrine…
in which case, there is the need for a very deep deconstruction of
“how we believed before and often still do now.”
A deconstruction of Catholic belief
down to the very bedrock of our faith…
cherished understandings of doctrine…
in order to get to the root of doctrine
and its applications for our time.
NOT to change or break down Roman Rite theology …
which keeps the institution focused on certainty and security in the everyday world,
…
BUT to be a “next-door” theology in union with Rome…
……..from the point of a world constantly adapting to change…
…that each theology may call forth and challenge the other in our uncommon faith
in Jesus the Christ and our proclamation of the Good News to the world.
Uncommon Faith speaking from two different perspectives:
+Roman Rite Catholicism from the perspective of the “strong force” of a
…hierarchical, unchanging, all-knowing, all powerful God who is everywhere,
a God who designed the universe according to the order of His Will.
+ Vatican II Rite Catholicism from the perspective of the “weak” strength of a
…God that calls and promises but doesn’t command, awaits response but doesn’t demand.
The Name of which God carries an event that stretches us
beyond what we know to where we are certain we must go,
to an order other than hierarchy (the internal order of chaos theory perhaps),
…a divine “stepping back” which reveals how much we tend to rely on force as power,
…a divine will that models and solicits forgiveness, hospitality and love of the other
as the determining factors of who discovers or “gets into” the kingdom of God
More on Vatican II Theology to come on Rite Beyond Rome.
Meanwhile, read John D. Caputo’s books:
On Religion and The Weakness of God, A Theology of the Event with us.
Interested in conversation…comment below and/or email 4Vatican2Rite@gmail.com
View, share, download:
Slide Presentation: EXPLORING A VATICAN II RITE
Position Paper: Resolving Polarization of Vatican II and Roman Catholic Visions
Sisters Lea and Consilia
A Whole New Branch of Catholicism?
For some the path to a healthier church is about waiting for the orthodox positions of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church to change.
Others see no hope in this patient hopefulness…no hope that “patient hopefulness” will eventually resolve the polarization afflicting the Catholic Church in a post-Vatican II age.
Once Judaism had to face a similar case of on-going polarization within itself. From this realization flowed the diversified branches of orthodox, conservative and reform interpretations of their faith.
What if we are in need of a three-pronged Catholicism…orthodox, conservative and reform?
Not such a strange idea as it seems, if you check out “Will Catholicism go the way of Judaism?” by Marquette University theologian, Daniel Maguire.*
Why even Pope Francis sees the need for a “multi-faceted unity” of faith in Cardinal Kasper’s article, “Vatican II: Toward a Multifaceted Unity,” (ORIGINS, July 2, 2015)**
Catholicism is not new to the idea of branching out. Rome, Antioch and Alexandria are today three branches of the original Christian “mother” Church in Jerusalem. Has the time come to officially recognize a Vatican II Branch of Catholicism?
We could say Holy Mother Church has already conceived a new Vatican II vision by the Holy Spirit at Vatican II. That vision is the seed of a new branch of Catholicism born in the documents and in the people who experienced the implementation of the Second Ecumenical Vatican Council and in those who were later influenced by it.
The Roman Branch of Catholicism was reared and educated in scholasticism, systematic theo-logic and an ethics of justice.
The yet-to-be-proclaimed Vatican II Branch has been nurtured in a conciliar commitment to “the construction of a new form of the church adequate to the demands of our age” as Richard R. Gaillardetz puts it.*
This new form of Church would, according to Gaillardetz, include:
dialogical engagement compared to hierocratic monoply on truth
mutual respect between clergy and laity, differing from a hierarchy of respect
pastoral approach to doctrinal formation in contrast to a scholastic approach
unity-in-difference committed to humble learning from each other
In his book , An Unfinished Council, Chapter 4, “Toward a New Ecclesial Form,” Richard Gaillardetz does not suggest the formation of a new branch of Catholicism, but rather a rebuilding of the temple from within the ruins of the old temple by means of a “synthesized reading” of the documents of Vatican II.
We do not find this solution to be a fair assessment of Roman Catholicism and its contributions to the Church.
Roman Catholicism is hardly a temple in ruins. It has complete control of the Church.
Even though that complete control has driven many from the pews,
Roman Rite Catholicism has a very faithful following of cardinals, bishops and people who want the the church to return to the highly-structured Roman system of theology/doctrine, governance and liturgy.
Not to mention, there will always be people who find support in highly-structured systems for the certainty and security of mind they provide. It may also be that we gravitate toward a more structured approach at different times in our lives.
There will also always be people who need a less-structured variation of Catholicism……those who need a more open Catholicism…
…much as Paul of Tarsus needed a more open interpretation of the Apostles’ original interpretation of Christianity as a Jewish sect entirely compatible with Judaism.
…much as early Catholicism later needed to make room for the Roman and Eastern Rite branches of the faith.
For these people and all those who see Vatican II as a singular event in the course of the history and future of the Catholic Church, we ask again,
Would a Vatican II Branch of the Church be such a terrible thing?
Would it not unify the Catholic Church and PREVENT schism?
Would it not it make the Church MORE healthy and LESS myopic?
https://ritebeyondrome.com/picture-the-possibility-of-a-vatican-ii-rite/
For further discussion: https://ritebeyondrome.com
Links below are to sources quoted in this article:
* https://cruxnow.com/faith/2015/09/13/will-catholicism-go-the-way-of-judaism/
**http://dc2015.ei-research.net/origins/
June 16, 2016 June 16, 2016 Sisters Lea and Consilia
Against a Vatican II Rite
Commenter to Sister Lea’s post on National Catholic Reporter article • 21 hours ago
“If you truly understood the meaning, teachings and import of the Second Vatican Council you would not be so quick to misuse it as an excuse for advocating that which is not Catholic truth and promoting what the Council Fathers never taught.
You are accepting what Pope Benedict XVI rightly called the “hermeneutic of rupture” rather than the “hermeneutic of continuity”.
The Second Vatican Council was in no sense a “super council” that denied or changed what had come before it in time. Its goal was pastoral, as the Church sought new ways to teach the ancient truths of the Church.”
Sister Lea’s Response to Above Comment
“There needs to be a “hermeneutic of singularity” which addresses the age of change in which we live! Vatican II Fathers succeeded in opening the Church to change, whether they intended to do that or not.
Would the Holy Spirit not have wanted to prepare the Church for these times of geometrically progressing change…ancient truths and all…continually transvaluing them so that they stay ALIVE for every generation?”
Visit PICTURE THE POSSIBILITY OF A VATICAN II RITE
and Reasons for a Vatican II Rite
Much As We Want Pope Francis’ Strategy for Reform to Work…
In response to article in National Catholic Reporter: “Francis is Reforming the Roman Curia by Circumvention” by Robert Mickens.
Robert Mickens asks: “Is the pope making any moves to ensure that he will leave a legacy that cannot be undone when he is gone? Which means he has to make some structural or organizational changes.”
Mickens notes Pope Francis’ strategy of “Neutralizing” the CDF and “Softening” the heads of other branches of the Curia.
Hmmmmm…will this change, which will take years that Pope Francis may or may not have, ever come about? And even if it does…
This “neutralizing and softening strategy” of Pope Francis…
…can it ever lead to structural change within the RC Rite/Church?
…… a Rite/Church in which so many ‘new’ priests/bishops of the past 30 years have been formed in the hands of O P U S Dei and SSPX…
……with their ultraconservative vision and understanding of the Church?
The Roman Rite vision of Church is A VERY different vision from Pope Francis…with his “situational ethics” which Pope Benedict XVI condemned.
But even this isn’t the core of the problem of Church reform.
Pope Francis’ vision of Church reform is stuck in Constantine’s vision of hierarchy as the only strategy to unity. This vision of hierarchic unity, in turn, is based on a theology of God as Divine Monarch, even Divinely Loving Monarch. This reform is NOT the reform that Vatican II points to, no matter how “synodal” the Church gets as the years go on.
On the other hand,
Pope Francis understands the idea of a multifaceted unity according to Cardinal Kasper and his ORIGINS article, “Vatican II: Toward a Multifaceted Unity. (Volume 45, Number 9).
Yet, Pope Francis’ reform persists in the direction of hierarchic unity instead of considering that the Roman Rite may never really take to Vatican II’s embrace of diversity.
The Church NEEDS the Roman Rite with its hierarchic vision of God, theology, governance and liturgy. AND YET…
Just as the Church needed the input of the Melkite Eastern Rite at Vatican II to challenge it to consider and embrace synodality, collegiality, and a different view of the world…
…SO THE CHURCH ALSO NEEDS A VATICAN II RITE to challenge and be challenged by the Roman Rite and its sister/brother Eastern Rites in union with Rome.
Otherwise, we will be stuck forever trying to push and pull reform back and forth between Roman and Vatican II visions for the Church. No?
Link to Robert Micken’s article: http://www.ncronline.org/blogs/roman-observer/francis-reforming-roman-curia-circumvention
Subscribe, Share, Comment or Contribute your ideas on Rite Beyond Rome. 4vatican2rite@gmail.com
April 21, 2016 April 27, 2016 Sisters Lea and Consilia
African Theologian Makes Good Points, Yet…
Four significant quotes from Fr. Agbonkhianmeghe Orobator, principal of Hekima University College in Nairobi and well-known African theologian:
1. “My reading of it (Amoris Laetitia) tells me that Francis reaffirms in uncompromising terms the church’s teaching on abortion, contraception, birth control, and marriage. What we must not forget is that (Pope Francis) is just as uncompromising in affirming the centrality of conscience (#303), discernment, pastoral accompaniment, and compassion.”
2. “Part of his message to us is that we need to refrain from the common practice of equating “irregularity” with “mortal sin” [paragraph 301].”
3. “If African bishops are wise, they would realize that the pope gives them
license to be creative in addressing pastoral situations of family life and marriage. Francis is actually saying: “Don’t hide behind the veil of magisterium!”
4. “I believe that there is still a long way to go before we actually make the bold steps that are long overdue with regard to critical issues such
as the role of women in church, homosexual unions, reproductive rights,
all of which are broached and addressed in the document.”
RITE BEYOND ROME Response:
Fr. Orobator’s last quote about there being “a long way to go before we actually make the bold steps that are long overdue with regard to critical issues,”…this is why Catholicism needs a new inter-independent Vatican II Rite in union with Rome as part of the universal Catholic Church.
As an historic example of what a non-Roman Catholic Rite has already contributed to the universal Catholic Church, take “the small band of Melkite Eastern Rite/Church leaders, in a sea of Latin Rite hierarchs,” who brought their wisdom and long-term experience to the Second Vatican Council….”introducing such items as the use of the vernacular, eucharistic concelebration, communion under both species, restoration of the diaconate as a permanent order, creation of what would become the periodically held Synod of Bishops and the Pontifical Council for Christian Unity, while championing new attitudes to and less offensive vocabulary in ecumenical relationships with other Christians…”
(From article “Eastern Christians in Australia” by Lawrence Cross in Australian eJournal of Theology 19.2, August 2012)
Do you think that the Second Vatican Council would have ever been an “event of unparalleled significance,” as Vatican II expert Gailliardetz calls it, without the contributions of the inter-independent non-Roman Melkite Rite/Church in full union with Rome?
Could a Vatican II Catholic Rite/Church, with every intention of remaining in union with Rome…could it help shorten what Fr. Orobator calls the “long way to go before we actually make the bold steps that are long overdue with regard to critical issues such as the role of women in church, homosexual unions, reproductive rights, all of which are broached and addressed in “Amoris Laetitia”?
More than shorten the time for change, could that inter-independent Vatican II Rite help save the Catholic Church itself, including the Roman Rite/Church?
Google Rite Beyond Rome.
(See National Catholic Reporter for full article on Fr. Orobator by Joshua McElwee , April 11, 2016. http://ncronline.org/news/african-theologian-responds-amoris-laetitia)
December 30, 2015 April 16, 2016 Sisters Lea and Consilia
“how far the Church still has to go”
How Far the Church Has to Go..
M…. says: “My take on 2015 for the church is that it is the first time in a long time, we’ve seen some reason for hope. But if so, we’re still early in this Advent of hope. As others have noted here, there are many serious problems to be overcome. So perhaps the assessment here might better be framed as being an early step, where the church is finally showing itself some of the work that’s needed.
*Splits among the bishops are no longer whispered in gossipy tones: they themselves have brought the battle out into the open.
*The scandal has YET to be dealt with as it should. Yes, Francis created a Commission, yet, by all appearances, they have been relegated to the sound proof, communications proof rooms deep in the Vatican, for virtually nothing of note has come from that group. So yet another year has gone by with only minimal cases of accountability: cases that simply had to be dealt with because the issues were so public.
* Little or no change took place with respect to the role of women in the church, and the few changes that were made, make it clear that women remain seen as second tier in the church.
Yes, Francis offers hope, and for that I am thankful. But if anything, the promise of that hope, as it played out in 2015, only adds emphasis as to how far the church still has to go, and THAT story is far from uplifting.”
Sister Lea responds to comment above:
“Yes, M…! To add to the “how far the church still has to go”, don’t we have to face up to the fact that Vatican II vision for the Church is very often in direct conflict with Roman Rite vision for the Church?”
Google: “RITE BEYOND ROME”
December 28, 2015 May 23, 2016 Sisters Lea and Consilia
Different Rites for Different Visions?
Source: Vatican II Essays
Vatican II and Roman Visions for the Church:
Do They Really Sync?
by Lea Hunter and Consilia Karli
Fifty years after Vatican II ended, liturgy has become, for the most part, a TV dinner served up in “one size fits all” portions instead of being a celebration of Catholic diversity in unity. Why has liturgy lost so much of its Vatican II spirit of diversity? We would answer:
1. Because Rome’s understanding of unity is order, uniformity, hierarchy and obedience to hierarchy,
2. Because diversity in unapproved thought or liturgical practice is viewed as the seed of schism from the Roman Catholic perspective.
Given this situation, it is hard to believe that liturgical reform was first on the agenda of Vatican II.
“This decision (to address liturgical reform first) was a profession of faith in what is truly central to the Church… a Church freed from the hierarchical narrowness of the previous hundred years and returned to its sacramental origins.”
These are the words of the 35 year-old Joseph Ratzinger writing in his 1966 book about his views and experience as a scholarly advisor to the Second Vatican Council. (Theological Higthlights of Vatican II by Joseph Ratzinger)
Little did the then-future pope know that liturgical reform would reach so deeply into and question so profoundly “what is truly central to the Church”. Little did Fr. Ratzinger know then that he and his papal predecessor would do everything they could to shut down liturgical diversity along with all its concomitant theological inquiry.
The situation in the Church today is this: Roman Rite Catholicism and Vatican II Catholicism are like conjoined twins moving in different directions. Only this…one twin is stronger, always dragging the other along with it. Vatican II is not yet a Catholic Rite alongside the 20+ other Catholic Rites in union with Rome. So Vatican II, like the conjoined twin, has no life of its own, no freedom to develop its own theological perspective, it own liturgical expression or its own means of governance as other Catholic rites have. As a result of this, the conjoined Roman/Vatican II Catholic body continues to bleed members into larger and larger pools of Dones and Nones, such that the entire conjoined body is at great risk of dying, or worse yet… at risk of becoming entirely irrelevant in the near future.
There is still opportunity to remedy the inevitable and unnecessary demise of a Church that believes itself invulnerable. If Vatican II were raised from Council to the status of equal Rite/Church in union with Rome and the other inter-independent Eastern Catholic Rites/Churches, such separateness could redound to the greater benefit of the whole Body of Christ… making inculturation and inclusion, among other difficult issues, much easier to resolve.
If Rome were not amenable to raising Vatican II to a new rite within the Church, then one might remember that schism is not the dirty word it is made out to be. If it weren’t for the Eastern Church schisms, for example, Vatican II would not have had the modern experience of inter-independent governance as a working Catholic model for its teachings on collegiality. (Ever Ancient, Ever New: Structures of Communion in the Church by Archbishop John R. Quinn)
Vatican II expert, Richard Gaillardetz, wrote in his recent book, An Unfinished Council: “Vatican II was in many ways an unfinished council. The council bishops were able to establish key pillars in the construction of a new vision for the church of our time, but, for various reasons, they were not able to draw those pillars together into a coherent, unified structure.”
Along comes Francis, who is trying “to draw those pillars together.” Meanwhile, the energy of many Church reform organizations has been put on hold, as if this good pope and his advisory council can whip the Roman Catholic Church into a Vatican II mode… if only we wait long enough. Likewise, theories abide that our pontiff can pack the curial court with Francis-type cardinals available for the next papal election… if only he lives long enough and we wait long enough. Yet as popular as Pope Francis is himself, no up-tick in Mass attendance has been evident. And as for any possibility of doctrinal change, Pope Francis disavows the need for it.
The unfulfilled challenge of Vatican II is “to draw together those (key pillars identified by the council bishops)… to draw them “together into a coherent, unified structure” representing a new vision for the church of our time. The questions we raise are these:
1. Is the task of syncing the Vatican II and Roman visions for a vibrant unified Church an impossible task… as it has been for the past three papacies prior to Pope Francis?
2. Is this present task as impossible as was the syncing of the Eastern and Roman rite visions of the Church almost a thousand years ago?
3. Do we need to abandon the idea of syncing different visions for the Church? Could syncing these very different visions ultimately sink the Church?
Historically, different rites developed in the Church. These Catholic rites so needed to express their vision for the Church that they risked and endured schism in order to be faithful to that vision. The universality of the Church calls us to stop looking at different western visions of Catholicism as inferior or as threat to the vision that the Roman Rite holds for the Church-at-large.
The full implementation of Vatican II may very well require the establishment of a new inter-independent Catholic rite alongside the 23 other Eastern rites already in union with Rome. The work on this project starts with the self-identification of women and men, lay and clergy, as Vatican II Rite Catholics in union with Rome. Much of the formation of a Vatican II Rite has already started with national and international reform organizations comprised of laity, theologians, clergy and religious, including local and regional Eucharistic communities.
Now is the time to pick up the unfinished business of the Second Vatican Council: transvaluation of doctrine and its intimate connection to liturgy. The evolution of computer technology continues to make this task easier by the day while it also increases the potential for full and active participation of all.
In closing, we remember these words from Pope John XXIII’s inaugural address at the opening of the Second Vatican Council, October 11, 1962:
“In the present order of things, Divine Providence is leading us to a new order of human relations… And everything, even human differences, leads to the greater good of the church.”
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TD. Ciencias
Geography, Genomics, and Evolutionary Success in an Insular Environment
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Oceanic archipelagos are considered to serve as ideal natural laboratories for the study of ecology, evolution and conservation, providing a suitable framework to improve our understanding of the drivers of speciation. Evolutionary radiation is considered one of the more recognisable features of oceanic islands and represents a phenomenon that has long intrigued evolutionary biologists. Studies focusing on species radiations have provided a rich source of new insights into the evolutionary process and the mechanisms underlying diversification. Insular diversification is frequently associated with ecological drivers, however, non-ecological mechanisms may also drive diversification and speciation within insular settings by promoting geographic isolation. Applying phylogenetic and population genomic approaches, the present thesis investigates the dynamics of speciation within a super-radiation of weevils on the Canary Islands. The main objective is to understand the relative implications of geological events, climatic dynamics, geography and topography on the dynamics of diversification between and within islands. From the mitochondrial data analysed, strong evidence was found supporting a role for mega-landslides as drivers of island colonisation. The nuclear genome phylogeny revealed that, with some minor exceptions, species from each island are consistent with a single founding event for each island based on patterns of nuclear relatedness. In contrast, mitochondrial genetic variation shows more complex relationships among islands, reflecting multiple founding events for each island. The species complex from Gran Canaria, a geologically inactive island with high topographic complexity, points to the role for the interaction of topography and climate dynamics as a driver of diversification, revealing a complex speciation history involving repeated episodes of population isolation and admixture. Within the geologically more active island of Tenerife, the L. tessellatus species complex revealed a dynamic of more recent isolation and secondary contact, with the geography of individual relatedness implicating a role for gravitational flank collapses. These findings suggest that geologically active islands produce changes in the populations dynamic which may have a positive effect on regional genetic variation over the long term. Overall, the findings from this thesis highlight the analytical power of next generation sequencing technologies to shed light into the fine-scale genomic understanding of evolutionary process.
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kundzewicz2014
mnkhg
salvareSalvați kundzewicz2014 pentru mai târziu
Climate Change, Gender and Vulnerable Group - 2009
Hydro-meteorological Disasters and Climate Change_ Conceptual Issues and Data Needs for Integrating Adaptation Into Environment
Flood Risks
wg2TARchap18.pdf
Technical_Standards_and_Guidelines_for_Planning_and_Design.pdf
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Question Hydrology
VJNIT Dec2013 Compress
SSRN-id2513425
2010-12-14 Meeting - Final
doi:10.5697/oc.56-2.
Adapting flood OCEANOLOGIA, 56 (2), 2014.
pp. 385 – 407.
preparedness tools to
C Copyright by
changing flood risk Polish Academy of Sciences,
Institute of Oceanology,
conditions: the situation 2014.
Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
in Poland*
Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz1,2
Institute of Agricultural and Forest Environment,
Polish Academy of Sciences,
Bukowska 19, 60–809 Poznań, Poland;
e-mail: zkundze@man.poznan.pl
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research,
Telegrafenberg, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany;
e-mail: zbyszek@pik-potsdam.de
Received 25 October 2013, revised 27 January 2014, accepted 31 January 2014.
Flooding is the most destructive natural hazard in the Baltic Sea Basin in
general and in Poland in particular. The notion includes floods from rivers and
mountain torrents, as well as floods from sea surges in coastal areas, and floods
from sewage systems. There have been several large floods in Poland in the last
century and in recent decades, with damage exceeding 1% of the Polish GDP.
The spatial and temporal characteristics of the flood risk in Poland are reviewed
and observations and projections of changes in the flood hazard in the country
are discussed. Furthermore, flood defences and flood preparedness systems in
Poland are examined, with particular reference to the European Union (EU) Floods
* The preparation of this paper was funded from the EU FP7 STAR-FLOOD Project
(STrengthening And Redesigning European FLOOD risk practices: Towards appropriate
and resilient flood risk governance arrangements). This project also provided funding for
the author’s participation at the BALTEX Conference.
The complete text of the paper is available at http://www.iopan.gda.pl/oceanologia/
386 Z. W. Kundzewicz
Directive, which is being implemented in Poland, an EU country. Finally, the public
debate on flood risk and flood preparedness is reviewed.
1. Introduction – flooding in Poland
As defined in the EU Floods Directive (CEC 2007), the term ‘flood’
means ‘the temporary covering by water of land not normally covered by
water’. The notion includes floods from rivers and mountain torrents, as
well as floods from sea surges in coastal areas. In some interpretations, it
also includes floods from sewage systems.
Flooding is the most destructive natural hazard in the Baltic Sea Basin
in general and in Poland in particular. Most of Poland is located in the
drainage basins of two large rivers: the Vistula (whose drainage basin
covers 54% of the country’s area) and the Odra (34%). Both have their
sources in mountain areas and empty into the Baltic Sea. Many towns
and large cities are situated on the two rivers and their tributaries. Flood
risk and flood preparedness became matters of broad concern, following the
dramatic inundations in Poland in 1997 and 2010, during which the number
of fatalities exceeded 55 and 20 respectively. National flood losses were
estimated to reach billions of euros and made headline news. In 1980, 1997
and 2010 flood damage reached or exceeded 1% of the Polish GDP. Floods
have also caused serious social damage: the ill health of inhabitants, stress,
social disruption, and losses to the natural and cultural environments.
There are several interfaces of the contents of this paper with marine
sciences. One obvious interface is the mechanism of storm surges, which
originate at sea and affect coastal areas. On the other hand, the influx
of masses of polluted flood water from rivers to the Baltic Sea affects sea
water quality. During a flood, sewage treatment plants are inundated and
agricultural chemicals are flushed in the surface runoff to rivers and their
recipients, such as the Baltic Sea.
2. Spatio-temporal characteristics of flood risk in Poland
There have been several large floods in Poland in the last hundred years.
A destructive flood occurred in the basin of the Vistula in July 1934, killing
55 people, inundating 1260 km2 of land and destroying 78 bridges and 22 000
buildings (Cyberski et al. 2006). Between 1946 and 2010, 16 large floods
of regional extent occurred in Poland (Kundzewicz et al. 2012). Abundant
rainfall was the most frequent cause of floods, in seven years: 1960, 1970,
1977, 1980, 1997, 2001, 2010. Floods caused by storm surges occurred in
five years: 1983, 1988, 1993, 1995, 2001. Ice-jam floods occurred in 1947
and 1982, while there was a snowmelt flood in 1979 and a snowmelt-cum-
rainfall flood in 2001. The floods of 1960, 1979, 1980, 1997, 2001 and 2010
Adapting flood preparedness tools to changing flood risk conditions . . . 387
affected several regions. Some floods, such as the event in May 2010, also
affected coastal waters (cf. Zajączkowski et al. 2010).
After record levels of snow cover in most of Poland during the winter
of 1978/1979, a large snowmelt flood evolved in March and April 1979,
called the ‘flood of small rivers’, which inundated 1000 km2 of farmland and
destroyed 1250 bridges. The wet summer of 1980 resulted in a large-scale
flood all over the country, destroying 3300 bridges. In January 1982, an ice-
jam flood on the Vistula upstream of the Włocławek reservoir inundated
a land area of 100 km2 . The two largest floods in the Third Republic
of Poland (since 1989) occurred in 1997 and 2010, as mentioned in the
Rainfall floods can occur on all rivers in the country. The flood risk is the
highest in the headwaters of the Vistula and the Odra and their mountain
and piedmont tributaries. Sometimes intense and/or long-lasting rainfall
and snowmelt occur simultaneously, producing a mixed-mechanism flood,
as has happened on large lowland rivers (Narew, Bug, Warta, Noteć).
The areas in Poland subject to the greatest river flood risk lie to
the south of latitude 51◦ N: the Carpathians, the southern part of the
Sudeten Mountains, and the central part of the Bug river basin (Kundzewicz
et al. 2012). Typically, the two periods of high river flow in Poland
are in spring (with snowmelt and ice melt) and summer (with intense
precipitation). Floods caused by advective and frontal precipitation covering
large areas are typical in most of the Upper Vistula river basin. Most
severe floods, in terms of flood fatalities and material damage, have
occurred in large river valleys and particularly in urban areas protected
by embankments. When a very large flood comes, the dykes may fail to
withstand the masses of water and break, so that adjacent areas with high
damage potential are inundated.
The highest flood hazard can be expected in the following multiple-risk
situations:
– a flood wave on a tributary coincides with a flood wave on the main
river. In this context, especially dangerous locations are the confluence
of the River Nysa Kłodzka with the Odra, the confluence of the River
Warta with the Odra, and the confluences of the Dunajec, San and
Narew with the Vistula;
– intense rainfall during snow melting (on the lowlands);
– intense rainfall in urban areas during the passage of a flood wave on
a river.
Storm surges occur along the whole coast of Poland, and their magnitude
depends on a range of factors, one being the sea level (Wiśniewski & Wolski
2011). Poland’s Baltic Sea coastline consists predominantly of sandy, barrier
beaches, dunes and cliffs, and populated coastal lowlands. The coast can
be split into three parts, reflecting major differences in physiographic and
economic features – from west to east: (i) the Odra Estuary (including
the conurbations of Szczecin and Świnoujście), (ii) the western and central-
eastern dunes, cliffs, and the open sea barrier beaches (including the Hel
Peninsula); and (iii) the Vistula Delta (with the conurbations of Gdańsk and
Elbląg, with similar physiographic features), including Gdynia and Sopot.
Pruszak & Zawadzka (2008) point out that the socioeconomic vulnerability
of the Polish coast (without considering adaptive measures) is particularly
high in the eastern and western parts, of enormous industrial, economic
and social importance, where large towns are located near the main areas
of potential flooding: the lagoons and lowlands of the Vistula and Odra
deltas. Also, the ports of Świnoujście and Ustka, of considerable national
importance, are situated in sensitive areas. Further, ecosystems in the
central regions of the Polish coast, including lagoons, important bird areas,
and the Słowiński National Park (a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve) with its
wandering dunes, are vulnerable.
3. Observations and projections of changes in the flood
hazard in Poland
Changes in flood risk are driven by changes in the climatic system
(heavy precipitation, snow cover, and drivers of snowmelt, river freeze-up
and break-up), the hydrological/terrestrial system (land-use change, urban-
isation, river regulation – channel straightening, change of channel width,
construction of embankments), and the socio-economic systems (increasing
exposure – economic development of flood plains, which generates growth
of wealth and damage potential in flood-prone areas).
The water holding capacity of the atmosphere is governed by the
Clausius-Clapeyron equation, which states that the saturation vapour
pressure grows with temperature (at the rate of 6–7% per 1◦ C increase in
temperature). In other words, warmer air can contain more water vapour.
A statistically significant increase in the frequency of intense precipitation
has already been observed at many (but not all) meteorological stations,
both in Europe (Zolina 2012) and in Poland. Moreover, the structure of the
precipitation process has changed: short, isolated precipitation events are
now giving way to longer precipitation events (Zolina 2012).
The mean annual and seasonal precipitation has been observed to
increase at most weather stations in Poland and to decrease at some others,
but many of these changes are not statistically significant. There has been
a pronounced, but not ubiquitous, increasing tendency in the intensity of
rainfall. However, the inter-annual variability of precipitation is very strong.
Changes in the seasonality of precipitation involve a decrease in the ratio
of warm-season precipitation to cold-season precipitation (Pińskwar 2009)
and also in the proportion of liquid to solid precipitation in winter. The
frequency of synoptic weather patterns that are likely to lead to intense
precipitation and floods has been on the rise (Niedźwiedź et al. 2014).
There has been an increasing number of local floods in urban areas (flash
floods), including large towns (or parts thereof), caused by intense rainfall,
when the capacity of the urban sewage systems is too small, or when the
urban outflow is obstructed by a flood wave in the river.
