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<a href="http://archiveofourown.org/works/626391"><strong>All the Difference</strong></a> (579 words) by <a href="http://archiveofourown.org/users/Jenngeek"><strong>Jenngeek</strong></a><br />Chapters: 1/1<br />Fandom: <a href="http://archiveofourown.org/tags/Merlin%20(TV)">Merlin (TV)</a><br />Rating: Teen And Up Audiences<br />Warnings: Creator Chose Not To Use Archive Warnings, Major Character Death<br />Characters: Merlin (Merlin), Arthur Pendragon (Merlin)<br />Additional Tags: Episode Tag, Episode: s05e13 The Diamond of the Day<br />Summary: <p> <em>“No,” Arthur shook his head slightly. “No.” It hadn’t even occurred to him, to be honest. If these were going to be his last words…well. Goodbyes were always full of regrets. His time for such things was done.</em> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Arthur's last words to Merlin, from his perspective.</p>
Merlin (TV)
Episode Tag
Episode: s05e13 The Diamond of the Day
All the Difference
Jenngeek
“No,” Arthur shook his head slightly. “No.” It hadn’t even occurred to him, to be honest. If these were going to be his last words…well. Goodbyes were always full of regrets. His time for such things was done.
Arthur's last words to Merlin, from his perspective.
Written to sort out my own feelings about Arthur's death from his perspective. May or may not be incorporated into a larger piece at a later date.
Work Text:
“There’s,” Arthur said, pushing the word out if his lungs with an effort. His chest felt as though it were filling with liquid fire, leaving no room for anything as trivial as air. It only hurt in a distant sort of way, at least; mostly he felt warmed to his very center. “There’s…something I want to say.”
”You’re not going to say goodbye,” Merlin said, struggling again against Arthur’s weight.
“Everything you’ve done, I know now,” Arthur said, staring up into the face of the man that had known him better than any other. ”For me,” he said, voice catching on the word. He knew now without any doubt that it had been for him, Arthur. Not the Prince, not the King. Him. “For Camelot. For the Kingdom you helped me build.”
“You’d have done that without me,” Merlin said, and Arthur laughed. “Yeah, maybe,” he agreed, without any conviction.
Arthur would always have become King, certainly. He would have taken his father’s crown, sat on his throne, and carried out his predecessor’s will. It would have been a reign of unending bloodshed and hardship, tears and hatred, that would have invariably lead to the fall of his beloved kingdom.
But that future never came. Because, once upon a time, an appalling little upstart had dared to challenge the world as Arthur knew it. Had upended it, really, by refusing to cow to the Prince’s will and instead found his way into every corner of Arthur’s life as though he had always been there. As though a servant’s place was at the right hand of his King.
It had made all the difference.
God, if these were going to be his last words, they would matter only because it had made all the difference.
“I want to say…something I’ve never said to you before.” And maybe there was time yet for this one regret. One he could address with a full heart, and then lay it to rest forever.
Arthur turned his head, seeking out the gaze he always sought first when he wanted to share a joke, or a secret. The eyes that could by turns make him feel like a wretched tyrant, or a man truly worthy of wearing his people’s crown.
Stunned blue eyes locked with his, and something deep within Arthur began to unravel. There you are, he thought, and the moment stretched over him into a place beyond time and understanding. He was warm, and happy, and home.
“Thank you,” Arthur breathed.
For being the voice of conscience when I was deaf to my own.
For being the light of hope in my darkest hours.
For being the bravest man I ever knew.
For being the best friend I ever had.
For being you.
Somehow, Arthur found the strength to lift his hand to gently cup the back of Merlin’s head. He smiled as the world around him blurred, keeping his eyes fixed on that bit of blue that meant familyhomehappylove until at last everything seemed to fade away.
“Arthur!”
Merlin? He thought hazily, startling. Merlin?
Hush, said a soothing voice. Sleep, good King. Your man will be with you when you wake.
And so assured, Arthur floated off into the welcoming darkness.
rotgfanatic, TheWingflappingButterfly, MissySassy, Idk_hi_iguess, Simurgh, Pipamonium, Cassiopeia_Black, thisisup_upisno, addie71, kappa77, Booklover223, adevotedreader, alanna_the_lionheart, aithusas, josephina_x, AkaiMurasaki, oldusercg, ohcute, enviropony, and RocknVaughn as well as 29 guests left kudos on this work! (collapse)
ohcute Sun 06 Jan 2013 02:18PM EST
sobs...
Jenngeek Sun 06 Jan 2013 05:19PM EST
oldusercg Sun 06 Jan 2013 05:57PM EST
*cries*
addie71 Sun 03 Feb 2013 12:38PM EST
*weeps*
Jenngeek Sun 10 Feb 2013 08:37PM EST
Thank you. Trust me, I cried writing it.
Simurgh Mon 09 May 2016 01:28PM EDT
Great, now I'm crying >_> T.T
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Author: M. Hill QC
Publication Place: Oxford
Published/Year: 2018
Category: n\a
In his book, Mark Hill QC offers a fully revised and updated exposition of the law of the Church of England, provides thorough and insightful commentary from a leading expert in the field. The book comes complete with a range of useful materials, including the Canons of the Church of England, and key Measures and Rules concerning faculty jurisdiction and clergy discipline.
New to this Edition:
- Full update of all legislation, statutory instruments and guidance since the third edition, including the effects of the: Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction and Care of Churches Measure 2018; Statute Law Repeals Measure 2018; Legislative Reform Measure 2018; Suspension Appeals (Churchwardens etc) Rules 2016; Safeguarding and Clergy Discipline Measure 2015; Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015; Ecclesiastical Property Measure 2015; Faculty Jurisdiction Measure 2015; Bishops and Priests (Consecration and Ordination of Women) Measure 2014; Clergy Discipline (Amendment) Measure 2013; Mission and Pastoral Measure 2011 (as amended 2017); Care of Cathedrals Measure 2011; Ecclesiastical Offices (Terms of Service) Measure 2009; Dioceses, Pastoral and Mission Measure 2007
- Coverage of the developments since the introduction of Common tenure, including Sharpe v Diocese of Worcester (2015), and Inwood v Pemberton (2016), same-sex marriages and services of blessings following the House of Bishops' Pastoral Guidance on Same Sex Marriage (2014)
- Mutual flourishing following the consecration of women as bishops following: the House of Bishops' Declaration on the Ministry of Bishops and Priests (2014), and the Resolution of Disputes Procedure Regulations (2014)
- Completely revised chapter on faculty jurisdiction, in the light of the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction and Care of Churches Measure 2018, the Faculty Jurisdiction Rules 2015, and judgments of the Court of Arches and consistory courts
- Completely revised chapter of clergy discipline, in the light of Safeguarding and Clergy Discipline Measure 2015, and the changes in the Clergy Discipline (Amendment) Measure 2013 and revisions to the procedural rules, together with the emergent case law of the bishop's disciplinary tribunals and appellate courts.
1: The Nature and Purposes of Ecclesiastical Law
2: The Constitution of the Church of England
3: The Parish
4: Clergy
5: Services and Worship
6: Clergy Discipline
7: Faculty Jurisdiction
8: Cathedrals
Oxford Journal of Law and Religion
Recent years have witnessed a resurgence of religion in public life and a concomitant array of legal responses.
Religious Freedom and the Law
Emerging contexts for freedom and from religion 1st. Edition
Faculty of Law - Department Cesare Beccaria
Via Festa del Perdono, 7. 20122 Milan - Italy, fax +39 02 503 12612, e-mail: iclars@unimi.it
Copyright © 2007 ICLARS, International Consortium for Law and Religion Studies. All rights reserved.
Welcome! Login to your account.
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Home Politics State Politics The RSS Added 250 Shakhas In West Bengal Over The Last One...
Illogical Staff
The Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh (RSS) has added 250 new shakhas in the state of West Bengal over the last one year and wants to go beyond the current block level reach it has and reach out to people at a mandal or gram panchayat level reports The Times of India.
A senior functionary explained that the rapid expansion was due to an increase in the response from members of socially and economically backward areas.
The Sangh gained a considerable foothold in the Hooghly district and town of Durgapur with the total number of shakhas going up from 1,100 in 2016 to over 1,350 in 2017.
Growth is being witnessed in areas where people lack basic facilities like education and health. We are getting response from people. Based on the response, we are spreading into areas where people have expressed their willingness for seva.
A Senior RSS Leader
Localised development models have helped the RSS grow by 20 per cent over the last one year.
The RSS operates 910 shakhas across 650 places in South Bengal and 452 shakhas in 373 places in North Bengal. Weekly activity or milans number 1,092 and 226 mandalis are active across the state.
Previous articleAditya Birla and Vodafone Group announce new leadership team for merged Idea-Vodafone India
Next articleNo Relief For Lalu As Court Extends Jail Term To 14 Years, Imposes Rs 60 Lakh Fine
Vijay Rupani to continue as CM and Nitin Patel will continue as his deputy in Gujarat
Yogi Adityanath visits Taj Mahal, takes part in cleanliness drive
BJP Win comfortably in Himachal Pradesh elections, winning almost 2/3 of...
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The Water Margin (Outlaws of the North) by Shi Naian: A 2017 Readalong
Posted on December 30, 2016 by Kate Elliott
In 2016 Tessa Gratton and I read the Shahnameh (The Persian Book of Kings) by Abdolqasem Ferdowsi. It’s a long epic poem, often called the national epic of the Persian civilization, and by dividing it into weekly sections we were able to complete it in 41 sessions (with some missed weeks due to other commitments). It was definitely epic and well worth reading, as you can discover in our posts about each section.
Completing a massive project in this way emboldened me to tackle another classic of world literature in 2017 by plotting a reading schedule that will allow for an entire year to finish an otherwise daunting 798 page novel. [Stop laughing: Black Wolves is only 780 pages.]
So: Join me and a motley crew of volunteers from Twitter in reading The Water Margin (Outlaws of the Marsh) by Shi Naian (c. 1296 – 1372 C.E.).
Originating in the transitional phase between the end of the Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty it is based on the story of an historical bandit named Song Jiang who lived during the reign of the Huizong Emperor during the Song Dynasty (1100 – 1126 C.E.), the one the Mongols conquered. I haven’t read it yet but it appealed to me because it is the story of virtuous people from every level of society who, forced into banditry, are fighting against a corrupt and unjust government.
The novel is ascribed to Shi Naian but scholarship doesn’t seem agreed that we can know definitively that he wrote the entire thing alone. What is known is that over the period of the Ming Dynasty the novel was edited until, in circa 1592 a man named Li Zhi produced a “definitive” 120 chapter version. Then, in 1641, Jin Shengtan published a version that lops off the last 50 chapters to produce a more unified thematic whole. I don’t know; I’m just repeating what I read. Regardless, this 70 chapter version is the one I’m using. I may well seek out the last 50 chapters because the Jin Shengtan version is itself a product of the times HE was living in and he evidently subverts the original ending. How interesting is THAT!
Here’s how the project will go:
I’m reading the Tuttle Publishing 2010 edition, with a translation by J H Jackson and an introduction and editing by Edwin Lowe. Lowe gives the credit for the translation entirely to Jackson but in his introduction discusses how he addressed what he calls the shortcomings of Jackson’s translation (mostly to do with Jackson’s sanitizing of some of the more vulgar and barbaric passages). This version is available both in a trade paperback edition and in Kindle form.
Each week I’ll try to read 15 – 20 pages or so, and I will announce at the end of each week’s portion whether we will be reading one longer chapter or two shorter ones for the next week. I may miss weeks occasionally. I’ll post a brief synopsis and some thoughts every Friday, and the comments will be open for discussion.
The entire project will be linked here. Here’s the opening plan of action:
Week 1: January 6: Foreward and Prologue
Week 2: January 13: Chapter 1
Week 3: January 20: Chapter 2 (short because I’ll be traveling)
Week 4: January 27: Chapter 3 (still short, because I’ll be traveling)
Week 5: February 3: Chapters 4 & 5
Week 6: February 10: Chapters 6 & 7
Posted in Water Margin
Writing, World-Building, Idea Development: Final Thoughts on the Shahnameh Readalong (42)
The Shahnameh 2016 Readalong had its genesis in a fortuitous exchange on Twitter. Tessa Gratton and I decided to divide the book up as one would in a college course and read the entire epic by Abdolqasem Ferdowsi across the year, blogging our reactions along the way. And so here we here, having read the entire Dick Davis translation although, because Davis abridged elements, not the entire epic. Herewith our thoughts, which end up focusing both on reading and on how a process of idea and writing development work.
Tessa: I bought my copy of the Shahnameh a little over two years ago. I’d just finished the final book in my United States of Asgard series, and planned to write some stand alone novels over the next few years, while reading, learning, investigating the background for whatever my new (next) (eventual) giant fantasy series would be. I only had the core idea, and because I’ve been writing for over a decade I know my imagination needs a lot of time and layers to start the soup that will become a vibrant, complicated secondary world culture big enough for a series. So even though I wasn’t planning to write that series yet (I’m still today probably two years away from writing the thing), I needed to begin the process of feeding the specific location in my imagination that would chew on the idea.
Stack of books, all non fiction titles, from Tessa’s research library.
Most of my research materials for this project are nonfiction. Histories of the culture and locations, from ancient to modern, written by people from within and without the culture itself, with a focus on architecture and clothing/tools. Some biographies. And a very small number of fiction and mythology sources—as close to primary sources as I can find. I bought Shahnameh knowing only that it’s a chronicle of kings, rather like the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle meets Beowulf, but more important and influential to Persian culture than either of those aforementioned works. I also knew it was long. Very long.
When Kate mentioned on Twitter that she was thinking of making a project out of reading it, my copy had been sitting about 10 inches away from my computer for over a year, and I knew I had to jump on the opportunity if I wanted the best chance of reading every word.
I’m so glad we made this project. Not only because it’s given me an opportunity to work with an author I’ve admired for years, but breaking the Shahnameh down in weekly installments and writing up my thoughts forced me to focus on engaging carefully with the text as a reader as well as a writer, instead of trying to blaze through on my own energy, gathering only what I knew I needed instead of allowing time and space to discover what I did not know.
Discovering what I don’t know about a culture and place and time is what matters most to me when I want to be true to the rhythm and sensations of a world, not just the surface.
With regards to my writing, reading the Shahnameh has been an invaluable research experience because of how fiction breathes life into ancient peoples, especially fiction created so long ago—the Shahnameh brings me halfway to Ancient Persia in ways no recently written history or novel can. It transports me into the mindset of people fifteen hundred years ago, to what they thought was important to highlight about the Persian kings from a thousand years before that. The layers of prioritizing and purpose matter so much when analyzing and embracing a work like this, not only to my understanding of the story, but my understanding of how I myself will rework and translate the ideas and culture into what I eventually write. This version we read has a translator (Dick Davis) who chose what words/ideas/sections to highlight (and which to erase), and the original poet Ferdowsi who himself chose what kings/ideas/episodes to highlight for his very specific audience. Then we have the stories themselves, and how and why they survived in order to reach Ferdowsi’s imagination in the first place. Beyond even that, there’s the layer of my POV, my situation as a Western woman long interested in the conflicts in the Middle East for both personal and political reasons. In addition to how it directly affects my writing, the Shahnameh has helped me think through current war and politics, reshaping my understanding. Every work of fiction has layers like this, layers of perspective, expectation, prejudice, and I need to remember that at every stage of my writing process.
All this was constantly on my mind as I read, but what will stick with me longest, I suspect, is the very gripping sensation of inexorable despair that I felt several times while immersed in the stories. I’m thinking most specifically of Seyavash, of course, and secondarily of Rostam’s doomed son, of Zal surviving all his children and grand children until he goes off to a mountain alone, in some ways the first and the last of his wise-wizard archetype in the Shahnameh. It’s amazing that Seyavash’s story could resonate so strongly for so many hundreds of years, beginning in this conflict between the Persians and Arabs thousands of years ago, with what they revered and feared, and eventually finding a home in my heart, too. That kind of emotional resonance is what literature is for.
Thank you, everyone who tagged along, keeping us honest, and thank you especially to Kate for making it happen.
Abdolqasem Ferdowsi
Kate: After Tessa sent me her comments I felt she had basically covered what I would say, especially with respect to world building and research: I start by figuring out what I don’t know. There’s a lot I don’t know. This is why the structure and approach toward research feels important to me as a writer. The more I assume I know, the less I can actually learn.
For decades I’ve had an intense interest in the history and mythology of the Silk Road, I think in part because an aspect of me loves the resonance of long distance travel as a theme or anchor, if you will, for narrative. The ways that cultures rise and fade across centuries, the ways cultures connect and conflict, absorb and reject, transform or remain static: As a writer this is thematic content that never gets old for me. A million million stories rise out of the endless back and forth of cultural contact in all its best and worst aspects, and everything in between. Weave that within a story of adventure or empire or a journey into unknown spaces and I’m in writer and reader hog heaven.
So my early interest in the Silk Road led me to an interest in the history of Iran, and my interest in the Hellenistic Period led me to its intersections with ancient Persia. In late 2014 I read Frederick Starr’s book Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia’s Golden Age. It’s a non fiction work about the rich scientific and literary landscape of Central Asia during what was also the early Middle Ages of Europe and how much of that Central Asian scientific work was brought into a less advanced European system. It’s specifically written for Western readers; that’s fine because it’s a good introduction that contextualizes the material for a readership assumed to be looking in from the outside. A work like this can be a starting point but should not, to my mind, be an end point. Although I was aware of the Shahnameh, of course, Starr’s book did make me start thinking more seriously about reading Ferdowsi’s epic, but it’s a long work and therefore rather daunting.
That’s why it worked out so amazingly well when Tessa said she’d be interested in reading it along with me. Positioning it as a year long project split into discrete and manageable sections made it . . . manageable.
Reading the Shahnameh gave me a glimpse from the inside (via a translation) into the incredibly rich heritage of one of the world’s most profound and complex civilizations, that of Persia. Now when I see references to characters or events I have a connection, however frail, that links me to that cultural heritage. We all live within shared heritages, and sometimes we live within overlapping ones, so that my shared cultural heritage as a person born and raised in the USA overlaps with my shared knowledge of 20th century rural Willamette Valley Oregon, with the Danish American experience, with being Jewish in America, with having parents who lived through World War 2, and with the larger cultural “regions” each of these attach to. What I’ve listed above is not the sum of my experience, just some examples, but the point is that having read the Shahnameh I now have a few touch points that connect me to a culture and history I was taught so little about and that mostly in simplistic terms.
One of the things education and experience can do is expand our touch points, those places in which we recognize and acknowledge and at times share the experiences of people who may be separated from us along other vectors of experience. So for example, Ferdowsi and I are separated by a gulf of time and culture (I don’t speak Persian so I can’t read his work in the original), and yet we are both writers so when he complains about not getting paid for his work I feel a sense of solidarity. How dare we not get paid for the work we do! *shakes tiny fist at world*
The lives and destinies of his characters now offer me a window through which I can communicate with people who also know these stories. We can enjoy the story’s fascinating take on Alexander the Great as trickster and seeker-of-wisdom, cheer on confident Rudabeh as she invites the handsome Zal to her chambers, and weep together over Seyavash’s tragic fate. It means something important when these connections are made and bridges are built. As human beings we talk to each other so much through shared understanding of stories.
Tessa and I also often remarked on what Davis left out of his translation (she covers this discussion, above, in much the same terms I would), and that too is a fruitful space to think about how people understand the world and how the world gets “translated” (or mis-translated) for different people in different spaces and places. We have to keep pushing at the closed gates and narrowly-framed windows that limit our access of vision.
What an amazing epic story the Shahnameh is, both as the national epic of Persia and as a vital vehicle in sustaining the Persian language. It is also fascinating in terms of its own history and tradition, not just in terms of Ferdowsi’s life and work but because the existence of a “Book of Kings” in the Persian cultural zone goes all the way back at the very least into the Achaemenid period.
Strangely enough I have a project in the early stages of development and writing that is partly inspired by a period of ancient history in which the Achaemenid Empire was a major player. But that’s another story built on the edifice of Story that surrounds us and creates us, because humans are pattern makers and story tellers. It’s hardwired into us to build our lives as narratives.
So if you haven’t read the Shahnameh, I recommend it. Go forth and read. Or at the very least search out the gorgeous artwork commissioned over the centuries to illustrate the many characters and iconic events.
This is still perhaps my favorite illustration that I’ve shared in this readalong for its gorgeous composition, colors, detail, and beautifully delineated human figures:
Shirin and Khosrow Parviz seated on a divan or large pillow, with three ladies in waiting.
Thanks to Tessa for the shared journey because I could not have done it without her, to Paul and Rachel our most consistent comrades on the march, and to all who read along for part or all or some of the way.
And yes, I’m doing another readalong in 2017, this time of the Chinese classic The Water Margin (Outlaws of the Marsh).
Missed any of the Shahnameh Readalongs? Here are the links to each of the 41 entries:
Previously: Introduction, The First Kings, The Demon King Zahhak, Feraydun and His Three Sons, The Story of Iraj, The Vengeance of Manuchehr, Sam & The Simorgh, The Tale of Zal and Rudabeh, Rostam, the Son of Zal-Dastan, The Beginning of the War Between Iran and Turan, Rostam and His Horse Rakhsh, Rostam and Kay Qobad, Kay Kavus’s War Against the Demons of Manzanderan, The Seven Trials of Rostam, The King of Hamaveran and His Daughter Sudabeh, The Tale of Sohrab, The Legend of Seyavash Pt. 1, The Legend of Seyavash Pt. 2, The Legend of Seyavash Pt. 3, Forud the Son of Seyavash, The Akvan Div, Bizhan and Manizheh, The Occultation of Kay Khosrow, Rostam and Esfandyar Pt. 1, Rostam and Esfandyar Pt. 2, The Story of Darab and the Fuller, Sekander’s Conquest of Persia, The Reign of Sekander Pt. 1, The Reign of Sekander Pt. 2, The Death of Rostam, The Ashkanians, The Reign of Ardeshir & Shapur, The Reign of Shapur Zu’l Aktaf, The Reign of Yazdegerd the Unjust, The Reign of Bahram Gur, The Story of Mazdak, The Reign of Kesra Nushin-Ravan, The Reign of Hormozd, The Reign of Khosrow Parviz, Khosrow and Shirin, The Reign of Yazdegerd
Posted in Shahnameh
2016 Writing Retrospective & 2017 Looking Forward
My Writing Year of 2016 & Looking Ahead to 2017: This post is only about writing/publishing.
Cover of Poisoned Blade, featuring a dagger superimposed over a golden circle and the tagline “To win the game, she must fight a war.”
What did I publish in 2016?
In 2016 POISONED BLADE: Book Two of Court of Fives came out in hardcover, ebook, and audiobook (Little, Brown Books for Young Readers, USA, should be available worldwide). Court of Fives was published in a trade paperback edition (ebook and audiobook still available). Both audiobooks are narrated by Georgia Dolenz, who I think does a wonderful job making Jes sound determined rather than perky!
COURT OF FIVES has been named to the Tayshas and Lone Star 2017 lists of the Texas Library Association. It’s also on the South Dakota State Library Teen Choice list for 2016-2017 (Middle School). I mention these because library and school support for MG and YA novels is so important.
If you’re a librarian or educator, or have a book club, my publisher has made this Educator’s Guide available (they asked me questions and I answered).
Besides Poisoned Blade my most widely read piece published in 2016 has probably been the 9000 word essay, Writing Women into Epic Fantasy Without Quotas, which appeared on Tor.com in March. The title describes the content.
In a related post, Ken Liu and I published a dialogue at Lit Hub on the related subject of why the idea that it is unrealistic to show women in positions of power in epic fantasy still pops up with sad regularity. We don’t deal with the related claims that no one ever says this, even though examples can be found easily and often in the very threads in which people are claiming that no one ever says this.
Tessa Gratton and I read the Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings, by Abdulqasem Ferdowsi, and we wrote each week about the chapter we’d read. We were delighted and enthralled, at times appalled, and occasionally bored by this classic of world literature, and we will never get over the tragic fate of Prince Seyavash. It was such a fantastic project that in 2017 I’m going to do a readalong of the Chinese classic The Water Margin (Outlaws of the Marsh), although Tessa won’t be participating in this one. Charles A Tan and Ken Liu have signed on though, so this is an official thing now. I’ll be posting information on that on December 30.
I started a world-building Wednesday series, which I hope to continue as I have time.
You can find the Poisoned Blade blog tour list here if you’re interested in the posts I wrote surrounding the release of the book or want to revisit them.
2016 Appearances:
RT Convention, Las Vegas, where Black Wolves won the RT Award for Best Epic Fantasy of 2015.
Nebula Weekend (Chicago, IL), where Court of Fives was a finalist for the Andre Norton Award for Young Adult Science Fiction and Fantasy (Updraft by Fran Wilde won the award this year–huge congrats to Fran!)
San Diego Comic Con (big)
MidAmericon (fun)
HawaiiCon (an enjoyable relaxacon)
What did I write in 2016?
BURIED HEART (Court of Fives 3, and the final volume of the trilogy) is complete and due for publication on July 25 2017. It is already up for pre-order. Don’t wait!
I wrote a novelette for THE BOOK OF SWORDS, an anthology edited by Gardner Dozois. No publication date set yet. The story is titled “I am a handsome man,” said Apollo Crow and it is set in the Spiritwalker universe.
I wrote a 100 drabble (it was actually 1120 words) as part of a fundraiser for Reading For Pixels, a short piece set in the Jaran universe. I hope to share this in 2017; I’ll keep you posted.
Here’s me looking forward into 2017:
Dead Empire (Black Wolves 2): Yes, I’m working on it. I apologize that it is going so slowly. It’s a large and complicated plot, and I’ve added one more point of view character for a total of six. That is, there are two pov characters in each of the three plot-thread locations. The new pov character has been planned all along so this isn’t me changing my mind about things or going off on a tangent. Not that I can promise that will never happen but be reassured that this isn’t it!
YA proposal, TBA: Working on this and thus can’t announce yet. It’s space opera, not fantasy, and is intended as my YA follow-up to the Court of Fives trilogy. Not a literal narrative follow-up, that is, but a new series in the YA genre.
A 2nd Court of Fives novella: Working on this and can’t announce yet although I can tell you it will be about Bettany. But if you haven’t read Night Flower yet, please do so (if you’re so inclined). Since it functions as a prequel to the Court of Fives series you can read Night Flower with or without having read Court of Fives and/or Poisoned Blade. It works either way. And I’m particularly proud of how I sketched in the world-building in this shorter piece, trying to strike a balance between enough detail to give a strong sense of place and brisk pacing to keep the pages turning.
The cover of Night Flower has the title superimposed over a white and pink bird of paradise shaped flower.
Short fiction: I have several partially-written Spiritwalker short pieces I would like to finish, a short-short set in the Jaran universe that I owe to Mette Harrison (as part of a fundraiser), and a couple of possible projects I’ve tentatively agreed to write a short story for that don’t yet have contracts (that I know of).
Jaran 5: I have the opening of this written. I’m starting to wonder if I can find a way to write this story as a novella just to get it out there. At the moment I do not know when I will have time because I have other contracts to fulfill. Hermione’s Time Turner would be useful right now.
Other projects: Like almost every writer I know I have a number of potential projects and scraps of openings written, just waiting for that halcyon epoch when I can write everything that is waiting to be written. These include a book set in the Crown of Stars universe, 500 years later, an adult space opera (not set in the Jaran universe), and several YA fantasy ideas in the early stages of development.
The cover for Buried Heart shows a silver-colored spider super imposed on a pale circle and blood-red background. The tagline (which my fabulous editor came up with) reads: “The end the war, she must choose a side.”
Upcoming 2017 events (this is only what is confirmed so far, not a final list):
ConFusion, Detroit, Michigan (how will I survive January in Detroit? By never leaving the hotel!)
Duke University Story Lab
YAKFest, Keller, TX (Dallas-Fort Worth area)
Sirens Conference, Vail, Colorado
If I missed any 2016 events or publications, or you have any questions about 2016 OR 2017, jump on in to the comments.
Happy New Year, my friends and readers and colleagues. May you find art and support that helps you on your journey. As for me, I will as always try to stay on the road of justice and compassion.
The Reign of Yazdegerd (Shahnameh Readalong 41)
Posted on December 9, 2016 by Kate Elliott
This week: The Reign of Yazdegerd
Synopsis: “With the fall of this uninteresting king, the Shahnemeh goes out on a sad note.”
TG: Well. This was the last section, and it’s depressing. It’s a good representation of how everything has changed from the first 2/3 of this epic. Long gone are the glorious kings and epic storylines, the laughter and magic (and women) and tragic downfalls and me feeling… much of anything. I just finished reading and I already can barely remember anything about Yazdegerd himself. The use of the name Rostam briefly engaged me, but he was so vastly different from the original it seemed like a historical quirk, not a storytelling throwback or deliberate parallel. I suppose that’s because we are in the quasi-historical section.
The appearance of Islam and the way it’s depicted in opposition to the wealth, ambition, and pride of the Sasan kings was interesting, but ultimately went nowhere. I was starting to hope that would be the ultimate point of this last section– a showdown of sorts or maybe a philosophical debate along the lines of those in previous sections where kings and wise men duke things out with riddles and examples. But alas, no.
What this episode drove home yet again was the rigidity of class and its relation to moral fiber. Mahuy is a shepherd’s son, but the king raises him up because of his deeds and supposed goodness, only for him to suddenly show his true colors as a traitor and regicide for no reason than being of poor blood. It was predictable and therefore boring. That’s how I felt about this entire episode. Nothing changed, and so it has achieved the status of stereotype instead of a useful trope or theme to revisit and examine.
AND think of what we missed by being denied even a page or two on those two sisters who ruled briefly before Yazdegerd! Double alas.
The main reason I’m so very sad right now, though, is the little coda at the end in the narrator’s voice–in Ferdowsi’s own voice?–in which he laments his lack of respect and how many people expect his work for free. As a writer myself I feel that pretty hard. I’m glad he gets the recognition he needs in the end.
Both sides of a silver dirham (coin), evidently from the reign of Yazdegerd III, the final Sasanian king. It shows his profile on one side and on the other two stylized figures flanking another creature.
KE: Dynasties so often seem to end in this “not with a bang but with a whimper” way. First various short-lived rulers and their reigns (including women!) and then one last gasp. It’s interesting to me that after a string of murdered scions, Yazdegerd manages to rule for 16 years (even if under the thumb of the nobles) before the knife falls. That he has no sons is mentioned at least twice.
I honestly felt kind of bad for Yazdegerd. We never hear that he is good or bad, just ineffective and at the mercy of those around him. But in a society in which you are someone because you have a retinue and retainers, what a sad end for this young man, sitting alone in the straw in a random mill. That’s when you know you never had any friends to begin with, that their interest in you was solely due to how your station in life could benefit them. The miller is a tragic character as well, forced to do a terrible deed to save his family and almost certainly disposed of regardless afterward together with the monks and others who tried to honor the royal corpse.
I too tire of the embedded idea that nobility is a form of essentialism, God’s favor, rather than a power structure that maintains the status quo of a few ruling over the many. That Mahuy was able to be elevated in rank suggests a time of decentralization and upheaval — typical of the decline and fall of a major power. It is in such times, ironically, that women and lower class men have more of a chance to rise to the level of their actual merit rather than be held down by patriarchy and hierarchy. Of course that is also why a text such as Ferdowsi’s must repeat the idea that ugliness (a form of “spiritual pollution,” it is implied) and low birth are BY THEIR VERY NATURE disqualifying. The tiers of aristocracy and patriarchy can’t survive without that fundamental ideology being in place.
I thought Ferdowsi was not very complimentary to the Sa’d and his army. The contrast of their austerity to the Sasanian “goldenness” isn’t a commendation if the rest of the text has been praising display and wealth.
Like you I appreciated Ferdowsi kvetching about not getting paid. He was meant to get a large sum of money from the notorious Mahmud of Ghazhni who of course wouldn’t pony up with some variety of excuses. I found this delightful tidbit online:
There Ferdowsi composed a satire of 100 verses on Sultan Mahmoud that he inserted in the preface of the Shah-nameh and read it to Shahreyar, at the same time offering to dedicate the poem to him, as a descendant of the ancient kings of Persia, instead of to Mahmoud. Shahreyar, however, persuaded him to leave the dedication to Mahmoud, bought the satire from him for 1,000 dirhams a verse, and had it expunged from the poem. The whole text of this satire, bearing every mark of authenticity, has survived to the present.
And here’s a translation of the satire.
The power of writers! A salutary lesson for us all with the coming regime.
Next week: We make our final comments about the project as a whole.
Previously: Introduction, The First Kings, The Demon King Zahhak, Feraydun and His Three Sons, The Story of Iraj, The Vengeance of Manuchehr, Sam & The Simorgh, The Tale of Zal and Rudabeh, Rostam, the Son of Zal-Dastan, The Beginning of the War Between Iran and Turan, Rostam and His Horse Rakhsh, Rostam and Kay Qobad, Kay Kavus’s War Against the Demons of Manzanderan, The Seven Trials of Rostam, The King of Hamaveran and His Daughter Sudabeh, The Tale of Sohrab, The Legend of Seyavash Pt. 1, The Legend of Seyavash Pt. 2, The Legend of Seyavash Pt. 3, Forud the Son of Seyavash, The Akvan Div, Bizhan and Manizheh, The Occultation of Kay Khosrow, Rostam and Esfandyar Pt. 1, Rostam and Esfandyar Pt. 2, The Story of Darab and the Fuller, Sekander’s Conquest of Persia, The Reign of Sekander Pt. 1, The Reign of Sekander Pt. 2, The Death of Rostam, The Ashkanians, The Reign of Ardeshir & Shapur, The Reign of Shapur Zu’l Aktaf, The Reign of Yazdegerd the Unjust, The Reign of Bahram Gur, The Story of Mazdak, The Reign of Kesra Nushin-Ravan, The Reign of Hormozd, The Reign of Khosrow Parviz, Khosrow and Shirin
Khosrow and Shirin (Shahnameh Readalong 40)
This week: Khosrow and Shirin
Synopsis: “The story of Khosrow Parviz’s downfall, the rebellion of his bad son, and how his non-noble wife Shirin manipulates her way to power and her ultimate end.”
The lovebirds seated close together in a pavilion. Three ladies attend them. Lots of gold paint highlights, incredible patterned detail in the background, and lovely human figures with subtle motion makes this a superb painting.
TG: Here we have another strong lady, right after Gordyeh! Only this one does not step outside the womanly roles to get what she needs and wants like Gordyeh, but uses womanly ways–sex, poison, manipulation–to survive and then die how she wants. I did not like her (she just flat-out murders poor Mariam!) but she was great to read about.
It’s clearly set up as a great love story between Shirin and Khosrow, though neither of them is remotely like Zal and Rudabeh, I feel like I’m supposed to think of them (or maybe that’s just because I’m *always* thinking of them), mostly because they are so devoted to each other–he adores her, she murders for him, they sleep together and tell each other secrets, and of course, Shirin’s ultimate act is to manipulate everyone into letting her die and be buried with her king. (Which was AMAZING, I actually started to really like her, despite not wanting to forgive her murdering Mariam.)
These two are star-crossed because of being different classes, and although Khosrow doesn’t climb any balconies, he does have to struggle to convince his councilors to accept her — and that bowl metaphor was fantastic, but also really drove home again how these later stories are becoming preoccupied with class and gender and also beauty. While we’ve always had great descriptions of the beauty of warriors and princes and queens, it’s only really been demons that are monstrous. But in the last few sections there’s a huge repeating pattern of ugliness being associated with bad men and bad thoughts. We get involved descriptions of how ugliness functions, and that is fascinating to me.
I don’t have a lot to say about all these kings who don’t rule for long–except it was nice to get a throwback to the earlier kings again when Khosrow just looses his farr. He just “becomes unjust” and I wonder what the looks like now that all these kings lately have seemed pretty terrible to me. I loved the line at the end: “he finds that his crown is made of the camphor with which the dead are anointed.” What a dark, pointed metaphor.
I found the role of Barbad the musician so interesting I looked him up. He was, of course, real, and he created an entire musical system that lasted a long time in the Middle East. AND he seems to have played a larger, more important story in Shirin and Khosrow’s courtship according to some studies– it was his music that made Shirin realize Khosrow loves her!
I can’t believe there’s only one section of this book left!!!
The musician Barbad and his very very large lute, which is also inlaid with cloisonne or painted or something similar. A lad wearing a fur cap accompanies him on a hand held drum.
KE: I was puzzled that there was no description of the initial meeting and courtship of Khosrow and Shirin, even though I have found images of him seeing her bathing (a popular motif in these kind of stories).
The young (beardless) Khosrow, mounted on a horse, sees across rock and tree to where Shirin bathes topless.
Shirin seems like the sort of lowborn lover a noble youth is allowed to have, the one he puts aside when he takes on official marriages with women of his own rank. So their story, and how she re-enters his life, did really quite interest me. Also it feels as if the story itself is of two minds about her. First she murders Mariam out of jealousy–and honestly I can’t quite figure out where Bahram Chubineh’s story and his sister marrying Khosrow fit into this–and obviously that makes Shirin seem like a villain. But, like you, I was moved by the story of her death and her apparently genuine love for Khosrow. So that’s a contrast, and I’m not sure quite what to make of it or how we are meant to approach her.
As for Khosrow, I really have reached a point where the good guys do so many unpleasant things that I’m almost glad for them to lose their farr. After all, in my eyes they have already done so!
Wasn’t the other Byzantine prince (from Kesra’s? story) also named Shirui? is this coincidence, or some sort of Persian version of a Byzantine/Roman name? I wonder.
Anyway, I really enjoyed the double dealing and treachery in this episode. It felt so real: This is what these sort of folks do, especially in the late period of a failing dynasty. Short reigns and shifting sides is often one of the markers of the final days of a ruling family. And another thing that interests me about it is that however much we in the sff community talk about the Western roots of so much epic fantasy, I have to say that a lot of fantasy kingship and political intrigue seems to me to have a lot in common with what we are seeing here in the last chapters of the Shahnameh. Have these stories had more influence than they’re given credit for? Or are stories of dynasties and kings and tyrants inevitably similar in many ways? A sobering thought given the USA’s current political situation.
Next week: the final chapter, the end of the Sasanids and the arrival of the Arabs and Islam. I can’t believe we are almost done!
Previously: Introduction, The First Kings, The Demon King Zahhak, Feraydun and His Three Sons, The Story of Iraj, The Vengeance of Manuchehr, Sam & The Simorgh, The Tale of Zal and Rudabeh, Rostam, the Son of Zal-Dastan, The Beginning of the War Between Iran and Turan, Rostam and His Horse Rakhsh, Rostam and Kay Qobad, Kay Kavus’s War Against the Demons of Manzanderan, The Seven Trials of Rostam, The King of Hamaveran and His Daughter Sudabeh, The Tale of Sohrab, The Legend of Seyavash Pt. 1, The Legend of Seyavash Pt. 2, The Legend of Seyavash Pt. 3, Forud the Son of Seyavash, The Akvan Div, Bizhan and Manizheh, The Occultation of Kay Khosrow, Rostam and Esfandyar Pt. 1, Rostam and Esfandyar Pt. 2, The Story of Darab and the Fuller, Sekander’s Conquest of Persia, The Reign of Sekander Pt. 1, The Reign of Sekander Pt. 2, The Death of Rostam, The Ashkanians, The Reign of Ardeshir & Shapur, The Reign of Shapur Zu’l Aktaf, The Reign of Yazdegerd the Unjust, The Reign of Bahram Gur, The Story of Mazdak, The Reign of Kesra Nushin-Ravan, The Reign of Hormozd, The Reign of Khosrow Parviz
For book news, essays on writing, publishing, & genre, with occasional fiction, CLICK HERE.
Buried Heart
The third and final installment in the Court of Fives trilogy.
Bright Thrones
The second Court of Fives novella, set between Poisoned Blade and Buried Heart.
Court of Fives Educator's Guide
Includes class activities and discussion questions.
For ages 12 and up.
The Courtship: A Coda to the Spiritwalker Trilogy
Read it right here.
The Very Best of Kate Elliott (Short Fiction)
Court of Fives (YA fantasy)
Black Wolves (epic fantasy)
Night Flower (A Court of Fives Novella)
The Beatriceid (A Spiritwalker story)
Worldbuilding Wednesday
Other Worldbuilding posts
Email Kate Elliott
ke at imakeupworlds.com
Writers With Drinks
Guest of Honor at ConFusion
Tweets by @KateElliottSFF
blog tour bookstore book wars bright thrones buried heart conventions Court of Fives events giveaway guest post night flower the beatriceid yash young adult scavenger hunt
Readjusting my online presence and deleting Facebook
Free book giveaway for teachers and librarians! Thanksgiving 2017
BURIED HEART/Court of Fives Trilogy Discussion HERE
A Tour of Saryenia (from Descriptions of Efea, a guidebook)
BURIED HEART – Coming Soon! (+ Blog Tour)
Cold Fire Bonus Chapter
Cold Fire: Chapter 31.5
Remembering Japan 1945 – 1946: A Memoir by Gerald Rasmussen
Chapter Eight: The Cold War Begins?
Chapter Eleven: Madame Butterfly
Chapter Five: Japanese Signalmen
Chapter Four: Work and Play
Chapter Nine: A Social Call
Chapter One: The Sea Devil to Japan
Chapter Seven: The Toriga Saki Fleet
Chapter Six: General Douglas MacArthur
Chapter Ten: Japanese Hot Tub
Chapter Three: Kamoi
Chapter Twelve: The “Singers”
Chapter Two: Harbor Entrance Control Post Toriga Saki, Tokyo Bay
Introduction (by Keith L. Miller)
Spiritwalker World and Character Posts
The Courtship
To Be A Man (A Roderic Barr Adventure)
Charibdys Prints
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US Social Security Must be Protected
Today, March 31, 2013, the New York Times Editorial Board argued why President Obama must keep hands off US Social Security in any deficit reduction strategy. Here are extracts of the Editorial Board's argument.
"In last year’s “fiscal cliff” debate, President Obama offered to reduce the annual cost-of-living adjustment, or COLA, for Social Security benefits, a spending cut favored by Republicans and scorned by Democrats. Republicans rejected the offer because Mr. Obama wanted tax increases in exchange, while Democrats said it would be too harmful. More recently, Senate Democrats did not include Social Security reforms in their budget and specifically rejected a COLA cut. The House Republican budget also steered clear of explicit cuts to Social Security, a move partly aimed at isolating Mr. Obama.
The question now is whether Mr. Obama will again propose to cut the COLA when he unveils his budget next week. We think he should not do so. The president might want to seem like he is willing to compromise by renewing his call for a COLA cut. But Republicans already spurned his offer and are unlikely to take him up on it now. They are more likely to paint him as a foe of Social Security, which would be reinforced by Democrats’ opposition to the cut.
Even if Mr. Obama avoided those pitfalls, a COLA cut is a bad idea, as we will explain in this editorial. It also is a distraction from the real problems of Social Security.
WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH SOCIAL SECURITY? The answer is a long-term shortfall. Social Security plans for solvency over 75 years, but because of demographic pressures and the weak economy, it is currently solvent only until 2033. After that, without reforms, it would pay about 75 percent of promised benefits.
Meanwhile, the nation is having a retirement crisis. Even before the recession, people had not saved enough to make up for the loss of traditional pensions. The downturn and slow recovery have made things worse. Less than half of households ages 55 to 64 have retirement savings, and of those, half have less than $120,000. Many near-retirees also have lost home equity or a job.
All that will leave most retirees heavily reliant on Social Security, which currently pays a modest benefit, on average, of $1,265 a month. Already, the majority of retirees — with annual incomes up to $32,600 — get two-thirds to all of their income from Social Security.
Even at higher incomes, up to $57,960, Social Security is the single biggest source, accounting for almost half. Only the top fifth of seniors, with incomes above $57,960, do not rely on Social Security as their largest source of income; most of them are still working.
Going forward, there is no escaping the reality that Social Security will be more vital than ever. To save it, we need consensus on direction and principles, among Democrats and across the aisle, along these lines:
SHOULD IT BE USED FOR DEFICIT REDUCTION? This is part of a larger question about whether any deficit reduction is appropriate when the economy is weak and unemployment high. The short answer to both questions is no. But as long as the deficit occupies center stage, the best approach would be for politicians to debate, and even agree, on spending cuts and tax increases to take effect as the economy strengthens.
Social Security reforms should be decided separately because the program is not driving the deficit. That distinction goes to chronic revenue shortfalls and rising health costs that propel spending on Medicare and Medicaid. Social Security did not cause today’s deficits, because the payroll taxes that support it have been more than adequate; and it will not contribute to future debt, because it is barred from spending more than it takes in.
The reason Social Security is wrapped up in the political budget debate is that government deficit projections assume Social Security will always pay promised benefits in full, even though the system is expected to run short in 20 years. That shortfall is reflected in deficit projections, so reducing it would improve the budget outlook.
The answer is to address Social Security’s problems, not to conflate reforms with the broader deficit reduction efforts.
HOW SHOULD SOCIAL SECURITY BE REFORMED? The drive to cut the COLA is based on the premise that the inflation gauge used to compute the adjustment overstates the rising cost of living. That is a flawed premise. A good case can be made that the gauge is an inaccurate way to track inflation for working-age people, but there is no empirical evidence that it overstates inflation among retirees, who tend to spend more on health care and other necessities for which there are few, if any, cheaper substitutes.
To ensure that the system is paying proper COLAs, Congress should instruct the Bureau of Labor Statistics to develop a statistically rigorous index of inflation among retirees. Until that is done, cutting the COLA on grounds that it is too large would be unjustified and disingenuous.
In the meantime, the debate over reforming Social Security will come down to tax increases versus benefit cuts. With retirements at risk, reducing benefits is dangerous, though trimming benefits for upper-income recipients, who live longer and draw larger benefits, could close about 10 percent of the system’s long-term funding gap.
Another overdue reform, which would close about a third of the gap, is to raise the level of wages subject to Social Security payroll tax to about $200,000 from the current $113,700. That would bring the taxable wage base in line with rising incomes among top earners.
A sensible change is to raise the payroll tax rate, currently 6.2 percent for both workers and employers. The rate has not been raised since 1990. A one percentage point increase could be phased in over 20 years and still raise enough revenue to close about half of the funding gap."
Global Action on Aging would also urge the US Government to pay interest on the funds that it has borrowed over the years from the Social Security system. Surely that's fair!
As the NYTimes concludes: "It is imperative that the frenzy that passes these days for deficit debate not engulf Social Security. There are rational and acceptable fixes to the program that could preserve it for generations to come, if political will can be found to enact them."
Posted by Global Action on Aging 0 comments
Geneva Association's Pension Proposals
Participants at Geneva Association Conference Strongly Endorse the Four Pillars Concept
by Krzysztof Ostaszewski+
Global Action on Aging urges you to consider some responses from participants at the December 2012 Geneva Association conference on the Four Pillar System. Recipients received a short questionnaire asking their views on some key issues concerning the current and future situation of global retirement systems. Here are some questions and answers that will interest you.
A. Are there any challenges to global retirement systems that are still going unnoticed?
B. Where will the solutions to the global retirement crisis come from?
C. What are necessary changes in the workplace to make employment of silver (older) workers effective, productive and beneficial to both employers and employees?
D. If you were to give advice to political decision-makers, insurance firms, pension plans and individuals (current and future retirees) in order to address the global retirement systems' challenges, what would you advise each to these groups?
In response to Question A, the participants chose “global ageing and increasing longevity” as the top challenge but a close second was "public finance and financial repression."
Other concerns listed were "low interest rates and low economic growth," "increasingly intrusive and productive regulation," "individual myopia," and "decreased willingness to engage in solidarity systems."
In response to Question B, the top choice was “breakup of the European Union or other significant political dislocation,” with “liability issues” as a close second; “insufficient disclosure of information to citizens” was also mentioned.
The clear winner among the answers to Question C was: “continued employment of the elderly and a flexible labour market,” i.e. the fourth pillar, as proposed by The Geneva Association and its Life and Pensions programme. . . . . . "
We hope that political decision-makers will hear this message. Participants also, though far less strongly, endorsed financial innovation from insurance firms and private pensions, as well as programmes created by governments, as possible solutions to the retirement challenge.
In response to Question D, again, the winner was very clear: “tax and regulatory incentives to employers for the employment of ‘silver workers.” The second most common answer was: “removal of regulatory and tax barriers to employment of silver workers,” another endorsement of the role of the fourth pillar.
Here are some examples of advice given in response to Question D:
Carefully balance concerns about financial sustainability and adequacy of benefits;
More transparency, financial education, and information about the value of benefits and cost of retirement;
Proper ethical standards for financial advisers; A new social contract;
Honesty in communicating the nature of the problem to citizens; address the long-term care problem;
Careful monitoring of longevity improvement by insurance firms;
Political decision-makers should show more flexibility, and pay attention to financial sustainability;
Pay attention to health issues, as not all workers can work more and more years; Raise retirement age, but also protect low-income workers;
Governments should help grow the second, third and fourth pillars;
Pension plans should work on effective risk-sharing.
If you are interested in more information, contact the Research Director, Life and Pensions, The Geneva Association.
Susanne Paul, Global Action on Aging.
Most US Women lack a plan for their Retirement
Dear GAA Friend,
Have you wondered how you will pay for your retirement? Do you have a plan? If so, great! You are in the minority.
According to a Huff Post 50 item, retiring women (26 percent) are worried that they won't be able to meet the financial needs of their family. More than one in four women (28 percent) expect to take time or have already taken time out of the workforce to act as caregiver for a child or aging parent. Of these caregivers, 73 percent believe that this time out will impact their ability to save for retirement. Further, many reported that their retirement may involve financial caregiving; one in three women (31 percent) expects that when they are retired, they will need to provide financial support for a family member other than their spouse, according to the study's results.
Here are some of the other findings:
-- Only 14 percent of baby boomer women have a written retirement strategy. Some 45 percent do not have a plan at all while 41 percent have a plan that's not written down.
-- About 36 percent of baby boomer women expect to rely on Social Security as their primary form of income in retirement. Another 36 percent expect to rely on 401K plans while the rest expect to draw on a mixed bag of savings and assets.
-- Of the women who expect to rely on Social Security, only 34 percent say they know "a great deal" or "quite a bit" about their Social Security benefits.
-- About 61 percent of baby boomer women expect to work after 65 or simply do not plan to retire.
-- Only one in five baby boomer women who expect to keep working have a backup plan if retirement comes sooner than expected.
Few women have a backup plan if things don't work.
Learn more about the details of your Social Security benefits, adopt and pay into a savings goal immediately, understand what a savings shortfall may look like and figure out what you'll do "if" such a shortfall occurs. As the author says, "There's no doubt that every woman needs her own retirement strategy."
Susanne Paul for Global Action on Aging
How is your Mental Health Today?
Dear Friend of Global Action on Aging,
How is your mental health today? You and I often recognize most of the health challenges facing older adults. But we continue to overlook – under-report and under-treat the mental health issues that we older people face. Why?
Some experts say that we confuse what is “normal” aging behavior and what is “psychiatric” conditions. Of course, some people face mental health problems throughout their lives and others develop conditions in their later years that can be treated fairly easily.
What does the data show? Today, about 25% of older adults has a significant mental disorder. It could be depression or anxiety. Another 7% has a form of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s. Many other mental conditions go un-reported.
Nationally in the US over the next 25 years, the number of older adults with major psychiatric illnesses is expected to more than double from 7 to 15 million individuals as the Baby Boom generation ages. In Hawaii, by the year 2020, every fourth person will be 60 years or older. Without good treatment, these conditions can lead to increased disability, additional caregiver stress, poor health, increased mortality and even greater risk of suicide.
Apparently, older persons are less likely than younger persons to recognize their own mental health problems. Only about 3% see a mental health professional for help, a rate far lower than persons of younger ages. Nearly one elder in seven suffers from depression. . . .but yet 70 to 90 % don’t seek or get any treatment.
If you are feeling “blue,” or persistently discouraged or sad, seek help. Get to a doctor or a sympathetic person that you trust to ask for help. Get the help you need to recover your positive take on life. Life is short; enjoy the day!
Japan Confronts Fire Safety Issues for Elders with Dementia
Twenty 25% of small facilities for dementia patients in Japan unequipped for fires
More than 500 small group homes for dementia patients (including elders) or about a quarter of such facilities across Japan, are not equipped with sprinklers, a survey conducted by The Yomiuri Shimbun has found. Because small homes with less than 275 square meters of total floor space are not legally required to install sprinklers, the government has urged those facilities to install them by providing subsidies according to size.
A nationwide survey was conducted in February and March following a fatal fire at a small group home for dementia patients in Nagasaki. Five patients died in the incident. According to a survey, some 524 facilities, including the Nagasaki home, were not equipped with sprinklers. The survey covered 2,047 facilities in 44 prefectures. The three remaining prefectures--Akita, Yamanashi and Tottori--said they did not have the total numbers of small group home facilities.
It is estimated that about a quarter of small group homes are unequipped with sprinklers.
Most group homes with 275 square meters or more of floor space are equipped with sprinklers, the Yomiuri survey found. In 2009, the ministry made it mandatory for such facilities to install sprinklers. The measure was taken after seven people were killed in a fire at a group home with about 280 square meters of floor space in Omura, Nagasaki Prefecture, in 2006. Smaller facilities became eligible for subsidies from 2010.An official said the ministry is also investigating the actual conditions for sprinkler installment. "Based on results [of the investigation], we hope to consider improvement measures, including how financial assistance should be provided," the official said.
Prof. Yasumichi Kurata of Nishikyushu University, an expert in social welfare affairs, said: "As various types of buildings including private homes are used as small group homes, it isn't always possible to install sprinklers at low costs. The subsidy system must be improved, for example, by having it cover a certain portion of actual costs spent [for installation], rather than providing subsidies according to the amount of floor space."
What is the situation in your country? Are older and/or handicapped persons protected against fire in their living facilities?
Can you afford to Retire in the USA?
Although many US citizens are living longer and fewer are in physically demanding jobs, those who plan to work longer may be unrealistic. A recent survey found that 47 percent of retirees left the workforce unexpectedly, largely because of disabilities, other health issues or problems at work.
At present, the largest group of workers leaves the workforce at age 62. That is when they initially qualify for reduced Social Security retirement benefits, which represents a smaller monthly amount for those who take it before hitting their full retirement age. Just 14 percent of the retirees leave the workforce after age 65. Only one in four of them works for pay in retirement.
The risk is that many workers as they get older cannot work for reasons beyond their control, including disability, ill health, and loss of a job and inability to get another.
US workers have to plan to work as long as possible. One-third of workers say they or their spouse have not saved anything for retirement. And only 57 percent says they are actively saving for retirement.
The result? Many are unprepared to stop working. Nearly three in five workers have assets, beyond their homes, of $25,000 or less. A third of those withdrew savings to pay for expenses in the last year, a survey found.
A big problem, researchers have said, is that too few workers are covered by retirement plans on the job. Those that are covered most frequently have a 401(k) or another defined contribution plan. But as many as one in four of people with those plans dip into them for non-retirement purposes.
Although US citizens are aware that retirement requires substantial savings, they are often unable to put away enough as they wrestle with expenses and burdensome debt.
While it appears that workers are not being smart about their retirement needs, what is the responsibility of their employers and the US government that makes the rules about Social Security? Why are their any exceptions to paying into Social Security for US workers? What about the "minimum wage"? Isn't it too little to support oneself? How can people in the US have a "good old age" if their government and bosses have held their wages down?
What do you think? What was/is your experience? Please send GAA a comment on this important topic.
Thanks and have a good week, Susanne Paul for Global Action on Aging
How do you want to die? Do you know?
Finding out what dying patients want and treating them accordingly leads to happier patients who are in less pain and who use fewer healthcare dollars, UCLA researchers said Tuesday.
“You can improve care while reducing costs by making sure that everything you do is centered on what the patients want, what his or her specific goals are and tailor a treatment plan to ensure we provide the specific care he or she wants,” Dr. Jonathan Bergman, a Robert Wood Johnson clinical scholar at UCLA, said in a statement.
But have your loved ones been consulted about their wishes? Have you considered what you would desire in this circumstance?
Many families express guilt and regret that they had never asked their loved ones about their preferences, about pain issues, about blessings, about pain relief, and more in the closing hours of their parents' or grandparents' lives.
In some countries, a written statement or advance directive that stipulates wishes can be helpful. . . .but not if its existence is unknown to family members.
What are your experiences? Please share them with Global Action on Aging's reading community.
Debate over Euthanasia in Tasmania
AUSTRALIA NEWS: "(Tasmania state proposed) Euthanasia laws spark debate," by Matt Smith (_Mercury_ [Hobart], Mar. 13, 2013).
A proposed new law in Tasmania would give this Australian State the opportunity to give advanced terminally ill patients an opportunity to take their own lives. Prime Minister Lara Giddings says that public opinion is "in favor of some form of voluntary assisted dying." Apparently legislative safeguards would be put in place to assure no heightened risk for people who may be vulnerable because of their age, disabilty or mental illness.
Do you have euthanasia opportunities in your country? If so, will you please describe them? Do you support this legislation? Or not? Please share your perspective with Global Action on Aging.
Susanne Paul
Global Action on Aging
US Retirement Age getting Older and Older
Steven Greenhouse, a New York Times reporter, published a very provocative article on March12, 2013, detailing how US citizens are delaying retirement until older and older ages.
Why? Greenhouse says that some "older persons" still feel young and want to work or devote themselves to a new project or compelling interest. Others stay on the job, worried that they may have serious medical bills in the future, and seek additonal resources in the event that Social Security and Medicare prove insufficient.
Another group thinks that their savings are inadequate or anticipate having to support their parents in their old age, thus reducing resources for adult children. Costs of higher education for children has increased drastically over the past decades and pulled down their savings. Some potential retirees have helped their own parents to live in a nursing home and thereby reduced their personal savings for retirement. Still others have footed the bill to send children to college, depleting their "retirement savings."
What is happening now? Many more older US citizens are living into their late 80s and 90s and outliving their retirement savings. What does this mean?
Greenhouse cites a Boston College study that found that "53 percent of Americans were 'at risk' of being unable to maintain their pre-retirement standard of living once they retire, up from 30 percent in 1989. A study last May by the Employee Benefit Research Institute found that 44 percent may not have enough money to meet their basic needs in retirement."
Today, one-third of retirees in the United States rely solely on Social Security, with benefits averaging just over $15,000 a year for an individual and $30,000 for a couple. Can you live on this income? It can't be easy.
A generation ago, most workers with employer-based retirement plans were enrolled in traditional pension plans promising a monthly stipend for life after retirement. But that's changed drastically. The BLS (Bureau of Labor Statistics) data shows that only a quarter of all workers now enjoy a "traditional pension plan." Only 26 percent of all workers are in such pension plans, including 17 percent of private-sector workers, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Most people whose employers do offer retirement plans are enrolled in 401(k)’s instead, and 58 percent of workers are not participating in an employer-based retirement plan, according to the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College.
What's the future of those who will "come of old age" in the years and decades ahead? Will we/they live in poverty and misery with fore-shortened lives? Will the US economic system support or sustain its elder citizens? Or will the 1% who control so much US wealth today ignore their fellow citizens? What do you think? Please share your views in our comments section.
Are you a Prime Candidate for Financial Exploitation?
Dear GAA Friend, Today we are posting Eileen Beal's revealing New American Media News feature published on Mar 10, 2013. The writer makes clear that older persons between 70 and 90 years of age are "prime targets for financial exploitation and abuse." Read this important article printed below.
CLEVELAND, Ohio--Despite the hit their savings and investments took during the Great Recession, Americans between 70 and 90 are still the wealthiest age group in the United States. Not surprisingly, they are also prime targets for financial exploitation and abuse.
“It’s all their assets – a mortgage-free home, steady income from Social Security or a pension, investments – that make them a target,” said attorney Page Ulrey, a senior deputy prosecuting attorney for the King County Prosecutor’s Office in Washington.
Prime Targets
According to experts, prime targets are:
• Women, most often between ages 80 and 89;
• Men who have recently lost a spouse or partner;
• Living alone and may require some help with either health care or home maintenance;
• Lonely and vulnerable;
• Especially at risk during the holidays.
In addition, financial exploiters target those with diminished mental capacity and decision-making ability, stressed Lori Stevic-Rust, director of Senior Services at Lake Health System, in northeast Ohio.
Stevic-Rust, author of four books and a nationally recognized psychologist, is often called in to evaluate the mental capacity and competency of at-risk seniors.
“They target them,” Stevic-Rust added, “because their ability to pay attention, process information, analyze situations or figure out what the long-term consequences will be for a given action is significantly impaired.”
She went on, “Even when they know the day and year and can perform simple activities in the home – prepare a meal for instance – they aren’t able to make important decisions or judgments or carry out complicated activities that involve many steps.”
Spotting the Signs
The majority of exploiters and abusers are strangers: telemarketing scammers going after credit card or Social Security numbers, paid caregivers or “sweethearts” -- con artists, who prey on lonely elders.
Signs of Financial Abuse
According to a recent report from the MetLife Mature Market Institute, The Essentials: Preventing Elder Abuse, the following are flags that mean it could occur, or is occurring:
• Lack of care when the person has sufficient funds available
• Changes in banking or spending habits
• Excessive use of the ATM or credit cards, especially for non-care-related items
• Abrupt changes in a will, power of attorney, or financial documents
• Unpaid bills and utilities
• Lack of knowledge of financial status
• New “best friends”
• Unexplained disappearance of valuables or money – or both
• Unexplained transfer of money or assets to a family member or someone outside of the family – such as a new “best friend”
• Discovery of the person’s signature forged on checks, financial transaction documents, or documents or titles related to his or her possessions
• Unusual degree of fear of or submissiveness to a caregiver
• Bruises, trips to the ER, broken bones – where there is financial abuse there is often physical abuse
• Isolation – by aide or new “best friends” – from family, friends, community, or other stable relationships
• Signs of intimidation and/or anxiety when questioned about new “best friend”
• Missed appointments or uncharacteristic nonpayment of bills
• Anxiety about personal finances
Among other blazing red flags are: changes in long-standing living arrangements (especially those involving the new “friend”); changes in long-standing inheritance plans; and creation of a durable power of attorney – a powerful legal document giving a suspected abuser the means to control both the elder’s person and assets.
--Eileen Beal
After that, it’s friends, neighbors or family members – most often a son or son-in-law. Then it’s unscrupulous professionals – accountants, financial planners, bankers, lawyers, physicians, contractors, etc. Many have histories of drug or alcohol abuse and/or have gambling or other financial problems. Studies have also shown that ethnic elders are especially vulnerable to financial abuse.
Those fighting financial exploitation and abuse say it’s all about MOM: Motive (money, jewelry, property--sometimes even sibling rivalry); Opportunity (unrestricted – and unobserved – access to a victim); and Means (the ability to use their trusting or family relationship to charm, cajole, coerce or outright steal from their victim).
Financial abuse of older adults has become so rampant that when the U.S. government created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), it designated a special Office of Older Americans to deal with the issue.
The CFPB office’s goals: Track down and expose scams; ensure laws currently on the books are enforced; and educate seniors, and those who care about them, to identify, avoid and report financial scams. (See the sidebar to this article, “Spotting the Signs of Financial Abuse.”)
Prevention: Always the Best Remedy
Financial abuse is a crime, so it’s surprising that while more cases are being reported few abusers stand trial and go to jail.
According to Page Ulrey, of Seattle’s King County Prosecutor’s Office, “Those who are being abused are often dependent on their abuser for their care and don’t want to [take them to court] because of the repercussions it would cause. Or they fear they will be sent to a nursing home. Or they fear – or love – the offender.”
Frequently, too, she said, “Or they are ashamed to admit that they have been taken advantage of.”
Ulrey stressed that it is often difficult to prosecute exploiters. That’s not only because of the reasons mentioned above, but also because the victim has died or is so cognitively impaired he or she cannot testify. To keep a vulnerable relative or loved one out of harms way concerned friends or family members must be proactive. The earlier deterrents and roadblocks are set in place, the better, she said.
One time-tested strategy for keeping financial abusers at bay, Ulrey said, is for an elder’s friends and family members to stay connected. “Financial abuse and exploitation occurs in the shadows, where people are isolated from those who could spot the signs that something isn’t right,” she said.
Psychologist Lori Stevic-Rust emphasized that it’s important to become hyper-vigilant in observing a vulnerable senior’s physical health and cognitive state. “Declines in both can make them vulnerable to manipulation and exploitation,” she explained.
Those assisting the at-risk person should help him or her get information about exploitative situations, schemes or scams they may encounter and to become better educated about their finances.
It would also be valuable to help the senior consult with legal or financial professionals who can draw up such documents as trusts, limited powers of attorney, or conservatorships. “These can – and for the most part do, deter financial exploiters,” Ulrey said.
If you suspect someone is being financially abused, it is important to report your concerns to local authorities. The National Adult Protective Services Association’s website (www.napsa-now.org) lists adult protective services departments in every state. “This site doesn’t just have the telephone numbers for reporting financial abuse, they take anonymous tips too,” said the Association’s executive director, Kathleen Quinn.