Flood damage potential in Poland has increased considerably, in the
wake of urbanisation and the ubiquitous increase of wealth. Increasing
flood exposure results from human encroachment onto floodplains and the
economic development of flood-prone areas. The assets at risk from flooding
are high, and growing dynamically. Sensitivity to floods has increased
since the change of the political and economic system in the early 1990s,
accompanying the constantly (for over 20 years now, including the difficult
year 2009) growing national GDP.
Trends established for Polish tide gauge stations show that the annual
mean sea level has been increasing over the last century. Observations of sea
level changes in Świnoujście belong to the longest series of records, globally
(Pruszak & Zawadzka 2008). More recently the sea level rise has accelerated,
up to 0.3 cm yr−1 .
Historically, the southern coast of the Baltic Sea has always been
exposed to flooding and erosion. Over the last 700 years, 82 surges have
exceeded 1.2 m AMSL and the 10-year design level is assumed to be
1.5 ± 0.15 m (Pruszak & Zawadzka 2008). A spectacular example illustrating
the consequences of coastal retreat is the ruin of the church at Trzęsacz, built
in 1250 in the middle of a then village, 700 m from the seashore. In the
meantime, the sea has taken away all of that land and almost all of the cliff
on which the remains of the church (a single wall – now protected) stand.
Since the 1970s coastal erosion, flooding and the frequency and severity of
storm conditions has intensified along all of the Polish coast as a result of
sea-level-rise, increased storminess and sediment starvation. In recent years,
the atmospheric circulation over the Baltic Sea has changed, leading to an
increase in the intensity and frequency of north-westerly storms.
Wiśniewski & Wolski (2011) report that the sea level rise rate during
a storm surge can be extremely rapid. In January 1993 increases of 72 and
70 cm h−1 were reported at Świnoujście and Kołobrzeg respectively.
Projections for the future illustrate the possible greater hazard of rain-
generated floods in much of the country, owing to the increasing frequency
and amplitude of intense precipitation and increasing frequency of ‘wet’
circulation patterns. On the other hand, the hazard due to snowmelt
flooding is expected to decrease (Kundzewicz et al. 2010).
Future projections based on climate-models show a greater frequency
of intense precipitation. The daily precipitation total with an annual
exceedance probability of 0.05 (the so-called 20-year 24 h precipitation, that
is exceeded, on average, once in 20 years) in the control period 1981–2000
is projected to become more frequent in the whole of central Europe. On
average, it will recur every 12–14 years in 2046–2065 and every 9–13 years
in 2081–2100, depending on the emission scenario (Seneviratne et al. 2012).
These ranges correspond to the mean values for ensembles of climate
models.
Projections have to be treated with caution, however. Precipitation, the
principal input signal to freshwater systems, is not simulated with adequate
reliability in present-day climate models. Projected precipitation changes
are model- and scenario-specific, and encumbered with very considerable
uncertainty; hence, quantitative projections of changes in river flows at the
river basin scale remain largely uncertain. These uncertainties therefore
have to be taken into account in the planning process (e.g. of flood
protection infrastructure of long lifetime) and in assessments of future
vulnerability.
There are many sources of uncertainty in future projections, starting
from the impossibility of predicting future human behaviour: population
change, social and economic development, climate mitigation policy, control-
ling future greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration, and hence
the intensity of the greenhouse effect. Uncertainties are also introduced by
propagation within the system: from greenhouse gas emissions and carbon
sequestration to the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases, and
further to climate change (including feedbacks) and its impacts. Since every
component in the system contributes a large amount of uncertainty, this
is amplified all along the logical chain from emissions to regional and
local impacts. The climate model uncertainty (converting greenhouse gas
concentrations into climatic variables, such as temperature and precipita-
tion) is already large. There is a substantial difference between the results
obtained using different scenarios and different models. Uncertainties of
climate change projections increase with the length of the future time
horizon. In the short-term (e.g. the 2020s), climate model uncertainties are
dominant. The intra-model uncertainty (for the same model and different
socio-economic and emission scenarios) can be lower than the inter-model
uncertainty (for the same scenario and different models), especially for
not-too-remote future horizons. Over longer time horizons, uncertainties
due to the emission scenarios become increasingly significant, however.
Uncertainty in practical water-related projections is also due to the
spatial and temporal scale mismatch between coarse-resolution climate
models and the smaller-grid scale, relevant to adaptation, for which
information on a much finer scale is required. Further, the time scale
of interest, e.g. for heavy precipitation resulting in flash flooding as the
dynamics of flood routing is on a time scale of minutes to hours, differs
from the results of available climate model (typically given at daily/monthly
intervals). This scale mismatch makes disaggregation necessary, and this is
another source of uncertainty. A further portion of the uncertainty is due
to hydrological models and deficiencies in observation records available for
model validation.
Studies based on GCM models envisage a relative sea level rise of 45–
65 cm by 2100 as well as an increase in the frequency and strength of storm
conditions for Poland’s coasts (Pruszak & Zawadzka 2008). Two scenarios
used in several studies for the time horizon of 2100 are: a sea-level rise
of 30 cm and of 100 cm, which could be respectively called optimistic and
pessimistic (Zeidler 1997, Pruszak & Zawadzka 2008). An analysis of the
threats of land loss and flood risk was carried out for these two scenarios,
and the economic and social costs and losses were assessed. For a 100 cm
sea-level rise, more than 2300 km2 and 230 000 people are vulnerable on
Polish coasts and the damage due to loss of land could be nearly 30 billion
USD plus 18 billion USD at risk of flooding (1995 prices) (Zeidler 1997).
A sea-level rise of 1 m plus possible flooding from storm surges (1.5 m) places
the maximum inland boundary at 2.5 m AMSL. Zeidler (1997) determined
three impact zones between contour lines 0–0.3 m, 0.3–1 m and 1–2.5 m,
respectively covering 845, 883 and 476 km2 , i.e. 2204 km2 in total. About
30 km2 of beaches and dunes are likely to disappear. The greatest impacts of
accelerated sea-level rise would occur in the far eastern and western regions
of the Polish coast, in the deltas of the Vistula and the Odra, with lesser
impacts along the central region. Threatened areas include the conurbation
of Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia, the Żuławy (Vistula Delta) polders, and
the low-lying areas around the Szczecin Lagoon and the Odra river mouth.
These threatened areas are densely populated and of key importance to the
Polish economy. The agricultural area of the vulnerable Żuławy polders is
about 1800 km2 , that is, nearly 0.6% of the total area of Poland. The Hel
Peninsula, narrow and low, is already vulnerable in places. This area, of
large aesthetic and emotional value to the Polish nation, will be increasingly
threatened in the decades to come.
4. Flood defences and flood preparedness systems in Poland
Flood protection and flood management strategies can modify either
flood waters, or susceptibility to flood damage and the impact of flooding.
One can try to ‘keep people away from water’ or ‘keep water away from
people’. There are several adaptation strategies for coping with floods
(see Kundzewicz & Schnellhuber 2004). They can be labelled as follows:
protection (as far as is technically possible and financially feasible, bearing in
mind that absolute protection does not exist), accommodation (living with
floods, learning from them), or retreat (relocation of people from flood-risky
to flood-safe areas). This last option, e.g. if the state/province purchases
land and property in flood-prone areas, aims to rectify maladaptation and
floodplain development.
The components of a flood protection and preparedness system can be
divided into five categories, as illustrated in Table 1. These categories are
recognised as strategies in the STAR-FLOOD Project (see the footnote on
the first page of this paper).
One can try to reduce flood risk by structural and technological means
(e.g. hard engineering solutions and implementation of improved design
standards), or by legislative, regulatory and institutional means (integrated
management; revision of guidance notes for planners and design standards).
One can avoid or reduce risk by relocation or some other avoidance strategy,
by improvements in forecasting systems, and by contingency and disaster
plans. One can share loss (insurance-type strategies) but one has to be
prepared to take a residual risk. Research (reducing uncertainties) and
education on flood risk are essential.
Flood defences in Poland are mostly structural and include embank-
ments and storage reservoirs. Those in the Vistula River basin include
embankments with a total length of ca 4700 km, protecting an area of
ca 5300 km2 . There are several storage reservoirs playing an important
role in the flood protection system along the upland tributaries of the
Vistula: Porąbka and Tresna on the River Soła, Czorsztyn and Rożnów on
the Dunajec, Solina (460 million m3 ) and Myczkowce on the San, Sulejów
on the Pilica, and Dębe on the Narew. There are also reservoirs on the
Vistula itself, such as Goczałkowice on the Mała Wisła (Small Vistula)
and Włocławek on the lower Vistula. The disastrous 1934 flood prompted
intensive work on the flood control system on the Vistula’s mountain
tributaries. To reduce flood risk, flood protection reservoirs at Porąbka on
the Soła (completed in 1936) and at Rożnów on the Dunajec (1941) were
constructed; half a century later, another reservoir was built at Czorsztyn
on the Dunajec.
Table 1. Components of the flood protection and preparedness system envisaged
or implemented in Poland, with some examples
Components of the flood protection and preparedness system
Flood Risk Prevention (‘keeping people away from water’)
Spatial planning – Enforcement of zoning – Relocation of
identification of restriction of settlement inhabitants of
flood risk areas in risk areas flood risk areas
Structural Flood Defence (‘keeping water away from people’ via infrastructural works)
Dykes, floodwalls Dams and storage Relief channels
and embankments reservoirs
Flood Mitigation (reducing the adverse consequences of flooding)
Watershed management Storing water in the landscape Building codes. Standards
(‘keeping the water (surface storage, polders, soil for building development
where it falls’) storage, groundwater storage).
Restoration of wetlands and
Preparation of a flood Preparation of a flood Evacuation plan
management plan for forecasting and flood
an imminent flood warning system
Insurance and emergency Legislation enhancing
financing schemes recovery
The flood protection system in the Odra river basin consists of em-
bankments, weirs, reservoirs (including dry flood protection reservoirs, i.e.
polders), and relief channels. In the nineteenth century, the length of the
River Odra from Racibórz to Schwedt was made 26.4% shorter by digging
channels. Regulation has continued since then. There are 23 weirs on the
Odra itself (19 built before the end of World War Two), serving principally
navigation and hydropower. There are also several reservoirs on the Czech
tributaries of the Odra.
However, the total capacity of water storage reservoirs in Poland is
only 6% of the mean annual runoff. Several reservoirs are sited in the
southern, highland, part of Poland, but in the lowlands, and Poland is
a predominantly flatland country, construction of a dam necessitates the
inundation of a larger area.
There is a recognised need to strengthen flood protection systems for
larger towns like Sandomierz on the Vistula and Opole and Wrocław on
the Odra. Past floods such as those in 1997 and 2010 have exposed the
inadequacy of existing structural defences.
Structural measures physically modify the environment, whereas non-
structural measures change people’s behaviour. Indeed, we must change
our behaviour (software), and not just build defences (hardware).
The Polish people are increasingly acknowledging the importance of
non-structural flood protection. One of the options being considered is
watershed management (‘to keep the water where it falls’ and to reduce
surface runoff and erosion) and the restoration of wetlands and flood-plain
forests, re-connection of old river arms, and identification of areas-to-be-
inundated in an emergency. There is a call to ‘give more space to the
rivers’. Further, legal regulations are being implemented/envisaged related
to the use of flood-plain areas, such as restrictions on new infrastructure and
on handling substances dangerous to water in households. It is important
to improve social awareness of the flood risk.
Early warning (Kundzewicz 2012) is an important part of any flood
preparedness system, reducing the destructive impact of floods on vul-
nerable areas in terms of lives and material damage. A flood warning is
timely information based on a reliable forecast that a high water level
(or high river discharge) is expected to occur in a river cross-section of
interest at some defined future point in time, so that emergency action,
such as strengthening dykes or evacuation, can be undertaken. A flood
alert, usually issued before a flood warming, is less specific and aims at
raising vigilance. A warning should be issued sufficiently early (this depends
on catchment size relative to vulnerable zones in terms of possible lead
times) before the potential inundation, in order to allow adequate human
preparations. It should persuade people to take appropriate action in order
to reduce the damage and costs of the forthcoming flood. A flood forecasting
and warning system has been operating in Poland. After the 1997 flood it
was considerably strengthened and now includes radar.
Water management decisions have always been made on the basis
of uncertain information. Yet changes in climatic, terrestrial and socio-
economic systems challenge existing water management practices by adding
uncertainties and novel risks that are often beyond the range of experience.
Adaptation, both reactive and anticipative, makes use of a feedback
mechanism, implementing modifications (and possibly correcting past
mistakes) in response to new knowledge and information (from monitoring
and research – modelling studies producing scenarios).
Water resources systems have been traditionally designed and operated
on the basis of the stationarity assumption: the past is the key to the
future (Kundzewicz et al. 2008). However, ‘stationarity is dead’ (Milly
et al. 2008), hence existing standard design procedures cannot be optimal
for changing conditions: systems can be under- or over-designed, resulting
in either inadequate performance or excessive costs (e.g. with a large safety
margin).
Every dyke is designed to withstand an N-year flood, e.g. a 100-year
flood, so it can be overtopped and/or breached/washed away, if a much
higher flood occurs. But the notion of a 100-year flood has to be revisited
in the light of ongoing, and projected, changes. The 100-year flood for
a past control period is unlikely to be of the same amplitude as a 100-
year flood in a future time horizon, which is of importance for large water
infrastructure (e.g. dykes, dams and spillways). However, because of the
difficulty in isolating the greenhouse signal in the observation records and
the large uncertainty of projections for the future, no precise, quantitative
information can be delivered. In some countries (like Germany, the UK and
the Netherlands), flood design values have been increased by a safety margin
based on existing climate change impact scenarios. A ‘climate change factor’
has been tacitly introduced, which is to be taken into account in any new
plans for flood control measures.
Planning horizons and lifetimes for some adaptation options (e.g. dams)
may be many decades, during which time information is expected to change.
Existing climate projections for the future are encumbered with a high
degree of uncertainty. Despite recent progress in evaluating uncertainties
(e.g. via ensembles-based studies), quantitative projections of changes in
river runoff remain largely uncertain (Kundzewicz et al. 2007, 2008, 2009).
Hence the question may arise – adapting to what?
There is the opportunity cost of failure to act early vs. the value of delay
(narrower range of uncertainty) and the controversy about whether to adapt
now to existing (strongly uncertain) projections or to wait for more accurate
and trustworthy information and then adapt (possibly having missed the
opportunity for advanced adaptation).
Uncertainty in climate impact projections has implications for adapta-
tion practices. Adaptation procedures need to be developed that do not
rely on precise projections of changes in river discharge. Water managers
can no longer have confidence in an individual scenario or projection for
the future, because it is difficult to evaluate its reliability. Hence, multi-
model probabilistic approaches are preferable to using the output of only
one climate model when assessing uncertainty in climate change impacts.
The broad range of different model-based climate scenarios suggests that
adaptive planning should not be restricted to just one or a few scenarios,
since there is no guarantee that the range of simulations adequately
represents the full possible range (Kundzewicz et al. 2007).
Since the uncertainty in projections for the future is large, a precaution-
ary attitude is advisable when planning adaptation. There is no doubt that
better accommodation of the extremes of present climate variability augurs
better for the future climate, which is subject to change.
Most severe floods, in terms of fatalities and material damage, have
occurred in large river valleys, especially in conurbations and industrial areas
protected by embankments. The design of dykes is based on probabilistic
measures, but these do not give a complete guarantee. Dykes may offer
a reasonable level of protection against a small-to-medium flood; but
when an extraordinary flood occurs and dykes fail to hold back the water
masses and break or are overtopped, the damage is greater than it would
have been if the dyke had not existed. This is so because dykes are
commonly (but mistakenly) treated as affording absolute protection and
attract development. Several towns were devastated by the floods in 1997
(Kłodzko, Racibórz, Opole, Wrocław) and 2010 (Sandomierz).
In the context of increasing flood hazards and/or flood risks, the
upgrading of structural defences (e.g. expanding the enclosures within
embankments and improving the existing embankments around low-lying
areas, raising and strengthening dykes, enlarging reservoirs etc.) and
revision of the management regulations for water structures would be
needed. The upgrading of drainage systems (in particular of urban drainage)
for a future, wetter, climate is also necessary. Another (very costly) option is
the relocation of industry and settlements from flood plains. A small-scale
structural action is flood-proofing on site, i.e. adapting existing building
codes to ensure that long-term infrastructure will withstand future climate
risks.
Coastal defences on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea have been built
since the 19th century. Coastal protection structures, consisting mostly of
groynes and revetments, exist along ca 26% of the Polish coastline (Pruszak
& Zawadzka 2008). Three adaptation options are being considered in the
context of climate change adaptation in the Polish coastal zone: retreat,
limited protection and full protection. The total cost of all protection
measures in the whole coastal zone of Poland, at 1995 prices, is 6 billion
USD (Zeidler 1997), i.e. 8 times less than the total cost of land loss due
to sea-level rise, including storm surge effects. The protection measures
include strengthening existing defences and constructing new defences. In
the Vistula Delta, full protection is required, consisting of storm and flood
prevention facilities. It is estimated that 107 and 280 km respectively of
new dykes will have to be constructed for sea level rises by the year 2100 of
30 cm and 1 m; the respective lengths of dykes requiring improvement are
243 and 324 km for the same scenarios (Pruszak 2000). However, since the
uncertainty in climate change projections is high, monitoring the situation
and updating plans are necessary on an almost continuous basis.
5. European Union Floods Directive
In response to a number of recent destructive inundations in Europe
since the 1990s, such as the summer floods in 1997 and 2002, the EU
Floods Directive (CEC 2007) was adopted. The Directive obliges EU
Member States to undertake, for each river basin district or the portion
of an international river basin district or coastal area lying within their
– a preliminary flood risk assessment (a map of the river basin;
description of past floods; description of flooding processes and their
sensitivity to change; description of development plans; assessment
of the likelihood of future floods based on hydrological data, types of
floods and the projected impact of climate change and land-use trends;
forecast of estimated consequences of future floods);
– preparation of flood maps and indicative flood damage maps, for
areas which could be flooded with a high probability, with a medium
probability and with a low probability (extreme events);
– preparation and implementation of flood risk management plans,
aimed at achieving the required levels of protection.
After having entered the European Union on 1 May 2004, Poland
contributed to the collaborative, pan-European work on the preparation
of the EU Floods Directive (No. 2007/60/WE). It was published in the
Polish legislative periodical Dziennik Ustaw (Dz.U. UE L 288/27). The
implementation of the Directive in the Polish legal system was regulated
by the updated ‘Water Law’ of 5 January 2011 (Dz.U. Nr 32, poz. 159)
that came into force on 18 March 2011.
Since the Floods Directive is closely related to the implementation of the
Water Framework Directive, road maps for the implementation of both these
directives have to be fully synchronised. It is desirable, therefore, that social
consultation processes should be closely coordinated. Coordination of the
implementation of these directives should help complementary objectives to
be achieved.
Article 17 of the Floods Directive states that ‘Member States shall bring
into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to
comply with this Directive before 26 November 2009’. This deadline was not
met by Poland. This objective was achieved later, on 5 January 2011, by
passing the regulation changing the ‘Water Law’ and some other regulations
(Dz.U. 2011 No. 32 item. 159) [in Polish: ustawa z dnia 5 stycznia 2011 r.
o zmianie ustawy – Prawo wodne oraz niektórych innych ustaw (Dz.U. 2011
Nr 32 poz. 159)].
Important deadlines were envisaged in the implementation of the
Floods Directive in 2011 and 2013. Chapter II, item 4 of the Floods
Directive required that Member States should complete the preliminary
flood risk assessment by 22 December 2011. The Chairperson of the
National Board of Water Management approved the preliminary flood risk
assessment on 21 December 2011, thereby meeting the deadline required
by the Floods Directive. The document was prepared by the Institute of
Meteorology and Water Management (State Research Institute) through
its Centres of Flood Modelling in Gdynia, Poznań, Kraków and Wrocław,
in consultation with the National Water Management Board. The draft
document was sent to provincial governors and marshals for their comments,
and after consideration of these, to the Director of the Government
Centre for Security. The preliminary flood risk assessment was carried out
within the framework of the Information System of National Protection
against Extraordinary Hazards (Polish abbreviation – ISOK), financed
from the European Regional Development Fund – Operational Programme:
Innovative Economy.
Chapter III, item 8 of the Floods Directive required that Member States
should ensure that the flood hazard maps and flood risk maps are completed
by 22 December 2013. The methodology for compiling such maps in Poland
was specified by a Decree of the Minister of the Environment, the Minister
for Infrastructure and Minister of the Interior and Administration. The
methodology defines the content range of maps, the quality of source data
and the timetable for their implementation and publication. Such maps,
based on current geodetic and cartographic data, including the precise
digital terrain model developed from airborne laser scanning data, were
prepared within the ISOK project (Kurczyński 2012) by a consortium led
by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, embracing the
National Board of Water Management, the Main Office of Geodesy and
Cartography and the National Institute of Telecommunications, as well as
the Government Centre for Security as a supporting body.
The directors of regional water management boards are responsible
for the production of flood hazard maps and flood risk maps in a water
region. Following the decision of the Chairperson of the National Water
Management Board, these maps were to be compiled by the Flood Modelling
Centres affiliated to the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management.
The maps have been forwarded to nine groups of addressees (Chair-
person of the Water Management National Board, Principal National
Geodesist, Main Inspector of Environmental Protection, Director of the
Government Centre for Security, the relevant provincial governors and
marshals, rural and urban district authorities, and the relevant commanders
of provincial, district or urban fire brigades).
The extent of flood-endangered areas shown on the maps will be taken
into consideration in the spatial management practices of the country and
the provinces, studies of conditions and spatial management in communes,
and local spatial management plans.
Within 18 months of receiving the maps, the public administration
bodies listed above will take account of these areas in spatial management
plans and studies, and the costs of introducing these changes will be covered
by the budgets of the relevant communes or provinces.
The principle of subsidiarity guiding EU policy means that Member
States have to react flexibly to the specific challenges in their countries.
Adaptation is basically local. However, the EU acts as coordinator where
trans-boundary issues and sectoral policies are concerned. It provides co-
funding for a range of projects (including infrastructure). The EU supports
research, information exchange, awareness-raising and education. In other
words, it creates a favourable environment for such adaptation.
It is expected that implementation of the Floods Directive, the most
advanced legislation worldwide in the area of flood protection and flood
preparedness, will help reduce the flood risk in Poland.
6. The public debate on flood risk and flood preparedness
The Polish nation has suffered considerably from floods, so that
a vigorous public debate on flood risk and flood preparedness has taken
place. This was particularly apparent during and following the disastrous
flood in July 1997 (Kundzewicz et al. 1999). Public opinion polls showed
the nation to be critical towards the central government, and this criticism
may have contributed to the defeat of the then ruling coalition in the
subsequent parliamentary elections, as noted by many an international
observer. Some provincial authorities who underestimated the danger and
did not make proper use of the forecasts were strongly criticised. The
1997 flood demonstrated the considerable capabilities of local authorities,
whose performance was evaluated more favourably. In several locations
they managed to combat the hazard. This statement became important in
a nationwide discussion about the territorial structure of Poland on whether
or not to replace the existing administrative division into 49 provinces
(Polish – województwa) by a smaller number of larger units and whether or
not to introduce an intermediate level of districts (Polish – powiaty) between
the provinces and municipalities (Polish – gminy). The flood provided ample
demonstration of the inefficiency of the existing flood protection structure
and of the division of responsibilities.
The 1997 flood made arrogant politicians and militant environmentalists
alike eat humble pie. The new reservoir at Czorsztyn on the Dunajec, the
subject of a violent dispute that had gone on for decades, proved to play
a useful and spectacular role during the flood, saving many settlements from
inundation.
The 1997 event was extensively covered by the Polish media. For several
weeks, it was the dominant topic in the press and the principal theme of
the cover stories of weekly magazines, including four issues of the opinion-
forming POLITYKA (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. A sample of the covers of Polish weekly magazines in the summer of
1997 relating to the flood topic
The 1997 flood theme in Poland was intimately interwoven into the
election campaign by the media. Indeed, politicking around the flood
became quite common. As a result, many members of the public got the
feeling that flood losses could have been prevented and that it was only the
inefficiency of the authorities that had led to disaster. Yet in the light of
objective hydrological data, it is absolutely clear that the disaster could not
have been avoided.
Destruction, panic and chaos in the flood-affected areas of Poland (the
Upper Odra and its tributaries) during the first wave of the flood in July
1997 was set against the ‘Ordnung’ of the preparatory action on the German
side of the border along the Lower Odra. Yet this was at the time when the
flood peak was still a long way upstream of the Lower Odra. When high
water did eventually arrive in the Słubice/Frankfurt area, it turned out that
the dykes on the Polish side, which had earlier been massively reinforced,
withstood the pressure of the water, whereas those on the German side
broke in several places, resulting in large-scale inundations and catastrophic
material damage.
After decades of censorship in the totalitarian communist system,
the freedom of press has become an essential human right in the new,
democratic, Poland. Yet, during the flood, the absolute freedom of the
press did not always rhyme with responsibility. Chasing sensations did
not serve the flood defences well. Very often high-profile individuals –
laymen where floods and hydrology are concerned – played the expert
and shared their (mostly critical) opinions on the flood action through
the media. Questioning individual decisions pertinent to flood management
(e.g. moving amphibious vehicles from central Poland into the flooded
zone) was not uncommon. Furthermore, the media presented ‘alternative’
forecasts, some of which largely underestimated the amount of precipitation
during the second flood wave that IMGW forecast with good accuracy.
Mr Krzysztof Szamałek, Deputy Environment Minister and Deputy
Head of the ad hoc high level emergency committee for the coordination
of flood mitigation (Anti-Crisis Committee), stated that ‘such a flood could
neither have been foreseen, nor remedied’ and rightly heralded it as ‘the
largest natural disaster in the 1000-year history of Poland’. Indeed, if an
existing all time flood record is doubled, as in the case of the flow rate of
the River Odra at the Racibórz-Miedonia gauge, and the flood recurrence
interval lies within the range of thousands of years, there is no way of
avoiding material losses. The flood’s magnitude was unprecedented, far
beyond existing experience. For decades, people had got used to floods
along the Odra and its tributaries. They knew where the safe places were
in an emergency, where to find shelter for animals and cars. This time,
however, the water entered the usual safe havens.
The dramatic Odra flood in July 1997, occurring after a long flood-free
period, made the general public aware of how dangerous and destructive
a flood can be. It also demonstrated the weaker and stronger points of
the existing flood protection system and helped to identify the aspects that
needed urgent improvement. Indeed, every link in the chain of operational
flood management (observation – forecast – response – relief) was found
wanting. However, the nation has learnt the lesson and has ever since been
working on improving the flood preparedness system.
The catastrophic flood in July 1997 demonstrated that the flood
protection systems for larger towns and cities like Wrocław, Legnica, Opole,
Racibórz and Lwówek Śląski were inadequate. In addition, vast areas of
agricultural land along the stretch of the Upper Odra to Krzepkowice and
in the valleys of the Upper Odra’s tributaries were not adequately protected.
The system of anti-flood committees turned out to be inefficient: before
1997, they had never been involved in action on this scale. Even the maps
these committees possessed were outdated. Moreover, the units involved in
the action, such as the Anti-flood Committee and the Army, had outdated
instructions and directives (e.g. delegating long non-existent military units
to combat the flood). There was no clearly defined ‘division of labour’ for
the participation of the Army, Police and Fire Brigades in flood actions;
neither were the financial consequences of such actions taken into account.
The dissemination of information on floods in the provinces, towns and
villages was practically non-existent. No suitable civil defence force was
available in the country; the existing one was geared to act in case of war
rather than in an emergency during peacetime, such as a natural disaster.
During the 1997 flood, the relevant legislation in Poland, being a country
in transition, was found deficient. Therefore the previous (communist)
regime’s laws were essentially abandoned and new Acts of Parliament had
to be passed during a short time. The distribution of responsibilities was
ambiguous and conflicting, and there were complicated links between the
different participants in flood defence activities. According to the legislation
existing at the time, local authorities were not authorised to declare a flood
alert or alarm. Such declarations had to be made by the provincial anti-
flood committees and, as a result, they were issued with much delay, often
after the crest of a flash flood in one of the Odra’s mountain tributaries had
passed. Hence, local authorities typically took common-sense decisions,
without waiting for instructions from above. In addition, the information
flow was deficient; hydrometeorological stations reported to the regional
branches of the hydrometeorological service (albeit making information
available, on request, to local authorities as well). Some of the forecasts
proved to be inaccurate.
Among the downsides of the forecasting and warning system was
the telecommunication support. Classical telecommunication links were
disconnected. Even if mobile phones provided more reliable communication,
the system turned out to have limitations.
Advance warning on the Odra was available for its medium and lower
course when the flood developed in its headwaters in the Czech Republic
and Poland. The State of Brandenburg in Germany had ten days before the
arrival of the floodwater. Yet detailed forecasts were difficult to obtain, for
example, because observations at several gauges were interrupted and the
flood information office in Wrocław was itself flooded.
It was recognised that the following work needed to be carried out: mod-
ernisation of the weather radar network and stream/rain gauges; automation
of data transmission; technical upgrading of flood warning centres, including
telecommunication facilities (phone, radio, fax, if necessary, capable of
operating without a mains supply); upgrading of the early warning system
by enhancing the regional, interregional and international flow of flood-
related information; constructing more suitable forecast models.
Since the 1997 flood, there has been considerable investment in Poland
aimed at improving the flood preparedness systems; this includes strength-
ening the flood forecasting and warning systems (e.g. the broader use of
modern technology, radar, models, GIS). Efforts have been made to upgrade
the monitoring systems, and to render stream gauges, communication and
data transmission systems more robust and more reliable than during the
1997 flood.
In the last ten years or so, large-scale flood protection programmes
have been developed in Poland, such as the ‘Programme for the Odra
2006’ and the ‘Programme of flood protection in the Upper Vistula basin’.