If all else fails, you may be able to file for a protection order. “This will limit the contact the abuser has with their victim--and perhaps protect assets, too,” Ulrey said.
Elder Financial Protection Network (Note: While this is a California-based site, the information applies to everyone.)
National Adult Protective Services Association
National Committee for the Prevention of Elder Abuse
“Preventing Elder Financial Abuse for Older Adults”
“The Essentials: Preventing Elder Abuse”
Eileen Beal, a Cleveland-based writer on issues in aging, wrote this article for Today’s Caregiver Magazine with the support of a MetLife Foundation Journalists in Aging Fellows program, a program of New America Media and the Gerontological Society of America.
Please send your comments, Did you learn helpful information to protect yourself or loved ones in this article? Global Action on Aging welcomes your comments.
Thanks, Susanne Paul for Global Action on Aging
How to Prevent Amputation among Diabetic Elders
Chiquita Smith is the most beloved volunteer in our GAA family. Blind due to diabetes, she is a strong advocate for impoverished older persons living in public nursing homes in the New York City area. She led GAA interns on investigative visits to such homes and asked interns to describe what they saw. For example, "Are older persons parked in hallways one behind another in wheehchairs? Is anyone speaking to them? Are they asleep?" She wanted interns to describe the clothing that the older residents were wearing-- "Did it match, top and bottom? Was their bed clean? Did they have any visitors?" And she instructed the young people to inquire of residents if they had had the opportunity to vote in the last public election. GAA interns benefted from her advocacy and helped prepare her "talking points" with the institutions' administrators. If Chiquita did not get satisfactory answers and action from administrators, she wrote to City and State Health officials informing them of the situation. What a role model for the young. . . and a very strong advocate for poor old people.
Today Chiquita is in Beth Israel Hosptial in New York having had two legs amputated due to diabetes. Will you hold her in your thoughts during these difficult days for her? We are posting an article by Laurie Umeh (National Health Service Corps, July 2006) in her honor.
"Preventing Amputation in Older Adults with Diabetes, Proper Foot Care Is No. 1 Strategy
By Laurie Umeh, NP Lower extremity limb loss is a dreaded complication of diabetes at any age. For the older adult, limb amputation often has particularly far-reaching consequences: loss of mobility and independence. Amputation may be the one event that ultimately and prematurely forces someone into nursing home placement. Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of lower extremity amputation 15-fold.1 Older adults in general are particularly vulnerable; approximately 96% of amputations occur in people older than 45.2 Survival statistics about amputation are bleak. The 5-year survival rate after amputation is only 27%.3For the older adult who has had an amputation, rehabilitation may be limited by cardiovascular disease or other medical conditions. Many older amputees find a prosthetic limb heavy and uncomfortable and lack the stamina to ambulate with it.4 In one study, only 53% of patients older than 65 could be fitted with a prosthetic limb.5The direct and indirect costs of amputations represent a major burden for the health care system. Yet 85% of lower extremity amputations can be prevented through programs for preventing and treating foot ulcers, preventing ulcer recurrence and educating patients about proper foot care.7The cascade of events that ultimately culminates in limb amputation often begins with an innocuous-appearing ulcer on the foot. The mechanism of injury may seem trivial — a wrinkled sock, an improperly trimmed toenail or a foot that swelled in its shoe and led to skin breakdown. A tiny blister or shallow ulceration becomes a draining, infected wound. After months of immobility and heroic efforts to save the ailing limb, osteomyelitis sets in, and amputation often results.As providers of primary health care in clinic and nursing home settings, nurse practitioners are perfectly positioned to champion primary and secondary prevention of diabetic ulcers and lower extremity amputation. The ability to perform foot care has limits in the older person with DM. Understanding the disease process, acquiring a repertoire of effective wound treatments, and knowing when to refer may prevent the progression of injury to ulceration and ulceration to amputation.
Please share this information with your friends, particularly those who suffer from Diabetes.
Global Action on Aging is a 501(c)3 non-profit based in New York with consultative status at the United Nations. GAA reports on older people's needs and potential within the global economy. It advocates by, with and for older persons worldwide. Feel free to give us your opinion at the end of each article by clicking on "Comments" or write to us at globalaging@globalaging.org.
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Japan Confronts Fire Safety Issues for Elders with...
Are you a Prime Candidate for Financial Exploitati...
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List of Gods : "serpent" - 107 records
God name
"Abraxas/ Abrsax/ Abraxis" Greek / Oriental an occult theonym this god has the torso & arms of a man, head of a rooster & serpent legs
"Adimurti (the primeval personification)" Hindu / Epic / Puranic Form or avatara of the god VIS'NU. Probably very similar to NARAYANA. Conventionally perceived as Vis'nu seated on the coils of the serpent SESA (Adisesa) and attended by two wives. Attributes: those of Vis'nu. Also Vaikunthanatha, Paramapathanatha....
"Adissechen" Indian The serpent with a thousand heads which sustains the universe. Indian
With the costs of higher education at an all-time high, the American Dream of a college education can seem like just that — a dream.
However the reality is that there are lots of things a prospective student can do to help offset the high costs of higher education.
If you’re trying to figure out how to go to college for free, we have some advice that might help you on your way.
We’ve covered a wide range of options from how to get free tuition through a grant to various service opportunities.
Take a look at these and other ways you might be able to score a free college education.
"Afrasiab" Roman A serpent identified by the Scythians with archfiend Ahriman.
Demon name
"Ahi" Hindu A serpent aka Vritra, the Vedic demon of drought. Hindu
"Aim" Christian Aka Haborym, Aym, is a fire demon and a duke of hell, who commands 26 legions. He appears holding a torch and riding a viper and he has 3 heads: a serpent, a man, and a cat.
"Amon" Greek Commands forty legions, can appear in the form of a wolf with a serpent's tail and vomiting flames. In human form, he has the head of an owl and his beak shows canine teeth. He was the supreme diety of the Egyptians, who had blue skin in human form. Amon can tell of the past and the future, and reconcile the differences between friends.
Deities name
"Ananta" Hindu / Puranic The world serpent in Hindu mythology. During the night of Brahma, Vishnu sleeps on coils of prodigious snake, Sesha, also known as Ananta, 'the endless' whose thousand heads rise above the deity like a canopy. This scene and everything in it, the deities' serpentine couch, the water on which the snake lies, are all manifestations of the primeval essence. Hindu / Puranic
"Angitia" Greek Taught the people remedies against the poison of serpents, and had derived her name from being able to kill serpents by her incantations. Greek
"Anshur aka Ashur" Akkadian Or Asshur, a sky god and the husband of his sister Kishar ("earth axle"); they are the children of the serpents Lahmu and Lahamu, and the parents of Anu and Ea. He is sometimes depicted as having Ninlil as a consort. As Anshar, he is progenitor of the Akkadian pantheon; as Ashur, he is the head of the Assyrian pantheon
"Antaboga" Indonesia underworld serpent deity. At the beginning of time, only Antaboga existed. Antaboga meditated and created the world turtle Bedwang from which all other creations sprang. Indonesia
"Antiewo" West Africa The Great serpent who comes out after the Rain. The Rainbow is his reflection. West Africa
"Apep" Egypt Aka Apepi, Apophis. demon enemy of the Sun this huge serpent caused storms and eclipses and ate the Sun at evening. Rules over: darkness, storm, night, the underworld, death, eclipses. Egypt
Goddess name
"Ayida" Haiti Goddess of Rainbows, especially in Benin and Haiti, Ayida-Weddo aka Aida-Wedo, Aido Quedo, a loa of fertility, Rainbows and snakes, and a companion or wife to Damballah-Wedo. Also Ayida-Weddo is known as the Rainbow serpent. Haiti
"Azidahaka" Persia A serpent with three heads, six eyes and three pairs of fangs. He was the adversary of Yima. Persia
"Badb" Brazil A much feared serpent goddess
"Badb" Brazil Much feared serpent goddess. Brazil
"Bathym aka Bathim" Greek Bathin, Marthin. One of the three demons in the service of Fleuretty. Duke of the Infernal regions he has the appearance of a robust man but his body ends in a serpent's tail. He is well versed in the virtues of herbs and precious stones according to Wierius. He is able to transport men from one place to another with wondrous speed. He commands thirty legions. One of the 72 spirits of Solomon.
"COATLICUE (the serpent-skirted goddess)" Aztec / Mesoamerican / Mexico Mother goddess. The creator goddess of the earth and mankind and the female aspect of OMETEOTL. One of the group clåśśed as the TETEOINNAN complex. She has 400 sons, the stars of the southern sky, and is the mother of the goddess COYOLXAUHQUI. Later, as a widow, she was impregnated by a ball of feathers as she was sweeping the serpent mountain of Coatepec near Tula. Her other children decapitated her as punishment for her dishonor, but she gave birth to the Sun god HUITZILOPOCHTLI who subsequently slew Coyolxauhqui and her brothers, thus banishing night for day. According to tradition Coatlicue feeds off human corpses. She is also recognized as the patron deity of florists....
"Cirein Croin" Caithness A sea-serpent and the largest animal in the world. Celtic. Caithness
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Current students | Staff intranet
Exeter campuses
About Geography in Exeter
Cornwall campuses
Centre for Geography and Environmental Science
College of Life and Environmental SciencesGeographyStaff
Professor Timothy Lenton
Director Global Systems Institute
Laver Building 801h
Laver Building, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
Thursday 2-3pm
Please contact Anne Nicholls a.m.nicholls@exeter.ac.uk to check availability
External engagement and impact
Supervision/Group
Tim studied Natural Sciences as an undergraduate at the University of Cambridge. Reading Jim Lovelock’s books on Gaia ignited his passion for studying the Earth as a whole system. This led to his PhD studies on what regulates the nutrient balance of the ocean and the oxygen content of the atmosphere, supervised by Professor Andrew Watson at Plymouth Marine Laboratory and later the University of East Anglia (UEA). After gaining his PhD, Tim worked at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, where he built a simple coupled carbon cycle and climate model, and then coordinated the development of the GENIE family of Earth system models. In 2004 he returned to UEA and built up an Earth system modeling group, working on key events in the coupled evolution of life and the planet, including human-induced global change. He recently published a book on this with Andrew Watson called ‘Revolutions that made the Earth’ (OUP, 2011). Tim moved to the University of Exeter in 2011, where he and his group are focusing on understanding these past revolutions, on developing an evolutionary model of the marine ecosystem, and on early warning of climate tipping points. Tim works closely with Professor Nick Talbot on the overall environmental research strategy for the University.
Tim’s work identifying the tipping elements in the climate system won the Times Higher Education Award for Research Project of the Year 2008. He has also received a Philip Leverhulme Prize 2004, a European Geosciences Union Outstanding Young Scientist Award 2006, the British Association Charles Lyell Award Lecture 2006, and the Geological Society of London William Smith Fund 2008. Tim is a Fellow of the Linnean Society and a Fellow of the Geological Society.
Broad research specialisms:
Earth system science; climate change; global biogeochemical cycles; co-evolution of life and the planet; paleo-climate; modeling
BA (Cambridge),
PhD (UEA)
I am working on three main areas with my research group:
Revolutionary transformations of the Earth system, involving the coupled evolution of life and the planet
Tipping points in the Earth system, especially the climate system, and early warning methods for them
An evolutionary ecosystem model, with an initial focus on the marine microbial biosphere
We are actively developing and using process-based models, spanning spatial scales from the sub-cellular components of marine plankton up to the whole planet, and capturing timescales from days to millions of years, which demands a nested hierarchy of models. We are also applying methods of time-series analysis to deduce system properties directly from data.
Climate tipping points and early warning methods
You can find some videos where I describe the potential tipping elements in the climate system on a nifty spinning globe. The original paper was published in PNAS following a commentary on the policy implications, and it won the Times Higher Education Award for Research Project of the Year 2008. Our report for WWF and Allianz looked in more detail at the impacts of crossing various climate tipping points. Currently I am working with Valerie Livina on developing early warning methods for climate tipping points, and applying these to paleo-climate and observational data – see my recent review in Nature Climate Change. I am also co-editing a special issue on Arctic tipping points, and helped organise a joint British Academy-Royal Society meeting on tipping points, out of which we are producing a book.
Redefining dangerous climate change
My research on actual thresholds (tipping points) in the Earth’s climate system led me to re-examine how we define dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system. In particular, I question the policy ‘threshold’ of 2°C global warming and offer some alternative approaches to defining dangerous climate change. The detailed version is published in WIREs Climate Change with an op-ed piece in Nature.
Geoengineering assessment
My evaluation of the climate cooling potential of different geoengineering options, with my former PhD student Nem Vaughan, is published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. There is also a brief piece for the Green Room explaining what roles geoengineering might play in avoiding dangerous climate change. My latest work assesses the potential for land plant-based carbon dioxide removal to lower future atmospheric CO2 concentrations and limit global warming.
The evolutionary ecosystem (EVE) model
Years of frustration at how inadequately we capture life within Earth system and ecosystem models, has led us to develop a new approach. Hywel Williams and I started with a generic, gene-based, individual-based model of an evolving microbial ecosystem, which James Clark developed to study the Earth’s early biosphere. Now we are developing a new model of the modern marine microbial biosphere, nested within the MIT ocean model. Stuart Daines is developing a process-based model of resource allocation within individual cells, James Clark is concentrating on interactions between individuals and coupling to the environment, and Hywel Williams is including viruses and their impact on marine biogeochemical cycles.
Revolutions that made the Earth
Having published a book that introduces the concept of a very few critical revolutions in Earth history, I am currently focusing on the ‘complexity revolution’: Between about 800 and 542 million years ago in the Neoproterozoic Era, the modern Earth system was born. Out of the turmoil of ‘snowball Earth’ glaciations and a rise in atmospheric oxygen, came the first animals forming familiar ecosystems. We are seeking to understand the causes and consequences of this revolution in Earth history, in a multi-disciplinary project involving Richard Boyle and colleagues at UCL, Cambridge, Newcastle, Edinburgh and UEA.
‘Re-inventing the planet: the Neoproterozoic revolution in oxygenation, biogeochemistry and biological complexity’ funded by NERC (NE/I005978/1): £297,320 and lead of overall consortium <£1M which also co-ordinates the ‘Long-term Co-evolution of Life and the Planet’ programme.
‘Detecting and classifying bifurcations in the climate system’ funded by NERC (NE/F005474/1): £275,896.
‘Modelling evolution, ecology and biogeochemistry of marine microbial ecosystems’ funded by the Leverhulme Trust (F/00 204/AP): £249,917.
‘Ocean circulation, nutrient cycling and atmospheric carbon dioxide’ funded by NERC (NE/G018332/1): £270,110.
Key publications | Publications by category | Publications by year
Lenton TM, Latour B (2018). Gaia 2.0 Could humans add some level of self-awareness to Earth's self-regulation?. Science, 361(6407), 1066-1068. Full text.
Clarkson MO, Kasemann SA, Wood RA, Lenton TM, Daines SJ, Richoz S, Ohnemueller F, Meixner A, Poulton SW, Tipper ET, et al (2015). Ocean acidification and the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Science, 348(6231), 229-232.
Ocean acidification and the Permo-Triassic mass extinction.
Ocean acidification triggered by Siberian Trap volcanism was a possible kill mechanism for the Permo-Triassic Boundary mass extinction, but direct evidence for an acidification event is lacking. We present a high-resolution seawater pH record across this interval, using boron isotope data combined with a quantitative modeling approach. In the latest Permian, increased ocean alkalinity primed the Earth system with a low level of atmospheric CO2 and a high ocean buffering capacity. The first phase of extinction was coincident with a slow injection of carbon into the atmosphere, and ocean pH remained stable. During the second extinction pulse, however, a rapid and large injection of carbon caused an abrupt acidification event that drove the preferential loss of heavily calcified marine biota.
Abstract. Author URL. Full text.
Boulton CA, Lenton TM (2015). Slowing down of North Pacific climate variability and its implications for abrupt ecosystem change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 112(37), 11496-11501.
Slowing down of North Pacific climate variability and its implications for abrupt ecosystem change.
Marine ecosystems are sensitive to stochastic environmental variability, with higher-amplitude, lower-frequency--i.e. "redder"--variability posing a greater threat of triggering large ecosystem changes. Here we show that fluctuations in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index have slowed down markedly over the observational record (1900-present), as indicated by a robust increase in autocorrelation. This "reddening" of the spectrum of climate variability is also found in regionally averaged North Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs), and can be at least partly explained by observed deepening of the ocean mixed layer. The progressive reddening of North Pacific climate variability has important implications for marine ecosystems. Ecosystem variables that respond linearly to climate forcing will have become prone to much larger variations over the observational record, whereas ecosystem variables that respond nonlinearly to climate forcing will have become prone to more frequent "regime shifts." Thus, slowing down of North Pacific climate variability can help explain the large magnitude and potentially the quick succession of well-known abrupt changes in North Pacific ecosystems in 1977 and 1989. When looking ahead, despite model limitations in simulating mixed layer depth (MLD) in the North Pacific, global warming is robustly expected to decrease MLD. This could potentially reverse the observed trend of slowing down of North Pacific climate variability and its effects on marine ecosystems.
Lontzek TS, Cai Y, Judd KL, Lenton TM (2015). Stochastic integrated assessment of climate tipping points indicates the need for strict climate policy. Nature Climate Change, 5(5), 441-444.
Stochastic integrated assessment of climate tipping points indicates the need for strict climate policy
© 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. Perhaps the most 'dangerous'aspect of future climate change is the possibility that human activities will push parts of the climate system past tipping points, leading to irreversible impacts. The likelihood of such large-scale singular events is expected to increase with global warming, but is fundamentally uncertain. A key question is how should the uncertainty surrounding tipping events affect climate policy? We address this using a stochastic integrated assessment model, based on the widely used deterministic DICE model. The temperature-dependent likelihood of tipping is calibrated using expert opinions, which we find to be internally consistent. The irreversible impacts of tipping events are assumed to accumulate steadily over time (rather than instantaneously), consistent with scientific understanding. Even with conservative assumptions about the rate and impacts of a stochastic tipping event, today's optimal carbon tax is increased by 1/450%. For a plausibly rapid, high-impact tipping event, today's optimal carbon tax is increased by >200%. The additional carbon tax to delay climate tipping grows at only about half the rate of the baseline carbon tax. This implies that the effective discount rate for the costs of stochastic climate tipping is much lower than the discount rate for deterministic climate damages. Our results support recent suggestions that the costs of carbon emission used to inform policy are being underestimated, and that uncertain future climate damages should be discounted at a low rate.
Abstract. Full text.
Lenton TM, Boyle RA, Poulton SW, Shields-Zhou GA, Butterfield NJ (2014). Co-evolution of eukaryotes and ocean oxygenation in the Neoproterozoic era. Nature Geoscience, 7(4), 257-265.
Co-evolution of eukaryotes and ocean oxygenation in the Neoproterozoic era
The Neoproterozoic era (about 1,000 to 542 million years ago) was a time of turbulent environmental change. Large fluctuations in the carbon cycle were associated with at least two severe-possible Snowball Earth-glaciations. There were also massive changes in the redox state of the oceans, culminating in the oxygenation of much of the deep oceans. Amid this environmental change, increasingly complex life forms evolved. The traditional view is that a rise in atmospheric oxygen concentrations led to the oxygenation of the ocean, thus triggering the evolution of animals. We argue instead that the evolution of increasingly complex eukaryotes, including the first animals, could have oxygenated the ocean without requiring an increase in atmospheric oxygen. We propose that large eukaryotic particles sank quickly through the water column and reduced the consumption of oxygen in the surface waters. Combined with the advent of benthic filter feeding, this shifted oxygen demand away from the surface to greater depths and into sediments, allowing oxygen to reach deeper waters. The decline in bottom-water anoxia would hinder the release of phosphorus from sediments, potentially triggering a potent positive feedback: phosphorus removal from the ocean reduced global productivity and ocean-wide oxygen demand, resulting in oxygenation of the deep ocean. That, in turn, would have further reinforced eukaryote evolution, phosphorus removal and ocean oxygenation. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Daines SJ, Clark JR, Lenton TM (2014). Multiple environmental controls on phytoplankton growth strategies determine adaptive responses of the N : P ratio. Ecol Lett, 17(4), 414-425.
Multiple environmental controls on phytoplankton growth strategies determine adaptive responses of the N : P ratio.
The controls on the 'Redfield' N : P stoichiometry of marine phytoplankton and hence the N : P ratio of the deep ocean remain incompletely understood. Here, we use a model for phytoplankton ecophysiology and growth, based on functional traits and resource-allocation trade-offs, to show how environmental filtering, biotic interactions, and element cycling in a global ecosystem model determine phytoplankton biogeography, growth strategies and macromolecular composition. Emergent growth strategies capture major observed patterns in marine biomes. Using a new synthesis of experimental RNA and protein measurements to constrain per-ribosome translation rates, we determine a spatially variable lower limit on adaptive rRNA:protein allocation and hence on the relationship between the largest cellular P and N pools. Comparison with the lowest observed phytoplankton N : P ratios and N : P export fluxes in the Southern Ocean suggests that additional contributions from phospholipid and phosphorus storage compounds play a fundamental role in determining the marine biogeochemical cycling of these elements.
Abstract. Author URL.
Publications by category
Lenton TM, Watson AJ (2011). Revolutions that made the Earth. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Lenton T (In Press). Tipping Positive Change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Full text.
Zhang F, Dahl TW, Lenton TM, Luo G, Shen SZ, Algeo TJ, Planavsky N, Liu J, Cui Y, Qie W, et al (2020). Extensive marine anoxia associated with the Late Devonian Hangenberg Crisis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 533
Extensive marine anoxia associated with the Late Devonian Hangenberg Crisis
© 2019 Elsevier B.V. The global Hangenberg Crisis near the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary (DCB) represents one of the major Phanerozoic mass extinction events, which shaped the roots of modern vertebrate biodiversity. Marine anoxia has been cited as the proximate kill mechanism for this event. However, the detailed timing, duration, and extent of global marine redox chemistry changes across this critical interval remain controversial because most of the studies to date only constrain changes in local or regional redox chemistry. Thus, opinions on the significance of anoxia as a kill mechanism are variable—from anoxia being a primary driver to being relatively unimportant. In this study, we explore the evolution of global marine redox chemistry using U isotopes of marine limestones. The δ238U trends at Long'an section in South China document systematic oscillations with three negative shifts punctuated by two positive events in between. The magnitude of the δ238U oscillations implies that the sediments do not record contemporaneous seawater with a constant offset at all times. The lack of covariation between δ238U data and diagenetic indicators (e.g. Mn and Sr contents, Mn/Sr ratio, δ18O) suggests that the δ238U trends are not produced by the same post-depositional diagenetic processes. Instead, trace-metal enrichments suggest that more reducing conditions prevailed during the deposition of the two positive events. We present plausible model scenarios that fit the observed δ238U trends in the context of redox-sensitive trace metal data suggesting marine anoxia expanded in the latest Devonian oceans to cover >5% of the continental shelf seafloor area. The rapid expansion of marine anoxia coincident with the onset of the Hangenberg Crisis supports marine anoxia as an important kill mechanism. Biogeochemical modeling of the coupled C-P-U cycles suggests that intensified continental weathering, for example, assisted by the spread of seed plants with deeper root systems at this time, could have triggered expansion of marine anoxia and other global changes (e.g. positive excursion in δ13Ccarb and decrease in sea surface temperature) in the latest Devonian. The anoxic event is inferred to have been transient as climatic cooling would have reduced weathering fluxes.
Ritchie P, Smith G, Davis K, Fezzi C, Halleck-Vega S, Harper A, Boulton C, Binner A, Day B, Gallego-Sala A, et al (2020). Shifts in national land use and food production in Great Britain after a climate tipping point. Nature Food, 1, 76-83. Full text.
Steffen W, Richardson K, Rockström J, Schellnhuber HJ, Dube OP, Dutreuil S, Lenton TM, Lubchenco J (2020). The emergence and evolution of Earth System Science. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 1(1), 54-63. Full text.
Boulton CA, Lenton TM (2019). A new method for detecting abrupt shifts in time series. F1000Research, 8, 746-746.
A new method for detecting abrupt shifts in time series
Abrupt shifts in time series are a topic of growing interest in a number of research areas. They can be caused by a range of different underlying dynamics, for example, via a mathematical bifurcation, or potentially as the result of an auto-correlated stochastic process (i.e. ‘red’ noise). Here we present a method that detects abrupt shifts by searching for gradient changes that occur over a short space of time. It can be automated, allowing many time series to be analysed by the user at once, such as from high spatial resolution data. Our method detects abrupt shifts regardless of their origin (which it cannot deduce). We present a comparison with the method of abrupt shift detection from the changepoint R package, which is based on changes in mean over the time series. Our method performs better on data with an underlying trend where comparisons of means may fail.
Williams JJ, Mills BJW, Lenton TM (2019). A tectonically driven Ediacaran oxygenation event. Nat Commun, 10(1).
A tectonically driven Ediacaran oxygenation event.
The diversification of complex animal life during the Cambrian Period (541-485.4 Ma) is thought to have been contingent on an oxygenation event sometime during ~850 to 541 Ma in the Neoproterozoic Era. Whilst abundant geochemical evidence indicates repeated intervals of ocean oxygenation during this time, the timing and magnitude of any changes in atmospheric pO2 remain uncertain. Recent work indicates a large increase in the tectonic CO2 degassing rate between the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic Eras. We use a biogeochemical model to show that this increase in the total carbon and sulphur throughput of the Earth system increased the rate of organic carbon and pyrite sulphur burial and hence atmospheric pO2. Modelled atmospheric pO2 increases by ~50% during the Ediacaran Period (635-541 Ma), reaching ~0.25 of the present atmospheric level (PAL), broadly consistent with the estimated pO2 > 0.1-0.25 PAL requirement of large, mobile and predatory animals during the Cambrian explosion.
Lenton TM, Rockström J, Gaffney O, Rahmstorf S, Richardson K, Steffen W, Schellnhuber HJ (2019). Climate tipping points - too risky to bet against. Nature, 575(7784), 592-595. Author URL. Full text.
Latour B, Lenton TM (2019). Extending the domain of freedom, or why gaia is so hard to understand. Critical Inquiry, 45(3), 659-680. Full text.
Zhang F, Xiao S, Romaniello SJ, Hardisty D, Li C, Melezhik V, Pokrovsky B, Cheng M, Shi W, Lenton TM, et al (2019). Global marine redox changes drove the rise and fall of the Ediacara biota. Geobiology, 17(6), 594-610.
Global marine redox changes drove the rise and fall of the Ediacara biota.
The role of O2 in the evolution of early animals, as represented by some members of the Ediacara biota, has been heavily debated because current geochemical evidence paints a conflicting picture regarding global marine O2 levels during key intervals of the rise and fall of the Ediacara biota. Fossil evidence indicates that the diversification the Ediacara biota occurred during or shortly after the Ediacaran Shuram negative C-isotope Excursion (SE), which is often interpreted to reflect ocean oxygenation. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding ocean oxygen levels during the SE and the middle Ediacaran Period. To help resolve this debate, we examined U isotope variations (δ238 U) in three carbonate sections from South China, Siberia, and USA that record the SE. The δ238 U data from all three sections are in excellent agreement and reveal the largest positive shift in δ238 U ever reported in the geologic record (from ~ -0.74‰ to ~ -0.26‰). Quantitative modeling of these data suggests that the global ocean switched from a largely anoxic state (26%-100% of the seafloor overlain by anoxic waters) to near-modern levels of ocean oxygenation during the SE. This episode of ocean oxygenation is broadly coincident with the rise of the Ediacara biota. Following this initial radiation, the Ediacara biota persisted until the terminal Ediacaran period, when recently published U isotope data indicate a return to more widespread ocean anoxia. Taken together, it appears that global marine redox changes drove the rise and fall of the Ediacara biota.
Ritchie PDL, Harper AB, Smith GS, Kahana R, Kendon EJ, Lewis H, Fezzi C, Halleck-Vega S, Boulton CA, Bateman IJ, et al (2019). Large changes in Great Britain’s vegetation and agricultural land-use predicted under unmitigated climate change. Environmental Research Letters, 14(11), 114012-114012. Full text.
Mills BJW, Krause AJ, Scotese CR, Hill DJ, Shields GA, Lenton TM (2019). Modelling the long-term carbon cycle, atmospheric CO2, and Earth surface temperature from late Neoproterozoic to present day. Gondwana Research, 67, 172-186. Full text.
Carnicer J, Domingo-Marimon C, Ninyerola M, Camarero JJ, Bastos A, López-Parages J, Blanquer L, Rodríguez-Fonseca B, Lenton TM, Dakos V, et al (2019). Regime shifts of Mediterranean forest carbon uptake and reduced resilience driven by multidecadal ocean surface temperatures. Glob Chang Biol, 25(8), 2825-2840.
Regime shifts of Mediterranean forest carbon uptake and reduced resilience driven by multidecadal ocean surface temperatures.
The mechanisms translating global circulation changes into rapid abrupt shifts in forest carbon capture in semi-arid biomes remain poorly understood. Here, we report unprecedented multidecadal shifts in forest carbon uptake in semi-arid Mediterranean pine forests in Spain over 1950-2012. The averaged carbon sink reduction varies between 31% and 37%, and reaches values in the range of 50% in the most affected forest stands. Regime shifts in forest carbon uptake are associated with climatic early warning signals, decreased forest regional synchrony and reduced long-term carbon sink resilience. We identify the mechanisms linked to ocean multidecadal variability that shape regime shifts in carbon capture. First, we show that low-frequency variations of the surface temperature of the Atlantic Ocean induce shifts in the non-stationary effects of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on regional forest carbon capture. Modelling evidence supports that the non-stationary effects of ENSO can be propagated from tropical areas to semi-arid Mediterranean biomes through atmospheric wave trains. Second, decadal changes in the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) significantly alter sea-air heat exchanges, modifying in turn ocean vapour transport over land and land surface temperatures, and promoting sustained drought conditions in spring and summer that reduce forest carbon uptake. Third, we show that lagged effects of AMO on the winter North Atlantic Oscillation also contribute to the maintenance of long-term droughts. Finally, we show that the reported strong, negative effects of ocean surface temperature (AMO) on forest carbon uptake in the last decades are unprecedented over the last 150 years. Our results provide new, unreported explanations for carbon uptake shifts in these drought-prone forests and review the expected impacts of global warming on the profiled mechanisms.
Shields GA, Mills BJW, Zhu M, Raub TD, Daines SJ, Lenton TM (2019). Unique Neoproterozoic carbon isotope excursions sustained by coupled evaporite dissolution and pyrite burial. Nature Geoscience, 12(10), 823-827.
Unique Neoproterozoic carbon isotope excursions sustained by coupled evaporite dissolution and pyrite burial
© 2019, the Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited. The Neoproterozoic era witnessed a succession of biological innovations that culminated in diverse animal body plans and behaviours during the Ediacaran–Cambrian radiations. Intriguingly, this interval is also marked by perturbations to the global carbon cycle, as evidenced by extreme fluctuations in climate and carbon isotopes. The Neoproterozoic isotope record has defied parsimonious explanation because sustained 12C-enrichment (low δ13C) in seawater seems to imply that substantially more oxygen was consumed by organic carbon oxidation than could possibly have been available. We propose a solution to this problem, in which carbon and oxygen cycles can maintain dynamic equilibrium during negative δ13C excursions when surplus oxidant is generated through bacterial reduction of sulfate that originates from evaporite weathering. Coupling of evaporite dissolution with pyrite burial drives a positive feedback loop whereby net oxidation of marine organic carbon can sustain greenhouse forcing of chemical weathering, nutrient input and ocean margin euxinia. Our proposed framework is particularly applicable to the late Ediacaran ‘Shuram’ isotope excursion that directly preceded the emergence of energetic metazoan metabolisms during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition. Here we show that non-steady-state sulfate dynamics contributed to climate change, episodic ocean oxygenation and opportunistic radiations of aerobic life during the Neoproterozoic era.
Bathiany S, Scheffer M, van Nes EH, Williamson MS, Lenton TM (2018). Abrupt Climate Change in an Oscillating World. Sci Rep, 8(1).
Abrupt Climate Change in an Oscillating World.
The notion that small changes can have large consequences in the climate or ecosystems has become popular as the concept of tipping points. Typically, tipping points are thought to arise from a loss of stability of an equilibrium when external conditions are slowly varied. However, this appealingly simple view puts us on the wrong foot for understanding a range of abrupt transitions in the climate or ecosystems because complex environmental systems are never in equilibrium. In particular, they are forced by diurnal variations, the seasons, Milankovitch cycles and internal climate oscillations. Here we show how abrupt and sometimes even irreversible change may be evoked by even small shifts in the amplitude or time scale of such environmental oscillations. By using model simulations and reconciling evidence from previous studies we illustrate how these phenomena can be relevant for ecosystems and elements of the climate system including terrestrial ecosystems, Arctic sea ice and monsoons. Although the systems we address are very different and span a broad range of time scales, the phenomena can be understood in a common framework that can help clarify and unify the interpretation of abrupt shifts in the Earth system.
Nicholson AE, Wilkinson DM, Williams HTP, Lenton TM (2018). Alternative mechanisms for Gaia. J Theor Biol, 457, 249-257.
Alternative mechanisms for Gaia.
A long-standing objection to the Gaia hypothesis has been a perceived lack of plausible mechanisms by which life on Earth could come to regulate its abiotic environment. A null hypothesis is survival by pure chance, by which any appearance of regulation on Earth is illusory and the persistence of life simply reflects the weak anthropic principle - it must have occurred for intelligent observers to ask the question. Recent work has proposed that persistence alone increases the chance that a biosphere will acquire further persistence-enhancing properties. Here we use a simple quantitative model to show that such 'selection by survival alone' can indeed increase the probability that a biosphere will persist in the future, relative to a baseline of pure chance. Adding environmental feedback to this model shows either an increased or decreased survival probability depending on the initial conditions. Feedback can hinder early life becoming established if initial conditions are poor, but feedback can also prevent systems from diverging too far from optimum environmental conditions and thus increase survival rates. The outstanding question remains the relative importance of each mechanism for the historical and continued persistence of life on Earth.
Bathiany S, Dakos V, Scheffer M, Lenton TM (2018). Climate models predict increasing temperature variability in poor countries. Sci Adv, 4(5).
Climate models predict increasing temperature variability in poor countries.
Extreme events such as heat waves are among the most challenging aspects of climate change for societies. We show that climate models consistently project increases in temperature variability in tropical countries over the coming decades, with the Amazon as a particular hotspot of concern. During the season with maximum insolation, temperature variability increases by ~15% per degree of global warming in Amazonia and Southern Africa and by up to 10%°C-1 in the Sahel, India, and Southeast Asia. Mechanisms include drying soils and shifts in atmospheric structure. Outside the tropics, temperature variability is projected to decrease on average because of a reduced meridional temperature gradient and sea-ice loss. The countries that have contributed least to climate change, and are most vulnerable to extreme events, are projected to experience the strongest increase in variability. These changes would therefore amplify the inequality associated with the impacts of a changing climate.
van de Velde S, Mills BJW, Meysman FJR, Lenton TM, Poulton SW (2018). Early Palaeozoic ocean anoxia and global warming driven by the evolution of shallow burrowing. Nat Commun, 9(1).
Early Palaeozoic ocean anoxia and global warming driven by the evolution of shallow burrowing.
The evolution of burrowing animals forms a defining event in the history of the Earth. It has been hypothesised that the expansion of seafloor burrowing during the Palaeozoic altered the biogeochemistry of the oceans and atmosphere. However, whilst potential impacts of bioturbation on the individual phosphorus, oxygen and sulphur cycles have been considered, combined effects have not been investigated, leading to major uncertainty over the timing and magnitude of the Earth system response to the evolution of bioturbation. Here we integrate the evolution of bioturbation into the COPSE model of global biogeochemical cycling, and compare quantitative model predictions to multiple geochemical proxies. Our results suggest that the advent of shallow burrowing in the early Cambrian contributed to a global low-oxygen state, which prevailed for ~100 million years. This impact of bioturbation on global biogeochemistry likely affected animal evolution through expanded ocean anoxia, high atmospheric CO2 levels and global warming.
Nicholson AE, Wilkinson DM, Williams HTP, Lenton TM (2018). Gaian bottlenecks and planetary habitability maintained by evolving. model biospheres: the ExoGaia model. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Gaian bottlenecks and planetary habitability maintained by evolving. model biospheres: the ExoGaia model
The search for habitable exoplanets inspires the question - how do habitable
planets form? Planet habitability models traditionally focus on abiotic
processes and neglect a biotic response to changing conditions on an inhabited
planet. The Gaia hypothesis postulates that life influences the Earth's
feedback mechanisms to form a self-regulating system, and hence that life can
maintain habitable conditions on its host planet. If life has a strong
influence, it will have a role in determining a planet's habitability over
time. We present the ExoGaia model - a model of simple 'planets' host to
evolving microbial biospheres. Microbes interact with their host planet via
consumption and excretion of atmospheric chemicals. Model planets orbit a
'star' which provides incoming radiation, and atmospheric chemicals have either
an albedo, or a heat-trapping property. Planetary temperatures can therefore be
altered by microbes via their metabolisms. We seed multiple model planets with
life while their atmospheres are still forming and find that the microbial
biospheres are, under suitable conditions, generally able to prevent the host
planets from reaching inhospitable temperatures, as would happen on a lifeless
planet. We find that the underlying geochemistry plays a strong role in
determining long-term habitability prospects of a planet. We find five distinct
classes of model planets, including clear examples of 'Gaian bottlenecks' - a
phenomenon whereby life either rapidly goes extinct leaving an inhospitable
planet, or survives indefinitely maintaining planetary habitability. These
results suggest that life might play a crucial role in determining the
long-term habitability of planets.
Harper AB, Powell T, Cox PM, House J, Huntingford C, Lenton TM, Sitch S, Burke E, Chadburn SE, Collins WJ, et al (2018). Land-use emissions play a critical role in land-based mitigation for Paris climate targets. Nat Commun, 9(1).
Land-use emissions play a critical role in land-based mitigation for Paris climate targets.
Scenarios that limit global warming to below 2 °C by 2100 assume significant land-use change to support large-scale carbon dioxide (CO2) removal from the atmosphere by afforestation/reforestation, avoided deforestation, and Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS). The more ambitious mitigation scenarios require even greater land area for mitigation and/or earlier adoption of CO2 removal strategies. Here we show that additional land-use change to meet a 1.5 °C climate change target could result in net losses of carbon from the land. The effectiveness of BECCS strongly depends on several assumptions related to the choice of biomass, the fate of initial above ground biomass, and the fossil-fuel emissions offset in the energy system. Depending on these factors, carbon removed from the atmosphere through BECCS could easily be offset by losses due to land-use change. If BECCS involves replacing high-carbon content ecosystems with crops, then forest-based mitigation could be more efficient for atmospheric CO2 removal than BECCS.
Lu W, Ridgwell A, Thomas E, Hardisty DS, Luo G, Algeo TJ, Saltzman MR, Gill BC, Shen Y, Ling HF, et al (2018). Late inception of a resiliently oxygenated upper ocean. Science, 361(6398), 174-177.
Late inception of a resiliently oxygenated upper ocean
2017 © the Authors. Rising oceanic and atmospheric oxygen levels through time have been crucial to enhanced habitability of surface Earth environments. Few redox proxies can track secular variations in dissolved oxygen concentrations around threshold levels for metazoan survival in the upper ocean. We present an extensive compilation of iodine-to-calcium ratios (I/Ca) in marine carbonates. Our record supports a major rise in the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere at ~400 million years (Ma) ago and reveals a step change in the oxygenation of the upper ocean to relatively sustainable near-modern conditions at ~200 Ma ago. An Earth system model demonstrates that a shift in organic matter remineralization to greater depths, which may have been due to increasing size and biomineralization of eukaryotic plankton, likely drove the I/Ca signals at ~200 Ma ago.
McKay DIA, Lenton TM (2018). Reduced carbon cycle resilience across the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. CLIMATE OF THE PAST, 14(10), 1515-1527. Author URL. Full text.
Lenton TM, Daines SJ, Dyke JG, Nicholson AE, Wilkinson DM, Williams HTP (2018). Selection for Gaia across Multiple Scales. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 33(8), 633-645.
Selection for Gaia across Multiple Scales
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Recently postulated mechanisms and models can help explain the enduring ‘Gaia’ puzzle of environmental regulation mediated by life. Natural selection can produce nutrient recycling at local scales and regulation of heterogeneous environmental variables at ecosystem scales. However, global-scale environmental regulation involves a temporal and spatial decoupling of effects from actors that makes conventional evolutionary explanations problematic. Instead, global regulation can emerge by a process of ‘sequential selection’ in which systems that destabilize their environment are short-lived and result in extinctions and reorganizations until a stable attractor is found. Such persistence-enhancing properties can in turn increase the likelihood of acquiring further persistence-enhancing properties through ‘selection by survival alone’. Thus, Earth system feedbacks provide a filter for persistent combinations of macroevolutionary innovations.
Krause AJ, Mills BJW, Zhang S, Planavsky NJ, Lenton TM, Poulton SW (2018). Stepwise oxygenation of the Paleozoic atmosphere. Nat Commun, 9(1).
Stepwise oxygenation of the Paleozoic atmosphere.
Oxygen is essential for animal life, and while geochemical proxies have been instrumental in determining the broad evolutionary history of oxygen on Earth, much of our insight into Phanerozoic oxygen comes from biogeochemical modelling. The GEOCARBSULF model utilizes carbon and sulphur isotope records to produce the most detailed history of Phanerozoic atmospheric O2 currently available. However, its predictions for the Paleozoic disagree with geochemical proxies, and with non-isotope modelling. Here we show that GEOCARBSULF oversimplifies the geochemistry of sulphur isotope fractionation, returning unrealistic values for the O2 sourced from pyrite burial when oxygen is low. We rebuild the model from first principles, utilizing an improved numerical scheme, the latest carbon isotope data, and we replace the sulphur cycle equations in line with forwards modelling approaches. Our new model, GEOCARBSULFOR, produces a revised, highly-detailed prediction for Phanerozoic O2 that is consistent with available proxy data, and independently supports a Paleozoic Oxygenation Event, which likely contributed to the observed radiation of complex, diverse fauna at this time.
Quinn C, Sieber J, Heydt ASVD, Lenton TM (2018). The Mid-Pleistocene Transition induced by delayed feedback and. bistability. Dynamics and Statistics of the Climate System
The Mid-Pleistocene Transition induced by delayed feedback and. bistability
The Mid-Pleistocene Transition, the shift from 41 kyr to 100 kyr
glacial-interglacial cycles that occurred roughly 1 Myr ago, is often
considered as a change in internal climate dynamics. Here we revisit the model
of Quaternary climate dynamics that was proposed by Saltzman and Maasch (1988).
We show that it is quantitatively similar to a scalar equation for the ice
dynamics only when combining the remaining components into a single delayed
feedback term. The delay is the sum of the internal times scales of ocean
transport and ice sheet dynamics, which is on the order of 10 kyr. We find
that, in the absence of astronomical forcing, the delayed feedback leads to
bistable behaviour, where stable large-amplitude oscillations of ice volume and
an equilibrium coexist over a large range of values for the delay. We then
apply astronomical forcing. We perform a systematic study to show how the
system response depends on the forcing amplitude. We find that over a wide
range of forcing amplitudes the forcing leads to a switch from small-scale
oscillations of 41 kyr to large-amplitude oscillations of roughly 100 kyr
without any change of other parameters. The transition in the forced model
consistently occurs near the time of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition as observed
in data records. This provides evidence that the MPT could have been primarily
a forcing-induced switch between attractors of the internal dynamics. Small
additional random disturbances make the forcing-induced transition near 800 kyr
BP even more robust. We also find that the forced system forgets its initial
history during the small-scale oscillations, in particular, nearby initial
conditions converge prior to transitioning. In contrast to this, in the regime
of large-amplitude oscillations, the oscillation phase is very sensitive to
random perturbations, which has a strong effect on the timing of the
deglaciation events.
Lenton TM, Daines S (2018). The effects of marine eukaryote evolution on phosphorus, carbon and oxygen cycling across the Proterozoic–Phanerozoic transition. Emerging Topics in Life Sciences Full text.
Steffen W, Rockström J, Richardson K, Lenton TM, Folke C, Liverman D, Summerhayes CP, Barnosky AD, Cornell SE, Crucifix M, et al (2018). Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(33), 8252-8259.
Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene
© 2018 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. We explore the risk that self-reinforcing feedbacks could push the Earth System toward a planetary threshold that, if crossed, could prevent stabilization of the climate at intermediate temperature rises and cause continued warming on a “Hothouse Earth” pathway even as human emissions are reduced. Crossing the threshold would lead to a much higher global average temperature than any interglacial in the past 1.2 million years and to sea levels significantly higher than at any time in the Holocene. We examine the evidence that such a threshold might exist and where it might be. If the threshold is crossed, the resulting trajectory would likely cause serious disruptions to ecosystems, society, and economies. Collective human action is required to steer the Earth System away from a potential threshold and stabilize it in a habitable interglacial-like state. Such action entails stewardship of the entire Earth System—biosphere, climate, and societies—and could include decarbonization of the global economy, enhancement of biosphere carbon sinks, behavioral changes, technological innovations, new governance arrangements, and transformed social values.
Clarkson MO, Stirling CH, Jenkyns HC, Dickson AJ, Porcelli D, Moy CM, Von Strandmann PPAE, Cooke IR, Lenton TM (2018). Uranium isotope evidence for two episodes of deoxygenation during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(12), 2918-2923.
Uranium isotope evidence for two episodes of deoxygenation during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2
© 2018 National Academy of Sciences. All Rights Reserved. Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE 2), occurring ∼94 million years ago, was one of the most extreme carbon cycle and climatic perturbations of the Phanerozoic Eon. It was typified by a rapid rise in atmospheric CO2, global warming, and marine anoxia, leading to the widespread devastation of marine ecosystems. However, the precise timing and extent to which oceanic anoxic conditions expanded during OAE 2 remains unresolved. We present a record of global ocean redox changes during OAE 2 using a combined geochemical and carbon cycle modeling approach. We utilize a continuous, high-resolution record of uranium isotopes in pelagic and platform carbonate sediments to quantify the global extent of seafloor anoxia during OAE 2. This dataset is then compared with a dynamic model of the coupled global carbon, phosphorus, and uranium cycles to test hypotheses for OAE 2 initiation. This unique approach highlights an intra-OAE complexity that has previously been underconstrained, characterized by two expansions of anoxia separated by an episode of globally significant reoxygenation coincident with the "Plenus Cold Event." Each anoxic expansion event was likely driven by rapid atmospheric CO2 injections from multiphase Large Igneous Province activity.
Mander L, Dekker SC, Li M, Mio W, Punyasena S, Lenton TM (2017). A morphometric analysis of vegetation patterns in dryland ecosystems. Royal Society Open Science, 4(2).
A morphometric analysis of vegetation patterns in dryland ecosystems
© 2017 the Authors. Vegetation in dryland ecosystems often forms remarkable spatial patterns. These range from regular bands of vegetation alternating with bare ground, to vegetated spots and labyrinths, to regular gaps of bare ground within an otherwise continuous expanse of vegetation. It has been suggested that spotted vegetation patterns could indicate that collapse into a bare ground state is imminent, and the morphology of spatial vegetation patterns, therefore, represents a potentially valuable source of information on the proximity of regime shifts in dryland ecosystems. In this paper, we have developed quantitative methods to characterize the morphology of spatial patterns in dryland vegetation. Our approach is based on algorithmic techniques that have been used to classify pollen grains on the basis of textural patterning, and involves constructing feature vectors to quantify the shapes formed by vegetation patterns. We have analysed images of patterned vegetation produced by a computational model and a small set of satellite images from South Kordofan (South Sudan), which illustrates that our methods are applicable to both simulated and real-world data. Our approach provides a means of quantifying patterns that are frequently described using qualitative terminology, and could be used to classify vegetation patterns in large-scale satellite surveys of dryland ecosystems.
Alexander P, Prestele R, Verburg PH, Arneth A, Baranzelli C, Batista e Silva F, Brown C, Butler A, Calvin K, Dendoncker N, et al (2017). Assessing uncertainties in land cover projections. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, 23(2), 767-781. Author URL.
Daines SJ, Mills BJW, Lenton TM (2017). Atmospheric oxygen regulation at low Proterozoic levels by incomplete oxidative weathering of sedimentary organic carbon. Nature Communications, 8
Atmospheric oxygen regulation at low Proterozoic levels by incomplete oxidative weathering of sedimentary organic carbon
© 2017 the Author(s). It is unclear why atmospheric oxygen remained trapped at low levels for more than 1.5 billion years following the Paleoproterozoic Great Oxidation Event. Here, we use models for erosion, weathering and biogeochemical cycling to show that this can be explained by the tectonic recycling of previously accumulated sedimentary organic carbon, combined with the oxygen sensitivity of oxidative weathering. Our results indicate a strong negative feedback regime when atmospheric oxygen concentration is of order pO 2 â 1/40.1 PAL (present atmospheric level), but that stability is lost at pO 2
Lenton TM, Daines SJ (2017). Biogeochemical Transformations in the History of the Ocean. Annual Review of Marine Science, 9(1), 31-58.
Biogeochemical Transformations in the History of the Ocean
©2017 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved. The ocean has undergone several profound biogeochemical transformations in its 4-billion-year history, and these were an integral part of the coevolution of life and the planet. This review focuses on changes in ocean redox state as controlled by changes in biological activity, nutrient concentrations, and atmospheric O2. Motivated by disparate interpretations of available geochemical data, we aim to show how quantitative modeling--spanning microbial mats, shelf seas, and the open ocean--can help constrain past ocean biogeochemical redox states and show what caused transformations between them. We outline key controls on ocean redox structure and review pertinent proxies and their interpretation. We then apply this quantitative framework to three key questions: How did the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis transform ocean biogeochemistry? How did the Great Oxidation transform ocean biogeochemistry? and how was ocean biogeochemistry transformed in the Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic?
Lenton TM, Daines S, Mills B (2017). COPSE reloaded: an improved model of biogeochemical cycling over Phanerozoic time. Earth-Science Reviews Full text.
Baker SJ, Hesselbo SP, Lenton TM, Duarte LV, Belcher CM (2017). Charcoal evidence that rising atmospheric oxygen terminated Early Jurassic ocean anoxia. Nature Communications Full text.
Williamson MS, collins M, drijfhout S, kahana R, mecking J, lenton TM (2017). Effect of AMOC collapse on ENSO in a high resolution general circulation model. Climate Dynamics Full text.
Mills BJW, Scotese CR, Walding NG, Shields GA, Lenton TM (2017). Elevated CO<inf>2</inf> degassing rates prevented the return of Snowball Earth during the Phanerozoic. Nature Communications, 8(1).
Elevated CO2 degassing rates prevented the return of Snowball Earth during the Phanerozoic
© 2017 the Author(s). The Cryogenian period (~720-635 Ma) is marked by extensive Snowball Earth glaciations. These have previously been linked to CO2 draw-down, but the severe cold climates of the Cryogenian have never been replicated during the Phanerozoic despite similar, and sometimes more dramatic changes to carbon sinks. Here we quantify the total CO2 input rate, both by measuring the global length of subduction zones in plate tectonic reconstructions, and by sea-level inversion. Our results indicate that degassing rates were anomalously low during the Late Neoproterozoic, roughly doubled by the Early Phanerozoic, and remained comparatively high until the Cenozoic. Our carbon cycle modelling identifies the Cryogenian as a unique period during which low surface temperature was more easily achieved, and shows that the shift towards greater CO2 input rates after the Cryogenian helped prevent severe glaciation during the Phanerozoic. Such a shift appears essential for the development of complex animal life.
Lenton TM, Pogge von Strandmann PAE, Desrochers A, Murphy MJ, Finlay AJ, Selby D (2017). Global climate stabilisation by chemical weathering during the Hirnantian glaciation. Geochemical Perspectives Full text.
Lenton TM, Daines SJ (2017). Matworld - the biogeochemical effects of early life on land. New Phytol, 215(2), 531-537.
Matworld - the biogeochemical effects of early life on land.
Contents 531 I. 531 II. 532 III. 534 IV. 535 V. 535 VI. 535 Acknowledgements 536 References 536 SUMMARY: There is growing evidence that life has been on land for billions of years. Microbial mats fuelled by oxygenic photosynthesis were probably present in terrestrial habitats from c. 3.0 billion yr ago (Ga) onwards, creating localized 'oxygen oases' under a reducing atmosphere, which left a characteristic oxidative weathering signal. After the Great Oxidation c. 2.4 Ga, the now oxidizing atmosphere masked that redox signal, but ancient soils record the mobilization of phosphorus and other elements by organic acids in weathering profiles. Evidence for Neoproterozoic 'greening of the land' and intensification of weathering c. 0.85-0.54 Ga is currently equivocal. However, the mid-Palaeozoic c. 0.45-0.4 Ga shows global atmospheric changes consistent with increased terrestrial productivity and intensified weathering by the first land plants.
Nicholson AE, Wilkinson DM, Williams HTP, Lenton TM (2017). Multiple states of environmental regulation in well-mixed model biospheres. J Theor Biol, 414, 17-34.
Multiple states of environmental regulation in well-mixed model biospheres.
The Gaia hypothesis postulates that life influences Earth's feedback mechanisms to form a self regulating system. This provokes the question: how can global self-regulation evolve? Most models demonstrating environmental regulation involving life have relied on alignment between local selection and global regulation. In these models environment-improving individuals or communities spread to outcompete environment degrading individuals/communities, leading to global regulation, but this depends on local differences in environmental conditions. In contrast, well-mixed components of the Earth system, such as the atmosphere, lack local environmental differentiation. These previous models do not explain how global regulation can emerge in a system with no well defined local environment, or where the local environment is overwhelmed by global effects. We present a model of self-regulation by 'microbes' in an environment with no spatial structure. These microbes affect an abiotic 'temperature' as a byproduct of metabolism. We demonstrate that global self-regulation can arise in the absence of spatial structure in a diverse ecosystem without localised environmental effects. We find that systems can exhibit nutrient limitation and two temperature limitation regimes where the temperature is maintained at a near constant value. During temperature regulation, the total temperature change caused by the microbes is kept near constant by the total population expanding or contracting to absorb the impacts of new mutants on the average affect on the temperature per microbe. Dramatic shifts between low temperature regulation and high temperature regulation can occur when a mutant arises that causes the sign of the temperature effect to change. This result implies that self-regulating feedback loops can arise without the need for spatial structure, weakening criticisms of the Gaia hypothesis that state that with just one Earth, global regulation has no mechanism for developing because natural selection requires selection between multiple entities.
Lenton TM, Dakos V, Bathiany S, Scheffer M (2017). Observed trends in the magnitude and persistence of monthly temperature variability. Scientific Reports, 7(1).
Observed trends in the magnitude and persistence of monthly temperature variability
© 2017 the Author(s). Climate variability is critically important for nature and society, especially if it increases in amplitude and/or fluctuations become more persistent. However, the issues of whether climate variability is changing, and if so, whether this is due to anthropogenic forcing, are subjects of ongoing debate. Increases in the amplitude and persistence of temperature fluctuations have been detected in some regions, e.g. the North Pacific, but there is no agreed global signal. Here we systematically scan monthly surface temperature indices and spatial datasets to look for trends in variance and autocorrelation (persistence). We show that monthly temperature variability and autocorrelation increased over 1957-2002 across large parts of the North Pacific, North Atlantic, North America and the Mediterranean. Furthermore, (multi)decadal internal climate variability appears to influence trends in monthly temperature variability and autocorrelation. Historically-forced climate models do not reproduce the observed trends in temperature variance and autocorrelation, consistent with the models poorly capturing (multi)decadal internal climate variability. Based on a review of established spatial correlations and corresponding mechanistic 'teleconnections' we hypothesise that observed slowing down of sea surface temperature variability contributed to observed increases in land temperature variability and autocorrelation, which in turn contributed to persistent droughts in North America and the Mediterranean.
Watson AJ, Lenton TM, Mills BJW (2017). Ocean deoxygenation, the global phosphorus cycle and the possibility of human-caused large-scale ocean anoxia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 375(2102).
Ocean deoxygenation, the global phosphorus cycle and the possibility of human-caused large-scale ocean anoxia
© 2017 the Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved. The major biogeochemical cycles that keep the present-day Earth habitable are linked by a network of feedbacks, which has led to a broadly stable chemical composition of the oceans and atmosphere over hundreds of millions of years. This includes the processes that control both the atmospheric and oceanic concentrations of oxygen. However, one notable exception to the generally well-behaved dynamics of this system is the propensity for episodes of ocean anoxia to occur and to persist for 105-106 years, these ocean anoxic events (OAEs) being particularly associated with warm 'greenhouse' climates. A powerful mechanism responsible for past OAEs was an increase in phosphorus supply to the oceans, leading to higher ocean productivity and oxygen demand in subsurface water. This can be amplified by positive feedbacks on the nutrient content of the ocean, with low oxygen promoting further release of phosphorus from ocean sediments, leading to a potentially self-sustaining condition of deoxygenation. We use a simple model for phosphorus in the ocean to explore this feedback, and to evaluate the potential for humans to bring on global-scale anoxia by enhancing P supply to the oceans. While this is not an immediate global change concern, it is a future possibility on millennial and longer time scales, when considering both phosphate rock mining and increased chemical weathering due to climate change. Ocean deoxygenation, once begun, may be self-sustaining and eventually could result in long-lasting and unpleasant consequences for the Earth's biosphere. This article is part of the themed issue 'Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world'.
Boysen LR, Lucht W, Gerten D, Heck V, Lenton TM, Schellnhuber HJ (2017). The limits to global-warming mitigation by terrestrial carbon removal. Earth's Future, 5(5), 463-474.
The limits to global-warming mitigation by terrestrial carbon removal
© 2017 the Authors. Massive near-term greenhouse gas emissions reduction is a precondition for staying “well below 2°C” global warming as envisaged by the Paris Agreement. Furthermore, extensive terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (tCDR) through managed biomass growth and subsequent carbon capture and storage is required to avoid temperature “overshoot” in most pertinent scenarios. Here, we address two major issues: First, we calculate the extent of tCDR required to “repair” delayed or insufficient emissions reduction policies unable to prevent global mean temperature rise of 2.5°C or even 4.5°C above pre-industrial level. Our results show that those tCDR measures are unable to counteract “business-as-usual” emissions without eliminating virtually all natural ecosystems. Even if considerable (Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 [RCP4.5]) emissions reductions are assumed, tCDR with 50% storage efficiency requires >1.1 Gha of the most productive agricultural areas or the elimination of >50% of natural forests. In addition, >100 MtN/yr fertilizers would be needed to remove the roughly 320 GtC foreseen in these scenarios. Such interventions would severely compromise food production and/or biosphere functioning. Second, we reanalyze the requirements for achieving the 160–190 GtC tCDR that would complement strong mitigation action (RCP2.6) in order to avoid 2°C overshoot anytime. We find that a combination of high irrigation water input and/or more efficient conversion to stored carbon is necessary. In the face of severe trade-offs with society and the biosphere, we conclude that large-scale tCDR is not a viable alternative to aggressive emissions reduction. However, we argue that tCDR might serve as a valuable “supporting actor” for strong mitigation if sustainable schemes are established immediately.
Dale AW, Boyle RA, Lenton TM, Ingall ED, Wallmann K (2016). A model for microbial phosphorus cycling in bioturbated marine sediments: Significance for phosphorus burial in the early Paleozoic. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 189, 251-268.
A model for microbial phosphorus cycling in bioturbated marine sediments: Significance for phosphorus burial in the early Paleozoic
© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. A diagenetic model is used to simulate the diagenesis and burial of particulate organic carbon (Corg) and phosphorus (P) in marine sediments underlying anoxic versus oxic bottom waters. The latter are physically mixed by animals moving through the surface sediment (bioturbation) and ventilated by burrowing, tube-dwelling organisms (bioirrigation). The model is constrained using an empirical database including burial ratios of Corg with respect to organic P (Corg:Porg) and total reactive P (Corg:Preac), burial efficiencies of Corg and Porg, and inorganic carbon-to-phosphorus regeneration ratios. If Porg is preferentially mineralized relative to Corg during aerobic respiration, as many previous studies suggest, then the simulated Porg pool is found to be completely depleted. A modified model that incorporates the redox-dependent microbial synthesis of polyphosphates and Porg (termed the microbial P pump) allows preferential mineralization of the bulk Porg pool relative to Corg during both aerobic and anaerobic respiration and is consistent with the database. Results with this model show that P burial is strongly enhanced in sediments hosting fauna. Animals mix highly labile Porg away from the aerobic sediment layers where mineralization rates are highest, thereby mitigating diffusive PO43- fluxes to the bottom water. They also expand the redox niche where microbial P uptake occurs. The model was applied to a hypothetical shelf setting in the early Paleozoic; a time of the first radiation of benthic fauna. Results show that even shallow bioturbation at that time may have had a significant impact on P burial. Our model provides support for a recent study that proposed that faunal radiation in ocean sediments led to enhanced P burial and, possibly, a stabilization of atmospheric O2 levels. The results also help to explain Corg:Porg ratios in the geological record and the persistence of Porg in ancient marine sediments.
Mills BJW, Belcher CM, Lenton TM, Newton RJ (2016). A modeling case for high atmospheric oxygen concentrations during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Geology, 44(12), 1023-1026.
A modeling case for high atmospheric oxygen concentrations during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic
© 2016 the Authors. Changes in atmospheric oxygen concentration over Earth history are commonly related to the evolution of animals and plants. But there is no direct geochemical proxy for O2 levels, meaning that estimations rely heavily on modeling approaches. The results of such studies differ greatly, to the extent that today's atmospheric mixing ratio of 21% might be either the highest or lowest level during the past 200 m.y. Long term oxygen sources, such as the burial in sediments of reduced carbon and sulfur species, are calculated in models by representation of nutrient cycling and estimation of productivity, or by isotope mass balance (IMB)-a technique in which burial rates are inferred in order to match known isotope records. Studies utilizing these different techniques produce conflicting estimates for paleoatmospheric O2, with nutrient-weathering models estimating concentrations close to, or above, that of the present day, and IMB models estimating low O2, especially during the Mesozoic. Here we reassess the IMB technique using the COPSE biogeochemical model. IMB modelling is confirmed to be highly sensitive to assumed carbonate δ13C, and when this input is defined following recent compilations, predicted O2 is significantly higher and in reasonable agreement with that of non-IMB techniques. We conclude that there is no model-based support for low atmospheric oxygen concentrations during the past 200 m.y. High Mesozoic O2 is consistent with wildfire records and the development of plant fire adaptions, but links between O2 and mammal evolution appear more tenuous.
Mock T, Daines SJ, Geider R, Collins S, Metodiev M, Millar AJ, Moulton V, Lenton TM (2016). Bridging the gap between omics and earth system science to better understand how environmental change impacts marine microbes. Glob Chang Biol, 22(1), 61-75.
Bridging the gap between omics and earth system science to better understand how environmental change impacts marine microbes.
The advent of genomic-, transcriptomic- and proteomic-based approaches has revolutionized our ability to describe marine microbial communities, including biogeography, metabolic potential and diversity, mechanisms of adaptation, and phylogeny and evolutionary history. New interdisciplinary approaches are needed to move from this descriptive level to improved quantitative, process-level understanding of the roles of marine microbes in biogeochemical cycles and of the impact of environmental change on the marine microbial ecosystem. Linking studies at levels from the genome to the organism, to ecological strategies and organism and ecosystem response, requires new modelling approaches. Key to this will be a fundamental shift in modelling scale that represents micro-organisms from the level of their macromolecular components. This will enable contact with omics data sets and allow acclimation and adaptive response at the phenotype level (i.e. traits) to be simulated as a combination of fitness maximization and evolutionary constraints. This way forward will build on ecological approaches that identify key organism traits and systems biology approaches that integrate traditional physiological measurements with new insights from omics. It will rely on developing an improved understanding of ecophysiology to understand quantitatively environmental controls on microbial growth strategies. It will also incorporate results from experimental evolution studies in the representation of adaptation. The resulting ecosystem-level models can then evaluate our level of understanding of controls on ecosystem structure and function, highlight major gaps in understanding and help prioritize areas for future research programs. Ultimately, this grand synthesis should improve predictive capability of the ecosystem response to multiple environmental drivers.
Lenton TM, Dahl TW, Daines SJ, Mills BJW, Ozaki K, Saltzman MR, Porada P (2016). Earliest land plants created modern levels of atmospheric oxygen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(35), 9704-9709.
Earliest land plants created modern levels of atmospheric oxygen
The progressive oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere was pivotal to the evolution of life, but the puzzle of when and how atmospheric oxygen (O2) first approached modern levels (∼21%) remains unresolved. Redox proxy data indicate the deep oceans were oxygenated during 435-392 Ma, and the appearance of fossil charcoal indicates O2>15-17% by 420-400 Ma. However, existing models have failed to predict oxygenation at this time. Here we show that the earliest plants, which colonized the land surface from ∼470 Ma onward, were responsible for this mid-Paleozoic oxygenation event, through greatly increasing global organic carbon burial- the net long-term source of O2.We use a trait-based ecophysiological model to predict that cryptogamic vegetation cover could have achieved ∼30% of today's global terrestrial net primary productivity by ∼445 Ma. Data from modern bryophytes suggests this plentiful early plant material had a much higher molar C:P ratio (∼2,000) than marine biomass (∼100), such that a given weathering flux of phosphorus could support more organic carbon burial. Furthermore, recent experiments suggest that early plants selectively increased the flux of phosphorus (relative to alkalinity) weathered from rocks. Combining these effects in a model of long-term biogeochemical cycling, we reproduce a sustained +2% increase in the carbonate carbon isotope (δ13C) record by ∼445 Ma, and predict a corresponding rise in O2to present levels by 420-400 Ma, consistent with geochemical data. This oxygen rise represents a permanent shift in regulatory regime to one where fire-mediated negative feedbacks stabilize high O2levels.
Williamson MS, Bathiany S, M Lenton T (2016). Early warning signals of tipping points in periodically forced systems. Earth System Dynamics, 7(2), 313-326.
Early warning signals of tipping points in periodically forced systems
© Author(s) 2016. The prospect of finding generic early warning signals of an approaching tipping point in a complex system has generated much interest recently. Existing methods are predicated on a separation of timescales between the system studied and its forcing. However, many systems, including several candidate tipping elements in the climate system, are forced periodically at a timescale comparable to their internal dynamics. Here we use alternative early warning signals of tipping points due to local bifurcations in systems subjected to periodic forcing whose timescale is similar to the period of the forcing. These systems are not in, or close to, a fixed point. Instead their steady state is described by a periodic attractor. For these systems, phase lag and amplification of the system response can provide early warning signals, based on a linear dynamics approximation. Furthermore, the Fourier spectrum of the system's time series reveals harmonics of the forcing period in the system response whose amplitude is related to how nonlinear the system's response is becoming with nonlinear effects becoming more prominent closer to a bifurcation. We apply these indicators as well as a return map analysis to a simple conceptual system and satellite observations of Arctic sea ice area, the latter conjectured to have a bifurcation type tipping point. We find no detectable signal of the Arctic sea ice approaching a local bifurcation.
Porada P, Lenton TM, Pohl A, Weber B, Mander L, Donnadieu Y, Beer C, Pöschl U, Kleidon A (2016). High potential for weathering and climate effects of non-vascular vegetation in the Late Ordovician. Nature Communications, 7
High potential for weathering and climate effects of non-vascular vegetation in the Late Ordovician
© 2016 the Author(s). It has been hypothesized that predecessors of today's bryophytes significantly increased global chemical weathering in the Late Ordovician, thus reducing atmospheric CO 2 concentration and contributing to climate cooling and an interval of glaciations. Studies that try to quantify the enhancement of weathering by non-vascular vegetation, however, are usually limited to small areas and low numbers of species, which hampers extrapolating to the global scale and to past climatic conditions. Here we present a spatially explicit modelling approach to simulate global weathering by non-vascular vegetation in the Late Ordovician. We estimate a potential global weathering flux of 2.8 (km 3 rock) yr'1, defined here as volume of primary minerals affected by chemical transformation. This is around three times larger than today's global chemical weathering flux. Moreover, we find that simulated weathering is highly sensitive to atmospheric CO 2 concentration. This implies a strong negative feedback between weathering by non-vascular vegetation and Ordovician climate.
Clark JR, Cole M, Lindeque PK, Fileman E, Blackford J, Lewis C, Lenton TM, Galloway TS (2016). Marine microplastic debris: a targeted plan for understanding and quantifying interactions with marine life. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 14, 317-324. Full text.
Lenton TM, Pichler PP, Weisz H (2016). Revolutions in energy input and material cycling in Earth history and human history. Earth System Dynamics, 7(2), 353-370.
Revolutions in energy input and material cycling in Earth history and human history
© Author(s) 2016. Major revolutions in energy capture have occurred in both Earth and human history, with each transition resulting in higher energy input, altered material cycles and major consequences for the internal organization of the respective systems. In Earth history, we identify the origin of anoxygenic photosynthesis, the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis, and land colonization by eukaryotic photosynthesizers as step changes in free energy input to the biosphere. In human history we focus on the Palaeolithic use of fire, the Neolithic revolution to farming, and the Industrial revolution as step changes in free energy input to human societies. In each case we try to quantify the resulting increase in energy input, and discuss the consequences for material cycling and for biological and social organization. For most of human history, energy use by humans was but a tiny fraction of the overall energy input to the biosphere, as would be expected for any heterotrophic species. However, the industrial revolution gave humans the capacity to push energy inputs towards planetary scales and by the end of the 20th century human energy use had reached a magnitude comparable to the biosphere. By distinguishing world regions and income brackets we show the unequal distribution in energy and material use among contemporary humans. Looking ahead, a prospective sustainability revolution will require scaling up new renewable and decarbonized energy technologies and the development of much more efficient material recycling systems – thus creating a more autotrophic social metabolism. Such a transition must also anticipate a level of social organization that can implement the changes in energy input and material cycling without losing the large achievements in standard of living and individual liberation associated with industrial societies.
Lenton TM, Pichler PP, Weisz H (2016). Revolutions in energy input and material cycling in Earth history and human history. Earth System Dynamics Discussions, 1-30. Full text.
Cai Y, Lenton TM, Lontzek TS (2016). Risk of multiple interacting tipping points should encourage rapid CO2 emission reduction. Nature Climate Change Full text.
Bathiany S, Van Der Bolt B, Williamson MS, Lenton TM, Scheffer M, Van Nes EH, Notz D (2016). Statistical indicators of Arctic sea-ice stability-prospects and limitations. Cryosphere, 10(4), 1631-1645.
Statistical indicators of Arctic sea-ice stability-prospects and limitations
We examine the relationship between the mean and the variability of Arctic sea-ice coverage and volume in a large range of climates from globally ice-covered to globally ice-free conditions. Using a hierarchy of two column models and several comprehensive Earth system models, we consolidate the results of earlier studies and show that mechanisms found in simple models also dominate the interannual variability of Arctic sea ice in complex models. In contrast to predictions based on very idealised dynamical systems, we find a consistent and robust decrease of variance and autocorrelation of sea-ice volume before summer sea ice is lost. We attribute this to the fact that thinner ice can adjust more quickly to perturbations. Thereafter, the autocorrelation increases, mainly because it becomes dominated by the ocean water's large heat capacity when the ice-free season becomes longer. We show that these changes are robust to the nature and origin of climate variability in the models and do not depend on whether Arctic sea-ice loss occurs abruptly or irreversibly. We also show that our climate is changing too rapidly to detect reliable changes in autocorrelation of annual time series. Based on these results, the prospects of detecting statistical early warning signals before an abrupt sea-ice loss at a "tipping point" seem very limited. However, the robust relation between state and variability can be useful to build simple stochastic climate models and to make inferences about past and future sea-ice variability from only short observations or reconstructions.
Daines SJ, Lenton TM (2016). The effect of widespread early aerobic marine ecosystems on methane cycling and the Great Oxidation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 434, 42-51.
The effect of widespread early aerobic marine ecosystems on methane cycling and the Great Oxidation
© 2015 the Authors. The balance of evidence suggests that oxygenic photosynthesis had evolved by 3.0-2.7 Ga, several hundred million years prior to the Great Oxidation ≈2.4 Ga. Previous work has shown that if oxygenic photosynthesis spread globally prior to the Great Oxidation, this could have supported widespread aerobic ecosystems in the surface ocean, without oxidising the atmosphere. Here we use a suite of models to explore the implications for carbon cycling and the Great Oxidation. We find that recycling of oxygen and carbon within early aerobic marine ecosystems would have restricted the balanced fluxes of methane and oxygen escaping from the ocean, lowering the atmospheric concentration of methane in the Great Oxidation transition and its aftermath. This in turn would have minimised any bi-stability of atmospheric oxygen, by weakening a stabilising feedback on oxygen from hydrogen escape to space. The result would have been a more reversible and probably episodic rise of oxygen at the Great Oxidation transition, consistent with existing geochemical evidence. The resulting drop in methane levels to ≈10 ppm is consistent with climate cooling at the time but adds to the puzzle of what kept the rest of the Proterozoic warm. A key test of the scenario of abundant methanotrophy in oxygen oases before the Great Oxidation is its predicted effects on the organic carbon isotope (δ13Corg) record. Our open ocean general circulation model predicts δCorg13≈-30 to -45‰ consistent with most data from 2.65 to 2.45 Ga. However, values of δCorg13≈-50‰ require an extreme scenario such as concentrated methanotroph production where shelf-slope upwelling of methane-rich water met oxic shelf water.
Bathiany S, Bolt BVD, Williamson MS, Lenton TM, Scheffer M, Nes EV, Notz D (2016). Trends in sea-ice variability on the way to an ice-free Arctic. The Cryosphere
Trends in sea-ice variability on the way to an ice-free Arctic
It has been widely debated whether Arctic sea-ice loss can reach a tipping
point beyond which a large sea-ice area disappears abruptly. The theory of
dynamical systems predicts a slowing down when a system destabilises towards a
tipping point. In simple stochastic systems this can result in increasing
variance and autocorrelation, potentially yielding an early warning of an
abrupt change. Here we aim to establish whether the loss of Arctic sea ice
would follow these conceptual predictions, and which trends in sea ice
variability can be expected from pre-industrial conditions toward an Arctic
that is ice-free during the whole year. To this end, we apply a model hierarchy
consisting of two box models and one comprehensive Earth system model. We find
a consistent and robust decrease of the ice volume's annual relaxation time
before summer ice is lost because thinner ice can adjust more quickly to
perturbations. Thereafter, the relaxation time increases, mainly because the
system becomes dominated by the ocean water's large heat capacity when the
ice-free season becomes longer. Both trends carry over to the autocorrelation
of sea ice thickness in time series. These changes are robust to the nature and
origin of climate variability in the models and hardly depend on the balance of
feedbacks. Therefore, characteristic trends can be expected in the future. As
these trends are not specific to the existence of abrupt ice loss, the
prospects for early warnings seem very limited. This result also has
implications for statistical indicators in other systems whose effective mass
changes over time, affecting the trend of their relaxation time. However, the
robust relation between state and variability would allow an estimate of
sea-ice variability from only short observations. This could help one to
estimate the likelihood and persistence of extreme events in the future.
Lomax G, Lenton TM, Adeosun A, Workman M (2015). COMMENTARY: Investing in negative emissions. NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE, 5(6), 498-500. Author URL.
Sillmann J, Lenton TM, Levermann A, Ott K, Hulme M, Benduhn F, Horton JB (2015). COMMENTARY: No emergency argument for climate engineering. NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE, 5(4), 290-292. Author URL.
Van Nes EH, Scheffer M, Brovkin V, Lenton TM, Ye H, Deyle E, Sugihara G (2015). Causal feedbacks in climate change. Nature Climate Change, 5(5), 445-448.
Causal feedbacks in climate change
© 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. The statistical association between temperature and greenhouse gases over glacial cycles is well documented, but causality behind this correlation remains difficult to extract directly from the data. A time lag of CO 2 behind Antarctic temperature - originally thought to hint at a driving role for temperature - is absent at the last deglaciation, but recently confirmed at the last ice age inception and the end of the earlier termination II (ref.). We show that such variable time lags are typical for complex nonlinear systems such as the climate, prohibiting straightforward use of correlation lags to infer causation. However, an insight from dynamical systems theory now allows us to circumvent the classical challenges of unravelling causation from multivariate time series. We build on this insight to demonstrate directly from ice-core data that, over glacial-interglacial timescales, climate dynamics are largely driven by internal Earth system mechanisms, including a marked positive feedback effect from temperature variability on greenhouse-gas concentrations.
Sillmann J, Lenton TM, Levermann A, Ott K, Hulme M, Benduhn F, Horton JB (2015). Climate emergencies do not justify engineering the climate. Nature Climate Change, 5(4), 290-292.
Climate emergencies do not justify engineering the climate
© 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. Current climate engineering proposals do not come close to addressing the complex and contested nature of conceivable 'climate emergencies' resulting from unabated greenhouse-gas emissions.
Williamson MS, Lenton TM (2015). Detection of bifurcations in noisy coupled systems from multiple time series. Chaos, 25(3).
Detection of bifurcations in noisy coupled systems from multiple time series
© 2015 AIP Publishing LLC. We generalize a method of detecting an approaching bifurcation in a time series of a noisy system from the special case of one dynamical variable to multiple dynamical variables. For a system described by a stochastic differential equation consisting of an autonomous deterministic part with one dynamical variable and an additive white noise term, small perturbations away from the system's fixed point will decay slower the closer the system is to a bifurcation. This phenomenon is known as critical slowing down and all such systems exhibit this decay-type behaviour. However, when the deterministic part has multiple coupled dynamical variables, the possible dynamics can be much richer, exhibiting oscillatory and chaotic behaviour. In our generalization to the multi-variable case, we find additional indicators to decay rate, such as frequency of oscillation. In the case of approaching a homoclinic bifurcation, there is no change in decay rate but there is a decrease in frequency of oscillations. The expanded method therefore adds extra tools to help detect and classify approaching bifurcations given multiple time series, where the underlying dynamics are not fully known. Our generalisation also allows bifurcation detection to be applied spatially if one treats each spatial location as a new dynamical variable. One may then determine the unstable spatial mode(s). This is also something that has not been possible with the single variable method. The method is applicable to any set of time series regardless of its origin, but may be particularly useful when anticipating abrupt changes in the multi-dimensional climate system.
Thomas ZA, Kwasniok F, Boulton CA, Cox PM, Jones RT, Lenton TM, Turney CSM (2015). Early warnings and missed alarms for abrupt monsoon transitions. Climate of the Past, 11(12), 1621-1633.
Early warnings and missed alarms for abrupt monsoon transitions
© Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Palaeo-records from China demonstrate that the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) is dominated by abrupt and large magnitude monsoon shifts on millennial timescales, switching between periods of high and weak monsoon rains. It has been hypothesized that over these timescales, the EASM exhibits two stable states with bifurcation-Type tipping points between them. Here we test this hypothesis by looking for early warning signals of past bifurcations in speleothem δ18O records from Sanbao Cave and Hulu Cave, China, spanning the penultimate glacial cycle. We find that although there are increases in both autocorrelation and variance preceding some of the monsoon transitions during this period, it is only immediately prior to the abrupt monsoon shift at the penultimate deglaciation (Termination II) that statistically significant increases are detected. To supplement our data analysis, we produce and analyse multiple model simulations that we derive from these data. We find hysteresis behaviour in our model simulations with transitions directly forced by solar insolation. However, signals of critical slowing down, which occur on the approach to a bifurcation, are only detectable in the model simulations when the change in system stability is sufficiently slow to be detected by the sampling resolution of the data set. This raises the possibility that the early warning "alarms" were missed in the speleothem data over the period 224-150 kyr and it was only at the monsoon termination that the change in the system stability was sufficiently slow to detect early warning signals.
Cai Y, Judd KL, Lenton TM, Lontzek TS, Narita D (2015). Environmental tipping points significantly affect the cost-benefit assessment of climate policies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 112(15), 4606-4611.
Environmental tipping points significantly affect the cost-benefit assessment of climate policies.
Most current cost-benefit analyses of climate change policies suggest an optimal global climate policy that is significantly less stringent than the level required to meet the internationally agreed 2 °C target. This is partly because the sum of estimated economic damage of climate change across various sectors, such as energy use and changes in agricultural production, results in only a small economic loss or even a small economic gain in the gross world product under predicted levels of climate change. However, those cost-benefit analyses rarely take account of environmental tipping points leading to abrupt and irreversible impacts on market and nonmarket goods and services, including those provided by the climate and by ecosystems. Here we show that including environmental tipping point impacts in a stochastic dynamic integrated assessment model profoundly alters cost-benefit assessment of global climate policy. The risk of a tipping point, even if it only has nonmarket impacts, could substantially increase the present optimal carbon tax. For example, a risk of only 5% loss in nonmarket goods that occurs with a 5% annual probability at 4 °C increase of the global surface temperature causes an immediate two-thirds increase in optimal carbon tax. If the tipping point also has a 5% impact on market goods, the optimal carbon tax increases by more than a factor of 3. Hence existing cost-benefit assessments of global climate policy may be significantly underestimating the needs for controlling climate change.
Lomax G, Lenton TM, Adeosun A, Workman M (2015). Investing in negative emissions. Nature Climate Change, 5(6), 498-500.
Lewis KH, Lenton TM (2015). Knowledge problems in climate change and security research. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 6(4), 383-399.
Knowledge problems in climate change and security research
© 2015 John Wiley. &. Sons, Ltd. The demand for policy-relevant information on climate change has never been higher, but there remains a gap between the type of information climate projections provide and an understanding of the consequences for human well-being. This review explores the knowledge available to support assessments of climate change and security for a wide range of policy stakeholders. Both the climate science and social science communities undertake valuable research toward understanding climate change and the interaction of environment and security, but address different aspects of the problem. Differences in the types of knowledge produced include analytical methods, language, and scale issues. This makes research conclusions difficult to reconcile and provides a barrier to knowledge sharing. It is largely left to policy and security analysts to bring these two very different types of information together in accessible, policy-relevant assessments. Often this is done by considering the potential implications of existing climate change projections, with little or no input from social scientists on the complexities of the relationship between environment and security. An alternative approach to climate change and security assessments is to consider the problem from a systems perspective. This approach has the potential to offer new insight across disciplines and improve the utility of research outcomes to inform action on climate change and security.
Lewis KH, Lenton TM (2015). Knowledge problems in climate change and security research. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change
The demand for policy-relevant information on climate change has never been higher, but there remains a gap between the type of information climate projections provide and an understanding of the consequences for human well-being. This review explores the knowledge available to support assessments of climate change and security for a wide range of policy stakeholders. Both the climate science and social science communities undertake valuable research toward understanding climate change and the interaction of environment and security, but address different aspects of the problem. Differences in the types of knowledge produced include analytical methods, language, and scale issues. This makes research conclusions difficult to reconcile and provides a barrier to knowledge sharing. It is largely left to policy and security analysts to bring these two very different types of information together in accessible, policy-relevant assessments. Often this is done by considering the potential implications of existing climate change projections, with little or no input from social scientists on the complexities of the relationship between environment and security. An alternative approach to climate change and security assessments is to consider the problem from a systems perspective. This approach has the potential to offer new insight across disciplines and improve the utility of research outcomes to inform action on climate change and security.
Lomax G, Workman M, Lenton T, Shah N (2015). Reframing the policy approach to greenhouse gas removal technologies. ENERGY POLICY, 78, 125-136. Author URL.
Colbourn G, Ridgwell A, Lenton TM (2015). The time scale of the silicate weathering negative feedback on atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf>. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 29(5), 583-596.
The time scale of the silicate weathering negative feedback on atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf>
©2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. The ultimate fate of CO < inf > 2 < /inf >. added to the ocean-atmosphere system is chemical reaction with silicate minerals and burial as marine carbonates. The time scale of this silicate weathering negative feedback on atmospheric pCO < inf > 2 < /inf >. will determine the duration of perturbations to the carbon cycle, be they geological release events or the current anthropogenic perturbation. However, there has been little previous work on quantifying the time scale of the silicate weathering feedback, with the primary estimate of 300-400 kyr being traceable to an early box model study by Sundquist (1991). Here we employ a representation of terrestrial rock weathering in conjunction with the "GENIE" (Grid ENabled Integrated Earth system) model to elucidate the different time scales of atmospheric CO < inf > 2 < /inf >. regulation while including the main climate feedbacks on CO < inf > 2 < /inf >. uptake by the ocean. In this coupled model, the main dependencies of weathering - runoff, temperature, and biological productivity - were driven from an energy-moisture balance atmosphere model and parameterized plant productivity. Long-term projections (1 Myr) were conducted for idealized scenarios of 1000 and 5000 PgC fossil fuel emissions and their sensitivity to different model parameters was tested. By fitting model output to a series of exponentials we determined the e-folding time scale for atmospheric CO < inf > 2 < /inf >. drawdown by silicate weathering to be ∼240 kyr (range 170-380 kyr), significantly less than existing quantifications. Although the time scales for reequilibration of global surface temperature and surface ocean pH are similar to that for CO < inf > 2 < /inf > , a much greater proportion of the peak temperature anomaly persists on this longest time scale; ∼21% compared to ∼10% for CO < inf > 2 < /inf >.
Colbourn G, Ridgwell A, Lenton TM (2015). The time scale of the silicate weathering negative feedback on atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf>. Global Biogeochemical Cycles
©2015. American Geophysical Union. The ultimate fate of CO < inf > 2 < /inf >. added to the ocean-atmosphere system is chemical reaction with silicate minerals and burial as marine carbonates. The time scale of this silicate weathering negative feedback on atmospheric pCO < inf > 2 < /inf >. will determine the duration of perturbations to the carbon cycle, be they geological release events or the current anthropogenic perturbation. However, there has been little previous work on quantifying the time scale of the silicate weathering feedback, with the primary estimate of 300-400 kyr being traceable to an early box model study by Sundquist (1991). Here we employ a representation of terrestrial rock weathering in conjunction with the "GENIE" (Grid ENabled Integrated Earth system) model to elucidate the different time scales of atmospheric CO < inf > 2 < /inf >. regulation while including the main climate feedbacks on CO < inf > 2 < /inf >. uptake by the ocean. In this coupled model, the main dependencies of weathering-runoff, temperature, and biological productivity-were driven from an energy-moisture balance atmosphere model and parameterized plant productivity. Long-term projections (1Myr) were conducted for idealized scenarios of 1000 and 5000PgC fossil fuel emissions and their sensitivity to different model parameters was tested. By fitting model output to a series of exponentials we determined the e-folding time scale for atmospheric CO < inf > 2 < /inf >. drawdown by silicate weathering to be ∼240kyr (range 170-380kyr), significantly less than existing quantifications. Although the time scales for reequilibration of global surface temperature and surface ocean pH are similar to that for CO < inf > 2 < /inf > , a much greater proportion of the peak temperature anomaly persists on this longest time scale; ∼21% compared to ∼10% for CO < inf > 2 < /inf >.
Lenton T (2014). A Rough Ride to the Future: the Next Evolution of Gaia. NATURE, 508(7494), 41-42. Author URL.
Barrett S, Lenton TM, Millner A, Tavoni A, Carpenter S, Anderies JM, III CFS, Crepin A-S, Daily G, Ehrlich P, et al (2014). COMMENTARY: Climate engineering reconsidered. NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE, 4(7), 527-529. Author URL.
Mills B, Daines SJ, Lenton TM (2014). Changing tectonic controls on the long-term carbon cycle from Mesozoic to present. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
Changing tectonic controls on the long-term carbon cycle from Mesozoic to present
Tectonic drivers of degassing and weathering processes are key long-term controls on atmospheric CO2. However, there is considerable debate over the changing relative importance of different carbon sources and sinks. Existing geochemical models have tended to rely on indirect methods to derive tectonic drivers, such as inversion of the seawater 87Sr/86Sr curve to estimate uplift or continental basalt area. Here we use improving geologic data to update the representation of tectonic drivers in the COPSE biogeochemical model. The resulting model distinguishes CO2 sinks from terrestrial granite weathering, total basalt weathering, and seafloor alteration. It also distinguishes CO2 sources from subduction zone metamorphism and from igneous intrusions. We reconstruct terrestrial basaltic area from data on the extent of large igneous provinces and use their volume to estimate their contribution to degassing. We adopt a recently published reconstruction of subduction-related degassing, and relate seafloor weathering to ocean crust creation rate. Revised degassing alone tends to produce unrealistically high CO2, but this is counteracted by the inclusion of seafloor alteration and global basalt weathering, producing a good overall fit to Mesozoic-Cenozoic proxy CO2 estimates and a good fit to 87Sr/86Sr data. The model predicts that seafloor alteration and terrestrial weathering made similar contributions to CO2 removal through the Triassic and Jurassic, after which terrestrial weathering increased and seafloor weathering declined. We predict that basalts made a greater contribution to silicate weathering than granites through the Mesozoic, before the contribution of basalt weathering declined over the Cenozoic due to decreasing global basaltic area.
Mills B, Daines SJ, Lenton TM (2014). Changing tectonic controls on the long-term carbon cycle from Mesozoic to present. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15(12), 4866-4884.
© 2014. The Authors. Tectonic drivers of degassing and weathering processes are key long-term controls on atmospheric CO2. However, there is considerable debate over the changing relative importance of different carbon sources and sinks. Existing geochemical models have tended to rely on indirect methods to derive tectonic drivers, such as inversion of the seawater 87Sr/86Sr curve to estimate uplift or continental basalt area. Here we use improving geologic data to update the representation of tectonic drivers in the COPSE biogeochemical model. The resulting model distinguishes CO2 sinks from terrestrial granite weathering, total basalt weathering, and seafloor alteration. It also distinguishes CO2 sources from subduction zone metamorphism and from igneous intrusions. We reconstruct terrestrial basaltic area from data on the extent of large igneous provinces and use their volume to estimate their contribution to degassing. We adopt a recently published reconstruction of subduction-related degassing, and relate seafloor weathering to ocean crust creation rate. Revised degassing alone tends to produce unrealistically high CO2, but this is counteracted by the inclusion of seafloor alteration and global basalt weathering, producing a good overall fit to Mesozoic-Cenozoic proxy CO2 estimates and a good fit to 87Sr/86Sr data. The model predicts that seafloor alteration and terrestrial weathering made similar contributions to CO2 removal through the Triassic and Jurassic, after which terrestrial weathering increased and seafloor weathering declined. We predict that basalts made a greater contribution to silicate weathering than granites through the Mesozoic, before the contribution of basalt weathering declined over the Cenozoic due to decreasing global basaltic area.
Barrett S, Lenton TM, Millner A, Tavoni A, Carpenter S, Anderies JM, Chapin FS, Crépin AS, Daily G, Ehrlich P, et al (2014). Climate engineering reconsidered. Nature Climate Change, 4(7), 527-529.
Boulton CA, Allison LC, Lenton TM (2014). Early warning signals of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation collapse in a fully coupled climate model. Nat Commun, 5
Early warning signals of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation collapse in a fully coupled climate model.
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) exhibits two stable states in models of varying complexity. Shifts between alternative AMOC states are thought to have played a role in past abrupt climate changes, but the proximity of the climate system to a threshold for future AMOC collapse is unknown. Generic early warning signals of critical slowing down before AMOC collapse have been found in climate models of low and intermediate complexity. Here we show that early warning signals of AMOC collapse are present in a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model, subject to a freshwater hosing experiment. The statistical significance of signals of increasing lag-1 autocorrelation and variance vary with latitude. They give up to 250 years warning before AMOC collapse, after ~550 years of monitoring. Future work is needed to clarify suggested dynamical mechanisms driving critical slowing down as the AMOC collapse is approached.
Lenton TM (2014). Game theory: Tipping climate cooperation. Nature Climate Change, 4(1), 14-15.
Daines SJ, Clark JR, Lenton TM (2014). Multiple environmental controls on phytoplankton growth strategies determine adaptive responses of the N:P ratio. Ecology Letters, 17(4), 414-425.
Multiple environmental controls on phytoplankton growth strategies determine adaptive responses of the N:P ratio
The controls on the 'Redfield' N : P stoichiometry of marine phytoplankton and hence the N : P ratio of the deep ocean remain incompletely understood. Here, we use a model for phytoplankton ecophysiology and growth, based on functional traits and resource-allocation trade-offs, to show how environmental filtering, biotic interactions, and element cycling in a global ecosystem model determine phytoplankton biogeography, growth strategies and macromolecular composition. Emergent growth strategies capture major observed patterns in marine biomes. Using a new synthesis of experimental RNA and protein measurements to constrain per-ribosome translation rates, we determine a spatially variable lower limit on adaptive rRNA:protein allocation and hence on the relationship between the largest cellular P and N pools. Comparison with the lowest observed phytoplankton N : P ratios and N : P export fluxes in the Southern Ocean suggests that additional contributions from phospholipid and phosphorus storage compounds play a fundamental role in determining the marine biogeochemical cycling of these elements. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd/CNRS.
Mills B, Lenton TM, Watson AJ (2014). Proterozoic oxygen rise linked to shifting balance between seafloor and terrestrial weathering. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 111(25), 9073-9078.
Proterozoic oxygen rise linked to shifting balance between seafloor and terrestrial weathering.
A shift toward higher atmospheric oxygen concentration during the late Proterozoic has been inferred from multiple indirect proxies and is seen by many as a prerequisite for the emergence of complex animal life. However, the mechanisms controlling the level of oxygen throughout the Proterozoic and its eventual rise remain uncertain. Here we use a simple biogeochemical model to show that the balance between long-term carbon removal fluxes via terrestrial silicate weathering and ocean crust alteration plays a key role in determining atmospheric oxygen concentration. This balance may be shifted by changes in terrestrial weatherability or in the generation rate of oceanic crust. As a result, the terrestrial chemical weathering flux may be permanently altered--contrasting with the conventional view that the global silicate weathering flux must adjust to equal the volcanic CO2 degassing flux. Changes in chemical weathering flux in turn alter the long-term supply of phosphorus to the ocean, and therefore the flux of organic carbon burial, which is the long-term source of atmospheric oxygen. Hence we propose that increasing solar luminosity and a decrease in seafloor spreading rate over 1,500-500 Ma drove a gradual shift from seafloor weathering to terrestrial weathering, and a corresponding steady rise in atmospheric oxygen. Furthermore, increased terrestrial weatherability during the late Neoproterozoic may explain low temperature, increases in ocean phosphate, ocean sulfate, and atmospheric oxygen concentration at this time.
Boucher O, Forster PM, Gruber N, Ha-Duong M, Lawrence MG, Lenton TM, Maas A, Vaughan NE (2014). Rethinking climate engineering categorization in the context of climate change mitigation and adaptation. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 5(1), 23-35.
Rethinking climate engineering categorization in the context of climate change mitigation and adaptation
The portfolio of approaches to respond to the challenges posed by anthropogenic climate change has broadened beyond mitigation and adaptation with the recent discussion of potential climate engineering options. How to define and categorize climate engineering options has been a recurring issue in both public and specialist discussions. We assert here that current definitions of mitigation, adaptation, and climate engineering are ambiguous, overlap with each other and thus contribute to confusing the discourse on how to tackle anthropogenic climate change. We propose a new and more inclusive categorization into five different classes: anthropogenic emissions reductions (AER), territorial or domestic removal of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases (D-GGR), trans-territorial removal of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases (T-GGR), regional to planetary targeted climate modification (TCM), and climate change adaptation measures (including local targeted climate and environmental modification, abbreviated CCAM). Thus, we suggest that techniques for domestic greenhouse gas removal might better be thought of as forming a separate category alongside more traditional mitigation techniques that consist of emissions reductions. Local targeted climate modification can be seen as an adaptation measure as long as there are no detectable remote environmental effects. In both cases, the scale and intensity of action are essential attributes from the technological, climatic, and political viewpoints. While some of the boundaries in this revised classification depend on policy and judgement, it offers a foundation for debating on how to define and categorize climate engineering options and differentiate them from both mitigation and adaptation measures to climate change. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dearing JA, Wang R, Zhang K, Dyke JG, Haberl H, Hossain MS, Langdon PG, Lenton TM, Raworth K, Brown S, et al (2014). Safe and just operating spaces for regional social-ecological systems. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS, 28, 227-238. Author URL.
Boyle RA, Dahl TW, Dale AW, Shields-Zhou GA, Zhu M, Brasier MD, Canfield DE, Lenton TM (2014). Stabilization of the coupled oxygen and phosphorus cycles by the evolution of bioturbation. Nature Geoscience, 7(9), 671-676.
Stabilization of the coupled oxygen and phosphorus cycles by the evolution of bioturbation
Animal burrowing and sediment-mixing (bioturbation) began during the run up to the Ediacaran/Cambrian boundary, initiating a transition between the stratified Precambrian and more well-mixed Phanerozoic sedimentary records, against the backdrop of a variable global oxygen reservoir probably smaller in size than present. Phosphorus is the long-term limiting nutrient for oxygen production via burial of organic carbon, and its retention (relative to carbon) within organic matter in marine sediments is enhanced by bioturbation. Here we explore the biogeochemical implications of a bioturbation-induced organic phosphorus sink in a simple model. We show that increased bioturbation robustly triggers a net decrease in the size of the global oxygen reservoir - the magnitude of which is contingent upon the prescribed difference in carbon to phosphorus ratios between bioturbated and laminated sediments. Bioturbation also reduces steady-state marine phosphate levels, but this effect is offset by the decline in iron-adsorbed phosphate burial that results from a decrease in oxygen concentrations. The introduction of oxygen-sensitive bioturbation to dynamical model runs is sufficient to trigger a negative feedback loop: the intensity of bioturbation is limited by the oxygen decrease it initially causes. The onset of this feedback is consistent with redox variations observed during the early Cambrian rise of bioturbation, leading us to suggest that bioturbation helped to regulate early oxygen and phosphorus cycles. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Lenton T (2014). The Meaning of Human Existence. NATURE, 513(7518), 310-311. Author URL.
Lenton TM (2014). The global potential for carbon dioxide removal. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, 2014-January(38), 52-79.
The global potential for carbon dioxide removal
© the Royal Society of Chemistry 2014. The global physical potential of different methods of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere is reviewed. A new categorisation into plant-based, algal-based and alkalinity-based approaches to CDR is proposed. Within these categories, the key flux-limiting resources for CDR are identified and the potential CO2 removal flux that each technology could generate is quantitatively assessed - with a focus on the present, 2050 and 2100. This reveals, for example, that use of waste nutrient flows to feed macro-algae for biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (algal BECCS), shows significant CDR potential, without needing the large land areas or freshwater supplies of plant biomass energy crops. Adding up the potentials of different CDR methods, the total CDR potential at present is 1.5-3 PgC yr-1 (Petagram of carbon per year), comparable in size to either the natural land or ocean carbon sinks. Already 0.55-0.76 PgC yr-1 of this potential has been realised through afforestation and inadvertent ocean fertilisation. The total CDR potential (without including direct air capture) grows such that by mid-century it is 4-9 PgC yr-1 and by the end of the century it is 9-26 PgC yr-1, comparable with current total CO2 emissions of 10 PgC yr-1. The CDR that can be realised under social, economic and engineering constraints is always going to be less than the physical potential. Nevertheless, if combined with reducing CO2 emissions (conventional mitigation), CDR has the physical potential to help stabilise atmospheric CO2 by the middle of this century.
Dahl TW, Boyle RA, Canfield DE, Connelly JN, Gill BC, Lenton TM, Bizzarro M (2014). Uranium isotopes distinguish two geochemically distinct stages during the later Cambrian SPICE event. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 401, 313-326.
Uranium isotopes distinguish two geochemically distinct stages during the later Cambrian SPICE event
Anoxic marine zones were common in early Paleozoic oceans (542-400 Ma), and present a potential link to atmospheric pO2 via feedbacks linking global marine phosphorous recycling, primary production and organic carbon burial. Uranium (U) isotopes in carbonate rocks track the extent of ocean anoxia, whereas carbon (C) and sulfur (S) isotopes track the burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur (primary long-term sources of atmospheric oxygen). In combination, these proxies therefore reveal the comparative dynamics of ocean anoxia and oxygen liberation to the atmosphere over million-year time scales. Here we report high-precision uranium isotopic data in marine carbonates deposited during the Late Cambrian 'SPICE' event, at ca. 499 Ma, documenting a well-defined -0.18‰ negative δ238U excursion that occurs at the onset of the SPICE event's positive δ13C and δ34S excursions, but peaks (and tails off) before them. Dynamic modelling shows that the different response of the U reservoir cannot be attributed solely to differences in residence times or reservoir sizes - suggesting that two chemically distinct ocean states occurred within the SPICE event. The first ocean stage involved a global expansion of euxinic waters, triggering the spike in U burial, and peaking in conjunction with a well-known trilobite extinction event. During the second stage widespread euxinia waned, causing U removal to tail off, but enhanced organic carbon and pyrite burial continued, coinciding with evidence for severe sulfate depletion in the oceans (Gill et al. 2011). We discuss scenarios for how an interval of elevated pyrite and organic carbon burial could have been sustained without widespread euxinia in the water column (both non-sulfidic anoxia and/or a more oxygenated ocean state are possibilities). Either way, the SPICE event encompasses two different stages of elevated organic carbon and pyrite burial maintained by high nutrient fluxes to the ocean, and potentially sustained by internal marine geochemical feedbacks. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
Bellamy R, Chilvers J, Vaughan NE, Lenton TM (2013). 'Opening up' geoengineering appraisal: Multi-Criteria Mapping of options for tackling climate change. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 926-937.
'Opening up' geoengineering appraisal: Multi-Criteria Mapping of options for tackling climate change
Concerted efforts have begun to appraise deliberate, large-scale interventions in the Earth's climate system known as 'geoengineering' in order to provide critical decision support to policy makers around the world. To date geoengineering appraisals have employed narrowly framed inputs (such as context, options, methods and criteria) and 'closed' output reflexivity often amounting to unitary and prescriptive policy recommendations. For the first time, in this paper we begin to address these limitations by 'opening up' appraisal inputs and outputs to a wider diversity of framings, knowledges and future pathways. We use a Multi-Criteria Mapping methodology to appraise carbon and solar geoengineering proposals alongside a range of other options for responding to climate change with a select but diverse group of experts and stakeholders. Overall option rankings are found to vary considerably between participant perspectives and criteria. Despite these differences, the ranks of geoengineering proposals are most often lower than options for mitigating climate change (including voluntary behaviour change and low carbon technologies). The performance of all options is beset by uncertainty, albeit to differing degrees, and it can often be seen that better performing options are outperformed under their pessimistic scores by poorer performing options under their optimistic scores. Several findings contrast with those of other published appraisals. In particular, where stratospheric aerosol injection has previously outperformed other geoengineering options, when assessed against a broader diversity of criteria (spanning all the identified criteria groups) and other options for responding to climate change it performs relatively poorly. We end by briefly exploring the implications of our analysis for geoengineering technologies, their governance, and appraisal. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Bellamy R, Chilvers J, Vaughan NE, Lenton TM (2013). 'Opening up' geoengineering appraisal: Multi-Criteria Mapping of options for tackling climate change. Global Environmental Change
Livina VN, Lenton TM (2013). A recent tipping point in the Arctic sea-ice cover: abrupt and. persistent increase in the seasonal cycle since 2007. The Cryosphere
A recent tipping point in the Arctic sea-ice cover: abrupt and. persistent increase in the seasonal cycle since 2007
There is ongoing debate over whether Arctic sea-ice has already passed a
`tipping point', or whether it will do so in the future. Several recent studies
argue that the loss of summer sea ice does not involve an irreversible
bifurcation, because it is highly reversible in models. However, a broader
definition of a `tipping point' also includes other abrupt, non-linear changes
that are neither bifurcations nor necessarily irreversible. Examination of
satellite data for Arctic sea-ice area reveals an abrupt increase in the
amplitude of seasonal variability in 2007 that has persisted since then. We
identified this abrupt transition using recently developed methods that can
detect multi-modality in time-series data and sometimes forewarn of
bifurcations. When removing the mean seasonal cycle (up to 2008) from the
satellite data, the residual sea-ice fluctuations switch from uni-modal to
multi-modal behaviour around 2007. We originally interpreted this as a
bifurcation in which a new lower ice cover attractor appears in deseasonalised
fluctuations and is sampled in every summer-autumn from 2007 onwards. However,
this interpretation is clearly sensitive to how the seasonal cycle is removed
from the raw data, and to the presence of continental land masses restricting
winter-spring ice fluctuations. Furthermore, there was no robust early warning
signal of critical slowing down prior to the hypothesized bifurcation. Early
warning indicators do however show destabilization of the summer-autumn sea-ice
cover since 2007. Thus, the bifurcation hypothesis lacks consistent support,
but there was an abrupt and persistent increase in the amplitude of the
seasonal cycle of Arctic sea-ice cover in 2007, which we describe as a
(non-bifurcation) `tipping point'. Our statistical methods detect this `tipping
point' and its time of onset.
Rockström J, Steffen W, Noone K, Persson A, Chapin FS, Lambin EF, Lenton TM, Scheffer M, Folke C, Joachim H, et al (2013). A safe operating space for humanity. , 491-501.
Boulton CA, Good P, Lenton TM (2013). Early warning signals of simulated Amazon rainforest dieback. Theoretical Ecology, 6(3), 373-384.
Early warning signals of simulated Amazon rainforest dieback
We test proposed generic tipping point early warning signals in a complex climate model (HadCM3) which simulates future dieback of the Amazon rainforest. The equation governing tree cover in the model suggests that zero and non-zero stable states of tree cover co-exist, and a transcritical bifurcation is approached as productivity declines. Forest dieback is a non-linear change in the non-zero tree cover state, as productivity declines, which should exhibit critical slowing down. We use an ensemble of versions of HadCM3 to test for the corresponding early warning signals. However, on approaching simulated Amazon dieback, expected early warning signals of critical slowing down are not seen in tree cover, vegetation carbon or net primary productivity. The lack of a convincing trend in autocorrelation appears to be a result of the system being forced rapidly and non-linearly. There is a robust rise in variance with time, but this can be explained by increases in inter-annual temperature and precipitation variability that force the forest. This failure of generic early warning indicators led us to seek more system-specific, observable indicators of changing forest stability in the model. The sensitivity of net ecosystem productivity to temperature anomalies (a negative correlation) generally increases as dieback approaches, which is attributable to a non-linear sensitivity of ecosystem respiration to temperature. As a result, the sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 anomalies to temperature anomalies (a positive correlation) increases as dieback approaches. This stability indicator has the benefit of being readily observable in the real world. © 2013 the Author(s).
Lenton T (2013). Earthmasters: the dawn of the age of climate engineering. GEOGRAPHY, 98, 160-161. Author URL.
Clark JR, Lenton TM, Williams HTP, Daines SJ (2013). Environmental selection and resource allocation determine spatial patterns in picophytoplankton cell size. Limnology and Oceanography, 58(3), 1008-1022.
Environmental selection and resource allocation determine spatial patterns in picophytoplankton cell size
Here we describe a new trait-based model for cellular resource allocation that we use to investigate the relative importance of different drivers for small cell size in phytoplankton. Using the model, we show that increased investment in nonscalable structural components with decreasing cell size leads to a trade-off between cell size, nutrient and light affinity, and growth rate. Within the most extreme nutrient-limited, stratified environments, resource competition theory then predicts a trend toward larger minimum cell size with increasing depth. We demonstrate that this explains observed trends using a marine ecosystem model that represents selection and adaptation of a diverse community defined by traits for cell size and subcellular resource allocation. This framework for linking cellular physiology to environmental selection can be used to investigate the adaptive response of the marine microbial community to environmental conditions and the adaptive value of variations in cellular physiology. © 2013, by the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.
Lenton TM (2013). Environmental tipping points. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 38, 1-29.
Environmental tipping points
Tipping points-where a small perturbation triggers a large response-can occur in many complex environmental systems. They produce abrupt and sometimes irreversible change, are inherently difficult to predict, and thus pose considerable challenges to the occupants and managers of those systems. However, tipping points can also represent opportunities. Here, different mathematical types of tipping points and different environmental processes that can give rise to them are distinguished. Then, I chart the crucial role that tipping points played in creating the modern Earth system. Looking ahead, potential large-scale tipping points are briefly reviewed before highlighting systems that could harbor tipping points across mechanisms and scales. The prospects for anticipating tipping points, avoiding dangerous ones, and encouraging others are outlined. Finally, a series of virtuous tipping points are identified, which can help transform the relationships between human societies and the environmental systems we depend upon. © 2013 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.
Lenton TM (2013). Fire Feedbacks on Atmospheric Oxygen. , 289-308.
Fire Feedbacks on Atmospheric Oxygen
This chapter provides answer to the question of how much have atmospheric oxygen concentrations varied since the advent of land plants. The answer clearly depends on the nature and strength of fire feedbacks. The chapter starts by summarizing the oxygen puzzle: the fact that atmospheric oxygen concentrations have exhibited remarkably little variation over the past 370 million years or so. Then it examines the feedbacks proposed to stabilize (or in some cases, destabilize) atmospheric oxygen-particularly those involving fires. Next, existing models for atmospheric oxygen variation, including or excluding these fire feedbacks, are examined, with some explanation of why their predictions differ. Then, some new results are presented, using one such model, COPSE, to examine the sensitivity of atmospheric oxygen predictions to changing the sensitivity and nature of fire feedbacks. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Livina VN, Lohmann G, Mudelsee M, Lenton TM (2013). Forecasting the underlying potential governing the time series of a dynamical system. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 392(18), 3891-3902.
Forecasting the underlying potential governing the time series of a dynamical system
We introduce a technique of time series analysis, potential forecasting, which is based on dynamical propagation of the probability density of time series. We employ polynomial coefficients of the orthogonal approximation of the empirical probability distribution and extrapolate them in order to forecast the future probability distribution of data. The method is tested on artificial data, used for hindcasting observed climate data, and then applied to forecast Arctic sea-ice time series. The proposed methodology completes a framework for 'potential analysis' of tipping points which altogether serves anticipating, detecting and forecasting nonlinear changes including bifurcations using several independent techniques of time series analysis. Although being applied to climatological series in the present paper, the method is very general and can be used to forecast dynamics in time series of any origin. © 2013 the Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Lenton TN, Bercaw JE, Panchenko VN, Zakharov VA, Babushkin DE, Soshnikov IE, Talsi EP, Brintzinger HH (2013). Formation of Trivalent Zirconocene Complexes from ansa-Zirconocene-Based Olefin-Polymerization Precatalysts: an EPR- and NMR-Spectroscopic Study. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 135(29), 10710-10719. Author URL.
Hoogakker BAA, Downy F, Andersson MA, Chapman MR, Elderfield H, McCave IN, Lenton TM, Grützner J (2013). Gulf Stream - subtropical gyre properties across two Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles. Quaternary Science Reviews, 81, 105-113.
Gulf Stream - subtropical gyre properties across two Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles
Salinity increase in the subtropical gyre system may have pre-conditioned the North Atlantic Ocean for a rapid return to stronger overturning circulation and high-latitude warming following meltwater events during the Last Glacial period. Here we investigate the Gulf Stream - subtropical gyre system properties over Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) cycles 14 to 12, including Heinrich ice-rafting event 5. During the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum a positive gradient in surface dwelling planktonic foraminifera δ18O (Globigerinoides ruber) can be observed between the Gulf Stream and subtropical gyre, due to decreasing temperature, increasing salinity, and a change from summer to year-round occurrence of G.ruber. We assess whether this gradient was a common feature during stadial-interstadial climate oscillations of Marine Isotope Stage 3, by comparing existing G.ruber δ18O from ODP Site 1060 (subtropical gyre location) and new data from ODP Site 1056 (Gulf Stream location) between 54 and 46ka. Our results suggest that this gradient was largely absent during the period studied. During the major warm DO interstadials 14 and 12 we infer a more zonal and wider Gulf Stream, influencing both ODP Sites 1056 and 1060. A Gulf Stream presence during these major interstadials is also suggested by the large vertical δ18O gradient between shallow dwelling planktonic foraminifera species, especially G.ruber, and the deep dwelling species Globorotalia inflata at site 1056, which we associate with strong summer stratification and Gulf Stream presence. A major reduction in this vertical δ18O gradient from 51ka until the end of Heinrich event 5 at 48.5ka suggests site 1056 was situated within the subtropical gyre in this mainly cold period, from which we infer a migration of the Gulf Stream to a position nearer to the continental shelf, indicative of a narrower Gulf Stream with possibly reduced transport. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Lenton TM, Ciscar JC (2013). Integrating tipping points into climate impact assessments. Climatic Change, 117(3), 585-597.
Integrating tipping points into climate impact assessments
There is currently a huge gulf between natural scientists' understanding of climate tipping points and economists' representations of climate catastrophes in integrated assessment models (IAMs). In particular, there are multiple potential tipping points and they are not all low-probability events; at least one has a significant probability of being passed this century under mid-range (2-4 °C) global warming, and they cannot all be ruled out at low ( 4 °C) or very high (> 8 °C) global warming. This discrepancy could qualitatively alter the predictions of IAMs, including estimates of the social cost of carbon. To address this discrepancy and assess the economic impact of crossing different climate tipping points, we highlight a list of scientific points that should be considered, at least in a stylised form, in simplified IAMs. For nine different tipping events, the range of expected physical climate impacts is summarised and some suggestions are made for how they may translate into socio-economic impacts on particular sectors or regions. We also consider how passing climate tipping points could affect economic growth. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
Hesselbo SP, Bjerrum CJ, Hinnov LA, MacNiocaill C, Miller KG, Riding JB, van de Schootbrugge B, Mochras Revisited Science Team (2013). Mochras borehole revisited: a new global standard for Early Jurassic earth history. Scientific Drilling, 16, 81-91. Full text.
Boyle RA, Clark JR, Poulton SW, Shields-Zhou G, Canfield DE, Lenton TM (2013). Nitrogen cycle feedbacks as a control on euxinia in the mid-Proterozoic ocean. Nat Commun, 4
Nitrogen cycle feedbacks as a control on euxinia in the mid-Proterozoic ocean.
Geochemical evidence invokes anoxic deep oceans until the terminal Neoproterozoic ~0.55 Ma, despite oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere nearly 2 Gyr earlier. Marine sediments from the intervening period suggest predominantly ferruginous (anoxic Fe(II)-rich) waters, interspersed with euxinia (anoxic H(2)S-rich conditions) along productive continental margins. Today, sustained biotic H(2)S production requires NO(3)(-) depletion because denitrifiers outcompete sulphate reducers. Thus, euxinia is rare, only occurring concurrently with (steady state) organic carbon availability when N(2)-fixers dominate the production in the photic zone. Here we use a simple box model of a generic Proterozoic coastal upwelling zone to show how these feedbacks caused the mid-Proterozoic ocean to exhibit a spatial/temporal separation between two states: photic zone NO(3)(-) with denitrification in lower anoxic waters, and N(2)-fixation-driven production overlying euxinia. Interchange between these states likely explains the varying H(2)S concentration implied by existing data, which persisted until the Neoproterozoic oxygenation event gave rise to modern marine biogeochemistry.
Huntingford C, Jones PD, Livina VN, Lenton TM, Cox PM (2013). No increase in global temperature variability despite changing regional patterns. Nature, 500(7462), 327-330.
No increase in global temperature variability despite changing regional patterns
Evidence from Greenland ice cores shows that year-to-year temperature variability was probably higher in some past cold periods, but there is considerable interest in determining whether global warming is increasing climate variability at present. This interest is motivated by an understanding that increased variability and resulting extreme weather conditions may be more difficult for society to adapt to than altered mean conditions. So far, however, in spite of suggestions of increased variability, there is considerable uncertainty as to whether it is occurring. Here we show that although fluctuations in annual temperature have indeed shown substantial geographical variation over the past few decades, the time-evolving standard deviation of globally averaged temperature anomalies has been stable. A feature of the changes has been a tendency for many regions of low variability to experience increases, which might contribute to the perception of increased climate volatility. The normalization of temperature anomalies creates the impression of larger relative overall increases, but our use of absolute values, which we argue is a more appropriate approach, reveals little change. Regionally, greater year-to-year changes recently occurred in much of North America and Europe. Many climate models predict that total variability will ultimately decrease under high greenhouse gas concentrations, possibly associated with reductions in sea-ice cover. Our findings contradict the view that a warming world will automatically be one of more overall climatic variation. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
No increase in global temperature variability despite changing regional patterns.
Evidence from Greenland ice cores shows that year-to-year temperature variability was probably higher in some past cold periods, but there is considerable interest in determining whether global warming is increasing climate variability at present. This interest is motivated by an understanding that increased variability and resulting extreme weather conditions may be more difficult for society to adapt to than altered mean conditions. So far, however, in spite of suggestions of increased variability, there is considerable uncertainty as to whether it is occurring. Here we show that although fluctuations in annual temperature have indeed shown substantial geographical variation over the past few decades, the time-evolving standard deviation of globally averaged temperature anomalies has been stable. A feature of the changes has been a tendency for many regions of low variability to experience increases, which might contribute to the perception of increased climate volatility. The normalization of temperature anomalies creates the impression of larger relative overall increases, but our use of absolute values, which we argue is a more appropriate approach, reveals little change. Regionally, greater year-to-year changes recently occurred in much of North America and Europe. Many climate models predict that total variability will ultimately decrease under high greenhouse gas concentrations, possibly associated with reductions in sea-ice cover. Our findings contradict the view that a warming world will automatically be one of more overall climatic variation.
Lenton TM, Williams HTP (2013). On the origin of planetary-scale tipping points. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 28(7), 380-382.
On the origin of planetary-scale tipping points
Tipping points are recognised in many systems, including ecosystems and elements of the climate system. But can the biosphere as a whole tip and, if so, how? Past global tipping points were rare and occurred in the coupled planetary-scale dynamics of the Earth system, not in the local-scale dynamics of its weakly interacting component ecosystems. Yet, evolutionary innovations have triggered past global transformations, suggesting that tipping point theory needs to go beyond bifurcations and networks to include evolution. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Lenton TM, Williams HTP (2013). On the origin of planetary-scale tipping points. Trends Ecol Evol, 28(7), 380-382.
On the origin of planetary-scale tipping points.
Tipping points are recognised in many systems, including ecosystems and elements of the climate system. But can the biosphere as a whole tip and, if so, how? Past global tipping points were rare and occurred in the coupled planetary-scale dynamics of the Earth system, not in the local-scale dynamics of its weakly interacting component ecosystems. Yet, evolutionary innovations have triggered past global transformations, suggesting that tipping point theory needs to go beyond bifurcations and networks to include evolution.
Moore CM, Mills MM, Arrigo KR, Berman-Frank I, Bopp L, Boyd PW, Galbraith ED, Geider RJ, Guieu C, Jaccard SL, et al (2013). Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation. Nature Geoscience, 6(9), 701-710.
Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation
Microbial activity is a fundamental component of oceanic nutrient cycles. Photosynthetic microbes, collectively termed phytoplankton, are responsible for the vast majority of primary production in marine waters. The availability of nutrients in the upper ocean frequently limits the activity and abundance of these organisms. Experimental data have revealed two broad regimes of phytoplankton nutrient limitation in the modern upper ocean. Nitrogen availability tends to limit productivity throughout much of the surface low-latitude ocean, where the supply of nutrients from the subsurface is relatively slow. In contrast, iron often limits productivity where subsurface nutrient supply is enhanced, including within the main oceanic upwelling regions of the Southern Ocean and the eastern equatorial Pacific. Phosphorus, vitamins and micronutrients other than iron may also (co-)limit marine phytoplankton. The spatial patterns and importance of co-limitation, however, remain unclear. Variability in the stoichiometries of nutrient supply and biological demand are key determinants of oceanic nutrient limitation. Deciphering the mechanisms that underpin this variability, and the consequences for marine microbes, will be a challenge. But such knowledge will be crucial for accurately predicting the consequences of ongoing anthropogenic perturbations to oceanic nutrient biogeochemistry. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Powell TWR, Lenton TM (2013). Scenarios for future biodiversity loss due to multiple drivers reveal conflict between mitigating climate change and preserving biodiversity. Environmental Research Letters, 8(2).
Scenarios for future biodiversity loss due to multiple drivers reveal conflict between mitigating climate change and preserving biodiversity
We assess the potential for future biodiversity loss due to three interacting factors: energy withdrawal from ecosystems due to biomass harvest, habitat loss due to land-use change, and climate change. We develop four scenarios to 2050 with different combinations of high or low agricultural efficiency and high or low meat diets, and use species-energy and species-area relationships to estimate their effects on biodiversity. In our scenarios, natural ecosystems are protected except when additional land is necessary to fulfil the increasing dietary demands of the global population. Biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is used as a means of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere (and offsetting fossil fuel emissions). BECCS is based on waste biomass, with the addition of bio-energy crops only when already managed land is no longer needed for food production. Forecast biodiversity loss from natural biomes increases by more than a factor of five in going from high to low agricultural efficiency scenarios, due to destruction of productive habitats by the expansion of pasture. Biodiversity loss from energy withdrawal on managed land varies by a factor of two across the scenarios. Biodiversity loss due to climate change varies only modestly across the scenarios. Climate change is lowest in the 'low meat high efficiency' scenario, in which by 2050 around 660 million hectares of pasture are converted to biomass plantation that is used for BECCS. However, the resulting withdrawal of energy from managed ecosystems has a large negative impact on biodiversity. Although the effects of energy withdrawal and climate change on biodiversity cannot be directly compared, this suggests that using bio-energy to tackle climate change in order to limit biodiversity loss could instead have the opposite effect. © 2013 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Colbourn G, Ridgwell A, Lenton TM (2013). The Rock Geochemical Model (RokGeM) v0.9. Geoscientific Model Development, 6(5), 1543-1573.
The Rock Geochemical Model (RokGeM) v0.9
A new model of terrestrial rock weathering - the Rock Geochemical Model (RokGeM) - was developed for incorporation into the GENIE Earth System modelling framework. In this paper we describe the model. We consider a range of previously devised parameterizations, ranging from simple dependencies on global mean temperature following Berner et al. (1983), to spatially explicit dependencies on run-off and temperature (GKWM, Bluth and Kump, 1994; GEM-CO2, Amiotte-Suchet et al. 2003) - fields provided by the energy-moisture balance atmosphere model component in GENIE. Using long-term carbon cycle perturbation experiments, we test the effects of a wide range of model parameters, including whether or not the atmosphere was "short-circuited" in the carbon cycle; the sensitivity and feedback strength of temperature and run-off on carbonate and silicate weathering; different river-routing schemes; 0-D (global average) vs. 2-D (spatially explicit) weathering schemes; and the lithology dependence of weathering. Included are details of how to run the model and visualize the results. © Author(s) 2013.
Toseland A, Daines SJ, Clark JR, Kirkham A, Strauss J, Uhlig C, Lenton TM, Valentin K, Pearson GA, Moulton V, et al (2013). The impact of temperature on marine phytoplankton resource allocation and metabolism. Nature Climate Change
Bellamy R, Chilvers J, Vaughan NE, Lenton TM (2012). A review of climate geoengineering appraisals. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 3(6), 597-615.
A review of climate geoengineering appraisals
Deliberate large-scale interventions in the Earth's climate system-known collectively as 'geoengineering'-have been proposed in order to moderate anthropogenic climate change. Amidst a backdrop of many ways of framing the supposed normative rationales for or against their use, geoengineering proposals are undergoing serious consideration. To support decision makers in the multitude of governance considerations a growing number of appraisals are being conducted to evaluate their pros and cons. Appraisals of geoengineering are critically reviewed here for the first time using a systematic literature search and screen strategy. Substantial variability between different appraisals' outputs originates from usually hidden framing effects relating to contextual and methodological choices. Geoengineering has largely been appraised in contextual isolation, ignoring the wider portfolio of options for tackling climate change-spanning mitigation and adaptation-and creating an artificial choice between geoengineering proposals. Most existing appraisal methods do not adequately respond to the post-normal scientific context in which geoengineering resides and show a strong emphasis on closed and exclusive 'expert-analytic' techniques. These and other framing effects invariably focus-or close down-upon particular sets of problem definition, values, assumptions, and courses of action. This produces a limited range of decision options which seem preferable given those framing effects that are privileged, and could ultimately contribute to the closing down of governance commitments. Emergent closure around particular geoengineering proposals is identified and argued to be premature given the need for more anticipatory, responsible, and reflexive forms of governing what is an 'upstream' domain of scientific and technological development. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Duarte CM, Lenton TM, Wadhams P, Wassmann P (2012). Abrupt climate change in the Arctic. Nature Climate Change, 2(2), 60-62.
Livina VN, Ditlevsen PD, Lenton TM (2012). An independent test of methods of detecting system states and bifurcations in time-series data. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 391(3), 485-496.
An independent test of methods of detecting system states and bifurcations in time-series data
We present an independent test of recently developed methods of potential analysis and degenerate fingerprinting which aim, respectively, to identify the number of states in a system, and to forecast bifurcations. Several samples of modelled data of unknown origin were provided by one author, and the methods were used by the two other authors to investigate these properties. The main idea of the test was to investigate whether the techniques are capable to identify the character of the data of unknown origin, which includes potentiality, possible transitions and bifurcations. Based on the results of the analysis, models were proposed that simulated data equivalent to the test samples. The results obtained were compared with the initial simulations for critical evaluation of the performance of the methods. In most cases, the methods successfully detected the number of states in a system, and the occurrence of transitions between states. The derived models were able to reproduce the test data accurately. However, noise-induced abrupt transitions between existing states cannot be forecast due to the lack of any change in the underlying potential. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Scheffer M, Carpenter SR, Lenton TM, Bascompte J, Brock W, Dakos V, van de Koppel J, van de Leemput IA, Levin SA, van Nes EH, et al (2012). Anticipating critical transitions. Science, 338(6105), 344-348.
Anticipating critical transitions.
Tipping points in complex systems may imply risks of unwanted collapse, but also opportunities for positive change. Our capacity to navigate such risks and opportunities can be boosted by combining emerging insights from two unconnected fields of research. One line of work is revealing fundamental architectural features that may cause ecological networks, financial markets, and other complex systems to have tipping points. Another field of research is uncovering generic empirical indicators of the proximity to such critical thresholds. Although sudden shifts in complex systems will inevitably continue to surprise us, work at the crossroads of these emerging fields offers new approaches for anticipating critical transitions.
Wadhams P (2012). Arctic Ice Cover, Ice Thickness and Tipping Points. AMBIO, 41(1), 23-33. Author URL.
Lenton TM (2012). Arctic climate tipping points. Ambio, 41(1), 10-22.
Arctic climate tipping points.
There is widespread concern that anthropogenic global warming will trigger Arctic climate tipping points. The Arctic has a long history of natural, abrupt climate changes, which together with current observations and model projections, can help us to identify which parts of the Arctic climate system might pass future tipping points. Here the climate tipping points are defined, noting that not all of them involve bifurcations leading to irreversible change. Past abrupt climate changes in the Arctic are briefly reviewed. Then, the current behaviour of a range of Arctic systems is summarised. Looking ahead, a range of potential tipping phenomena are described. This leads to a revised and expanded list of potential Arctic climate tipping elements, whose likelihood is assessed, in terms of how much warming will be required to tip them. Finally, the available responses are considered, especially the prospects for avoiding Arctic climate tipping points.
Wassmann P, Lenton TM (2012). Arctic tipping points in an Earth System perspective. Ambio, 41(1), 1-9.
Arctic tipping points in an Earth System perspective
We provide an introduction to the volume the Arctic in the Earth System perspective: the role of tipping points. The terms tipping point and tipping element are described and their role in current science, general debates, and the Arctic are elucidated. From a wider perspective, the volume focuses upon the role of humans in the Arctic component of the Earth system and in particular the envelope for human existence, the Arctic ecosystems. The Arctic climate tipping elements, the tipping elements in Arctic ecosystems and societies, and the challenges of governance and anticipation are illuminated through short summaries of eight publications that derive from the Arctic Frontiers conference in 2011 and the EU FP7 project Arctic Tipping Points. Then some ideas based upon resilience thinking are developed to show how wise system management could ease pressures on Arctic systems in order to keep them away from tipping points. © 2012 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Arctic tipping points in an Earth system perspective.
We provide an introduction to the volume the Arctic in the Earth System perspective: the role of tipping points. The terms tipping point and tipping element are described and their role in current science, general debates, and the Arctic are elucidated. From a wider perspective, the volume focuses upon the role of humans in the Arctic component of the Earth system and in particular the envelope for human existence, the Arctic ecosystems. The Arctic climate tipping elements, the tipping elements in Arctic ecosystems and societies, and the challenges of governance and anticipation are illuminated through short summaries of eight publications that derive from the Arctic Frontiers conference in 2011 and the EU FP7 project Arctic Tipping Points. Then some ideas based upon resilience thinking are developed to show how wise system management could ease pressures on Arctic systems in order to keep them away from tipping points.
Lenton TM, Livina VN, Dakos V, Scheffer M (2012). Climate bifurcation during the last deglaciation?. Climate of the Past, 8(4), 1127-1139.
Climate bifurcation during the last deglaciation?
There were two abrupt warming events during the last deglaciation, at the start of the Bølling-Allerød and at the end of the Younger Dryas, but their underlying dynamics are unclear. Some abrupt climate changes may involve gradual forcing past a bifurcation point, in which a prevailing climate state loses its stability and the climate tips into an alternative state, providing an early warning signal in the form of slowing responses to perturbations, which may be accompanied by increasing variability. Alternatively, short-term stochastic variability in the climate system can trigger abrupt climate changes, without early warning. Previous work has found signals consistent with slowing down during the last deglaciation as a whole, and during the Younger Dryas, but with conflicting results in the run-up to the Bølling-Allerød. Based on this, we hypothesise that a bifurcation point was approached at the end of the Younger Dryas, in which the cold climate state, with weak Atlantic overturning circulation, lost its stability, and the climate tipped irreversibly into a warm interglacial state. To test the bifurcation hypothesis, we analysed two different climate proxies in three Greenland ice cores, from the Last Glacial Maximum to the end of the Younger Dryas. Prior to the Bølling warming, there was a robust increase in climate variability but no consistent slowing down signal, suggesting this abrupt change was probably triggered by a stochastic fluctuation. The transition to the warm Bølling-Allerød state was accompanied by a slowing down in climate dynamics and an increase in climate variability. We suggest that the Bølling warming excited an internal mode of variability in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation strength, causing multi-centennial climate fluctuations. However, the return to the Younger Dryas cold state increased climate stability. We find no consistent evidence for slowing down during the Younger Dryas, or in a longer spliced record of the cold climate state before and after the Bølling-Allerød. Therefore, the end of the Younger Dryas may also have been triggered by a stochastic perturbation. © 2012 Author(s).