However, these programmes have given rise to mixed opinions nationally
and internationally, including criticism from the European Commission and
NGOs. The strategy was based on assumptions rather than on serious
considerations of efficiency. The structural approach of constructing dykes
and dams, proposed in the programmes, has been rated by many as
insufficient.
The programmes assumed that the flood risk would be reduced by the
implementation of the (very costly) measures specified in the programmes.
A sarcastic saying was coined (Janusz Żelaziński, personal communication),
referring to the costs and effects of flood protection measures in complex-
numbers parlance, namely, that the costs are real, but the effects are
imaginary.
The debate on flood preparedness and the progress made in implement-
ing the EU Floods Directive in Poland is ongoing.
In the light of the destructive floods in Poland in May and June of 2010,
there was broader concern in the nation as to whether the implementation
of the EU Floods Directive was on schedule. This concern was encapsulated
in a formal parliamentary interpellation by Mr Michał Jaros, MP, who
posed the following questions: ‘How advanced is the work on the first
stage of implementing the Directive, i.e. the adaptation of Polish law?
What are the reasons for the delay in implementing the Directive?’. In
response, Mr Bernard Błaszczyk, Deputy Minister for the Environment,
outlined the chronology of activities that were essential for implementing the
Floods Directive in Poland. In his opinion, the process was highly complex,
owing to its interdisciplinary nature. Moreover, the need to change existing
regulations required inter-sectoral negotiations, and that would take time.
Indeed, Poland is striving to meet the obligations resulting from
particular steps requested by the EU Floods Directive.
Flooding – the most destructive natural hazard in Poland – includes
floods from rivers and mountain torrents, as well as floods from sea surges
in coastal areas, and overflow in sewer systems. There have been several
large floods in Poland in the last century and in recent decades, with damage
exceeding 1% of the Polish GDP. Flood risk and flood preparedness became
matters of widespread concern following the dramatic inundations in Poland
in 1997 and 2010. Rainfall floods can occur on all the rivers in the country.
The highest flood risk exists in the headwaters of two large rivers – the
Vistula (whose drainage basin covers 54% of the country’s area) and the
Odra (34%). There are many towns and large cities on the Vistula, the
Odra and their tributaries. As discussed in this paper, changes in flood risk
are driven by changes in the climatic system, in the hydrological/terrestrial
system, and in the socio-economic system. The changing flood risk is due to
changes in the flood hazard (climate) but also to changes in the parameters
of hydrological systems (storage capacity of the landscape, permeability,
roughness coefficient, river bed). The increasing intensity and frequency
of heavy precipitation and sea level rise, as well as decreasing snow cover
and snow melt are the climate change factors contributing to the flood risk.
In order to be prepared for the increasing flood risk, flood protection and
flood management strategies are necessary that can modify either the flood
waters themselves, or the susceptibility to flood damage and the impact of
flooding. In other words, one can try to keep water away from people or to
keep people away from water.
The principal issues related to strengthening the flood protection and
flood preparedness systems include floodplain management (including the
enforcement of zoning) and watershed management. It is necessary to
fill information gaps, for example, quantitative precipitation forecasts and
climate-relevant long-term projections, as well as to increase the awareness
of the endangered population. Moreover, the policies of insurance companies
have an important role to play in raising awareness. In urban areas,
structural defences are absolutely necessary, as are regular assessments of
their technical condition.
Implementation of the Floods Directive of the European Union (EU)
is a useful vehicle for assessing, improving and managing the flood risk in
Poland. But this is a very demanding exercise in this country, owing to the
necessity to harmonise EU law with Polish national law.
The author has benefited from the advice of members of the Committee
on Hazards related to Water, of the Polish Academy of Sciences, whose
chairman he was.
CEC (Commission of European Communities), 2007, Directive of the European
Parliament and of the Council on the Assessment and Management of Floods,
Brussels.
Cyberski J., Grześ M., Gutry-Korycka M., Nachlik E., Kundzewicz Z. W., 2006,
History of floods on the River Vistula, Hydrol. Sci. J., 51 (5), 799–817,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1623/hysj.51.5.799.
Kundzewicz Z. W., 2009, Adaptation to floods and droughts in the Baltic Sea basin
under climate change, Boreal Environ. Res., 14 (1), 193–203.
Kundzewicz Z. W., Dobrowolski A., Lorenc H., Niedźwiedź T., Pińskwar I.,
Kowalczak P., 2012, Floods in Poland, [in:] Changes in flood risk in Europe,
Z. W. Kundzewicz (ed.), IAHS Spec. Pub. No. 10, 319–334.
Kundzewicz Z. W., Lugeri N., Dankers R., Hirabayashi Y., Döll P., Pińskwar
I., Dysarz T., Hochrainer S., Matczak P., 2010, Assessing river flood risk
and adaptation in Europe – review of projections for the future, Mitig.
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Şen Z., Shiklomanov I., 2008, The implications of projected climate change for
freshwater resources and their management, Hydrol. Sci. J., 53 (1), 3–10.
Kundzewicz Z. W., Mata L. J., Arnell N., Döll P., Kabat P., Jiménez B.,
Miller K., Oki T., Şen Z., Shiklomanov I., 2007, Freshwater resources and
their management, [in:] Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and
vulnerability, M. L. Parry, O. F. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, C. E. Hanson & P. J.
van der Linden (eds.), Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, 173–210.
Kundzewicz Z. W., Schnellhuber H.-J., 2004, Floods in the IPCC TAR
perspective, Nat. Hazards, 31 (1), 111–128, http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:
NHAZ.0000020257.09228.7b.
Kundzewicz Z. W., Szamałek K., Kowalczak P., 1999, The great flood of 1997
in Poland, Hydrol. Sci. J., 44 (6), 855–870, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/
02626669909492285.
Kurczyński Z., 2012, Mapy zagrożenia powodziowego i mapy ryzyka powodziowego,
a Dyrektywa Powodziowa, Arch. Fotogram., Kartogr. Teledet., 23, 209–217.
Milly P. C. D., Betancourt J., Falkenmark M., Hirsch R. M., Kundzewicz Z. W.,
Lettenmaier D. P., Stouffer R. J., 2008, Stationarity is dead: whither
water management?, Science, 319 (5863), 573–574, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/
science.1151915.
Niedźwiedź T., Łupikasza E., Pińskwar I., Kundzewicz Z. W., Stoffel M.,
Małarzewski M., 2014, Climatological background of floods in the northern
foothills of the Tatra Mountains, Theor. Appl. Climatol., (in press).
Pińskwar I., 2009, Projekcje zmian w ekstremach opadowych w Polsce (Projections
of changes in precipitation extremes in Poland), Ph. D. thesis, Univ. Life Sci.,
Poznań.
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[in:] European vulnerability and adaptation to impacts of accelerated sea-level
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R. J. Nicholls & R. S. J. Tol (eds.), Univ. Hamburg, FHRC, Middlesex Univ.,
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Seneviratne S. I., Nicholls N., Easterling D., Goodess C. M., Kanae S., Kossin J.,
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on the Polish coast, Oceanologia, 53 (1–TI), 373–390, http://dx.doi.org/10.
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the Vistula river plume in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk during the
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Precipitare
Nivelul mării creste
Gaz cu efect de seră
coastă
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As Time Goes By (The Carpenters album)
As Time Goes By (Harpers Bizarre album)
As Time Goes By (TV series)
GOES 11
Miami (soil)
As Time Goes By is an album released containing songs by American pop duo Carpenters. It was initially released in Japan on August 1, 2001. An international release was originally to follow soon thereafter, but the release of the album generated copyright discrepancies among several publishers. These discrepancies were not resolved until late 2003, delaying the album's international date of release until April 13, 2004.
The tracks contained on this collection span the years 1967–1980, and are culled from a wide variety of media: demos, outtakes, live performances, as well as the Carpenters' television specials. The recordings encompass the majority of the Carpenters' recording career and are an eclectic mix, containing the likes of "Dizzy Fingers", "My Funny Valentine" and "Dancing in the Street".
"Without a Song" (Edward Eliscu, Billy Rose, Vincent Youmans) – 1:58
"Superstar/Rainy Days and Mondays" (Bonnie Bramlett, Leon Russell/Paul Williams, Roger Nichols) – 3:10
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/As_Time_Goes_By_(The_Carpenters_album)
As Time Goes By is an album by Harpers Bizarre, released in 1976.
This reunion release of the group does not include former member Ted Templeman.
"Introduction"
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"Down at Papa Joe's" (Jerry Dean Smith)
"Everynight" (Paul McCartney)
"Society Strut" (Misha Mack, Jack Van Gleason)
"Lullaby of Broadway" (Harry Warren, Al Dubin)
"Speak Low" (Kurt Weill/Ogden Nash)
"Banana King Louie" (Lord John)
"My Melancholy Baby" (Ernie Burnett, George Norton; Ray Keller, Jack Van Gleason arrangement))
"Beechwood 4-5789" (William "Mickey" Stevenson, Berry Gordy, Marvin Gaye)
"That's the Way It Was (from Dvorak's "New World Symphony"" (Joseph Bocci, Robert Frost; Ray Keller, Jack Van Gleason arrangement)
"Back in the Saddle Again" (Ray Whitley, Gene Autry)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/As_Time_Goes_By_(Harpers_Bizarre_album)
As Time Goes By is a British romantic sitcom that aired on BBC One from 1992 to 2002, with reunion specials in 2005. Starring Judi Dench and Geoffrey Palmer, it follows the relationship between two former lovers who meet unexpectedly after not having been in contact for 38 years.
The programme's original working title had been Winter with Flowers (from the German proverb "An old man loved is winter with flowers") but was changed during its first day of filming due to the cast's protestations. The new title was taken from the 1931 song "As Time Goes By", which was used as the title music, recorded by Joe Fagin.
The show was created by Colin Bostock-Smith, but written by Bob Larbey, who had co-written The Good Life. In 2004, As Time Goes By was ranked #29 in Britain's Best Sitcom.
The series was produced by Theatre of Comedy Entertainment, in association with DLT Entertainment Ltd. for the BBC.
In the March 2011 PBS pledge drive programming special Behind the Britcoms: from Script to Screen hosted by Moira Brooker and Philip Bretherton, the series creator/producer revealed that Jean Simmons had declined the first offer of the role of Jean (which was written with her in mind) due to her reluctance to uproot her sunny life—specifically mentioning her dogs, garden, and family—in California. Dench was later cast for the role.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/As_Time_Goes_By_(TV_series)
Goes ( pronunciation ) is a municipality and a city in the southwestern Netherlands on Zuid-Beveland, in the province of Zeeland. The town of Goes has approximately 27,000 residents.
Goes was founded in the 10th century on the edge of a creek: de Korte Gos (the Short Gos). The village grew fast, and in the early 12th century it had a market square and a church devoted to Mary Magdalene. In 1405 Goes received city rights from William, Duke of Bavaria, by his right as count of Holland, and in 1417 it was allowed to build town walls. The prosperity of the city was based upon the cloth industry and the production of salt. In the 16th century Goes declined. Its connection to the sea silted up and in 1554 a large fire destroyed part of the city.
In Autumn 1572, during the course of the Eighty Years' War, Goes, in the Spanish Netherlands, was besieged by Dutch forces with the support of English troops. The siege was relieved in October 1572 by Spanish Tercios, who waded across the Scheldt to attack the besieging forces. In 1577 the Spanish soldiers who occupied Goes were driven out by Prince Maurits of Nassau. The prince built a defence wall around Goes, which is still partly standing. From the 17th century Goes did not play an important role, except as an agricultural centre. In 1868 a railway was constructed through it, but this did not lead to industrialisation. Agriculture remains the most important economic activity.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Goes
GOES 11, known as GOES-L before becoming operational, is an American weather satellite, which is part of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite system. It was launched in 2000, and operated at the GOES-WEST position, providing coverage of the west coast of the United States, until December 6, 2011.
GOES-L was launched aboard an International Launch Services Atlas IIA rocket, flying from Space Launch Complex 36A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch occurred at 07:07 GMT on 3 May. The launch was originally scheduled for 15 March 1999, however it was delayed to allow the Eutelsat W3 satellite to be launched first. Following this, it was rescheduled for 15 May. On 30 April, the Centaur upper stage of a Titan IV(401)B failed during the launch of USA-143. Since a version of the Centaur was also used on the Atlas II, the launch of GOES-L was delayed a week to ensure that the same problem would not affect its launch. Less than five days after the Titan failure, a Delta III failed to launch Orion 3. The failure occurred during the second stage restart, and as the Delta III and Atlas II both used RL10 engines on their second stages, this resulted in a further delay.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/GOES_11
GOES 14, known as GOES-O prior to reaching its operational orbit, is an American weather satellite, which is part of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) system. The spacecraft was built by Boeing and is based on the BSS-601 bus. It is the second of three GOES satellites to use the BSS-601 bus, after GOES 13, which was launched in May 2006.
It was launched by United Launch Alliance aboard a Delta IV-M+(4,2) rocket at 22:51 GMT on 27 June 2009, from Space Launch Complex 37B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Upon reaching geostationary orbit, on 7 July, it was redesignated GOES 14. It underwent a 6-month series of post-launch tests before completing its "check-out" phase and then was placed into "orbital storage mode" or stand-by. Its first full disk image was sent on 27 July 2009
GOES 14 was brought out of storage and began one-minute rapid scans of Tropical Storm Isaac on August 24, 2012. On September 24, 2012, it temporarily assumed the role of GOES-East after GOES 13 experienced technical difficulties. On October 1, 2012 it began moving east at a rate of .9 degrees per day to an ultimate geosynchronous position of 75 degrees west longitude to better cover the Atlantic basin during troubleshooting and repair of GOES 13. GOES 13 was returned to service on 18 October 2012.
The Miami soil series is the state soil of Indiana.
The less sloping Miami soils are used mainly for corn, soybeans, or winter wheat. The steeper areas are used as pasture, hayland, or woodland. Significant area has been converted to residential and commercial uses. There are 794,994 acres (3,217 km2) of Miami soils mapped in Indiana.
Miami soils formed in calcareous, loamy till on the Wisconsin Till Plains. The native vegetation is hardwood forest. Miami soils are fertile and have a moderate available water capacity. Indiana is nationally ranked for agricultural production because of the highly productive Miami soils along with other prime farmland soils in the State.
The Miami series consists of moderately well drained soils formed in as much as 18 inches (46 cm) of loess or silty material and in the underlying loamy till on till plains. They are very deep soils that are moderately deep to dense till. Permeability is moderate or moderately slow in the solum, and slow or very slow in the underlying dense till. Slope ranges from 0 to 60%. Mean annual precipitation is 40 inches (1000 mm), and mean annual temperature is 52 °F (11 °C).
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Miami_(soil)
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Miss Otis regrets, she's unable to lunch today, Madam
Miss Otis regrets, she's unable to lunch today
She is sorry to be delayed
But last evening down in Lover's Lane she strayed, Madam
When she woke up and found
That her dream of love was gone, Madam
She ran to the man who had led her so far astray
And from under her velvet gown
She drew a gun and shot her lover down, Madam
When the mob came and got her
And dragged her from the jail, Madam
They strung her upon the old willow across the way
And the moment before she died
She lifted up her lovely head and cried, Madam
In the years that followed, Ulasevich watched as the gigantic cooling towers and system blocks of Belarus’ first nuclear station took shape ... It was a minibus designed and developed by Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika from 1976–1997 ... This is the time when you can safely walk around the abandoned without fear of being caught by the police" ... This is the time when you can safely walk around the abandoned without fear of being caught by the police"....
China is stepping up restrictions on the production, sale and use of single-use plastic products, according to the state planner, as it seeks to tackle one of the country’s biggest environmental problems ... The United Nations has identified single-use plastics as one of the world’s biggest environmental challenges ... By end of this ......
Telecommunications Minister Mohammad Javad Azari Jahromi tweeted about the development, calling it an “important research step.” ... Iran’s largely state-run media say the 90-kilogram (200-pound) Zafar satellites each have four high-resolution color cameras and will monitor and transmit data on natural resources as well as agricultural and environmental developments ... ....
photo: AP / Evan Vucci
Edit Yahoo Daily News 19 Jan 2020
in “outer space and cyberspace,” as the allies marked the 60th anniversary of a treaty that has been the basis for their postwar defense alliance ... Abe has pushed for Japan’s Self-Defense Force to expand its international role and capability by bolstering cooperation and weapons compatibility with the U.S., as it increasingly works alongside American troops....
on Saturday blamed a technical error for Chinese leader Xi Jinping’s name appearing as “Mr Shithole” in posts on its platform when translated into English from Burmese, apologising for any offence caused. The error came to light on the second day of a visit by the president to the Southeast Asian country, where Xi and state counselor Aung San Suu Kyi signed dozens of agreements covering massive Beijing-backed infrastructure plans....
Între proiectele realizate ca Art Engineer se numără cele prezentate la Bucharest Art Week, Palatul Știrbei, București, în 2017; Pericula Ludus, The Room by Seabam, București, în 2016, Azulejo, în viziunea artiștilor români, ICR Lisabona și May ELEVATOR, Art Safari, București, în 2016 ... the Ninth Kind, City Art Space and Double Tree by Hilton Cluj....
Gala de balet „Carmen Sylva” aduce publicului din București momente îndrăgite ale baletului clasic, care primesc interpretări noi ... Caragiale” din București. Cu casa închisă. ... . ... Nominalizată de Dance Europa pentru rolul din „Marguerite și Armand” (2015) la categoria Outstanding Performance by a Female Dancer, Marina Minoiu vine de la The Royal Danish Ballet, după ce a fost prim-solistă la Opera Națională București ... ....
Deschiderea Anului Beethoven - 250 de ani de la naşterea compozitorului, la Filarmonica „George Enescu“
Uvertura Creaturile lui Prometeu, op ... . Ateneul Român ... Program ... 43 ... 61 ... 113 ... „24/24 DVD&CD” (integrala Capriciilor de Niccolo Paganini); „Simply Mozart by Alexandru Tomescu” cu Orchestra Naţională Radio – dirijor Horia Andreescu (integrala Concertelor pentru vioară şi orchestră de Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart); „Romantic Stradivarius”, împreună cu pianistul Horia Mihail (lucrări de Johannes Brahms, Robert Schumann şi Edvard Grieg) ș.a....
„Punct și de la capăt” cu Natalia Morari
„Punct și de la capăt” cu Natalia Morari. Oaspeții emisiunii. Anatol Golea și Andrei Popov. Europa Liberă. Vă salut pe undele postului de Radio „Europa Liberă” ... Anatol Golea ... MP3 ... La acest moment el ar trebui să ia un fel de „stand by” ... Ce aveți în vedere, când ziceți „stand by”? Să plece temporar de pe postul de președinte al partidului sau, pur și simplu, să schimbe strategia? ... Nu vom transforma Chișinăul nici în Monaco, nici în Miami ... .......
Simona Halep, mulţumită de jocul său, la primul meci al sezonului
''Sunt mulţumită de jocul făcut azi şi sunt sigură că următorul meci va fi mai dificil ... ''M-am mişcat destul de bine, am stat bine pe picioare şi am putut răspunde foarte bine la mingile lovite tare de ea (Tomljanovic) ... WTA a demarat o campanie pentru sprijinirea victimelor incendiilor de vegetaţie din Australia, prin care va dona 100 de dolari australieni pentru fiecare as reuşit la turneele pe care le organizează în Australia ... ....
Doliu în presa românească. Nu împlinise 47 de ani
... redactor-șef la Opinia studențească și jurnalist cu o experiență de peste 25 de ani la Formula AS....
Cristina Țopescu a murit ... ... A fost prinsă și încarcerată ... . CV ... Pacat." ... daca as fi reusit, nu as mai fi fost in decembrie ‘89 aici, as fi trait Revolutia, probabil, plangand in fata televizorului in Germania ... Eu, insa, o fire mai baietoasa si mai voluntara fiind, nu stiu daca eram atat curajoasa, cat revoltata si pornita impotriva "lor", intr-atat, incat pentru nimic in lume nu le-as fi dat nici cea mai mica satisfactie ... ....
Gabriela Firea, atac la Ministru-Pinocchio: Ministerul de finante NU a virat „ieri” sumele necesare pentru ...
Primarul general Gabriela Firea a postat pe Facebook mai multe imagini ca răspuns la acuzațiile lui Florin Cîțu, legate de banii de salarii din Primăria Capitalei. ”Ministrul finantelor publice ma acuza de minciuna intr-o postare de azi dimineata pe FB ... (aveti mai jos documentul) ... Cu siguranta nu ar fi avut nicio intentie sa respecte legea, daca nu as fi semnalat eu public faptul ca peste 40 000 de salariati nu-si vor lua azi leafa ... ....
CIECH Soda România amână construcția fabricii de la Râmnicu Vâlcea
Ca urmare a discuţiilor din noiembrie cu reprezentanţii noului Guvern, compania încă aşteaptă o decizie din partea Executivului, motiv pentru care a decis să menţină producţia în modul stand-by şi în săptămânile următoare ... Singura fabrică de sodă din România se află în stand-by începând cu 18 septembrie 2019, după ce preţul aburului industrial ......
Red Hot Chilli Peppers pregătește un nou album
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„Dacă avem o scară de la unu la zece referitoare la calitatea mediului, aș spune ...
Edit Radio Free Europe 27 Dec 2019
Iuliana Cantaragiu ... Europa Liberă. Sub cinci?. Iuliana Cantaragiu. „Sub cinci ... Europa Liberă ... Iuliana Cantaragiu ... Însă imediat ce a fost demis Guvernul Sandu, partenerii de dezvoltare s-au încordat și s-au pus în situația de stand by, așteaptă dacă Guvernul Chicu va continua reformele față de care și-a asumat angajamentul Republica Moldova și care sunt așteptate din exterior și, respectiv, finanțările sunt condiționate de aceste reforme....
FC Barcelona, echipa cu cele mai mari salarii din lume în 2019
Edit Jurnalul 23 Dec 2019
Echipa de fotbal FC Barcelona şi-a menţinut şi în 2019 poziţia de lider în clasamentul echipelor profesioniste cu cele mai mari salarii din lume, Top 10 fiind dominat de francizele din liga nord-americană de baschet (NBA), care ocupă locurile 4-10, conform unui studiu făcut public de Sporting Intelligence ... În Serie A, Juventus (8,1 milioane lire sterline) devansează AS Roma (3,6 milioane) şi Inter (3,3 milioane) ... AGERPRES. ....
Tragedie în sport ! Un mare rugbist francez a murit la 36 de ani
Antrenorul Laurent Travers a declarat pentru AFP. "A adus râsul și o rază de soare ... A mai jucat la Montauban, Section Pauloise și AS Vaureene. ....
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Tag Archives: justice
Peace Justice and You(th) 2016
31 May 2016 Aravindajustice, learning, peace, youth Leave a comment
In the run-up to the AID conference in College Park, the youth conference on Friday gave kids a chance to learn games and songs related to people’s unity, share experiences related to conflict and injustice, meet the speakers and learn about their work, and talk about ways to work for peace an justice from their own perspective and using their various talents. Continue reading →
NGOs are the eyes and ears of the National Human Rights Commission – Chair
7 January 2016 Aravindahealth, human rights, justice Leave a comment
“NGOs are the eyes and ears of the National Human Rights Council,” said Cyriac Joseph, inaugurating the public hearings on Right to Health conducted by the National Human Rights Council in coordination with the Jan Swasthya Abhiyan.
“NGOs are the ears and eyes of the NHRC” – Cyriac Joseph, NHRC Chair
I perked up at this point which came up after he talked for several minutes about the “players in the field of protection of human rights,” highlighting the role of the legislative, executive and judiciary branches of government and describing how and why the NHRC was constituted and what its mandate was. He was to repeat this statement several times in the course of his 25-minute address, the latter half of which brought out a bit of the idealist in him. Continue reading →
Struggling to Breathe
4 December 2014 AravindaBhopal, justice, police Leave a comment
Bhopal 1984 – New York 2014
“I can’t breathe!” gasped Eric Garner.
His cry, replayed a million times
Echoes the night of 3 December 1984.
Unlike the people of Bhopal
Eric Garner was not choking on gas
From a Union Carbide pesticide plant.
A pesticide plant that could not have heard the people cry
could not have stopped leaking if it tried.
Or could it? Continue reading →
Ground Realities in Narmada Valley
25 August 2001 Aravindadams, justice, Narmada, rehabilitation Leave a comment
When Justice Daud went to the Narmada Valley in search of the truth …
Ground Realities in Narmada Valley | EPW | India Together
Economic and Political Weekly (EPW) 25-31 August 2001. Also appeared under the title Satya Shodhak August 2001 in India Together.
Patiently climbing the Satpura hills under a blazing May sun, the gentleman had every right to be annoyed for having to cover for his incompetent learned colleagues of the judiciary. It was like summoning a brain surgeon to diagnose a cold, a pilot to steer a tricycle, vernier calipers to measure mountains. However you look at it, Justice Daud and his “satya shodhak” (truth-seeking or fact-finding) samiti were called in at a very very late stage, to hear very primary facts. What the villagers in Manibeli told them under the canopy made of leaves, extending from the ?jeevanshala’, was hardly so subtle or obscure as to require the services of a Truth Committee. Their bountiful natural resources and strong social fabric in their home villages, the unlivable conditions in the resettlement sites, the callous treatment by government officials, repression and violence by the police, formed part of a chronicle witnessed by and told to many over the years. It ought to have been heard and acknowledged long ago by the Supreme Court itself, or at least by the court-appointed Grievance Redressal Authorities in 1999 and 2000.
But the honourable court is deaf to anything but English, and the Grievance Redressal Authorities are blind to anything not in print. When Bija Jugalya Vasave of Chimalkhedi said, “I had gone to ascertain whether my name existed in the electoral roll. It said that I had died two years ago,” Justice Daud laughed out loud and dictated, “This is the state of the official records”. It was at that point, and not before, that the notorious defects of official records entered into the official knowledge as far as R and R for Sardar Sarovar project oustees was concerned. The villagers told Justice Daud before he left, “We felt good talking to you”.
Some consolation. As the tribal song goes, the dam builders just go on damming, damming, damming.
Earlier Justice Daud had a tour of the dam from one of the Sardar Sarovar engineers, Gajjar. With glee he showed off his prize toy. These are the canals, these are the turbines, this is where we will generate 200 megawatts … as soon as we can complete the construction! Off we all whizzed in the caravan over and under, around and through the dam site. “The water”, he explained, “as we say in our technical language, has x, y, and z mobility”. Hands flailing, and whole body bopping up and down, he illustrated the fabulous mobility of the water through the canals: “z is the vertical, x is the horizontal, and y is…y is…y is the other one”. Not to be outdone, More, Maharashtra chief engineer and joint secretary, irrigation piped in, “assuming the world has three dimensions”. The judge listened through the whole show-and-tell, right up to the display of large metal parts of the whole grand shebang, also to be used “as soon as we can complete the construction”. “If I may make a comment”, said the judge, “you seem to have taken the acquiescence of the people for granted. This must have been a huge capital expenditure!”
“We like to think of these canals as our Sabarmati”, gushed Gajjar. “Both can have a flow of 25,000 cusecs.” There the similarity ends. Civilisations have grown along the Sabarmati, whereas communities are broken by dams and canals. While all may freely go to the banks of Sabarmati, those living along a canal, whose land is now under it, have no right even to touch the waters. Gajjar’s words of consolation: “legally people do not have the right, but really, how can anyone stop them”? The engineer went on to express his surprise that only 1 m depth of flow was required to supply drinking water. But “such is human nature”, he conceded, “that once this demand is fulfilled, there will be demand for more”.
The temporary water pumping facility sends water to cities like Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Rajkot and Bhavnagar, while advertisement of the same has reached newspapers and magazines around the world. It cost Rs 35 crore to set up, plus recurring costs for the 80 diesel engines, plus advertising (Chicago Tribune ain’t cheap) plus supply costs borne by each city. The Ajva reservoir, Gajjar announced proudly, is already full. More cooed admiringly, “Ajva reservoir is full. That is very nice.” The Ajva reservoir supplies Vadodara. What about Kutch and Saurashtra? Check back next year, promises the ad. Assuming the world has three dimensions.
In Full Swing
Two months later, the glossy advertising campaign continues. Flouting the objections of the R and R subgroup of the Narmada Control Authority, government of Gujarat wrestled permission for the construction of 3 m humps atop the 90 m dam wall approval by appealing to attorney general Soli Sorabjee. The government advertisement publishes statistics on the construction of the concrete works: dam wall, canals, pumps and pipes. Rehabilitation? “In full swing”. No numbers are given.
The fact-finding committee or “committee to assist in the rehabilitation” headed by Justice Daud (retired), after hearing the tribal people in their original villages as well as visiting proposed and existing resettlement sites found that resettlement and rehabilitation was incomplete even up to the present height of Sardar Sarovar (90 m dam wall plus 3 m humps, with water already flowing over this 93 m structure as of today). Not only is the government unprepared to provide for all the oustees at the present height, they have not provided suitable agricultural land, irrigation facilities or civic amenities at the sites where previously ousted people have moved. Furthermore, government records on the project-affected families are so ridden with errors that a census needs to be taken of the affected villages.
Three government secretaries attach a note claiming the opposite, as if the committee’s work was some kind of a hallucination. Their solution to the problem of land unavailability is that tribals ?encroaching’ forest land “must be removed and the land must be allotted to SSPPAFs”. With this despotic step, the secretaries, a la Supreme Court majority judgment, wax sanguine about the “very fertile agricultural land” at resettlement colonies and the ?not congenial’ features of the tribal villages. Displacement, it seems, is just what the doctor ordered. So what is the glitch? The secretaries claim that the government officers are bullied by the activists “gherao them when they visit the sites and try to compel them to write letter mentioning that the government does not have enough land for rehabilitation of PAPs”.