Lenton TM, Livina VN, Dakos V, van Nes EH, Scheffer M (2012). Early warning of climate tipping points from critical slowing down: comparing methods to improve robustness. Philos Trans a Math Phys Eng Sci, 370(1962), 1185-1204.
Early warning of climate tipping points from critical slowing down: comparing methods to improve robustness.
We address whether robust early warning signals can, in principle, be provided before a climate tipping point is reached, focusing on methods that seek to detect critical slowing down as a precursor of bifurcation. As a test bed, six previously analysed datasets are reconsidered, three palaeoclimate records approaching abrupt transitions at the end of the last ice age and three models of varying complexity forced through a collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Approaches based on examining the lag-1 autocorrelation function or on detrended fluctuation analysis are applied together and compared. The effects of aggregating the data, detrending method, sliding window length and filtering bandwidth are examined. Robust indicators of critical slowing down are found prior to the abrupt warming event at the end of the Younger Dryas, but the indicators are less clear prior to the Bølling-Allerød warming, or glacial termination in Antarctica. Early warnings of thermohaline circulation collapse can be masked by inter-annual variability driven by atmospheric dynamics. However, rapidly decaying modes can be successfully filtered out by using a long bandwidth or by aggregating data. The two methods have complementary strengths and weaknesses and we recommend applying them together to improve the robustness of early warnings.
Lenton TM, Crouch M, Johnson M, Pires N, Dolan L (2012). First plants cooled the Ordovician. Nature Geoscience, 5(2), 86-89.
Lenton TM, Crouch M, Johnson M, Pires N, Dolan L (2012). First plants cooled the Ordovician. NATURE GEOSCIENCE, 5(2), 86-89. Author URL.
Powell TWR, Lenton TM (2012). Future carbon dioxide removal via biomass energy constrained by agricultural efficiency and dietary trends. Energy and Environmental Science, 5(8), 8116-8133.
Future carbon dioxide removal via biomass energy constrained by agricultural efficiency and dietary trends
We assess the quantitative potential for future land management to help rebalance the global carbon cycle by actively removing carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere with simultaneous bio-energy offsets of CO2 emissions, whilst meeting global food demand, preserving natural ecosystems and minimising CO2 emissions from land use change. Four alternative future scenarios are considered out to 2050 with different combinations of high or low technology food production and high or low meat diets. Natural ecosystems are protected except when additional land is necessary to fulfil the dietary demands of the global population. Dedicated bio-energy crops can only be grown on land that is already under management but is no longer needed for food production. We find that there is only room for dedicated bio-energy crops if there is a marked increase in the efficiency of food production (sustained annual yield growth of 1%, shifts towards more efficient animals like pigs and poultry, and increased recycling of wastes and residues). If there is also a return to lower meat diets, biomass energy with carbon storage (BECS) as CO2 and biochar could remove up to 5.2 Pg C per year in 2050 and lower atmospheric CO2 in 2050 by 25 ppm. With the current trend to higher meat diets there is only room for limited expansion of bio-energy crops after 2035 and instead BECS must be based largely on biomass residues, removing up to 3.6 Pg C per year in 2050 and lowering atmospheric CO2 in 2050 by 13 ppm. A high-meat, low-efficiency future would be a catastrophe for natural ecosystems (and thus for the humans that depend on their services) with around 9.3 Gha under cultivation in 2050 and a net increase in atmospheric CO2 in 2050 by 55 ppm due to land use changes. We conclude that future improvements in agricultural efficiency, especially in the livestock sector, could make a decisive contribution to tackling climate change, but this would be maximised if the global trend towards more meat intensive diets can be reversed. © the Royal Society of Chemistry 2012.
Lenton TM, Ciscar J-C (2012). Integrating tipping points into climate impact assessments. Climatic Change, 1-13.
Vaughan NE, Lenton TM (2012). Interactions between reducing CO2 emissions, CO2 removal and solar radiation management. Philos Trans a Math Phys Eng Sci, 370(1974), 4343-4364.
Interactions between reducing CO2 emissions, CO2 removal and solar radiation management.
We use a simple carbon cycle-climate model to investigate the interactions between a selection of idealized scenarios of mitigated carbon dioxide emissions, carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and solar radiation management (SRM). Two CO(2) emissions trajectories differ by a 15-year delay in the start of mitigation activity. SRM is modelled as a reduction in incoming solar radiation that fully compensates the radiative forcing due to changes in atmospheric CO(2) concentration. Two CDR scenarios remove 300 PgC by afforestation (added to vegetation and soil) or 1000 PgC by bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (removed from system). Our results show that delaying the start of mitigation activity could be very costly in terms of the CDR activity needed later to limit atmospheric CO(2) concentration (and corresponding global warming) to a given level. Avoiding a 15-year delay in the start of mitigation activity is more effective at reducing atmospheric CO(2) concentrations than all but the maximum type of CDR interventions. The effects of applying SRM and CDR together are additive, and this shows most clearly for atmospheric CO(2) concentration. SRM causes a significant reduction in atmospheric CO(2) concentration due to increased carbon storage by the terrestrial biosphere, especially soils. However, SRM has to be maintained for many centuries to avoid rapid increases in temperature and corresponding increases in atmospheric CO(2) concentration due to loss of carbon from the land.
Boyle RA, Williams HTP, Lenton TM (2012). Natural selection for costly nutrient recycling in simulated microbial metacommunities. J Theor Biol, 312, 1-12.
Natural selection for costly nutrient recycling in simulated microbial metacommunities.
Recycling of essential nutrients occurs at scales from microbial communities to global biogeochemical cycles, often in association with ecological interactions in which two or more species utilise each others' metabolic by-products. However, recycling loops may be unstable; sequences of reactions leading to net recycling may be parasitised by side-reactions causing nutrient loss, while some reactions in any closed recycling loop are likely to be costly to participants. Here we examine the stability of nutrient recycling loops in an individual-based ecosystem model based on microbial functional types that differ in their metabolism. A supplied nutrient is utilised by a "source" functional type, generating a secondary nutrient that is subsequently used by two other types-a "mutualist" that regenerates the initial nutrient at a growth rate cost, and a "parasite" that produces a refractory waste product but does not incur any additional cost. The three functional types are distributed across a metacommunity in which separate patches are linked by a stochastic diffusive migration process. Regions of high mutualist abundance feature high levels of nutrient recycling and increased local population density leading to greater export of individuals, allowing the source-mutualist recycling loop to spread across the system. Individual-level selection favouring parasites is balanced by patch-level selection for high productivity, indirectly favouring mutualists due to the synergistic productivity benefits of the recycling loop they support. This suggests that multi-level selection may promote nutrient cycling and thereby help to explain the apparent ubiquity and stability of nutrient recycling in nature.
Levermann A, Bamber JL, Drijfhout S, Ganopolski A, Haeberli W, Harris NRP, Huss M, Krueger K, Lenton TM, Lindsay RW, et al (2012). Potential climatic transitions with profound impact on Europe Review of the current state of six 'tipping elements of the climate system'. CLIMATIC CHANGE, 110(3-4), 845-878. Author URL.
Lenton TN, VanderVelde DG, Bercaw JE (2012). Synthesis of a Bis(thiophenolate)pyridine Ligand and its Titanium, Zirconium, and Tantalum Complexes. ORGANOMETALLICS, 31(21), 7492-7499. Author URL.
Van Der Giezen M, Lenton TM (2012). The rise of oxygen and complex life. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 59(2), 111-113.
The rise of oxygen and complex life
Mitochondria have been put forward as the saviours of anaerobes when their environment became oxygenated. However, despite oxygenic photosynthesis evolving around 2.7 billion years ago (Ga), followed by the "Great Oxidation" of the atmosphere ∼ 2.4 Ga, the deep oceans remained largely anoxic and either iron-enriched or sulphidic until 580 million years ago, when the eukaryotic radiation was well underway. Atmospheric oxygen probably remained at an intermediate concentration (1-10% of the present level) from ∼ 2.4 until ∼ 0.8 Ga when a "lesser oxidation" began. This drastically changes the textbook view of the ecological conditions under which the mitochondrial endosymbiont established itself. It could explain the widespread distribution of anaerobic biochemistry in every eukaryotic supergroup: anaerobic biochemistry is hard-wired into the eukaryotes. © 2012 International Society of Protistologists.
Van Der Giezen M, Lenton TM (2012). The rise of oxygen and complex life. J Eukaryot Microbiol, 59(2), 111-113.
The rise of oxygen and complex life.
Mitochondria have been put forward as the saviours of anaerobes when their environment became oxygenated. However, despite oxygenic photosynthesis evolving around 2.7 billion years ago (Ga), followed by the "Great Oxidation" of the atmosphere ~ 2.4 Ga, the deep oceans remained largely anoxic and either iron-enriched or sulphidic until 580 million years ago, when the eukaryotic radiation was well underway. Atmospheric oxygen probably remained at an intermediate concentration (1-10% of the present level) from ~ 2.4 until ~ 0.8 Ga when a "lesser oxidation" began. This drastically changes the textbook view of the ecological conditions under which the mitochondrial endosymbiont established itself. It could explain the widespread distribution of anaerobic biochemistry in every eukaryotic supergroup: anaerobic biochemistry is hard-wired into the eukaryotes.
Duarte CM, Agusti S, Wassmann P, Arrieta JM, Alcaraz M, Coello A, Marba N, Hendriks IE, Holding J, Garcia-Zarandona I, et al (2012). Tipping Elements in the Arctic Marine Ecosystem. AMBIO, 41(1), 44-55. Author URL.
Lenton TM (2012). What early warning systems are there for environmental shocks?. Environmental Science and Policy
What early warning systems are there for environmental shocks?
This paper offers a new classification of environmental shocks from a dynamical systems perspective, and reviews early warning systems for environmental shocks, particularly in climate systems and ecosystems. Three main categories of environmental shock are identified; extreme events, abrupt swings, and tipping points. The factors determining the predictability of different shocks and hence the prospects for early warning are outlined. Lessons from existing early warning systems for extreme events and abrupt climate swings are summarised. Then the potential for early warning of bifurcation-type tipping points is explained, and contrasted with the lack of warning when stochastic internal variability triggers a shift in the state of a system. The scientific and technological progress needed to improve early warning capability is outlined. Then the framework is applied to the Foresight project on Migration and Global Environmental Change, with its focal eco-regions of drylands, low-elevation coastal zones, and mountainous regions. Priority targets for early warning systems are identified and the need for an integrated approach to early warning is highlighted, which considers the interactions between different types of environmental shock. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Lenton T (2011). 2 degrees C or not 2 degrees C? That is the climate question. NATURE, 473(7345), 7-7. Author URL.
Lenton TM (2011). 2 °C or not 2 °C? That is the climate question. Nature, 473
Vaughan NE, Lenton TM (2011). A review of climate geoengineering proposals. Climatic Change, 109(3-4), 745-790.
A review of climate geoengineering proposals
Climate geoengineering proposals seek to rectify the current radiative imbalance via either (1) reducing incoming solar radiation (solar radiation management) or (2) removing CO2 from the atmosphere and transferring it to long-lived reservoirs (carbon dioxide removal). For each option, we discuss its effectiveness and potential side effects, also considering lifetime of effect, development and deployment timescale, reversibility, and failure risks. We present a detailed review that builds on earlier work by including the most recent literature, and is more extensive than previous comparative frameworks. Solar radiation management propsals are most effective but short-lived, whilst carbon dioxide removal measures gain effectiveness the longer they are pursued. Solar radiation management could restore the global radiative balance, but must be maintained to avoid abrupt warming, meanwhile ocean acidification and residual regional climate changes would still occur. Carbon dioxide removal involves less risk, and offers a way to return to a pre-industrial CO2 level and climate on a millennial timescale, but is potentially limited by the CO2 storage capacity of geological reservoirs. Geoengineering could complement mitigation, but it is not an alternative to it. We expand on the possible combinations of mitigation, carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management that might be used to avoid dangerous climate change. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
Lenton TM (2011). Beyond 2°C: Redefining dangerous climate change for physical systems. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2(3), 451-461.
Livina VN, Kwasniok F, Lohmann G, Kantelhardt JW, Lenton TM (2011). Changing climate states and stability: from Pliocene to present. Climate Dynamics, 37, 2437-2453.
Lenton TM (2011). Early warning of climate tipping points. Nature Climate Change, 1, 201-209.
Clark JR, Daines S, Lenton TM, Watson AJ, Williams HTP (2011). Individual-based modelling of adaptation in marine microbial populations using genetically defined physiological parameters. Ecological Modelling
Thomas MA, Suntharalingam P, Pozzoli L, Devasthale A, Kloster S, Rast S, Feichter J, Lenton TM (2011). Non-linearity in DMS aerosol-cloud-climate interactions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 11(5), 15227-15253.
Goodwin P, Oliver KIC, Lenton TM (2011). Observational constraints on the causes of Holocene CO <inf>2</inf> change. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 25(3).
Observational constraints on the causes of Holocene CO 2 change
The mechanisms that controlled past atmospheric CO 2 levels are not directly measurable, hence many proxy data sources are combined when reconstructing past carbon cycling. The accuracy of Holocene modeling reconstructions is checked by seeking consistency between data-based observables and their numerically simulated counterparts. A new framework is presented to evaluate which combinations of observables can best constrain carbon cycle mechanisms with the minimum of uncertainty. We show that when previous studies have combined ocean temperatures, ocean [CO 32-], and the δ 13C of atmospheric CO 2 as observables, uncertainties in the data sources are amplified by over 2 orders of magnitude when reconstructing the mechanisms responsible for CO 2 increase. However, incorporating mean δ 13C of ocean DIC since 8000 years ago as an additional data source reduces the uncertainties by more than a factor of 5, making this observable a priority for future research. Our analysis indicates that the 20 ppm increase in CO 2 between 8000 years BP and preindustrial was caused by significant CaCO 3 precipitation and a reduction in the ocean soft tissue pump. Meanwhile, an increase in terrestrial carbon storage opposed the CO 2 increase. The methods presented here are useful for investigating a range of paleoclimate events. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.
Thomas MA, Suntharalingam P, Pozzoli L, Devasthale A, Kloster S, Rast S, Feichter J, Lenton TM (2011). Rate of non-linearity in DMS aerosol-cloud-climate interactions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11(21), 11175-11183.
Rate of non-linearity in DMS aerosol-cloud-climate interactions
The degree of non-linearity in DMS-cloud-climate interactions is assessed using the ECHAM5-HAMMOZ model by taking into account end-to-end aerosol chemistry-cloud microphysics link. The evaluation is made over the Southern oceans in austral summer, a region of minimal anthropogenic influence. In this study, we compare the DMS-derived changes in the aerosol and cloud microphysical properties between a baseline simulation with the ocean DMS emissions from a prescribed climatology, and a scenario where the DMS emissions are doubled. Our results show that doubling the DMS emissions in the current climate results in a non-linear response in atmospheric DMS burden and subsequently, in SO 2 and H2SO4 burdens due to inadequate OH oxidation. The aerosol optical depth increases by only ∼20 % in the 30° S-75° S belt in the SH summer months. This increases the vertically integrated cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC) by 25 %. Since the vertically integrated liquid water vapor is constant in our model simulations, an increase in CDNC leads to a reduction in cloud droplet radius of 3.4 % over the Southern oceans in summer. The equivalent increase in cloud liquid water path is 10.7 %. The above changes in cloud microphysical properties result in a change in global annual mean radiative forcing at the TOA of-1.4 W m -2. The results suggest that the DMS-cloud microphysics link is highly non-linear. This has implications for future studies investigating the DMS-cloud climate feedbacks in a warming world and for studies evaluating geoengineering options to counteract warming by modulating low level marine clouds. © 2011 Author(s).
Boyle RA, Lenton TM, Watson AJ (2011). Symbiotic physiology promotes homeostasis in Daisyworld. J Theor Biol, 274(1), 170-182.
Symbiotic physiology promotes homeostasis in Daisyworld.
A connection is hypothesized between the physiological consequences of mutualistic symbiosis and life's average long-term impact on certain highly biologically conserved environmental variables. This hypothesis is developed analytically and with a variant of the Daisyworld model. Biological homeostasis is frequently effective due to co-ordination between opposing physiological "rein" functions, which buffer an organism in response to an external (often environmental) perturbation. It is proposed that during evolutionary history the pooling of different species' physiological functions in mutualistic symbioses increased the range of suboptimal environmental conditions that could be buffered against--a mutual tolerance benefit sometimes sufficient to outweigh the cost of cooperation. A related argument is that for a small number of biologically-crucial physical variables (i) the difference between organism interiors and the life-environment interface is relatively low, and (ii) the biologically optimum level of that variable is relatively highly conserved across different species. For such variables, symbiosis tends to cause (at a cost) an increase in the number of environmental buffering functions per unit of selection, which in turn biases the overall impact of the biota on the state of the variable towards the biological optimum. When a costly but more temperature-tolerant and physiologically versatile symbiosis between one black (warming) and one white (cooling) "daisy" is added to the (otherwise unaltered) Daisyworld parable, four new results emerge: (1) the extension of habitability to a wider luminosity range, (2) resistance to the impact of "cheater" white daisies with cold optima, that derive short-term benefit from environmental destabilisation, (3) the capacity to maintain residual, oscillatory regulation in response to forcings that change more rapidly than allele frequencies and (crucially) (4) "succession"-type dynamics in which the tolerant symbiosis colonises and to an extent makes habitable an otherwise lifeless environment, but is later displaced by free-living genotypes that have higher local fitness once conditions improve. The final result is arguably analogous to lichen colonisation of the Neoproterozoic land surface, followed by the Phanerozoic rise of vascular plants. Caution is necessary in extrapolating from the Daisyworld parable to real ecology/geochemistry, but sufficiently conserved variables may be water potential, macronutrient stoichiometry and (to a lesser extent) the temperature window for metabolic activity.
Mills B, Watson AJ, Goldblatt C, Boyle R, Lenton TM (2011). Timing of Neoproterozoic glaciations linked to transport-limited global weathering. Nature Geoscience, 4(12), 861-864.
Timing of Neoproterozoic glaciations linked to transport-limited global weathering
The Earth underwent several snowball glaciations between 1,000 and 542 million years ago. The termination of these glaciations is thought to have been triggered by the accumulation of volcanic CO2 in the atmosphere over millions of years1,2. Subsequent high temperatures and loss of continental ice would increase silicate weathering and in turn draw down atmospheric CO 2(ref.3). Estimates of the post-snowball weathering rate indicate that equilibrium between CO2 input and removal would be restored within several million years4, potentially triggering a new glaciation. However the transition between deglaciation and the onset a new glaciation was on the order of 107 years. Over long timescales, the availability of fresh rock can become a limiting factor for silicate weathering rates. Here we show that when this transport-determined limitation is incorporated into the COPSE biogeochemical model6, the stabilization time is substantially longer, >10 7 years. When we include a simple ice-albedo feedback, the model produces greenhouse-icehouse oscillations on this timescale that are compatible with observations. Our simulations also indicate positive carbon isotope excursions and an increased flux of oxygen to the atmosphere during interglacials, both of which are consistent with the geological record7,8. We conclude that the long gaps between snowball glaciations can be explained by limitations on silicate weathering rates. copy; 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Holden PB, Edwards NR, Oliver KIC, Lenton TM, Wilkinson RD (2010). A probabilistic calibration of climate sensitivity and terrestrial carbon change in GENIE-1. Climate Dynamics, 35(5), 785-806.
A probabilistic calibration of climate sensitivity and terrestrial carbon change in GENIE-1
In order to investigate Last Glacial Maximum and future climate, we "precalibrate" the intermediate complexity model GENIE-1 by applying a rejection sampling approach to deterministic emulations of the model. We develop ~1,000 parameter sets which reproduce the main features of modern climate, but not precise observations. This allows a wide range of large-scale feedback response strengths which generally encompass the range of GCM behaviour. We build a deterministic emulator of climate sensitivity and quantify the contributions of atmospheric (±0.93°C, 1σ) vegetation (±0.32°C), ocean (±0.24°C) and sea-ice (±0.14°C) parameterisations to the total uncertainty. We then perform an LGM-constrained Bayesian calibration, incorporating data-driven priors and formally accounting for structural error. We estimate climate sensitivity as likely (66% confidence) to lie in the range 2.6-4. 4°C, with a peak probability at 3.6°C. We estimate LGM cooling likely to lie in the range 5.3-7. 5°C, with a peak probability at 6.2°C. In addition to estimates of global temperature change, we apply our ensembles to derive LGM and 2xCO2 probability distributions for land carbon storage, Atlantic overturning and sea-ice coverage. Notably, under 2xCO2 we calculate a probability of 37% that equilibrium terrestrial carbon storage is reduced from modern values, so the land sink has become a net source of atmospheric CO2. © 2009 Springer-Verlag.
Williams HTP, Lenton TM (2010). Evolutionary regime shifts in simulated ecosystems. Oikos, 119(12), 1887-1899.
Evolutionary regime shifts in simulated ecosystems
Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems occur when the system is tipped into a new attractor state under some external forcing. Here we consider whether evolutionary adaptations within ecosystems can trigger similar transitions. We use an individual-based, evolutionary model of interconnected ecosystems to analyze nonlinear changes in global state resulting from local adaptations. Transitions between periods of stability occur when new traits arise that allow exploitation of under-utilized resources. Subsequent rapid growth of the population carrying the new trait causes abrupt environmental change that drives incumbent species extinct. We call these transitions 'evolutionary regime shifts'. These internally generated perturbations can result in ecosystem collapse, followed by recovery to an alternate stable state, or occasionally system-wide extinction. While these disruptions may have a negative impact on ecosystem productivity in individual simulation runs, mean results over many simulations show a trend for increasing ecosystem productivity and stability over time. Feedback between life and the abiotic environment in the model creates a 'long-tailed' distribution of extinction sizes without any external trigger for large extinction events. © 2010 the Authors.
Livina V, Kwasniok F, Lenton T (2010). Potential analysis reveals changing number of climate states during the last 60 kyr. Climate of the Past, 6, 77-82.
Thomas MA, Suntharalingam P, Pozzoli L, Rast S, Devasthale A, Kloster S, Feichter J, Lenton TM (2010). Quantification of DMS aerosol-cloud-climate interactions using ECHAM5-HAMMOZ model in current climate scenario. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 10(2), 3087-3187.
Thomas MA, Suntharalingam P, Pozzoli L, Rast S, Devasthale A, Kloster S, Feichter J, Lenton TM (2010). Quantification of DMS aerosol-cloud-climate interactions using the ECHAM5-HAMMOZ model in a current climate scenario. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10(15), 7425-7438.
Quantification of DMS aerosol-cloud-climate interactions using the ECHAM5-HAMMOZ model in a current climate scenario
The contribution of ocean dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emissions to changes in cloud microphysical properties is quantified seasonally and globally for present day climate conditions using an aerosol-chemistry-climate general circulation model, ECHAM5-HAMMOZ, coupled to a cloud microphysics scheme. We evaluate DMS aerosol-cloud-climate linkages over the southern oceans where anthropogenic influence is minimal. The changes in the number of activated particles, cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), cloud droplet effective radius, cloud cover and the radiative forcing are examined by analyzing two simulations: a baseline simulation with ocean DMS emissions derived from a prescribed climatology and one in which the ocean DMS emissions are switched off. Our simulations show that the model realistically simulates the seasonality in the number of activated particles and CDNC, peaking during Southern Hemisphere (SH) summer coincident with increased phytoplankton blooms and gradually declining with a minimum in SH winter. In comparison to a simulation with no DMS, the CDNC level over the southern oceans is 128% larger in the baseline simulation averaged over the austral summer months. Our results also show an increased number of smaller sized cloud droplets during this period. We estimate a maximum decrease of up to 15-18% in the droplet radius and a mean increase in cloud cover by around 2.5% over the southern oceans during SH summer in the simulation with ocean DMS compared to when the DMS emissions are switched off. The global annual mean top of the atmosphere DMS aerosol all sky radiative forcing is-2.03 W/m2, whereas, over the southern oceans during SH summer, the mean DMS aerosol radiative forcing reaches 9.32 W/m2. © 2010 Author(s).
Lenton TM (2010). The potential for land-based biological CO2 removal to lower future atmospheric CO2 concentration. Carbon Management, 1(1), 145-160.
Rockström J, Steffen W, Noone K, Persson A, Chapin FS, Lambin EF, Lenton TM, Scheffer M, Folke C, Schellnhuber HJ, et al (2009). A safe operating space for humanity. Nature, 461(7263), 472-475. Author URL.
Goldblatt C, Lenton TM, Watson AJ (2009). An evaluation of the long-wave radiative transfer code used in the Met Office Unified Model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 135(640), 619-633.
An evaluation of the long-wave radiative transfer code used in the Met Office Unified Model
A detailed evaluation of the radiative transfer code used in the Met Office Unified Climate/Forecast Model is performed, comparing it with a line-by-line model and testing the climatic effects of errors in a radiative-convective model. The radiative forcing at the tropopause due to CO2 changes within SRES scenarios and across Quaternary glacial cycles is represented with reasonable accuracy, suggesting that surface temperature will be correctly predicted. However, this is achieved by partial cancellation of opposing errors in upward and downward fluxes. The changes in the vertical profiles of radiative fluxes and the changes to surface and top-of-atmosphere fluxes all show significant errors, even at twice pre-industrial CO2. This causes a sign error in the change in the convective flux in the radiative-convective model. Performance of the code deteriorates rapidly above four times pre-industrial CO2. For less-abundant greenhouse gases, CH4 and N2O, the errors are larger as a proportion of their radiative forcings. Errors for surface and top-of-atmosphere fluxes for CO2 are similar to those from the mean of the general circulation model (GCM) codes submitted to the intercomparison of radiation codes for IPCC AR4, implying that errors as found here may not be uncommon in climate models. A renewed emphasis on accuracy in radiative transfer calculations and openness in intercomparison studies is necessary to improve the modelling of climate change. © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society.
Vaughan NE, Lenton TM, Shepherd JG (2009). Climate change mitigation: Trade-offs between delay and strength of action required. Climatic Change, 96(1), 29-43.
Climate change mitigation: Trade-offs between delay and strength of action required
Climate change mitigation via a reduction in the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) is the principle requirement for reducing global warming, its impacts, and the degree of adaptation required. We present a simple conceptual model of anthropogenic CO2 emissions to highlight the trade off between delay in commencing mitigation, and the strength of mitigation then required to meet specific atmospheric CO2 stabilization targets. We calculate the effects of alternative emission profiles on atmospheric CO2 and global temperature change over a millennial timescale using a simple coupled carbon cycle-climate model. For example, if it takes 50 years to transform the energy sector and the maximum rate at which emissions can be reduced is -2.5% year-1, delaying action until 2020 would lead to stabilization at 540 ppm. A further 20 year delay would result in a stabilization level of 730 ppm, and a delay until 2060 would mean stabilising at over 1,000 ppm. If stabilization targets are met through delayed action, combined with strong rates of mitigation, the emissions profiles result in transient peaks of atmospheric CO2 (and potentially temperature) that exceed the stabilization targets. Stabilization at 450 ppm requires maximum mitigation rates of -3% to -5% year-1, and when delay exceeds 2020, transient peaks in excess of 550 ppm occur. Consequently tipping points for certain Earth system components may be transgressed. Avoiding dangerous climate change is more easily achievable if global mitigation action commences as soon as possible. Starting mitigation earlier is also more effective than acting more aggressively once mitigation has begun. © Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009.
Vaughan NE, Lenton TM, Shepherd JG (2009). Climate change mitigation: trade-offs between delay and strength of action required. CLIMATIC CHANGE, 96(1-2), 29-43. Author URL.
Fairman MJ, Price AR, Xue G, Molinari M, Nicole DA, Lenton TM, Marsh R, Takeda K, Cox SJ (2009). Earth system modelling with Windows Workflow Foundation. Future Generation Computer Systems, 25(5), 586-597.
Earth system modelling with Windows Workflow Foundation
The GENIE project has built a Grid-enabled Earth system modelling framework that facilitates the integration, execution and management of component models for the study of the Earth system over millennial timescales. The existing framework supports collaborative study of GENIE models across heterogeneous compute grids through scripted workflows in the Matlab environment. While the scripting approach achieves simplicity and flexibility, it suffers from an essentially passive approach to work unit management and from a heavy reliance on a central database to provide fault tolerance. The Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) technology provides a rich set of features to support the authoring and execution of workflows, tracking services that enable the monitoring of a running workflow, and state persistence services that allow workflows to be recovered and resumed upon failure. We demonstrate how the Windows Workflow Foundation has been applied to build a complementary simulation management system which provides rapid composition, event driven logic and reliable hosting of the scientific workflows while interfacing to existing infrastructure. We also describe how the adoption of WF enables the application of a number of associated technologies to provide better interoperability and accessibility for the simulation system. These improvements are demonstrated through a parametric study of the bi-stability of the oceanic thermohaline circulation in a GENIE model where the effects of a new carbon cycle are studied. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Goldblatt C, Claire MW, Lenton TM, Matthews AJ, Watson AJ, Zahnle KJ (2009). Nitrogen-enhanced greenhouse warming on earlyEarth. Nature Geoscience, 2(12), 891-896.
Nitrogen-enhanced greenhouse warming on earlyEarth
Early in Earths history, the Sun provided less energy to the Earth than it does today. However, the Earth was not permanently glaciated, an apparent contradiction known as the faint young Sun paradox. By implication, the Earth must have been warmed by a stronger greenhouse effect or a lower planetary albedo. Here we use a radiative-convective climate model to show that more N 2 in the atmosphere would have increased the warming effect of existing greenhouse gases by broadening their absorption lines. With the atmospheric CO 2 and CH 4 levels estimated for 2.5 billion years ago, a doubling of the present atmospheric nitrogen (PAN) level would cause a warming of 4.4 C. Our new budget of Earths geological nitrogen reservoirs indicates that there is a sufficient quantity of nitrogen in the crust (0.5PAN) and mantle (1.4 PAN) to have supported this, and that this nitrogen was previously in the atmosphere. In the mantle, N correlates with 40 Ar, the daughter product of 40 K, indicating that the source of mantle N is subducted crustal rocks in which NH 4 + has been substituted for K +. We thus conclude that a higher nitrogen level probably helped warm the early Earth, and suggest that the effects of N 2 should be considered in assessing the habitable zone for terrestrial planets. © 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Rockström J, Steffen W, Noone K, Persson A, Chapin FS, Lambin E, Lenton TM, Scheffer M, Folke C, Schellnhuber HJ, et al (2009). Planetary boundaries: Exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology and Society, 14(2).
Planetary boundaries: Exploring the safe operating space for humanity
Anthropogenic pressures on the Earth System have reached a scale where abrupt global environmental change can no longer be excluded. We propose a new approach to global sustainability in which we define planetary boundaries within which we expect that humanity can operate safely. Transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be deleterious or even catastrophic due to the risk of crossing thresholds that will trigger non-linear, abrupt environmental change within continental- to planetary-scale systems. We have identified nine planetary boundaries and, drawing upon current scientific understanding, we propose quantifications for seven of them. These seven are climate change (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere
Livina VN, Kwasniok F, Lenton TM (2009). Potential analysis reveals changing number of climate states during the last 60 kyr. Climate of the Past Discussions, 5(5), 2223-2237.
Goodwin P, Lenton TM (2009). Quantifying the feedback between ocean heating and CO<inf>2</inf> solubility as an equivalent carbon emission. Geophysical Research Letters, 36(15).
Quantifying the feedback between ocean heating and CO2 solubility as an equivalent carbon emission
There are inherent difficulties in quantifying carbon cycle-climate feedbacks over the 21st century because the system is in a transient state. The conventional approach of deriving gain factors only strictly applies at equilibrium, and they differ with scenario and with respect to different climate variables (e.g. CO2, radiative forcing, and temperature) which have different time lags. Here we show that the positive feedback whereby ocean heating reduces the solubility of CO2 can be quantified in a. scenario-independent way, directly from ocean heat content changes, by expressing it as an 'equivalent carbon emission'. On annual to centennial timescales, the feedback has the same impact on atmospheric CO2 as an equivalent emission flux of fossil fuel carbon. From ocean heat-content data we quantify the ocean heating-CO2 solubility positive feedback, which increased in average strength from an equivalent emission of ∼0.08 PgC yr-I oyer 1961-2003 to ∼0.19 PgC yr-1 during 1993-2003. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.
Williams HTP, Lenton TM (2009). Rebels with a cause. NERC Planet Earth(Winter 2009).
Miles CJ, Bell TG, Lenton TM (2009). Testing the relationship between the solar radiation dose and surface DMS concentrations using in situ data. Biogeosciences, 6(9), 1927-1934.
Testing the relationship between the solar radiation dose and surface DMS concentrations using in situ data
The proposed strong positive relationship between dimethylsulphide (DMS) concentration and the solar radiation dose (SRD) received into the surface ocean is tested using data from the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) programme. In situ, daily data sampled concurrently with DMS concentrations is used for the component variables of the SRD (mixed layer depth, MLD, surface insolation, I0, and a light attenuation coefficient, k) to calculate SRDinsitu. This is the first time in situ data for all of the components, including k, has been used to test the SRDDMS relationship over large spatial scales. We find a significant correlation (p=0.55 n=65 p
Veron JEN, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Lenton TM, Lough JM, Obura DO, Pearce-Kelly P, Sheppard CRC, Spalding M, Stafford-Smith MG, Rogers AD, et al (2009). The coral reef crisis: the critical importance of<350 ppm CO2. Mar Pollut Bull, 58(10), 1428-1436.
The coral reef crisis: the critical importance of<350 ppm CO2.
Temperature-induced mass coral bleaching causing mortality on a wide geographic scale started when atmospheric CO(2) levels exceeded approximately 320 ppm. When CO(2) levels reached approximately 340 ppm, sporadic but highly destructive mass bleaching occurred in most reefs world-wide, often associated with El Niño events. Recovery was dependent on the vulnerability of individual reef areas and on the reef's previous history and resilience. At today's level of approximately 387 ppm, allowing a lag-time of 10 years for sea temperatures to respond, most reefs world-wide are committed to an irreversible decline. Mass bleaching will in future become annual, departing from the 4 to 7 years return-time of El Niño events. Bleaching will be exacerbated by the effects of degraded water-quality and increased severe weather events. In addition, the progressive onset of ocean acidification will cause reduction of coral growth and retardation of the growth of high magnesium calcite-secreting coralline algae. If CO(2) levels are allowed to reach 450 ppm (due to occur by 2030-2040 at the current rates), reefs will be in rapid and terminal decline world-wide from multiple synergies arising from mass bleaching, ocean acidification, and other environmental impacts. Damage to shallow reef communities will become extensive with consequent reduction of biodiversity followed by extinctions. Reefs will cease to be large-scale nursery grounds for fish and will cease to have most of their current value to humanity. There will be knock-on effects to ecosystems associated with reefs, and to other pelagic and benthic ecosystems. Should CO(2) levels reach 600 ppm reefs will be eroding geological structures with populations of surviving biota restricted to refuges. Domino effects will follow, affecting many other marine ecosystems. This is likely to have been the path of great mass extinctions of the past, adding to the case that anthropogenic CO(2) emissions could trigger the Earth's sixth mass extinction.
Lenton TM, Vaughan NE (2009). The radiative forcing potential of different climate geoengineering options. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9(15), 5539-5561.
The radiative forcing potential of different climate geoengineering options
Climate geoengineering proposals seek to rectify the Earth's current and potential future radiative imbalance, either by reducing the absorption of incoming solar (shortwave) radiation, or by removing CO2 from the atmosphere and transferring it to long-lived reservoirs, thus increasing outgoing longwave radiation. A fundamental criterion for evaluating geoengineering options is their climate cooling effectiveness, which we quantify here in terms of radiative forcing potential. We use a simple analytical approach, based on energy balance considerations and pulse response functions for the decay of CO2 perturbations. This aids transparency compared to calculations with complex numerical models, but is not intended to be definitive. It allows us to compare the relative effectiveness of a range of proposals. We consider geoengineering options as additional to large reductions in CO2 emissions. By 2050, some land carbon cycle geoengineering options could be of comparable magnitude to mitigation "wedges", but only stratospheric aerosol injections, albedo enhancement of marine stratocumulus clouds, or sunshades in space have the potential to cool the climate back toward its pre-industrial state. Strong mitigation, combined with global-scale air capture and storage, afforestation, and bio-char production, i.e. enhanced CO2 sinks, might be able to bring CO2 back to its pre-industrial level by 2100, thus removing the need for other geoengineering. Alternatively, strong mitigation stabilising CO2 at 500 ppm, combined with geoengineered increases in the albedo of marine stratiform clouds, grasslands, croplands and human settlements might achieve a patchy cancellation of radiative forcing. Ocean fertilisation options are only worthwhile if sustained on a millennial timescale and phosphorus addition may have greater long-term potential than iron or nitrogen fertilisation. Enhancing ocean upwelling or downwelling have trivial effects on any meaningful timescale. Our approach provides a common framework for the evaluation of climate geoengineering proposals, and our results should help inform the prioritisation of further research into them.
Lenton TM, Myerscough RJ, Marsh R, Livina VN, Price AR, Cox SJ, Genie Team (2009). Using GENIE to study a tipping point in the climate system. Philos Trans a Math Phys Eng Sci, 367(1890), 871-884.
Using GENIE to study a tipping point in the climate system.
We have used the Grid ENabled Integrated Earth system modelling framework to study the archetypal example of a tipping point in the climate system; a threshold for the collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC). eScience has been invaluable in this work and we explain how we have made it work for us. Two stable states of the THC have been found to coexist, under the same boundary conditions, in a hierarchy of models. The climate forcing required to collapse the THC and the reversibility or irreversibility of such a collapse depends on uncertain model parameters. Automated methods have been used to assimilate observational data to constrain the pertinent parameters. Anthropogenic climate forcing leads to a robust weakening of the THC and increases the probability of crossing a THC tipping point, but some ensemble members collapse readily, whereas others are extremely resistant. Hence, we test general methods that have been developed to directly diagnose, from time-series data, the proximity of a 'tipping element', such as the THC to a bifurcation point. In a three-dimensional ocean-atmosphere model exhibiting THC hysteresis, despite high variability in the THC driven by the dynamical atmosphere, some early warning of an approaching tipping point appears possible.
Livina VN, Edwards NR, Goswami S, Lenton TM (2008). A wavelet-coefficient score for comparison of two-dimensional climatic-data fields. QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, 134(633), 941-955. Author URL.
Wood AJ, Ackland GJ, Dyke JG, Williams HTP, Lenton TM (2008). Daisyworld: a review. Reviews of Geophysics, 46(1).
Daisyworld: a review
Daisyworld is a simple planetary model designed to show the long-term effects of coupling between life and its environment. Its original form was introduced by James Lovelock as a defense against criticism that his Gaia theory of the Earth as a self-regulating homeostatic system requires teleological control rather than being an emergent property. The central premise, that living organisms can have major effects on the climate system, is no longer controversial. The Daisyworld model has attracted considerable interest from the scientific community and has now established itself as a model independent of, but still related to, the Gaia theory. Used widely as both a teaching tool and as a basis for more complex studies of feedback systems, it has also become an important paradigm for the understanding of the role of biotic components when modeling the Earth system. This paper collects the accumulated knowledge from the study of Daisyworld and provides the reader with a concise account of its important properties. We emphasize the increasing amount of exact analytic work on Daisyworld and are able to bring together and summarize these results from different systems for the first time. We conclude by suggesting what a more general model of life-environment interaction should be based on. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.
Lenton T (2008). Engines of life - Review of 'Energy in Nature and Society' by Vaclav Smil. Nature, 452, 691-692.
Williams HTP, Lenton TM (2008). Environmental regulation in a network of simulated microbial ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105(30), 10432-10437.
Environmental regulation in a network of simulated microbial ecosystems.
The Earth possesses a number of regulatory feedback mechanisms involving life. In the absence of a population of competing biospheres, it has proved hard to find a robust evolutionary mechanism that would generate environmental regulation. It has been suggested that regulation must require altruistic environmental alterations by organisms and, therefore, would be evolutionarily unstable. This need not be the case if organisms alter the environment as a selectively neutral by-product of their metabolism, as in the majority of biogeochemical reactions, but a question then arises: Why should the combined by-product effects of the biota have a stabilizing, rather than destabilizing, influence on the environment? Under certain conditions, selection acting above the level of the individual can be an effective adaptive force. Here we present an evolutionary simulation model in which environmental regulation involving higher-level selection robustly emerges in a network of interconnected microbial ecosystems. Spatial structure creates conditions for a limited form of higher-level selection to act on the collective environment-altering properties of local communities. Local communities that improve their environmental conditions achieve larger populations and are better colonizers of available space, whereas local communities that degrade their environment shrink and become susceptible to invasion. The spread of environment-improving communities alters the global environment toward the optimal conditions for growth and tends to regulate against external perturbations. This work suggests a mechanism for environmental regulation that is consistent with evolutionary theory.
Lenton TM, Held H, Kriegler E, Hall JW, Lucht W, Rahmstorf S, Schellnhuber HJ (2008). Tipping elements in the Earth's climate system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105(6), 1786-1793.
Tipping elements in the Earth's climate system.
The term "tipping point" commonly refers to a critical threshold at which a tiny perturbation can qualitatively alter the state or development of a system. Here we introduce the term "tipping element" to describe large-scale components of the Earth system that may pass a tipping point. We critically evaluate potential policy-relevant tipping elements in the climate system under anthropogenic forcing, drawing on the pertinent literature and a recent international workshop to compile a short list, and we assess where their tipping points lie. An expert elicitation is used to help rank their sensitivity to global warming and the uncertainty about the underlying physical mechanisms. Then we explain how, in principle, early warning systems could be established to detect the proximity of some tipping points.
Johnson MT, Vaughan NE, Goodwin P, Goldblatt C, Roudesli S, Lenton TM (2008). Why NH<inf>3</inf> is not a candidate reagent for ambient CO<inf>2</inf> fixation: a response to "alternative solution to global warming arising from CO<inf>2</inf> Emissions - Partial neutralization of tropospheric H <inf>2</inf>CO<inf>3</inf> with NH<inf>3</inf>". Environmental Progress, 27(3), 412-417.
Why NH3 is not a candidate reagent for ambient CO2 fixation: a response to "alternative solution to global warming arising from CO2 Emissions - Partial neutralization of tropospheric H 2CO3 with NH3"
It has been proposed that application of urea, or ammonium sulfate (phis lime) to nonagricultural land to evolve ammonia may provide a "solution" to increasing CO2 concentrations by neutralizing atmospheric carbonic acid to ammonium bicarbonate at ambient concentrations and subsequent storage in the surface ocean (Apak [2007]: Environmental Progress 26, 355-359). We identify a series of major flaws in this hypothesis, which indicate that the approach is unfeasible and would not succeed if attempted at any scale: (i) ne phenomenal energy cost associated with breaking the N≡N bond and evolving H2 for NH3 production (and associated fossil fuel CO2 emissions under the current energy generation market); (ii) the radiative forcing associated with substantially increasing the concentration of ammonia in the atmosphere, and (iii) a number of unwanted indirect effects, including eutrophication, enhanced N2O emissions, and the inhibition of the oxidation of strong green-house gases such as methane in the atmosphere. We strongly urge future efforts to be directed away from this approach and suggest that engagement with the climate, earth-system, and biogeochemtetry communities is essential when putting forward ideas for potential geoengineering approaches to mitigate global climate change. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
Livina VN, Lenton TM (2007). A modified method for detecting incipient bifurcations in a dynamical system. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(3).
A modified method for detecting incipient bifurcations in a dynamical system
We assess the proximity of a system to a bifurcation point, using a degenerate fingerprinting method that estimates the declining decay rate of fluctuations in a time series as an indicator of approaching a critical state. The method is modified by employing Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) which improves the estimation of short-term decay, especially in climate records which generally possess power-law correlations. When the modified method is applied to GENIE-1 model output that simulates collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation, the bifurcation point is correctly anticipated. In Greenland ice core paleotemperature data, for which the conventional degenerate fingerprinting is not applicable due to the short length of the series, the modified method detects the transition from glacial to interglacial conditions. The technique could in principle be used to anticipate future bifurcations in the climate system, but this will require high-resolution time series of the relevant data. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union.
Williams HTP, Lenton TM (2007). Artificial selection of simulated microbial ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104(21), 8918-8923.
Artificial selection of simulated microbial ecosystems.
Recent work with microbial communities has demonstrated an adaptive response to artificial selection at the level of the ecosystem. The reasons for this response and the level at which adaptation occurs are unclear: does selection act implicitly on traits of individual species, or are higher-level traits genuinely being selected? If the ecosystem response is just the additive combination of the responses of the constituent species, then the ecosystem response could be predicted a priori, and the ecosystem-level selection process is superfluous. However, if the ecosystem response results from ecological interactions among species, then selection at a higher level is necessary. Here we perform artificial ecosystem selection experiments on an individual-based evolutionary simulation model of microbial ecology and observe a similar response to that seen with real ecosystems. We demonstrate that a significant fraction of artificially selected ecosystem responses cannot be accounted for by implicit lower-level selection of a single type of organism within the community, and that interactions among different types of organism contribute significantly to the response in the majority of cases. However, when the ecological problem posed by the artificial ecosystem selection process can be easily solved by a single dominant species, it often is.
Ridgwell A, Zondervan I, Hargreaves JC, Bijma J, Lenton TM (2007). Assessing the potential long-term increase of oceanic fossil fuel CO <inf>2</inf> uptake due to CO<inf>2</inf>-calcification feedback. Biogeosciences, 4(4), 481-492.
Assessing the potential long-term increase of oceanic fossil fuel CO 2 uptake due to CO2-calcification feedback
Plankton manipulation experiments exhibit a wide range of sensitivities of biogenic calcification to simulated anthropogenic acidification of the ocean, with the "lab rat" of planktic calcifiers, Emiliania huxleyi apparently not representative of calcification generally. We assess the implications of this observational uncertainty by creating an ensemble of realizations of an Earth system model that encapsulates a comparable range of uncertainty in calcification response to ocean acidification. We predict that a substantial reduction in marine carbonate production is possible in the future, with enhanced ocean CO2 sequestration across the model ensemble driving a 4-13% reduction in the year 3000 atmospheric fossil fuel CO 2 burden. Concurrent changes in ocean circulation and surface temperatures in the model contribute about one third to the increase in CO 2 uptake. We find that uncertainty in the predicted strength of CO2-calcification feedback seems to be dominated by the assumption as to which species of calcifier contribute most to carbonate production in the open ocean.
Lenton TM, Klausmeier CA (2007). Biotic stoichiometric controls on the deep ocean N:P ratio. Biogeosciences, 4(3), 353-367.
Biotic stoichiometric controls on the deep ocean N:P ratio
We re-examine what controls the deep ocean N:P ratio in the light of recent findings that the C:N:P stoichiometry of phytoplankton varies with growth rate, nutrient and light limitation, species and phylum, and that N 2-fixation may be limited by Fe, temperature and/or light in large parts of the world ocean. In particular, we assess whether a systematic change in phytoplankton stoichiometry can alter the deep ocean N:P ratio. To do this we adapt recent models to include non-Redfieldian stoichiometry of phytoplankton and restriction of N2-fixers to a fraction of the surface ocean. We show that a systematic change in phytoplankton C:N:P can alter the concentrations of NO3 and PO4 in the deep ocean but cannot greatly alter their ratio, unless it also alters the N:P threshold for N 2-fixation. This occurs if competitive dynamics set the N:P threshold for N2-fixation, in which case it remains close to the N:P requirement of non-fixers (rather than that of 2N-fixers) and consequently so does the deep ocean N:P ratio. Then, even if N 2-fixers are restricted to a fraction of the surface ocean, they reach higher densities there, minimising variations in deep ocean N:P. Theoretical limits on the N:P requirements of phytoplankton suggest that whilst the deep ocean has been well oxygenated (i.e. since the Neoproterozoic, with the possible exception of Oceanic Anoxic Events), its N:P ratio is unlikely to have varied by more than a factor of two in either direction. Within these bounds, evolutionary changes in phytoplankton composition, and increased phosphorus weathering due to the biological colonisation of the land surface, are predicted to have driven long-term changes in ocean composition.
Lenton TM, Klausmeier CA (2007). Biotic stoichiometric controls on the deep ocean N:P ratio. Biogeosciences Discussions, 4(1), 417-454.
Goldblatt C, Lenton TM, Watson AJ (2007). Bistability of atmospheric oxygen and the great oxidation: Implications for life detection. ASTROBIOLOGY, 7(3), 483-483. Author URL.
Lenton TM, Marsh R, Price AR, Lunt DJ, Aksenov Y, Annan JD, Cooper-Chadwick T, Cox SJ, Edwards NR, Goswami S, et al (2007). Effects of atmospheric dynamics and ocean resolution on bi-stability of the thermohaline circulation examined using the Grid ENabled Integrated Earth system modelling (GENIE) framework. Climate Dynamics, 29(6), 591-613.
Effects of atmospheric dynamics and ocean resolution on bi-stability of the thermohaline circulation examined using the Grid ENabled Integrated Earth system modelling (GENIE) framework
We have used the Grid ENabled Integrated Earth system modelling (GENIE) framework to undertake a systematic search for bi-stability of the ocean thermohaline circulation (THC) for different surface grids and resolutions of 3-D ocean (GOLDSTEIN) under a 3-D dynamical atmosphere model (IGCM). A total of 407,000 years were simulated over a three month period using Grid computing. We find bi-stability of the THC despite significant, quasi-periodic variability in its strength driven by variability in the dynamical atmosphere. The position and width of the hysteresis loop depends on the choice of surface grid (longitude-latitude or equal area), but is less sensitive to changes in ocean resolution. For the same ocean resolution, the region of bi-stability is broader with the IGCM than with a simple energy-moisture balance atmosphere model (EMBM). Feedbacks involving both ocean and atmospheric dynamics are found to promote THC bi-stability. THC switch-off leads to increased import of freshwater at the southern boundary of the Atlantic associated with meridional overturning circulation. This is counteracted by decreased freshwater import associated with gyre and diffusive transports. However, these are localised such that the density gradient between North and South is reduced tending to maintain the THC off state. THC switch-off can also generate net atmospheric freshwater input to the Atlantic that tends to maintain the off state. The ocean feedbacks are present in all resolutions, across most of the bi-stable region, whereas the atmosphere feedback is strongest in the longitude-latitude grid and around the transition where the THC off state is disappearing. Here the net oceanic freshwater import due to the overturning mode weakens, promoting THC switch-on, but the atmosphere counteracts this by increasing net freshwater input. This increases the extent of THC bi-stability in this version of the model. © Springer-Verlag 2007.
Ridgwell A, Hargreaves JC, Edwards NR, Annan JD, Lenton TM, Marsh R, Yool A, Watson A (2007). Marine geochemical data assimilation in an efficient Earth system model of global biogeochemical cycling. Biogeosciences, 4(1), 87-104.
Marine geochemical data assimilation in an efficient Earth system model of global biogeochemical cycling
We have extended the 3-D ocean based "Grid EN-abled Integrated Earth system model" (GENIE-1) to help understand the role of ocean biogeochemistry and marine sediments in the long-term (∼100 to 100000 year) regulation of atmospheric CO2, and the importance of feedbacks between CO2 and climate. Here we describe the ocean carbon cycle, which in its first incarnation is based around a simple single nutrient (phosphate) control on biological productivity. The addition of calcium carbonate preservation in deep-sea sediments and its role in regulating atmospheric CO2 is presented elsewhere (Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007). We have calibrated the model parameters controlling ocean carbon cycling in GENIE-1 by assimilating 3-D observational datasets of phosphate and alkalinity using an ensemble Kalman filter method. The calibrated (mean) model predicts a global export production of particulate organic carbon (POC) of 8.9 PgC yr-1, and reproduces the main features of dissolved oxygen distributions in the ocean. For estimating biogenic calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) production, we have devised a parameterization in which the CaCO3POC export ratio is related directly to ambient saturation state. Calibrated global CaCO3 export production (1.2 PgC yr -1) is close to recent marine carbonate budget estimates. The GENIE-1 Earth system model is capable of simulating a wide variety of dissolved and isotopic species of relevance to the study of modern global biogeochemical cycles as well as past global environmental changes recorded in paleoceanographic proxies. Importantly, even with 12 active biogeochemical tracers in the ocean and including the calculation of feedbacks between atmospheric CO2 and climate, we achieve better than 1000 years per (2.4 GHz) CPU hour on a desktop PC. The GENIE-1 model thus provides a viable alternative to box and zonally-averaged models for studying global biogeochemical cycling over all but the very longest (> 1000000 year) time-scales.
Williams HTP, Lenton TM (2007). Microbial Gaia: a new model for the evolution of environmental regulation. Gaia Circular
Boyle RA, Lenton TM, Williams HTP (2007). Neoproterozoic 'snowball Earth' glaciations and the evolution of altruism. Geobiology, 5(4), 337-349.
Neoproterozoic 'snowball Earth' glaciations and the evolution of altruism
We hypothesize that a demographic and ecological effect of Neoproterozoic 'snowball Earth' glaciations was to increase the fitness of group-level traits and consequently the likelihood of the evolution of macroscopic form. Extreme and repeated founder effects raised genetic relatedness - and therefore the influence of kin selection on the individuals within a group. This was permissive for the evolution of some highly costly altruistic traits, including those for macroscopic differentiation. In some eukaryotic species, the harsh and fluctuating abiotic conditions made a macroscopic physiology advantageous, perhaps necessary, for collective survival. This caused population-wide group viability selection, whereby non-altruist 'cheat' genotypes killed the groups they were in, and therefore themselves, by reaching fixation. Furthermore, dispersal between refugia would reach zero under anything near a 'hard snowball', which would protect altruists at high local frequency from the influx of cheats from neighbouring groups. We illustrate our hypothesis analytically and with a simple spatial model. We show how removal of between-group dispersal, in a population with initial between-group variation in cheat frequency, causes the relative frequency of altruists to increase while the population as a whole decreases in size, as a result of group death caused by cheat invasion. This may be of particular relevance to animal multicellularity because irreversible differentiation (highly altruistic in that it imposes a high fitness cost on the individual cell) is more prevalent than in other multicellular eukaryotes. The relevance of our hypothesis should be scaled by any future consensus on the severity of snowball Earth, but it is theoretically plausible that global-scale glaciations had a systematic influence on the level of selection during Earth history. © 2007 the Authors.
Price AR, Xue G, Yool A, Lunt DJ, Valdes PJ, Lenton TM, Wason JL, Pound GE, Cox SJ (2007). Optimization of integrated Earth System Model components using Grid-enabled data management and computation. Concurrency Computation Practice and Experience, 19(2), 153-165.
Optimization of integrated Earth System Model components using Grid-enabled data management and computation
In this paper, we present the Grid enabled data management system that has been deployed for the Grid ENabled Integrated Earth system model (GENIE) project. The database system is an augmented version of the Geodise Database Toolbox and provides a repository for scripts, binaries and output data in the GENIE framework. By exploiting the functionality available in the Geodise toolboxes we demonstrate how the database can be employed to tune parameters of coupled GENIE Earth System Model components to improve their match with observational data. A Matlab client provides a common environment for the project Virtual Organization and allows the scripting of bespoke tuning studies that can exploit multiple heterogeneous computational resources. We present the results of a number of tuning exercises performed on GENIE model components using multi-dimensional optimization methods. In particular, we find that it is possible to successfully tune models with up to 30 free parameters using Kriging and Genetic Algorithm methods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Williams HTP, Lenton TM (2007). The Flask model: Emergence of nutrient-recycling microbial ecosystems and their disruption by environment-altering 'rebel' organisms. Oikos, 116(7), 1087-1105.
The Flask model: Emergence of nutrient-recycling microbial ecosystems and their disruption by environment-altering 'rebel' organisms
Here we introduce a new model of life-environment interaction, which simulates an evolving microbial community in a 'Fask' of liquid with prescribed inputs of nutrients. The flask is seeded with a clonal population of 'microbes' that are subject to mutation on genetic loci that determine their nutrient uptake patterns, release patterns, and their effects on, and response to, other environmental variables. In contrast to existing models of life-environment interaction, notably Daisyworld, what benefits the individual organisms is decoupled from their 'global' (system-level) effects. A robust property of the model is the emergence of ecosystems that tend toward a state where nutrients are efficiently utilised and differentially recycled, with a correlated increase in total population. Organisms alter the environment as a free 'by-product' of their growth, and their growth is constrained by adverse environmental effects. This introduces environmental feedback, which can disrupt the model ecosystems, even though there are no constraints on the conditions to which the organisms can theoretically adapt. 'Rebel' organisms can appear that grow rapidly by exploiting an under-utilised resource, but in doing so shift the environment away from the state to which the majority of the community are adapted. The result can be a population crash with lossof recycling, followed by later recovery, or in extreme cases, a total extinction of the system. Numerous runs of these 'flask' ecosystems show that tighter environmental constraints on growth make the system more vulnerable to internally generated ecosystem extinction. © Oikos.
Williamson MS, Lenton TM, Shepherd JG, Edwards NR (2006). An efficient numerical terrestrial scheme (ENTS) for Earth system modelling. Ecological Modelling, 198(3-4), 362-374.
An efficient numerical terrestrial scheme (ENTS) for Earth system modelling
We present a minimal spatial model of vegetation carbon, soil carbon and soil water storage and the exchange of energy, water and carbon with the atmosphere. The efficient numerical terrestrial scheme (ENTS) is designed for long time period simulations and large ensemble studies in Earth system models of intermediate complexity (EMICs). ENTS includes new parameterisations of vegetation fractional cover and roughness length as functions of vegetation carbon, and a relationship between soil carbon storage and soil water holding capacity. We make and justify the approximation that when the solar forcing is a diurnal average, as in our EMIC, the land radiation balance equilibrates with the atmosphere within a few days. This allows us to solve directly for equilibrium land temperature, making ENTS very computationally efficient and avoiding problems of numerical instability that beset many land surface schemes. We tune the carbon cycle parameters towards observed values of global carbon storage in vegetation and soil and estimated global fluxes of net photosynthesis, vegetation respiration, leaf litter and soil respiration. When the model is forced with long term monthly mean fields of NCEP reanalysis climate data, we find ENTS yields broadly accurate patterns of vegetation and soil carbon storage, vegetation fraction, surface albedo, land temperature and evaporation. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Goldblatt C, Lenton TM, Watson AJ (2006). Bistability of atmospheric oxygen and the Great Oxidation. Nature, 443(7112), 683-686.
Bistability of atmospheric oxygen and the Great Oxidation.
The history of the Earth has been characterized by a series of major transitions separated by long periods of relative stability. The largest chemical transition was the 'Great Oxidation', approximately 2.4 billion years ago, when atmospheric oxygen concentrations rose from less than 10(-5) of the present atmospheric level (PAL) to more than 0.01 PAL, and possibly to more than 0.1 PAL. This transition took place long after oxygenic photosynthesis is thought to have evolved, but the causes of this delay and of the Great Oxidation itself remain uncertain. Here we show that the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis gave rise to two simultaneously stable steady states for atmospheric oxygen. The existence of a low-oxygen (less than 10(-5) PAL) steady state explains how a reducing atmosphere persisted for at least 300 million years after the onset of oxygenic photosynthesis. The Great Oxidation can be understood as a switch to the high-oxygen (more than 5 x 10(-3) PAL) steady state. The bistability arises because ultraviolet shielding of the troposphere by ozone becomes effective once oxygen levels exceed 10(-5) PAL, causing a nonlinear increase in the lifetime of atmospheric oxygen. Our results indicate that the existence of oxygenic photosynthesis is not a sufficient condition for either an oxygen-rich atmosphere or the presence of an ozone layer, which has implications for detecting life on other planets using atmospheric analysis and for the evolution of multicellular life.
Lenton TM (2006). Climate change to the end of the millennium: an editorial review essay. Climatic Change, 76(1-2), 7-29.
Climate change to the end of the millennium: an editorial review essay
Anthropogenic climate change will continue long after anthropogenic CO 2 emissions cease. Atmospheric CO2, global warming and ocean circulation will approach equilibrium on the millennial timescale, whereas thermal expansion of the ocean, ice sheet melt and their contributions to sea level rise are unlikely to be complete. Atmospheric CO2 in year 3000 depends non-linearly on the total amount of CO2 emitted and is very likely to exceed the present level of ∼380 ppmv. CO2 is doubled for ∼2500 GtC emitted, quadrupled if all ∼5000 GtC of conventional fossil fuel resources are emitted, and increases by a factor of ∼32 if a further 20,000 GtC of exotic fossil fuel resources are emitted. Global warming in year 3000 will also depend on climate sensitivity to doubling CO2, which is most probably ∼3°C but highly uncertain. Thermal expansion will contribute 0.5-2 m to millennial sea level rise for each doubling of CO2. The Greenland ice sheet could melt completely within the millennium under > 8 x CO2, adding a further ∼7 m to sea level. The rate of melt depends on the magnitude of forcing above a regional warming threshold of 1-3°C. The West Antarctic ice sheet could be threatened by 4-10°C local warming, and its potential contribution to millennial sea level rise exceeds current maximum estimates of ∼1 m. The fate of the ocean thermohaline circulation may depend on the rate as well as the magnitude of forcing. © Springer 2006.
Lenton TM, Klausmeier CA (2006). Co-evolution of phytoplankton C:N:P stoichiometry and the deep ocean N:P ratio. Biogeosciences Discussions, 3(4), 1023-1047.
Lunt DJ, Williamson MS, Valdes PJ, Lenton TM (2006). Comparing transient, accelerated, and equilibrium simulations of the last 30 000 years with the GENIE-1 model. Climate of the Past Discussions, 2(3), 267-283.
Lunt DJ, Williamson MS, Valdes PJ, Lenton TM, Marsh R (2006). Comparing transient, accelerated, and equilibrium simulations of the last 30 000 years with the GENIE-1 model. Climate of the Past, 2(2), 221-235.
Comparing transient, accelerated, and equilibrium simulations of the last 30 000 years with the GENIE-1 model
We examine several aspects of the ocean-atmosphere system over the last 30000 years, by carrying out simulations with prescribed ice sheets, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and orbital parameters. We use the GENIE-1 model with a frictional geostrophic ocean, dynamic sea ice, an energy balance atmosphere, and a land-surface scheme with fixed vegetation. A transient simulation, with boundary conditions derived from ice-core records and ice sheet reconstructions, is compared with equilibrium snapshot simulations, including the Last Glacial Maximum (21000 years before present; 21 kyrBP), mid-Holocene (6 kyrBP) and preindustrial. The equilibrium snapshot simulations are all very similar to their corresponding time period in the transient simulation, indicating that over the last 30000 years, the model's ocean-atmosphere system is close to equilibrium with its boundary conditions. However, our simulations neglect the transfer of fresh water from and to the ocean, resulting from the growth and decay of ice sheets, which would, in reality, lead to greater disequilibrium. Additionally, the GENIE-1 model exhibits a rather limited response in terms of its Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) over the 30000 years; a more sensitive AMOC would also be likely to lead to greater disequilibrium. We investigate the method of accelerating the boundary conditions of a transient simulation and find that the Southern Ocean is the region most affected by the acceleration. The Northern Hemisphere, even with a factor of 10 acceleration, is relatively unaffected. The results are robust to changes to several tunable parameters in the model. They also hold when a higher vertical resolution is used in the ocean.
Lenton TM, Britton C (2006). Enhanced carbonate and silicate weathering accelerates recovery from fossil fuel CO<inf>2</inf> perturbations. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20(3).
Enhanced carbonate and silicate weathering accelerates recovery from fossil fuel CO2 perturbations
Increasing atmospheric CO2 and surface temperatures should increase carbonate and silicate weathering rates, directly via warming, and indirectly via the CO2 fertilization effect enhancing plant productivity. Enhanced weathering should in turn increase alkalinity input to the ocean and accelerate long-term CO2 uptake. We added silicate and carbonate weathering and carbonate sediments to an existing global carbon cycle and surface temperature model and subjected it to a range of long-term fossil fuel emissions scenarios, spanning 1100-15,000 GtC in total. Emissions of≥7350 GtC dissolve all carbonate sediments, and enhanced carbonate and silicate weathering accelerate subsequent CO2 removal from the atmosphere by up to a factor of 4. For 1100-4000 GtC emissions, enhanced weathering accelerates CO2 removal by a factor of 1.5-2.5. However, it takes >1 Myr for silicate weathering to stabilize atmospheric CO 2. If land use tends to suppress vegetation and weathering rates on this timescale, then CO2 will stabilize above preindustrial levels. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.