Another problem that they mention is that the posts responsible for rehabilitation are vacant and must be filled. Watch ?I Will Report Honestly’, a 13-minute video clip of tribal villagers discussing land availability with government officers. There, the deputy collector of Nandurbar district tells the people seated before him that there is no land and that no one should move until the matter is resolved. Surely the gun-toting police at his side were not subjugated by unarmed villagers? The day after telling the truth before the people, deputy collector Vasave was transferred. The story is similar in other districts. Collector after collector has resigned or been transferred because the government of Maharashtra has not come clean on its rehabilitation of Sardar Sarovar project affected people. Tribals of neighbouring Madhya Pradesh face the same problems noted by the Daud Committee in Maharashtra. Chief minister Digvijay Singh declared that Madhya Pradesh did not have adequate land for rehabilitation and proposed lower heights for Sardar Sarovar, but this was never considered by the Supreme Court. Tribal villagers of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra are determined to face the waters and challenge the unjust and inhuman submergence of Sardar Sarovar. In daily satyagraha, they work their fields with waters at just a few metres distance, cultivating bajra and dal which may drown before it comes to harvest.
These crops, combined with the harvest of the forest and the river, provide enough nutrition for the tribal families for the entire year. In a nation plagued with growing pockets of undernourishment and even starvation while undistributed grains rot in storage facilities, the destruction of the self-sufficient communities of the Narmada Valley signals the determination of the policy-makers to keep it that way.
Download the Daud Report: HTML or MS Word RTF
Letter from Barrister Sharad Palav to the CM of Maharashtra.
A river runs through it – the Narmada story
People’s Knowledge in the Paperless Society
11 November 2000 Aravindaforest, justice, land, Narmada, traditional knowledge, water Leave a comment
“People’s Knowledge in the Paperless Society” appeared in Z Magazine, 14 ( 2001) 1, 44-49 as “People’s Knowledge in a Paperless Society” and in Economic and Political Weekly, Vol – XXXV No. 46, November 11 2000 as “Globalisation and the Narmada People’s Struggle.”
Globalisation demands that people speak, count, remember, live and die in forms expressible in first world languages and databases. Though the furious drive towards standardization of knowledge and modes of expression seems irresistible, tribal communities (adivasis) of Narmada Bachao Andolan (Save Narmada Movement) in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra, struggle against this at the intellectual, social and cultural levels. Their ways of knowing – be it geography, health, demography, mathematics, economics or history – are essential tools for their survival.
“Don’t talk like illiterates!” thundered Justice Kurdukar when asked about the responsibility of Maharashtra government towards displaced villagers of Maharashtra being relocated to Gujarat. As the newly appointed Grievance Redressal Authority for rehabilitation of Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) oustees in Maharashtra, he was, at the behest of the Supreme Court of India, making his first visit to the villages. Gujarat, whose Grievance Redressal Authority began work in May 1999, had already declined to consider the grievances of oustees from other states. Some of these villagers who came to meet Kurdukar in Kevadia Colony (in Gujarat) on the night of 7 August had accepted resettlement in Gujarat only on paper. Once again it seemed that government records took priority over ground reality as to where and how people were living. A tribal person who does not defer to these records is called an illiterate … what do you call a judge who disregards the people in favour of the records?
Dangerous Signals
More lethal than nuclear bombs are the weapons globalization has produced for gaining control of people – not only their markets or their labour power, but their power to know and judge. The potential of global trade agreements to dishonor nations has been clearly revealed in recent cases like Ethyl Corporation vs. Canada. The Canadian government lost. A more dangerous signal than the repeal of the ban on MMT – the chemical produced by Ethyl – or the $18 million “fine” that the government paid to the corporation was the public apology that Prime Minister Chretien issued for ever saying a word against MMT. Global trade agreements, like strains of the AIDS virus, are ever more subtly assailing people and their institutions of free expression. Recent mass protests against globalization have focussed on its political and economic aspects, particularly objecting to the erosion of democracy in favour of rules imposed by multinational trade and finance interests. Less grasped is the urgent need to resist its intellectual repression. Granting private, multinational corporations a status on par with democratically elected governments pushes the use of International Standards for fact finding and dispute resolution in international languages. People not conversant with such languages and technologies of information – which is the vast majority of the world’s people – find that they must struggle to validate their own lives in their own terms.
Living in the mountains and plains of the Narmada river valley, stretching for 1300 km through Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra, the natural resource based communities including tribal people also known as adivasis have, since 1985, mounted a tenacious struggle against displacement, state repression, and the destruction of natural resources resulting from the Narmada Valley Development Projects. The projects comprise 30 large dams, 133 medium size dams, and 3000 small dams, along with 75,000 km of canal networks to direct the waters of the Narmada River to wherever the state decrees. The project plan appeared in 1979 after 10 years of deliberations of the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal. Sardar Sarovar, the last dam before the Arabian Sea, is a kingpin of the project. The people living in its “submergence zone” got the first hint when surveyors arrived in their villages in 1985 (the year the World Bank agreed to finance the project, but before the Government of India gave clearance for it). After three years of village level organizing, seeking information on the extent of displacement and the plans for rehabilitation, the people decided to oppose the displacement and question the projects’ claim to “public purpose.”
A case filed in the Supreme Court of India in 1994 resulted in a stay on construction pending answers to fundamental questions regarding environmental and social impacts of the project, as well as demonstration that the government could implement plans to alleviate or compensate for these impacts. The case was disposed on 18 October 2000 in a 2-1 majority judgment giving the government permission to complete the dam as originally planned, no questions, no conditions. The dissenting judgment, written by the only judge who heard the case from the beginning, calls for an immediate halt pending Environmental Clearance and prior demonstrable plans for rehabilitation at every 5 metre increment. The villagers see no “finality” in the Supreme Court Majority judgment, as their problems remain unresolved. They have called it “capital punishment.”
And so the Narmada Bachao Andolan (Movement to Save the Narmada), the first people to evict the World Bank, must fight not only for rights over economy, environment, and livelihood, but also for personhood, for humanity itself 1. Holding firm to the policy of “Amra gaon ma amra raj” (our rule in our village) the villagers resist state collusion with globalisation through their own institutions of survival. To make such legislation as the Tribal Self Rule Act2 meaningful, tribals, especially those confronting unjust displacement, must continuously evolve their own systems to resist imposition of globally standardized agriculture, health, education, vocation, and other products of development fundamentalism. To assert that the villagers’ own ways of conceiving their life’s aspirations can be implemented in their own structures – for example, to run a primary school in a language other than one of India’s official languages, taught by people not recognized as “teachers” by the government administration – is at the heart of the resistance movements. A frightening feature of globalisation is the thrust to measure progress and development according to universal indices, to represent all human experiences in standardized formats that presume literacy and computation.The August encounter in Kevadia was not the first time people have faced a struggle just to have their presence counted, their voices heard over the barrage of papers. In February 1999, the Supreme Court’s interim order permitted the Gujarat government to raise the height of SSP dam from 80 to 88m, bringing 55 villages under partial or total submergence. Of what use was this incremental height increase when the benefits of the dam begin only at the 110m level? The counsel for Gujarat called for a “signal” from the Court that the project was on. Only then, he explained, would foreign investment flow into the state. Representatives of the 33 affected villages of Maharashtra, all in Nandurbar District, met the Collector demanding to see the land that the state of Maharashtra had declared in its Supreme Court affidavit as available for resettlement. What was on the affidavits and maps was not there on the ground. On paper the same land can be declared as available for any number of families.
Such wonders of literacy are what the Bhil and Bhilala villagers found out on 17 March 1999, when after two nights and three days outside the Collector’s office the people went in truckloads, accompanied by the Deputy Collector, to see the only resettlement site which the office was prepared to show. There they were met by hundreds of women and men already allotted this site. Officials unrolled maps and it soon became clear that wherever the office recorded vacant land, people were cultivating. The government had yet to issue the land titles. At last Deputy Collector Vasave, took the people into confidence. “I am also a tribal, affected by the Ukai project, so I will tell you the truth. We have stated in our affidavit that we have 285 hectares. As you can see there are prior claims on this and only after we settle these can we inform you how much land we actually have.” At once the people cheered, “Adivasi ekta Zindabad!” Long live Adivasi Unity.
Unity has served the villagers well in confronting the all too familiar tactic of allotting multiple families, even multiple villages the same plot of land and setting the poor and dispossessed against one another. The people refuse to be divided or intimidated by the numbers thrown at them. “Ham sab ek hain!” (We are one) they declare.
Fast Guns
Such declarations were prohibited by Justice G. G. Sohoni, the Grievance Redressal Authority appointed by the Supreme Court to look into resettlement and rehabilitation for Madhya Pradesh. He made his rounds to the resettlement sites in June. No slogans, he repeated, threatening that he may have to cite the Narmada Bachao Andolan for contempt. Along went the “independent” judge with his motorcade of government officials and police jeeps. Why so many guns? asked an observer. “I didn’t ask for them,” he replied. Asked if he would be willing to visit a village without police, he said, “I don’t interfere in these policies. They are appointed for security.”
Slogans are a security measure for the people. Their nonviolent resistance against injustice draws its strength from unity. Speaking in one voice, the villagers are able to articulate their analysis of the situation with an authority that the judge, surrounded by official information, could not otherwise recognize in 15 minute halts at each site. The analysis is clear: the loss the adivasis and farmers will suffer cannot be compensated. Therefore rehabilitation according to law is not possible, and the project itself must be questioned. “Punarvas niti dhoka hai. Dhakka maro mauka hai.” This resettlement policy is a fraud, kick it out, here’s the chance!
Everyone knows this. The journalists, the activists, the curious onlookers, all realize that villagers living and cultivating for generations know more about soil, rocks, weeds and marshes than any of the officials travelling with the judge. The same government official who answers Sohoni’s questions with bald figures from official records walks away mumbling, “this site is hopeless.” Yet the judge insists, “Let us find out if this soil can be made cultivable, even if it requires expenditure of crores of rupees.” He tells his secretary, “Send samples to our agricultural institutes and seek their advice.”
Who will gain all these crores of rupees? Only the literate enlist agricultural expertise in the cause of displacing farmers. How would the judge really be able to assess the quality of the land, on which the lives of the people facing displacement depend? Are farmers not agricultural experts? Should tribals practicing organic, subsistence agriculture for generations consent to cropping patterns recommended by government agencies in collusion with multinational seed, pesticide and fertilizer suppliers? Until students and faculty of higher education resist enlistment and reclaim academic research from the clutches of a Monsanto or a Cargill, globalization will continue to undermine the people’s knowledge.
Meanwhile refugee camps, without farmlands, without access to transport or markets, without schools, handpumps or health facilities, pass as resettlement sites and minimum survival becomes the new standard for rehabilitation. During a site visit, Mr. Uppal of the Narmada Valley Development Authority distracts some villagers with the question, “If we put you on this land and said that you have to live here, would you not grow anything here?”
“Objection. Irrelevant” should have been the reply, since the Narmada Tribunal Award talks not about bare survival but restoring families’ earlier standard of living. But when big men in gleaming cars and suits, with gun toting police nearby ask questions in a language the villagers speak with difficulty, there is no debate. Yes, the villagers reply, we would grow something. “That is my point!” the officer rolls up his tinted glass window and drives away.
No wonder the people tend to shout: Ham apne adhikar mangte hain, nahin kisise bhik mangte hain. We demand our rights, not anyone’s charity.
Such clear and direct messages are nowhere acknowledged in government documents amidst numbers numbers everywhere. Everyone wants the numbers to speak for them, but just like words, numbers communicate in different languages as part of a conceptual framework, a worldview. Numeracy like literacy is integrated with culture, and way of life. What does the number “one” mean to those who face displacement?
Amu akha ek se: We are all one.
A direct attack on the government’s strategy of divide and conquer, the villagers’ unity generates greater unity. As leaders emerge from the village level organisations, the government may take aside a family and offer them a plot of land to appease them. Surviving two rounds of government sponsored deforestation, severe soil degradation, drought, and threats that those who don’t accept resettlement now will get nothing later, the family is in a very vulnerable position. It seems they lose either way. Gaining strength from unity, they reply that they must see the plan for the entire village. When a village as a whole becomes too strong to ignore, the government may again try to lure the village with promises of community resettlement as required by the Narmada Tribunal. At this time the village demands to see the plan for all the 245 villages to be ousted by the Sardar Sarovar Project, all the while raising questions as to the merits of the project, the fate of oustees of other dams along the Narmada, and of other projects throughout the world. We are one, they insist.
Stumbling over numbers was again the order of the day on 9 August when Kurdukar met with villagers individually in Dhadgaon (the block level headquarters). He began, “Remember to tell the truth. How many children do you have?” Seven. “State their names.” Names were listed. “That is only five.” Two children died. “When were they born?” he asked suspiciously. While villagers came prepared to discuss the holistic issue of livelihood, ecology and human rights with respect to the unjust displacement, now they supplied their children’s dates of birth. Thousands waited outside in the scorching sun, but only a dozen could meet the judge that day. All returned the way they came, walking for hours through the Satpura mountain ranges.
Statistics such as date of birth may be concrete to some yet vague to others. A survey team went to villagers’ houses to inquire on infant mortality rates (imr). Though imr is an internationally accepted health indicator, the workers found that interviewing even one family took 3-4 hours. When was your daughter born? She was born in the year after the drought. Have any of your children died? Yes. When? Last year there was a very late rain, crops were ruined, at that time one boy got diarrhea and died. How old was he when he died? He was born one year after his brother, who was born in the monsoon after my sister’s wedding which was fixed during the Holi which we celebrated in my mother’s village …”
Like this the years slowly come out … the years of birth, the years of death, the years of drought, the years of flood, the years of cholera, the seasons and events that mark the passage of time and memories of life.
Common Sense and State Innumeracy
It would be wrong to contrast the sentiments of the villagers with the cold mathematical reason attributed to government planners. A dam could never be built on reason alone. Whether on cost, irrigation, or power generation, calculations speak against the building of more dams. Amount of land irrigated is less than double the land lost to submergence and waterlogging. The cost of such inefficient irrigation runs to ten times the cost of local watershed development 3. Factor in soil degradation, loss of forests, biodiversity, and livelihood; spread of diseases and geological instability, and one questions the rationality of even proposing a large dam. Even politicians when not in power have declared that with a small fraction of the budget allocated to one mega dam they could implement small scale projects in water harvesting and power generation that would achieve results in 1-5 years. In contrast, the Ministry of Water Resources stated in 1993 that the waters of Sardar Sarovar would reach the drought-prone regions of Kutch and Saurashtra, via a main canal of length 460 km, in 2025.
Nehruvian metaphor fuels the fervour to build these “temples .4” Dam builders have not scored high marks in the math department. The experience of the Bargi dam rings loud and clear with government innumeracy. The first mega dam on the river Narmada, near Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh), the project displaced 100,000 prosperous farmers and fishworkers. Engineers first declared that the reservoir would submerge 101 villages, but when filled it actually engulfed 162 villages and some resettlement colonies as well. How to account for the lives of 61 villages? The literate answer with a friendly letter and fresh paint on the project notice board.
And what about all the farmers who were to benefit? The Bargi dam has irrigated only 5% of the land it promised to irrigate. Even temples manage water better than this.
Once proud farmers now pace the pavements of Jabalpur. Living in slums, pulling rickshaws, labouring for daily wages, they lament, “Our hands are used to giving, not taking. Had we been organised we would never have let this project go through.” The paper pushers of this country should witness the honour that glows in the eyes of one who knows how to cultivate the land. “Even when fifty parikrama vasis (pilgrims to Narmada) came we would welcome all of them.”
People who can feed fifty guests on short notice can tell you a good deal about the Narmada Valley Development Projects. “Just as we must assess how much grains, ghee, wood, etc are required and from where we will get them, in planning such a project one must first measure the water …” from there the comparisons begin. With river volume now known to be 18%, or 5 million acre feet less than originally calculated, Narmada Sagar (the feeder dam) in doldrums, and government survey levels off by 3 metres, the project is in total chaos (also known as centralized planning). While peasants would never dream of welcoming 50 people without having enough grains, the Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited is fully prepared to drown thousands on the basis of erroneous calculations. Another parameter used in assessing displacement is the once in hundred year flood level. The Government of Gujarat has calculated this using the HEC-2 computer simulation program. However if one compares the results with the observed flood levels (on record with the Central Water Commission), one finds that water has risen above this level three times since 1970, even without the dam. Had the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal during its ten years of deliberations (1969 – 1979) ever consulted the tribals or farmers, it would have had better measurements of flood levels and the governments might not be blundering so badly in assessing the extent of displacement today.
The 3 metre mystery
People always suspected that there were errors in the government surveys, not only due to the experience of Bargi, but due to persistent inconsistencies in government information regarding flood levels. Survey markers on the same field would indicate submergence at different reservoir levels. In some villages, houses received notices that their land would be submerged while houses lower than theirs received no notice. To all except those relying on government records, something was obviously and seriously wrong and no Grievance Redressal Authority would ever hear the woes of those rendered homeless and without livelihood unless they were listed as Project Affected Persons (PAPs) in those records.
Dr. Ravi Kuchimanchi, who tracked down the error in the government’s survey had to set aside his training as a Civil Engineer and work according to the people’s knowledge to solve the mystery of the 3 metre level difference. Surveying the heights independently, he had two sources of reference. One was the government benchmarks, supposed to be accurate to the milimetre. The other was the people’s reports … but they never reported the height of their home or field above mean sea level. They would point out where the waters reached in the 1970 flood. Not mean sea level but their house was the reference, for measuring the water level.
What struck him was that people in different villages would all indicate the same level of water of a flood thirty years ago. Their measurements were as accurate as any survey instrument. At last Ravi got what he needed – an alternate frame of reference from which to check the validity of the government surveys. People’s knowledge is more than the oft-displayed medicinal herb and bamboo craft, but the very basis and defense of their independent, adventurous life. An error of 3 metres across the entire submergence zone would mean an additional 18,000 Project Affected People. When these survey errors were brought to the attention of officials in a meeting with Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Dig Vijay Singh 5, officials were intrigued but confirmed that they would continue according to the benchmarks and computer simulations in their records.
Resisting globalization
The fight against centralization of knowledge and natural resources is a fight against globalization, in which people’s knowledge – in their own language and with reference to their own experience – is an essential survival tool. In India the battles over patents on neem, turmeric, and basmati rice have drawn attention to the wholesale attack on people’s knowledge. Dams further reveal the extent of the attack. The desperate attempts to attract finance for the Maheshwar dam (also on the Narmada) highlight the mutual dependence of resource-centralizing projects upon multinational finance which seeks distance from the democratic processes of any single country.
The state visits exchanged by U.S. President Clinton and Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee have positioned India as a driver on the road towards globalization and deprivation of the resources and rights of the poor. During Clinton’s March visit to India, U.S. company Ogden signed a deal to invest in the Maheshwar dam. After three German companies – VEW, Bayernwerke, and Siemens, withdrew from the project based on reports from independent human rights organizations, the owner of S. Kumars, the Indian private capital behind the Maheshwar dam accompanied Vajpayee on his September visit to the US. Even higher than Maheshwar on the agenda of Indo-US trade relations has been the software and telecommunications industry, whose remote security and surveillance systems are the bedrock of globalization. While India rides this information superhighway, the right to information is still denied to the vast majority of its citizens. This is only to be expected – though when the urban educated try to hear the excluded voices, the government’s response may surprise them.
The Gujarat police detentions of 23 and 24 August, drawing condemnation from organizations within Gujarat as well as Amnesty International, demonstrated to the world that the issues the Narmada Bachao Andolan has raised over the past 15 years pertain not only to victims of submergence in Sardar Sarovar, they impact upon society as a whole. The chance to hear people of the Narmada Valley speak in their own idiom in their own place, the “Saga of Narmada” day-long seminar organized in the village of Nimgavhan, in Maharashtra’s tribal belt drew women and men from all walks of life. Those with prior experience of Gujarat repression where Narmada was concerned took circuitous routes through cornfields and gushing streams on that monsoon day. Those who travelled openly to hear the story from the people of the valley, were detained en route and denied their right to information. This right was the first demand of the struggle they came to hear about. It was now their struggle too.
Age aur ladai hai: Further Struggle Ahead.
At the recent Independence Day ceremony in Nimgavhan, the Indian flag was hoisted by 93 year old socialist activist Siddharaj Dhadda, exercising a right for which he had himself gone to jail in 1935. Before several hundred school children 6 and guests, he inaugurated the first alphabet book for this region’s tribal students, reading aloud the first few letters, Ka: Kukadi, etc. Among those repeating after him were the two government appointed teachers who show up only on such national holidays. They explained that they were assigned to teach English, recently made a compulsory subject in Maharashtra. Trouble was, they could not communicate with the children here, who speak not the state language Marathi, but their own language, Pavri.
Rules like the introduction of compulsory English from 1st standard reaffirm the equation of English with education, development, and progress. Asserting the value of mother tongue in children’s education, the Narmada Bachao Andolan’s jeevanshalas (primary schools) have published primers in Pavri, the local language. Asserting their own language has not at all isolated them; it has on the contrary earned them respect, and visitors to this region coming from all over India feel glad to learn even a bit of Pavri. Saving government teachers from globalization is one step. People and their knowledge will sink or float not only according to how they speak, but how they are heard. The judicial system, a prime target for attack by the Multinational Agreement on Investments (next weapon on the corporate wish-list), needs guidance from the people. The World Bank once thought itself unquestionable where development was concerned, but embarked on “reform” measures thanks to its experience in Narmada. The 183 page Supreme Court Majority Judgment serves as a far more effective weapon of globalization than anything imposed by OECD or WTO, rendering democratic processes irrelevant. For example, a foundation stone laid by the Prime Minister is cited as an adequate substitute for Clearance by the Planning Commission. The Judgment goes so far as to say that once money is spent on a project it simply cannot be challenged. Such throwbacks to an era of divine right of kings clearly indicates that the institutions of justice and governance will have to reform at the hands of the people’s movements.
The people’s movements of India hold fast to the slogan they raised in the momentous Harsud convention of 1989: vikas chahiye, vinas nahin. “We want development and not destruction.” The mainstream has had to learn (though slowly) from these mass movements to recognize the difference. Voices are rising everywhere against the rampage of large dams, mines, polluting industries, sweatshops, airports and expressways, designs for health care delivery – all packaged and publicized as Third World aid, while destroying natural resources, traditional knowledge, and vibrant communities. The annual mea culpas of the World Bank7 , while hardly interrupting this trend, do appeal to that segment of the First World that can no longer ignore the problems in dominant development policies. Hundreds of thousands of survivors of Union Carbide corporate crime in Bhopal, still waiting for compensation for illnesses resulting from the gas leakage 15 years ago, and suffering to this day from groundwater contamination due to the leaked toxins, remind us that “We all live in Bhopal.” The recent decision of the New York Federal Court to dismiss their class action lawsuit against Union Carbide Corporation is an urgent call for solidarity.
The demon Mahishasura is said in Hindu myth to be reborn every time a drop of its blood falls to the ground. Globalization similarly seeks to persuade us that it is unconquerable, inevitable. Like the survivors of the Bhopal gas disaster, those confronting the unjust submergence of Sardar Sarovar, and the deceptive development policies and false affidavits that dismiss their voices, are fighting with their lives. For the government, completion of Sardar Sarovar is significant as a signal that people’s democratic actions cannot stop projects, no matter how poorly conceived, rather than as a means for supplying water or electricity (even to industries). With the dam at 88m height, the villagers and their supporters remain in satyagraha throughout the monsoon, not leaving the lowest houses of Domkhedi (Maharashtra) and Jalsindhi (Madhya Pradesh) even as the waters rise, just as they have done in villages facing submergence at earlier heights. “Dubenge par hatenge nahin” We will drown but not move out has never been merely a slogan, but has been repeatedly proved by the people. Growing this year is an assertion of people’s right to recreate their lives on their own terms, not as “submergence villages” but as the forefront in energy, education, and health initiatives appropriate to the contemporary socio-economic conditions. In the energy of struggle is the genesis of the alternative.
The political lines of globalization are marked by language. Those fluent in the first world’s first language, risk confinement into its ways of knowing, judging and imagining, whose repressive streak has become more visible. The dignity and victory with which the fourth and third worlds are resisting these representations are a light of hope for all who experience globalization as repression, for all who live in Bhopal, for all who stand behind the people’s own global standards, such as aguas para vida, nao para a morte, declared in myriad languages in the Curtiba Encontro International de Atingidos por Barragens (Convention of People Affected by Large Dams), for all who know that amu akha ek se.
Aravinda Pillalamarri
Domkhedi
Satyagraha 2000
1. For a brief history of the struggle see Sanjay Sangvai, The River and Life: People’s Struggle in the Narmada Valley (Mumbai: Earth Care Books, 2000).2. Passed in December 1996, the legislation gives tribals ”substantial and significant” local self-governance rights, including control over natural resources that had been denied them by planners. It recognises that indigenous peoples have developed cultural systems that ensure judicious use of their natural resources.
3. Union Water Resources Ministry, Government of India Report, December 1991 cites cost of irrigation through large irrigation projects as Rs. 40,000 per hectare. In contrast Agha Khan Rural Support Program (in Gujarat) cites cost of locally managed watershed development as Rs. 3000 – 5000 per hectare. Individual farmers cite even lower costs.
4. India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlar Nehru is famous for saying, “Dams are the temples of modern India.” His later speeches expressing reservations with large projects and calling for small, locally managed initiatives are far less remembered, but can be found in C.V.J. Sharma (ed.) Modern Temples of India: Selected Speeches of Jawaharlar Nehru at Irrigation and Power Projects, Delhi: Central Board of Irrigation and Power, 1989.
5. Meeting of Narmada Bachao Andolan, Narmada Valley Development Authority, and Government of Madhya Pradesh in Chief Minister’s office, Bhopal, 20 September 2000.
6. The Narmada Bachao Andolan runs a system of jeevanshalas (primary schools) in the tribal region of the Narmada Valley.
7. The government schools in the area exist only on paper, apart from such special appearances. Excerpts appear in Multinational Monitor, June 2000.
Read on the AID Website: People’s Knowledge in the Paperless Society
Read in Z Magazine: People’s Knowledge in a Paperless Society
Note: I regret not having asked the editor of Z Magazine to keep the definite article that I had used in the title: “People’s Knowledge in the Paperless Society.” Due to distance and irregular access to email I must not have thought it worthwhile but I did not mean to cite the Narmada Valley as merely an example of a society that did not use paper, but I used the phrase “the paperless society” to refer to the general trend towards electronic media and homogenized knowledge frameworks.
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Festivals Update
SPEAK are popping up all over place at festivals this year. You may already have spotted us at Soul Survivor, and we’re looking forward to Momentum, Greenbelt and Forum. We’ve met some fantastic people with a real passion for justice, and it’s been wonderful sharing the vision of SPEAK. If you see us, come and say hello – we love to meet friends of SPEAK.
Vocal Training News!
Vocal Training is fast approaching, and plans are afoot for an exciting weekend of network-building, skill-swapping and preparing ourselves to campaign for justice in the campuses, churches and communities where we live.
Becoming low-carbon faith communities
Submitted 7 years 5 months ago by Andy.
Last summer I was marching up the steps of the Tate Britain with my friends from Climate Rush. We were leading a funeral procession into the BP sponsored art gallery to mark the one year anniversary of the Deep Water Horizon Disaster, a disaster that saw 4.9m barrels of crude poured into the Gulf of Mexico destroying an entire eco-system. It was enough oil to provide the world with energy for just one hour and twenty minutes.
Edging closer towards a supermarket ombudsman...
Remember our 'PRICE WARS' pray & post card calling for a supermarket ombudsman back in January 2009? Well yesterday afternoon two of us went to hear the Government's plan to establish one, at the House of Lords, at the Third Reading of the Groceries Code Adjudicator Bill.
For t'picking
Time to Turn's latest campaign focuses on making sustainable food more widely available. They recently held a grand opening of a cherry tree in their city and Mattias has translated this video for us.
Rio+20: Between the People’s Summit and the UNCSD
A blog from FALE, our sister network in Brazil.
Bardic Bike Tour!
Submitted 7 years 6 months ago by Matthew.
In the next year, the SPEAK network is embarking on an ambitious quest to cycle, campaign, fundraise and share the Biblical call to justice around the country. Spearheaded by Fish, our regional support worker, we are hoping to notch up 1,103 miles (that's the number of passages in the Bible referring to creation), and we're hoping to do it ALL using pedal power. To make this happen, we're going to need YOU...
Vocal Training Update!
Plans are afoot for Vocal Training, and we're looking forward to getting together and getting tooled up for the year ahead. Whether you're new to SPEAK or you've got a wealth of experiences and skills, we'd love to see you there.
Rio+20: ‘A Pathway for a sustainable century’ or a step in the wrong direction?
Submitted 7 years 6 months ago by Chris.
The Rio+20 summit in June saw, arguably, the most significant meetings on sustainable development since the 1992 Earth Summit in the same city. SPEAK focuses on whether the outcomes of the summit are truly progressive enough in order to affect positive sustainable development. We also take a look at the biblical mandate for campaigning to protect the environment.
STOP PRESS! SPEAK at Soul Survivor!
SPEAK are looking for volunteers to represent at Soul Survivor B and C! If you're passionate about the vision of SPEAK and would like to share it with young people, we'd love to hear from you...
A prayer for West Papua
On Thursday 14th June, Indonesian police gunned down Mako Tabuni, secretary-general of the KNPB (West Papua National Committee); triggering violent riots in Jayapura. Hannah Kitchen, a member of Edinburgh SPEAK group (long supporters of the Free West Papua Campaign) has written a short prayer for us to reflect on the chaos:
The SPEAKathon Bardic Bike Tour!
To coincide with the Rio +20, we are beginning SPEAK's first ever Bardic Bike tour this June - a crazy prophetic action on wheels, that will hopefully visit historic sites of protest around the UK and connect up to campaign and fundraise with local SPEAK groups along the way.
Flower Model - April 2012
Last month, 25 people from across the Network gathered in Bethnal Green to discuss ideas, imagine new ones and pray, eat and hang out together...
SPEAK in the Summer!
As ever, SPEAK are representing at a whole bunch of festivals over the summer. As well as representing at Forum and Momentum, we're pulling out all the stops to make a big splash at Greenbelt.
Luxury for everyone! And justice for all!
A packed bus, somewhere in the Netherlands. A few days before Easter. I saw an advertising-pillar at the bus stop. It had an advertisement of a German supermarket on it and promised me and other bus-travelers the following: “luxury for everyone!”.
What happened next: in dialogue with Shell
At the end of February, SPEAK's Day of Action 2012 featured a demonstration outside Shell's London Headquarters in Waterloo to draw attention to the company's so far unmet responsibility to clean up extensive oil pollution in the Niger Delta.
The cost of the Cross for campaigners
Martyrs have got a bad name these days. I grew up hearing stories of the early church, and those people who died at the hands of the Roman empire, simply for standing up for what they believed in. Peter, Joan of Arc, Bonhoeffer. All these people were noble victims because they stood up and faced death when issued with the choice between denying what they believed and suffering at the hands of their oppressors.
Farewell to Sarah and Rachel!
SPEAK inspires a special sort of dedication from everyone who gets involved, and the Network Support team is no exception.
A people of tents
Submitted 7 years 10 months ago by Matthew.
So it's been a couple of weeks since the Occupy St. Pauls folk were unceremoniously removed from their campsite..
Report from the Day of Action 2012
On Monday 27th February, after an inspiring weekend at Soundcheck, SPEAK Network members gathered for our 2012 Day of Action.
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Sourav Ganguly, Steve Waugh Unite At Wankhede To Send Fans Into Nostalgia
বাংলায় পড়ুন
Sourav Ganguly and Steve Waugh indulged in a long discussion as the proceedings in the first ODI between India and Australia unfolded in Mumbai.
Samrat Chakraborty
Sourav Ganguly and Steve Waugh indulged in a long discussion. © Instagram
Sourav Ganguly and Steve Waugh, once fierce rivalries on the field, united during the first One-Day International (ODI) between India and Australia to send fans into nostalgia. The cricket legends were seen indulged in a long discussion while the proceedings in the Mumbai ODI unfolded. BCCI president Sourav Ganguly also posted a picture from the meeting on his Instagram account. He captioned the picture as, "Competed with this man for a long period .. tremendous respect". Veteran off-spinner Harbhajan Singh, who had played under the captaincy of Sourav Ganguly, liked the picture and commented "legends" on it.
Competed with this man for a long period .. tremendous respect
A post shared by SOURAV GANGULY (@souravganguly) on Jan 14, 2020 at 6:58am PST
The 2000-01 and 2003-04 series between India and Australia will be etched in the minds of cricket fans for a longtime. The 2003-04 series was the swansong for Waugh as he bade adieu to international cricket at the Sydney Cricket Ground (SCG).
Ganguly is also remembered for frustrating Waugh during the 2000-01 series. It has been said often the ''Prince of Kolkata'' used to make Waugh wait for the toss before the start of every Test match.
Ganguly went on to make more than 7,000 runs in the longest format of the game, while Waugh registered 10,927 runs.
India, meanwhile, lost the Mumbai ODI by 10-wicket to Australia. They also conceded a 0-1 lead to the visitors in the three-match series.
India will host Australia in Rajkot for the second ODI while the final match will be played at Bengaluru on January 19.
(With ANI inputs)
Topics mentioned in this article Steve Waugh Sourav Ganguly India vs Australia 2020 Cricket
Sourav Ganguly and Steve Waugh indulged in a long discussion
BCCI president Sourav Ganguly also posted a picture from the meeting
Ganguly said he has "tremendous respect" for Waugh
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Ashes Contest Too Close To Call, Says Former Australia Captain Steve Waugh
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Eagles almost had to play 40-year-old backup QB Josh McCown at wide receiver against Giants
Liz Roscher
December 10, 2019, 3:17 PM UTC
Josh McCown, the Philadelphia Eagles’ 40-year-old backup quarterback, is always ready to do whatever it takes to help the team win. On Monday night, he was ready to put his helmet on and take the field if necessary, but not as a QB.
He was ready to be a wide receiver.
That’s how bad things got for the Eagles, who managed to scrape out an overtime victory over the New York Giants on Monday night. They’ve been bitten by the injury bug all year, but it got even worse during the game. The Eagles only had three healthy wide receivers going into the matchup against the Giants — Alshon Jeffery, JJ Arcega-Whiteside, and Greg Ward — and when Jeffery went down with a foot injury, they were in dire straits.
That’s where McCown comes in. He didn’t end up playing, but he was ready to go out on the field and do whatever was needed.
“I was ready to go,” McCown told NBC Sports Philadelphia’s John Clark. “We had the helmet ready to go. The equipment guys were all over it. Had the radio-less helmet because you can’t have two green dots on the field at the same time.”
Eagles head coach Doug Pederson confirmed that McCown was ready to go in his Tuesday morning radio hit with 94WIP.
Doug Pederson confirms that Josh McCown did switch his helmet and was available as a fourth receiver: "Why can't he? He's active, he's dressed! He has actually done that in his career before." 🤣 #Eagles | #On94WIP🎙️
— SPORTSRADIO 94WIP (@SportsRadioWIP) December 10, 2019
McCown had done that in his career before, and he even remembered the last time he caught a pass in an NFL game.
“We were ready to roll,” he said. “Shoot, I’d get in there and go. Obviously, as a quarterback, you know the offense. I guess it was like 12 years ago in Foxboro I had to go in and do it.”
That game happened just over 13 years ago in December 2006, when McCown was playing for the Detroit Lions. He caught two passes, and even remembered that he’d had a longer pass called back for offensive pass interference.
Putting McCown in the game at receiver would have been far from ideal, but having a backup QB on your roster who’s willing to fill any role necessary is a blessing when your team has been decimated by injuries the way the Eagles have.
“I’m not quite the option that J.J. [Arcega-Whiteside] is or Greg [Ward], obviously, but again, we were kind of up against it a little bit,” McCown told NBC Sports Philadelphia. “Just being able to have a contingency plan was the main thing. I was ready to roll.”
Backup quarterback Josh McCown was ready to play as a wide receiver for the Eagles on Monday night against the Giants. (Photo by Brett Carlsen/Getty Images)
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About SomAffect
Take Part In A Study
Spinal Column: we all benefit from a tender touch – Melanie Reid, The Times
2017-11-30 2017-12-05 Somatosensory & Affective Neuroscience Group Media, Social Touch, Somatosensory & Affective Neuroscience Group
Melanie Reid MBE is an award-winning Times journalist whose weekly column for The Times, ‘Spinal Column’, is about disability and her life as a disabled person – Melanie is tetraplegic after breaking her neck and back in a riding accident.
On November 25 2017, she wrote a column on the benefits of tender touch, in part as a response to the growing concerns about “inappropriate touch” following a number of high-profile revelations of harassment.
In it, she quotes from research into the effects of touch, her own experiences, and conversations with SomAffect’s Francis McGlone, raising many of the issues covered at IASAT2017.
The article is reproduced below; © Times Newspapers Ltd. / Melanie Reid.
Spinal column: we all benefit from a tender touch
Melanie Reid
“People like me aren’t too fragile to be touched. We long for physical contact – just like you”
Weeks pass, every one bearing some fresh, sad harvest of accusation. He touched me! My leg was stroked! My teacher touched my arm – it’s abuse! In our rush to condemn a few creeps, we are universally demonising something that is vital to us: human contact.
And I sit in my chair, my metal stockade, fenced off from touch, despairing at how we cheapen and threaten something so precious. Since I last wrote about this, I have seen touch become synonymous with assault and abuse. This is tragic. We have to combat it.
Experts are appalled how touch-averse we are becoming. Professor Francis McGlone, a neuroscientist at Liverpool John Moores University, told me he fears teachers, carers and adoptive parents are now running scared.
Dave Hewett, a specialist in communication, sent me a moving account of how adults with multiple disabilities and very restricted motor ability will play together if allowed. At one enlightened centre, three young women and two young men, none of whom could speak, were regularly hoisted from their wheelchairs and lowered into a large, soft corner area, very close to each other. In slow motion, they started to roll, pat, stroke, prod and push each other. They became noisy. They obviously had a wonderful time.
The students had known each other since they were children. First the staff had noticed how they reached out to each other if their chairs were accidently parked close together – normally, they weren’t. The staff then tried putting them together on cushions, monitoring them carefully, and were amazed at the result.
For people with profound learning difficulties, for anyone who lives in a wheelchair – and indeed, if the present madness continues, for every one of us – experts now acknowledge a real danger of social deprivation, of being the “untouched”. Strapped behind physical barriers, the disabled especially can seem too fragile, awkward and physically unyielding, and may only be touched in functional ways. Many are only pushed, pulled, lifted, tightened, loosened, dabbed, wiped, changed, fed, scraped. Can you imagine anything worse than a lifetime of only ever being touched briskly and efficiently? I inhabit the fringes of that. It’s a barren place.
Please, disregard the gropers. Remember instead the stories about touching that really matter: the study that showed how premature babies who are stroked, compared with those who weren’t, put on 50 per cent more weight, were able to leave hospital six days earlier, and a year later had better mental and physical abilities. This research was perfectly framed by the recent case of the premature twins, struggling for breath in separate incubators, who on their mother’s pleading were reunited. They immediately put their arms around each other and began, dramatically, to thrive. They had been starving for touch. We forget that without nurture and touch, or when locked in orphanages, babies die. And adults falter.
Evidence is everywhere. Patients who are touched by a nurse the day before an operation decrease their subjective and objective level of stress. Gentle stroking lowers blood pressure and increases pain thresholds, and can protect the brain from stroke damage. Sports teams that touch more win more – players on NBA basketball teams who spent time in celebratory fist bumps, high fives or half-hugs early in the season could predict an improved performance months later. And what is the success of the spa industry based on, if not our craving for touch?
Rather thrillingly, Professor McGlone, with colleagues in Sweden, has identified touch-sensitive nerves, called c-tactile afferents (CT), which register emotional touch rather than “sensing” touch. We carry these nerves on hairy bits of skin – our forearms and back, always hungry for a gentle caress or other so-called light or innocuous touch. Touch deprivation, he says, is the lack of CT – emotional touch.
And it’s the glue that binds all social mammals together. Touch is primal – it helps us forge connections and construct a sense of self, makes us aware of our own bodies and allows us to relate to people. It’s possible, as with the premature babies, it is linked to survival itself.
So bugger the revival of age-old puritanism. Hug everyone who looks like they need it. Dance, link arms, hold hands. And hold on to the wonderful image of those disabled adults, rolling on the floor twice a week, prodding each other with joy and laughter.
Future-proofing Healthcare: Neurosense – 2nd November – FREE Event
A Touching Story – BNA Bulletin – Autumn 2017
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S M Ong
SM Ong: published/unpublished/uncut
I’m not so positive these surveys are reliable
At least now when someone wishes me merry Christmas and I say, “No,” I have good reason to do so.
According to Gallup, Singaporeans have the least positive emotions in the world (which some media reports have interpreted as Singaporeans being the world’s unhappiest people).
Gee, thanks, Gallup, for that lump of coal in our stocking.
Well, it’s hard to be positive when another Jack Neo movie has become the highest grossing Singapore film ever. Ah Boys To Men has made over $6.03 million, beating the previous record holder, Money No Enough.
Wasn’t Neo’s career supposed to be over after his 2010 sex scandal?
Hands up, anyone disappointed that it isn’t.
Could it be that Singaporeans are becoming numb to sex scandals after so many?
Just last month, Gallup also declared that we were the “most emotionless” society in the world.
Obviously, the poll must have been done before the Suzuki Cup final.
I wonder if Gallup ever did a poll to find out how seriously people take these polls.
Earlier this month, according to a survey by travel website TripAdvisor, Singapore was ranked second for Best Taxi Services among “40 key tourist cities around the world”. (Tokyo was first.)
Tell that to Mr Chris Reed. Remember him?
He’s the expat who earlier this year wrote quite emphatically that “Singapore has the world’s worst taxi drivers” in his blog.
I mean, did he actually taken a taxi in every city in the world to make this judgment?
I didn’t do a poll or anything, but my guess is that Singaporeans are more likely to agree with Mr Reed than TripAdvisor.
The trouble is that calling Singapore “worst” or “best” or “least” or “most” in anything is hyperbolic at best and specious at worst, even when it’s backed by a survey. Perhaps especially so.
When Mr Reed stated that Singapore’s cabbies are the worst in the world, it was clearly only his opinion. You can choose to agree or disagree with him.
But when TripAdvisor said its survey results were “based on more than 75,000 responses”, hey, that sounded almost scientific.
It wasn’t just one guy’s opinions. It was many guys, plus a few gals too, I bet.
But they’re still only opinions.
Taxi service in Singapore may not be the worst, but based on extensive first-hand experience (especially when it rains), Singaporeans also know that it can’t possibly be the second best among “40 key tourist cities around the world”.
Because if it is, I really feel bad for the 38 other cities.
Speaking of feeling bad, a few months earlier, Singapore also topped the list of healthiest countries in a Bloomberg survey.
That would help to explain why one out of five workers said they had to feign an illness to get a medical certificate to get off work, according to yet another survey, this time by the website JobsCentral.
Most of these workers said they faked being sick because they did not feel like working.
And can you blame them?
They can’t strike because then they would have to give 14 days’ notice, which kind of defeats the purpose.
Who asked Singaporeans to be so healthy?
That is the drawback of being the healthiest country – it forces one fifth of our workforce to malinger.
Could that explain why we’re the least positive despite being the healthiest and wealthiest in the world?
Bear in mind that Singapore also had the highest GDP per capita according to the Wealth Report 2012 published by Knight Frank and Citi Private Bank.
Maybe Biggie was right – mo’ money, mo’ problems.
If money is the problem, then perhaps we should try giving mo’ of it away.
According to the World Giving Index 2011 by Charities Aid Foundation, Singapore ranked 91st out of 153 for donating to charity.
Yes, Virginia, there’s a survey for everything.
Or maybe we’re the least positive because Singapore women have been ranked the fifth most unfaithful out of 36 countries, according to a recent survey by Durex.
Or could the simpler explanation be that these surveys are just rubbish?
We’d be better off relying on the Mayans.
Or believing that video of the eagle picking up a child.
Not that such surveys are completely useless.
If not for them, I would have nothing to write about for today’s column.
But I would rather be Christmas shopping at Orchard Road.
Which, by the way, has been ranked the world’s No. 1 shopping avenue by Presence Mystery Shopping, a Paris-based market consulting company.
That makes me feel a pretty positive emotion. It’s almost merry.
- Published in The New Paper, 23 December 2012
Tags: money, movies, shopping, The New Paper, transport
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The symmetries of an object have an algebraic structure. Group theory is the study of such structures. In combinatorial group theory, groups are specified via group presentations. This means that we specify an alphabet of symbols, often only a few symbols, and some algebra rules which hold in the group. Everything else about the group must be deduced from the rules we specify. In geometric group theory, we exploit deep connections between groups and geometric structures. There is a sense in which a group itself is a geometric object, and every geometric object comes equipped with a group of symmetries (the isometries). We can use geometry to learn about groups, and we can learn about geometric structures using group theory.
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Photo by Clive Brunskill/Getty Images
Manchester United can’t break down Valencia
By Nicholas MendolaOct 2, 2018, 5:01 PM EDT
United second in Group H
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Manchester United couldn’t find a way past Valencia in a scoreless draw at Old Trafford on Tuesday in the UEFA Champions League.
The Red Devils are three points ahead of Valencia and two behind Juventus ahead of back-to-back match-ups with old friend Cristiano Ronaldo.
United had four of the match’s five shots on target, and out-attempted Valencia 17-8.
[ MORE: Champions League standings ]
United were clearly the superior side over the first 45 minutes, but what good is that without danger? Aside from a pair of Romelu Lukaku hopeful crosses and two even more hopeful penalty shouts, the Red Devils couldn’t find a way through.
Goncalo Guedes had the first chance of the second half for either side, hitting a shot from the chalk of the 18 that sailed wide of the frame.
United wasted a corner kick won by Paul Pogba in the 53rd as the Old Trafford crowd implored its men to attack.
Valencia goalkeeper Neto popped a laser free kick from Pogba over the bar in the 62nd minute, and an inspired tackle from Luke Shaw nearly set Pogba up for a penalty kick on the ensuing corner kick.
Alexis Sanchez left the match with 15 minutes to play after an uninspiring return to the lineup. Anthony Martial took his place, and drew a free kick from the right edge of the 18. Marcus Rashford ripped his effort off the crossbar.
Luke Shaw sent an 88th minute corner kick toward the near post, and Romelu Lukaku headed over the goal.
[ LIVE: Champions League scores ]
2 – Manchester United have not lost back-to-back home Champions League games since March 2013, when Sir Alex Ferguson was in charge. Reckoning. pic.twitter.com/sb2vkZDSWX
— OptaJoe (@OptaJoe) October 2, 2018
Tags: Goncalo Guedes, La Liga, Manchester United, Marcus Rashford, Premier League, Romelu Lukaku, UEFA Champions League, Valencia, Anthony Martial, Luke Shaw, Marcus Rashford, Paul Pogba, Romelu Lukaku, Sir Alex Ferguson
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Students suggest a warm weather playlist
Venice Beach in Los Angeles. (Jackie Burrell/Bay Area News Group)
Michael Herrera
Spring break is here and many could not be happier. We can let go of our stress, have a couple of drinks and forget about school even if it is just for a short time.
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Criminology major David Chavez, 20, likes EDM artists such as Valentino Khan, Laidback Luke, Audien and Treasure Fingers.
“Personally I like them because the tempo is very upbeat and they get my blood pumping,” Chavez said. “They really get me in the party mood.”
Chavez also said rap artists like Drake, Kanye West and Future put him in a good mood while out having a good time.
“‘DnF’ by P. Reign with Drake along with Kanye’s ‘Ultralight’ are good songs, too,” Chavez said. “Future’s song ‘Low Life’ with The Weeknd is fairly new, but it has a great sound.”
This week’s playlist features some great spring break jams, so go ahead and take a listen while you soak up the sun this spring break.
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© CC0 / axesofevil2000
https://sputniknews.com/asia/201610051046039626-Seoul-buys-US-missiles/
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The Taurus KEPD 350K missiles can be carried by South Korean Air Force fighter jets.
There are currently 170 Taurus missiles scheduled to be deployed with the country’s air force, Yonhap reported. With that deployment, South Korea will become the first Asian nation to use the German-made missile system, which has a range of 500 kilometers.
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Surprised? Donald Trump Still More Popular Than Hillary Clinton
© AFP 2019 / JEFF KOWALSKY JEWEL SAMAD
https://sputniknews.com/politics/201707181055666395-surprise-trump-more-popular-clinton/
If – horror of horrors! – the 2016 presidential election were to happen all over again today, there’s a good chance Republican candidate Donald Trump would win once more.
"Finally, a poll Trump will like," Bloomberg quipped following the publication of a new poll showing Trump is more popular than erstwhile rival Democrat Hillary Clinton. That says a lot for a president whose poll numbers are historically among the lowest of the low: Trump’s approval rating has been hovering around 36-40 percent over the past few weeks.
Clinton was viewed favorably by 39 percent of survey participants while Trump scored a mark of 41 percent.
President Trump has failed to enact promised sweeping changes on health care or tax reform, and the budget still hasn’t been passed. And Congress still needs to raise the debt ceiling and run all finances through the appropriations committee for fiscal year 2018 before tax reform can follow, Harald Malmgren said via Twitter on Tuesday. Malmgren is a former US ambassador, economist, and served as a senior adviser to four US presidents.
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In spite of all of this, Clinton is still less popular than Trump. The former first lady and secretary of state is even losing esteem among those who voted for her in November 2016, a sign that doesn’t bode well for a Democratic Party struggling to regain momentum: While 8 percent of likely Clinton voters held an unfavorable view of her before the election, 20 percent of people who voted for Clinton now view her unfavorably.
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virus scanning
Residential High Speed FAQ
When will the Sentex High Speed service be available in my area?
I live in an area where the Residential High Speed service is available. Why can't I get it?
Do I need another telephone line?
What happens when I bring my computer to the cottage? Do I have to bring the modem too?
How long will it take before my Residential High Speed service is activated?
Does the Residential High Speed service include e-mail? What if I need more e-mail addresses? How much storage do I have with each e-mail address?
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Can I buy the ADSL modem instead of renting it, and therefore avoid its monthly rental charge?
If I go to another ISP that is offering similar high speed service, can I use the ADSL modem that I currently lease from the Residential High Speed service?
What happens if I move? Can I bring the modem with me? Is there an activation charge at my new home?
Can I access my Sentex account from a different location, where I don't have High Speed Service?
Can Can I use my own modem or router?
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Cable vs DSL ?
See also the Glossary
1. When will the Sentex High Speed service be available in my area?
To see if the Sentex Residential High Speed service is available in your area, please call our offices at 1-888-473-6839 since service availabity depends on many factors, and we can assist you best over the phone. The Residential High Speed service will only be available in areas where the Bell Central Offices can provide their DSL and Gateway Access Services.
2. I live in an area where the Residential High Speed service is available. Why can't I get it?
There are several reasons that prevent us from providing service to customers:
Too far. Telephone lines don't follow a straight line to a house. It may not look far, but lines follow paths that may add quite some length to the wire. It is the actual measurement of the wire that determines if a customer is within or outside the distance of availability. The range for the Residential High Speed service is within a loop length of 4.5 km from the Bell Central Office
There is a second line in the house, and both lines share the same physical copper wire. The technology used in that case is called Added Main Line (AML) and is not compatible with the Residential High Speed service.
The Bell Canada Central Office to which you are connected is not equipped with the technology needed for the Residential High Speed service. Although this technology is already available to more than 2 million households in Ontario and Quebec, not all Central Offices in the serving areas are equipped.
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The telephone network was developed in stages, over the years, as demand increased in expanding geographic areas. Different distribution patterns were used at different times to get the telephone service to neighbourhoods. This evolution may sometimes result in line conditions that are not compatible with the Residential High Speed service.
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No. The Residential High Speed service uses technology which enables simultaneous transmission of voice and data over your existing phone line. You can surf the Internet and call a friend at the same time. Or, you can surf the net and use your fax (send or receive) at the same time. You will need a filter for each phone (or fax or answering machine or alarm system) that uses the same line. Depending on the modem it may come with a jack that is already filtered. You do not need and you should not use a filter between the modem and the wall. If you already have two or more phone lines choose the line with the fewest devices on it.
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The Residential High Speed service is a line related service. That means that the service works only on a line that has been programmed accordingly and to which the Nortel Networks 1-Meg Modem is connected. The two components must be present for the service to work. The Nortel Networks 1-Meg Modem does not provide dial up capability and therefore is not portable outside your home. However, if you have a regular modem, you can use this to dial up to the Internet when you are away from home. Your Sentex High Speed Service includes 15 hours of regular dialup access.
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It will take approximately 5 business days to activate your Residential High Speed service. There may be delays if there is a discrepancy with the name you have provided and the name on your Bell phone bill, or if Bell runs out of line cards at their Central Office nearest you. We will notify you with the setup date after you sign up, and if there are any delays.
6. Does the Residential High Speed service include e-mail? What if I need more e-mail addresses? How much storage do I have with each e-mail address?/
The Residential High Speed service includes one e-mail account with 65 MB of storage space. The service also includes up to 5 email addresses per account.
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The importance of Liberty
The importance of Liberty - Admission/Application Essay Example
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This essay "The importance of Liberty" will represent a discussion regarding the definition and the influence of liberty on society throughout the history. From the following analysis, it has been observed that acts such as terrorism is the effect of lack of liberty…
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Type: Admission/Application Essay
Level: Undergraduate
Pages: 3 (750 words)
Author: trudie48
Extract of sample "The importance of Liberty"
Download file to see previous pages In 2004, Russell Hardin published an article named ‘Civil Liberties in the Era of Mass Terrorism’ where he highlighted that the modern era is completely different from the earlier historic period. During the pre-historic period, several kingdoms’ had implemented plenty of unethical conduct and anarchy such as slavery. On the contrary, in recent times, democracy has been used by a governmental authority as an illusion of freedom. I have observed that many countries have used liberty as a powerful instrument to manipulate people and experience benefits in a political system. According to perceived comprehension, I have noticed that during the 18th and 19th centuries most of the liberal thinkers had brought the idea of liberty in order to reform the autocracy and monarch and also tried to free individuals from tyranny, which has been seen over many years. This concept can be referred to as self-government.
Alan Brinkley, University Provost at Columbia University claimed that civil liberties cannot be regarded as a gift delivered by the state which can be withdrawn by state during the time of inconvenient.
According to my opinion, every individual should have the right to liberty rather it can be stated that it is necessary for every individual. Liberty is the power through which individuals’ capabilities to think, choose along their values can be developed. In keeping with my opinion, liberty is important to me because it can be asserted as the key strength of humankind. ...Download file to see next pagesRead More
Christian Liberty
Dramatic Importance
Economic Importance
Importance Of Friendship
(“The importance of Liberty Admission/Application Essay”, n.d.)
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Barelli Accuses AASF of Political Interference & Shadowy Figures
"My point of view on this matter is very clear: the lack of good governance within FINA is indeed the reason that led me to put forward my candidacy to the Presidency of FINA." -Paolo Barelli Stock photo via Mike Lewis/Ola Vista Photography
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Reid Carlson
by Reid Carlson 2
July 08th, 2017 Africa, Asia, Europe, Industry, International, News
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There’s a lot going on in FINA right now. The world of aquatic sports governance is in flux as leaders from around the world prepare to descend upon Budapest for the 2017 FINA Congress where they will decide what direction FINA will take over the next four years.
Paolo Barelli, President of LEN and the Italian Swimming Federation, is challenging current FINA President Julio Maglione of Urugay for the FINA high office. If it seems like this campaign has gotten a lot of attention, it has. Unlike previous elections of this scale–remember, FINA is a non-governmental organization that exists solely to promote aquatics–individuals and organizations from all over the world have spoken up in a steadily-building cadence, voicing their opinions on Barelli and Maglione, among others, that sit on the FINA Bureau.
Yesterday SwimSwam published two letters that both endorsed Maglione for a third-consecutive term as FINA President, despite him having surpassed the previous age-limit to hold a position on the FINA Bureau. The first letter, sent by the African Swimming Association (CANA), spoke highly of Maglione while portraying Barelli as a corrupt bureaucrat. The second letter, sent by the Asian Swimming Association (AASF) did not spend as much time on Maglione and Barelli, but instead focused on FINA First Vice President Husain Al-Musallam.
Al-Musallam, who is presumably under investigation by the U.S. Department of Justice for his assumed role in a FIFA bribery scheme, sits on the FINA Bureau despite also being from Kuwait, a country that is suspended by both FINA and the IOC. The Kuwait Swimming Association (KSA) recently sent a letter and a list of complaints to FINA challenging the legitimacy of Al-Musallam’s office and accusing FINA of giving Al-Musallam preferential treatment. The letter also challenged the AASF for its support of Al-Musallam as FINA First Vice President.
In an interview with SwimSwam, Barelli said that he did not believe Al-Musallam should sit on the Bureau, due to Kuwait’s suspension and the pending DOJ investigation. In addition to cleansing the Bureau of conflicts-of-interest and promoting transparency, Barelli also believes FINA should set aside far more money for developing national federations around the world. More of Barelli’s strategy can be read in his manifesto.
Today, Barelli released his response to the AASF letter. The complete statement is below. (Emphases by Barelli.)
“Political Interference by FINA Officials and Officers Goes On”
Dear National Federations Presidents, Dear FINA Family Members, Dear Friends,
The letter of 6 July 2017 sent by Mr. Virenda Nanayati, Sr. Vice President AASF, to the FINA Members, is extremely surprising and bewildering.
Such letter aims at justifying the candidacy of Mr. Husain Al Musallam as both AASF Bureau and FINA 1st Vice President, as well as that of Mr. Sheikh Khalid Al Bader Al Sabah as AASF President.
I do not believe I need to once again highlight the reasons for the ineligibility of the two above mentioned individuals. The irregularity of their candidature is abundantly clear from both a political and regulatory standpoint.
It is worth reminding that Kuwait Swimming has been suspended by FINA since 2015 and that the current Kuwait Federation has not endorsed such candidatures.
Nonetheless, I must intervene regarding the fact that the representative of AASF, Mr. Virendra Nanavati, has mentioned my name twice in his letter, trying to make me part of the (wrong) decision taken by FINA allowing the candidacy of two members of the suspended Federation of Kuwait.
I have always considered this irregular and in complete contrast with the current FINA rules regarding the candidature to FINA positions (or to one of its Continental Organizations, AASF) by any individual who is part of a National Federation suspended by FINA.
I believe that the procedures put in place by FINA to allow such irregular candidatures are in contrast with the current FINA Constitutional rules, and, this was also confirmed by the legal representatives of FINA during official proceedings.
My point of view on this matter is very clear: the lack of good governance within FINA is indeed the reason that led me to put forward my candidacy to the Presidency of FINA.
This in order to promote an absolutely necessary change of behaviour, inspired by transparency and in full respect of the rules.
The most serious fact included in the letter sent by the representative of AASF, Mr. Virendra Nanavati, and that I want to strongly denounce, appears in the second to last paragraph “…in addition to the recommendation Asia has extended in respect of Mr. Vladimir Salnikov (RUS) e Mr. Erik Van Heijningen (NLD) for FINA Bureau membership Europe – World at large”.
It must be clear that LEN, the FINA European Organization, has already decided with regards to the two candidates of Europe for the at large positions: they are Mr. Fernando Carpena (ESP) and Mrs. Christa Thiel (GER).
The vocation of some Continental FINA Officials and Officers to politically interfere is already universally known, and this, in total disregard of the principles of neutrality and hence acting irregularly. I think that Mr. Virendra Nanavati, has once again shown and confirmed this attitude with his letter.