Boyle RA, Lenton TM (2006). Fluctuation in the physical environment as a mechanism for reinforcing evolutionary transitions. J Theor Biol, 242(4), 832-843.
Fluctuation in the physical environment as a mechanism for reinforcing evolutionary transitions.
We hypothesize a mechanism for reinforcing transitions between levels of selection, involving physiological homeostasis and amplification of variation in the physical environment. Groups experience a stronger selection pressure than individuals for homeostasis with respect to reproductively limiting variables, because their greater longevity exposes them more often to suboptimal physical conditions, and greater physical size means they encompass a larger fraction of any resource/nutrient gradient. Groups achieve homeostasis by differentiation into microcosms with specialist functions, e.g. cell types. Such differentiation is more limited in individuals due to their smaller size and shorter lifespan. Hence tolerance of fluctuation in certain physical variables is proposed to be weaker in individuals than in groups. We show that a trait providing increased tolerance (alpha) to fluctuation (V-V(opt)) in a limiting abiotic variable (V), at relative fitness cost (C), can increase from rarity if the condition alpha.mid R:V-V(opt)|>C is met. Groups also sequester larger absolute quantities of resource than individuals, and group death is less frequent, hence the population dynamics of groups cause resource/nutrient availability to fluctuate with greater amplitude than that of individuals. Increasing the amplitude of fluctuation in a reproductively limiting environmental variable is proposed as a mechanism by which a group can limit reproduction of parasitic "cheat" individuals. Enhancing physical fluctuation is frequency dependent, hence only an increase in tolerance to fluctuation can explain the group's increase from rarity. However, once groups reach intermediate frequencies, a positive feedback process can be initiated in which a differentiated group enhances physical fluctuation beyond the tolerance of any "cheat", and in so doing enhances the selection pressure it experiences for homeostasis. This may help explain the persistence of transitions in individuality, and the coincidence of some such transitions with periods of change and oscillation in global scale environmental variables.
Ridgwell A, Hargreaves JC, Edwards NR, Annan JD, Lenton TM, Marsh R, Yool A, Watson A (2006). Marine geochemical data assimilation in an efficient Earth system model of global biogeochemical cycling. Biogeosciences Discussions, 3(4), 1313-1354.
Lenton TM, Williamson MS, Edwards NR, Marsh R, Price AR, Ridgwell AJ, Shepherd JG, Cox SJ (2006). Millennial timescale carbon cycle and climate change in an efficient Earth system model. Climate Dynamics, 26(7-8), 687-711.
Millennial timescale carbon cycle and climate change in an efficient Earth system model
A new Earth system model, GENIE-1, is presented which comprises a 3-D frictional geostrophic ocean, phosphate-restoring marine biogeochemistry, dynamic and thermodynamic sea-ice, land surface physics and carbon cycling, and a seasonal 2-D energy-moisture balance atmosphere. Three sets of model climate parameters are used to explore the robustness of the results and for traceability to earlier work. The model versions have climate sensitivity of 2.8-3.3°C and predict atmospheric CO2 close to present observations. Six idealized total fossil fuel CO2 emissions scenarios are used to explore a range of 1,100-15,000 GtC total emissions and the effect of rate of emissions. Atmospheric CO2 approaches equilibrium in year 3000 at 420-5,660 ppmv, giving 1.5-12.5°C global warming. The ocean is a robust carbon sink of up to 6.5 GtC year-1. Under "business as usual", the land becomes a carbon source around year 2100 which peaks at up to 2.5 GtC year-1. Soil carbon is lost globally, boreal vegetation generally increases, whilst under extreme forcing, dieback of some tropical and sub-tropical vegetation occurs. Average ocean surface pH drops by up to 1.15 units. A Greenland ice sheet melt threshold of 2.6°C local warming is only briefly exceeded if total emissions are limited to 1,100 GtC, whilst 15,000 GtC emissions cause complete Greenland melt by year 3000, contributing 7 m to sea level rise. Total sea-level rise, including thermal expansion, is 0.4-10 m in year 3000 and ongoing. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation shuts down in two out of three model versions, but only under extreme emissions including exotic fossil fuel resources. © Springer-Verlag 2006.
Marsh R, Smith MPLM, Rohling EJ, Lunt DJ, Lenton TM, Williamson MS, Yool A (2006). Modelling ocean circulation, climate and oxygen isotopes in the ocean over the last 120000 years. Climate of the Past Discussions, 2(5), 657-709.
Price AR, Voutchkov II, Pound GE, Edwards NR, Lenton TM, Cox SJ (2006). Multiobjective tuning of Grid-enabled earth system models using a Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II). e-Science 2006 - Second IEEE International Conference on e-Science and Grid Computing
Multiobjective tuning of Grid-enabled earth system models using a Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II)
The tuning of parameters in climate models is essential to provide reliable long-term forecasts of Earth system behaviour. In this paper we present the first application of the multiobjective non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) to the GENIE-1 Earth System Model (ESM). Twelve model parameters are tuned to improve four objective measures of fitness to observational data. Grid computing and data handling technology is harnessed to perform the concurrent simulations that comprise the generations of the genetic algorithm. Recent advances in the method exploit Response Surface Modelling to provide surrogate models of each objective. This enables more extensive and efficient searching of the design space. We assess the performance of the NSGA-II using surrogates by repeating a tuning exercise that has been performed using a proximal analytical centre plane cutting method and the Ensemble Kalman Filter on the GENIE-1 model. We find that the multiobjective algorithm locates Pareto-optimal solutions which are of comparable quality to those obtained using the single objective optimisation methods. © 2006 IEEE.
Wood AJ, Ackland GJ, Lenton TM (2006). Mutation of albedo and growth response produces oscillations in a spatial Daisyworld. J Theor Biol, 242(1), 188-198.
Mutation of albedo and growth response produces oscillations in a spatial Daisyworld.
We extended a two-dimensional cellular automaton (CA) Daisyworld to include mutation of optimal growth temperature as well as mutation of albedo. Thus, the organisms (daisies) can adapt to prevailing environmental conditions or evolve to alter their environment. We find the resulting system oscillates with a period of hundreds of daisy generations. Weaker and less regular oscillations exist in previous daisyworld models, but they become much stronger and more regular here with mutation in the growth response. Despite the existence of a particular combination of mean albedo and optimum individual growth temperature which maximises growth, we find that this global state is unstable with respect to mutations which lower absolute growth rate, but increase marginal growth rate. The resulting system oscillates with a period that is found to decrease with increasing death rate, and to increase with increasing heat diffusion and heat capacity. We speculate that the origin of this oscillation is a Hopf bifurcation, previously predicted in a zero-dimensional system.
Ridgwell A, Zondervan I, Hargreaves JC, Bijma J, Lenton TM (2006). Significant long-term increase of fossil fuel CO2 uptake from reduced marine calcification. Biogeosciences Discussions, 3(6), 1763-1780.
Cameron DR, Lenton TM, Ridgwell AJ, Shepherd JG, Marsh R, Yool A (2005). A factorial analysis of the marine carbon cycle and ocean circulation controls on atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf>. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19(4).
A factorial analysis of the marine carbon cycle and ocean circulation controls on atmospheric CO2
A factorial experiment with a new Earth system model of intermediate complexity is used to assess the sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 to organic, carbonate and solubility pumps, ocean circulation state, and climate feedback. An analysis of variance of the results reveals that the organic, carbonate, and solubility pumps act multiplicatively and account for 94% of the variance of atmospheric CO2. The organic pump explains 63% (89 ppm), the solubility pump 24% (55 ppm), the carbonate pump 6% (28 ppm), and ocean circulation 0.3% (12 ppm) of the variance. Removing all pumps increases atmospheric CO2 from 278 to 525 ppm. Including interactions with all the pumps increases the effects of ocean circulation from 12 to 56 ppm. However, the ocean circulation states used are unlikely to span the full range of possible states. Changes in Pacific circulation have more effect on atmospheric CO2 than Atlantic circulation. Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union.
Adams B, White A, Lenton TM (2004). An analysis of some diverse approaches to modelling terrestrial net primary productivity. Ecological Modelling, 177(3-4), 353-391.
An analysis of some diverse approaches to modelling terrestrial net primary productivity
We inter-compare the mathematical formulation of ten models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) and their functional responses to temperature (T), carbon dioxide (CO2), soil water (W) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The models span a broad spectrum of complexity of approaches from the original, empirical Miami model, through β-factor, and global-average box models, to the dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) TRIFFID and BIOME3. Five of the models separate photosynthesis and respiration, although only three directly consider biochemistry. Equations for all the models are given in a complete, compact, standardized format. NPP responses to temperature differ markedly: β-factor models show only a tiny increase with temperature, empirical models predict a modest S-shaped response saturating above 35°C (a surrogate for drought effects), biochemical and quasi-biochemical models show a peaked response with an optimum in the range 15-25°C except for DEMETER (
Lenton TM, Watson AJ (2004). Biotic enhancement of weathering, atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide in the Neoproterozoic. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(5).
Biotic enhancement of weathering, atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide in the Neoproterozoic
It has been suggested that biological colonization of the land surface began in the Neoproterozoic 1000-544 million years ago (Ma). We hypothesize that this colonization involved selective weathering of P from rocks, as well as an amplification of overall weathering rates. We show that two recent models, despite differences in the feedback mechanisms represented, predict that an increase in the weathering flux of P to the ocean would have caused a rise in atmospheric O2 in the Neoproterozoic. This in turn may have provided a necessary condition for the evolution of animals with hard skeletons seen in the 'Cambrian explosion'. Increased weathering of silicate rocks would also have caused a decline in atmospheric CO2, which could have been a causal factor in the Neoproterozoic glaciations. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.
Marsh R, Yool A, Lenton TM, Gulamali MY, Edwards NR, Shepherd JG, Krznaric M, Newhouse S, Cox SJ (2004). Bistability of the thermohaline circulation identified through comprehensive 2-parameter sweeps of an efficient climate model. Climate Dynamics, 23(7-8), 761-777.
Bistability of the thermohaline circulation identified through comprehensive 2-parameter sweeps of an efficient climate model
The effect of changes in zonal and meridional atmospheric moisture transports on Atlantic overturning is investigated. Zonal transports are considered in terms of net moisture export from the Atlantic sector. Meridional transports are related to the vigour of the global hydrological cycle. The equilibrium thermohaline circulation (THC) simulated with an efficient climate model is strongly dependent on two key parameters that control these transports: an anomaly in the specified Atlantic-Pacific moisture flux (ΔFa) and atmospheric moisture diffusivity (Kq). In a large ensemble of spinup experiments, the values of ΔFa and Kq are varied by small increments across wide ranges, to identify sharp transitions of equilibrium THC strength in a 2-parameter space (between Conveyor "On" and "Off" states). Final states from this ensemble of simulations are then used as the initial states for further such ensembles. Large differences in THC strength between ensembles, for identical combinations of ΔFa and Kq, reveal the co-existence of two stable THC states (Conveyor "On" and "Off") - i.e. a bistable regime. In further sensitivity experiments, the model is forced with small, temporary freshwater perturbations to the mid-latitude North Atlantic, to establish the minimum perturbation necessary for irreversible THC collapse in this bistable regime. A threshold is identified in terms of the forcing duration required. The model THC, in a "Conveyor On" state, irreversibly collapses to a "Conveyor Off" state under additional freshwater forcing of just 0.1 Sv applied for around 100 years. The irreversible collapse is primarily due to a positive feedback associated with suppressed convection and reduced surface heat loss in the sinking region. Increased atmosphere-to-ocean freshwater flux, under a collapsed Conveyor, plays a secondary role. © Springer-Verlag 2004.
Bergman NM, Lenton TM, Watson AJ (2004). COPSE: a new model of biogeochemical cycling over phanerozoic time. American Journal of Science, 304(5), 397-437.
COPSE: a new model of biogeochemical cycling over phanerozoic time
We present a new model of biogeochemical cycling over Phanerozoic time. This work couples a feedback-based model of atmospheric O2 and ocean nutrients (Lenton and Watson, 2000a, 2000b) with a geochemical carbon cycle model (Berner, 1991, 1994), a simple sulfur cycle, and additional components. The resulting COPSE model (Carbon-Oxygen-Phosphorus-Sulfur-Evolution) represents the co-evolution of biotic and abiotic components of the Earth system, in that it couples interactive and evolving terrestrial and marine biota to geochemical and tectonic processes. The model is forced with geological and evolutionary forcings and time-dependent solar insolation. The baseline model succeeds in giving simultaneous predictions of atmospheric O2, CO2, global temperature, ocean composition, δ13C and δ34S that are in reasonable agreement with available data and suggested constraints. The behavior of the coupled model is qualitatively different to single cycle models. While atmospheric pCO2 (CO2 partial pressure) predictions are mostly determined by the model forcings and the response of silicate weathering rate to pCO2 and temperature, multiple negative feedback processes and coupling of the C, O, P and S cycles are necessary for regulating pO2 while allowing δ13C changes of sufficient amplitude to match the record. The results support a pO2 dependency of oxidative weathering of reduced carbon and sulfur, which raises early Paleozoic pO2 above the estimated requirement of Cambrian fauna and prevents unrealistically large δ34S variation. They do not support a strong anoxia dependency of the C:P burial ratio of marine organic matter (Van Cappellen and Ingall, 1994, 1996) because this dependency raises early Paleozoic δ13C and organic carbon burial rates too high. The dependency of terrestrial primary productivity on pO2 also contributes to oxygen regulation. An intermediate strength oxygen fire feedback on terrestrial biomass, which gives a pO2 upper limit of ∼1.6PAL (present atmospheric level) or 30 volume percent, provides the best combined pO2 and δ13C predictions. Sulfur cycle coupling contributes critically to lowering the Permo-Carboniferous pCO2 and temperature minimum. The results support an inverse dependency of pyrite sulfur burial on pO2 (for example, Berner and Canfield, 1989 , which contributes to the shuttling of oxygen back and forth between carbonate carbon and gypsum sulfur. A pO2 dependency of photosynthetic carbon isotope fractionation (Berner and others, 2000; Beerling and others, 2002) is important for producing sufficient magnitude of δ13C variation. However, our results do not support an oxygen dependency of sulfur isotope fractionation in pyrite formation (Berner and others, 2000) because it generates unrealistically small variations in δ34S. In the Early Paleozoic, COPSE predicts pO2=0.2-0.6PAL and pCO2>10PAL, with high oceanic [PO3-4] and low [SO=4]. Land plant evolution caused a 'phase change' in the Earth system by increasing weathering rates and shifting some organic burial to land. This change resulted in a major drop in pCO2 to 3 to 4PAL and a rise in pO2 to ∼1.5PAL in the Permo-Carboniferous, with temperatures below present, ocean variables nearer present concentrations, and PO4:NO3 regulated closer to Redfield ratio. A second O2 peak of similar or slightly greater magnitude appears in the mid-Cretaceous, before a descent towards PAL. Mesozoic CO2 is in the range 3 to 7PAL, descending toward PAL in the Cretaceous and Cenozoic.
Lenton TM, Schellnhuber HJ, Szathmáry E (2004). Climbing the co-evolution ladder. Nature, 431(7011). Author URL.
Ackland GJ, Clark MA, Lenton TM (2003). Catastrophic desert formation in Daisyworld. J Theor Biol, 223(1), 39-44.
Catastrophic desert formation in Daisyworld.
Feedback between life and its environment is ubiquitous but the strength of coupling and its global implications remain hotly debated. Abrupt changes in the abundance of life for small changes in forcing provide one indicator of regulation, for example, when vegetation-climate feedback collapses in the formation of a desert. Here we use a two-dimensional "Daisyworld" model with curvature to show that catastrophic collapse of life under gradual forcing provides a testable indicator of environmental feedback. When solar luminosity increases to a critical value, a desert forms across a wide band of the planet. The scale of collapse depends on the strength of feedback. The efficiency of temperature regulation is limited by mutation rate in an analogous manner to the limitation of adaptive fitness in evolutionary theories. The final state of the system emerging from single-site rules can be described by two global quantities: optimization of temperature regulation and maximization of diversity, which are mathematically analogous to energy and entropy in thermodynamics.
Lenton TM, Wilkinson DM (2003). Developing the Gaia theory: a response to the criticisms of Kirchner and Volk. Climatic Change, 58(1-2), 1-12.
Ganopolski A, Weedon GP, Nienow PW, Wells NC, Ho MW, Lenton TM (2003). Glacial integrative modelling. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 361(1810), 1871-1884.
Glacial integrative modelling
Understanding the mechanisms of past climate changes requires modelling of the complex interaction between all major components of the Earth system: atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. This paper reviews attempts at such an integrative approach to modelling climate changes during the glacial age. In particular, the roles of different factors in shaping glacial climate are compared based on the results of simulations with an Earth-system model of intermediate complexity, CLIMBER-2. It is shown that ice sheets, changes in atmospheric compositions, vegetation cover, and reorganization of the ocean thermohaline circulation play important roles in glacial climate changes. Another example of this approach is the modelling of two major types of abrupt glacial climate changes: Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich events. Our results corroborate some of the early proposed mechanisms, which relate abrupt climate changes to the internal instability of the ocean thermohaline circulation and ice sheets. At the same time, it is shown that realistic representation of the temporal evolution of the palaeoclimatic background is crucial to simulate observed features of the glacial abrupt climate changes.
Weedon GP, Ganopolski A, Nienow PW, Wells NC, Ho MW, Lenton TM (2003). Glacial integrative modelling - Discussion. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES, 361(1810), 1883-1884. Author URL.
Lenton TM, Huntingford C (2003). Global terrestrial carbon storage and uncertainties in its temperature sensitivity examined with a simple model. Global Change Biology, 9(10), 1333-1352.
Global terrestrial carbon storage and uncertainties in its temperature sensitivity examined with a simple model
The future of the land carbon sink is a significant uncertainty in global change projections. Here, key controls on global terrestrial carbon storage are examined using a simple model of vegetation and soil. Equilibrium solutions are derived as a function of atmospheric CO2 and global temperature, these environmental variables are then linked in an idealized global change trajectory, and the lag between the dynamic and equilibrium solutions is derived for different linear rates of increase in atmospheric CO2. Terrestrial carbon storage is departing significantly from equilibrium because CO2 and temperature are increasing on a similar timescale to ecosystem change, and the lag is found to be proportional to the rate of forcing. Thus peak sizes of the land carbon sink, and any future land carbon source, are proportional to the rate of increase of CO2. A switch from a land carbon sink to a source occurs at a higher CO2 and temperature under more rapid forcing. The effects of parameter uncertainty in temperature sensitivities of photosynthesis, plant respiration and soil respiration, and structural uncertainty through the effect of fixing the ratio of plant respiration to photosynthesis are explored. In each case, the CO2 fertilization effect on photosynthesis is constrained to reproduce the 1990 atmospheric CO2 concentration within a closed global model. New literature compilations are presented for the temperature sensitivities of plant and soil respiration. A lower limit, Q10 = 1.29, for soil respiration significantly increases future land carbon storage. An upper limit, Q10 = 3.63, for soil respiration underpredicts the increase in carbon storage since the Last Glacial Maximum. Fixing the ratio of plant respiration to photosynthesis (R/P) at 0.5 generates the largest and most persistent land carbon sink, followed by the weakest land carbon source.
Adams B, Carr J, Lenton TM, White A (2003). One-dimensional daisyworld: spatial interactions and pattern formation. J Theor Biol, 223(4), 505-513.
One-dimensional daisyworld: spatial interactions and pattern formation.
The zero-dimensional daisyworld model of Watson and Lovelock (1983) demonstrates that life can unconsciously regulate a global environment. Here that model is extended to one dimension, incorporating a distribution of incoming solar radiation and diffusion of heat consistent with a spherical planet. Global regulatory properties of the original model are retained. The daisy populations are initially restricted to hospitable regions of the surface but exert both global and local feedback to increase this habitable area, eventually colonizing the whole surface. The introduction of heat diffusion destabilizes the coexistence equilibrium of the two daisy types. In response, a striped pattern consisting of blocks of all black or all white daisies emerges. There are two mechanisms behind this pattern formation. Both are connected to the stability of the system and an overview of the mathematics involved is presented. Numerical experiments show that this pattern is globally determined. Perturbations in one region have an impact over the whole surface but the regulatory properties of the system are not compromised by transient perturbations. The relevance of these results to the Earth and the wider climate modelling field is discussed.
Handoh IC, Lenton TM (2003). Periodic mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events linked by oscillations of the phosphorus and oxygen biogeochemical cycles. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17(4), 3-1.
Periodic mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events linked by oscillations of the phosphorus and oxygen biogeochemical cycles
A series of oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) occurred in the mid-Cretaceous warm period (120-80 Ma) that have been linked with high rates of organic carbon burial, warm high- and low- latitude temperatures, and sea-level changes. OAEs have been studied individually, but a causal mechanism that connects them has been lacking. We show that peaks in phosphorus accumulation in marine sediments broadly coincide with OAEs 1a, 1b, 1d, 2, and 3, and exhibit a 5-6 Myr periodicity, which for reactive-P is prominent over 100-80 Ma. Oxic-anoxic oscillations of this frequency are also found in a model of the coupled N, P, C, and O2 biogeochemical cycles. These oscillations are maintained by positive feedbacks between phosphate concentration, biological productivity, and anoxia in the global ocean and counteracting, but slower, negative feedbacks involving changes in atmospheric oxygen. An increase in phosphorus weathering rate above a critical threshold can shift the system into self-sustaining oscillation. This could have been caused by tectonic and volcanic forcing increasing atmospheric CO2 and global warmth 120-80 Ma, augmented by the rise of flowering plants around 100 Ma. With a plausible forcing scenario, we are able to reproduce the approximate timing of OAEs 1a, 1b, 1d, 2, and 3 in the model. Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union.
Lenton T (2003). School textbook research: the case of geography 1800-2000. GEOGRAPHY, 88, 81-81. Author URL.
Gildor H, Tziperman E, Nienow PW, Shepherd JG, Alley RB, Lawton JH, Mahadevan A, Lenton TM (2003). Sea-ice switches and abrupt climate change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 361(1810), 1935-1944.
Sea-ice switches and abrupt climate change
We propose that past abrupt climate changes were probably a result of rapid and extensive variations in sea-ice cover. We explain why this seems a perhaps more likely explanation than a purely thermohaline circulation mechanism. We emphasize that because of the significant influence of sea ice on the climate system, it seems that high priority should be given to developing ways for reconstructing high-resolution (in space and time) sea-ice extent for past climate-change events. If proxy data can confirm that sea ice was indeed the major player in past abrupt climate-change events, it seems less likely that such dramatic abrupt changes will occur due to global warming, when extensive sea-ice cover will not be present.
Nienow PW, Tziperman E, Shepherd JG, Alley RB, Lawton JH, Mahadevan A, Lenton TM (2003). Sea-ice switches and abrupt climate change - Discussion. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES, 361(1810), 1942-1944. Author URL.
Lenton TM, van Oijen M (2002). Gaia as a complex adaptive system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 357(1421), 683-695.
Gaia as a complex adaptive system.
We define the Gaia system of life and its environment on Earth, review the status of the Gaia theory, introduce potentially relevant concepts from complexity theory, then try to apply them to Gaia. We consider whether Gaia is a complex adaptive system (CAS) in terms of its behaviour and suggest that the system is self-organizing but does not reside in a critical state. Gaia has supported abundant life for most of the last 3.8 Gyr. Large perturbations have occasionally suppressed life but the system has always recovered without losing the capacity for large-scale free energy capture and recycling of essential elements. To illustrate how complexity theory can help us understand the emergence of planetary-scale order, we present a simple cellular automata (CA) model of the imaginary planet Daisyworld. This exhibits emergent self-regulation as a consequence of feedback coupling between life and its environment. Local spatial interaction, which was absent from the original model, can destabilize the system by generating bifurcation regimes. Variation and natural selection tend to remove this instability. With mutation in the model system, it exhibits self-organizing adaptive behaviour in its response to forcing. We close by suggesting how artificial life ('Alife') techniques may enable more comprehensive feasibility tests of Gaia.
Lenton TM, Cannell MGR (2002). Mitigating the rate and extent of global warming. CLIMATIC CHANGE, 52(3), 255-262. Author URL.
Lenton TM, Cannell MGR (2002). Mitigating the rate and extent of global warming: an editorial essay. Climatic Change, 52(3), 255-262.
Mitigating the rate and extent of global warming: an editorial essay
Mitigation, in the sense of slowing the rate of CO2 emission, can reduce the rate of rise of CO2 and global warming and limit peak CO2 concentration and global warming. However, it will have little effect on the near steady state CO2 concentration and corresponding global warming achieved on a millennial timescale once emissions are negligible and the added carbon has been distributed between the ocean, atmosphere and land. Using a simple model with mid-range climate sensitivity, we estimate that the maximum rate of global warming can be limited to
Lenton TM (2002). Testing gaia: the effect of life on earth's habitability and regulation. Climatic Change, 52(4), 409-422.
Testing gaia: the effect of life on earth's habitability and regulation
The Gaia theory proposes that the Earth system self-regulates in a habitable state. Here the effect of life on the state of the Earth and its response to forcing and perturbation is considered. It is argued that life has not survived for >3.8 billion years purely by chance, rather the Earth system possesses regulatory mechanisms. The Earth system is more resistant and resilient to many (but not all) perturbations with life present and the Earth is predicted to remain inhabitable for longer with life present than it would without. With only one case to study, it is difficult to test whether the Earth exhibits such regulation by chance or because regulatory outcomes of life-environment interaction are more probable. The search for life on extra-solar planets and 'artificial life' simulations of virtual worlds may increase the sample size. Theoretical principles suggest that regulation is a probable outcome of life-environment coupling, and on Earth it appears that there may be an innate tendency for regulatory properties to accumulate and strengthen as the biota evolves.
Lenton TM, Von Bloh W (2001). Biotic feedback extends the life span of the biosphere. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(9), 1715-1718.
Biotic feedback extends the life span of the biosphere
The Sun is becoming more luminous with time and will eventually overheat the biosphere. However, life cools the Earth by amplifying the rate of silicate rock weathering and maintaining a low level of atmospheric CO2. Recent studies indicate a much stronger biotic weathering effect than in models used to estimate the life span of the biosphere. Here we show that the resulting feedback lengthens the survival of complex life by delaying the loss of CO2 from the atmosphere. The weathering biota can potentially maintain the Earth in a habitable state when otherwise it would be too hot for them. If so, catastrophic warming rather than gradual CO2 starvation will terminate complex life. Despite the possibility of an irreversible collapse, the current biosphere should remain resilient to carbon cycle perturbation or mass extinction events for at least 0.8 Gyr and may survive for up to 1.2 Gyr.
Lenton T (2001). Daisyworld and beyond. Gaia Circular, 4(1), 10-12.
Lenton TM, Lovelock JE (2001). Daisyworld revisited: Quantifying biological effects on planetary self-regulation. Tellus, Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 53(3), 288-305.
Daisyworld revisited: Quantifying biological effects on planetary self-regulation
Daisyworld demonstrates that self-regulation of the global environment can emerge from organisms altering their local environment in different ways. In Daisyworld, natural selection is directly linked to environmental effects such that what is selected for at the individual level is beneficial to the global environment. The model has been modified and extended in many studies that have highlighted the effect of biological processes on system self-regulation. Here we better quantify their effects and present new variants of the model in an attempt to resolve outstanding debates. The results confirm that Daisyworld is a remarkably robust self-regulating system and they offer some general lessons about systems where life has a strong effect on the environment, which we think are relevant to the Earth. As forcing becomes extreme, such systems can exhibit co-existing stable states with and without life (bi-stability), and rapid transitions from one to the other that are difficult to reverse. The growth response of organisms to the environment has a role in determining the range of forcing over which a system can regulate. Density-dependent ecological interactions improve Daisyworld's regulatory properties, although increased inter-species competition destabilises the environment in one interval. Self-regulation is little affected by introducing organisms that "cheat" by not altering their local environment and in so doing gain a growth advantage. Increased variation in an environment-altering trait (albedo) can weaken the negative feedback it provides on the environment. However, random mutation of this trait and subsequent natural selection can generate and extend the range of temperature regulation and improve the system's response to perturbation with time. Internal adaptation of organisms toward prevailing environmental conditions, or to tolerate extremes, can also extend the range of forcing over which life persists.
Lenton TM (2001). The role of land plants, phosphorus weathering and fire in the rise and regulation of atmospheric oxygen. Global Change Biology, 7(6), 613-629.
The role of land plants, phosphorus weathering and fire in the rise and regulation of atmospheric oxygen
The evolution of vascular plants and their spread across the land surface, beginning ~420 Ma, progressively increased the rate of weathering of phosphorus from rocks. This phosphorus supply promoted terrestrial and marine productivity and the burial of organic carbon, which has been the major source of O2 over geological timescales. Hence, it is predicted that the rise of plants led to an increase in the O2 content of the atmosphere from ~12 vol %, 570-400 Ma to its present level of ~21 vol % by ~340 Ma. Previous modelling studies suggest that O2 then rose to ~35 vol % ~300 Ma. Such high concentrations are difficult to reconcile with the known persistence of forests, because rising O2 increases the frequency and intensity of vegetation fires, tending to decrease biomass and cause ecological shifts toward faster regenerating ecosystems. Rising O2 also directly inhibits C3 photosynthetic carbon assimilation and increase the production of toxic reactive oxygen species in cells. These effects suppress plant-induced phosphorus weathering and hence organic carbon burial, providing a sensitive negative feedback on O2. A revised model predicts that this mechanism could have regulated atmospheric O2 within the range 15-25 vol % for the last 350 million years.
Huntingford C, Cox PM, Lenton TM (2000). Contrasting responses of a simple terrestrial ecosystem model to global change. Ecological Modelling, 134(1), 41-58.
Contrasting responses of a simple terrestrial ecosystem model to global change
A simple parameter-scarce model of vegetation dynamics is introduced which describes a single dominant vegetation type using three equations for vegetation carbon, fractional coverage by the vegetation and soil carbon. The model is driven by net primary productivity, as calculated by a submodel of photosynthesis and plant respiration. Three categories of response to prescribed increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature are identified: (1) the emergence of a new dominant vegetation type in a cold environment. When the vegetation is establishing, there is a long period (dependent upon the 'seeding' fraction) of slow vegetation spread. This is followed by a rapid increase in fractional cover as the vegetation moves to being in near equilibrium with the perturbed climate, causing a pulse of positive Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP). (2) Robust behaviour of an established vegetation in a warm environment. Extra carbon assimilated is mostly allocated to spreading, but because the fractional cover is nearly complete, the carbon is further diverted into extra litter fall ('self shading'). The soil carbon reservoir grows and NEP is initially weakly positive. However, soil respiration increases more rapidly with warming than net primary production, causing a gradual switch to weakly negative NEP. (3) 'Die-back' can occur at high temperatures. Net primary productivity starts to decrease, causing a decline in litter supply and shrinkage of the soil carbon reservoir Eventually, there is not enough incoming carbon to match natural disturbance rates and the vegetation rapidly decreases in fractional coverage until it disappears. This causes a large pulse of negative NEP. The timing of such 'die-back' is strongly linked to the chosen description of how dark and plant respiration depend upon temperature. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
Lenton TM, Lovelock JE (2000). Daisyworld is Darwinian: constraints on adaptation are important for planetary self-regulation. J Theor Biol, 206(1), 109-114.
Daisyworld is Darwinian: constraints on adaptation are important for planetary self-regulation.
The Daisyworld model demonstrates that self-regulation of the global environment can emerge from competition amongst types of life altering their local environment in different ways. Robertson & Robinson (1998. J. theor. Biol.195, 129-134) presented what they describe as a "Darwinian Daisyworld" in which the ability of organisms to adapt their internal physiology in response to environmental change undermines their ability to regulate their environment. They assume that there are no bounds on the environmental conditions that organisms can adapt to and that equal growth rates can potentially be achieved under any conditions. If adaptation could respond sufficiently rapidly to changes in the environment, this would eliminate any need for the environment to be regulated in the first place, because all possible states of the environment would be equally tolerable to life. However, the thermodynamics, chemistry and structure of living organisms set bounds on the range of environmental conditions that can be adapted to. As these bounds are approached, environmental conditions limit growth rate, and adaptations necessary for survival can also cost energy. Here we take account of such constraints and find that environmental regulation is recovered in the Daisyworld model. Hence, we suggest that constraints are an important part of a self-regulating planetary system.
Lenton TM (2000). Land and ocean carbon cycle feedback effects on global warming in a simple Earth system model. Tellus, Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 52(5), 1159-1188.
Land and ocean carbon cycle feedback effects on global warming in a simple Earth system model
A simple Earth system model is developed by coupling a box model of the global carbon cycle to an energy-balance approximation of global temperature. The model includes a range of feedback mechanisms between atmospheric CO2, surface temperature and land and ocean carbon cycling. It is used to assess their effect on the global change being driven by anthropogenic CO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning and land-use change. When tuned to reach the 1990 level of atmospheric CO2, the model CO2 predictions for 1832-1990 are reasonably close to ice-core and instrumental records, observed global warming of ~0.6 K from 1860-1990 is accurately predicted and the land and ocean carbon sinks for the 1980s are close to IPCC central estimates. The ocean sink is reduced by ~0.3 GtC yr-1 when the ocean surface is assumed to warm at the same rate as global surface temperature. Land and oceanic carbon sinks are predicted to be growing at present and hence buffering the rate of rise of atmospheric CO2. In the basic model, the current land carbon sink is assumed to be due to CO2 fertilisation of photosynthesis. The slight warming that has occurred enhances soil respiration (carbon loss) and net primary productivity (carbon uptake) by similar amounts. When the model is forced with a 'business as usual' (IS92a) emissions scenario for 1990-2100 followed by a linear decline in emissions to zero at 2200, CO2 reaches a peak of 985 ppmv in 2170 and temperature peaks at +5.5 K in 2180. Peak CO2 is ~135 ppmv higher than suggested by IPCC for the same forcing, principally because global warming first suppresses the land carbon sink then generates a land carbon source. When warming exceeds ~4.5 K, soil respiration 'overtakes' the CO2 fertilisation of NPP, triggering a release of ~70 GtC from terrestrial ecosystems over ~100 years. When the effects of temperature on photosynthesis, respiration and soil respiration are removed, peak levels of CO2 are reduced by ~100 ppmv and peak temperature by ~0.5 K. Distinguishing separate soil carbon pools with different residence times does not significantly alter the timing of the switch to a land carbon source or its effect on peak CO2, but it causes the source to persist for longer. If forest re-growth or nitrogen deposition are assumed to contribute to the current land carbon sink, this implies a weaker CO2 fertilisation effect on photosynthesis and generates a larger future carbon source. Peak CO2 levels are also sensitive by about ±80 ppmv to upper and lower limits on the temperature responses of photosynthesis, plant respiration and soil respiration. By forcing the model with a range of future emission scenarios it is found that the creation of a significant land carbon source requires rapid warming, exceeding ~4.5 K, and its magnitude increases with the rate of forcing. The carbon source is greatest for the most rapid burning of the largest reserve of fossil fuel. It is concluded that carbon loss from terrestrial ecosystems may significantly (~10%) amplify global warming under 'business as usual' or more extreme scenarios.
Lenton TM, Watson AJ (2000). Redfield revisited 1. Regulation of nitrate, phosphate, and oxygen in the ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14(1), 225-248.
Redfield revisited 1. Regulation of nitrate, phosphate, and oxygen in the ocean
© Copyright 2000 by the American Geophysical Union. The ratio of phosphate and nitrate concentrations in the deep ocean matches closely the Redfield ratio required by phytoplankton growing in the surface ocean. Furthermore, the oxygen available from dissolution in ocean water is, on average, just sufficient for the respiration of the resulting organic matter. We review various feedback mechanisms that have been proposed to account for these remarkable correspondences and construct a model to test their effectiveness. The model's initial steady state is close to the Redfield ratios and stable against instantaneous changes in the sizes of the nitrate and phosphate reservoirs. When classic flux estimates are adopted, nitrate responds to perturbation in 1000-2000 years and phosphate in 40,000-60,000 years. However, recently increased estimates of the input and output fluxes of nitrate and phosphate suggest that they respond more rapidly to perturbation, nitrate in 500-1000 years and phosphate in 10,000-15,000 years. Nitrogen fixation tends to maintain nitrate close to Redfield ratio with phosphate, while denitrification tends to keep nitrate as the proximate limiting nutrient and tie it in Redfield ratio to dissolved oxygen. Under increases in phosphorus input to the ocean, the relative responsiveness of nitrogen fixation and denitrification determine whether nitrate remains close to Redfield ratio to phosphate or to oxygen. If nitrogen fixation is strongly limited (e.g. by lack of iron), increasing phosphorus input to the ocean can cause phosphate to deviate above Redfield ratio to nitrate. Hence nitrogen dynamics can control phosphate behavior and nitrate can potentially be the ultimate limiting nutrient over geologic periods of time. When nitrate and phosphate are coupled together by responsive nitrogen fixation, negative feedbacks on organic and calcium-bound phosphorus burial stabilize their concentrations. If anoxia suppresses organic phosphorus burial, the resulting feedbacks on phosphate (positive) and oxygen (negative) improve regulation toward the Redfield ratios. Variants of the model are forced with a global record of phosphorus accumulation in biogenic sediments as a proxy for changes in phosphate input to the ocean over the past 40 Myr. Nitrate is generally regulated close to Redfield ratio to phosphate, despite large changes in phosphorus input. If nitrogen fixation is strongly limited, then there is one interval (-15 Myr ago) when a very rapid increase in phosphate input forces phosphate above Redfield ratio to nitrate. Decreases in phosphorus input cause phosphate and nitrate to quickly deviate below Redfield ratio with oxygen, removing anoxia from the ocean, while increases in phosphorus input rapidly increase anoxia. Hence we conclude that there appears to be an element of chance in observing today's ocean "on the edge of anoxia" with nitrate, phosphate, and oxygen all close to the Redfield ratios.
Lenton TM, Watson AJ (2000). Redfield revisited 2. What regulates the oxygen content of the atmosphere?. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14(1), 249-268.
Redfield revisited 2. What regulates the oxygen content of the atmosphere?
©2000 by the America Geophysical union. The continuous charcoal record, interpreted with the aid of the results of combustion experiments, in-dicates that the mixing ratio of atmospheric oxygen has varied remarkably little over the past 350M yr. We develop a dynamic feedback model of the coupled P, N, C, and O2 cycles and use perturbation analysis and a case study of the past 40 Myr to test various feedback mechanisms that have been p-roposed to stabilize atmospheric oxygen. These mechanisms involve alterations in nutrient driven p-roductivity and the subsequent burial flux of organic carbon, which provides the main source of atmospheric oxygen. Suppression of the burial of phosphorus sorbed to iron minerals under anoxic conditions in ocean bottom waters tends to increase the ocean nutrient inventory and provide negative feedback against declining oxygen[Holland 1994]. However, denitrification is enhanced by anoxia, tending to reduce the nutrient inventory and amplify declining oxygen [Lenton and Watson, this issue]. If organic phosphorus removal from the ocean is also suppressed under anoxic conditions, this improves oxygen regulation[V an Cappellen and Ingall, 1994],as does direct enhancement of organic carbon b-urial due to reduced oxygen concentration in bottom waters [Betts and Holland, 1991]. However, all of the ocean-based feedback mechanisms cease to operate under increases in oxygen that remove anoxia from the ocean. Fire frequency is extremely sensitive to increases in oxygen above2 1% of the atmosphere, readily suppressing vegetation on the land surface. This should transfer phosphorus from the land to the ocean ,causing less carbon to be buried per unit of phosphorus and providing a weak negative feedback on oxygen [Kump,1988].However ,a new proposal that increases in oxygen suppress the biological amplification of rock weathering and hence the input of phosphorus to the Earth system provides them most effective oxygen regulation of all the mechanisms considered. A range of proxies suggests that the input of available phosphorus to the ocean may have been significantly reduced 40 Myr ago, suppressing new production and organic carbon burial in the model. With only ocean-based feedback ,the atmospheric oxygen reservoir is predicted to have shrunk from-26% of the atmosphere 40 Myr ago. However, when land plant mediated negative feedback on phosphorus weathering is added, oxygen is regulated within 19-21% of the atmosphere throughout the past 40 Myr, in a manner more consistent with paleorecords.
Lenton T (1999). Gaia comes of age. Clean Air, 29(3), 71-72.
Welsh DT, Viaroli P, Hamilton WD, Lenton TM (1999). Is dmsp synthesis in chlorophycean macro-algae linked to aerial dispersal?. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 11(3), 265-278.
Is dmsp synthesis in chlorophycean macro-algae linked to aerial dispersal?
Dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) has been proposed to be a compatible (osmotic) solute in marine macro-algae, allowing adaptation to changes in the osmotic pressure of the growth medium. However, whilst DMSP undoubtedly does contribute substantially to the overall osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm, several studies have demonstrated that its intracellular concentration is not directly regulated by the osmotic pressure of the growth medium. Thus, DMSP does not behave as a compatible solute sensu stricto and therefore its role may not be strictly osmotic. Recently, HAMILTON & LENTON (1998) proposed that DMS emissions associated with blooms of DMSP accumulating marine phytoplankton may be linked to an aerial mode of dispersal via the induction of cloud formation and local convective winds. Only micro-algae were discussed. All macro-algae, however, also have unicellular stages as gametes or spores which could become windborne. In this paper, we review the literature on the life histories, growth cycles and ecology of marine DMSP synthesising chlorophycean macro-algae, in order to assess whether a similar dispersal mechanism may exist within this group. Whilst only direct experimental evidence can resolve if these macro-algae are dispersed or not by an aerial mechanism, many features of their growth, reproductive and life cycles are consistent with such a mechanism. Such an aerial dispersal mechanism might represent an especial ecological advantage in this group, allowing colonisation of areas separated by land masses or denied to normal waterborne dispersal routes by directional currents. © 1999 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Lenton TM (1998). Gaia and natural selection. Nature, 394(6692), 439-447.
Gaia and natural selection.
Evidence indicates that the Earth self-regulates at a state that is tolerated by life, but why should the organisms that leave the most descendants be the ones that contribute to regulating their planetary environment? the evolving Gaia theory focuses on the feedback mechanisms, stemming from naturally selected traits of organisms, that could generate such self-regulation.
Hamilton WD, Lenton TM (1998). Spora and gaia: How microbes fly with their clouds. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 10(1), 1-16.
Spora and gaia: How microbes fly with their clouds
We hypothesise that marine algae and various common microbes of the atmosphere (spora) use chemical induction of water condensation to enable or increase their wind dispersal between their aquatic, terrestrial or epiphytic growth sites. Biogenic chemical cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nuclei (IN), sometimes co-occurring in single species (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae), release heat energy of phase change, thus contributing to local air movements that can be used both for lofting and for lateral dispersal of their producers. The phase-change catalysis may occur on the microbial surface (e.g. P. syringae) or may happen more distantly through the release of chemical precursors for suitable ions (e.g. plankton-derived dimethylsulphide [DMS] forming atmospheric sulphate). Small phytoplankton and bacteria take off from water through bubble-burst processes especially in “white-caps”, these often themselves caused by convective winds. Selection for local induction of wind is likely to be most effective at the level of clonal microbial patches. Algal blooms having high DMS emission may represent attempts to create winds for dispersal; if so, algal cell changes occurring in such blooms may have features convergent to terrestrial dispersal cyclomorphoses of aphids, locusts, subcortical insects and others. It is already established that biogenic cloud formation occurs on a scale fully capable of affecting world climate. This fact features prominently in the Gaia Hypothesis. However, in contrast to the evolutionary scenario for microbe dispersal that we present, the claim of an adaptive function at the world level still lacks an explanatory mechanism. © 1998 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Lenton T, Berner RA, Tester M, Beerling DJ (1998). The carbon cycle and CO2 over Phanerozoic time: the role of land plants - Discussion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B - Biological Sciences, 353(1365), 81-82.
Lenton T, Upchurch G, Valdes P, Beerling DJ (1998). Vegetation-atmosphere interactions and their role in global warming during the latest Cretaceous - Discussion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B - Biological Sciences, 353(1365), 111-112.
Smith MH, Ayers GP, Lenton T (1997). Atmospheric sulphur and cloud condensation nuclei in marine air in the Southern Hemisphere - Discussion. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 352(1350), 211-211. Author URL.
Lenton TM (1997). Gaia needs you!. British Ecological Society Bulletin, 28(3), 189-191.
Lary DJ, Chipperfield MP, Toumi R, Lenton T (1996). Heterogeneous atmospheric bromine chemistry. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES, 101(D1), 1489-1504. Author URL.
Lenton TM, Livina VN (2015). Detecting and Anticipating Climate Tipping Points. In (Ed) Extreme Events: Observations, Modeling, and Economics, 51-62.
Detecting and Anticipating Climate Tipping Points
Lenton TM (2012). Future climate surprises. In Henderson-Sellers A, McGuffie K (Eds.) Future climates of the world.
Lenton TM, Schellnhuber HJ (2011). Tipping Elements: Jokers in the Pack. In Richardson K, Steffen W, Liverman D (Eds.) Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions, Cambridge University Press, 163-201.
Lenton TM, Williams HTP (2009). Gaia and Evolution. In Crist E, Rinker B (Eds.) Gaia in Turmoil, Boston: MIT Press, 61-84.
Lenton TM, Williams HTP (2009). Gaia and evolution. In Crist E, Rinker HB (Eds.) Gaia in turmoil, the MIT Press.
Lenton TM (2005). Hamilton and Gaia. In Ridley M (Ed) Narrow Roads of Gene Land - the Collected Papers of W. D. Hamilton. Volume 3 - Last Words, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 257-264.
Lenton TM (2004). Clarifying Gaia: Regulation with or without Natural Selection. In Schneider SH, Miller JR, Crist E, Boston PJ (Eds.) Scientists Debate Gaia: the Next Century, London: MIT Press, 15-25.
Lenton TM (2004). Gaia. In Steffen W, Jager J, Matson P, III BM, Oldfield F, Richardson K, Sanderson A, Schellnhuber J, II BLT, Tyson P (Eds.) Global Change and the Earth System: a Planet Under Pressure, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Lenton TM, Caldeira KG, Franck SA, Horneck G, Jolly A, Rabbow E, Schellnhuber HJ, Szathmáry E, Westall F, Zavarzin GA, et al (2003). Group Report: Long-term Geosphere-Biosphere Coevolution and Astrobiology. In Schellnhuber H, Crutzen PJ, Clark WC, Claussen M, Held H (Eds.) Earth System Analysis for Sustainability, Dahlem Workshop Report 91, Cambridge, MA: the MIT Press, 111-139.
Lenton TM (2003). The coupled evolution of life and atmospheric oxygen. In Rothschild L, Lister A (Eds.) Evolution on Planet Earth: the Impact of the Physical Environment, London: Academic Press, 35-53.
Lenton TM, Caldeira KG, Szathmáry E (2003). What does history teach us about the major transitions and the role of disturbances in the evolution of life and of the Earth system?. In Schellnhuber H, Crutzen PJ, Clark WC, Claussen M, Held H (Eds.) Earth System Analysis for Sustainability, Dahlem Workshop Report 91, Cambridge, MA: the MIT Press, 29-52.
Lenton TM (2002). Earth as a Self-Regulating System. In Chilek V (Ed) Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Oxford: UNESCO, Eolss Publishers. Author URL.
Lenton TM (2002). Gaia Hypothesis. In Holton JR, Pyle J, Curry JA (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, London: Academic Press, 815-820.
Lenton TM (2002). Gaia Hypothesis. In Goudie AS (Ed) Encyclopedia of Global Change, New York: Oxford University Press, 491-495.
Lenton T (2001). Introduction to the Gaia Theory. In Guerzoni S, Harding S, Lenton T, Lucchi FR (Eds.) Earth System Science, Siena: University of Siena, 9-29.
Lenton T (2001). Redfield Revisited: What Regulates the Nutrient Balance of the Ocean and the Oxygen Content of the Atmosphere?. In Guerzoni S, Harding S, Lenton T, Lucchi FR (Eds.) Earth System Science, Siena: University of Siena, 143-158.
Lenton TM, Betts RA (1998). From Daisyworld to GCMs: Using Models to Understand the Regulation of Climate. In Boutron C (Ed) ERCA - Volume 3 - from Urban Air Pollution to Extra-Solar Planets, Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 145-167.
Bercaw JE, Labinger JA, Tonks I, Winston MS, Klet RC, Lenton TN, Despagnet-Ayoub E (2013). New precatalysts for olefin polymerization having LX2 pincer ligands. Author URL.
Mills B, Boyle R, Goldblatt C, Lenton T, Watson A (2010). What happened in the Neoproterozoic? Investigations using a simplified Earth system model. Author URL.
Clark JR, Williams HTP, Lenton TM, Watson AJ (2009). Agent-based modelling of Archean biogeochemistry and the Great Oxidation. Author URL.
Goldblatt C, Watson AJ, Lenton TM (2009). Bistability of Atmospheric Oxygen and the Great Oxidation: Implications for Life Detection. Author URL.
Daines SJ, Lenton TM (2009). Oxygen oases and the Great Oxidation. Author URL.
Thomas MA, Suntharalingam P, Rast S, Pozzoli L, Feichter H, Lenton T (2009). Quantifying DMS-cloud-climate interactions using the ECHAM5-HAMMOZ model. Author URL.
Goldblatt C, Matthews AJ, Claire M, Lenton TM, Watson AJ, Zahnle KJ (2009). There was probably more nitrogen in the Archean atmosphere - This would have helped resolve the Faint Young Sun paradox. Author URL.
Marinelli LW, Lipford KA, Lenton TN, Haines DR (2008). CHED 1290-Determining the reactive properties of GLP-1. Author URL.
Lenton TN, Haines DR (2008). CHED 1315-Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study of the N-terminal histidine of GLP-1. Author URL.
Lenton TM (2008). TIPPING POINTS OR GRADUAL CLIMATE CHANGE?. Author URL.
Williams HTP, Lenton TM (2007). Artificial ecosystem selection for evolutionary optimisation.
Artificial ecosystem selection for evolutionary optimisation
Goldblatt C, Lenton TM, Watson AJ (2007). Bistability of atmospheric oxygen and the Great Oxidation. Author URL.
Fairman MJ, Price AR, Xue G, Molinari M, Nicole DA, Lenton TM, Marsh R, Takeda K, Cox SJ (2007). Building scientific workflows for earth system modelling with windows workflow foundation.
Building scientific workflows for earth system modelling with windows workflow foundation
Marinelli LW, Lenton TN, Lipford KA, Haines DR (2007). Structure-activity study of the N-terminal histidine of GLP-1. Author URL.
Lenton TN, Vij A, Grabow W, Mabry JM, Haddad TS (2007). Structures of vinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (ViSiO1.5)n with n=8, 10, 12 and 14. Author URL.
Price AR, Jiao Z, Voutchkov II, Lenton TM, Williams G, Lunt DJ, Marsh R, Valdes PJ, Cox SJ, Team GENIE, et al (2006). Collaborative study of GENIEfy earth system models using scripted database workflows in a grid-enabled PSE. Author URL.
Huntingford C, Hargreaves JC, Lenton TM, Annan JD (2003). Extent of partial ice cover due to carbon cycle feedback in a zonal energy balance model.
Extent of partial ice cover due to carbon cycle feedback in a zonal energy balance model
Lenton T, Handoh I (2003). Quasi-periodic mid-Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events linked by oscillations of the phosphorus and oxygen cycles. EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly.
Lenton TM, Team TGENIE (2003). Spanning the spectrum of model complexity with a Grid ENabled Integrated Earth system model (GENIE). EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly.
Lenton T (1999). Testing Gaia Theory with Artificial Life. 5th European Conference on Artificial Life.
Lenton TM, Footitt A, Dlugolecki A (2009). Major Tipping Points in the Earth’s Climate System and Consequences for the Insurance Sector., Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
Lenton TM, Livina VN (2008). Developing a long-term business-as-usual climate change scenario for engineers.
Lenton TM, Loutre MF, Williamson MS, Warren R, Goodess CM, Swann M, Cameron D, Hankin R, Marsh R, Shepherd JG, et al (2006). Climate change on the millennial timescale., Environment Agency.
Lenton TM, Williamson MS, Warren R, Loutre MF, Goodess CM, Swann M, Cameron D, Hankin R, Marsh R, Shepherd JG, et al (2006). Climate change on the millennial timescale. Norwich, Tyndall Centre.
Lenton TM, Huntingford C (2002). Earth system modelling: development and analysis of an efficient Earth system model. Edinburgh, CEH.
Lenton TM (1997). Geophysiological Modelling. Stockholm, IGBP.
Nicholson AE (2020). What mechanisms have produced a self-regulating Earth system?.
What mechanisms have produced a self-regulating Earth system?
The Gaia Hypothesis postulates that life and the oceans, crust, and atmosphere of the Earth form a self-regulating planetary-scale system with stabilising properties. Gaia helps to explain the long history of uninterrupted habitability on Earth. Previous Gaian models have uncovered mechanisms for self-regulation in life-environment coupled systems, such as the Earth, and the work in this thesis adds to our understanding on how and when self-regulation can emerge on a planet hosting life, and what conditions help maintain such regulation once established. To place the models presented in this thesis into their proper context this thesis contains background on Earth's history, the history of the Gaia hypothesis and some key Gaian models and known Gaian regulation mechanisms, and a discussion on habitability of exoplanets and our search for alien life.
In this thesis I explore a new variant of a pre-existing Gaian model (the flask model) which demonstrates a new regulation mechanism which I call 'single-rein control'. I then adapt this model to explore the hypothesis of 'selection by survival'. This hypothesis suggests that the longer a life harbouring planet survives, the longer it has to acquire further persistence mechanisms. Therefore over time the only planets hosting life still existing will be those that have acquired several self-regulation mechanisms like those present on Earth. The results of this model demonstrate that selection by survival can promote long term persistence of biospheres compared to a null model.
In the second part of this thesis I consider how the Gaia hypothesis can inform our search for inhabited exoplanets and I introduce the ExoGaia model, a new model of atmospheric regulation where microbes must 'catch' a window of habitability on their host planet, and quickly form self-regulating feedback loops to prevent the planetary temperature from rising to inhospitable levels.
The ExoGaia model demonstrates global regulation and the underlying geochemistry on the planet turns out to be key in determining how robust this regulation is. ExoGaia also demonstrates 'Gaian bottlenecks' where for the same planet life either quickly establishes self-regulating feedback loops and enjoys long term habitability, or fails and becomes extinct, with the host plane quickly reverting to an inhospitable state. This model agrees with the hypothesis that inhabitance and habitability are two sides to the same coin -- that a planet is highly unlike to be in a habitable state, without being inhabited.
This thesis argues a case for 'Probable Homeostatic Gaia' -- that not only is the Earth-system homeostatic but that homeostatic regulation is an expected result of a life-environment coupled system. If true, this would would increase our chances of finding other Gaian worlds.
Quinn C (2019). Delayed effects and critical transitions in climate models.
Delayed effects and critical transitions in climate models
There is a continuous demand for new and improved methods of understanding our climate system. The work in this thesis focuses on the study of delayed feedback and critical transitions. There is much room to develop upon these concepts in their application to the climate system. We explore the two concepts independently, but also note that the two are not mutually exclusive.
The thesis begins with a review of delay differential equation (DDE) theory and the use of delay models in climate, followed by a review of the literature on critical transitions and examples of critical transitions in climate. We introduce various methods of deriving delay models from more complex
systems. Our main results center around the Saltzman and Maasch (1988) model for the Pleistocene climate (`Carbon cycle instability as a cause of the late Pleistocene ice age oscillations: modelling the asymmetric response.' Global biogeochemical cycles, 2(2):177-185, 1988). We observe that the model contains a chain of. first-order reactions. Feedback chains of this type limits to a discrete delay for long chains. We can then approximate the chain by a delay, resulting in scalar DDE for ice mass. Through bifurcation analysis under varying the delay, we discover a previously unexplored bistable
region and consider solutions in this parameter region when subjected to periodic and astronomical forcing. The astronomical forcing is highly quasiperiodic, containing many overlapping frequencies from variations in the Earth's orbit. We. find that under the astronomical forcing, the model exhibits a transition in time that resembles what is seen in paleoclimate records, known as the Mid-Pleistocene Transition. This transition is a distinct feature of the quasiperiodic forcing, as confi rmed by the change in sign of the leading. nite-time Lyapunov exponent. Additional results involve a box model of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation under a future climate scenario and time-dependent freshwater forcing. We. find that the model exhibits multiple types of critical transitions, as well as recovery from potential critical transitions. We conclude with an outlook on how the work presented in this thesis can be utilised for further studies of the climate system and beyond.
Lewis K (2019). The role of climate science in understanding Climate Security.
The role of climate science in understanding Climate Security
Climate change is widely recognised to represent a threat to human security, but understanding how this threat may manifest itself is a non-trivial task. Climate Security spans natural and social science boundaries, where differences in analytical methods, language and scale between disciplines can result in barriers to accessing climate science knowledge.
This thesis attempts to address some of these knowledge problems and demonstrate the potential to improve the integration and utilisation of climate science in understanding climate and security. Using a systems-based approach, the example of long term food insecurity in Ethiopia is explored.
Despite large increases in national cereal production in recent decades, Ethiopia continues to experience regular acute food insecurity crises, often associated with drought events. However, the meteorology of these events is poorly defined and local populations frequently experience food insecurity crises in years when national rainfall and cereal production totals are high. The on-going recurrence of acute food insecurity is a feature of the heterogeneity of climate and climate variability in Ethiopia, but only in the context of a food system dominated by smallholder farming and climate-sensitive livelihoods. Over climate change timescales both the climate and the food system will be subject to change, and so information on climate change needs to be provided in the context of food system changes. To explore the potential for climate change to threaten longer term food security, a simple ‘toy’ model of the food system in Ethiopia was developed. The model was run with a number of climate model projections and under different scenarios of transformational change to the food system.
The results showed that climate change will have a negative impact on achieving food security in Ethiopia, but that the scale of this impact is smaller than potential positive food system changes. However, climate change does substantially off-set much of the modelled improvement associated with system interventions, and without ambitious system changes the food security situation in Ethiopia will become more challenging. In addition, the model shows an increase in food system variability associated with increased climate variability, which is amplified by the multiplicative effect of the food system changes. This suggests that substantial policy interventions are required if Ethiopia is to meet its food security needs long term, and that incremental adaptation to improve resilience to climate variability is required alongside transformational system change.
The simple food system model was then run over Botswana, Tanzania and Mali for comparison. For Tanzania and Mali the scale of positive system changes was again larger than the negative climate change impacts, but as in Ethiopia climate change both exacerbated system variability and made transformational change necessary. In Botswana, where there is a strong signal for drying and the potential for transformational system change is more limited, the long term food security outlook under climate change is less optimistic.
The simple systems model approach shows the potential for climate model projections to be better utilised in evaluating the scale and direction of the climate security threat, and that a systems approach can facilitate trans-disciplinary research in Climate Security aimed at policy-relevance.
Mills BJW (2012). Weathering pathways and limitations in biogeochemical models: Application to Earth system evolution. Full text.
Lenton TM (2003). It will be the life and death of you.
Lenton TM (1998). Redfield's Green Ocean - a Geophysiological Model of Marine Nitrate, Phosphate and Atmospheric Oxygen Regulation.
Lenton TM (1997). La Terre Est Un Ètre Vivant. , 44-46.
Timothy_Lenton Details from cache as at 2020-01-22 09:43:35
Refresh publications
Awards/Honorary fellowships
Holds a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award 2013
Committee/panel activities
Member of IGBP-AIMES
Contributed to two workshops on Climate Tipping Points convened by the Government Office for Science, and to their Migration and Global Environmental Change Foresight Project.
Tim was filmed in Greenland and the Amazon for international television series ‘The Tipping Points’ (www.thetippingpoints.com) screening on the Weather Channel (US). (Find out more)
Tim has also featured in a 25 minute one-to-one interview on tipping points screened on VPRO (Netherlands).
Tuesdays and Thursdays 2pm-3pm.
Please check with Anne Nicholls for availability a.m.nicholls@exeter.ac.uk .
Tim was nominated for 'Best Lecturer' by students in the Teaching Awards 2016:
"He is so well renowned in his field but still down to Earth and humble enough to teach to first years".
"He can communicate difficult biogeochemical systems to BA Geography students and still capture their attentions".
GEOM143 - Global Systems Thinking
Supervision / Group
Chris Boulton
Stuart Daines
Emma Littleton
Tom Powell
Paul Ritchie
Postgraduate researchers
Joshua Buxton
Kirsty Lewis
Arwen Nicholson
Courtney Quinn
Nicholas Walding
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Fernie's EcoGarden is coming up tulips
Fernie is coming up tulips
A red and white tulip garden in Fernie, B.C., will commemorate Canada’s sesquicentennial
by Virginia Rasch — February 24, 2017
Many volunteers turned out last October to plant the 1,400 tulip bulbs in celebration of Canada's sesquicentennial. They will bloom sometime this spring. — Dawn Deydey photo
About 1,400 red and white tulips will bloom in a Fernie garden this spring to celebrate Canada’s 150th anniversary.
“Five-hundred red and 500 white tulips were donated by the Canadian Garden Council,” said Dawn Deydey, Wildsight’s EcoGarden founder. “We bought 400 more of the special red and white Canada tulip. We spent hours designing, calculating, mapping and planting the multi-colour tulips into a mountain-inspired theme.”
Competing with over 400 applicants, the EcoGarden was one of 150 lucky recipients of the “150th Celebration Gardens” being distributed across Canada by the Canadian Garden Council in collaboration with Vesey’s Bulbs of York, Prince Edward Island.
Local school children helped plant the tulips bulbs last fall in a carefully planned design that is mountain-inspired. — Dawn Deydey photo
Deydey believes this garden was chosen because of its huge army of volunteers (who turned out to plant the bulbs last fall) and because of its strategic location that lends a sense of place. “Our community garden is surrounded by an elementary school, high school, old-age home, hospital and apartments,” she said. “It is located in the ideal location to showcase this amazing garden.”
The Wildsight Elk Valley branch created the EcoGarden in 2003 to provide gardening opportunities and community education. Inspired by permaculture principles, the garden has 20 individual plots and a greenhouse for community use.
Valley View Contracting in Fernie helped prepare the 88-foot-long flower bed to hold the tulips. And volunteer Jean Marchi was the visionary for the design. “Her calculations ensured there wasn't a single tulip to spare,” said Deydey.
Wildsight has big plans to celebrate the sesquicentennial in the EcoGarden. “We have pulled together inspiring artists (e.g., Lesley Graham and Laura Nelson) to help design and build a 150th art display on the fence behind the tulips,” Deydey said. “As part of the display, there will be 150 maple leaves (on which) community members have written why they love Canada.”
Vesey's Bulbs of Prince Edward Island supplied the tulips for the 150th Celebration Gardens. — Can Stock Photo/NearandFar
Given southern B.C.’s formidable winter this year, the only remaining question is “when will the tulips bloom?”
“We have to wait and see what the spring weather will bring us,” said Deydey. The best advice is to follow the EcoGarden’s Facebook page for updates.
Virginia is a writer and copy editor with Koocanusa Publications. She is an avid outdoor recreationist in all seasons and has lived in the Kootenays for 10 years. With degrees in the natural sciences, she has worked as a tour guide, an environmentalist, a writer, and a copy editor of scientific publications. Virginia now brings her passion for everything green to Kootenay Business. View all of Virginia Rasch’s articles
Green Scene, West Kootenay, Castlegar, Kaslo Three more West Kootenay communities vote to go green
Three more West Kootenay communities have signed on to the EcoSociety’s 100% Renewable Kootenays campaign: Castlegar, Warfield and Kaslo
Green Scene, West Kootenay, Revelstoke, Environment, Retail, Small Business Vibrant and stylish bags are created by the Green Bag Company in Revelstoke, B.C.
The Green Bag Company in Revelstoke, B.C., is creating upscale, upcycled bags of all sizes and shapes
November 2019 by Virginia Rasch
Green Scene, West Kootenay, Castlegar, Environment, Forestry Kudos to the Kalesnikoff Lumber Company
The fourth generation keeps Kalesnikoff Lumber Company a proud and successful enterprise with its forward-thinking approach to forestry
October 2019 by Virginia Rasch
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Knights Earn 9th Win In ten Games
Your Blog » Knights Earn 9th Win In ten Games
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A great instance of the worst case is Scooby Doo. Every single episode, the Scooby and gang stumbled across an apparently supernatural creature. Each and every episode the creature was revealed to be an individual in a costume. This situation repeated dozens of occasions, but they by no means learned. Probably also numerous "Scooby Snacks". Role-playing game players will find out soon after the second adventure and sucker punch the ghost five minutes into the third adventure. Scooby Doo is doomed to failure as a function-playing game. Regardless of what you may well or may well not have bought in the past, every person will have full access to the multiplayer element, which includes all units from each expansion. Nothing at all from the StarCraft two encounter will be locked out caseypinckney.wikidot.com in this area of the game.Ever wanted to be in a position to play a Flash game on your Android telephone but weren't capable to, because it essential controls your phone didn't supply? 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Leukemia Home > Mitoxantrone
People who have certain types of cancer or multiple sclerosis may benefit from treatment with mitoxantrone. This prescription drug is given as an injection into a vein (an intravenous, or IV, injection). Your dosage will be based on your height, weight, and various other factors. Most people who use this medicine will experience side effects, such as nausea, fever, or hair loss.