How is it possible that a FINA Continental Organization (which is a part of FINA!!!) takes the liberty to interfere in the choices of the representatives of another Continent to be voted for to the FINA Bureau? How is it possible that such nasty behaviours, which we have already experienced in the past and were denounced one year ago, can still happen, and even worse, are still allowed to happen?
Perhaps Mr. Virendra Nanavati is not fully aware of the content and the implications of the letter he signed. Possibly, he only put his signature on this letter, perhaps written by someone else above him, who wants to take over the World of Aquatics, whilst choosing to remain in the shadows.
I am sure that each individual National Federations of AASF does not really know the details of this matter, and I deem their behaviour to be absolutely correct.
However, the invitation to vote in this manner, officially promoted by the leadership of AASF, is a blatant and very serious case of interference. It shows, once again, that within FINA we are missing a responsible leader who can keep things under control and lead our Aquatic Family with authority and clarity.
It is important that all Member Federations reflect over this serious problem. This is seriously jeopardizing the success reached over the years by FINA, mainly thanks to the great and irreplaceable commitment of the National Federations, the Athletes and the Coaches.
For any additional information on my electoral programme, please also visit my website www.paolobarelli2017.com
Paolo Barelli
Ligue Européenne de Natation (LEN)
Italian Swimming Federation (FIN)
Candidate for the FINA Presidency
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Tom from Chicago
I don’t like the first 2 points in Barelli’s manifesto. I don’t care about financially supporting local federations. This is a national responsibility. Handouts will be a big problem in the future. I like Barelli’s 7th and last point, an emphasis on enforcing the “Fair Play” code and increased scrutiny on PED doping. Maglione has had some poor performance. I absolutely hate that he changed the age limit to allow himself to run again. I hate that FINA Vice President Dale Neuberger is also a lobbyist for TSE Consulting. TSE Consulting gets FINA contracts. Barelli makes a good point in that FINA should not have tried to interfere with who runs different national swim federations. There is a bunch of… Read more »
G.I.N.A
If Paolo gets me a free lime green Vespa I’ll take his side . The only time I have ever been jealous is when I saw a lady on one of those & I realised I really really wanted one . I could buy myself one of course but then I’d be left unbribeable .
About Reid Carlson
Reid Carlson originally hails from Clay Center, Kansas, where he began swimming at age six. At age 14 he began swimming club year-round and later with his high school team, making state all four years. He was fortunate enough to draw the attention of Kalamazoo College where he went on to …
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I'll start by saying that this film was not off to a good start with me for several reasons:
- Han Solo was probably my least favourite character from the main cast of the original trilogy. That's not to say that I disliked him, but he was just kind of... there. I didn't think that he was particularly awesome, nor was I dying to find out more about him. (Though I do remember reading the original Han Solo trilogy way back in the day... however the only thing I remember twenty years later is that it featured a pair of droids that were basically blatant knock-offs of C-3PO and R2-D2.)
- When I saw the first promotional images for the film my initial reaction could have been summed up as: "Could they have found anyone who looked any less like Harrison Ford?" I just couldn't see Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo at all.
- The trailer didn't excite me very much either. It basically looked like the story could be summarised as follows: Han Solo and a bunch of quirky characters pull off a big heist. Woo.
- After my disappointment with The Last Jedi I didn't really feel ready to get excited about another Star Wars film just yet. I couldn't help wondering whether Disney had "lost its way" with Star Wars a bit / whether I wasn't the target audience for these films anymore (pick whichever viewpoint you prefer).
Sooo... I basically just went to see it because I play a damn Star Wars game every day and blog about it on top of that, so how could I not want to know everything about the newest Star Wars film to hit the big screen?
Well, much to my own surprise, I ended up really liking it! To counter all the points I raised above one by one:
- This may sound weird to you if you're a big Han Solo fan, but I actually felt that the film would have probably been a good flick even if it hadn't been about Han Solo. Sure, there are things that tie it into the existing canon, like Chewbacca, Lando, the Millennium Falcon etc., and I'm sure there are lots of references there that the more hardcore fans will love, but the story didn't rely on you caring about these characters already. You could probably go into this film with zero knowledge of Star Wars whatsoever and still have a good time.
The above is something that I could also see people viewing as a negative, mind you... because it means that Solo is "just" a fun sci-fi/action flick. Nothing too epic or galaxy-changing happens in it, which I guess could potentially leave some viewers disappointed. For me though (as I mentioned when I wrote about Rogue One) that's right up my alley.
- I still think that Alden Ehrenreich looks remarkably little like young Harrison Ford, but boy does he know how to act! In still images I still struggle to accept him as Han Solo, but watching him on screen I was 100% solod on it the entire time.
- The story is actually more involved than the trailers made it look and I was continually surprised by how the context in which scenes appeared was different from what I would have expected based on the trailer.
- Solo shared none of the issues that I had with TLJ, which could mostly be summed up as weird plot twists and occasional tone deafness. Solo has a coherent plot throughout, is properly paced, and I thought the humour was completely spot on. I was fully immersed throughout the whole thing and didn't pause to go "Wait, what?" even once (unlike during TLJ).
So, if you're still unsure whether to see it and care at all about the opinion of people like me, it gets a thumbs-up from me! Some random spoiler comments underneath the picture.
Solo teaser poster taken from Wookieepedia.
- I liked that there was a bit of introductory text at the beginning. I didn't miss the opening crawl too much when I first saw Rogue One, but in retrospective I think it would have made the beginning of the film a lot less confusing. Ironically, Solo probably didn't need it that much, but I still considered it a nice touch.
- Those "hounds" that chase them early on totally reminded me of the ones in SWTOR flashpoints like Cademimu and Mandalorian Raiders - I kept thinking: yeah, you better run, those things hurt! Hah.
- It may be corny, but I found the idea of Han's last name basically being made up on the spot by some random Imperial bureaucrat incredibly amusing.
- I liked the scene of Han and Chewie meeting for the first time. I felt that was something that could have easily been done very badly but I actually really liked the way it was handled.
All in all, while this film probably came out a bit too soon after Last Jedi, to me it's actually felt pleasantly invigorating after how disappointed I felt by TLJ in December. Your mileage may vary.
Labels: star wars general
Calphy 28 May 2018 at 22:39
It’s a miracle it ended up being as good as it was with all the director-switching that was going on. Ron Howard took a jumbled half-finished puzzle with pieces missing and ended up with a product you could barely tell had had many differences before he took the helm.
To me, this film continues to highlight the main reason why I dislike VII and VIII; those two films hand-waved the political state of the galaxy and it failed because thirty years of peace essentially amounted to everyone being back where they were, but worse off, and there’s very little to show how this became the case.
Solo and Rogue One also handwave the political state, but it works in both films since we’ve had plenty of pre-established material across the years beforehand to fill in the majority of the appropriate gaps. We know the Empire is at the height of its power in Rogue One (without a shred of difficulty) and in Solo, while it’s slightly more of a fledgling given that we see it actively conquering Mimban, it’s still the ‘main’ body of power in the galaxy.
If anything, the thing that I felt was lacking in some way was the galaxy-building. While Rogue One went overboard with this, at least we knew from the film what each planet was called. Conversely, in Solo, Mimban and Vandor-1 are both unidentified in the film itself in spite of the fact that fairly significant scenes take place there.
Not quite as bad as TFA destroying Hosnian Prime without clarifying that it wasn’t exactly Chandrila or Coruscant, though...
It was, however, great to see Kessel, the Maw, and especially Corellia realised in-film at long last.
I’m looking forward to seeing more from Alden in the future and hoping they bring Howard - as well as soundtrack composer John Powell - back for future Star Wars projects as well.
Also Phoebe Walker-Bridge as L3 was fantastic. :D
Shintar 28 May 2018 at 23:27
Ah Cal, the things you get hung up on are - as usual - weird to me. I don't care about the names of planets being called out; I care about places and situations feeling "real" and like they don't just exist for that one scene, and that's something the film delivered in spades (IMO). The beginning on Corellia alone could inspire so many more stories...
Agreed on the soundtrack being quite striking by the way!
As far as L3 is concerned, I was amused to find out after the viewing that she's apparently a controversial character... because a character opposing literal slavery is controversial these days. o_O That said, I could see not everyone liking her because she's meant to be abrasive. For me though, her "Can I get you anything" exchange with Lando was a major laugh out loud moment.
I just like to know where events are taking place, is all. As it happened, I knew Mimban was going to be a location long before seeing the film so this isn’t a significant issue since only one of the six locations was thus a complete unknown to me at the time - it’s just the only thing at the moment I can find to think “that could have been slightly improved upon”.
Yeah, I can see why people find L3 controversial. Not long before the film came out I saw a reviewer refer to her as ‘the feminist Droid’ (not in a negative way, though, from what I remember), so I think a lot of people see her desperateness for droid rights as the film using her to ‘push an agenda’ in the real world. It’s... unfortunate that this perception exists, to say the absolute least, but it sadly continues to persist for strong female characters.
I for one am more than happy to see that we’ve finally got a feminine-programmed Droid in the live-action films who isn’t merely an Astromech. Been a long time coming and I hope we get many more in the future.
Oh, forgot about TC-14. Still a very very minor character, though, so L3’s still a drastic improvement.
Redbeard 31 May 2018 at 04:44
Actually, the thought just occurred to me that maybe some people are crapping on Solo because they didn't like TLJ and wanted to take their grumpiness out on the next Star Wars film too.
Oh, I'm sure there's some of that involved. (YouTube keeps trying to recommend me various conspiracy theory videos about how Kathleen Kennedy is the devil and therefore all the new Star Wars content is evil.) It still strikes me as weird though, considering that Solo is the complete opposite of TLJ in many ways.
As expected, the film has been met with huge criticism, which in my opinion is wholly unjust and just another opportunity for so called 'star wars' fans to voice their disapproval for Disney. Solo is not the biggest and boldest SW feature by any stretch, but it is true to the original trilogy material without resorting to overly complicated plots, ropey CGI effects and forced comedy. It provides action , excitement, great dialogue, romance and a vast array of alien creatures (that were lacking in Rogue 1) and genuinely feels like a SW film, albeit with an interesting western inspired spin. Its Star Wars with everything we love about the saga. If you hate it.. perhaps its time you realised you might not be a SW fan after all.
> 2k movies
> arrival putlockers
> the revenant putlocker
Summer of PvP
The Nathema Conspiracy - Mechanics
The Nathema Conspiracy - The Story
5.9 Patch Thoughts & Story Epiphanies
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Tax Interpretations
Canadian tax interpretations and transactional implications
CRA Publications
Conferences/Reports/Letters
Tax Topics
Other Legislation/Constitution
Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act
Section 172.1
Subsection 172.1(8)
Paragraph 173(1)(a)
Leo Beauchesne Inc. v. The Queen, 77 DTC 5308, [1977] CTC 398 (FCTD)
A discharge order based on a proposal made under Part III of the Bankruptcy Act discharged the taxpayer's liability relating to deductions which it had erroneously taken in prior years in respect of which no reassessment action yet had been taken by the Minister.
Schnier v. Canada (Attorney General), 128 O.R. (3d) 537, 2016 ONCA 5
assessment under appeal is not an “amount payable” and can be classifed as unprovable
At the time of his bankruptcy, the taxpayer had unpaid income tax assessments of $4.478 million of which$4.424 million were under appeal to the Tax Court of Canada. At issue was whether the full assessed amount qualified as an “amount payable, within the meaning of subsection 223(1) of the Income Tax Act … by an individual,” in which case s. 172.1 of the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act would have been applicable.
In finding that the taxes under appeal did not so qualify under s. 223(1), Brown JA noted the Attorney General’s arguments that ITA s. 158 deems an assessed amount to thereupon be “payable forthwith,” and s. 152(8) deems an assessment to be “valid and binding,” and stated (at paras. 41, 49-50)
Both ss. 152(8) and 248(2) indicate that until the objection or appeal process is concluded, the amount of tax the Minister can compel a taxpayer to pay cannot be known. The assessed amount can change from time to time by virtue of judicial decisions or new assessments... .
...The restraints placed by ITA s. 225.1 on the enforceability of an assessed amount of tax that is under appeal are strong indicators that a claim based on those amounts would not be provable in a bankruptcy.
Consequently, where amounts of income tax assessed against an individual bankrupt taxpayer remain under appeal at the time of his discharge hearing, the existence of the outstanding appeal entitles the trustee to classify the claim based on the unpaid assessed amounts as a contingent, unprovable one.
He then noted (at para. 63) that
to qualify as “personal income tax debt” within the meaning of s. 172.2(1), the tax debt must be a proven claim.
This decision is also summarized in 2 other places This decision is also summarized in 2 other places: Read all summaries
Locations of other summaries
Tax Topics - Income Tax Act - Section 223 - Subsection 223(1) appealed assessment not an amount payable 130
Tax Topics - Income Tax Act - Section 152 - Subsection 152(8) assessed amount under appeal not an amount payable 269
In re Katari, 89 DTC 5324 (S.C.O.)
The taxpayer, who made an assignment in bankruptcy primarily as a result of his failure to make quarterly remittances of income tax instalments, failed to establish the onus set out in s. 173(1)(a), and pursuant to s. 172(2) of the Bankruptcy Act, his discharge was made conditional on repaying the amount owing in 80 monthly instalments without interest. Granger J. noted that as a result of the taxpayer's failure to make instalments, he had been able to enjoy a higher standard of living than he would have enjoyed if he had complied with his statutory duty like most Canadians.
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Dirtbag Diaries
Our Common Waters
TheDamTruth
Paddling×
Backyard Adventures×
Hiking & Trekking×
From Ríos to Rivers: Two Worlds United for the People of the River!
By Juanita Ringeling Vicuña | Dec 18, 2017 December 18, 2017
At first glimpse, the Klamath River in the United States’ Pacific Northwest and the Río Baker in Chilean Patagonia, South America, seem to have nothing in common. Separated by more than 10,000 miles, their waters drain basins that are drastically different. One river begins in a sagebrush desert before weaving… Read More
ActivismCulture
Endangered Spaces: Boundary Waters
By The Dirtbag Diaries | Oct 2, 2017 October 2, 2017
Raising awareness. It seems like every day, someone embarks on a new project to ‘raise awareness’ about a particular issue, cause, disease, endangered species or threatened public land. But what separates the projects that cut through the noise and the ones that get drowned out in the static of issues… Read More
The Boundary Waters Works for Everyone
By Adam Fetcher | Dec 19, 2016 December 19, 2016
Last week, federal agencies responsible for stewardship of America’s public lands did the right thing: they took a hard look at science and public opinion and made a sober decision to protect Minnesota’s iconic Boundary Waters from a sulfide-ore copper mining project by denying the renewal of two mineral leases. Read More
ActivismOther Sports
Speaking Loudly for a Quiet Place
By Emily Meg Weinstein | Jul 15, 2016 July 15, 2016
After a long day of travel through pristine lakes and dense forest, we make our main camp on Long Island Lake in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. I grew up in a different Long Island, the one outside New York City, a densely populated suburb where at night I… Read More
Why Minnesota Can’t Afford Mining Near the Boundary Waters
By Adam Fetcher | Mar 28, 2016 March 28, 2016
Patagonia has supported the work of Northeastern Minnesotans for Wilderness and the Campaign to Save the Boundary Waters through grant funding, our employee environmental internship program, retail store events, product donations and an invitation to attend the 2015 Tools for Grassroots Activists Conference. You can read our past coverage on The… Read More
Save the Blue Heart of Europe: 23 Rivers, 6 Countries, 390 River Kilometers, 1 Purpose
By Hans Cole | Jun 3, 2016 June 3, 2016
“Jo diga ne Pocem! Jo diga ne Pocem!” The rallying cry repeated as anti-dam protestors, activists, kayakers and local people from the Vjosa River valley marched through the Albanian capital of Tirana on Friday, May 20th. Translation: “No dams in Pocem!” This protest, the final event of the 35-day… Read More
ActivismFly Fishing
Floating Through Nowhere
By Jim Little | May 9, 2016 May 9, 2016
Most people have never heard of the Owyhee Canyonlands, let alone pulled over to visit. On a map of Oregon, it’s that mostly blank expanse in the southeastern corner of the state near the Idaho/Nevada border—a place most would call nowhere. Rome, Burns and Jordan Valley are the nearest towns… Read More
Paddle Power: The Rise of Kayaktivism
By Cameron Fenton | May 5, 2016 May 5, 2016
The house I grew up in was full of art from the Canadian Arctic. From soapstone carvings to caribou tufting and Ted Harrison paintings, my parents had brought it with them when they moved south from their home in Yellowknife on the northern shores of Great Slave Lake in the… Read More
Save the Blue Heart of Europe: The Balkan Rivers story
By Ulrich Eichelmann | Mar 14, 2016 March 14, 2016
The Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe is known for its Mediterranean beaches, past wars, corruption, ethnic conflicts and, to insiders, Slivovitz and ćevapi—the plum schnapps and traditional minced-meat dish of the region. Stories about the area are plentiful, but I want to tell you a different story—a story about beauty, diversity… Read More
Dirtbag Diaries Podcast: The Threshold Moment
By The Dirtbag Diaries | Mar 13, 2015 March 13, 2015
When Kevin Fedarko stepped through the door of the O.A.R.S. boathouse in Flagstaff, Arizona, he didn’t realize he had crossed a figurative threshold as well as a literal one. Kevin had planned on rafting the Grand Canyon for a wilderness… Read More
Xboundary – Defending Alaska & British Columbia salmon rivers from open-pit mining
By Ryan Peterson | Feb 19, 2015 February 19, 2015
An open-pit mining boom is underway in northern British Columbia, Canada. The massive size and location of the mines—at the headwaters of major salmon rivers that flow across the border into Alaska—has Alaskans concerned over pollution risks posed to their multi-billion dollar fishing and tourism… Read More
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How Jyve secretly raised $35M & built a $400M retail gig economy
Josh Constine @JoshConstine / 12 months
What if instead of just accepting Uber rides, gig workers could pick from higher-paying skilled tasks around town like stocking shelves, checking inventory or driving a forklift at a local grocer? When they work quickly and accurately or learn new trades, they get to choose between more complex jobs. That’s the idea that’s racked up $400 million in staffing contracts for Jyve, an on-demand labor platform that’s coming out of stealth today after 3.5 years. It already has 6,000 workers doing tasks for 4,000 stores across the country.
“I believe the skill economy is way bigger than the gig economy,” says Jyve CEO and founder Brad Oberwager. He sees Uber driving as just the low-expertise beginning of a massive new job type where people with specializations or experience are efficiently matched to retail work. Jyve’s secret sauce is the work quality review system built into its app for managers and stores that lets it know who got the job done right and deserves even better opportunities.
Jyve’s potential to become the skilled labor marketplace has quietly attracted $35 million in funding across a seed and Series A round raised over the past few years, led by SignalFire and joined by Crosscut Ventures and Ridge Ventures. “Jyve is one of the fastest-growing companies we’ve seen, having already reached $400 million in bookings in three short years,” writes Chris Farmer, CEO of SignalFire. “They are creating a new economic class.”
It’s all because Safeway hasn’t touched a bag of Doritos in 50 years, Oberwager tells me. Grocery stores have long outsourced the shelving and arrangement of products to the big brands that make them, which is why the retail consumer packaged good industry employs 10 million people in the U.S., or more than 10 percent of the country’s workforce. But instead of relying on one person to drive goods to the store, load them in and shelve them, Jyve can cut costs and divide those tasks and match them to nearby people with sufficient skills.
“Retail isn’t dying, it’s changing, and brands that are thriving are the ones investing in their in-store experience as well as owning their e-commerce initiatives,” observed Oberwager. “The question we must ask then is how do we fill this labor shortage and also enable people to refine special skills that are multi-dimensional and rewarding.”
Jyve screenshots shows available gigs across San Francisco
Oberwager knows the tribulations of grocery shelving well. He built online drugstore More.com before the dot-com boom, then started making his own food products. He created True Fruit Cups, one of the country’s largest importer of grapefruit, and founded and sold his Bare apple chips company. Competing for shelf space with big brands paying workers to set up elaborate displays in grocery stores, he saw a chance to reimagine retail labor.
But it was when his daughter got sick and he realized the surgeon who performed the operation was essentially a high-skilled mercenary that he seized on the opportunity beyond grocers. “He walks in, does the surgery, walks out. He’s a gig worker, but it’s a skill I’m willing to pay a lot for,” says Oberwager.
He created Jyve to aggregate the demand from different stores and the skills from different workers. When someone signs up for Jyve, they start with easier tasks like moving boxes in the backroom. If they do that well, they could unlock higher-paying shelf stocking and display arrangement, then product ordering and brand ambassadorship. At each step, they take photos and leave comments about their work that are reviewed by a combination of store and brand managers, as well as Jyve’s machine vision algorithms and human quality-control team. It can quickly tell if someone puts the Cheerios box on the shelf the wrong way, and won’t give them public-facing tasks if they don’t improve
“Seventy percent of our market managers were originally Jyvers, and they become W-2 workers,” Oberwager says proudly. Jyve even makes it easy for brands and retailers to hire its top giggers for full-time jobs. Why would the startup allow that? “I want to put it on a billboard, ‘Work hard, get promoted,’ ” he tells me. The fact that Oberwager’s last name could be interpreted as “higher wages” in German makes Jyve seem like his destiny.
But to fulfill that prophecy, Jyve will have to out-tech old-school staffing firms like Acosta, Advantage and Crossmark. It’s also hoping to ween grocers off of Instacart by bringing shopping for online orders back to stores’ in-house staff — provided by Jyve. A worker could be stocking shelves, then use that knowledge to quickly pick up all the items for an online order and give them to a curbside driver, then return to their task.
Keeping work quality up to snuff will be a challenge, but by dangling higher wages, Jyve aligns its incentives with its workers. The bigger hurdle may be convincing big brands and retail institutions to change the way they’ve done staffing forever. Oberwager professes that it takes a long time to onboard, but also a long time to offboard, so it could build a solid moat if it’s the first to win this market. Jyve is now in more than 1,200 cities across the U.S.., and a real-time map showed a plethora of gigs available around San Francisco during the demo.
Oberwager admits the unskilled gig economy is “a little dehumanizing. It makes people a cog in a machine.” But he hopes each “Jyver,” as he calls them, can become more like a circuit — a complex machine of its own that powers something bigger.
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Chelsea can be able to sign their transfer target and will depend upon Manchester United’s decision
By Rajarshi Ghosh
Photo Credit : Sky Sports
Chelsea are looking to sign Ben Chilwell this winter window. But depend on Manchester United stance on Luke Shaw.
Manchester United could make a serious bid for Leicester City’s one of the emerging talent full-back Ben Chilwell. But the Blues’ scouts are monitoring Ben Chilwell for a while now. The Leicester City officials have contacted United for a possible transfer in the summer.
Luke Shaw’s future is in discussion at the Old Trafford. Leicester City has currently on the third position in Premier League and doesn’t want to lose him. Manchester City and Tottenham are also looking to looking for left-back. Chilwell tops the list of most of the top teams in England for a move in summer.
Leicester City considers Luke Shaw as their prime target and replacement of Chilwell. Luke Shaw’s future is also up the air at Manchester United
Chilwell Targetted by Blues in January
Ben Chilwell is targetted by Chelsea
Meanwhile, Chelsea is monitoring Chilwell’s situation and is ready to make a bid for him in this January transfer window.
Ben Chilwell is a highly rated left-back in the European club football. He has performed well for the Foxes. A number of European giants are watching him closely. This highly-rated English fullback is only 23 years old and his current market value is 50 million pounds. He played in 18 matches for Leicester this season.
Chelsea fullbacks Marcos Alonso and Emerson are not playing on the left flank on a regular basis. Chelsea manager Frank Lampard often used Cesar Azpilicueta in the position at times. At the same time, Manchester City and Tottenham are also expecting to sign the Fox left-back.
Luke Shaw’s position at United
Luke shaw is targetted as replacement of Chilwell by Leicester City
In the last few seasons, the former Southampton star has failed to make a solid impact at Old Trafford. Brandon Williams has put in some good performances this season and is more likely to be preferred by the United manager Ole Gunnar Solsjkar. Leicester is not likely to sell Chilwell this January.
But it is also true that a number of English Giants are continuously monitoring the England international. The United chiefs are in touch with the Fox manager Brandon Rogers over a potential move for Shaw. The Fox officials are ready to make a bid for Shaw if he agrees to leave United this winter. Shaw joined the Red Devils from
Southampton in 2014. As he is young enough, United do not want to let him leave at a lower price. United wanted at least more than at which they bought him.
Shaw is looking to lose his confidence from the arrival of Ole Gunnar Solskjaer. He also got injured several times and out for a long period. His lack of game time at United made several rumors that he could leave United. This will increase the chances of Chelsea to sign Chilwell.
Author’s Take
Leceister City Chiwell transfer will happen in summer. But all top Premier League giants are looking to sign him. In this case, Manchester United can do a direct swap with Luke Shaw but the same can be offered by Chelsea. Chelsea are looking to both left-backs. It’s up to Leicester City which player they want as replacement of England international
Related Items:Ben Chilwell, Chelsea, Latest, Latest News, Leicester City, Luke Shaw, manchester united, Transfers
Tottenham ready to let star leave as PSG join the bidding war
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Spoken Word > Poetry
A Gift of Love: Music Inspired by the Love Poems of Rumi
A Gift of Love: Music Inspired by the Love Poems of Rumi (1998)
by Deepak Chopra & Friends
Both celebrities and religious figures contribute to this compilation of music inspired by Rumi poetry. Recording selections are Deepak Chopra ("My Burning Heart," "Intoxicated by Love," "Alchemy of Love," "Aroused Passion"), Jared Harris ("Looking for Your Face"), Madonna ("Bittersweet"), Demi Moore ("Do You Love Me"), Goldie Hawn ("The Meaning of Love"), and Martin Sheen ("Caught in the Fire of Love"). ~ Jenna Woolford, Rovi Read More
Both celebrities and religious figures contribute to this compilation of music inspired by Rumi poetry. Recording selections are Deepak Chopra ("My Burning Heart," "Intoxicated by Love," "Alchemy of Love," "Aroused Passion"), Jared Harris ("Looking for Your Face"), Madonna ("Bittersweet"), Demi Moore ("Do You Love Me"), Goldie Hawn ("The Meaning of Love"), and Martin Sheen ("Caught in the Fire of Love"). ~ Jenna Woolford, Rovi Read Less
Show All Tracks
Valentine to Rumi
My Burning Heart
Intoxicated by Love
The Lover's Passion
The Alchemy of Love
Caught in the Fire of Love
I Am Yours
Looking for Your Face
The Meaning of Love
Aroused Passion
Dying to Love
The Privileged Lovers
Precious Love
Defeated by Love
The Mythical Lover
I Am and I Am Not
The Agony of Lovers
The Agony and Ecstasy of Divine Discontent
Look at Your Eyes
Some Kiss
The Freshness
My Beloved
A Lover's Madness
Show Fewer Tracks
All Copies (7)
Music Details
Seller Rating Price: Low to High Price: High to Low Condition Condition: Reverse Release Date Release Date: Rev Sellers Near Me
CD, Good
1998, Tommy Boy
HPB-Ruby
Label: Tommy Boy
Good. Connecting listeners with great music since 1972. All used discs are inspected and guaranteed. Customer service is our top priority!
CD, Very Good
1998, Rasa
Label: Rasa
Chopra/Deyhim/Fuchs. Very Good. In very good packaging. Chopra, Deepak/Friend-Gift of Love: Music Inspired by Rumi Love Poems by Chopra, Deepak/Friend.
The Mighty Book
Very good in very good packaging. Originally released: 1998. The CD, booklet and fold-out case are all in very good condition, gently used. Ready to ship.
Chopra/Deyhim/Fuchs. Very Good. In very good packaging. Goldie Hawn...-A Gift of Love Vol.1: Music Inspired By Love Poems of Rumi by Goldie Hawn...
CD, New
Konstantin Krylov, Bookseller
Greeneville, TN, USA
M Godding Books Ltd
Devizes, WILTS, UNITED KINGDOM
Released: Jan/28
Alibris ID: 9822616685
New Age > Meditation/Relaxation
New Age > Healing
New Age > Ethnic Fusion
All Releases of A Gift of Love: Music Inspired by the Love Poems of Rumi
1998, CD
Love?
by Jennifer Lopez
The Soul of Healing Meditations
by Deepak Chopra M.D.
Chakra Balancing: Body, Mind and Soul
Maxinquaye
Grey's Anatomy: Season 01
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Sreesanth Breaks Down At Bigg Boss Recalling This Incident Involving Sachin Tendulkar
Published on 18 October, 2018 at 12:22 pm By Stephen Soulunii
It seems like former Indian cricketer Sreesanth is quite an emotional person. He grabbed the media limelight for crying in the field when fellow cricketer Harbhajan Singh slapped him a few years ago at the end of an IPL match. Well, the cricketer is in the news once again for breaking down. And this time, it’s not in the cricket field but at the Bigg Boss house.
The controversial cricketer made it to the Bigg Boss season 12. Recently, he recalled an incident involving Sachin Tendulkar, which he shared with fellow contestant Anup Jalota, and broke down.
freepressjournal
Speaking to Anup Jalota, the 35-year-old former fast pacer opened up on an interview Sachin Tendulkar was giving about the 2011 ICC World Cup when a mention of his name got him all emotional. This is what the Kerala-born former cricketer shared:
“I want to share one incident related to Sachin Tendulkar. 1-2 years after our 2011 World Cup triumph, an interview was going on. The interviewer asked about everyone. 2011 you guys played well taking all players’ names but not mine. When the interview was about to end, Sachin Tendulkar prompted my name saying Sreesanth also played a major role. I cried a lot during that time.”
Needless to mention, Sreesanth has had a difficult time in the Bigg Boss house and has often been engaged in tussles with fellow participants.
He was recently put in the secret room in the house watching all the activities of the other contestants without participating himself.
Meanwhile, Sreesanth, who is reportedly the highest-paid celebrity in the Bigg Boss house this season, was found guilty of wrongdoing in the 2013 IPL scandal along with Ajit Chandila and Ankeet Chavan. The once one of the finest pace bowlers in the Indian cricket team was imposed a life ban by the BCCI.
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Magnetron-Sputtered YSZ and CGO Electrolytes for SOFC
A. A. Solovyev, Anna Victorovna Shipilova, Igor Vyacheslavovich Ionov, Anastasia Nikolaevna Kovalchuk, S. V. Rabotkin, V. O. Oskirko
The Weinberg Research Center
Reactive magnetron sputtering has been used for deposition of yttria-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) and gadolinium-doped CeO2 (CGO) layers on NiO-YSZ commercial anodes for solid oxide fuel cells. To increase the deposition rate and improve the quality of the sputtered thin oxide films, asymmetric bipolar pulse magnetron sputtering was applied. Three types of anode-supported cells, with single-layer YSZ or CGO and YSZ/CGO bilayer electrolyte, were prepared and investigated. Optimal thickness of oxide layers was determined experimentally. Based on the electrochemical characteristics of the cells, it is shown that, at lower operating temperatures of 650°C to 700°C, the cells with single-layer CGO electrolyte are most effective. The power density of these fuel cells exceeds that of the cell based on YSZ single-layer electrolyte at the same temperature. Power densities of 650 mW cm−2 and 500 mW cm−2 at 700°C were demonstrated by cells with single-layer YSZ and CGO electrolyte, respectively. Significantly enhanced maximum power density was achieved in a bilayer-electrolyte single cell, as compared with cells with a single electrolyte layer. Maximum power density of 1.25 W cm−2 at 800°C and 1 W cm−2 at 750°C under voltage of 0.7 V were achieved for the YSZ/CGO bilayer electrolyte cell with YSZ and CGO thickness of about 4 μm and 1.5 μm, respectively. This signifies that the YSZ thin film serves as a blocking layer to prevent electrical current leakage in the CGO layer, leading to the overall enhanced performance. This performance is comparable to the state of the art for cells based on YSZ/CGO bilayer electrolyte.
Journal of Electronic Materials
Accepted/In press - 30 Mar 2016
Yttrium oxide
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
radiant flux density
cell anodes
yttria
solid oxide fuel cells
Deposition rates
oxide films
bilayer electrolyte
CGO
pulse electron-beam treatment
YSZ
Solovyev, A. A., Shipilova, A. V., Ionov, I. V., Kovalchuk, A. N., Rabotkin, S. V., & Oskirko, V. O. (Accepted/In press). Magnetron-Sputtered YSZ and CGO Electrolytes for SOFC. Journal of Electronic Materials, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-016-4462-0
Magnetron-Sputtered YSZ and CGO Electrolytes for SOFC. / Solovyev, A. A.; Shipilova, Anna Victorovna; Ionov, Igor Vyacheslavovich; Kovalchuk, Anastasia Nikolaevna; Rabotkin, S. V.; Oskirko, V. O.
In: Journal of Electronic Materials, 30.03.2016, p. 1-8.
Solovyev, AA, Shipilova, AV, Ionov, IV, Kovalchuk, AN, Rabotkin, SV & Oskirko, VO 2016, 'Magnetron-Sputtered YSZ and CGO Electrolytes for SOFC', Journal of Electronic Materials, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-016-4462-0
Solovyev AA, Shipilova AV, Ionov IV, Kovalchuk AN, Rabotkin SV, Oskirko VO. Magnetron-Sputtered YSZ and CGO Electrolytes for SOFC. Journal of Electronic Materials. 2016 Mar 30;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-016-4462-0
Solovyev, A. A. ; Shipilova, Anna Victorovna ; Ionov, Igor Vyacheslavovich ; Kovalchuk, Anastasia Nikolaevna ; Rabotkin, S. V. ; Oskirko, V. O. / Magnetron-Sputtered YSZ and CGO Electrolytes for SOFC. In: Journal of Electronic Materials. 2016 ; pp. 1-8.
@article{60c0e14bfcde4beb89c759aef59dc79f,
title = "Magnetron-Sputtered YSZ and CGO Electrolytes for SOFC",
abstract = "Reactive magnetron sputtering has been used for deposition of yttria-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) and gadolinium-doped CeO2 (CGO) layers on NiO-YSZ commercial anodes for solid oxide fuel cells. To increase the deposition rate and improve the quality of the sputtered thin oxide films, asymmetric bipolar pulse magnetron sputtering was applied. Three types of anode-supported cells, with single-layer YSZ or CGO and YSZ/CGO bilayer electrolyte, were prepared and investigated. Optimal thickness of oxide layers was determined experimentally. Based on the electrochemical characteristics of the cells, it is shown that, at lower operating temperatures of 650°C to 700°C, the cells with single-layer CGO electrolyte are most effective. The power density of these fuel cells exceeds that of the cell based on YSZ single-layer electrolyte at the same temperature. Power densities of 650 mW cm−2 and 500 mW cm−2 at 700°C were demonstrated by cells with single-layer YSZ and CGO electrolyte, respectively. Significantly enhanced maximum power density was achieved in a bilayer-electrolyte single cell, as compared with cells with a single electrolyte layer. Maximum power density of 1.25 W cm−2 at 800°C and 1 W cm−2 at 750°C under voltage of 0.7 V were achieved for the YSZ/CGO bilayer electrolyte cell with YSZ and CGO thickness of about 4 μm and 1.5 μm, respectively. This signifies that the YSZ thin film serves as a blocking layer to prevent electrical current leakage in the CGO layer, leading to the overall enhanced performance. This performance is comparable to the state of the art for cells based on YSZ/CGO bilayer electrolyte.",
keywords = "bilayer electrolyte, CGO, magnetron sputtering, pulse electron-beam treatment, Solid oxide fuel cell, YSZ",
author = "Solovyev, {A. A.} and Shipilova, {Anna Victorovna} and Ionov, {Igor Vyacheslavovich} and Kovalchuk, {Anastasia Nikolaevna} and Rabotkin, {S. V.} and Oskirko, {V. O.}",
journal = "Journal of Electronic Materials",
T1 - Magnetron-Sputtered YSZ and CGO Electrolytes for SOFC
AU - Solovyev, A. A.
AU - Shipilova, Anna Victorovna
AU - Ionov, Igor Vyacheslavovich
AU - Kovalchuk, Anastasia Nikolaevna
AU - Rabotkin, S. V.
AU - Oskirko, V. O.
N2 - Reactive magnetron sputtering has been used for deposition of yttria-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) and gadolinium-doped CeO2 (CGO) layers on NiO-YSZ commercial anodes for solid oxide fuel cells. To increase the deposition rate and improve the quality of the sputtered thin oxide films, asymmetric bipolar pulse magnetron sputtering was applied. Three types of anode-supported cells, with single-layer YSZ or CGO and YSZ/CGO bilayer electrolyte, were prepared and investigated. Optimal thickness of oxide layers was determined experimentally. Based on the electrochemical characteristics of the cells, it is shown that, at lower operating temperatures of 650°C to 700°C, the cells with single-layer CGO electrolyte are most effective. The power density of these fuel cells exceeds that of the cell based on YSZ single-layer electrolyte at the same temperature. Power densities of 650 mW cm−2 and 500 mW cm−2 at 700°C were demonstrated by cells with single-layer YSZ and CGO electrolyte, respectively. Significantly enhanced maximum power density was achieved in a bilayer-electrolyte single cell, as compared with cells with a single electrolyte layer. Maximum power density of 1.25 W cm−2 at 800°C and 1 W cm−2 at 750°C under voltage of 0.7 V were achieved for the YSZ/CGO bilayer electrolyte cell with YSZ and CGO thickness of about 4 μm and 1.5 μm, respectively. This signifies that the YSZ thin film serves as a blocking layer to prevent electrical current leakage in the CGO layer, leading to the overall enhanced performance. This performance is comparable to the state of the art for cells based on YSZ/CGO bilayer electrolyte.
AB - Reactive magnetron sputtering has been used for deposition of yttria-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) and gadolinium-doped CeO2 (CGO) layers on NiO-YSZ commercial anodes for solid oxide fuel cells. To increase the deposition rate and improve the quality of the sputtered thin oxide films, asymmetric bipolar pulse magnetron sputtering was applied. Three types of anode-supported cells, with single-layer YSZ or CGO and YSZ/CGO bilayer electrolyte, were prepared and investigated. Optimal thickness of oxide layers was determined experimentally. Based on the electrochemical characteristics of the cells, it is shown that, at lower operating temperatures of 650°C to 700°C, the cells with single-layer CGO electrolyte are most effective. The power density of these fuel cells exceeds that of the cell based on YSZ single-layer electrolyte at the same temperature. Power densities of 650 mW cm−2 and 500 mW cm−2 at 700°C were demonstrated by cells with single-layer YSZ and CGO electrolyte, respectively. Significantly enhanced maximum power density was achieved in a bilayer-electrolyte single cell, as compared with cells with a single electrolyte layer. Maximum power density of 1.25 W cm−2 at 800°C and 1 W cm−2 at 750°C under voltage of 0.7 V were achieved for the YSZ/CGO bilayer electrolyte cell with YSZ and CGO thickness of about 4 μm and 1.5 μm, respectively. This signifies that the YSZ thin film serves as a blocking layer to prevent electrical current leakage in the CGO layer, leading to the overall enhanced performance. This performance is comparable to the state of the art for cells based on YSZ/CGO bilayer electrolyte.
KW - bilayer electrolyte
KW - CGO
KW - magnetron sputtering
KW - pulse electron-beam treatment
KW - Solid oxide fuel cell
KW - YSZ
JO - Journal of Electronic Materials
JF - Journal of Electronic Materials
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Unsteady conjugate thermogravitational convection in a cylindrical region with local energy source
M. A. Sheremet
The Butakov Research Center
The mathematical modelling of unsteady regimes of natural convection in a closed cylindrical region with a heat-conducting shell of finite thickness was carried out in the presence of a local heat source under the conditions of convective heat exchange with the ambient medium. The mathematical model was constructed in dimensionless variables "stream function - vorticity vector - temperature" in the cylindrical coordinate system. The influence of the Rayleigh number, 10 4 ≤ Ra ≤ 10 6, of the unsteadiness factor 0 < τ < 300, of the thermal conductivity ratio λ 2,1 = 5.7·10 -4, 4.3·10 -2, and the energy source sizes on both local characteristics (streamlines and temperature fields) and on the integral complex (the mean Nusselt number on typical boundaries) was analysed in detail. Thermohydrodynamic peculiarities due to the geometry of the object of research were established.
Thermophysics and Aeromechanics
cylindrical coordinates
Rayleigh number
Nusselt number
free convection
temperature distribution
conjugate heat transfer
cylindrical region
unsteady regime
Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Sheremet, M. A. (2011). Unsteady conjugate thermogravitational convection in a cylindrical region with local energy source. Thermophysics and Aeromechanics, 18(3), 447-458. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869864311030097
Unsteady conjugate thermogravitational convection in a cylindrical region with local energy source. / Sheremet, M. A.
In: Thermophysics and Aeromechanics, Vol. 18, No. 3, 01.09.2011, p. 447-458.
Sheremet, MA 2011, 'Unsteady conjugate thermogravitational convection in a cylindrical region with local energy source', Thermophysics and Aeromechanics, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 447-458. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869864311030097
Sheremet MA. Unsteady conjugate thermogravitational convection in a cylindrical region with local energy source. Thermophysics and Aeromechanics. 2011 Sep 1;18(3):447-458. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869864311030097
Sheremet, M. A. / Unsteady conjugate thermogravitational convection in a cylindrical region with local energy source. In: Thermophysics and Aeromechanics. 2011 ; Vol. 18, No. 3. pp. 447-458.
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title = "Unsteady conjugate thermogravitational convection in a cylindrical region with local energy source",
abstract = "The mathematical modelling of unsteady regimes of natural convection in a closed cylindrical region with a heat-conducting shell of finite thickness was carried out in the presence of a local heat source under the conditions of convective heat exchange with the ambient medium. The mathematical model was constructed in dimensionless variables {"}stream function - vorticity vector - temperature{"} in the cylindrical coordinate system. The influence of the Rayleigh number, 10 4 ≤ Ra ≤ 10 6, of the unsteadiness factor 0 < τ < 300, of the thermal conductivity ratio λ 2,1 = 5.7·10 -4, 4.3·10 -2, and the energy source sizes on both local characteristics (streamlines and temperature fields) and on the integral complex (the mean Nusselt number on typical boundaries) was analysed in detail. Thermohydrodynamic peculiarities due to the geometry of the object of research were established.",
keywords = "conjugate heat transfer, cylindrical region, natural convection, numerical modelling, unsteady regime",
author = "Sheremet, {M. A.}",
journal = "Thermophysics and Aeromechanics",
publisher = "Maik Nauka-Interperiodica Publishing",
T1 - Unsteady conjugate thermogravitational convection in a cylindrical region with local energy source
AU - Sheremet, M. A.
N2 - The mathematical modelling of unsteady regimes of natural convection in a closed cylindrical region with a heat-conducting shell of finite thickness was carried out in the presence of a local heat source under the conditions of convective heat exchange with the ambient medium. The mathematical model was constructed in dimensionless variables "stream function - vorticity vector - temperature" in the cylindrical coordinate system. The influence of the Rayleigh number, 10 4 ≤ Ra ≤ 10 6, of the unsteadiness factor 0 < τ < 300, of the thermal conductivity ratio λ 2,1 = 5.7·10 -4, 4.3·10 -2, and the energy source sizes on both local characteristics (streamlines and temperature fields) and on the integral complex (the mean Nusselt number on typical boundaries) was analysed in detail. Thermohydrodynamic peculiarities due to the geometry of the object of research were established.
AB - The mathematical modelling of unsteady regimes of natural convection in a closed cylindrical region with a heat-conducting shell of finite thickness was carried out in the presence of a local heat source under the conditions of convective heat exchange with the ambient medium. The mathematical model was constructed in dimensionless variables "stream function - vorticity vector - temperature" in the cylindrical coordinate system. The influence of the Rayleigh number, 10 4 ≤ Ra ≤ 10 6, of the unsteadiness factor 0 < τ < 300, of the thermal conductivity ratio λ 2,1 = 5.7·10 -4, 4.3·10 -2, and the energy source sizes on both local characteristics (streamlines and temperature fields) and on the integral complex (the mean Nusselt number on typical boundaries) was analysed in detail. Thermohydrodynamic peculiarities due to the geometry of the object of research were established.
KW - conjugate heat transfer
KW - cylindrical region
KW - natural convection
KW - numerical modelling
KW - unsteady regime
JO - Thermophysics and Aeromechanics
JF - Thermophysics and Aeromechanics
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Do your colleagues know how much you earn?
January 14, 2020@6:01 PM TFP Editor WorldNews 0
Discussing pay at work can be a touchy subject.
Whether it is the moment in a job interview when the topic of money is raised, or a request for an advance at the end of an expensive month, it is rarely a comfortable conversation.
But for almost one in five workers, having a conversation about their salary with a colleague could be more than uncomfortable, it could get them fired, according to a study.
A survey by the Trades Union Congress suggests that 18% of workers had been told that they were not allowed to discuss pay with their colleagues
“Pay secrecy clauses are a get out of jail free card for bad bosses,” said TUC general secretary Frances O’Grady.
“They stop workers from challenging unfair pay, allow top executives to hoard profits and encourage discrimination against women and disabled people.”
‘My boss lets me set my own salary’
Would you ask your colleagues what they earn?
Half of workers asked said they did not know what senior managers in their organisation earned. And 53% said they were not given information about other people’s pay.
Fewer than one five said their workplace had a transparent pay policy.
“Talking about pay can feel a bit uncomfortable, but more openness about wages is essential to building fairer workplaces,” Ms O’Grady said.
‘Ignorance can be bliss’
Tracy Jordan, an HR professional, told the BBC she would rather not know what her colleagues are earning.
She has worked in teams that all know or have access to information about how much each person is paid.
“I personally have found it’s better not looking and not knowing,” she said.
“Even if you feel you are paid a fair wage, there will always be someone that you perceive is doing a lesser job and is earning more.”
“Rather than feeling perpetually dissatisfied, I think ignorance can be bliss.”
However, Joseph Bunkle, a data analyst, said that approach only benefits bosses.
“Wouldn’t it feel bad knowing you’re being paid less than a colleague for the same job because you felt like ‘it’s just not something I like to discuss’?”
Romey Watters, who works in digital marketing, thinks there is a generational divide between those who are willing to discuss their salary and those who are not.
“I think younger people tend to be more transparent with sharing details about their salaries, perhaps because things like buying a house seem more unobtainable and the retirement age is increasing,” she told the BBC.
“I also think that companies sometimes encourage a culture of employees not disclosing what they earn as it could highlight a problem they want to avoid dealing with.”
Read on The Source
Cramer: Wall Street is finally having the reckoning on climate change it needs
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Batcave Records
The Thirsty Crows
The Thirsty Crows are an American Psychobilly/Rockabilly group from the South Bay area of Los Angeles, California. Thematically their songs tend to revolve around horror, binge drinking, and acts of revenge.
Founded in the early 2011 by former members of the Punk/Metal band Gabriels Fallen, Steve Huante and Chris Saunders.
They started recording their self-titled album in 2013, produced and engineered by Biohazard front man Billy Graziadei at Firewater Studios in Gardena, California. Subsequently, their self-titled album was mastered by Maor Appelbaum and then released by Los Angeles-based record label M.F.G.F. Records in 2014.
In addition to touring to promote their studio release, The Thirsty Crows have shared the stage many acts including Nekromantix, Koffin Kats, Stellar Corpses, Brian Setzer, Lee Rocker, Wanda Jackson, The Chop Tops, Agent Orange, Guana Batz, The Polecats, D.I., Dick Dale, Big Sandy & His Fly-Rite Boys, and Deke Dickerson. Additionally they also perform heavily in the rockabilly festival and car show circuit including events such as Viva Las Vegas Rockabilly Weekender, Rhythm & Rods, and The Lake Havasu Rockabilly Reunion.
Although they originally started as a trio, in early 2015 they added former guitarist of the punk band The Saints and Sinners, Victor Cisneros to their roster as a second guitarist and fourth member of the group.
By mid-2015 they released a music video for their single 'Devil's Highway' featuring indie actress Jennifer Wenger, most well known as the star of the film Confessions of a Superhero.
September 2015 saw them featured in the third volume of the time traveling Western graphic novel Guns A’Blazin’ written by Mike Wellman, illustrated by Rafael Navarro and published by Atomic Basement Entertainment as the backing bar band during a demonic assault.
In December 2017 they signed to the independent record label Batcave Records, the brain child of Dusty Graves of the psychobilly band Stellar Corpses and Rene D la Muerte of The Brains & Nekromantix to record their newest album "Hangman's Noose".
The band coined the phrase "South Bay Rockabilly" to describe their heavier, fast-paced blend of distorted rockabilly, psychobilly, and punk rock musical genres as they were heavily influenced by earlier musical acts to come out of their hometown area such as Pennywise and Black Flag.
The group is also and endorsed by Gretsch Guitars, Deuce Bass Co. upright bass bridges, Shadow Electronics pick ups and King Harbor Brewing Company.
Shadow Artist Spotlight – Chris Saunders of The Thirsty Crows
Chris Saunders, the Upright Bass player for the Los Angeles, CA rockabilly group The Thirsty Crows is the newest edition to the Shadow family. He uses our Shadow RB-PRO Rockabilly Double Bass Preamp, SH-2500E Transducer pickup & SH-951 Bridge pickup exclusively.
Chris, tell us a bit about yourself.
I was born and raised in the South Bay of Los Angeles, CA. My family was always big into music and worked within the industry so I was inundated with all types of music from a very young age. Our area is known for its Punk Rock roots having spawned pioneers such as Black Flag, Circle Jerks, Descendants, Pennywise and many others. Growing up in the Redondo Beach/Hermosa Beach area it was very difficult to not want to pick up an instrument and try to figure out just what our local musical icons were doing. Along the way I developed a deep appreciation for the roots of Rock 'n Roll and that is when I fell in love with the sound and style upright bass.
How would you describe The Thirsty Crows and your sound?
The Thirsty Crows are a four piece hard rockabilly outfit out of Los Angeles. We coined the term ‘South Bay Rockabilly’ for our style. For us, what this means is that we are an amalgamation of the energetic Punk Rock that came out of our South Bay area mixed with our take on the traditional Rockabilly/Western sounds we all grew up on.
What's been going on with you guys lately?
We've been having a fantastic year so far! We put out a new EP recorded at Firewater Studios engineered by Billy Graziadei (Vocals/Guitarist of Biohazard) and mastered by Maor Appelbaum (Nekromantix, The Chop Tops) that's been getting great reception. We recently put out a music video for our single Devil's Highway. Over the last few months we have been fortunate enough to play with many fantastic acts such as Lee Rocker, Wanda Jackson, Three Bad Jacks, The Chop Tops, Gamblers Mark, and more. We were also just featured in an issue of the graphic novel Guns A'Blazin' as the bar band during a demon massacre! It's all been quite the whirlwind and very exciting.
So we heard recently that you helped out a fellow bass player in need. Tell us a little bit about that.
Eddie Spaghetti, the lead singer/bass player for the cow punk band The Supersuckers was recently diagnosed with stage 3 oropharynx (throat) cancer. We were asked by our mutual friend Michael Schreiber, owner of South Bay Customs motorcycle shop & venue, if we would want to play a benefit show and do a song for a live compilation with all proceeds going to Eddie's medical fund. So naturally we said “Hell yeah!” We have done a few benefits before in the past and love to do them whenever we can. The show took place on September 19th and was a huge success! There was a great turn out and fantastic performances from a number of bands including The Cornfed Project and The Bourbon Saints. The compilation CD should be out in a few weeks. Anyone who is interested in donating can do so at: https://www.youcaring.com/eddie-spaghetti-373610
Why Shadow? What specifically are you looking for that you only trust Shadow to deliver?
Why Shadow? Simply put, it’s the quality of both the product and sound! I love that the RB-PRO was developed with upright bass player Didi Beck, so he knows exactly what sound, tone a nd options a professional upright player is looking for. And the versatility it offers is unparalleled. Being able to invert my phase and switch the subsonic filter on the fly to cut feedback while on stage is an absolute lifesaver! The pickups accurately reproduce the sound and tone of my bass and slap without compromise, and allow me to play at extremely loud volumes without any unwanted distortion, just the clear booming lows of the bass and the crisp highs of the click. I love that Shadow actually pushes the envelope on the tech rather than other companies that just repackage the same old gear year to year. Shadow knows what working musicians actually want.
Any last thoughts?
Big thanks to Shadow and Marc Romansky for all of the support! I’m stoked to be a part of the Shadow family!
The Equal Ground
The Thirsty Crows EP - 2014
By Ted Rogen
The Thirsty Crows is southern rock hot wings with extra buffalo. Their debut EP The Thirsty Crows is brushed with smoky blues and finished off with a fiery kick of balls to the walls shuffle rock. The guitar is like ZZ Top and Nirvana had a tone child that just so happened to also cry glycerin. Because why not? Lyrically, The Thirsty Crows don’t have too many reservations telling their tales like it is.
Unapologetic stories of drinking and drugging, whores and health problems. Amidst all the grit can be found hints of punk especially when the drums pick up the beat and kick those quick bass / snare patterns. The bridging of blues and punk is definitely new territory for me and for that alone I applaud these fine sirs. It’s a seductive and an enticing brand of rock that makes you want to take to the highway and pick up a stranger for some random shenanigans. Maybe stay up til 6 in the morning sipping on “The Good Juice.” I’d be down. The Thirsty Crows are bad boys for a bad world.
The album opens with the sounds of hungry crows in the distance, circling prey perhaps. Then a whistle-like drawl slides in just before mean riffs of dirty blues fire out of the dust clouds. No track is safe from the stomping good times of up tempo rock and themes immersed in substance and rebellion. For example, I’m not sure “Devil’s Highway” has enough mentioning of its title. Trust us, he’s on that highway and there’s nothing he can do about it.
Along those lines, “The Good Juice” is a rambunctious track that pertains to adventures out on the road, Highway 101 to be exact. Who else doesn’t immediately go to the game Cruisin’ USA? If it’s just me…. awkward. Taking up the back end is the perplexing “Love or Suicide.” Alcohol is a cruel two-faced thing when you think about it. That’s the watered down message on this one. To drink yourself into a slop night after night would make you believe you love the drink, but actually the drink loves you and will kill you if you let it. So to act on this said love raises the argument, is it just you slowly killing yourself? This is the stuff of lengthy debate, not fit for this review per se. But look, we’re talking about something beyond just the music. Well-done Crows.
All Content © 2019 The Thirsty Crows, Unless Otherwise Noted. Site Best Viewed at 1920 x 1080
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Become a Voice Member
Fonthill, CA
Home OPINION EDITORIALS EDITORIAL: An overreaction that only raises more questions
EDITORIAL: An overreaction that only raises more questions
The Voice of Pelham
What, exactly, is Pelham Town Hall worried that former Treasurer Cari Pupo will say? Pupo was dismissed in 2017, for reasons never made public, during a time of financial upheaval. As noted in the introduction to her commentary, Pupo contacted the Voice over our holiday break and said she had a message she wanted to impart to Pelham residents.
In the normal course of business, a news outlet will typically not fact-check letters to the editor or opinion commentaries, as opinions are inherently subjective. “Man-made climate change deniers are idiots” or “Trudeau’s smarmy smile is nauseating” aren’t objectively provable or disprovable.
Pupo’s statement, however, contains assertions involving conduct by identifiable individuals. The responsible course of action is to request comment from such individuals, and to give each an opportunity to respond however they wish.
Last week the Voice copied relevant portions of Pupo’s remarks to those concerned, requesting their response. Well, one would have thought the newspaper had mailed anthrax to Pelham Town Hall.
Late Friday, the paper received the letter reproduced below. Clearly intended to intimidate us into spiking Pupo’s commentary, it only reinforced the notion that she has something to say that Town Hall fears will be said. But who might be afraid? No one at the top.
The letter was not authorized by CAO David Cribbs—he was on vacation in Mexico. It was not authorized by Mayor Marvin Junkin. It was not authorized by Town Council, whose members were unaware of the letter’s existence until the Voice sent them a copy.
Reached for comment, Junkin responded: “I had a meeting with senior staff on Friday morning, at Town Hall, to discuss the implications, if any, to the Town if the Voice were to publish the article it had received from Cari Pupo. It was decided at that meeting not to do anything until Monday morning, when the Town CAO would be returning to work. I then went home and worked at putting metal roofing on my house. When I climbed down and checked my phone some five hours later, I was very surprised to find that staff had contacted Town lawyers and sent a letter to the Voice, without any input from me, and definitely without my knowledge. I can only assume that they decided that this decision was above my pay grade—after all, I am just an elected official. For the record, I never would have approved of sending the letter. It was a very stupid thing to do, reminding me of a not-too-long-ago media desk episode.”
Reached over the weekend upon his return from vacation, CAO David Cribbs diplomatically declined to identify who authorized the letter in his absence, or whether it was appropriate, saying, “The Town of Pelham respects the role of the media and celebrates free agency to make fair commentary as a necessary part of a functioning democracy. The Town also takes its obligations seriously under the Occupational Health and Safety Act to protect staff from bullying and harassment.”
Thus we are left scratching our head.
“Disgruntled former employee” can be a cheap way to discredit a legitimate whistleblower. One such individual almost single-handedly brought down a billion-dollar cannabis producer last year. What else might Pupo say if not restricted by a non-disclosure agreement? And who most wishes that she just keeps quiet? Two questions that for now remain unanswered. ♦
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A call for historical Fenwick artifacts
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Ullapool Book Festival
Eclectic array of writers descend on the Highlands for the Ullapool Book Festival.
It is only fitting that the way to the Highlands’ oldest book festival, now in its fifteenth year, should lead through the most spectacular landscape the Highlands have to offer. Sun-rays creep into every fold of the land, light up every pool in which rocks and pebbles seem to float. Soon the town of Ullapool creeps into view on the eastern shore of Loch Broom. Ullapool Book Festival awaits.
It shouldn’t work, it really shouldn’t. Most would class this area as too remote, and yet for this one weekend in May, it has no trouble attracting some of the biggest names in Scottish Literature and beyond.
The 7am start from Inverness is rewarded by an early session of readings from four award-shortlisted writers. Later tonight, one of them will be named as the winner of the Highland Book Prize, and Neil Ansell gets the audience off on a reflective start, writing movingly in The Last Wilderness about a reclaimed connection with the natural world, and about his own progressive hearing loss. Next up is Andrew Miller whose novel Now We Shall be Entirely Free follows the journey of an cavalry man who flees from Spain to the Outer Hebrides in the early 19th century, pursued by assassins. The quirky extract describes an unsettling encounter with natives in the Wye valley of Wales, and like Ansell’s, it is set in spring, mirroring the world we have just travelled through.
Former journalist Judith Ross Napier and her non-fiction book The Assynt Crofter describes her own experiences in covering the ‘winning of the land’ by the Assynt crofters. It is a wry, behind-the-scenes look at the workings of local press and is utterly entertaining, the audience roaring with laughter on several occasions. The fourth shortlistee is Mallachy Tallack, who first featured at Ullapool several years ago with his travelogue-come-autobiography Sixty Degrees North and is shortlisted now for his novel The Valley at the Centre of the World. His insightful portrayal of the voices within a small community in Shetland is both poetic and deep, a place where stories cling to stories, love clings to love.
A brief sprint for coffee in the tent next door and we return to hear local historian Andy Drummond. Tall and gangly with hair verging on wild, he amusingly has to fold himself out of the way a little awkwardly to allow the audience to see the maps of the Highlands where proposed railways were going to but failed to be built. He offers an entertaining insight into 19th century infrastructure and bureaucratic processes so often driven from London. Satire is never far away and politicians past and present are ridiculed with glee. Drummond is at his best when imitating voices of the great and good, be it an arrogant Highland Laird or an outraged minister of the Kirk – and he is enjoying himself. Failure is fun to write about, clearly.