Interested in a Discount on Mitoxantrone?
What Is Mitoxantrone?
Mitoxantrone (Novantrone®) is a prescription medication that belongs to a general group of drugs known as antineoplastics. It is approved to treat people with:
Pain from advanced prostate cancer
Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL).
Mitoxantrone is used in combination with other medicines in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer and ANLL. When used to treat MS, it can help reduce symptoms and the number of MS relapses. Relapses are periods of time when symptoms are worse.
(Click What Is Mitoxantrone Used For? for more information on this topic, including possible off-label uses.)
Are There Side Effects?
Just like any medicine, mitoxantrone can cause side effects. And, like other cancer medicines, the side effects can be significant. While not everyone who uses the drug will experience problems, most people will experience at least one adverse reaction during treatment.
If reactions do occur, in many cases, they are minor and are treated easily by you or your healthcare provider. Serious side effects are less common.
Common side effects seen with mitoxantrone include but are not limited to:
Low blood cell counts
Loss of menstrual period in women.
(Click Mitoxantrone Side Effects to learn more, including potentially serious side effects you should report immediately to your healthcare provider.)
Mitoxantrone Article Continues on Next Page >
7 Natural Ways to Reduce Your Cancer Pain
Mitoxantrone Drug Information
What Is Priapism and How Does It Relate to Erectile Dysfunction Medications?
What Is Normal Symptom Relief From Erectile Dysfunction Medications
Is the Inability to Sustain an Erection Permanent?
What Are My Options for Treating Erectile Dysfunction?
Can Vitamins Improve Symptoms of Erectile Dysfunction?
Is There a Cure for Erectile Dysfunction?
What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Erectile Dysfunction Medications?
Is It Possible to Treat ED Without Medication?
Novantrone [package insert]. Rockland, MA: EMD Serono, Inc.;2012 March.
Mitoxantrone [package insert]. Bedford, Ohio: Bedford Laboratories;2012 November.
Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Electronic orange book: approved drug products with therapeutic equivalence evaluations. FDA Web site. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/ob/. Accessed June 6, 2013.
National Library of Medicine (US). Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMED). NLM Web site. Available at: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?LACT. Accessed June 7, 2013.
Mitoxantrone Side Effects
What Is Mitoxantrone Used For?
Mitoxantrone Dosage
Drug Interactions With Mitoxantrone
Precautions and Warnings With Mitoxantrone
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Complaint Wiki β
Archive:Uncyclopedia/Forum:Babel Babel Babel
This page is an archive. The original page Uncyclopedia:Forum:Babel Babel Babel may have since been updated or removed. This content is licensed under CC-BY-NC-SA and was last retrieved on November 2008.
Forums: Index > Village Dump > Archive:Uncyclopedia/Forum:Babel Babel Babel
Am I right in thinking that we have too many Babel: Pages? I think that the Babels that have Uncycs of their own (such as fr:, es:, etc) should be deleted, or at least purged. ~ Ghelæ talkcontribs 16:11, 12 May 2006 (UTC)
No, there are only four pages left in es: and less than a dozen in fr: - if the original Babble authors put their pages up for QVFD after moving them to the other Uncyc projects, we have been removing them. Most of what's in Babel appears to be hu: or pt: (which don't have their own wikis) and zh-hant: (Traditional Chinese, which doesn't have its own wiki - although there's one for the communist Simplified Chinese at wikia:c:zh.uncyclopedia). --Carlb 16:39, 12 May 2006 (UTC)
There are also Babel:De, Babel:He and Babel:El, all of which have their own Uncycs, so those Babel: pages should be deleted, is what I'm saying. ~ Ghelæ talkcontribs 16:52, 12 May 2006 (UTC)
De has seven pages remaining, El has one page, He requested most of their stuff deleted when they went to their own wiki but has 21 pages left. --Carlb 17:29, 12 May 2006 (UTC)
That's my point. There are still many pages on our Uncyc that should be moved to others/deleted. ~ Ghelæ talkcontribs 05:48, 13 May 2006 (UTC)
And also Babel:Ru, Babel:En (which should just be deleted) and Babel:La (likewise). ~ Ghelæ talkcontribs 07:16, 13 May 2006 (UTC)
When they get up to 200 Babel pages, and then get their own wiki, you can start complaining. IF you speak that language. Heh. --Splaka 08:15, 13 May 2006 (UTC)
200 Babel pages? The only one at that level would be 正體中文 (Chinese-Traditional) 偽基百科 and even using Babelfish, this "false base hundred branches" is turned into virtually random nonsense in translation. Japanese has removed its Babel: pages, French never had many as it got a separate wiki rather early, Portugese has quite a few pages but not quite a brazillion of them. Hungary has a few bytes but not many or they wouldn't be hungry anymore. --Carlb 17:19, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
That's my point: We've had some reach 200 in the past (like the Polish ones), and we didn't have many people complaining about them. So: he can't complain until a non-english language reaches 200 pages here *and* has its own newly created wiki. Then we can delete. --Splaka 22:16, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
Err... I speak Latin. Basic Latin. Very Basic Latin. ~ Ghelæ talkcontribs 08:45, 13 May 2006 (UTC)
Latin has their own wiki. With two pages. Which is two pages more than the arabic version. --Carlb 13:28, 13 May 2006 (UTC)
And I made one of those pages. Yeah, those wikis aren't very good. ~ Ghelæ talkcontribs 13:42, 13 May 2006 (UTC)
No need to worry, those pages will get moved sooner or later. If you speak any of these languages, complain to an admin in the foreign uncy. About the 4 remaining Spanish pages they are kept for good reasons.--Rataube 00:23, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
Which are... ~ Ghelæ talkcontribs 05:58, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
To avoid braking too many links from external sites to pages such as the former Spanish Main Page, and redirecting the visitors easily to the new site. Happy?--Rataube 15:04, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
Ish. ~ Ghelæ talkcontribs 15:07, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
Ok then, seeming as you're not going to delete/interwiki them, can we VFD some babel pages then? ~ Ghelæ talkcontribs 16:06, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
Um, what do you mean "interwiki them"? An interwiki is a link like zh-tw:pagename? --Carlb 16:30, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
Transwiki, then. I sometimes have my sentences mixed down. ~ Ghelæ talkcontribs 16:31, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
I'd suspect most of it (such as Brazil, Netherlands, Taiwan) does exist on the new wikis (that's why they were created). It would be best to check for missing images or subsequent edits before huffing anything, but plenty of QVFD fodder there, yes. --Carlb 17:09, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
Taiwan and the Red China menaceEdit
The threat of Red China, used to trick Hong Kong's people into moving to BC in 1997
I'm having some problem following what's been going on with Special:Contributions/KaurJmeb with respect to the Taiwanese (zh-hant) Babel pages.
Taiwan (Chinese-traditional) has its own wiki, external and separate from mainland China (Chinese-simplified, so presumably different in language). The edits in question seem to be moving templates, removing templates from existing Taiwanese Babel pages, removing links from here to the Taiwanese wiki and leaving comments like:
from Talk:Main Page:
"template:Zh-hant/偽基正體中文和偽基香港語" is an advertisement, please delete it. --KaurJmeb 14:03, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
from User talk:Hant#uncyclopedia.org:
uncyclopedia.org 是wikia的計畫之一，wikia所認可的網址為語系.uncyclopedia.wikia.com，其他自設的的同名或同domain name並不在wikia的認可範圍內。--KaurJmeb 15:42, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
About all I've been able to decipher with Babelfish is:
(Uncyclopedia.org is one of wikia plans, wikia approves the website for the language family uncyclopedia.wikia.com, other from supposes of the same name or with domain name certainly not in the wikia approval scope. --KaurJmeb 15:42, 1 June 2,006 (UTC)) [babelfish translation]
Huh? This being in Chinese doesn't help, but last I checked the Uncyclopedia name (and the uncyclopedia.org domain) belong to user:Chronarion, no? What is this person trying to say? Presumably she has +s and some other official-sounding rôle on the central Wikia/wikicity, but is certainly not +s or anything else on this wiki. Could someone who speaks the language clue me in as to what is going on? --Carlb 08:23, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
I've talked to her about it. She is not staff here yet because she just made a user recently (just a technicality). The problem is, it seems, the zh-hant was created on uncyclopedia.info as a disputed wiki before the conset of the original zh (a combination of both) at wikia, causing some antagonism. I'll let her fill you in more (or if I get more info). --Splaka 08:45, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
I have some misunderstanding about these two Chinese uncyclopedia. I have strike and apologized to Hant. All I said was base on what I know (not very correctly). I don't know why User:Hant regard it as menace? -- KaurJmeb~~
I think he was just slightly annoyed by a combined one? Not sure, he must make himself heard ^_^. --Splaka 02:46, 3 June 2006 (UTC)
Apparently the matter had been discussed for weeks, both on the central wikia and on en:Babel:zh-tw, without getting any closer to a "yes" or "no" on this? If most or all of the discussion is in traditional Chinese, it's hard to be certain but that does appear to be what has been going on. As for the political history between Taiwan and mainland China? Each country claims that it is the one and only legitimate Chinese government, AFAIK they haven't been on speaking terms since the communist revolution. Chairman Mao changing the Chinese character set itself didn't help (in Chinese, the alphabet is the dictionary - as characters correspond to words, not phonemes - so this breaks things). Any chance that real-world politics has found its way into Uncyclopædia?
In any case, «¡The false base hundred branches - are free wickedly do the encyclopedia!» --Carlb 14:43, 3 June 2006 (UTC)
I become a subject for discussion? (@[email protected]) At the begining, I do not think about the co-existence of a "combined zh" and an independent "zh-hant" (now termed "zh-tw" in English) Uncyclopedia. So, I might as Splaka termed "slightly annoyed by a combined one". But now, If "combined zh" Uncyclopedia respects "zh-tw" Uncyclopedia, and does not claimed itself as the only legitimate Chinese Uncyclopedia (want to be the PRC?), why not keep the two co-exist?--Hant 15:42, 3 June 2006 (UTC)
And the "menace" continuesEdit
Have you guys figured out a way to get rid of all these? I have put some of the pages on QVFD but still nothing has done about them. Seriously, I am kind of a native speaker of this language and if there is anything I can help, just ask! ;)
(If your computer doesn't like East-Asian languages, and if you are using Windows XP + Mozilla Firefox (or one of its variants), follow these instructions. This enables your computer (but not you) to deal with Chinese characters properly. Just check out my userpage.)
-- Colonel Swordman 20:56, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
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Aller au sous-menu
Musée de Préhistoire d'Île-de-France
Retour sur 600 000 ans d'histoire
Les grandes étapes de la Préhistoire et de la Protohistoire en Île-de-France, des plus anciens chasseurs aux premiers métallurgistes.
Patrimoine en Seine-et-Marne
Moteur de recherche rapide Rechercher
A l'origine du musée
Le musée aujourd'hui
Une architecture contemporaine
Parcours de visite
Salle par salle
Le musée en images
Le musée en vidéos
Histoire & présentation
De l'archéologie de sauvetage aux fouilles programmées
Les prospections de surface
Collections préhistoriques & protohistoriques
Objets commentés
Les tufs de La Celle
Magdaléniens d’Étiolles
Pincevent
« Les Gours-aux-Lions » à Marolles-sur-Seine
Les nécropoles de Gravon
La barque carolingienne de Noyen-sur-Seine
La hache en bronze
Musée pratique
Coordonnées & modes d'accès
Application de visite
Boîtes tactiles
Dispositifs d'aide à la visite
Sur le musée et la Préhistoire régionale
Les catalogues d'expositions temporaires
Les actes de colloque
Les mémoires archéologiques de Seine-et-Marne
Manifestations / Programmation
Edition / Catalogues
Documentation / Archives
Restauration et librairie
Autour du musée
"Évolution"
"Mémoire rupestre"
"Benoît Clarys, illustrateur"
"Neandertal, l'Européen"
"Au temps des mammouths"
Élisabeth Daynès - "L'identité retrouvée"
Rip Hopkins - "Un âge de Fer et de Béton"
Jean-Paul Marcheschi - "Les Fastes"
Jeune public & famille
Un musée à hauteur d'enfant
Visiter avec des enfants
Préhisto’jeux
Offre à destination du public scolaire
Modalités de visite
Offre pour les centres de loisirs
Activités 5-6 ans
Activités 7-12 ans
Activités 13-17 ans
Visiteurs handicapés
Accueil pour tous
Activités et outils d'aide à la visite
Groupes, professionnels du tourisme
À découvrir autour du musée
Excursions autour du musée
A museum of regional prehistory
The visit tour
How to get to the museum ?
The visit app
Touch boxes
What's to discover around the museum ?
The museum /
The Île-de-France Prehistory museum opened to the public in Nemours in 1981. It was designed by internationally renowned architect Roland Simounet (1927-1996). It is a resolutely modern building, with luminous architecture, erected in a protected natural site.
A museum in the woods
A building created in the forest
© Y. Bourhis/Département77
The museum is located in picturesque woodland where there is a variety of trees - pine, oak, birch, hornbeam, hazelnut, acacia ... - in the middle of a sandstone blockfield. In the spirit of the prehistorians of the time, this natural site, which is a southern extension of the forest of Fontainebleau, is reminiscent of late prehistoric landscapes.
Above all, Roland Simounet privileged integration of the building into the forest. To achieve this, he used the natural slope of the land and used rough concrete of which the texture and colour matches the park’s sandstone. This was how he managed to create continuity between the building and the site. Today, the weathered concrete blends with the surrounding vegetation and the park’s ancient rocks.
Architecture also brings the forest into the museum: tree-lined patios extend the surrounding woodland creating a dialogue between the interior and exterior wooded areas. This play of transparencies opens the visit towards the outside.
I think you have to generally respect the site. That doesn’t mean we must hide but instead we should take into account the lie of the land, the vegetation, a certain number of things into which the building must fit. And once the whole is perfect, the genuineness of the architecture becomes apparent.
Roland Simounet
Between concrete and light
A play of transparency
The beauty and coherence of the building are due to the extreme simplicity of the floor plan: a square is the basic module. The impression of unity is strengthened by the harmony of materials and colours.
The monumental lobby is accessed by a single door. From there, a ramp leads the visitor to the temporary exhibition area and the permanent exhibition rooms. All the exhibition areas are spread along the natural slope of the land. These successive spaces are interconnected by ramps.
Natural light enters from all sides: through the large windows of the facades, the garden patios and the roof windows. The play of transparency and light guide the visitor from one room to the next, whatever the time of day or the season.
Staged prehistory
A modern museography
Roland Simounet also designed all the museographic elements. The museography was intended to be as discreet as possible, leaving all the space for the exhibits.
The visit to the museum is chronological. It starts around 500,000 years ago with the first traces of the presence of Man in the region and ends at the end of the Gallic period. It is split into two parts, on either side of garden-patios which present the flora of the different prehistoric periods. This dual route is based on the juxtaposition of main rooms showing the everyday life of prehistoric populations, and secondary rooms designed on the study gallery model showing sets of objects arranged by site.
By creating a dialogue between spaces, objects and nature, the museum building gives a particularly modern image of prehistory and museums. It has the "Museum of France" label for the value of its collections.
A 20th century heritage
A historical witness
© MPIF/Département77
This building is considered by some historians of architecture as Roland Simounet’s most accomplished work. It is a remarkable demonstration of modernist architecture that durably influenced the architectural design in the second half of the 20th century. As such, it is a listed historic monument since 2002. The French Ministry of Culture and Communication has also awarded it the "20th century heritage" label. It is the only building in Seine-et-Marne to have this status.
The museum is also an illustration of the change that began in the 1970s in the landscape of French museums: because of the State’s action in the regions, thanks to the newly created regional directorates of cultural affairs (DRAC), many local authorities undertook renovations or created cultural infrastructure. The project leaders then called on the best architects to create spaces to become showcases of local, regional or national culture.
Roland Simounet, a renowned architect
Internationally recognised works
© Yvette Langrand
Born on August 31, 1927 near Algiers, Roland Simounet studied architecture in Algiers, then at the National School of Fine Arts in Paris. His work, which is part of the modernist school of architecture, is marked by strong social concerns that resulted in the creation of many apartment housing projects for the poorer population in order to reduce slums.
He began his construction activity in 1951 and created his first agency in Algiers in 1952. In 1954 and 1955, he was a housing adviser for the City of Algiers. In 1956, he built the Djenan el-Hasan housing project, a true show of building skills on a very steep slope and, in 1960, a large estate of 700 affordable housing units in Noisy-le-Grand. At the same time, he worked on reducing barrios in Venezuela.
He opened an agency in Paris in 1963. He then built many affordable housing projects in Cergy, Evry, Paris and Saint-Denis, as well as schools, university premises (university residence of Madagascar in Antananarivo) and the Marseilles National Dance School.
But it was his museum projects that brought him international fame: the Museum of Prehistory of Île-de-France, which opened in 1981, the Villeneuve-d'Ascq museum of modern art (1983), currently the LAM, and the conversion of the Salé Hotel into the Paris Picasso museum (1985).
Roland Simounet died in Paris on February 10, 1996. His last project, an apartment building for the city of Paris, was completed two years after his death.
His works are internationally recognised and he received several prestigious awards for them: the National Grand Prix of Architecture in 1977, the Medal of Honour of the International Academy of Architecture for all of his work in 1982 and, in 1985, the Equerre d’Argent for the Picasso Museum.
Musée départemental de Préhistoire
d'Île-de-France
Ouvert tous les jours sauf le mercredi matin et le samedi matin
De septembre à juin
En juillet et août
Le musée est fermé les 1er janvier, 1er mai et 25 décembre
48, avenue Étienne Dailly
77140 Nemours
prehistoire@departement77.fr
Le guide vert Michelin
Tourisme & Handicaps
Sortir en Seine-et-Marne
© Musée départemental de Préhistoire d'Île-de-France - 2011
Musées départementaux de Seine-et-Marne
Musée des peintres de Barbizon
Musée Stéphane Mallarmé
Musée Jardin Bourdelle
Musée de la Seine-et-Marne
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Feeling-Fill My Little World (bass tab)
Feeling-Never Be Lonely (bass tab)
Feeling-A Hundred Sinners Come And Get It (chords)
Feeling-Dont Make Me Sad (chords)
Feeling-Sewn (chords)
Feeling-Strange (chords)
Feeling-This Time (chords)
Feeling-Without You (chords)
Feeling-Helicopter (tab)
Feeling-I Love It When You Call (tab)
Feeling-Love It When You Call (tab)
Feeling-Rose (tab)
Feeling-Another Life
Feeling-Dont Make Me Sad
Feeling-Love And Care
Feeling-Still You Want More
Feeling-The Greatest Show On Earth
/ The Feeling / Ah, this song is just so simple, sweet and full of energy.
/ Turn It Up / I don't think it's really necessary to do any in-depth
/ Join With Us / interpretation of the lyrics, so just enjoy these lovely
/_______________/ chords!
| A | D/A | D E/D |
| A | D/A A | D/A A | E |
| G | C/G G | C/G G | D |
| A/C# D | B7/D# E | F#m A/C# | D E |
| A/C# D | B7/D# E | F#m A/C# | D |
| A | D/A | E/A | A |
| A | D/A | D E/D | A |
Verse + | A | A | A | E F |
Pre-Chorus
||: A | D/A | E/A | A |
| A | D/A | D E/D | A :||
| D E/D | F#m/D | F#m/D E/D | A/D E |
Guitar Solo:
| G D/F# | Em D | C G/B | Dsus4 D |
| D E/D | F#m/D | F#m/D E | F#m E/G# | A ...
Well, I know what you're after
It's a rock and roll disaster
Like you see in the papers
That you read on escalators
Did you smile 'cause you want it?
Did I put my finger on it?
It's a dream 'till you've lived it
To receive you've got to give it
Don't say anything
You're talking, but you don't say anything
You don't do anything
You're moving, but you don't do anything
So turn it up (aah, ooh, aah)
'Cause little love
Just ain't enough
Yeah, turn it up
There ain't nobody wants to be alone
Did you notice
When you walked in to the office
With your cup on a plastic tray
All the joys in life that have slipped away
Did you notice (notice, notice, notice, notice, notice)
You don't say anything
Keep moving, but you don't do anything
So turn it up
To big love
And when your heart is sinking like a stone
Ain't nobody wants to be alone
Jon Sebastian Frederiksen - 20th /April /09
Just mail me at Maitinin@gmail.com with questions, comments and corrections!
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Every Exchange a Willing Exchange
[very disorganized and the tangents need to be re-planted elsewhere but there's good stuff here]
An unabashed Milton Friedman acolyte made the point (a quotation?) that as long as exchanges are freely made between people, the net benefit has to be positive by definition.
Yes-- exactly-- but-- and there is a huge but-- there's little practical difference between a force-coerced exchange and an economic-coerced exchange. Indeed, it's the history and present of inequality to use force to back up the imposition of economic injustice.
free econom
The McDonald's Tax
Thu, 2011/03/31 - 12:40pm — Benjamin Melançon
Research the hell out of the costs born by society due to the way McDonald's does business:
- unhealthy food, cost of health care, lost productivity
- trash produced
- environmental destruction where cows graze, such as Amazon destruction
- loss/degredation of the local water table due to the parking lot
- contribution to global warming due to traffic
- underpayment of employees
One or two volunteers stand outside each of the 15,000 McDonald's 24/7 (or quickly learn when the busiest times are) and cheerfully ask people to pay a tax on their purchase to reflect its true cost.
On War and Peace, and the right of people to support one over the other
People who peacefully broke into a high-security military compound to object to the insane nuclear arsenal there (for submarine-launchable Trident missiles) are being sent to prison for this non-violent civil disobedience, possibly for the rest of their lives, as we are talking about months in prison for a couple people in their 80s.
It was an a very stupid and evil decision by the government to prosecute and ask for lengthy prison terms. For shame.
On the World Stage
Fore-armed
Fore-armed is fore-warned, if you shoot randomly and listen for screams.
Mind, Location of
The reactionaries are right. Enough with the talk of "social justice"
I googled "where did the term social justice come from" and all that's on the first page is the reactionary establishments campaign to make people think it is a bad thing (seriously, the Heritage Foundation is openly out to get the phrase).
I'd just wanted to know when and who had thought it was a good idea to artificially separate (and prefer) the vague and wishy-washy social justice from the harder and clearer concepts of racial justice, economic justice, environmental justice, and, you know, justice.
Need a better word than organizer or activist
We prefer organizer, because it implies effective action, doing work over the long haul, while activist has negative connotations in the sense of ineffective or sporadic action.
But everyone can't be an organizer, or not only an organizer, and some people clearly take action.
Used "amazing community activist, organizer, hope-for-humanity" for Kaveri.
Guess that works.
TODO: Link to Kasey's wonderful organizer and activist relationship essay (both are needed).
Cooked for myself for the first time approximately ever
Stayed home working (fairly productively too, what a brutal week, i am sorry publisher, clients, and anyone else who wants me to finish something or who simply wants a piece of my time— it's just been a long, slow, slog for everything) while Grandpa and Mom and Nadia and her friend went to dinner at Fairway and to see the best jazz musicians on the Cape play at, uh, Willy's Gym.
Ah, that felt nice to write a multi-nested parenthetical phrased sentence that's well nigh incomprehensible. That stuff doesn't fly in a book. At least, i hope there's nothing like that in there.
A Portrait in Cowardice: Judge Denies Citizen Rights because to Exercise Rights would cause a Spectacle
José Padilla was held without charge, a blatant violation of the U.S. constitution, for three and a half years. (Ultimately he was charged and convicted with conspiring to kill, maim, and torture— the government dropped all charges that might require physical evidence including the dirty bomb claim that was pretty much constant in the media, but the flimsiness of his conviction is not the issue here. His right to justice for the three and a half years he was denied any legal process is the issue.)
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Posted 04/11/2014 by Derek Suboticki in Subo Says
Big Nog, Jake Shields and the Inconsistency of MMA Fans
Mixed martial arts fans, by and large, are an unnecessarily insecure bunch about their sport of choice. I always chuckle when my brethren feel the need to speak about MMA in hushed tones around their more team sport oriented friends, or hide their passion from co-workers for fear of a negative stigma, or immediately apologize for their affinity while explaining they “hate most MMA fans” and pointing at their non-bedazzled shirt. Let’s leave aside Dana White’s patently absurd “safest sport in the world” nonsense, if we can, for just a moment and ask the sporting public whose shunning burdens us to this day:
What is inherently more human, more civilized, or less damaging to the participants about being a fan of American football and professional hockey? Is being a fan or MMA or professional wrestling a special kind of evil?
Perhaps due to taking dozens of hits per contest that, were your car subjected to them, would set off the air bags in your steering wheel, Eric Lindros sustaining four of his six career concussions within a five month span and Justin Stzelzcyk driving into a tractor trailer while speeding away from the cops (and whose post-mortem brain examination prompted comparisons to those of boxers) have muddled that question. The most infamous and terrible examples of former professional athletes from all sports involving repeated, heavy collisions don’t know any of the social distinctions which govern how people look at, talk about and (don’t) defend mixed martial arts from its detractors. Ken Caminiti and Mr. Perfect, both felled by cocaine overdoses and hearts weakened by years of poor decisions. Steroid abuse and CTE, unlike sportswriters and fans, don’t selectively apply their judgment based on what their sufferer is doing for a living.
In the movie Any Given Sunday, Lawrence Taylor’s character (another reminder that the UFC isn’t the only professional sports organization with miscreants held in high regard) is seen begging his coach for the opportunity to play towards the end of the movie. One sack away from a $1 million bonus, Taylor rejects the medical evidence showing he’s at risk of paralysis if he plays, knowing his career is nearing its end and vowing to “shake like a Goddamn coconut” in exchange for the bonus. In keeping with the movie’s no-holds-barred, NFL Blitz-style look at professional football (including James Woods as the fact-faking, steroid-injecting team doctor, sexual harassment in the locker room and of course), Taylor is allowed to play, records his sack, and fractures his neck. He is seen smiling as he is carried off the field on a stretcher.
I’ve long been a (lonely) advocate for the athletic commission system. For all its imperfections, it represents a bulwark, an extra layer of potential complications for a pipeline of corruption like the ones seen in Any Given Sunday (and frequently theorized regarding actual sports leagues). In order to fight for the UFC, one must be licensed in the locale, and in order to be licensed, one must comply with rules and regulations (and agree to be subject to punishments) that have nothing to do with the UFC; this simply isn’t the case in the NFL, NHL, NBA or MLB. Zuffa, for all its worldwide resources and friendly foreign destinations, could choose to circumvent this arrangement (for instance, vowing to rebel against the NSAC’s decision to cease issuing TUEs for TRT, or giving suspended fighters bouts in areas outside of AC jurisdiction); mercifully, they have not, going as far as to publicize and punish drug tests for which no sanctioning body was present (key examples are Chris Leben-Michael Bisping and Antonio Silva-Mark Hunt). Were they to do so, they would be monstrously abandoning independent medical/disciplinary actions in flagrant disregard for fighter safety (and would be criticized here for doing so). They would also be moving towards the model followed by the largest, most successful professional sports leagues on Earth.
And now, back to the title. Brent Brookhouse, Bloody Elbow editor and self-proclaimed Antonio Rodrigo Nogueira mark, remarked on Twitter that he was reviewing forum posts and threads bemoaning Big Nog’s career continuing and urging him to retire… in 2007. While admittedly not there live – and I plan on abusing the Fight Pass and its recent addition of the PRIDE catalog to explore this further – I’ve always found it interested that Nogueira, after avenging his loss to Josh Barnett, became old between his last PRIDE fight and his first UFC fight. The man went 2-0 to start his UFC career, defeating Heath Herring and submitting Tim Sylvia to become the 31 year old interim UFC heavyweight champion (he would, of course, eventually beat Randy Couture when that fight happened 18 months later at UFC 102, but of course Randy magically became old between beating Sylvia/Gabriel Gonzaga and losing to Brock Lesnar. You have to be mindful of that). However, after losing twice to former champion Frank Mir, once to current champion Cain Velasquez and former #1 contender/lineal heavyweight champion Fabricio Werdum, the din Brookhouse was reading before I even discovered the sport had grown louder and louder.
Much like the one calling for Wanderlei Silva to retire after he lost to Chris Leben.
Today is a crescendo for that movement, as Nog lost his first fight to a non-elite heavyweight in Roy Nelson at UFC Fight Night Abu Dhabi II: Electric Boogaloo. Indeed, there will be those who wish to see Nog retire now not out of some humanitarian urge, but rather out of a disdain for his recent performances. Given Nog’s age (38), price tag (last available fight is UFC 92 v Frank Mir, for which he received a flat $250,000) and lack of drawing ability outside of Brazil, he seems like a potential victim of Zuffa’s ever-swinging sword anyway, but today, the argument before us is one of a mercy cut. Should the UFC go above and beyond the athletic commissions? Should they decide a sanctioned fighter – with a win over a current top 15 heavyweight (Brendan Schaub) – should, in fact, go unlicensed?
And if the answer to that question is yes, then why wasn’t the UFC doing Jake Shields a charitable favor, giving him a helpful suggestion as to his fight career, when they cut him? What makes the two different – that Shields is 35 instead of 38 and is more aesthetically pleasing than Big Nog? Does that mean his brain has endured less trauma, especially over the last few years and he – both – have slowed and stagnated? Can someone explain to me how you can root for Jake Shields to continue to fight and root for other fighters to retire due to health concerns?
Every fighter has health concerns, especially CTE. Every football player has health concerns, especially CTE. Every hockey player has health concerns, especially CTE. Every pro wrestler has health concerns, especially CTE. These are all powerfully unsafe and dangerous ways to make a living, and not a doctor on the planet would recommend engaging in any of them on a professional level. Do we decide to move in the direction of other sports, where the promoter/league is in sole control of deciding who is and isn’t fit to compete?
To that, I say no. It’s a damn shame that it’s the NFL’s place to decide when it’s unsafe to put a player on the field (and, of course, when to allow them to receive testosterone replacement therapy). It’s a damn shame that Eric Lindros and countless others were told by coaches to “tough it out” before concussion protocols were established. It’s not Zuffa’s place to decide when it is unsafe to put a fighter in the cage .To those calling for Big Nog to retire, please don’t assign a position to me that I haven’t adopted. If Big Nog announces his retirement tomorrow, I will applaud his career and wish him well. Our system – where a third party entity, rather than the promoter/league itself, sanctions and drugs tests competitors – is the lesser of two evils. And if that means that Big Nog wants to keep fighting and he’s cleared to fight by a real-life doctor that actually examines him, then I don’t want the UFC to overrule that judgment.
Unless, of course, you believe that the athletic commission doctors, be they in Nevada, Brazil or on the UFC payroll when they promote overseas, are actively colluding to put fighters in fights when the medical evidence says not to.
And if you truly believe that, then how the fuck can you defend being a consumer of any of the above?
Antonio Rodrigo Nogueira Chris Leben Heath Herring MLB NBA NFL NHL Roy Nelson Tim Sylvia ufc UFC Fight Night Abu Dhabi Wanderlei Silva
Derek Suboticki
Derek Suboticki is a weekly contributor to MMA Owl. He also co-hosts Untethered MMA every Thursday at 7 p.m. ET at FightFansRadio.com, also available as a podcast via iTunes. Previous work includes being former editor at Head Kick Legend and Fightlinker and contributor for Watch Kalib Run and Cageside Seats.
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MMA Owl News
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What ever happened to making the book come to life?
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jtarkey
Post #1 of 205 (3753 views)
What ever happened to making the book come to life? Can't Post
In light of the recent Beorn reveal, this question came to mind...
Before I start, I want to say that I'm all for an artist creating their own vision and sticking to it. Things can easily become convoluted if there are to many cooks in the kitchen. However, when it comes to adapting books, isn't a big part of the experience seeing what you imagined while reading come to life? I can understand if a certain description is very vague, or if you have no other choice than to deviate from the material in order to make it work on screen, But it's a whole new story when descriptions and the source material seem to be ignored...
I'm sad to say The Hobbit is not leaping from the book to the screen in the same way LOTR did. There were countless scenes in that trilogy where I felt "wow...that's exactly what I imagined". It's a truly magical feeling. I find that aspect all but lost in PJ's adaptation of The Hobbit.
It's one thing to expand on something, but with a book so beloved as The Hobbit, you would think they would have at least tried to bring Tolkiens world to life respectfully. Beorns design is kind of the tipping point for me. Of course, no one would have wanted a boring "hagrid clone", but is it really too much to expect SOMETHING from these films to resemble the book? Especially something so easy as Beorn, who is described rather well?
At what point exactly has PJ gone too far? When exactly is is blatantly dis-respectful to the book? I would of course argue it already is, but what are some other peoples tipping points?
"You're love of the halflings leaf has clearly slowed your mind"
architecthis
He has already gone too far... [In reply to] Can't Post
Up until the Beorn reveal I will still holding out hope that the first movie was mediocre due to the fact the films had been split into three sections very late in the process. I do feel that portions of AUJ are very well done - I very much enjoyed the scenes in Bag end, some of the prologue and Riddles in the Dark and I often watch the film just to see those moments again.
I am lost. How can he have gotten it so right the first time around and now this?
They have for me [In reply to] Can't Post
for the most part. There were things in all the movies so far that wasn't exactly like I thought it would be when I saw them but I'd say 9/10 times its been about what I wanted to see. It also helps that a lot of times things that I felt from the book came through in the scenes as they were on screen even if it wasn't exacly laid out in the book. I don't think there has been anything that's been disrepsectful to the books at all. Obviously some of you will disagree but I shall not be one of them. If you had too many moments of snot gags, belches, etc then I might join you in that but so far I haven't seen anything that makes me feel that way. As far as Beorn goes I'm waiting and seeing where things go with him. I can't get worked up over one grainy picture. While my imagination was more of what Hagrid looked like I don't mind if he doesn't look like that and to be honest may end up being glad he doesn't. As long as the personality of the character is retained I don't mind at all if the look is a little different than described.
MouthofSauron
Tol Eressea
you guys are so right... [In reply to] Can't Post
PJ has failed...AUJ only made over a billion dollars worldwide and DOS will probably make more...New Line should just fire him now and hire another director who hasn't dedicated years of his life to bring these books to the silver screen and who hasn't won best director for one of these films...Hopefully New Line will get their act together and remake The Hobbit soon...
take me down to the woodland realm where the trees are green and the elf women are pretty....Oh will you please take me home!!
(This post was edited by MouthofSauron on Aug 13 2013, 6:22pm)
Estel78
A good thing then that i don't have clear pictures in my head when reading [In reply to] Can't Post
And when i do, they fade after a while. Maybe it's because i don't read the book twice a year, or once even. Actually, it's years since i read Hobbit.
How about this: wait till we get pictures where we actually get a good look at Beorn, or better yet, till we get footage of him, before being negative.
Yep, exactly. [In reply to] Can't Post
Wanna join me in sacrificing him to the Balrog?
Sorry that I don't find the amount of money a film makes indicative of it's quality. Nor do I believe that if someone wins an Oscar it automatically means everything they touch turns to gold...
Seriously..
And I do hope some one re-makes The Hobbit in my life time...you're right on that one. sheesh...
(This post was edited by jtarkey on Aug 13 2013, 6:29pm)
This isnt really helpful [In reply to] Can't Post
This kind of comment doesn't contribute anything to the conversation.
I've said this probably a hundred times either online on out loud to people - you cannot base the success of a film on it's Box Office. If that were the case Twilight and other abysmal nonsense would be held in the same regard as some of the greatest films of all time; besides the fact that, once again, that the OP wasn't asking about Box Office.
(This post was edited by Ataahua on Aug 13 2013, 6:34pm)
Those are all scenes that I loved as well [In reply to] Can't Post
Erebor is a good example of a deviation that works for me. Not what I was expecting, but still great in it's own way.
I can't share that sentiment with a lot of the designs/deviations we've seen so far though.
I also want to re-iterate (as I do fairly often) that I don't feel AUJ is a bad film per say. Nor do I feel Jackson is some type of corporate monster (I know of 1 whiskey fueled post that made it seem like I felt that way ) .There are things about it I really liked. But other things simply rubbed me the wrong way.
Yep. [In reply to] Can't Post
The only thing worse than Hollywood making a Tolkien movie that nobody watches is Hollywood making a Tolkien movie that everybody watches.
The audacious proposal stirred his heart. And the stirring became a song, and it mingled with the songs of Gil-galad and Celebrian, and with those of Feanor and Fingon. The song-weaving created a larger song, and then another, until suddenly it was as if a long forgotten memory woke and for one breathtaking moment the Music of the Ainur revealed itself in all glory. He opened his lips to sing and share this song. Then he realized that the others would not understand. Not even Mithrandir given his current state of mind. So he smiled and simply said "A diversion.�
Post #10 of 205 (1659 views)
It's more than picturing things [In reply to] Can't Post
The Hobbit has an ethereal, lighthearted quality that PJ seems to be straying more and more from as more details are revealed.
The first movie was bombastic, jocular, overly action oriented and completely unbelievable.
But with regard to image and design - specifically character design - with the dwarves looking as unorthodox as they do, why didn't he just use colored hoods to differentiate them instead of having outlandish "silhouettes"? To me colored hoods, and they didn't have to be brightly colored, are more subtle than starfish hair or dwarves who look like elves.
May be one of the problems with these new films is that they are over-designed.
Ataahua
Superuser / Moderator
I don't believe he has been disrespectful to the book [In reply to] Can't Post
but I freely acknowledge that his version of the story jars with the book that many fans have in their heads, which is unfortunate but, I believe, inevitable when it comes to a decades-long popular novel.
I'm not thrilled with the design we've seen of Beorn, but I'll wait to see it come to life on the big screen before having a firm opinion of it.
Celebrimbor: "Pretty rings..."
Dwarves: "Pretty rings..."
Men: "Pretty rings..."
Sauron: "Mine's better."
"Ah, how ironic, the addictive qualities of Sauron�s master weapon led to its own destruction. Which just goes to show, kids - if you want two small and noble souls to succeed on a mission of dire importance... send an evil-minded beggar with them too." - Gandalf's Diaries, final par, by Ufthak.
Ataahua's stories
Rostron2
+1 on this point // [In reply to] Can't Post
Films can succeed on some levels and fail on others [In reply to] Can't Post
Obviously, The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey succeeded wildly at the box office. The question here is, did it fail artistically? The answer is subjective, the film worked better for some viewers than for others. I think that much of it worked, but in some ways Peter Jackson is too creative and needs to be reigned in a bit. To me, this was most apparent with the Stone-giants and in the Goblin-town sequences.
From the single image that we've seen, Beorn doesn't bother me. I expect a very large, broad man with dark, shaggy hair and beard, dressed simply. That much is consistent with the calendar image.
'There are older and fouler things than Orcs in the deep places of the world.' - Gandalf the Grey, The Fellowship of the Ring
mcmojo
Something from this film resembles the book [In reply to] Can't Post
Is this your argument? That Peter Jackson and company have not made anything in these films that resemble the book? Nothing at all?
Personally, I think AUJ had many things in it that resembled the book:
1. Gandalf
2. Bilbo
3. Gollum
4. Goblin Town (regardless what you think of the action sequences - visually it matched my vision of the book.)
5. The Eagles' flight.
6. The Trolls
7. Bag End
8. An Unexpected Party
9. Balin
10. 15 birds in 5 fir trees
You know what it didn't get right? The emotional connection between Bilbo and Thorin. The book doesn't provide any glimpse of that until it's too late to really make much of an impact - at Thorin's death. It also gave us distinct personalities for all the dwarves - something the book doesn't do at all.
I'm just happy we have both the book and the films. The book will always be around and will always be a classic. The films won't do anything to change that.
At this point, it doesn't matter what image is released, or what the next trailer looks like, there is a segment of Tolkien fandom that will not accept it and will cry foul. I don't get that mindset, but everyone has a right to their own opinion.
A lot of those things were already established in the LOTR trilogy... [In reply to] Can't Post
And a lot of them I do agree were done right. But as far as new designs/deviations go...it's a different story for me.
Perhaps I let emotion get in the way of my point a bit, I just feel far too much is being changed for no reason other than to change it.
I would also argue that Bilbos relationship with Thorin isn't fully developed in AUJ, nor are any of the dwarves personalities given enough time to shine. How opinions can differ...
From my perspective, it seems like a lot of fans will just accept anything PJ decides to do simply because it's his vision. It just feels like people are forgetting a little about Tolkiens vision.
That's the nature of the beast though. People who like what they've seen so far notice more of the negative comments. People who don't notice the positive comments. Yin and Yang. Make a da' world go round...
Rembrethil
My two cents' worth [In reply to] Can't Post
I think that threads like these are a good thing. In their own way, they help keep the community happy and stress free. It really helps a lot.
If you have a place here, to discuss your dislikes, then you can, as a dissatisfied fan, vent a bit and get other opinions, like-minded or not.
It also provides a place to promotes conversation and dialogue, though some of it could make up some good RR topics *hint, hint*.
Or maybe you're just down, and sad. We all have bad days, and topics like this can be like comfortable pair of sweat pants and socks, on a gloomy day.(I also recommend ice cream and some LotR bloopers!)
As a happy fan, you can just avoid the topic, the title says it all; if it is not for you, you can avoid it. Ignorance IS bliss, ask any young adult buying/maintaining a new house.
You can also avoid arguments,(don't read "respectful debate" here. It has its own place) Unless you're a troll. For the rest of us honest souls, let's face it, how many of you have read a person's post, whose opinion you respect, but with whom you disagree, and after reading their opinion, have ACTUALLY said/done this,"You know he/she is right! I've had an Epiphany! I'm going to change my opinion! I have been so wrong the whole time!" If you can stop laughing at my humorous example, you can see how ridiculous Internet arguments are.
I think someone else had a topic, "my problems with AUJ", it was a place for fans to discuss the perceived shortcomings of the film, without cluttering the other individual topics. One place for critical insight, collected, and nor spread over dozens of topics. I have seen a few news announcements, notably the Beorn photo/Tauriel announcements, become a bit cluttered with back-and-forth --point and counterpoint. Having topics like this can allow the negative and positive reactions to be shared and compared, creating a handy little resource, aiding a fan's critical approach to the films.
When all you want is news, it can be a chore to find it in the midst of all the typed exchanges, and important updates could even be lost!!
So my hat is off to jtarkey. Thank-you for creating such a place!
Owain
Haha! So true. Thanks for that.// [In reply to] Can't Post
Middle Earth is New Zealand!
"Question everything, embrace the bad, and hold on to the good."
Half-elven
Nothing happened. The book is coming to life for me.... [In reply to] Can't Post
... and for lots of others too.
Some characters and scenes are exactly as I pictured. Others are completely different, but what's so wrong with engaging with someone else's vision of a place or a person and seeing where that takes you? That was one of the delights of the LotR films for me and I'm pleased to say that it's happening again. I'm really looking forward to seeing the Elvenking's realm - the glimpses we've had of it looked magical. And Mirkwood (spiders excepted) and Laketown.
And I'm sure they are treating the book respectfully. It struck me that one of hte things they stressed - and were careful to stress - in the most recent Empire article - was the centrality of the book, and Tolkien's other writing.
As for Beorn, all we've seen is a fuzzy (in more than one sense) back view. We haven't heard him speak or seen him move, we don't know how they will bring his character to life. I reckon he's going to be a whole lot closer to the spirit of Beorn than people are so far willing to concede.
I don't think we've seen anything blatantly disrespectful to the book. I don't think we're going to, either.
Mods up.// [In reply to] Can't Post
RosieLass
In my opinion, he crossed the line with LOTR. [In reply to] Can't Post
So I didn't really have high expectations for the Hobbit.
I think that's why I'm not as bothered by the changes to AUJ.
I'm enjoying the parts that are awesome (the cast, the performances, the music, the set designs, the costumes), and I'm able just to say "meh" and move on when the the plot or the characterizations fall short.
"BOTH [political] extremes are dangerous. But more dangerous are team fanboys who think all the extremists are on the OTHER side." (CNN reader comment)
It is always those with the fewest sensible things to say who make the loudest noise in saying them. --Precious Ramotswe (Alexander McCall Smith)
if FOTR had tanked at the box office [In reply to] Can't Post
you would be watching a direct to video release of TTT...if your lucky a direct to video release of ROTK with no possibility of The Hobbit being made, let alone made into a trilogy. So...yes, money matters. There will be no remake of either LOTR's or TH. Winning an oscar doesn't mean everything they touch turns to gold after but winning the first ever best director award for a fantasy film does mean something, and don't forget best picture.
A lot of crummy movies succeed at the box office. [In reply to] Can't Post
And that wasn't the point the OP was trying to make.
Monetary success and awards and all that...it doesn't matter.
The movie didn't work for him. He's entitled to think so. And to say so.
Elwen
I think those last three questions warrant answering... [In reply to] Can't Post
and I wish I could see more people's answers to them.
I will answer them, but let me start by saying that I loved FotR, was disappointed in TT but still enjoyed more than half of it, but by RotK, despite loving some scenes, I was feeling really let down. I did as so many on here encouraged me to: "Trust PJ." And I did, after the first film, but that trust waned somewhere between Faramir letting his men beat Gollum and Aragorn/Legolas/Gimli running from the skull avalanche. By the time AUJ came out, I was a skeptic, but still was very excited.
Once again, there were bits that were amazing. Bag End for example, I loved. I didn't care for PJ's interpretation of Goblintown, but it was a very interesting interpretation, and he's entitled to the artistic license. That said, I thought the stone giants were very silly and laughable, and really the whole ending with the wolves and trees and Azog just made me sad, because the (IMO) perfect image of Gandalf throwing flaming pinecones is completely obliterated by the ensuing overdrawn, made up fight scene.
So at what point had PJ gone too far? Well I think that is different for everyone. For me, it's when characters behave in a way they never would have in the books. Sam agreeing to leave and actually climbing down the steps for example, or Faramir at least starting to take his father "a mighty gift." I actually don't know that we've seen that yet in The Hobbit. Things have galled me (see the Rock'em Sock'em Stone Giants) but I haven't seen anyone behave out of character, except possibly Bilbo in the above mentioned fight scene. I'm not sure Bilbo was quite "there" yet.
It's blatantly disrespectful if it ever goes counter to the spirit of the book. That's a heavy charge to level. Do I think it's been as respectful of the book as so many people affiliated with the production keep saying it is? No, not even close. But it hasn't been blatantly disrespectful yet. Some things, like the beauty of the simple hobbit life, PJ & Co. have hit right on the head. If that wasn't portrayed in the sympathetic way it was, and was instead looked down on, that would be disrespectful.
I don't think I've reached my tipping point yet. I see a tipping point as where I can't take it anymore and I won't watch the movie at all. For example, I can fast forward over the stone giants bit, or the premature hero Bilbo defense of Thorin at the end of AUJ, and enjoy most of the movie. If however, I'm treated to any of the more far-fetched rumors we've heard (read: zombie anything, Mary Sue elves in love with dwarves, etc) that might be a harder sell for me to ever watch the film again, which would make me sad.
Tauriel: So let me get this straight sir, this Elwen girl is back on something called TORn, and rather than just tell her to stop stalking you, you'd like me to show up in a movie I have no business being in as a ploy to distract her, and nevermind the wrath of countless Tolkien fans who will be calling for my destruction?
Legolas: That about sums it up. Besides, some people might like you. Oh, and to be on the safe side, can we pretend to be a couple too?
(This post was edited by Elwen on Aug 13 2013, 7:19pm)
It�s turning into a fanfic... [In reply to] Can't Post
Be�rn appereance is not as alarming as Kili�s sacrifice because of Tauriel.
This is not a movie adaptation it�s a fanfic.
Well, it�s scary to think how close these two terms are movie adaptations=fanfics
"Dear friend good bye, no tears in my eyes. So sad it ends, as it began"
Sure, winning an Oscar means something... [In reply to] Can't Post
But what exactly is that something?
It means he did a good job with the film he won it for. Nothing more.
I guess I'm just not seeing what your point is. If FOTR tanked at the Box Office I would love it just as much as I do today. And if TTT and ROTK were the same film, but direct to video, I would love them just the same as well.
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cocomontoyaband.com
ronniebakerbrooks.com
Coco Montoya and Ronnie Baker Brooks
$38 public | $35 members
Not a Member? Join!
“In Ronnie Baker Brooks’ powerhouse hands, blues-rock never sounded so outrageous. The soul never sounded so delicious. And the blues never sounded so profound… one of today’s top live performers.” – Blues Revue
“In a world of blues guitar pretenders, Coco Montoya is the real McCoy. He exudes power and authenticity. Be prepared to get scorched by the real thing.” – Billboard
With Ronnie Baker Brooks and Coco Montoya sharing the stage, it's going to be a night packed with profound blues and hard-rocking good times.
Between his white-hot guitar playing and his soulful, emotional vocals, Coco Montoya has talent to burn. In a career that spans almost four decades, he’s gone from drumming for blues icon Albert Collins to holding the lead guitar spot in John Mayall’s Bluesbreakers to leading his own band and touring worldwide. Montoya is revered for his ability to move from subtly melodic guitar playing to slash-and-burn pyrotechnics. Equally forceful are his deep, soul-baring vocals. Years of constant touring, playing unforgettable shows at clubs, concert halls and festivals, have earned him his position at the top of the contemporary blues world. And it all started with a chance meeting in the mid-1970s with legendary bluesman Albert Collins, who offered Montoya a spot in his band, where he stayed for the next five years. Coco was initially hired as Collins’ drummer and later—with Albert mentoring him on the guitar—became the band’s rhythm guitarist. A few years after leaving Collins’ band, British blues star John Mayall heard Coco jamming onstage and was so impressed that he hired him for the newly reformed Bluesbreakers.
On the first day recording Times Have Changed – the eleven-track album from Chicago bluesman Ronnie Baker Brooks that brings a sound so big it could topple a Louisiana juke joint – industry-revered album producer and drummer Steve Jordan told Brooks to put his pedal board back in the van. For the first time in his professional life, Brooks, the son of Texas and Chicago blues legend Lonnie “Guitar Jr.” Brooks, would plug a Gibson into TKTK amp and rip it straight from there.
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The website of The White Review have just published my essay on the philosophy of Quentin Meillassoux.
I'm pleased to announce that Boxer, Beetle has been awarded the Foundation for Jewish Culture’s Goldberg Prize for Outstanding Debut Fiction by the Jewish Book Council.
Just now I was on the OED website looking up 'sleep' in the sense of 'this house sleeps five' when I came across this menacing citation:
1848 J. R. Bartlett Dict. Americanisms (at cited word), She could eat fifty people in her house, but could not sleep half the number.
And that led me to an old American usage of 'eat' with which I was previously unfamiliar and of which every single example made me laugh:
1837 Crockett Almanac 17 Well, Capting, do you ate us, or do we ate ourselves?
1842 Spirit of Times (Philadelphia) 4 Mar., [The Bay State Democrat says that Mr. Dickens] has declined the invitation of the Philadelphians to eat him.
1855 ‘Q. K. P. Doesticks’ Doesticks, what he Says vii. 53, I resolved‥to quit the premises of the Emerald Islander who agreed to ‘lodge and eat’ us.
a1860 Pickings fr. Picayune 47, I was told you'd give us two dollars a day and eat us.
1889 J. S. Farmer Americanisms (at cited word), A steamer is alleged to be able to eat 400 passengers and sleep about half that number.
1928 S. V. Benét John Brown's Body 367 You ought to be et. We'll eat you up to the house when it's mealin' time.
Admittedly, the third of those is a deliberate pun, although not, as you might think, a pun about cannibals: Doesticks (the humorist Mortimer Thompson) was staying in an Irish boarding house so plagued with mosquitoes that his hostess had 'nearly fulfilled the latter clause [i.e. to "eat us"] by proxy'.
Posted by Ned Beauman at 10:35 pm 2 comments:
"Experiments in reducing language to its barest elements have been the topic of countless studies of Samuel Beckett, which are all in their own ways right in pointing out his dearth or resources at this period and a kind of despair in the face of a language so tired that traditional metaphor, rhetoric, and even normal grammar cannot be effective any more... In Beckett criticism there is a tendency to admire experimentation and reduction for their own sake; but I think it is difficult to assent to the idea that Ping, for example, adequately rewards the labour needed to winkle out its withered kernels. In recogition of Beckett's minimalism, it is not enough to recall Shelley's words from 'On Life': 'How vain it is to think that words can penetrate the mystery of our being! Rightly used they can make evident our ignorance to ourselves, and this is much.'... Shelley and Beckett are both suggesting that language helps us to perceive what is true only by ruling out what is not... Modernist orthodoxy notwithstanding, it is by no means a gain for a work of art that it should trace the difficulty involved in making it... It is, in short, justifiable to the reader to react to the short texts in much the same way Beckett reacted as maker."
from The Ideal Real: Beckett's Fiction and Imagination by Paul Davies
The website of The White Review have just publishe...
I'm pleased to announce that Boxer, Beetle has bee...
Just now I was on the OED website looking up 'slee...
"Experiments in reducing language to itsbarest ele...
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Bet365 bonus offer deemed misleading by the Advertising Standards Authority
As W.H. Auden almost, but didn't quite, say:
Stop all the clocks,
Cut off the telephone,
Prevent the dog from barking with a juicy bone,
Silence the pianos,
And with muffled drum...
...announce the fact that a regulator, the Advertising Standards Authority, has actually just done its job, made a fair judgement based on a sensible adjudication without recourse to "must-back-casino-at-all-costs" mentality, and found for the player, against the casino.
No, I did not write that backwards. I did not say "for the casino, against the player". I wrote it right first time: for the player, against the casino.
Read it and weep, online gambling industry:
ASA Adjudication on Bet365 Group Ltd
A TV ad for Bet365 stated "Back any single winner at 4/1 or more on any race shown live on Channel 4 and we'll give you a free bet to the same stake on the next live Channel 4 race. Your free bet also wins at odds of 4/1 or more, you qualify for a free bet on the next Channel 4 race. Keep backing those winners and we’ll keep giving you free bets!"
Three viewers challenged whether the ad was misleading, because after winning one free bet they were told they could no longer take part in the promotion.
Bet365 said they believed the three viewers had unusual betting patterns and were exploiting the free offer. They believed two viewers were using betting exchanges whereby they could offset the risk of a bet and gain a free bet without risking any of their own money. Bet365 contended that an examination of the customers accounts showed that they bet on races with the same odds and, because they did not bet on all races, said it appeared they were systematically selecting races that allowed them to exploit the free bet offer.
Bet365 stated that the third viewer also made selective bets and suspected they used a betting exchange. They believed the viewer backed horses each way, effectively giving them a bet on the horse both to win and lose, and they were unlikely to lose any money, which was "bad business". Bet365 said their terms and conditions made clear that promotional offers were only available for recreational players and explained they would only take the step of excluding a customer from the offer after a full investigation of their account and historic betting activity. Bet365 said only 2.5% of customers on their database were deemed to be non-recreational and were excluded from offers.
Clearcast said the ad was not directed toward professional gamblers and considered the specific issues raised by viewers about their accounts was a matter between them and the advertiser.
The ASA considered that the ad was likely to be interpreted as encouraging viewers to place successive bets on the condition that if they won they could place a further bet for free. We understood that Bet365 excluded a proportion of customers who they deemed to be non-recreational players; however, we considered that without defined criteria, it appeared that Bet365 had excluded customers from the offer when they were winning or were no longer profitable.
We noted the ad did not state that customers who made each way bets, won frequently on similar bets, or used betting exchanges would be excluded from the offer. Although we understood that Bet365 believed the viewers were exploiting the offer, in the absence of qualification in the ad to make Bet365s limitations on the offer clear, we concluded the ad was likely to mislead.
The ad breached CAP (Broadcast) TV Code rules 5.1.2 and 5.2.3 (Misleading advertising.)
The ad must not appear again in its current form. We told Bet365 to make the limitations of offers clear in future.
Forget about the Kahnawake Gaming Commission, that merry band of tomahawk-toting tribesmen of the Canadian Indian reserve so beloved of crooked online casino operators the world over, who recently told us that the last ten years of fakery and negligence didn't matter, because they'd now turned over a new leaf and appointed eCOGRA, that renowned Microgaming puppet operation of industry whitewash plasterers, to "test compliance of KGC licensees", representing a New Dawn For Kahnawake.
Forget about the Malta LGA, that reknowned Maltese cartel of shady government officials and dark threats, who don't respond to player complaints in anything less than a year, if at all, and who continue to license sportsbooks long after they've stopped paying players - but who are now a new, improved, groovy and cool operation of industry movers and shakers because they've got a hot new director and 335 operations on their books.
Forget about the Alderney Gambling Control Commission, who when just once put to the test, found for the casino because the player obviously abused the bonus, irrespective of the fact that he followed all the rules to the letter.
In fact, you can pick up all those industry fakes and dump them straight in the recycle bin.
Because there's a new man in town, one who doesn't fall over and ask for his tummy to be tickled when an operator tries to pull the wool over his eyes with incoherent, unsubstantiated babbling about "non-recreational players" who were "bad for business", all long after their bets had been accepted and the players had (horror of horrors, kill me now) won.
When this happens, the ASA says "This is what you said, this is what you did, what you did wasn't what you said you'd do, so go take a hike because you're not doing it on our turf".
Wow and double wow. A regulator that does its job. A regulator that, when it says...
Our aim at the ASA is to ensure that consumers do not just enjoy the ads they see, but they can trust them too.
...it actually means it, and stands by its promise by enforcing the rules.
This is some bad news for the online gambling industry if it ever wants to gain a foothold in the United Kingdom. It'll have do what it says it'll do, or face having to stop saying it.
Kahnawake, Malta, Alderney and eCOGRA must be shaking their heads in horror. What will their world come to if their industry ends up having to stand by its promises and pay what it says it'll pay?
Putting the irony aside, it bears reading again the ruling the ASA made, as their clarity of perception is spot on:
We understood that Bet365 excluded a proportion of customers who they deemed to be non-recreational players; however, we considered that without defined criteria, it appeared that Bet365 had excluded customers from the offer when they were winning or were no longer profitable.
We noted the ad did not state that customers who made each-way bets, won frequently on similar bets, or used betting exchanges would be excluded from the offer.
Although we understood that Bet365 believed the viewers were exploiting the offer, in the absence of qualification in the ad to make Bet365s limitations on the offer clear, we concluded the ad was likely to mislead.
Job well done, ASA. Job well done indeed.
Aah, so you noticed it then.
By Sandracer, at 7:25 pm
Your enthusiasm for the ASA is a little misplaced I feel. They're not a regulator, and all they can do is ask for an advert not to be repeated in exactly the same way as the one complained about.
For example William Hill recently had a complaint against them upheld, because their adverts claim "best prices FACT" based on a comparison that doesn't include Betfair. If it did they wouldn't top the comparison.
http://www.asa.org.uk/Complaints-and-ASA-action/Adjudications/2010/3/William-Hill-Organisation-Ltd/TF_ADJ_48228.aspx
Even before the adjudication was published they just carried on with the same dishonest claim, but with a disclaimer "not all bookmakers appear in the comparison". So that's perfectly OK apparently.
It's like saying "3 is the smallest whole number, FACT" with a disclaimer in smaller type that "not all numbers were included in the comparison".
The Bet365 advert you're crowing about was back on TV with a disclaimer no one would read the Saturday after this ruling.
By Alice Klar, at 7:47 pm
The link you posted is to another successfully upheld complaint - William Hill must not repeat the advert. Obviously, the advert cannot be retrospectively aborted.
As such, this would appear to be another successful ruling in the players' favour.
As to the point of the article, again, the complaint was upheld and the advert must not be repeated. In other words, a successful result.
The ASA "regulates" adverts. Noone is claiming it does anything else, that it handles non-payment complaints or whatever. And it appears to work very successfully within its remit, going by these two cases.
The online gambling industry is built on BS. However, at least in this country it looks like the BS merchants are now being held to account. This is excellent.
By 100% Gambler, at 11:03 pm
Lots of excellent reading here, thank you! I had been looking on yahoo when I uncovered your publish, I’m going to add your feed to Google Reader, I look forward to much more from you.
By Anonymous, at 9:18 pm
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#watchit
#raceit
1300 Stock Cars
The 1300 Stock Car Formula was introduced by Spedeworth / Incarace in the early 1990’s and has been thrilling oval race fans ever since.
Initially intended as a cost effective and easy to construct Stock Car for the man in the street, all these years later these cars still provide a level of affordability for the average working man to get on track and enjoy Oval Motorsport.
This Full – Contact class can be seen across the UK from Scotland to Northern Ireland and across the South of England. With 20 – 30 cars often on track at the same time, 1300 Stock Car Racing requires the utmost in car preparation and Driver determination offering Race Fans fantastic close racing action with car on car contact! The formula is not Banger Racing of any sort though so a high degree of skill is required by the driver to remove opposition from his path – but himself also in the process!
The 1300 Stock Car in the modern era is a 1300cc or 1400cc Hatchback or Coupe mass produced car with an internal and external steel framework to protect the car and Driver, but also provide the armoury to wrestle the opposition with and running on a semi road / competition treaded tyre. The speeds these cars can achieve in such a confined space has to be seen to be believed.
There are a growing number of 1300 Stock Car Fabricators and Builders to choose from through the UK although there is still much scope for the Fabricator/Driver to build his own bespoke car. The rules for the formula are strictly controlled by the Spedeworth / Incarace governing body, with rules on car options and design, power-plants, drive train and tyres being controlled to maximise safety, control costs and maintain fairness.
As with any Class of Motorsport, your budget to a degree may control your success on track but this is a full contact Formula where the novice has every right to retaliate to a faster Star Driver coming through the field! There are very often second hand cars available for sale ranging from £1500 - £4000 depending on age and spec and specific Companies can provide a made to order service on a car ‘on the button’ or supply you all the parts to self – assemble your own car as per the formula’s rulebook which can be accessed through the Spedeworth / Incarace Promoters’ website.
Race it. It is a full - contact sport and your car will be hit – but you can strike back too! Officials will monitor the circuit closely and take action against those committing misdemeanours outside the Rules!
There are no entry fees for the race meetings and the licence fee for the yearly season is £70. With a large number of venues offering meetings for 1300 Stock Car Racing, drivers can choose to race as little or as often as they wish and may choose to broaden their racing experience by participating in events further afield across the UK mainland, from Scotland to Northern Ireland and the South of England, although Championship Events may be by Qualification and Invitation only.
Running costs are subject to damage but are in the region of +/- £100 per meeting.
The drivers are some of the most fearless and talented on the ovals, circulating centimetres apart at full race speed with pushing and shoving front and back and thousands of a second in which to make a decision, go by or push on through! There is never a dull race in 1300 Stock Cars and you just never know the outcome of races!
ORCi Limited Registered in England and Wales No. 5163287.
Registered Office: ORCi Secretary, PO Box 530, Hoddesdon EN11 1RR
Site by Telos Software
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Young people graduate from first Youth Activate course delivered in North Glasgow
Press release • Aug 02, 2019 09:06 BST
Youth Activate students celebrate after completing the Community Development programme at Glasgow University
ng homes have worked in partnership with Glasgow University over the past 8 years to deliver the Activate Community Development programme in North Glasgow.
During this time, over 300 students from across a range of ages, cultures, communities and public organisations have completed the programme. Some students have even used this as a springboard to complete further studies in College or University, with some going on to graduate from the BA Community Development course at Glasgow University.
Margaret Fraser, Head of Regeneration at ng homes said:
“For some time ng homes and Glasgow University have been working hard to establish a Youth Activate programme, though the difficulty has been trying to organise this during the school term as there were always preparations for exams taking place.We were delighted when Youth Activate launched on 16th July 2019 in Saracen House in Possilpark, with 25 young people attending and giving up two weeks of their summer holidays to study with Glasgow University.”
The participants included people from a range of ages and diverse cultural backgrounds, and came from a number of local organisations including:
Glasgow Afghan United
Glasgow Chinese Recreation Centre
ng homes tenants
PSYV (Police Scotland Youth Volunteers)
Springburn Young People
Ruchazie Church
DRC Generations Scotstoun
During the programme, the young people took part in discussions and workshops on a range of important local and global topics. This interactive approach enabled participants to gain rich insights and experiences as they worked and learned alongside ‘others’ who would not normally be part of their ‘circle’. The tutors facilitating the programme commented on the enthusiasm of the young people, highlighting how keen they were to get involved and play an active part in shaping ng homes’ Youth Committee along with the number of young people wanting to follow up with the PSYV (Police Scotland Youth Volunteers) scheme.
Alongside the workshops, the young people worked within groups and selected topics for their Community Investigations, which they presented on the final day of the course. These explored a range of subjects such as facilities for young people in North Glasgow, activities for Afghan United, broader environmental issues, young peoples perception of Police and specific safety issues relating to females, amongst others.
Paul Sweeney MP visits Youth Activate students, tutor Anne McGreechin, youth worker Tina Blackley and ng homes Head of Regeneration Margaret Fraser in Saracen House
Paul Sweeney, MP for Glasgow North East, met the young people during Youth Activate and commented:
“On Friday 26th July I had the pleasure of meeting with young people who were participating in the Youth Activate programme in North Glasgow. ng homes have been working in partnership with Glasgow University over the past 8 years in the delivery of Activate.
I was delighted to hear that so many young people gave up more than two weeks of their summer holidays to study with Glasgow University in Saracen House, Possilpark. The young people studied subjects such as, Anti-Discriminatory Practice, Local and Global Issues, Community and Globalisation. This is a seriously worthwhile project that can only be of benefit not just to the young people but to the wider community as well. Congratulations to all involved and well done to ng homes and Glasgow University for their involvement. I look forward to meeting and working with these young people in the future.”
On the final day of the Youth Activate programme, all 25 of the young people presented their Community Investigations at Glasgow University, before heading along to the graduation event later that day.
The Activate graduation took place on Monday 29th July in Glasgow University and was attended by all Activate and Youth Activate students, their family and friends together with elected members and ng homes staff and Board members. A number of other organisations received awards on the night including 13 students from ng homes adult Activate programme.
Youth Activate graduate Emma Porter gives a speech at the awards ceremony in Glasgow University
Bob Doris, MSP for Glasgow Maryhill and Springburn who attended the graduation ceremony and presented awards said:
“It was inspirational to see the enthusiasm and dedication of so many of my constituents to make a difference in the communities I serve. Over 300 participants have graduated from Glasgow University’s Activate programme since ng homes entered into partnership with the University 8 years ago.
“It has been a springboard for further study and achievement for many, and an acknowledgment of the wonderful work everyone already does to contribute to their community. It was particularly heartening to see the first group of Youth Activate graduates get recognition, many of whom I have met across Maryhill and Springburn and witnessed first hand their efforts and commitment to improving their community.
“It was a privilege to present the graduates with their certificates. I pay tribute to their achievements and commend ng homes for their ongoing support of this wonderful initiative.”
Youth Activate graduates together with ng homes Head of Regeneration Margaret Fraser and Deputy CEO (Regeneration) John Devine, Bob Doris MSP, ng homes Board member Gino Satti and president of Glasgow Afghan United Abdul Bostani
John Thorburn, ng homes Chair, said:
“I was very impressed by the number of people who had taken part in the Activate programme and celebrated their graduation at the award ceremony in Glasgow University. I was especially delighted to see so many young people who had used part of their holiday time to take part in the youth version. They showed that they care passionately about the area and people who live here. I hope that this passion they have will continue to shine through and they are successful in achieving the changes they want to see. Perceptions are only changed by actions and it is clear they are committed to making a positive difference in North Glasgow. Well done to all who took part - carry on with your visions and good work!”
Helen Martin, Lecturer from Glasgow University who was one of the tutors during the course commented:
“The University, and in particular the School of Education’s Community Development team are really delighted to have played our part in ensuring young people got the opportunity to participate and contribute to the communities they belong to. They have found their voice and now it’s up to all of us to ensure they have a place to share it.”
ng homes would like to congratulate all students and we are currently recruiting for a further Activate course due to take place in the community soon.
ng homes is a trading name of North Glasgow Housing Association
Our vision is to create a community where people can flourish and prosper.
Business enterprise, GeneralClimate issuesEventsSchoolSocial issues, GeneralTeaching, LearningUniversity, University College
Glasgow (City)
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Memory Hole Blog
Civility Code
Support MHB!
Sandy Hook Documentary Isn’t About Sandy Hook: The Fortress and What’s Inside
December 10, 2014 concettafannin2 356 Comments
The release of the documentary, “We Need to Talk about Sandy Hook” by the group, Independent Media Solidarity has become a story of aggressive copyright fraud, a massive video upload movement and an unexpected Internet solidarity more than a story of the controversial Sandy Hook event itself.
The weakest link in a chain is the one you choose to break.
If you imagine manufactured events like 9/11, the Aurora theater shooting, Sandy Hook and others as links in the greater chain of deception, you might be close to understanding the circumstances in which these events are allowed to go unchecked. This chain of events cannot survive if any one of its links is broken.
On November 30th, the fortress that protects the truth about these grand deceptions was dealt a very different kind of blow. Unlike fleeting exposures or leaks of evidence that quickly get swept into the memory hole, this blow has caused a festering wound that will persist indefinitely. The opening act in this play, long in production was the release of the documentary, “We Need to Talk about Sandy Hook.” This, nearly 3 hours long video exposing the numerous anomalies and ongoing cover-up is in itself an important, historical document. But, it’s the stories behind this story that are becoming a phenomenon.
A Documentary by and for the Common Man
In February of 2014, over a year since Sandy Hook many groups were deeply involved in research and analysis of the Sandy Hook event. This may come as a surprise considering that the media had long since moved on to speak of it as a well-documented, historical event. Referring to the little-understood, Adam Lanza as “the shooter” is but one example of their portrayal of the event as authentic and undeniable. What little attention the media paid to anyone who thought otherwise was limited to stories of “conspiracy theorists” harassing and even stalking victim’s family members. Behind these stories of bloggers turned stalkers was a large body of people who continued to question the event.
One such group questioning Sandy Hook was a research group on the topic comprised of 60 some odd members. Back in February, one of its members approached the group with an idea for a project that would involve a number of segments, each focusing on a different piece of evidence. The Sandy Hook event is, if you weren’t aware is brimming with anomalies and curiosities. These segments would then be combined to form a painstakingly factual and revealing expose. The only caveat was that nothing contained within a segment would be included if any of the others in the group specifically objected to it. In addition, each participant would be required to narrate their segment. The topics would be submitted to a coordinator beforehand, to prevent participants from covering the same topic.
Once a core group had formed, a repository for evidence such as photographs, video clips, news stories as well as narration scripts and cut lists was established and the work began. Over the course of 9 months, the work continued and the segments were produced with little consideration of cohesion or the end result. The coordinator and editor were tasked with producing an introductory and closing segment. As each completed segment was previewed, a picture began to form and as fate would have it the picture was that of a complete and very intriguing documentary.
Creating a Home for the Project and the Group behind It
One other significant development emerged from within the project early on. One of the participants, who was also the editor had conceived of a way to give life to the project, prevent the video from becoming just a static document as well as give the group an informal identity. Without much fanfare, Independent Media Solidarity (IMS) was born. This would become the moniker under which the group could be identified. A website and various social media accounts were established in support of the group. Although the significance of this move was predicted to some degree by the group, none predicted just how significant or in which ways IMS would become a useful platform.
Video Take-Downs and the Surprising Counteraction
Long before the documentary was completed, it was determined that the usual method by which the video would be disseminated through YouTube would not work in this case. Many of the members had been stung previously by having videos flagged or removed through claims of copyright or privacy infringement. YouTube is heavily invested in the DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act) implementation, having designed an automated system by which to prevent copyright violations.
One component of the system is built into YouTube’s uploading function. As videos are uploaded, they are screened for audio that matches anything within a massive database of copyrighted material. If a match is found, one of two things happens. Either the uploader is presented with the option of disputing the claim or accepting it as accurate, or YouTube simply rejects the video on the basis of it being a violation of their terms. The second major component of their DMCA system involves the copyright owner making a claim against a particular video. In this process, the owner of the material flags the offending video and YouTube responds automatically by taking the video offline while notifying the video’s producer that a claim has been made. The video producer at this point must either accept the claim as accurate and forfeit the video or dispute the claim, at which time notice of the dispute is sent to the claimant.
The unfortunate side-effect of the overall process is that, during a 10 day period in which the claimant has to choose whether to take further action the video is offline.
As you might imagine this policy of allowing anyone to make a claim against any video is easily abused. The function largely favors claimants over producers of videos the claims are made against. As it stands, anyone can make a claim against any video to have it removed for a period of between 10 days and 3 weeks, and the uploader of the video has no recourse whatsoever. They are simply not afforded a means to legally challenge the claim aside from the initial dispute option. But this does nothing to prevent the take down of the video. It’s this concerning reality at the root of the next story behind the story.
As mentioned, the group chose not to upload their documentary to YouTube. After researching the options, it was determined that Vimeo would likely be the best home for the video. So, on November 30th it was uploaded to a newly established Vimeo account, a trailer was loaded to the group’s YouTube account and those of the participants. Despite there having been little hype in the time preceding its release, many people began to watch and the buzz was that people liked it.
Within less than 24 hours, Vimeo removed the video and sent notice that it was removed due to a violation of their terms. Here is the relevant text of that message…
Your video “We Need to Talk about Sandy Hook” has been removed for violating our Guidelines. Reason: Vimeo does not allow videos that harass, incite hatred or depict excessive violence.
If you haven’t yet seen the video, this might appear to be a legitimate reason for its removal. However, if you have seen the video it’s very unlikely that you’ll find the reason given to make much sense. There simply isn’t anything that could be construed as harassment or inciting of hatred. Not only is their not excessive violence, there’s no violence depicted at all. Therefore, it appears that Vimeo chose to remove the video for other reasons. I won’t begin to speculate what those reasons were and the group hasn’t bothered to inquire further into the matter. Both Vimeo and YouTube are notoriously steadfast in their take-down decisions and rarely, if ever provide detailed explanations for them.
Although the plan had been to load the video to a secondary host as back-up, that simply hadn’t been done when the primary source at Vimeo was removed. Being faced with a newly-released video now totally unavailable, the decision was made to upload it to the group’s YouTube channel. Although it was predicted that it wouldn’t last more than a day or two, this seemed the quickest way to make the video viewable again. Concerned about and fully expecting it to be removed from YouTube, the group also scrambled to upload the video to Archive.org, which seemed like a suitable back-up source.
By this time there was a growing buzz across the Internet in places where conspiracies were discussed as well as matters of free speech. The group began to receive numerous requests through the simple contact form on its website for a copy of the video that people could upload to their channels both on YouTube and elsewhere. A completely unexpected phenomenon was showing its first signs when discussions of the take down by Vimeo was seen as unfair censorship. This generated more interest, the assumption being that for it to have been taken down so quickly what it contained must be bombshell material.
Although the matter of whether any material in the video constitutes being described as “bombshell” is relative, this notion did lead to increased interest. As the group struggled to ensure the video was viewable, considering the take-down of it at Vimeo to be a setback it was in no way a ruse by them to gen up interest through promoting a perceived notion of scarcity. This appears to have been an organic phenomenon.
Then the video was taken down from YouTube. In just over 24 hours, the video was taken offline by a copyright claim made by the HONR network, represented by one Lenny Pozner. For those who may be unfamiliar with the Sandy Hook characters, Lenny is the purported father of child victim, Noah Pozner. Although Lenny wasn’t amongst the many victim’s parents making the rounds on news programs and morning shows, Lenny has been highly involved in post Sandy Hook event affairs. At the point at which it was taken down, just this single source of the video had received over 117,000 views. This was learned thanks to an observant viewer who kindly emailed a screenshot to the group.
Some members of IMS had previously had videos removed through copyright claims. What was different in this case was that the claim made no reference to any specific material. It wasn’t possible to determine which specific material within the video was supposedly infringing on a copyright. The reader might be interested to know that, in order for a claim to be made at all the person or group making the claim must be the owner of the material. The group was perplexed, as it seemed extremely unlikely that any material in the video was owned by the HONR Network or Lenny Pozner.
Once again, the documentary was offline and a seemingly endless string of notices of this fact and requests for a different link to the video began to flood the group’s inbox. The uploading process for a nearly 3 hours long video can take many hours to complete, depending upon conditions like bandwidth availability. At the time the video was removed a second time by YouTube, the upload to Archive.org was not yet completed. Once again, the video was inaccessible for a few hours until traffic could finally be redirected to Archive.org. At this time, the primary source of the video stream remains Archive.org.
Acts of Kindness and of Rebellion
Once the dust began to settle after scrambling to keep the video online, the group finally had a chance to see a sampling of the public’s reaction to it. It was overwhelmingly positive. Some comments online read like letters written to Charles Lindbergh after landing at Le Bourget Field. Messages coming in through the contact form often referred to the group as heroes. Even in places where the tone was typically cynical and comments were often times ugly, there was a swell of appreciation for the producers and many recommendations that others take the time to watch.
Below is a sampling of the comments found or received by IMS…
“The video you made was GREAT!…I’ve made a video with you guys in it to promote your work.”
YouTube User: HighImpactFlix
“Great work! Independent journalism is the only journalism. Thank-you for helping us understand reality in this lifetime.”
YouTube User: David Gordon
“i am sharing now………..i will do my part, world, how bout you?”
Beforeitsnews.com commenter: truthlovingsoul
“It’s truly a great video! Very informative!!!… Well worth the time to watch!”
Lunaticoutpost.com commenter: LoP Guest
“Great job! I actually learned a thing or two. I’ll do what I can to get it out for you…here’s to viral status”
Vimeo User: SusanL
“Great video and i am so relieved this event is being looked into by so many talented people…”
Vimeo User: Stuart Heathcote
“HOLY MOLY! Who gets the Nobel prize for investigative journalism? Now THAT’S what the truth looks/sounds like. Many thanks!”
Vimeo User: Ron Trinny
“Thank you very much. I have forwarded your website and Vimeo link to my family members and will continue to promote your work at every possible opportunity, because, yes, we do need to talk about Sandy Hook.”
Received through Web Form: Anonymous
“Thank you for your incredible work exposing the Defrauding of the American people,”
“Keep doing what you’re doing. Thank you for your time and effort.”
Received though Web Form: Anonymous
The list above would be dozens of pages long if you were to compile all the supportive comments. It’s fair to say the response was generally positive, despite some negative assessments. But, in another example of how this whole phenomenon is different, the documentary found its way into the Internet Movie Database. That, in itself is unusual for videos produced as non-commercial ventures that didn’t receive wide release. Again, the views of those discovering the documentary through IMDB are highly favorable. At the time of this writing, 81 IMDB users have rated the video and the overall rating is a 9.5.
It doesn’t require re-printing the entirety of the eight reviews of the video to get a clear impression of the reviewer’s opinion. Just take a look at the review titles alone…
Worth the time. Amazing.
Very well prepared.
A Oscar worthy documentary that will change everything
Paradigm shifting
A must see!!!!!
Excellent documentary! 10 star
The Smoking Gun of Sandy Hook Research
View the complete reviews on IMDB…
Some will argue that the phenomenon of numerous people uploading portions of or all of the video was born entirely from the early reports that it had been taken down. The perception this led to was that the material in the video was explosive and that taking it down stood as another example of an attack on free speech. They will likely cite the spreading news of the many other video take-downs as only supporting their theory that all the uploading was in response to this.
There’s little doubt that this partly accounts for motivating this mass upload, but it simply doesn’t make sense that it accounts for it all. Fundamentally, a video is uploaded to a user’s channel with the expectation that at least some people will view it. Popular YouTube channels that regularly see thousands of views of any video uploaded to their channel would expect similar results from this video. But, the channels where videos barely garnered any views and had few or no subscribers wouldn’t expect so many viewers. Some of these less-trafficked channels broke up the video into as many as 15 or more parts. So, when a couple days had been spent uploading the first half as only a handful of viewers took notice, it was clear their channel wasn’t going to receive much traffic. Yet they diligently uploaded the remaining parts.
Simply put, never before has such a mass upload occurred on YouTube. It’s astonishing to see. As IMS isn’t aware of a method to track exactly how many copies of the video were uploaded before being taken down, the true number may be impossible to know. What is apparent is that comments from users on various channels and comment threads indicate that they too had uploaded the video and had it taken down. IMS is making efforts to record the account names and titles of copies of the video still available on YouTube. But, the take-downs are occurring at about the same rate as the new copies that are uploaded in response.
The Coordinated Efforts to Eliminate this Video and the Greater War on Free Speech
I’ve made reference to the various incidents of copyright claims being made against the documentary appearing on the official IMS YouTube channel and many others. These incidents, however aren’t limited to the actual documentary itself. It has been discovered that, likely in response to this mass upload event they’ve upped the ante.
Well known YouTube user, blogger and activist Dutchsinse has a very compelling story to tell involving his copy of the documentary being taken down, videos that merely report on the take-down phenomenon being taken down and even efforts by YouTube and other social media outlets to limit his ability to communicate with his fan base. Dutchsinse is no stranger to difficulties with YouTube and other social media portals, having had his account shut down 6 times in 4 years. Each time his account was shut down it was as a direct result of false copyright claims. In each case, he fought the claim and his account was restored.
Not only was Dutchsinse in the sights of those who falsely file claims of copyright infringement, he’s also been the victim of anonymous claims that he is an imposter. This actually led to his story being covered in grotesque detail on Nasdaq.com and other main-stream sites. In short, when an anonymous individual flagged his unwanted and unused Google+ account which happened to be connected to his popular YouTube account, it resulted in the interconnected accounts being taken offline. The 800 videos and his 75,000 subscribers just disappeared and no mechanism existed for him to refute the false claim.
Only because he had a connection inside Google was his issue raised with the proper departments, resulting in his YouTube account being restored. However, his access to the Google+ account tied to the YouTube account was not restored requiring he go through an identity verification process. Surprisingly, this was still deemed necessary despite the fact that his account was under the name Dutchsinse, not his real name Michael Janitch. The passport he used as the photo ID required by Google didn’t contain a reference to this pseudonym, and the processes in place seemed insufficient to reconcile this.
If not standing as an example of a serious campaign to harass Dutchsinse, then certainly standing as evidence of the unfair policies of Googe/YouTube he was forced to comply with this identity verification process 6 times. In each case, the anonymous person making the claim wasn’t required to identify themselves or provide any contact information.
When Dutchsinse recently produced a video in which he merely describes how his copy of the documentary was given a strike by Lenny Pozner of the HONR Network, that video too was given a strike and taken down. But, this time there was something different about the claim and something that should be very concerning to anyone hoping to keep the Internet a home for free speech. Unlike other copyright or privacy claims he had received, this one didn’t allow him to dispute it. When he clicked on what had formerly led him to the copyright claims dispute form, there was a message instead that read simply… “This video is not eligible for a counter-notification.”
As Dutchsinse explains in an article on his blog, “The fact that I cannot dispute this means that even though I committed no crime, I have been deemed guilty by the person accusing me of the crime. I now have to get a lawyer and sue to have this accusation of a crime removed”.
It’s known who is doing the targeting of certain online content, in Dutchsinse’s case and in the case of IMS and others. But it isn’t only Lenny Pozner and the HONR network that’s working hard to oppose the efforts of IMS and others to speak freely about the Sandy Hook event. Take, for example one CW Wade. Wade began to appear first through his YouTube channel, Wadesvids. His very first video was a lengthy analysis of the official report in which he attempted to reconcile as many of the anomalies discovered by independent researchers with the official report. From there, he graduated to appearing on radio shows and podcasts where his position as a supporter of the official account of events was cemented.
Over the following months CW Wade began to establish a number of online blogs which he has devoted to the singular topic of Sandy Hook “hoaxers” and “stalkers.” Through first one and now a handful of blogs, he slanders many people researching Sandy Hook with an obvious proclivity to bend the words he uses to better portray his subjects as “stalkers.”
One example is an article in which he accuses one researcher of soliciting the help of another, whereby he claims they put a “…stalking hit…” on someone related to the Sandy Hook event. I’ve heard examples of stalking, but this is truly the first time I’ve heard that one stalker may have asked someone else to stalk on their behalf. It’s clear that CW Wade’s intent is to do as much damage as he can to people questioning Sandy Hook. The answer to whether anyone in the IMS group knows who CW Wade is working for isn’t being revealed.
In a bold move that only leads people to further suspect deception, Wade published another blog that this time he acquired a domain name for. The reason why a proprietary domain name was a requirement in this case was that it was needed to create the impression of being a regional news site. Writing articles now for the “Newtown Post-Examiner,” Wade appears to be making an attempt to pose as a writer working for a non-biased news organization. The strategy appears to be paying off to some degree. A few news stories on the web cite quotes from the Newtown Post-Examiner. They don’t bother to clarify that it’s a blog and likely doesn’t employ an editorial review process.
Incidents of this online persona slandering people who produce content questioning the Sandy Hook event is not only impacting the individuals but, by association anyone in the growing community of those who question the event. Making these acts even more sinister is the possibility that they are part of a coordinated effort working with other groups, one of which was mentioned previously.
When one member of IMS had received two copyright strikes made by Lenny Pozner resulting in two videos being taken offline, he noted something CW Wade said in one of only two exchanges they had with each other. Only the member and the claimant, Lenny Pozner knew that they had been saddled with two copyright strikes. In closing a comment made to the member, CW Wade asked, “How many strikes is that now?” Without explaining exactly how, the comment made it clear that CW Wade received this information from Lenny Pozner. It’s likely that CW Wade didn’t wish to make this fact known. It doesn’t seem all that far-fetched considering that Wade has allowed his blogs to be used as a pulpit by Lenny.
The relationship between Lenny Pozner and the HONR Network has been well established. In what is unlikely to be a simple case of showing appreciation for having shared values, CW Wade openly supports the HONR Network which has even been the subject of articles by Wade. Because Lenny Pozner is engaged in making false and illegal claims against members of IMS and their supporters, and CW Wade has made numerous statements that slander IMS members as well as others, they are engaging in a criminal conspiracy. CW Wade has openly called for IMS members to be the targets of law enforcement actions, claimed that they are lying to their respective subscribers and that it’s just a matter of time before they WILL commit acts of violence. IMS requests that these claims be examined carefully. They state that not a single shred of evidence exists to support them and that, to view them individually isn’t likely to reveal Wade’s true intent. But, to view them within the context of Wade’s single-minded body of work shows clearly his intent to manipulate public opinion of those who dare to question officialdom.
What’s in a Name and Why it’s a Very Serious Matter
It is an act of perjury to file a claim of copyright infringement via YouTube using anything but your legal name. An alias may not be used when filing these claims. It is through the work of IMS members beginning before their documentary project even began that many now suspect “Lenny Pozner”is not the actual name of the person presenting himself using that name.
One very simple technique by which the average person may see evidence of this is to conduct a search of any number of public records databases, such as Radaris. Searching “Lenny Pozner” may, depending upon the system being queried result in a match for a person in Connecticut. On Radaris, for example a result for “Leonard P Osner” can be seen in Newtown CT. Researchers who have looked into the matter of Lenny’s true identity have cross-referenced the data available through both public and commercial sources and determined that “Leonard P Osner” is almost certainly an identity used by Lenny Pozner.
With that name in Radaris are associated aliases. They include “Enta C Pozner, Len Pozner, Lenny Pozner, Leonard Posner, Leonard Pozner and Eliezer Pozner”; six in total. How many aliases do you have? The more appropriate question in this case is, how many aliases are connected to your identity? My age is close to that of Lenny’s. I checked to see in Radaris how many aliases I was shown to have. I have one alias, which is a simple misspelling of my name with the last character of my middle name missing. Likely this was the result of an input error. If, however, Lenny’s actual legal middle initial and last name is “P. Osner” the fact that he’s credited for his editorials and has established a family under the last name “Pozner” is no simple clerical error.
Evidence is said to be in possession of IMS members indicating that Lenny has committed numerous acts of federal fraud by providing affidavits using names other than his legal name. This is not just a case of whether there was intent to defraud. It’s a simple requirement of certain documents. If the person who has filed no less than dozens of copyright claims on YouTube using the name Lenny Pozner has a different legal name, then this is a clear case of perjury, as YouTube specifies that they require the claimant’s sworn oath.
As IMS has been forced to deal with what are likely illegal attempts to disrupt dissemination of their new documentary, the plight of their supporters has become a concern as well. Not that the people who took it upon themselves to upload a copy of the video and been subject to its removal have been taking it sitting down. Many have been quite vocal in expressing their dissatisfaction with how easily the system allows for their videos to be taken offline. In one sense, YouTube is being exploited for this purpose. However, it’s YouTube’s lopsided system, favoring the claimant that doesn’t prevent and even facilitates the fraud.
IMS has determined that the best course of action to remedy the conditions that are impacting their supporters is to provide a detailed report of the problem to YouTube. As stated, YouTube is both being defrauded by these illegal claims and are themselves employing a system that facilitates it. There seems no party better situated to resolve the matter than YouTube themselves. The support mechanisms available to YouTube users are tailored for copyright owners making claims of infringement. Although there are mechanisms for some other scenarios, there simply isn’t anything amongst their standard support means suitable for reporting the situation IMS and their fellow YouTube users are in. Therefore, IMS is considering their options as it’s in the best interest of everyone concerned to report this activity in the most expedient way possible.
At present, IMS doesn’t know of any way to obtain a comprehensive list of YouTube videos taken offline through unwarranted and illegal copyright claims. That may require an in-depth and lengthy search effort. This should give you an idea of the numbers of users that could have potentially been impacted just in relation to the IMS documentary. Presented below are just the first 125 accounts that have uploaded the video to their respective channels…
Documentary Video Uploaders
documentaire Angel White Aaron Schuett
AnarchyWorld Jessica Morgan B3LI3V3R 1- FREEDOM FOR ALL
Kieran T ZeeRoeThree rorscharch5380
Jack Larson Hans Fuchs Stop Obooma
Qadosh Stephanos theunimaginables Kons Piracy
Jenn Openyoureyes The Vigilant Christian Paul Williams
houseoflogic1969 Overdose Denver SloppyCatProductions
Tatoott1009Reloaded 2 MIN NEWS tatoott1009 2 MIN NEWS xatisis
Skid Davidson a Voice Crying in the Wilderness grat mccall Useless Eater
psyopdestroyer druid189189 Eddie Rodrigues
Unorganised Confusion lee lee Richard Rowell
AnarchyWorld BIGBABYZIP Kevin Wright
jstark551 Miss Island Spice alex blazquez
Vigilant Guardian radroofer HighImpactFlix
dmonat truth4wtc7 Dwaven Gully
?????? (Documentary) Kieran T Anthony Barrea
Exposing The Big Three Scott Anthony xxxDemonDavexxx
YORAKHUNT Coy Calderon Red Angel
Lunos Pariah TheGronkeyKong stertim
B1GDADDYDUNK UNLIMITED 57freak57 John Lee
santiagovalecallampa Christopher Yates Global Agenda
Taylor French Run2Christ {R2C} Bore Hog
SpreadingTruth Georgette Washington Kevo Palapala
13andsim Daniel Wierzbicki 1933Truth
tomtomandt John Mutch VeritasPress
Truth Seeker Free Mind Revolution Mole Nopoly
Vick Nash macek677 ST3ADYxKICKS
Reversed News TheFubar1066 TheWindjunkie
garuchillajoe Vick Nash KJV Only
Em Bean dextro org DITRH
Widiar Adam LeeBerty Free Thinker
Gary orGibby Bill Owens OFC Go F Yourself
peekay22 Wilson Phillips Fred Dagg
Keylontic Science The Knowing 101 Dicegirl72
ARMWORTH100 Leah-fathoms-stars Tom Goffnett
An Ony MattyD 4TruthAlt Beloki Memorial
DIGIVOXJ23 Joe Piscapo lavzee lavzee
Craig French Jeff Curtis silver palomino
Lee Beezy lucidmoment71 Wakulasan
MaximDaBoss ECKIEL JOSSER MANIN THESTREET
Timmy Richardson Amanda Saor Alba Lv4music1
Aussieinthefight franco3830
The above list is in no way comprehensive. It lists only the first 125 uploaders. IMS will continue to record the account names of uploaders in a master list for future reference. Everyone’s efforts will not be forgotten.
The Future Remains Uncertain but One in Which We Might Speak Freely
There are definitely stories emerging from a simple, yet unprecedented act. Regular people came together to share their individual contributions in research of the Sandy Hook event. In addition to the sensible presentation of the information, people seem to appreciate that those presenting it are personally motivated to give of their time and energy without being paid to do so. Maybe this is why harsher criticisms of the amateur effort are set aside in favor of giving thanks.
There is mounting evidence that this controversial documentary is the target of a coordinated effort to prevent it from being seen. Because of this, the very people who appreciate the work of its producers found an opportunity to help by uploading the video themselves. In so doing, they’ve joined with IMS in solidarity; in sharing their goal of achieving full disclosure. Others who watched as people came to IMS’s aid, helping ensure their documentary would be seen were touched by the display and decided to join in.
It’s unclear how long this phenomenon will continue. We can’t know for sure how far the opposition will go to disrupt it. More interestingly, we don’t yet know what other twist will develop out of all this. One thing that it calls to mind is that the Sandy Hook matter appears far from being concluded. For so many people to express their thanks, there must be far more conspiracy theorists out there than traditional media would have us believe. For still more people to go to such great length to help the video get seen, there may be a bright future in which we’re free to speak our minds in store for us after all.
Please direct questions or requests to the IMS group: staff@mediasolidarity.com
Independent Media Solidarity on the Web
Official Website: http://mediasolidarity.com/
Watch the Full Documentary: http://mediasolidarity.com/watch_video.html
IMS on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/TheIMSMediaGroup
IMS on Twitter: https://twitter.com/IMSolidarity
IMS on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/IndependentMediaSolidarity
IMS Contributors to the Documentary “We Need to Talk about Sandy Hook”
MrStosh314
TyrannyNewsNetwork
QKUltra
Professor Doom1
Odinrok
Free Radio Revolution
Sherrie QuestioningAll
Sandy Hook Research
alternative mediacensorshipgovernment conspiracygun controlnews media analysispress freedompublic opinionSandy Hook Elementary
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Default Comments
356 thoughts on “Sandy Hook Documentary Isn’t About Sandy Hook: The Fortress and What’s Inside”
l8in says:
Reblogged this on L8in.
It is so obvious – so over reaching – If you have nothing to hide and it IS what happened on the 14th of December, 2021 why censor and attack this video? Bigger Question – WHY CAN’T WE QUESTION THIS EVENT UNDER FREE SPEECH??? Wake – up!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ESH says:
Great article, yes, they protest too much! Nothing short of full disclosure will put a rest to Sandy Hook, they could end the debating right away, by opening the full reports and redactions to anyone who wishes to file an FOIA request. If I was a family member & this was a real event, that is where I’d spend my energy, lobbying for full disclosure….to stop what they contend is harassment etc….their actions to cover up have caused the publics reactions!
Jed Marlin says:
I recall another change that was made to youtube many years ago:
I used to be able to see where my youtube clips were re-posted, and I can’t do this anymore (or if there is a way I’m not aware of it, it used to be very easy)
in effect, it reduces the ability of like-minded people to congregate in cyberspace
freedom of association, freedom to peaceably assemble, freedom of expression, all curtailed
Great article, but please check spelling. “Their” instead of “there” in multiple instances… But overall great. Keep it up!
Derrick Smithers says:
Thank you, Teresa. This didn’t get reviewed before submitting to Professor Tracy. Lesson learned. Thanks for the kind words.
JFT says:
There are a handful of these that have now been addressed.
Perfect! There’s a balancing act between writing correct English and not writing at all because one fears misspelling. Correct English helps promote trust in the messenger. But one must never go to the extreme of not writing at all because of fear of errors. The message is too important.
I was going to send a private message to the author, but I couldn’t find one, so I posted it in comments instead. If I get some time over today I can look through it for the spelling errors I can find.
I enjoyed every minute of the movie, too, even if I couldn’t stand Rosen. I was way too uncomfortable with his embarrassing charades.
Eagerly awaiting more from you guys!
dinophile says:
Have someone correct your punctuation, too (especially commas and semicolons). 🙂
fromawaysite says:
Reblogged this on Today,s Thought.
Anne B. says:
If nothing else, this story confirms that the insulation around the perpetrators from top to bottom is solid. The untouchables.
To add more fuel to the Sandy Hook fires, here is the latest from the fire zone, all smoke and mirrors:
http://www.newstimes.com/local/article/Sandy-Hook-victims-families-laying-groundwork-5946013.php
Bookmakers should be taking bets – will they or won’t they file actual suits? I’m betting on the latter.
lophatt says:
Yes Anne, me too. Of course they may be bold enough to try to extort a settlement from the gun maker. We’re talking money here!
I’d love to see them file. We could all help with that. I suspect this is just another publicity stunt.
But if they go to court over it, won’t they have to produce actual evidence? And won’t that be open to the public afterwards?
Who would they sue? They are already in cahoots with local, state and federal government. The media and charities as well. We should welcome lawsuits against an outsider, a non Sandy Hook player. Material for another documentary.
Teresa, yes. I doubt anyone will sue. I meant that they could try to “bluff” the firearms manufacture into thinking they’d go through with a lawsuit. After all, to date I wouldn’t call them “bashful” when it comes to money.
dachsielady says:
” I wouldn’t call them “bashful” when it comes to money.”
This brings up a whole new area of consideration. I would think that the SHES plotters would want the money for themselves and not only make their actors/beneficiaries very rich.
“and the light shines on in the darkness and darkness could not overcome it.” John 1:5
Possible defendants are the manufacturer of the car that drove the phantom killer to the school, manufacturer of the many weapons found, manufacturer of the bullets, the Lanza dad with the many names, the failed security system manufacturer, the glass window manufacturer, the expat psychiatrist who did not see this coming and various professionals at Yale who did not see it coming either.
Not that I think any lawsuits are forthcoming, but the paper work was up against a deadline on Sunday leaving plaintiffs no choice amidst their yearnings for privacy.
For someone not familiar with my view on the Sandy Hook event, I am being facetious.
CuriousQuestioning says:
I just commented on article thru the link you provided ….
Acacia says:
Anne B.,
Just read that article you posted, thanks BTW.
I find it odd that not one mention of suing the town and/or state, for not following emergency medical protocols, very telling. Perhaps anyone of the “victims” could have been saved had EMTs been allowed to do the job they are trained for…
-Acacia
LJ (@rebelready) says:
The Pozners do not exist. The alternate names in the article are not Lenny’s actual name either; there are three candidates that could have played the role and all from the same family. The actual mother has been identified and the in real life children that represented Noah and Charlotte Bacon are actually brother and sister. He is a member of the Davis, Morse, Moreno, Ondo, Bunn crowd that appears to be a more than apparent crisis actor clan with connections to It Works which is a health in beauty aide company that appears to be a haven of crisis actors and government sanctioned FRAUDS. Some of these people have two and three names beyond their fictitious Sandy Hook name and it appear a good many of the fringe Sandy Hook crowd also have fictitious names. Every one of these parents is using a fictitious name and the family histories and claimed credentials are all fabricated lies including public record.
The years in planning is more than evident where they may have actually interacted and functionted under their alter in order to deceive the public. Even the histories beind the Wheelers is a load of BS and their history speaks to the pre-planning to defraud the public.
The actor that is portraying Mark Barden is listed in public as the Present of a company called Video Pros https://pbs.twimg.com/media/B4NzSBKCEAAyA-Y.jpg:large
The Pozner lie
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/B4WcavBCUAMJmvN.png:large
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/B3MuT0eIMAEhew7.png:large
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/B21XBJFIMAAK5H7.jpg:large
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/B4CsINXCEAAWWSI.png:large
More in the photo line on Twitter @rebelready
In the past we’ve visited that thought, up to and including longterm assumption of various personalities. After all, there is a history of planting personalities, “characters” into operations. There isn’t any reason why said characters couldn’t be under contract.
I admit to being very bad with faces. I trust the judgement of others on that score better than my own. So when I look at the “actors”, I am not so much concentrating on their appearance as I am on their demeanor.
In the same way that those who have been trained in “communication” tend to have certain postures and inflections in their delivery, actors do as well. The “normal” general public are not usually that polished in public situations.
As a suggestion, those of us without your skills in facial recognition may have a difficult time trying to understand some of your allusions. The charts with the arrows, etc., would be easier to understand if there were a “For Dummies” version. I do, however, appreciate what you’re doing.
I did several searches to see how many hits I would get on
Deanna Spingola, C W Wade
AmericanFreePress, C W Wade
In each case I got over 1800 hits
If C W Wade is closely connected to Lenny Pozner and Lenny Pozner is increasingly associated with the prospect of being a false name/identity used illegally, then perhaps Deanna Spingola and American Free Press, and perhaps also “Keith Johnson”, are closely associated with this coordinated false scheme to discredit those who question Sandy Hook event.
I believe Wolfgang Halbig has been harassed by someone identifying themselves as Lenny Pozner and that speaks very well of Wolfgang Halbig.
I am beginning to see that
YouTube (owned by Google – Larry Page et al.) and Vimeo (owned by iac.com — names associated — Zach Klein, Jakob Lodwick and Barry Diller)
and Wiki
and GoFundMe
and on and on I could go
are all themselves a coordinated network.
I hope that a lawsuit can be filed against “Lenny Pozner” and YouTube and Vimeo.
I would be happy to donate to such a cause and I would love to have my own copy of the video
https://archive.org/details/WeNeedToTalkAboutSandyHook_20141207
We Need to Talk About Sandy Hook
If I get the energy, I plan to index the video giving where timewise on the track each subject is presented and where each segment begins and the screen name of each presenter.
This video is an important reference document and this indexing at least needs to be done.
There really should be a full transcript of this video. I may take a shot at that when I get better vision wise.
I really appreciate your input and knowing that you’re in support of our work. FYI, if anyone should do the transcript it’s me as I have the narration scripts and could fill in the gaps. It’s a long process even still. But, I’ve heard that YouTube’s automatic English transcript can be exported for editing, taking advantage of the built in timing.
Although I’m not wanting to advertise this, it’s important that I start sharing news of the general concept, get feedback and start building the support needed. There’s a plan being considered with the group now involving first a goal to have all the formerly removed copies of the documentary restored to their respective accounts on YouTube. There’s enough evidence in place now to prove that YouTube has been used in 100 or more copyright claims that were both fraudulent and cases of perjury. Rather than target the group filing the claims, the idea is to leverage the evidence to convince YouTube to take action as they are the primary victim in each case.
Knowing how YouTube is positioned and limited obligation to their users, we think a video “Message to YouTube Management” if mass uploaded as in the case of the documentary would convince them to at minimum restore the videos, and at most cause them to “appear to be” taking action against the perps. Who knows? Maybe YouTube would appreciate being forced to do this, as they may not entirely be willing participants. This might be the perfect “out” opportunity.
At this point, I just want our fellow-YouTubers who had their videos taken down to prepare for a second wave with this, much shorter video message that will not only mention their account but speak from their perspective.
Honr Network is using a You tube video, hosted by Secular Network, to advise people as to how they can have “We Need To Talk About Sandy Hook” videos pulled.
The fans of secular network are having a big pow wow tonight. Lenny is working overtime.
http://youtu.be/caJ-UL503V4
I tried twice to upload to my channel ( took 6 hours, I believe ) and received, each time, a message that said that I had exceeded my 15 minute video length. I have no such restrictions as my channel was upgraded 3 years ago to allow for extended uploads. Also, I had a copyright infringement notice strike against my account this past summer when I produced a very short video of Vani Hari and Michael Adams on two separate daytime shows ( The Doctors and Dr. Oz, irrespectively ) parroting the very same mantra about the FDA. I titled the video, ‘Controlled Opposition’ and even copied the link to Vani Hari’s site. Within a day it was pulled. My comments were then afterwards censored. The same goes for Mike Adams’ Natural News website and Jeffrey Smith’s IRT website. My comments somehow just conveniently disappear when I give an alternate view of the subject matter. That does not sound like an open society to me. Dr. Oz claimed copyright infringement on the ‘Controlled Opposition’ video and it has been “banned worldwide”. Why “worldwide”? Why ‘banned”?? I merely edited a portion of the clip and made no changes to the dialogue.
( just checked my channel and the video has been removed from my upload list. ) I have tried numerous times to out certain frauds and carpet baggers but their web of connections is wide and tightly woven.
The charges of ‘We Need To Talk About Sandy Hook’ documentary being hateful, harassing or violent is beyond ludicrous. Should we levy these charges at the mainstream media for promulgating fear and horror when they show images of “Ferguson”, ” Aurora”, “Columbine”, “9-11″ or ” Oklahoma City bombing”? Or any other nightly “news” feature that permits the footage of war atrocities? Is it not hateful to show the bombing of Iraqi citizens? Did we not harass these people with our guns, bombs, tanks, planes and door to door round ups of innocent citizens? Talk about hypocrisy! I had a video on YouTube for years that demonstrated the horror of war yet the video was never removed until I did so myself. I suppose one can show maimed and mutilated babies on YouTube…as long as they ain’t ‘white’…..and from New England.
What the hell kind of insane world are we living in and why are we talking ‘politely’ about the gigantic shaft buried deep in our posteriors? Surely we are blind now with the penetrating reality that we are being duped beyond any doubt? Is there anyone still asleep at the ‘wheel’?
Ah, yes….there are, now that I recall. I do have sisters that believe that their ‘government’, and provider of a monthly stipend, loves them unconditionally. So there are still many who could benefit from intrepid investigators like the IMS…..and polite talk thereof.
The more widely you circulate your stories about the censorship you are experiencing, the better.
As Dachsielady said, all these entities which control our ability to get the message out are connected. They are all CFR/CIA. Their blatant censorship of your videos shows they are threatened, to the point they have thrown caution to the winds and are clumsily tromping all over free-speech rights. Their justification for their conduct is sheer babble. And there is this air of desperation about it: the public must at last begin to see not only the hypocrisy, but the level of censorship and control even these hip “populist” news channels like YouTube exercise over communications which do not toe the party line.
Thanks so much for what you are doing, jamie and all you videomakers and writers. I see cracks forming in the monolith.
Dinophile, I think that you are an unsung hero. I have my ‘theories’ as to the reasons behind the blatant absence of recognition for your personal contributions. Nonetheless, you have my respect and admiration.
Wow, thanks so much! That really means a lot to me, jamie.
Of course, there are many “unsung heroes” on this blog–I learn new things all the time!
I’d be interested in knowing your theories! I am at: dinophile@gmail.com. Thanks.
joekano76 says:
Reblogged this on TheFlippinTruth.
Pendantic Skirt says:
This is strange, some of the Sandy Hook parents have announced plains to sue as reported by the courant and MSNBC.
Predict another mass payout settled out of court.
Great job on the video again!
parents-kids-killed-sandy-hook-file-wrongful-death-claims
Nicholas Marlowe says:
I started watching the video this morning; viewed a few segments, and when I came back to look at the rest a few minutes ago, it had been made unavailable. — What to do?
The video is accessible at the Independent Media Solidarity site, now linked to in the widget above in lieu of the internet archive site that has also now taken the video down.
The irony that the Internet Archive, which is supposed to be a nonpartial curator of online documents of all types, is now beginning to make the rounds as well. See, for example, this piece.
http://www.veteranstoday.com/2014/12/09/we-need-to-talk-about-sandy-hook/
Yes, that’s good. I know I’m going to expose my ignorance here, but aren’t there other ways besides “YouTube” and “Vimeo”? I don’t understand the mechanics of this.
As the article says, this is truly disturbing, not just because of SHES. If someone makes a video and another claims a copyright infringement, doesn’t the maker have the right to ignore it unless there is a court order? Anyone can be sued, of course, but what if someone posts it and refuses to remove it?
I suppose that is what “Veterans Today” is doing, but if that is possible, why would anyone need “YouTube” or “Vimeo”. Is there a technical issue I’m missing?
patrickchatsamiably says:
Is your point, James, that even Veterans Today can’t keep the thing from being snatched away? Or is it the case that when you published your comment the video was still available there?
I’m no authority, loofah, but the way I see it YouTube and Vimeo are, in the end, just web sites. Very big ones, and ubiquitous, but they are not public utilities. They might SEEM public, but they are private property and no one can force them to change the rules by which they allow the public to post things on them.
Long ago, practically anything could be posted on Youtube. I don’t know if it coincided with the evil giant Google purchasing YouTube for billions of dollars, but there came a point when it became an everyday event to find that a video is no longer available. Which is a problem for researchers who post articles and embed videos as virtual footnotes. If the video is a “prooftext” in an article someone reads years later, and the video “no longer exists,” it damages the integrity of the researcher’s work.
That is, we’ve complacently grown accustomed to treating YouTube as a permanent, virtual, library where we can deposit materials that will stay there forever. But it’s more like Wikipedia, where anything can be removed at any time, and there’s nothing we can do about it.
That’s the Mac, always trying to “fix” your moniker, lophatt. Such a helper, it is.
“YouTube and Vimeo are, in the end, just web sites. Very big ones, and ubiquitous, but they are not public utilities.”
So right. I was way off base in thinking they could be sued.
It sounds like Derrick and company are dealing with this most intelligently.
Derrick refers to YouTube and Vimeo as “the system” but I really do not see how we can “put pressure” the system unless we could boycott them and put financial pressure on them to do right and that does not seem like something that could happen.
It needs to come about that YouTube is not basically the only game in town.
Certain identification of Pozner and C W Wade is a very big ace in hole though.
Patrick, my mind may be like a “sponge”, but its depressing when others start to notice!
Anyway, I think the point I was trying to make was that I realize that they’re private concerns and, therefore, they can make their own rules, but I don’t understand the significance of why everyone uses them. Is there some reason why you couldn’t just post a video to any website?
My other question is that, once posted to YouTube or Vimeo, do they now control it? I have deliberately remained ignorant of many things surrounding the internet. I have too many other interests than to devote the necessary time to studying it. I am grateful that others are willing to go through this to host sites.
I realize that by not getting promotion from Google it would adversely affect the distribution. That said, word of mouth is pretty good. I have noticed that some videos are “taken down” on other sites. If the owner of the video wants it played how does that happen?
I guess I’m assuming that if I posted a video here someone could complain about it but I don’t think they could make Dr. Tracey take it down unless it was a term of his agreement with the host. YouTube’s choice to do that is just that, their choice.
After they went to so much trouble to produce the video I am having trouble understanding how either of the two main hosts can have that much control. If they don’t want it there can’t you just post it elsewhere. Maybe not, like I said, I don’t completely understand how this works.
https://twitter.com/internetarchive/status/543072665380999169
I just saw it on youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1dnZtrmxdyI
I wonder why the IMS folks have not yet found themselves a good private investigator willing to do some nominal pro bono work. PI’s have access to huge databases with names, alias’s, family members etc. While PI’s tend to charge a lot for these background checks, in reality that only cost about $6-10 per run. It is easy to analyze them for inaccuracies if you know the ropes. I know because I used to be a PI years ago. There is a huge amount of data to be had on these Sandy Hook actors out there. I would be willing to help with an analysis, but don’t have a license right now to do the computer runs.
Gail, I’ve been saying that for a long time. This needs someone with skills and access to databases. Everyone here tries in their own way, but a skilled investigator has access to and knowledge of various other avenues.
I would love to see what a good investigation could unearth. They’ve hidden a lot of the common records, there are certainly others that those with the services could discover.
Gail, who says we haven’t found a good PI? Who says some of us aren’t PIs? I’m being cheeky, but you get the idea. My response to why we haven’t hired an outside PI on behalf of the group is based on previous experience and in light of what we’ve already obtained. We aren’t daring to share the most damning evidence. The reasons to withhold evidence of some types are many. Much of it relates to individuals. Some of it is only partially useful until related evidence can be obtained. Finally, I’m afraid we’re in a difficult spot with SH and other events. Reminds me of the mysterious death of Spinal Tap’s drummer that they said was, “best left unsolved.” The struggle isn’t to research this further as much as it is to gain sufficient public support to pressure the “system” into solving it themselves. I hope this makes some sense and it isn’t meant to diminish the research work ongoing.
Derrick, that’s interesting. I can see your point. I, of course, have no way to know just who has investigated this and to what extent. I know that many of us have spent considerable time on it.
That said, I, for one, do not possess the skills or the sources to do a “professional” job. As far as pressuring “the system” to investigate this, I’m afraid I don’t hold much faith in that happening. I personally think that, if enough embarrassing information came out the best one could hope for was some spin and damage control.
That said, I don’t suggest that we don’t investigate. If someone has concrete evidence there would have to be a serious conversation about how to get that into public awareness. I don’t think that is impossible, it would take some creativity, however. The video is certainly a good start.
elfmom55 says:
It’s not there at the media archive. Removed due to issues with item content.
It’s not at IMS either due to copyright complaint by whatever the heck his name is.
Daniel Noel says:
Very refreshing article, thank you. It is a nice change from the constant and almost boring complaint about the mainstream media’s role in the censorship of conspiracies against humanity. The mainstream media could not do it alone. YouTube, Vimeo and other alternative information providers need to censor unorthodox information with the same zeal, albeit through different processes. Ditto, in the case of the probable Sandy Hook conspiracy, for the NRA, the John Birch Society, and other institutions that should denounce the hoax as a treasonous and repugnant assault against gun rights, using arguments that even gun control partisans would have to accept.
Plato’s cave is big. Indeed it is so big that very few activists encompass its size.
Pingback: Parents of 10 children killed at Sandy Hook filing notices for wrongful death claims - Page 3
Fascist Slayer on Youtube says:
I just watched it on YT. Sensational, phenomenal, amazing, riveting, thrilling, chilling and shocking. AWARD WINNING !! Without a doubt the best documentary on Sandy Hook, without question. Easily one of the best produced documentaries ever on youtube. I know it’s almost 3 hours long, but give it 15 minutes and I promise you’ll be hooked, no pun intended, you won’t be able to stop watching.
Recynd77 says:
I downloaded a copy of the movie. If anyone wants me to email it to them (is that possible to do?), I’d be happy to.
Is there anywhere I can post it where it won’t be taken down?
A search of the movie title and “torrent” will provide links to download with any torrent client. At YouTube, simply search the title and scan for a copy that’s over 2 hours in length. There are dozens or more versions of it that remain on YouTube at the moment. FYI, the version at Archive.org is available again. It’s not clear what happened, but it’s now the official stream on our group’s site, http://mediasolidarity.com/
I am listening again to the video, this time the one that is now restored on Archive.org.
The quality of the audio on a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 the best is about a 4.
Breaking up bad.
You could burn it onto DVD format and mail a hard copy. I have done this with many a good documentary.
I think you could probably also upload it to box.com, which is a secure online vault, and give people a link to it. Box costs only $10/mo. While I haven’t tried it with videos, I have documents in an account there and each one is protected by a 20-character password. That means it cannot be cracked.
Remember Wilfrido Cardenas Hoffman of threatening Newtown calls fame? He’s back in the news.
http://www.newstimes.com/news/crime/article/Man-expected-to-plead-guilty-in-Newtown-threats-5948294.php
The in-on-it media needs to remind and constantly reinforce to the public that the poor people of Sandy Hook have been hounded and threatened by the mentally deranged from the get go. Remember, they’ve already told us that Sandy Hook “victims” will need assistance ($$$$$) for many, many years to come. Like 9/11, it’s implanted.
Anne, according to your article he’s been locked up the whole time. I like this line from the story; ccording to a filing from a dense lawyer” (direct quote).
I wonder if he knows “Carlos”?
The article states he has been locked up since June and guess we can assume the loony tune year was shortly thereafter the horrid hoax. No doubt it took his dense lawyer all these years to get him extricated to Venezuela for proper mental health care.
Wilfrido Cardenas Hoffman pleaded guilty as charged yesterday. Having been in custody since June, his psychiatric diagnoses must be extensive.
Witnesses were prepared to testify. However, what I gather from the article, none did. Mr. Hoffman’s dense (defense?) attorney came from the Federal Defense Office.
The top federal prosecutor said Mr. Hoffman’s actions “compounded the collective suffering of the town”. $uffering.
http://www.newstimes.com/default/article/Man-pleads-guilty-to-threatening-Newtown-residents-5951164.php
lophatt – Carlos, a Costa Rican-American, has his own Wikipedia site. I doubt Wilfrido, a Venezuelan who spoke English well enough to frighten Newtown residents; will be elevated to Carlos’ status.
http://www.newstimes.com/local/article/Man-who-made-threatening-Newtown-calls-faces-5951790.php
“He admitted making 90 calls to 47 families and businesses two days after the Dec. 14, 2012, shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary School.”
“Speaking through two interpreters, including a bilingual public defender, Hoffman pleaded guilty to a single felony count of making threatening phone calls.”
I am still wondering about “Our Man in Venezuela” and have some unanswered questions. If Wilfrido can’t speak English, how did his victims in Newtown understand what he said? Perhaps he sought out residents with Hispanic names, but not a heck of a lot of those in Newtown. More luck in Danbury.
How can a man in Venezuela make 90 phone calls to Newtown, having those numbers handy, not speak proper English, but still make those Newtowners believe he is Adam Lanza from the other side?
On the eve of the 2nd anniversary of the Sandy Hook event, they are getting more and more brazen with their tales.
Next we’ll have a national holiday declared for December 14th.
I believe the article, timely in that it was published day before the 2nd SHES anniversary, is “a shot over the bow” …. an intimidating message to anyone who may want to open their mouth about the event. Look at this nut’s photograph … his neck and ears look totally photo-shopped, but at least this psychotic, rifle-toting wannabe doesn’t have googly eyes in HIS featured photo… maybe his meds are working!
Boy, you can’t make this stuff up … or maybe you can …
Que lastima! Mui mal esuarte de las Wilifridito. I can’t get that image out of my mind. The phone call: “Es Genaro en casa? Genaro, dees ees Adam. No Gene, leesen, I no have to show you no EYE DEE, I a gonna keel you!”, comprendo? Muerte!.
I don’t know what little Winifredo was drinking down at the cantina, but my guess is that the worm died. Maybe “Adam” was dancing a hat dance down at the “Dance, Dance (whatever)” emporium. “Aye carumba”.
All I can say is that somehow it fits. Just like a giant rabbit named Harvey would fit.
lophatt, thanks for the laugh – much needed in these times.
This Wilfrido character, why write him into the script? Btw, I have more on Wilfrido who apparently can’t speak English. It’s in moderation. Frequent moderations now. It’s not Professor Tracy.
That got me thinking, probably over thinking which now is epidemic in Newtown with a price tag attached. Now we have one Wilfrido, he is presumably Spanish speaking, calling English speaking Newtown residents. Yet later he needs several translators because he can’t speak English.
How does this man acquire all these Newtown numbers two days after 12/14/12? He threatens them in English, but in captivity needs several translators? He knows the slang word “gonna”, but needs translators. Does he have connections/handlers?
According to msm, Wilfrido hails from El Hatillo, Venezuela. El Hatillo has a 29 year old mayor with the name of David Smolansky, a descendent of Russian immigrants via Cuba.
David Smolansky received a diploma from the Global Competitiveness Leadership Program at Georgetown University.[2]
The Constitution of Venezuela of the year 1999 declared Spanish and languages spoken by Indigenous people from Venezuela as official languages.
From msm:
“This is Adam Lanza. I’m gonna [expletive] kill you. You’re dead. You’re dead. You hear me? You’re dead,” the caller said, according to authorities. In another phone call, Cardenas is accused of saying: “This is Adam Lanza. I’m gonna kill you. You’re dead. With my machine gun. You’re dead [expletive].”
On the eve of another anniversary, this is the latest jewel in the Sandy Hook cockamamie crown.
“…according to a ‘dense’ lawyer….” according to the article you posted,hahaha
Ric says:
Mr. Hoffman’s actions “compounded the collective suffering of the town”
They all need another $283K infusion to keep going…haha What a sick joke.
Ric – funny you should mention that. Almost another million is on the way:
http://newtownbee.com/news/news/2014/12/12/esty-blumenthal-murphy-announce-775000-federal-gra/245261
Newtown has another problem – overthinking. Associated Press says so:
http://newtownbee.com/news/news/2014/12/12/mental-health-needs-persist-two-years-after-school/245253
Should be good for another million or two.
On Sunday flags will be waving at half-staff all over the state of Connecticut:
http://newtownbee.com/news/0001/11/30/governor-directing-flags-half-staff-sunday/245257
Hey, times are HARD! Besides, I’m told there’s a bumper crop in Afghanistan this year. Maybe this “healing” will continue until a drought makes it impossible.
By now you’d think the streets would be awash in money. This is like the fabled City of Cibola.
Ric, I can hardly hear the sobbing over the rending of garments and the gnashing of teeth. “Leave us alone…….but send money”. It’s no wonder why people get into show business. The royalties are hard to beat.
CW Wade engages in malicious adhominem attacks- he tries to always interject and associate allegations of stalking, threats , harassment and other adverse allegations against “truthers”. Wade rarely debates the merits of the evidence and simply promotes an environment of indignation and disgust against anyone who questions the official story.
He should be ostracized and exposed at all costs. There should be complaints to Face Book that he is using a false name and identity and his ID should be verified.
Complaints should be lodged against his FB and youtube accounts- is it not ironic that both he and Lenny have not had their youtube accounts suspended ?
Carry on to expose this lie at Sandy Hook
I would like to know what does CW Wade and Mick West get out of protecting SHE and BMB perps at their own expense and time.
Has anybody ever seen these 2 guys standing together in the same room? Just joking.. Cw West and Mick Wade…
Do they know “D.B. Cooper”?
I need to also interject that I am amazed that some of the parents , Nicole Hockley and Mark Barden, have created a new profession now working as full time “Professional Victims”.
I watched 2/3 of the video and someone took it off line last night. I know another distribution method. Make into DVD and sell the DVD on line right here and people will pay and they can show their friends.
Or make it into a DVD and GIVE IT AWAY to anyone that wants to see it.
So if anyone wants a copy of the Sandy Hook documentary, let me know and we can exchange emails so I can get a shipping address. Unless the request is from outside the US, I’ll burn and ship on my own dime (outside the US starts getting very, very pricey). The offer will remain open until further notice 🙂
Not sure how to get my address to you. Would love to have this and certainly will pay for it to cover your costs. Thank you for the kind offer. My email address is archie the letter k the number 1 at prodigy do net
prophetoftruth7676 says:
great piece man.the video was amazing i urge everyone to see it i posted a link on my wordpress blog to it.
bill fred says:
The vid was good but way too long. If we want to get Sandy Hook to the masses, we need to spice it up with some Beyonce, violence, Peyton Manning, drugs, mixed messages, spin – all the stuff the masses are used to seeing. Folks don’t have 2.5 hours to watch a real investigative documentary. Its interesting to truthers because we already know most of the presentation but for the outsider, they won’t be interested. I think we need to give up on Sandy Hook and focus on 9/11 because we have much more evidence, data, witnesses and experts to support a ‘conspiracy theory.’
But, it can be used in it’s shorter segments, one at a time, when a person finds one subject they find interesting. Then they go for the whole movie. I don’t think you can condense all the facts/questions down more than int the movie already. Lest it becomes a slogan.
Sofia Smallstorms vid hit it off pretty good I thought.
Bill Fred,
I respectfully disagree with you on 911. That event is locked in titanium chains from the Capstone.
I personally think Boston is the lowest hanging fruit because of all the solid video evidence. But Boston has been put on the back burner while so many hard working people are still working on SHE and I think they have them almost “cornered”.
The time is now for a video just like “We Need to Talk” but about Boston and hit them from both sides and see who creeps out from the shadows as Pozner has for SHE.
If and When either of those events falls apart and the roaches start running for cover and ratting each other out to save themselves, that is when 911 will fall apart and all the other staged events we have all seen these last 6 years play out.
” The time is now for a video just like “We Need to Talk” but about Boston.”
I spent most of my time on 9-11 but did spend a little time researching one aspect of Boston, i.e., the alleged 16 people who sustained traumatic leg amputations. Most people only knew about Jeff Bauman, the supposed bilateral amputee, but believe it or not, there are actually 16 people claimed to be so injured and millions in donations going to the “victims” and many fake social websites involved. I have identified, or should I say “identified”, about 12 of the people but gave up on that never ending rabbit hole area of research a few months ago.
Anyway, I would be willing to share what I learned with anyone who attempts a Boston video. I wish Nathan Folks would do that video, but for various reasons I do not think that will happen.
9-11, SHES, and Boston just seemed so incredibly in our faces and so full of anomalies that I just could not help being swept up in to reading and researching. I read and watched and listened to everything I could for many years, starting on 9-11-01, regarding 9-11. Now I am away from that somewhat.
To me, the great thing about We Need to Talk About Sandy Hook video is that, aside from its careful and professional production and great segmental format, it covers the the subject in one video with solid quality information. The makers of the video have gone non-commercial and that is extremely important too.
(P.S. I watched a recent OdinRock YouTube upload today regarding how ABC TV coverage on 12-14-12 showed many signs of being prepared before that event date. I should have save the link and now I cannot find that video on YouTube.)
I think SH is the event locked in titanium chains. Although they had some serious flaws, aint no way people are getting through.
The list of architects, scientists, former politicians, lawyers, professors, etc. that don’t buy into the official 911 narrative is growing. NY recently had the failed ballot initiative to re-investigate building 7.
Check Wikipedia’s page about world polling/opinions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polls_about_9/11_conspiracy_theories
You will see that only 46% of the world polling believes that Al Queda was responsible. This is very bad for the propaganda machine pushing the official story. In some countries, like Pakistan, only 2% think Al Queda did it!! YIKES!!
9/11 is the ONLY way to get somewhere. OKC, Waco, JFK are too distant. Sandy Hook and Boston were so well marketed and so emotional that people won’t go there.
Joseph Charles Miroddi says:
Bill, thanks much for the levity. I laughed heartily, though I quickly sobered and understood your point.
I think the video is a very good refresher for SH hoax vets, and will most likely send a good percentage of novices to examine the work of other independents.
Exposure. Hope. Sandy Hook Hoaxers Strong!
This is such bull. I commented to Bill 5 hours ago why I think we should stay the course and went in moderation from WordPress and didn’t save it.
Tracy get your own website and this will stop
Ric, Dr. Tracy has seemingly decided to moderate my comments too. I don’t know if he is moderating all comments, or just certain people. Maybe he moderates those that get a little too spicy, like mentioning Jews. I don’t mind Dr. Tracy moderating my comments as he almost always lets them through.
Bill, I think it’s WordPress not Dr. Tracy who puts certain comments in moderation and then Dr. Tracy has to sort through them which can take a while. There doesn’t seem to any rhyme or reason as to why things wind up in the Mod. bin.
Anyways, your point is well taken on 911.
Everything seems to be locked up pretty good and that’s how they want us to feel, Despotic, Defeated.
My reasoning on Boston and SHE is there are actual physical human beings that are somewhat approachable to squeeze until they break. Where as with 911 its all the same untouchable Lizard people(Icke joke)
in the Capstone we have been after since JFK.
This group of players (all the gun control people) seem more accessible because it appears that well known Corporations/Charities seem to have a hand in this as the beneficiaries, where as 911 was all top military brass and defense contractors who benefited.
Ric to comment on your comment below. I don’t think SH is about guns. Maybe a small benefit, but not the big picture – probably more like Alex Jones type dis-information intended to keep us grabbing the short straws.
I think all of these recent false flag hoaxes are more about pushing legislation and taking over more control of the federal government. I think the plans are being fast forwarded because the people are sick of the crap and seeing the truth behind 9/11.
The internet is changing everything right now and people are changing their attitudes about our crooked government, media, military and corporations teaming up against the common folks. Five years ago I had no idea about the facts behind JFK, OKC, and now 9/11 as the major recent-history ‘inside jobs.’ Now its all so much in our faces and I can see them laughing at us through my tv screen.
Without the internet, we would still be a bunch of brainwashed zombies following the crap we see on their tv, hear on their radio, or read in their magazines. The internet, Google and Youtube might be in the same category and as world-changing as Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press.
Vincent Nunes says:
I didn’t mind watching it at all – what you need is to have an AUDIENCE.
Stop it every once in a while for questions and observations.
Make a partty out of the whole thing – if people can sit through baseball games, when it’s a pitcher’s duel and everything is a slow as bloody molasses, one should be able to have fun with this and other like documentaries.
We can’t win if we can’t think out of the box every once in a while.
Thank you for the very pertinent reference to 9/11. I’ll add other essential attributes that distinguish 9/11 from virtually any other staged event:
* 9/11 has been inducing deep, global, long-lasting sociological changes of variegated kinds, starting with war.
* Building 7’s conspiracy offers several entry points that lend themselves to elevators speeches that affirm the mythical destruction by office fires while forcing people to explore it further.
* The 9/11 conspiracy’s demonstration can be learned through only a moderate intellectual effort, thanks to the Master conspirators’ strategic decision to televise live to the entire world the key event, the terrorist controlled demolition of the twin towers under evacuation.
* The above makes it fairly easy to demonstrate the existence, overwhelming size and effectiveness of the 9/11 censorship, the conspiracy against heretics who question the official myth.
So, with all due respect to activists and leaders who seek to expose SHE or other real or alleged grand lies, they may reach their goals faster and with less energy if they table their work and instead research the poorly understood 9/11 censorship and seek more effective ways to educate the general public on it.
Folktruther says:
Although homicidal false flags have been part of American rule and manipulation since the Kennedy assassinations, James has drawn attention to FANTASY homicidal false flags initiated in the Obama administration. Three of these are most important: first, the bin Laden caper where the pretense is the killing of bin Laden who has been reliably reported dead of kidney disease for a decade. This may include the killing of a dozen or so Seals who were involved in the operation. It was highly successful historically, bumping up Obama’s support by 6% or so, helping him the 2012 election.