Poet and filmmaker Roseanne Watt is up next, chaired by the subtle and insightful Faith Liddell. An unassuming, bordering on shy, demeanour belies Watt’s remarkable devotion to her craft. After treating the audience to a small selection of her film poems (the beautifully shot ‘Nighwalk with Natterjacks’ just one example) she reads from her poetry, and is transformed. Standing tall, her haunting, singing, resonant and razor-sharp voice is a perfect match for the exploration of Shetland’s language, heritage and natural world. She is not, however, limited to this subject matter, exploring cities, myths and identity with wit as well as depth. Her pleasure in delivering these carefully crafted lines is evident and contagious. A very impressive young talent.
The next event could not have been more different: The Herald and Times journalist Melanie Reid introduces her book The World I Fell Out Of, her autobiographical account of the aftermath of the horse-riding accident which left her paralysed. Her reflections introduce us to a stark, bleak but also surprisingly humorous perspective on disability. As a working journalist, she is able to afford her own care and takes pride in her ability to pay the mortgage, a small portion of luck in an otherwise desperately unlucky situation. She offers a sometimes uncomfortable but necessary insight into the life of one who has to continually reassess her dignity, privacy and identity. The obvious rapport between Reid and her chair, the witty and warm Ruth Wishart, means that the audience leave thoughtful, but also uplifted by Reid’s courage and honesty.
And so all too soon it is time to go. Later that evening it is announced that this year’s Highland Book Prize has gone to Andrew Miller for Now we Should be Entirely Free, the novel of a man’s journey to find solace in the Highlands, a reflection perhaps on the Festival experience in Ullapool itself.
Barbara Henderson
Eliza Gearty
On the doors
Promising first attempt from new writer despite some fairly soul-destroying scenes
Max Scratchmann | 30 December 2019 30 December 2019
Catriona McPherson
The Turning Tide
A detective story worthy of being gobbled-up by the fire
Aisling McGuire | 19 December 2019 19 December 2019
Alex Lake
Page turning quality from Alex Lake in this tense race against time
Matthew Keeley | 15 December 2019
One thought on “Ullapool Book Festival”
Olga Wojtas says:
Fabulous review! I was at all these sessions, and Barbara Henderson has captured the atmosphere perfectly. Great to have such a lovely record of an inspirational day.
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The Guest of the Maestro - UpWords - August 30
The Guest of the Maestro
What happens when a dog interrupts a concert? To answer that, come with me to a spring night in Lawrence, Kansas.
Take your seat in Hoch Auditorium and behold the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra—the oldest continually operating orchestra in the world. The greatest composers and conductors in history have directed this orchestra. It was playing in the days of Beethoven (some of the musicians have been replaced).
You watch as stately dressed Europeans take their seats on the stage. You listen as professionals carefully tune their instruments. The percussionist puts her ear to the kettle drum. A violinist plucks the nylon sting. A clarinet player tightens the reed. And you sit a bit straighter as the lights dim and the tuning stops. The music is about to begin.
The conductor, dressed in tails, strides onto the stage, springs onto the podium, and gestures for the orchestra to rise. You and two thousand others applaud. The musicians take their seats, the maestro takes his position, and the audience holds its breath.
There is a second of silence between lightning and thunder. And there is a second of silence between the raising of the baton and the explosion of the music. But when it falls the heavens open and you are delightfully drenched in the downpour of Beethoven's Third Symphony.
Such was the power of that spring night in Lawrence, Kansas. That hot, spring night in Lawrence, Kansas. I mention the temperature so you'll understand why the doors were open. It was hot. Hoch Auditorium, a historic building, was not air-conditioned. Combine bright stage lights with formal dress and furious music, and the result is a heated orchestra. Outside doors on each side of the stage were left open in case of a breeze.
Enter, stage right, the dog. A brown, generic, Kansas dog. Not a mean dog. Not a mad dog. Just a curious dog. He passes between the double basses and makes his way through the second violins and into the cellos. His tail wags in beat with the music. As the dog passes between the players, they look at him, look at each other, and continue with the next measure.
The dog takes a liking to a certain cello. Perhaps it was the lateral passing of the bow. Maybe it was the eye-level view of the strings. Whatever it was, it caught the dog's attention and he stopped and watched. The cellist wasn't sure what to do. He'd never played before a canine audience. And music schools don't teach you what dog slobber might do to the lacquer of a sixteenth-century Guarneri cello. But the dog did nothing but watch for a moment and then move on.
Had he passed on through the orchestra, the music might have continued. Had he made his way across the stage into the motioning hands of the stagehand, the audience might have never noticed. But he didn't leave. He stayed. At home in the splendor. Roaming through the meadow of music.
He visited the woodwinds, turned his head at the trumpets, stepped between the flutists, and stopped by the side of the conductor. And Beethoven's Third Symphony came undone.
The musicians laughed. The audience laughed. The dog looked up at the conductor and panted. And the conductor lowered his baton.
The most historic orchestra in the world. One of the most moving pieces ever written. A night wrapped in glory, all brought to a stop by a wayward dog.
The chuckles ceased as the conductor turned. What fury might erupt? The audience grew quiet as the maestro faced them. What fuse had been lit? The polished, German director looked at the crowd, looked down at the dog, then looked back at the people, raised his hands in a universal gesture and . . . shrugged.
Everyone roared.
He stepped off the podium and scratched the dog behind the ears. The tail wagged again. The maestro spoke to the dog. He spoke in German, but the dog seemed to understand. The two visited for a few seconds before the maestro took his new friend by the collar and led him off the stage. You'd have thought the dog was Pavarotti the way the people applauded. The conductor returned and the music began and Beethoven seemed none the worse for the whole experience.
Can you find you and me in this picture?
I can. Just call us Fido. And consider God the Maestro.
And envision the moment when we will walk onto his stage. We won't deserve it. We will not have earned it. We may even surprise the musicians with our presence.
The music will be like none we've ever heard. We'll stroll among the angels and listen as they sing. We'll gaze at heaven's lights and gasp as they shine. And we'll walk next to the Maestro, stand by his side, and worship as he leads.
These final chapters remind us of that moment. They challenge us to see the unseen and live for that event. They invite us to tune our ears to the song of the skies and long—long for the moment when we'll be at the Maestro's side.
He, too, will welcome. And he, too, will speak. But he will not lead us away. He will invite us to remain, forever his guests on his stage.
From When God Whispers Your Name
This content first appeared on Crosswalk.com and is used here with permission. To view the original visit: https://www.crosswalk.com/devotionals/upwords/upwords-week-of-july-30-august-5-11635563.html
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Mood Swings: What’s Normal (or Not)
Are My Mood Swings Normal?
You're up. You're down. And you're soon up again. It seems like you spend your days riding an emotional roller coaster.
Are these changes normal? The answer is "maybe" -- so long as they don't disrupt your life or the lives of people around you.
Many things can affect how your mood shifts throughout the day. For example, because of body rhythms, most people feel upbeat and energetic around noon but tend to have more negative feelings during the early afternoon or evening.
Sometimes, mood swings are a symptom of a mental illness. Or they could be a clue that something else is happening in your body.
Serious mood shifts that threaten your well-being can be treated by medical professionals. Lifestyle changes can often help mild ones.
But first, you'll need to figure out what could be causing your bumpy ride.
Day-to-day hassles and unexpected surprises -- both the good kind and the unpleasant ones -- can definitely …
Stuck in a Relationship?
Asking 'Why' Just Keeps You Stuck - What to Ask Yourself Instead
By Leslie Becker-Phelps, PhD
When you’re dealing with emotional struggles, your first instinct might be to ask yourself “why” questions – but those will usually get you nowhere. They only give you “because…” answers that generally don’t help. Instead, they tend to send you in circles.
To clarify, consider Stephanie. Her stormy, on-again-off-again relationship with Brad once again blew up. She knew she should move on, but she couldn’t let go of him. So, she asked herself, Why can’t I move on from him? Because I still love him. Why do I still love him? Because he’s everything to me. Why is he everything to me? Because he’s a great guy and I love him…
Too frequently, these questions keep you stuck, not providing a way forward. So, instead, try asking “what” and “how” questions. You are more likely to find answers that will help you really understand your struggle and guide you toward helpful solutions.
Ask what you are …
Be a Massage Pro
Massage Therapy Styles and Health Benefits
Massage has been practiced for thousands of years. Today, if you need or want a massage, you can choose from about 80 massage therapy styles with a wide variety of pressures, movements, and techniques. These all involve pressing, rubbing, or manipulating muscles and other soft tissues with hands and fingers. Sometimes, even forearms, elbows, or feet are used.
According to the American Massage Therapy Association, up to 25 percent of American adults had a massage at least once during 2016-2017. And, they have a wide range of reasons for doing so. More and more people -- especially baby boomers -- recognize the health benefits of massage. They choose from among many massage styles to get relief from symptoms or to heal injuries, to help with certain health conditions, and to promote overall wellness. Here is information you can use to help you decide what types of massage will work best for you. Which Massage Styles Are Best? You may have notic…
"What are you doing with your freedom?" Tom Weidlinger stumbled across this unexpected question along with a series of other electrifying messages that had been left at the base of a tree by an anonymous artist. The timing was uncanny. Tom had only recently discovered that the woman who was responsible for financing his film-making career no longer knew who he was. With his livelihood hanging in the balance he'd taken a hike. Read on for an intriguing story that reminds us that life's coincidences are sometimes anything but "mere".
What's So Great About Planks?
Love ’em or hate ’em, planks are a staple in the fitness world -- for good reason.
By Gina Harney
As a group fitness instructor, I know I’m going to see two types of reactions when I tell a class to plank:
Groans from the people who hate planks with a fiery passion;
Grins from the people who absolutely love them.
Love ‘em or hate ‘em, planks are a staple in the fitness world. And for good reason: they challenge your entire body (particularly your core), they don’t require equipment, and almost anyone can do them (modify by placing your hands on a wall, a chair, or lowering your knees to the floor).
So what’s so great about planks?
Planks build core strength, promote balance, and encourage solid posture. And they’re an extremely “functional” exercise, which means that they mimic movement that we perform throughout the day (when we’re standing, we’re in a moving plank!).
For the best plank possible, keep your neck long, pull in your belly, press back through your heels, and keep your hips in li…
Leave the Painful Past Behind
The best way to make peace with a difficult past is to bring it closer. Here’s how.
By Seth J. Gillihan, PhD
All of us have painful experiences in our past that we’d like to forget. But despite our best efforts to leave it behind, the past often has a painful grip on us, and can influence how we think, act, and feel in the present.
Much of my work as a therapist is about helping people make peace with a difficult past—an abusive mother, a traumatic assault, a broken relationship. My patients and I usually spend a lot of our time together addressing exactly the things they’d like to ignore. And for good reason—the most effective way to leave the past behind is to bring it closer to better understand it.
In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), for example, one of the best-tested treatments involves repeatedly retelling the memory of the traumatic event, which allows us to process the painful emotions tied to the trauma.
There are three main ways we can change our relationship with the past,…
9 Tips for Better Posture
Don't Be a SlouchIt adds to the stress on your spine. That puts a strain on the bones, muscles, and joints you need to hold your backbone in place. But lousy posture isn't just bad for your back. A constant slump smashes your inside organs together, and makes it harder for your lungs and intestines to work. Over time, that’ll make it hard to digest food or get enough air when you breathe. Swipe to advance 2/9 Straighten UpA great way to prevent posture problems? Stand up tall. You'll feel better and look better -- slimmer, even. Pretend you’re standing against a wall to measure your height. Hold your head straight and tuck in your chin. Your ears should be over the middle of your shoulders. Stand with your shoulders back, knees straight, and belly tucked in. Don't let your booty or hips stick out. Straighten up so you feel like your head stretches toward the sky. Swipe to advance 3/9 Don't Slump at Your DeskIt's comfy to slouch -- maybe even lean back and swivel a bi…
Can a Protest Make You Change Your Vote?
A new study shows that both liberal and conservative protests have had a real impact on U.S. House elections.
By Edmund L. Andrews
From anti-war marches in the 1960s to the Tea Party rallies of 2010 and the almost-nonstop progressive protests in 2018, marching in the streets has been a fixture of modern American life.
But do protests actually accomplish anything in terms of election results or the balance of party power?
Absolutely yes, according to a new study based on 30 years of data.
Co-authored by Sarah A. Soule at the Stanford Graduate School of Business and Daniel Q. Gillion at the University of Pennsylvania, the study finds that spikes in both liberal and conservative protest activity can increase or decrease a candidate’s vote by enough to change the final outcome.
“Many people are skeptical that protests matter to electoral outcomes, but our paper finds that they have a profound effect on voter behavior,” says Soule. “Liberal protests lead Democrats to vote on the issues that reso…
Pablo Neruda Against the Illusion of Separateness
"There is no insurmountable solitude. All paths lead to the same goal: to convey to others what we are. And we must pass through solitude and difficulty, isolation and silence in order to reach forth to the enchanted place where we can dance our clumsy dance and sing our sorrowful song -- but in this dance or in this song there are fulfilled the most ancient rites of our conscience in the awareness of being human and of believing in a common destiny." The great Chilean poet and diplomat Pablo Neruda was only a small boy, just over the cusp of preconscious memory, when he had a revelation about why we make art. It seeded in him a lifelong devotion to literature as a supreme tool that widens out the boundaries of our being, and unites all living things." Read more of the creative thoughts and feelings of this extraordinary man.
http://www.dailygood.org/2018/11/02/pablo-neruda-against-the-illusion-of-separateness/
A Call to Caring
"At the heart of caring is an 'and' not an 'or'. Deep within us lies a potential that transcends our artificial limitations. Can we embrace the possibility that we are fully capable of caring globally, in every direction -- that the compass of our caring could open 360 degrees?" In his new book 'Caring' Tibetan lama Tarthang Thulku dives deep into an exploration of caring the potent antidote it offers to the ills of our time. The following excerpt, authored by his daughter shares thoughts on how to create a more caring world.
http://www.dailygood.org/story/2131/how-to-create-a-more-caring-world-tsering-gellek/
The Emotions That Make You Decide to Vote
Research suggests that instilling emotions like gratitude and civic pride may help increase voter turnout.
BY JILL SUTTIE
Voting is an act of altruism. When you vote, you are taking your personal time and effort to advance the collective good, without any guarantee of personal reward—the very heart of what it means to be altruistic.
For many, voting is a civic duty. However, in the United States, there is a large contingent of people who don’t vote, even in presidential elections. Voting can be particularly low in midterm elections—which are coming up on November 6—where the number of nonvoters often exceeds voters.
Political psychology researchers have been studying what encourages voting behavior, hoping to create interventions that might increase voting in the general public. “Because voting is a prosocial behavior, the kinds of things that should stimulate other types of prosocial behavior should have similar impacts on voting,” says Costas Panagopoulos of Northeastern University.
5 Ways Small Actions Have Huge Power
Often we feel like change must come through big donors or governments rather than the ordinary person. But it is just those ordinary people who can work together to change the world. In this delightful graphic from YES Magazine, take to heart the importance of the little gesture.
http://www.dailygood.org/story/2121/5-ways-small-actions-have-huge-power-sarah-lazarovic/
Your Personality Type: Does It Matter?
According to this expert, it depends, but there is value in identifying your strengths and needs. It can also help in these other ways.
You probably feel like you know yourself—how you tend to think, act, and feel in certain situations. You know that you prefer intimate gatherings with a few friends over big parties, or that you’re a bit of a perfectionist. Psychologists call these characteristic patterns personality. As interest in learning about personality has grown, many different kinds of personality assessments have become popular. You may have taken one at some point, like the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, the DiSC assessment, the Enneagram…the list goes on. I should note that, while many people swear by these popular personality tests, most don’t have research to back them up. However, we do have solid research showing that there are five basic personality traits: openness to new experience, extroversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and emotional sta…
Health Benefits of Family Walks
The easiest way to get kids to use walking as a tool to manage stress is for parents to do it themselves. See how else a walk can help your family.
"Walking is the best possible exercise," said Thomas Jefferson. Our third President believed at the turn of the 19th century what science confirms today—walking can improve physical and mental health. Walking is a healthy activity that can make us feel better and improve how we feel. In recent months, scientists have confirmed what many of us knew already––that these effects take place right away—often within 30 minutes. With that kind of discovery, it’s time to get up and go for a walk! What can walking do for you and your family? Walking can show your kids healthy ways to manage stress. Your kids likely can tell when you’re feeling overwhelmed or tense. How you deal with those feelings sends them a powerful message. Perhaps you have your own set of positive stress-busters like listening to music, reading a book, taking a bath, or …
How Creative Writing Can Increase Students’ Resilience
Students can find strength and community in sharing their stories through writing.BY LAURA BEAN
Many of my seventh-grade students do not arrive at school ready to learn. Their families often face financial hardship and live in cramped quarters, which makes it difficult to focus on homework. The responsibility for cooking and taking care of younger siblings while parents work often falls on these twelve year olds’ small shoulders. Domestic violence and abuse are also not uncommon.
To help traumatized students overcome their personal and academic challenges, one of our first jobs as teachers is to build a sense of community. We need to communicate that we care and that we welcome them into the classroom just as they are. One of the best ways I’ve found to connect with my students, while also nurturing their reading and writing skills, is through creative writing.
For the past three years, I’ve invited students in my English Language Development (ELD) classes to observe their thoughts, sit …
How Creative Writing Can Increase Students’ Resili...
How a Haunted House Can Make You Happier
BJ Miller Understands Mortality
Polio-Like Illness Strikes Kids, Frustrates Doctor...
What Is the 80/20 Diet?
Hot Peppers: 9 Surprising Health Perks
How Does Change Happen?
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About Johnny Drille – Biography, personal life and career
by Thrill NG -1 Votes 2 Comments
Content Shortcut
1 Who is Johnny Drille?
2 Johnny Drille Biography
4 Johnny Drille Music Career
5 How Johnny Drille Got into the spotlight
Who is Johnny Drille?
Today, we will be looking at the biography of one of Nigerians Talented male musician/Songwriter – Johnny Drille. He has become an icon in the Nigerian music-sphere thanks to his unique music style. Johnny is one of Nigerian musician who doesn’t follow the bandwagon. We will dive deep into the Biography of Johnny Drille and talk about some of his personal.
Johnny Drille Biography
Johnny Drille real name is John Ighodaro, born on July 5th, 1990 in Edo State Nigeria – he is 29 as of the time of this article. Johnny Drille is a devoted Christian, born into a Christian family of seven including mother and father who is a clergyman and a school principal. Johnny Drille music talent is innate – he started in his father’s church and sang around his siblings. I wonder what they thought of Johnny Drille then, a noisemaker ?.
Johnny Drille’s kind of music creates a deep connection with the soul. And the reason behind that is because Johnny Drille is an introvert. He made this public via his social media early this year.
Moreover, Johnny Drille is Introvert looking at how he held his first concert – Johnny’s Room Live. Introverts don’t fancy crowds that well – they prefer simplicity and intimacy and that’s the description for Johnny Drille’s first concert. We can’t say much concerning the singer’s love relationship except that he is single and that his song “Finding Efe” reveals that he is searching.
In his spare time, Johnny Drille does song covers which he shares to his fans. Grace by M. smith being the latest.
Johnny Drille Music Career
Johnny Drille moved on from the University of Benin in 2012 where he obtained a Bachelor of Science qualification in English and Literature. Drille began his music career at a youthful age, and everything started in his dad’s congregation.
In 2006, he chose to focus on music production and taught himself the required skillset using cassette recorders. It was not an easy climb for Johnny Drille, he has had his fair share of failure. Johnny partook in the sixth period of, MTN Project Fame in 2013, where he was eliminated in the tenth position.
Elimination from Project Fame did not mean the end of his career, Johnny kept on recording and releasing his music despite his small audience.
Read Also: Signs that someone is hiding their feeling
How Johnny Drille Got into the spotlight
Johnny’s story changed drastically after he recorded a cover “Awww” by Di’ja. His “Awww” cover brought him a huge fan base and like a magnet got the attention of Mavin’s boss – Don Jazzy. He used the same energy to release and promote a single “Love Do not Lie” in June 2013.
On 12 August 2015, Johnny released “wait for me,” which gained boundless popularity. On his choice of the folk music genre, he admits he didn’t start with it as he had tried his hands at multiple genres of music including highlife, hip-hop, and even afro-pop but these didn’t work out until he figured out a way to stand out after coming across the music of the American folk band, Mumford & Sons – an American rock band, “I will wait” singers.
Read Also: Gospel musician arrested for looking like a “Yahoo Boy”
On 28 February 2017 Mavin Records made a declaration that Johnny Drille had officially marked an agreement with the name. At that point, pain a visit to Project Fame as a guest celebrity to impart his experience to the season 6 challengers. He encouraged the challengers to utilize and use the MTN Project Fame stage to feature their capacities to the greatest.
The most popular music by Johnny drill is “Shine”, a piece of uplifting music to stay positive and patient – “after the storm, the sun will shine”.
Johnny Drille’s music is inspired by other musicians such as Mumford & Sons, Owl City, Phillip Phillips, Passenger, Jon Bellion, Laura Mvula, Cobhams Asuquo. Jon Bellion, he pointed out as his favorite. Johnny Drille was crowned the best producer in South-South Music award (SSMA) in 2015. He was also nominated at the Headies for Best Alternative Song for ‘”Wait For Me” in 2016 and Best R&B singer for “Romeo and Juliet” in 2018.
Johnny Drille’s gains money as an artist and music producer, his estimated net worth is $105,000.
That’s my guy and I wish him all the best in music,,
Thrill NG says:
Thanks a whole lot Steve.
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TROY GRONSDAHL | soso
CV & Bio
Writing & Reviews
Clothes Horse Records
Posted on April 2, 2013 October 3, 2019 by soso
AKA Gallery, Artist Feature
Chances are you know Troy Gronsdahl in one of his various incarnations. You may have seen him perform under his moniker soso, an internationally touring rap artist who has graced the stages of Saskatoon’s Mosofest, Les Transmusicale de Rennes, France, as well as multiple venues in Europe and Japan. Perhaps you’ve browsed the websites of various art organizations, this gallery included, not knowing he set up the interface, or, as in the case of PAVED Arts, designed their branding. In all likelihood you’ve visited the Mendel Art Gallery where he serves as Associate Curator and whose programming has included The Name of Things, which featured work by local artists Zachari Logan, Terry Billings and Stacia Verigin. Most pertinent to this article, however, is his internationally exhibited art practice, which spans multiple mediums and synthesizes his various other cultural contributions. If multidisciplinarity is the de facto obligation of the contemporary artist, and I think that is becoming more and more the case, then Gronsdahl has certainly lived up to it by seamlessly moving from one practice to another while maintaining an impressive level of quality and criticality in each undertaking.
His recent solo show at the Frances Morrison Library (Saskatoon) More of the Same, and now part of a group exhibition at the Dunlop Art Gallery in Regina, utilizes his self-described “museological fetish,” as a strategy to unpack two romantic proclamations found in the revolutionary manifesto titled Le Refus Global: “Make way for magic! Make way for objective mystery!” Written in 1948 by Quebecois painter Paul-Émile Borduas and signed by fellow members of the Automatistes group, the manifesto was a challenge to the traditional values of Quebec and a call to incorporate international thought into an otherwise provincial discourse. Gronsdahl’s lifting of two seemingly innocuous phrases, however, pays little heed to the manifesto’s original revolutionary fervour, and favours an absurdly earnest approach to fulfilling its more whimsical imperatives. To this end, Gronsdahl created a series of letterpress prints embossing the barely perceptible words “magic” and “mystery” onto manila sheets. He also melted the letters used in the process to produce seductively mercurial shapes that were presented under vitrines.
The show’s presentation gives it an analytic appearance that is undermined by its decidedly lyrical content. Elegantly framed, impeccably presented, the subtle works only ever present traces of the magic and mystery that is so carefully catalogued, and put on display. What is highlighted instead is the apparatus by which these traces are archived. Gronsdahl admits there is an irony to the museum’s archival role, which is to preserve and present important documents for future generations, and consequently undermining the urgency of the original artefact, which in the case of Le Refus Global is a call to resistance. He notes, citing examples from his experience as a curator, that the institution has a remarkable talent for “owning dissent.” Yet the tongue-in-cheek mode of presentation utilized by Gronsdahl in More of the Same also highlights how elusive that ownership may be. While we may own a set of objects, the ideas they were intended to embody may perpetually evade us and be exceedingly difficult to actualize.
But ambivalence about art’s political efficacy is not what is at stake here. There seems to be a cross-disciplinary concern with the creation of context and meaning that unites Gronsdahl’s various practices. In his studio, his works in progress continue to explore the layered meaning of the word through typeface, text, erasure, and its visual representation. His current use of literary metaphors seems to hint at a convergence between his role as a lyricist and as a visual artist. Moving through the various incarnations of the word, from spoken, to written, to spatial (as in the case of the melted “magic” and “mystery”), Gronsdahl alludes to the ways in which meaning is created but simultaneously eludes us. His incursion into mystery, metaphor and ultimately the unknown, is also an incursion into the space between the signifier and signified (or lack thereof), where meaning gets lost, remade and recycled.
-Dagmara Genda
CategoriesWriting & Reviews
Previous PostPrevious The Knot, Reception @ Paved Arts
Next PostNext The Knot (Installation)
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Five big issues for Emery to fix at Arsenal
80dStewart Robson
Arsenal's regression under Unai Emery: Five things currently going wrong at the Emirates
The 6 frightful reasons why Arsenal are struggling (2:27)
Unai Emery or Count Dracula? The Exploding Heads recap the six reasons why Arsenal are struggling. (2:27)
Stewart Robson
When Unai Emery was appointed as Arsene Wenger's successor at Arsenal, it was always going to be difficult. He was left a squad of average players including Aaron Ramsey, whose contract was expiring, and Mesut Ozil, who had recently signed a ridiculously generous contract. It was also a team that had no distinctive game plan, no defensive structure and no stomach for a fight when things went wrong.
Given the above, my expectations of Emery weren't too excessive in terms of league position and cup success. However, what I did expect was an improvement in five key areas. And right now, they're falling short.
1. They don't have a structured game plan
All good teams need to have a structured game plan when in possession. When I watch most Premier League teams, I can identify their game plan. How they get the ball from back to front, when they look to switch play, whether they cross at every opportunity or try to be more inventive in the attacking third and repetitive patterns of play are easily recognisable. This shows that the coach has a clear idea what he wants from his team and the necessary work is being implemented on the training ground.
Is the Arsenal captain's armband really cursed? Xhaka and Ozil suggest so
Ozil 9/10, Mustafi 5/10 as Arsenal exit Carabao Cup on penalties
Premier League breakdown: How all 20 teams are doing this season
Yet I don't see this with Arsenal. Apart from last season's home matches against Liverpool, Spurs, Chelsea and Napoli, there doesn't seem to be a distinguishable structure to their play. After 14 months in charge, I'm no closer to understanding what Emery's footballing philosophies are than when he took over. Either he doesn't have any or he can't get the players to implement them.
2. Their defensive shape is missing
This should have been the easiest area to improve due to the complete lack of defensive understanding Arsenal had under Wenger in his final seasons. In those games I mentioned above, Arsenal defended with desire, knowledge and tactical understanding. They pressed the ball at the right time as a team, they stayed compact when required and if their press was beaten, the angles and pace of their recovery runs were excellent, all of which suggested to me that Emery had put a defensive game plan in place.
However these were isolated games because on too many occasions, Arsenal have been easy to play against. The players seem unsure of what they are they are supposed to be doing when the opposition have possession. Are there trigger points when to press? Are they trying to lock teams in down one side of the pitch, and do they know when to drop off or hold a high line?
The fact that they're unsure suggests a lack of work done on the training ground or an inability to convey what Emery requires.
3. They're not hard to beat
If a team has a structured game plan both in attack and defense, they will be hard to beat even when they aren't playing particularly well. The best teams still win games when not at their best because they trust their basic game plan. Yet when Arsenal aren't playing well, they don't have a default mode they can revert to. Therefore, they become disjointed, erratic and easy to play against when experiencing tough periods in a game, as we've seen this season against Watford, Sheffield United and Crystal Palace.
Emery has managed some good changes at Arsenal but several systemic and serious issues still remain. David Price/Arsenal FC via Getty Images
There is also the constant accusation that there aren't any leaders out on the pitch; this might be true but from my experience, the most important leader is the manager and the plan that he has put in place.
4. Where's the discipline?
Under Wenger, player discipline was a big problem. I'm not talking purely in terms of yellow and red cards, but also in the way players lacked patience and awareness in a tactical sense. What made it worse was Wegner's reluctance to address it. Ramsey, for example, would make dynamic forward runs but didn't show the same desire to go the other way, while Wenger's full-backs would start to break forward before Arsenal had gained secure possession.
Yet Emery doesn't seem to have improved that since taking over at Arsenal. During his reign, there have been some easily avoidable dismissals along with petulant behaviour from certain players, notably captain Granit Xhaka. This season, they currently have the worst disciplinary record in the Premier League and the behaviour of Matteo Guendouzi epitomises much of what's wrong. He will be a brilliant midfielder for Arsenal for years to come, if given the right guidance, but at the moment he mistakes arguing with officials, confronting opponents and committing fouls as showing spirit and fight rather than a lack of discipline. His rugby tackle on Wilfried Zaha against Palace should have seen him see red.
5. Uniting the club
The final years of Wenger's leadership saw fans fighting among themselves during away games and there was a toxic atmosphere on numerous occasions at Emirates Stadium. For a while, it seemed as if Emery was reuniting the fans and players following the games against Spurs, Chelsea and Liverpool. Cries of "We've got our Arsenal back" were ringing around the stadium, but following the game against Crystal Palace, the atmosphere is once again volatile. It hasn't been helped by his decision to omit Ozil from his squad and continue with Xhaka as his captain. While I understand the first decision, I don't understand the second.
Unfortunately, in all five areas in which I expected him to improve Arsenal, there has been little or no change. For how much longer will that be acceptable?
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