The second fantasy false flag was Sandy Hook, revealed largely by James, to disarm the American population of their guns. It was largely unsuccessful gun-wise, and US power is apparently trying to bury it now.
The third fantasy false flag was the Boston marathon bombings, which was successful in shutting down part of Boston and surrounding towns. It was related in an unclear way to US support for the Cheznya rebellion in Russia, two of the Americans involved being murdered by the police and FBI, and others being prosecuted and imprisoned.
These fantasy false flags are quite surreal and bizarre, even by American standards of media mendacity. Referring to evidenced real homicides as staged events, for ideological purposes, detracts from the credibility of reports revealing these fantasy homicidal events.
“Referring to evidenced real homicides as staged events, for ideological purposes,
“evidenced real homicides” maybe, but don’t you want this fully investigated and don’t you want important questions asked, like WHO for sure was homicided.
I am beginning to think that every big media event that has thousands marching in the streets is a staged event. Somebody used it and promoted it “for ideological purposes” at just the most useful time. Yes, sometimes real people are really killed and sometimes not. But WHO exactly was killed by whom and when, we have no business just automatically accepting at face value what the MSM is feeding us.
Of course, I want homicides justly adjudicated in a just trial, but these days, it is just as likely that some poor innocent patsy will be convicted if there ever even is a trial.
I do not think Dr. Tracy and MHB are doing their work for “ideological purposes” unless the ideology is to get to the truth.
Did anyone hear if Lanza is being put on trial? They do try dead people.
I don’t think there were any criminal cases or convictions from 911 either, right?
Can you please name some 60’s, 70’s, 80’s and 90’s false flag attacks please? Operation Northwoods was the original blueprint as far as documents from the feds in my opinion.
The only way that SH is about guns is, say in 3-5 years from now, if their silly little games lead to such an outrageous public that the active controlled president calls for an executive order on guns and forces all Americans to turn in their weapons and we go Japan style where citizens are not allowed to arm.
If the plan is a long drawn out plan to disarm Americans, then I don’t believe SH, or any of the other numerous recent false flag hoaxes are about guns. Its about 9/11. Its about controlling the federal government, passing legislation that furthers their powers, controlling our schools, showing their force to the public, keeping a constant fear status among the people, its another MSM spin story to run and rerun and rererun in our faces for months and years, and yes, its a little about guns but mostly to distract us.
Probably some money laundering too.
Last night I watched a movie set in Mississippi in the sixties. During a conversation one character says to another “We rich have to keep the poor in constant fear. That is how we keep our money”.
Bill, we tend to use the terms “false flag” or “hoax” to describe what is actually a category of event. They actually vary in scope and complexity. Some are almost hidden, some are done to create public emotional reactions.
I suppose the defining character of them is that they are not completely true. Some are totally false, while others have truthful elements in them that have manufactured bits imprinted on them for the author’s purposes.
“Northwoods” is well known. You can rest assured that there are many others. Initially creation of this type of thing was why the CIA was created. “Dirty tricks”.
My observations lead me to believe that there is NEVER one purpose for such events. There may be a primary purpose, but there are always ancillary purposes as well. It is not uncommon for what seems the “primary” purpose to be a ruse.
It may be that the nature of the progress that’s been made is causing these to be more and more public in nature. They are at a point in their plan where it is necessary for standards to change and it is much easier to do that when a population supports them.
It is obvious that gun confiscation is necessary for them. This has nothing to do with “crime” and everything to do with resistance. When they think the time is right they will simply come for them. It would be easier for them if people surrendered them.
I personally think that SHES was more about “modeling” than gun control. I would say the same about Boston as well. That is one reason for the use of actors. They are there, just like Ozzie and Harriet to show what “good obedient NWO citizens do in situations such as these”. Obedience is rewarded, resistance gets the “Fergeson Treatment”.
None of this is new. What is “new” is the technology and its use in the delivery. Secret, underhanded dealings have been going on in the United States since its inception. “Undercover” operations were going on during the Revolutionary War and the Civil War, and in all other periods of our history.
We are in a period where they are “takin’ it to the streets”. We should never forget some of the wisdom expressed in “The Protocols”. Whether a “forgery” or not, it is impossible to argue with the methods described and their use.
Remember that Kissinger recently reiterated a “protocol”. To paraphrase, he said that “there will come a time when you will beg us to take control”. They would very much like us to be so disgusted with “government” that we rebel and allow them to replace it with one of their own making. So you see, they can’t “fail”.
The only mystery in this to me is why we keep going back to them and expecting them to “fix” a problem of their own creation. I suppose it is because we want so badly to believe that what we see is not true. Sadly, it is true. So why don’t we quit asking the mugger for a loan?
“Gun control” will come, whether we agree or not. The only question is how we will respond when it does. If you think they are brutal now, wait until they think they have nothing to fear.
The best definitions I’ve seen are as follows:
False flag: a real-time event that occurs under false pretense (evidence-based facts demonstrate that some people actually died, property was damaged, etc.)
Hoax: event where most of the story appears false and there is no evidence of any true harm (no evidence, that real people died, no real damage sustained)
USS Liberty 1967 Not on US soil, but is false event
Iran Contra Affair 1985 A false event
1993 Waco, Brand Dividians, a false event
1995 Oklahoma City Murrah Bldg. Bombing
1996 Siege at Ruby Ridge, a false event
1997 NeoCon Think Tank PNAC setsUS world hegemony stage /911
All during these years there were mysterious deaths of people who knew too much about JFK assassination – read The Dead Witness by Roberts.
Do search on “Bush Body Count” for all mysterious deaths connected with George W. Also search Clinton Body Count.
There were at least 20 mysterious deaths associated with the aftermath of 9-11, and it is looking like there are at least two mysterious deaths with Sandy Hook so far.
I count all these strange “disappearances” of people and imprisonments over the years as part of the one main big conspiracy in USA and the world.
Manipulating people to get control of people has been going on for millennia. Nero burned Rome and blamed it on the Christians.
All the wars the US has been involved in over last century are false contrived events.
World false events are related to domestic false events. It really is one ‘grand chessboard.”
There is one big conspiracy that may appear to have warring factions and it has been operating from the days of ancient Babylon, The goal is a one world death and slavery system for all. It is not so much that one group wants to be super rich and rule the world. That one group is nihilistic and megalomaniacal and wants only to lie, kill and destroy in worship of their Father, the Father of Lies.
Whoa, dachsie, I differ on several of your false flags. The USS Liberty was basically not publicized in the U.S., bolstering the claim that it was real–I’ve never read that it wasn’t.
Ditto with Iran Contra and Waco. As for Ruby Ridge, I could buy that.
The Gulf of Tonkin incident, the bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941, and the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana in 1898 were probable false flags, all of which were the triggers for war.
Doxie, I was trying (unsuccessfully) to address Bill’s comment. The term “false flag”, has a rather “loose” usage here and elsewhere. You listed several “events”. To me at least, “false flag” implies that something was engineered and was blamed on another country.
“Hoax” (in the sense that we discuss here), isn’t usually blamed on other countries. It may be blamed on other perpetrators. In our context they are actions created by others for social or political gain.
You left off Gordon Caul from the list. He predated Ruby Ridge. Same basic scenario. He was a perceived threat.
I got the impression that Bill was saying this was a relatively new phenomena. I would say that it isn’t, but the scope of these are larger now due to the technology involved. These are older than Mesopotamia, it just wasn’t televised.
What we’re seeing now is social engineering. They float an idea, create a need for change, and produce an excuse. That old Hegelian magic. We might do well to ask ourselves, “why do I need someone else to tell me what we need to do?”.
I do not limit myself to “false flag” or “‘hoax” as may be defined here. I just call them false events. I recognize understanding meanings of words and terms and using them consistently, but I have simply stated that I look at all these Big Lie events broadly as “false events.”
There are people at the top creating, covering up or allowing crime and evil of every kind. It is a giant blackmail, extortion and bribery grid. All go along with the evil because of fear.
LBJ called the planes back that were sent to help the USS Liberty under fire. Why would he do that?
but here is a good speech by
John Pilger: War by Media and the Triumph of Propaganda
https://www.you tube.com/watch?v=HAGyXF80u2g
Hmm; good question (about LBJ calling the planes back). I didn’t know that. I assume it was a political decision not to retaliate against Israel, but I’ll see what I can find out.
I recently read a fantastic book, by the way, “LBJ: the Mastermind of the JFK Assassination,” by Philip Nelson. I had thought of LBJ as a pathetic boor. In fact, he was a criminal and a sociopath. He had a personal hit man, a convicted murderer named Mac Wallace who carried out 17 murders in LBJ’s behalf, including (probably) of LBJ’s own sister. All kinds of people delivered suitcases full of cash to him, payoffs for various favors. LBJ was headed to prison, with a big expose planned for publication in Look Magazine on Nov. 22, 1963–which was pulled, and charges against him dropped, when the assassination happened, because he was now the president.
Nelson makes a very strong case that LBJ planned the JFK assassination long before the 1960 election, knowing the only way he would ever become president would be as a vice-president succeeding a president who died in office. In the motorcade in Dallas, LBJ ducked down on the floor right after his car turned onto Houston St. There’s lots more, but it definitely muddies the waters vis-a-vis current acceptance of the theory that CIA were the top dogs–but I won’t spoil it for you all.
The USS Liberty was a false flag in the true sense of the term. Johnson employed the services of Israel to sink an American ship in the eastern Mediterranean, but it was supposed to look like Egypt did it. Israel’s planes were unmarked, and its pilots were given very little information; the reason the ship did not go down was because some of the Israelis, when they realized what the target was, refused, and disobeyed orders.
Johnson was enraged, shouting “I wand that God damned ship at the bottom of the Sea!” But it was able to limp to Cyprus, and the survivors were made to know that if they ever talked about it they would be killed, and their families, too. Some of them have been talking in recent years, and it’s clear they do not understand that Israel was just a “hit man” hired by the American president; they blame Israel for almost murdering them–and who can blame them? Still, I doubt Israel could have refused, in its weak condition in those years; without America’s patronage, it would certainly not have survived the 70s.
The false flag failed; the Soviet Union remained Egypt’s patron for the time being, and America was not drawn into war.
Thanks, Patrick. Very interesting history. LBJ was a psychopath.
We were not drawn into a war *against Israel*, I guess is what you mean. We were certainly up to our necks in an outrageously unjustified war elsewhere, of course, in Vietnam, LBJ’s gift to his benefactors General Dynamics, Brown & Root, Bell Helicopter, and probably others. General Dynamics is Mafia. It continues to drive all our warmongering adventures around the world today (as I see it).
I did know that the commanding officer of the Liberty had ordered a counterattack on Israel, and that his order was countermanded by Washington. You know, I trust, that that admiral was the father of Jim Morrison (of The Doors)? There’s a theory out there that Jim Morrison was assassinated by the Mossad in retaliation for his father’s order.
Back to Sandy Hook, the NYT has a piece today about the disposition of the blighted property on Yogananda St.:
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/13/nyregion/in-newtown-conn-a-question-of-what-to-do-with-adam-lanzas-home.html?emc=edit_th_20141214&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=67497406
“one of greatest unknown chapters in LBJ’s presidency is that he personally gave the order to Israel to bomb and utterly destroy the USS Liberty and its entire crew of 294 Americans. Astoundingly, when the mission went awry and Sixth Fleet Commanders were ordering the rescue of the besieged and bloodied USS Liberty crew, LBJ ordered that rescue operations be called back, at least twice. Against all odds, the USS Liberty survived but after the attack, 34 Americans lay dead. Except for 4 worthless 50 caliber machine guns, the USS Liberty was unarmed and defenseless against the far superior firing power of the Israeli navel and air force armada that descended upon it with relentless and unspeakable terror.”
http://www.economicpolicyjournal.com/2013/01/the-uss-liberty-israel-president.html
A little more on LBJ’s background, especially in regard to his long supportive relationship with the Jews and with Israel.
http://5tjt.com/our-first-jewish-president-lyndon-johnson-an-update/
Our First Jewish President Lyndon Johnson? – an update!!
article by by Morris Smith
And maybe his personal ancestry is totally irrelevant and maybe not…
“The facts indicate that both of Lyndon Johnson’s great-grandparents, on the maternal side, were Jewish.
These were the grandparents of Lyndon’s mother, Rebecca Baines. Their names were John S. Huffman and Mary Elizabeth Perrin. John Huffman’s mother was Suzanne Ament, a common Jewish name. Perrin is also a common Jewish name. ,,,
The line of Jewish mothers can be traced back three generations in Lyndon Johnson’s family tree. There is little doubt that he was Jewish.”
“We were not drawn into a war *against Israel*, I guess is what you mean.”
Not at all, dino. Israel was our agent, not our enemy. They did not attack us, we hired them to get us into the war that was already underway; the idea was to reshape the Middle East–especially to end Soviet influence in the region. It was about establishing American hegemony. Israel was always our anchor in that part of the world; we were never adversaries. Israel was only two decades away from its declaration of independence against the British Mandate at the time, and still quite weak, with American support, almost half a century later, it today serves the American empire in many false flags that are far less crude–as many commenters at MHB have alluded to over time. Israel was an invaluable help to the globalists in 9/11 and Boston, for instance. A great investment–if you want a partner in conquering the world. Innovative, Western, and willing to absorb bad publicity hits all the time, sort of running interference for America’s bumbling giantism.
You must consider the time frame. Here’s a quick summary from everyone’s favorite authority:
“The USS Liberty incident was an attack on a United States Navy technical research ship, USS Liberty, by Israeli Air Force jet fighter aircraft and Israeli Navy motor torpedo boats, on 8 June 1967, during the Six-Day War. Wikipedia
The idea was to draw America into that war. It is only because individual Israeli military personnel defied their orders that the false flag failed, and we did not go to war against Egypt.
Heck, *I* am the one who has said I believe Israel acts as the U.S.’s agent!
I just misunderstood what you meant, by saying we were not drawn into war.
Dachsielady’s and your information about LBJ’s order is absolutely chilling and horrifying. I did not know that he had actually ordered Israel to attack our ship. I knew only that he refused to retaliate against Israel when it happened and countermanded Admiral Morrison’s order.
I think, as Patrick says, that LBJ withdrew the assistance that was on its way to the USS Liberty. In other words, he allowed Israel to try and sink a U.S. ship and murder the crew to facilitate a false flag by Israel.
Ironically, it was Adm. McCain (yes, the senator’s father) who briefed the survivors and swore them to secrecy. Psychopathy looms large in some circles.
All of these years the survivors have been trying to get this recognized. Everyone in power ignores them. I have to say that I don’t believe that Israel is “our” agent, I think it’s the other way round.
Everyone of these mutts is beholden to them. If they aren’t bribed they’re blackmailed, sometimes both. It’s an outrage.
“he allowed Israel to try and sink a U.S. ship and murder the crew to facilitate a false flag by Israel. ”
Yes, and I offered a strong explanation as to why LBJ would commit such an heinous act, murdering his own country’s troops. This forum censored my two postings and they never made it to posting though I am unaware of any rules broken by me.
lophatt, you wrote:
“I don’t believe that Israel is “our” agent, I think it’s the other way round.”
You are right; it is the other way around.
Don’t know if this comment will pass censorship, but I have found some more revealing information between the town in Venezuela, its mayor, Newtown with the main players and the boss our country serves as agent for.
The young, globalist mayor is on a list of the most influential – fill in the blank – in Latin America.
Yes Anne, I read your link. I don’t know what’s going on with the “moderation” either. Almost all of mine are getting that lately. As you well know it is impossible to discuss certain subjects without alluding to the obvious authors of chaos.
Why our comments disappeared as a group is strange indeed. Obviously somebody didn’t like them. Of all the things we were discussing those seemed pretty innocuous.
When you start down a path you follow it. If it leads somewhere uncomfortable for some you either have to be dishonest and ignore it, or say what needs to be said.
After all, those tactics only work because people cower in the face of them. We both know that Latin America is not immune either. In fact, if you’ve been reading much lately you will notice a whole new understanding of what is really going on in Ukraine. It’s rather like Venezuela.
It depends on what the meaning of “is” is, to quote everyone’s favorite bubba. In 1967, Israel was extremely new, and very weak. The globalists plans for Israel’s role in the New World Order would not come to fruition. Anyone who thinks Israel cooked up a scheme to sink its patron’s ship out of malice is delusional. Israel needed America desperately at that time. Johnson used its client to create a Remember the Maine excuse for us to go to war in Egypt as a proxy for the Soviet Union.
What Israel is today is quite different.
Patrick, to “tippytoe around this”, let’s call it “Fred”. Fred is a state of mind. Just like “America” is a state of mind. There are no countries left in the traditional sense.
At the moment, Fred is “the Center of the Universe” for control and corruption. Even evil needs a headquarters. In the mega-corporation that we live in, it is where the CEO and CFO operate from. The rest are, at most, division heads.
So we can always discuss things within the context of commonly accepted reality, or we can do that based on the obvious. For now Fred calls the shots. While their bought and bribed minions go about their tasks Fred collectively laughs at them.
Fred has been working toward this denouement for a very long time. It makes little difference whether anyone realizes this or not. Fred will continue, as always. As we weaken Fred grows strong.
This argument perplexes me, lophatt. Were we Israel’s agent the day after Israel secured her independence from Britain? Was that pathetic weakling of a nothing country already our master? Or did they become our overlords five years after the Kibbutzes were up and running? 10 years?
As I said, whatever the globalists had in store for Israel’s role in crafting the New World Order, it had certainly not come to fruition by the mid-1960s. What Israel has become since then bears no resemblance to what they were in 1967. Even 1973, when Nixon, against all his advisors’ council, rescued Israel be forcing the shipment of arms, saving the day. Israel NEEDED America, desperately, in those early decades of its existence. The idea that they would launch a senseless attack on their primary benefactor is ridiculous. Whatever future role Israel was intended to have, they were far from holding that position when the Liberty was attacked.
Top of that, we know that Johnson ordered Israel to sink that ship, and was very angry when Israel failed to get the job done. And it being such a world-class false flag, the plot thus had to be covered up–and was, perfectly, until very recently. It is the equivalent in seriousness of 9/11, in terms of identifying the real motivation, and the people who were really behind it. In the case of the Liberty, if it had gone according to plan, the whole world would be instantly made to know that Egypt did it, and thus America has to go to war, and history would not record the suspicions of people who smelled something fishy. With 9/11, which was successful, it was Arabs the whole world were instantly made to know had attacked America, justifying the same kind of war, in the very same region. The difference is the success factor: since the World Trade Center was successfully destroyed, the agents who were hired to do the job are not part of the official history–because the false flag was a success. Those who smell a rat are dealt with by the “conspiracy theorist” dismissal process. Since the Liberty survived, and the plot could not be allowed to saturate the news but in fact had to be completely suppressed, ironically, over time everyone knows who really did it. Very few know it was a false flag; all people who learn about it tend to learn is that Israel inexplicably attacked the American military. Some hate Israel for it, because they know who the hit man was; some shake their heads and wonder why Israel took such an insane action. But no one knows that Israel was just the hit man, and the mafioso who ordered the hit lived at 1600 Pennsylvania Ave, Mordor.
Ha! Mordor, indeed.
I found this site about the Six-Day War, wondering whether it was Nasser’s closure of the Suez Canal (again) which prompted LBJ’s need to attack Egypt–and it does not even mention the attack on the U.S.S. Liberty. (And I could not find any immediate connection to the Suez–looks like Egypt did block Israel’s shipping routes through the Straits of Tiran, though. I’m still trying to pin down where that is–I am only pulling up dive site maps!)
http://www.sixdaywar.org/timeline.asp
Patrick, you have certainly given me a more complete understanding of the USS Liberty incident.
I remember listening to the medical doctor who survived the attack being interviewed on a radio show several years ago. He spoke of it only as Israel having been the perpetrator but he did say clearly that Johnson called the planes back. This doctor was with a group collecting signatures to get the Congress to open an investigation of the incident, which of course never happened. Admiral Thomas Moorer, now deceased, of the Joint Chiefs of Staff spoke out valiantly to try to get truth and justice about the event .
I think LBJ from his very beginnings in politics way back when in Texas was taking several political steps and big chances to help Jews in Europe and help Israel. I do not think his Jewish ancestry is irrelevant.
Patrick, this is the best primer there is:
http://www.controversyofzion.info/
The place is just that, a place. The perceived “weakness” is a ruse. “We” (the U.S.) don’t control anything. We are the execution arm (literally).
Location or “nationhood” has never meant anything to them. It is misdirection.
Elisabeth E Sensus says:
Yes, Lophatt, I think there might be a mistake to think about these things in terms of nation states. In the higher echelons there are no nations, there are important persons/groups/families and the rest are just peasants. These people in power have no allegiance to any state, they merely use nations, nationalities, religions and ethnicities to reek havoc, to destroy and gain. I think it’s a mistake in history as well as in current affairs to think in terms of nation states. It’s a useful illusion that can be used against ut.
Us pays foreign aid to said country. Said country use the money by lobbying individual congressmen to work for the interests of said country, not for the interest of the US. Not only money works like this. There’s blackmail (all the spying is good for something), incrimination, sting operations, planting of evidence, you name it. If you only manage to have a system where you get to the key persons in a large country, that large country can be totally governed by a small group of people from a small country, or before that, by a small clique of a nationless people. And it’s even better when the great majority of the same ethnicity are totally innocent of these schemes, and only left to take the blame. Brilliant system. Reminds me of the 30’s.
Oh. It’s the Joooowzzz. I get it now. No matter how weak they are, they rule the world, and no matter how dependent they are, they are really the masters of those they seemingly depend on. Got it. Israel was America’s master even before it existed. I understand. Not.
Straw man!
You understand not. You got that right, patrickchatsunamiably!
Dach, I have no idea what you’re talking about when you say the words “Straw man!’ I was perhaps not clear that I was replying to the link lophatt posted.
lophatt originally argued that Israel was America’s master in 1967, and is today. I replied that whatever Israel is today, it certainly was America’s CLIENT in the 1960s. I wrote another comment to make my case in more detail. Then lophatt provided a link which I interpreted to mean that he meant that Israel is a mystical thing, that the nationstate with that name is irrelevant and that my fixation on the political history is missing the point. I do not agree, and I replied sarcastically. Perhaps I should try harder to suppress my sarcastic impulse, lest I be misunderstood.
I happen to hold the view that Israel is merely a tool on the globalists’ hands today, and do not believe that globalism and the looming New World Order is an exclusively “Jewish” conspiracy. I agree with Stan Monteith, in his lecture comparing it to Agatha Christy’s Murder on the Orient Express (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sbfl3iyA6bA): there are too many clues. Some people say it’s the Jesuits, some say it’s the Vatican, some say it’s the Masons, etc. A good case can be made for ALL of these views–as long as you leave out the evidence pointing to all the rest. I’m with Stan: there is a Brotherhood of Darkness behind all these conspiratorial efforts. Focussing on one to the exclusion of the others will only lead you away from the true source of the evil we are confronting. And that’s anything BUT a straw man.
Pat, don’t forget the attack on the British.
The King David Hotel bombing was an attack carried out on Monday July 22, 1946 by the militant right-wing Zionist underground organization, the Irgun, on the British military.housed in the southern wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem. 91 people were killed and 46 were injured.
The Irgun committed the attack in response to Operation Agatha, known in Israel as “Black Saturday”. British troops had searched the Jewish Agency on June 29 and confiscated large quantities of documents which contained incriminating information about the Agency’s involvement with violent acts.
The intelligence information was taken to the King David Hotel, where it was initially kept in the offices of the Secretariat in the southern wing.
In order to destroy the documentation, the Irgun therefore determined to destroy that wing of the hotel.
The Irgun planted a bomb in the basement of the main building of the hotel, whose southern wing housed the Mandate Secretariat and a few offices of the British military headquarters.
Quite right, Ric. But it’s far worse than that, though. There is, after all, the Transfer Agreement, which was a deal that should be known to history as one of the most evil ever made. The new country was born in ignominy, no question. I am no apologist for evil.
All I am saying to lophatt is that Israel, as a state, wasn’t in a position to boss anyone around in its early decades, much less attack one of its few powerful supporters. But I don’t think anything I have written can be construed to indicate that I run interference for that crew. Maybe it’s just a sensitive topic, and undercurrents can’t be avoided, and people read in stuff. I can’t control that.
Those who have been around here a long time probably notice that I avoid commenting on this general subject. It is deep, and fraught, and too nettled to treat in short form. At least, in my view. Only gets you in trouble you can’t sort out later, because everyone has an unchangeable opinion. Not my cup of tea.
In replay to
I guess I thought your comment to Lophat was for me.
I think that you have a unique take on USS liberty and I think it is good for me to consider all ideas. I cannot say for sure that I agree with how very weak Israel was in the 60s. The establishment of the nationa state of Israel always have Rothschild money backing as well as the backing of the international banking community. JFK thought it important to ban Israel from having nuclear weapons so he must have considered Israel a formidably player even then.
It is probably best to avoid theJewish issue in MHB but I really do not see how we can pursue full truth and fully and openly discuss anything when we do not look at that issue. We have to examine WHO are “the globalists”, why really make up “the Zionists” and who really are “the Jews.” Unfortunately this subject cannot be fully and openly discussed without everyone getting in arguments and getting way off the Sandy Hook event or the subject of the article. But you always have to have thread drift if you want a open and relevant conversation.
Of course there are limits but I think as a Christian that I must search for truth and I have to search for a way to understand the involvement of the people of the Jewish revolutionary spirit.
I was influenced by E. Michael Jones, Ph.D. book, The Jewish Revolutionary Spirit and Its Impact on World History.
http://www.culturewars.com/Reviews/RevolutionaryReviews.html
I always have read and been influenced by the books of William Guy Carr.
I believe Freemasonry comes straight from the Cabbalism and Cabbalism was born in “Judaism” and is from the Babylon mystery religions. The relationship between “Judaism” and Freemasonry simply cannot be ignored. I know why Freemasonry is anti-Christ ideology is seriously wrong but even the Church, who has always condemned Freemasonry, has not explained fully enough the connection to Cabbalism. I guess Texe Marrs has done that most fully.
Yes, there are many secret societies and as JFK we Americans find secret societies repugnant. We know where there is great darkness, there is great evil. There is the all-seeing eye.
Yes, at the top of the pyramid, it is the Brotherhood of Darkness, but the “Jews” and “Israel” are pawns very near the top of the pyramid with the international bankers. We cannot just skip over that major area of truth and just completely avoid the subject altogether, using other terms like “Zionists”, globalists, or the “global elite.” That is not what Christ would have us do.
Whenever you start searching for truth about the conspiracy for a New World Order, a one world death and slavery system for all, you, as Dr. Jones has explained, you observe a dark revolutionary spirit and you cannot avoid the words in the bible about the “synagog of Satan.” Those who self-identify as “Jews” have a solidarity. They hold a different set of values. They have money, not all or most have it, but those few at the top do have incredible disproportionate great wealth. And they get to make the decisions based on their values and their goal is a one world government.
Dr. Stan taught me a lot, but I do not believe he ever acknowledged the role of “the Judaics”, to use Michael Hoffman’s term.
One thing I know for sure, whenever you start examining and searching for truth about false flag events and hoaxes, and generally “false events” as I call them, you end up in Satanism or Luciferianism.
Sister Lucy, a visionary of Fatima apparition, said the world is in a “diabolical disorientation” and that is true. I cling to truth because I cling to the One Who is Truth.
Who are the “banksters”? Who are the “Globalists”? Who has a credo that only reaches fulfillment when others are destroyed?
Read Reed (at my link). It isn’t perfect but its as close as anyone’s come to explaining it.
I don’t have any sacred cows. I didn’t set out to blame someone. It is what it is.
I’m speechless over the suggestion of them being “weak”. No one group on earth has more power and influence, no one. All those other convenient frontmen dance to their tune.
I didn’t make it this way, I just report what I see. I could pretend that I didn’t see it, but I do. I wish it were the Samoans, it would be much simpler. Unfortunately, it isn’t.
The echelon of global power is in the hands of very few who’ve manipulated and orchestrated events for eons. Due to their stolen wealth, cunning nature and inhumane traits they have managed to dupe peoples of all nations and all religions. I do not believe they have the same human DNA as we do.
Some are willing dupes and others are ignorant of the roles they’re given. However, without dupes the echelon of global power could not maintain their position.
The Balfour Declaration is important in this discussion:
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/baltoc.html
I agree with lophatt, read Douglas Reed who was vilified for his writings. Danish researcher Knud Eriksen wrote this biography of Douglas Reed:
http://www.thedodo.info/The%20Dodo/A_Biography_of_Reed.htm
SH actors (and powers behind the actors) have Jay Leno running for cover:
http://www.newstimes.com/local/article/Sandy-Hook-principal-s-daughter-emerges-as-vocal-5969413.php
The media never miss an opportunity to rehash the usual SH fare as evident here.
“I’m speechless over the suggestion of them being “weak”. No one group on earth has more power and influence, no one.”
I suggested no such thing, lophatt. I offered the entirely accurate observation that the tiny, new, country Israel was very weak in the 1960s, and in fact would have lost the 1973 war and be wiped off the map if Nixon did not override the federal government’s insistence that Israel not be rearmed at the last minute. This is a matter of fact and history. Israel had to be built up over time. It is not weak today–and I never suggested it is. I said, in fact, it all depends on what the definition of “is” is: if “is” refers to 1967, Israel “is” weak. If “is” means today, Israel is very, very strong.
I also made clear that the plot to create a tyrannical world government has a key role for Israel. But that plot is far older. It goes back far earlier even than 1879, when the land began to be resettled (land was ruled by the Ottoman Turks in those days, and after WWI by the British; when Israel declared independence in 1949, it was very weak indeed). Some track the plot back to the time of Napoleon, but I’d take it back to the Knights Templar.
My argument has nothing to do with the strength of the people group that Israel was created to represent, or those peoples’ relative strength on in international affairs (I never even hinted what I think about that issue, in fact). It is about the process of building up the military strength of a new country, and the strategic choices involved in doing it. Israel’s military NEEDED America to get that done. Israel had no arms industry when it declared independence from Britain. No submarines. No nukes. Two decades later, Israel was equipped to fight wars, but their wins against the Arabs were always considered miraculous by military historians.
The point is not that banking families were going to ensure that Israel’s political and economic future would be financed. The point is that for Israel’s pathetic little military to attack the most powerful navy in the world in 1967 would be utterly insane, because it is America that was going to ensure that Israel’s MILITARY future would be what it became.
I don’t know when the plotters determined to re-create national Israel, whether the idea started before 1879, or if it started to seem like a good idea after WWI. I know that the plotters are adaptable. I think that, in fact, is why they have Bilderberg meetings–to coordinate strategy in response to new developments. But one thing is absolutely certain in my mind: they knew that the new country could not become strong enough to defend itself militarily except by friendship with America.
That is, things like nation-building, from scratch, take time.
lophatt, I have a reply in moderation, but meanwhile, as we wait, I’d like to say to Anne that the link you provide is quite excellent. I just read a few of the history articles–which are mercifully brief–and they are completely accurate. I’d recommend them to anyone who has not studied that stuff. Thanks.
Patrick, I apologize if I misunderstood what you were saying. I know you to be an exceptionally bright guy and you are seldom, if ever, off the mark.
I encourage you to finish reading Reed. It isn’t a long or difficult undertaking. It isn’t 100% “accurate” (in my opinion), but it is very close. I have probably read it a dozen times. I have much more on the subject but this is the best overview and he does an excellent job of tying it all together. Remember, this was written in the 1950’s.
Pay particular attention to the early chapters. Once a person comes to understand that things we take for granted aren’t entirely as advertised, the rest becomes obvious.
Regarding Israel, the country, I meant to say that it is not important. It is a ruse. It is a keystone ruse in terms of how a population is controlled and guided, but it really means nothing to those in positions of control. It is all in the mind.
That is why I say they are anything but weak. They are, and have been, in the catbirds seat since the beginning. All those royal families and banker bloodlines are merely high-level cattle. They hitched their stars to a machine that was set in motion long ago and they hope to milk it for everything its worth on the way.
Sorry for the misunderstanding.
All good, lophatt.
It’s just weird that my remarks about the specifics of a military attack end up in a conversation so far removed from those details. Even you, now, after many back-and-forths, don’t wish to pay attention to those details.
As for me, I shall continue to hold the two issues separate. I think it is very important, in fact, because the Liberty incident is an excellent window into the true nature of the American government. Whatever the true nature of the conspiracy to enslave us all, the practical reality of what the United States has become seems to me very important. And the president’s ordering the sinking of an American ship seems to me at least as important as the agent he used–no matter how deeply connected that agent is. You might not agree, and that’s fine with me. But most people have no idea that Johnson ordered the sinking of the ship; all they know is that Israel did the attacking. Johnson is the villain in this event, not Israel–whatever Israel represents in the bigger picture.
bankanglesensor says:
Reblogged this on BertieS.
I managed to find the video on Daily Motion (not sure if it is still there) the other day by doing a search on its title. My Internet connection is slow, so it was rather a chore to attempt to watch it due to its length. As someone who has watched many SH vids, the only new info I derived from the long vid was the apparent activity going on in the house next door to the alleged Lanza house. Good work, though – very professional looking.
Stackpot says:
I can personally vouch for each and every member of Independent Media Solidarity, Stackpot.
sheepeater says:
Reblogged this on The Sheepeater.
The archived video is back working, the individual segment feature is not functioning, probably because of the first removal.
For those not wanting to see the whole version in one setting, press the pause key and come back later, it is well worth the viewing for those of us who have followed the hoax and for the new comers.
Earlier today the archived version worked perfectly with good sound and no interruptions that was experienced with my first viewing on Veterans Today, on it’s first showing.
Seems the recently published notice of intent to file lawsuit by 10 of the families may have been prompted by this all telling expose. If it actually went to trial, which is doubtful, would they have to disclose how many millions they have already received?
We have long wondered why lawsuits were not filed for failure to provide proper medical care, but according to the papers the wrong doers were the bushmasters gun manufacturers, the lack of security at the school and perhaps the Nancy Lanza estate that is only worth 60k!
Thought the evidence revealed of all the spent bullets, the bushmaster was not identified but was in the trunk, there was so much bs who knows what if anything was there.
God speed ladies and gentlemen, will continue to share your link on any site that brings up this despicable affront against us.
http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/sandy-hook-parents-filing-notices-wrongful-death-claims-article-1.2039040
THX1138 says:
Right off the bat, I would like to point out the large menorah in the segment about the Swiss ambassador, just saying. Get a clue.
I have no idea why Deanna can’t see or won’t see this tremendous hoax, however I suspect influence by American Free Press, who are irrelevant in my world view…
Youtube is NOT a victim, they are part of the perpetrators. And, just saying, look at the tribal affiliation of the google founders.
I am right now downloading the mp4 2GB version of the film to my local hard drive, I have already saved to cloud storage the smaller ogv version. I downloaded both at We Need To Talk About Sandy Hook : Independent Media Solidarity : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive
And last, don’t forget bittorrent as a distribution channel. I’ll look into creating an account at kickasstorrents http://kat.ph and get it out there. The Pirate Bay has died (at least for now), thanks to the military-type tactics of fanatical government.
Thanks for this video, good work.
Gran1te says:
thepiratebay was taken down by one of the founders who just got out of prison and did not agree with the way it was being ran. But they are already talking about multiplying servers to get it back online.
More concerning is the bill that passed yesterday authorizing unlimited surveillance of any US citizen communications without due process. Unfortunately, this bill will retain digital communications indefinitely when a “crime” has been committed, and then this evidence can be routed to your local Law Enforcement.
Sorry if this was a little off-topic but given the ramifications if/when Obama signs this into law, I feel it is warranted.
http://longstrangejourney.com/2014/12/10/intel-authorization-bill-would-expand-surveillance-against-americans/
http://pastebin.com/G3yrGAqe
Disagree that Youtube is with the perps. There is almost enough evidence on Youtube about 9/11 to convict the perps but they are running scared. They are quickly passing new bills and staging new hoax attacks so they can fast-forward their plans of complete control of our federal government.
Youtube is the ‘Wild West’ of the internet. Just about anything goes. Remember, the perps need Youtube also to spread their propaganda.
I personally don’t think Google/Youtube is in on it.
That’s an interesting point, Bill. I have noticed a lot of videos on YouTube about SHES. Why don’t they remove those? Is the current on too close to the mark?
All of us here appreciate “Lets talk”. It certainly doesn’t contain “everything” we’ve uncovered, some of it pretty damning. But its a good introduction.
I gathered from watching that they plan a sort of “library” of SHES information to go with it. That’s a good idea as well. I think I would mirror that several places if I were they.
Given what you said about the other videos being available I wonder what it is about this one that has them twitchy?
I tried to watch it again tonight, on the IMS channel itself, and during Insanemedia’s segment suddenly there was no video–only audio.
His presentation was about the 12/13/12 Bing cache date of the Newtown Bee’s “interview” with Dawn Hochsprung, along with his communications with Bing about it. I think he had more evidence, too, but, in fact, I went away from the page, and then back to reload it, and it would not play again, at all, for me.
While I don’t know if that’s the piece that the PTB are most sensitive about, those 12/13/12 cache dates–think about it–being presented with the emails are unassailable evidence of a scripted event, with false stories planted in trusted news sources to carry it off. Insanemedia also pointed out the CIA sweatshirt worn by Hochsprung’s “daughter.” There is more of the cache date evidence elsewhere in the video. While it’s certainly damning for the public to realize there are all these actors involved, the hoaxsters, I’m sure, really don’t want people to understand that the media are full participants in the hoax and that they are lying to us, concertedly, all the time.
If the public doesn’t trust their propaganda organs, the jig is up.
Dino, yeah, that is a pretty compelling piece of evidence. There are others, as you know, equally compelling. It is impossible to explain away unless you convince somebody that it’s a technical glitch.
A poster here has the same thing happening for the FSU event. I’m not technically savvy enough to know how all of this works in terms of their ability to “disappear” things. I have noticed many instances where things with serious evidence have become unavailable, while other, more speculative pieces remain.
If it is possible to prevent the censorship it is puzzling why someone hasn’t developed a site for that purpose. Maybe it isn’t possible.
There was a man who claimed to be a local during the early days of SHES. He posted two or three pretty interesting videos. He stopped and said that he was frightened to continue. He was believable. He was a burly sort of construction guy who didn’t look like he would be easy to threaten.
I don’t think that they worry one bit about prosecution. I think they want to maximize the return on their investment. If it became a laughing stock, that might prove embarrassing.
thepaulstalservice says:
@ Bill Fred: I have personally had videos simply comparing Annie Haddad/Nancy Lanza and “Dawn Hochsprung”/Mary Maloney Removed for “Content Inappropriate”
They were removed simply for comparing “two people.”
If YouTube is the “Wild West” of the internet.. it sure is a tame place.
I have never bought the bit about YouTube being the “Wild West” of the Internet. I have seen enough of what they post and fail to post as 9-11 videos to see it is the fined tuned, fine science Tavistock of the Internet.
Also never bought the “they’re running scared.” That is Alex Jones marketing speech to make the listeners think they are actually doing something effective by just listening to radio shows and buying their wares.
No, “they” are not “running scared.” THEY are sprinting naked the last mile. They have a time schedule to meet to install the one world death and slavery system for all.
Some here at MHB may remember that earlier this year I had planned to make a third trip of inquiry to that bucolic little hamlet of Sandy Hook, Connecticut. The first two rendered some very interesting results, which I will not refresh at this point.
Because of life, I did not go back as I had planned. But the SH juices are flowing again and I am determined to execute that trifecta.
My first two excursions to that cesspool of a town were oppressive, to say the least. I expect the next one will be no less.
I am as serious as a 3 am heart attack.
I am prepared to go alone, but if someone from the said documentary, or any MHB stalwart would think it productive, I welcome you to join me. I am thinking sometime in January.
I have an itinerary that is not etched in concrete. A list of questions to ask the locals. A visit to a local church (would they lie?), and perhaps another knock on the SH Volunteer FD door. I am surely open to suggestions.
I am pressing forward at the potential expense of my freedom, or worse (I have been threatened with a baseball bat by a poster here on MHB). While I applaud the efforts of the producers of this documentary, I also see the value of what law enforcement officials term as “canvassing.”
I may be kidding myself as to what good can come from going back there. But Sandy Hook has had an enormous effect on me personally, and I am no longer satisfied with merely listening, reading and watching Sandy Hook material.
At some point you have to deploy. If any are interested in joining me please contact my email; joe@answersfortheparanormal.org.
We will work out the details.
I suggest a few rounds of whiskey shots at the local pub, with the common people (if there are any in SH). Whiskey loosens tongues.
bewisetoday says:
I agree, there must be someone who is literally dying to tell the truth…
Joseph, bless you! Be careful out there. The place reeks of a sort of “Children of the Corn” environment.
As a suggestion, it would be good to talk to bus drivers and cafeteria workers. I think they use a contract service.
There also appeared to be houses that abut the old school in the back. They would have had a front row seat. They would also know if kids had been attending.
It might be good to start with a neighboring town. It seems to me that it would be less likely to be watched over and people might be more willing to talk. They may have leads in Newtown that they could give you.
It might be worthwhile if you could find an old phone book. I think I would avoid talking to people indiscriminately as you would soon receive a visit from the local cabal.
It would be interesting if you could get one of those construction workers who did the demolition to talk. I don’t think anyone is likely to discuss this with you unless you have a safe place where they won’t be observed.
Bar none this video, ‘We Need To Talk About Sandy Hook’, was the best documentary on SH I have seen since Sofia Smallstrom’s ‘Unraveling Sandy Hook…’! Great article, Professor. Will be sharing on FB.
Excellent job and many thanks to IMS!
…and the truth shall make you free…
Mary Murphy says:
There is new competitor to YouTube called Zeekly TV that says it won’t censor. We Need To Talk About Sandy Hook is available on there. Dutchsinse has a channel there now. They have experienced explosive growth so problems may be encountered trying to access the site. I tried to access Dutchsinse’s account and got message of too many connections and had to wait until later. So, they are adjusting to the growth spurt in their membership and patience will be needed during this period.
Thanks for the info on Zeekly TV. But you can guess that if they don’t “censor” like YT does, that Zeekly TV will not be long for the Internet world. Lawsuits will drive them out of business – even the threat of lawsuits will do them in. Their IP provider will also be threatened. This is how it works now. Unfortunately. But in the meantime…I’m heading over to Zeekly TV.
Can someone please help? I am from maine and have recently witnessed ex sandy hook resident sarah walker caron pen an article about her and her daughters recovery from the sandy hook “shooting”.
Apparently her daughter was a student there. These articles are very damaging and perpetuate the lie. Who is this lying shill sarah walker caron? She now works for the bangor daily news! Please help…
Also an article today in the portland press herald about the “healing” from sandy hook….these things are so egregious
Since no one else is responding to you, James, I think you should try the letter-to-the-editor route. If there is a comments page, you could express your strong disapproval of what she’s saying and post a link to “We need to talk about Sandy Hook.” I would also refer people to Veterans Today, because it has information on it, such as evidence for the abandonment of the school and fakery of the conga line photo, which didn’t make it into the movie.
Thank you. I am a regular at veterans today and have posed the same question too. Thanks again
This site, too, of course, such as the recent post about Obama’s student mental health tracking initiative. There are many. many other good ones.
I think we should ALL protest every lie, and expose every shill, whenever we get the opportunity.
dino,
I responded to him about 3 blogs ago where I stumbled upon an article about her from the Los Angeles Daily News dated 12/13/12. I posted it here at MHB. James has posted this same question on the last 3 blogs or articles here which I thought was a strange.
Sorry ric, didn’t see any responses. Thank you. I will check them out
Sarah Walker Caron is a former reporter for the New Haven Register in Connecticut whose son was allegedly in attendance at SHES on the day of the event.
They have people in every area pushing the tragic reinforcement buttons and apparently as a journalist, she not only has a propensity to continue to write stories about her “experience” that day, but also to catalogue the struggle she and her children continue to face. Expect it to continue.
You can easily find out more about her… just google her full name + Sandy Hook.
Dachielady, I sent away for the Quigley history which was quite expensive, no doubt to keep it out of the hands and heads of the population. Do you remember what page the reference was to Morgan and the other oligarchs buying up the major papers?
A page number was not referenced but it was a “publiser’s note” so it will probably be in the front matter or the back matter of that edition of the Quiqley book. The Quigley books were destroyed by the government and had to be republished by Books in Focus anonymously.
I copied and pasted the quote from Dr. Stan Monteith’s book, Brotherhood of Darkness, which I have a Word file copy of because I prepared the Kindle format edition for him for Amazon. I typed the whole book within a strict set of Kindle rules but I do not think Dr. Stan ever got the Kindle edition of his book up on Amazon.
I did a lot of transcriptions free of charge for Dr. Stan and Dr. Fetzer and others over the years, but Dr. Stan, God rest his soul, did offer to pay me $100 for that work and I did accept the payment. It was physically hard for me to do that transcription and took quite a bit of time and caused me to go off my good weight loss regime, but I am one of those people that think $100 is a whole whole lot of money so it seemed worth it to me.
Mark, Cleon Skousen summarized the most damning sections in a slim volume called The Naked Capitalist. It was published shortly after Tragedy and Hope came out (Tragedy is 1,200 pages or so, and is not indexed for some strange reason).
Dr Stan was given access to Quigley’s papers (he taught at Georgetown) after he died, and found a taped interview, which Stan was given permission to distribute (Radio Liberty–it’s not very expensive to get a copy). In it, Quigley bitterly references the publisher destroying the plates to the first half of the book, and the “pirate” who re-created them (it’s why those pages are printed on tinted paper) and was selling the book–Quigley was receiving no royalties. Of course, since his publisher refused to sell “official” copies he should have been grateful people were actually reading it.
But the problem was, for him, the people who wanted to read it. Most of them were interested not in the noble dreams of the Great Progressive, Scholar. They were turned on to its existence by Skousen’s book, which in the interview Quigley is very unhappy with. These people were conservatives who despised everything Quigley represented.
See, Tragedy was subtitled “A History of the World In Our Time,” and it was about the conspiracy to reshape human society. He later wrote a much smaller volume, The Anglo-American Establishment, which is more or less a vast list of names and connections which authenticate what he wrote about in Tragedy. He had been given access to the archives of the Council on Foreign Relations, and Tragedy was a history of their doings–but especially the doings of those who created that organization, the Royal Institute for International Affairs (The Roundtable Group), Cecil Rhodes, and Alfred Lord Milner.
He heartily approved of this secret plot to take over the world, and wrote Tragedy not to denounce it, but to reveal it because it was so wonderful. His only complaint was that an ongoing operation so important and so excellent should not be kept a secret. The conspirators should be PROUD of what they were doing.
Well, the book got through the publishing process without review, because Quigley was an unimpeachable member of the Academic Elite, and presumably could be trusted to keep the Establishment’s secrets. When Skousen publicized Tragedy (The Naked Capitalist sold like hotcakes), something had to be done-hence, the destruction of the plates for the first half of the book.
As I say, Quigley was quite bitter about the whole thing. He was, after all, an impeccable foot soldier in the ranks of the Academy, and truly admired the work of the Cabal, and he was being shafted in the most unreasonable way by his own masters, when he was congratulating them with all the talent he’d spent a lifetime demonstrating. On top of that, this ignominious dumping by his heroes, the people he hated the most were the only ones who wanted to learn what he had to teach–people who joined the John Birch Society! ARGGGGH!
Thanks for nice summary, Patrick. Dr. Stan referred to the John Birch Society as “a great scam” in a 2013 email to me. He became very disillusioned with the JBS and called it “controlled opposition” , but I think he and G. Edward Griffen and Joel Skousen and others were sort of the charter members of the JBS when it began in 1959.
I think it is important to get familiar with Quiqley’s two famous books.
Don’t want to get too far off topic but Dr. Stan Monteith recognized the whole dialectic of “conservatism” verses “liberalism.” I learned so much from him, though I did not ascribe to some of his “Christian” dispensationalist and “prophecy” type radio show guests’ ideas.
Dr. Dennis Cuddy said …
“…Nelson Rockefeller was working with the NAZIs
David Rockefeller was working with the Communists.”
So Nelson, who managed the Right wing, bought Robert Welch’s candy company for 3 times its asking price and got him to be the leader of the JBS.
The world’s ruling elite always control all sides of the conflicts and issues, so they win, and win big finanally too, even when they lose.
The Congressional Record for Senator Oscar Callaway quote can probably be checked for its accuracy, though I do not know if there is internet access to Congressional Record going back that far.
(Quiqley had a mistress and the royalties for his book went to her and Quiqley’s wife was rather miffed about all of this and fought it, I think, after Quiqley’s death.)
I joined the JBS for a minute, mostly because of a few of its past supporters, like Sam Blumenfeld, Ezra Taft Benson, and Cleon Skousen. However, it didn’t take me very long to realize that JBS was supporting the official narrative on Sandy Hook and the BMB, two incidents that, to me, were CLEARLY manipulated.
I think Dr. Stan was one of a few who have made the assertion that NO group can go un-infiltrated; once infiltrated, the group’s methods and goals become perverted. It certainly makes sense, though it is truly mind-boggling to take that assumption and run with it (just think of the implications!).
Some very good discussions going on here at MHB lately! It’s hard to keep up, though!
Patrick – you wrote:
“He had been given access to the archives of the Council on Foreign Relations, and Tragedy was a history of their doings–but especially the doings of those who created that organization, the Royal Institute for International Affairs (The Roundtable Group), Cecil Rhodes, and Alfred Lord Milner.”
You mean Lord Alfred Milner. Someone who is still alive and well, and who frequently lectures on the above characters, is Alan Watt. Well worth listening to. His website:
http://www.cuttingthroughthematrix.com/
Anne, as usual, you are quite correct. The CFR was the “Colonial” branch. It always amuses me that people think empire is dead.
I rather suspect that’s the answer to the constant refrain; “why do they keep doing things like that?”. Perhaps, it is in THEIR best interest to.
Great, inspiring posts throughout. Although I am concerned that we are missing the big picture here. SHE, BB, and 9-11 have been exposed – this fact is obvious to those of us unplugged from the matrix, yet the masses will NEVER believe as long as the power structure controlling the mass media remains. Doesn’t it seem likely that even if a jury trial reveals SHE to be a hoax, it will either be blacked-out by the mass media, continuously spun or superseded by a more “important” story “worthy” of continuous coverage. Hell, another “fantasy event” would likely be deployed as a distraction. No, our focus should be on weakening the power structure controlling public minds, from any and all angles we can conceive.
our focus should be on weakening the power structure controlling public minds, from any and all angles we can conceive.”
Great comment, Rick.
We need to find a thread where we can brainstorm ideas. I like boycotts and passive agressive behaviors.
One little bright spot. I recently called 5 different charities to try to give away 3 nice TVs and not one of them would take them. They are flooded with TVs being donated and they only want the late model very big screens now. I also rolled them out in my driveway with a huge bright FREE sign on them and no takers. Finally muscled up and put them in my car trunk and drove them over to Goodwill where maybe they can trade them for scrap metal or something.
Calimom says:
Thank you! Thank You!, to all involved for all your hard work. As always I am impressed by your courage and tenacity. It is amazing to me the amount of programming that one has to overcome to question things in our current milieu. I had to fight against myself in a way to share the video, fight against an inner voice that tells me to not speak out, and to keep my head down. I agree, the fight is against mind control. Thanks again Independent Media Solidarity group.
School shooting going on right now in Portland, OR according to Fox News. Anybody else watching the other MSM?
Here is a good article we could all comment on, could not actually stand to read how our children are being terrorized with active shooter drills, but noticed most of the obviously young commenters indicate this is normal as that is how they were schooled.
May the great Lord Almighty help us!
http://www.buzzfeed.com/mikehayes/how-school-lockdown-culture-became-normal-post-newtown
Skirt, I agree. I could easily list twenty such things that seemed outrageous when first proposed that are now considered absolutely “normal”.
Unfortunately, this is especially easy to do when children are involved. Anyone who protest is labeled irresponsible, etc.. As if shooting events in schools are daily occurrences. Oh, I forgot, they HAVE become daily occurrences. Must be those Muslims or something.
Just look at the Boston fiasco. Those were adults who were only too willing to be barked at by Gestapo and to “shelter in place” on command. If they get to them young enough that won’t be a problem later on.
Meanwhile, the little kiddies will grow up thinking that the only thing that keeps them alive are the vigilant eyes of authority. Can’t get much handier than that.
dandelionnexus says:
This is part of the desensitization plan. Cable has been disconnected and this year I am homeschooling my son. In second grade his school was demanding I change his psychiatrist, change his medication and then they finally got to the point where they wanted to put him in a special program for emotionally disturbed children. It was a dropout prevention program. At the time, I was given 12 hours notice to consider. He would have had to change his pediatrician his counselor and psychiatrist. The school gave me no time to review the decision or investigate the program. Oh and did I mention there would be home visits? And prior to the Principal trying to force this upon our family, she was so mad that none of his doctors would get on board with what they wanted to do. She was screaming at me “how on earth did you convince a pediatrician a counselor and a psychiatrist to disagree with me?” . When I refused, they began to harass my son. When the counselor, who works with the county, tested him, they all of a sudden did not accept his testing and wanted to do their own. In kindergarten he was reading at a fifth grade, level his IQ was 121. They also said they would not test until 2nd grade. Them trying to push him out of the school and into that program happened as I was pushing for testing in second grade. My child is a nonconformist he never liked to color in the lines, he does not fit with their program or their agenda. Then they tried to come after me with unexcused absences. Protective services, Jail excetera. Thank God I keep detailed records. I had documentation for every time he wasn’t there. Three of the days was due to a sprained neck and back from getting jumped on on the playground. He used to sit on my lap and cry “mommy I know I’m normal why are they trying to make me feel like I’m not” Taking him out of school was the best decision I’ve ever made. He just finished learning HTML and CSS and has been coding away making pixel art and animated gifs. The fact that he no longer watches regular TV and does not have access to commercials has made a humongous difference as well. He’s even given up certain Xbox games because he can feel the programming and the change in his brain and says mommy “I don’t think I should play this it makes me feel funny”. He sees newspaper headlines at the checkout counter when I’m getting gas and will say out loud “mom that can’t be true, are they lying again” Cracks me up. I’m just glad I was fortunate enough to have the opportunity to provide his schooling for him. It has been a big change for our family but it be worth it years to come. The best part is I now have a happy, healthy, confident, secure, 9 year old boy who is learning everything I can give him, like a sponge absorbing it all, enjoying his life. This is important so America’s parents can wake up and protect their children from becoming slaves of the system!
You, madam, are an absolute nightmare to the world control grid. It was no accident that you were home to see the SH event unfold. The powers and principalities of this world certainly didn’t show you that. What you are doing now will have a positive ripple effect well into the future for many. It renews my hope to see the true living God working in the lives of the younger generation.
You are very kind. What a beautiful heartfelt compliment. I agree 100 percent it was no accident I was home sick that day. Nor was it an accident I caught Mr Tracy on AC360. I thank God everyday for the day my eyes truly opened to this real world. And I thank God for this opportunity to be there for my son. He is my sunshine, truly a gift to our world, a beautiful soul. Peace 🙂
Old fogey says:
I have tried to watch the video using Foxfire, Explorer and Opera and in none of the browsers did the audio work. I tried yesterday and today and will try again tomorrow. Sad story, overall.
Recynd has offered to provide free cds for all those wanting, she just requests an email address to correspond, will be happy to assist recynd, if the requests are overwhelming. Now if there are individual computer issues, that may be another challenge…
Thank you, Skirt, I will let you know if I need help. So far, I’ve had only a single taker, which I handled quickly and cheaply.
Again: my offer stands to send a hard copy of the “We Need To Talk About Sandy Hook” video at my cost to whomever wants it. Hopefully it will be available online for all to see (if it’s not already).
Finally, just a note that I’m having a time of it trying to stay on top of all the posts, so if someone makes a request and doesn’t hear from me within a day, ask again…I may have missed your post. Cheers!
The latest debate with Wolfgang and Keith – I must say Wolfgang’s debating acumen on the subject has sharply improved. I just wish he would stop harping on how filthy the school was since that is totally irrelevant and entirely speculative as to the conclusion that can be drawn on that. Keith goes out of his way to ignore the many anomalies and irregularities that substantiate the official story as a lie.
Biggest AHA issue – LT Vance stated that the crime scene was horrific and the asserted without equivocation that the shooter was in the hall. How could Vance have gotten that wrong since EVERYONE else said the shooter was in room 10. Vance = PROVEN LIAR
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6aK0P-WxjU8
And more laughing police officers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cl0m2J9ZUmI
Suppose we are going to have to take back all those negative things we have said about AJ in the past, there is also an excellent interview with Tyranny & QK Ultra.
Sure seems like the paid trolls have all disappeared, perhaps they are all fired as their rude arguments probably brought more attention to the whole hoax.
http://www.infowars.com/must-see-explosive-debate-over-sandy-hook/
“Suppose we are going to have to take back all those negative things we have said about AJ in the past”
Don’t take them back quite yet.
John Birch Society supports official narrative of Sandy Hook and Boston Bombing, and they were twisted and wrong about 9-11.
Jack Blood has accepted official story of Sandy Hook.
Keith Johnson, Deanna Spingola and other American Free Press people accept and strong defend the official story of Sandy Hook by using every obvious logical fallacy in the book, mostly straw man and ad hominem.
Infowars has their token objective good guy, Rob Dew, moderating the “debate” nicely, but AJ and Infowars has always had the wrong take on 9-11 and is very much in with the Birch Society type thinking. But he wants to hold on to his popularity so he tips his hat to the “We Need to Talk About Sandy Hook” faction mainly because that group is very popular with a big part of his regular audience and he always wants to associate himself with the winning team for his selfish reason.
American Free Press has their token objective debate moderator good guy, Dave Gahary, putting him out there lately for the same selfish deceptive reasons as AJ et. al.
There is some kind of behind the scenes collaboration motivated by something I do not know but is no doubt something quite ugly. I do not believe these true believer Sandy Hook people reached their ridiculous, totally and obviously untruthful coordinated positions randomly and individually.
These show hosts and bloggers have had to abandon reasonable discussion and argumentation for the most crass obvious logical fallacies.
Something has happened and is happening behind the scenes. Let us maintain Sandy Hook truth solidarity and keep speaking truth to power.
Wow! I’m disappointed in Deanna. I used to listen to her on RBN. I believe Jack Blood recently went on RBN. I don’t listen to it much anymore.
NPR issues statement families at SH suing Bushmaster Rifle! Well time to put witnesses on the stand and open the empty coffins and bring the laughing State Coroner back for a chuckle.
http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/12/15/370931214/families-of-newtown-victims-sue-rifle-manufacturer
Sandy Hook is a good litmus test for sorting out the real truth-seekers from the shills. Those who are defending the official story are obviously on the side of TPTB and not to be trusted, ever.
Yes I was being sarcastic. Was thinking since most of us view AJ as the provocateur in chief, the posting this enlightening “We Need to Talk about Sandy Hook” was their attempt to discredit it and it seems it back fired in their faces.
Will admit like to see their & CNN’s latest headlines to get a feel for what the propaganda machine is puking out at the moment..
https://www.you tube.com/watch?v=fn7SyXUL2n8&list=UU-mVGa_qBlTNOx5UzGFkVDQ
I put a space in URL because others seem to do that.
Here is a show covering Sandy Hook second anniversary.
Red Pill Radio
I think it was live streamed on YT but I have never heard of that happening.
Join us tonight [ this show was last night,12-13] at 9pm eastern on Red Pill Revolution’s You Tube for We’ll Do it LIVE: The REAL Alternative Podcast 2 YEAR Sandy Hook Special! (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-mVGa_qBlTNOx5UzGFkVDQ)
Sandy Hook Damage Control Just Up Today
Bad actors should know there’s always a job for them with Uncle Sam and they can collect big bucks for it.
http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/america-continues-protect-gun-nuts-sandy-hook-article-1.2044666
The link shows St Rose of Lima Catholic Church and its Monsignor Robert Weiss participating in the Big Lie. If that does not kill already depressed mass attendance numbers and coins in the basket, I do not know what will. Shame.
In closing of the 2nd anniversary, Danbury News Times reports on a mass at St. Rose of Lima Church with more than a thousand people in attendance. The governor and his entourage were there as well, and bells were available for ringing outside. So much for the privacy they demand.
http://www.newstimes.com/local/article/Crowd-fills-St-Rose-of-Lima-to-remember-Sandy-5956661.php
I hope the fire department was nearby.
lophatt, the fire dept. is just around the corner.
This has nothing to do with St. Rose of Lima Church participating in the Big Lie and is purely coincidental, I’m sure. The article accepts some false premises to support its thesis but there are many interesting facts in this story to indicate that the very darkside pedophile coverup ops is playing a role in what can have the people of a whole town and a whole state participate in a conspiracy of silence.
http://counterpsyops.com/2012/12/21/mk-ultra-links-to-the-sandy-hook-assault/#more-9824
“The Lanzas attended the Saint Rosa of Lima Church, where eight child parishioners were among the shooting victims. Santa Rosa is the very same order that sponsors the western-state hospital that employed Michael Jackson’s physician Dr. Conrad Murray.”
“Newtown, like Fairfield and Stamford, is part of the Diocese of Bridgeport, which got into legal trouble in 2001 due to lawsuits by 23 victims of pedophilia committed by priests. Bishop Edward Egan, then diocese head, was a protector of sexual offender priests, sending them to other areas when parental complaints reached the ears of the police. After the plaintiffs won an out-of-court settlement, the Diocese petitioned the US Supreme Court to quash the thousands of documents detailing the beastly sex crimes. In 2009 Opus Dei honcho Justice Antonin Scalia determined that the court records should not be made public.”
Yes, Monsignor was “compromised”. We discussed this at length previously both here and at another site. Just because I’m Catholic doesn’t imply that I think that other Catholics are incapable of evil things. It is a “hospital for sinners, not a museum for saints”.
Anyway, several of the players were compromised in some fashion. If you think about it, if you were going to bring an operation to a location you could use whatever was at your disposal to “soften up” the locals.
Frankly, the place strikes me as a bastion of New Age idiocy and is ripe for plunder. All of the Kool Kidz escap The City and set up shop in little Newtown. Comrade Holder pays a visit to the Governor and enlists the support of the Connecticut Cheka.
I would imagine that if one is facing serious charges for pedophiliac activities, some “relief” would be welcome. Unfortunately, The Church is full of offenders in the clergy, as are other churches. After all, if you are a pervert where would you go to practice your art?
It is a great shame and outrage that more isn’t done to correct this. On the other hand one should be aware that The Church is a perennial target. In fact, if you look around you may notice that it isn’t just Christians who are being locked up for this. Of course, they don’t get near the publicity.
Frankly, I never left my kids alone with clergy, of any variety. I wouldn’t trust Scout Leaders either. In fact, I am leery of any adult (especially male) who enjoys the company of children too much. It isn’t natural.
There is little doubt that St. Rose had a major role in this operation. I would like to understand the connection to SHES. Was it open? Wouldn’t they know that? If it wasn’t and they knew then they are actively complicit. They would certainly know if any parishioners lost loved ones.
Helfpful insightful comment, lophatt.
There is much blackmail material these days, pedophilia among the clergy and elites not the least of which.
I hope St. Rose of Lima Church gets religion and starts walking in the steps of the One Who is Truth.
These days, I am not sure children or adults are to be trusted into the company of teachers, doctors, clergy or Hollywood or mainstream media oligarchs , etc., without witnesses.
Amen to that Doxie. It’s an awful thing to admit that you don’t trust leaving your children with clergy, but its worse if you don’t act on your fears.
Many of those in power have this sort of baggage and others know of it. When the bribes don’t work they can always wave the pictures.
At another site, early on, we ran across the accusations related to St. Rose. Oddly, Veronique’s alleged lawyer “brother” was in a law firm that was representing them. It was strange on several levels.
The tale that has Monsignor Weise giving Extreme Unction to the kids of SHES does not pass the smell test in my opinion. They are saying that they would not allow medics in to treat the wounded but they let a priest in? I wish I could say that those in the Monsignor’s position were above reproach. Sadly, I could provide examples of others who were not.
It’s one thing to use your personal reputation to further something like this, it’s quite another to represent the Church when you’re doing it. As I grow older, with each passing year I see a diminution in people’s personal moral consciences.
If the whole thing were just as advertised I would not allow myself to be used and manipulated to further their agenda. There is no excuse for it.
Last year, one of the Sandy Hook “moms” wrote an article for Magnificat, a Catholic publication. It was near the one year anniversary. I am sorry to not have her name readily available, but she is the one raising money for an animal sanctuary in her daughter’s memory. One of Magnificat’s priest editors serves at St. Rose of Lima. As a Catholic, I was very disturbed by this as it shows a deep connection between Sandy Hook and the Catholic community of Newtown.
Puddy Dunne says:
Reblogged this on COALITION OF THE OBVIOUS.
Nice link, Paddy.
Huff on the “2-yr anniversary”
http://www.aol.com/article/2014/12/13/developments-in-newtown-2-years-after-massacre/21115927/?cps=gravity
Today is the anniversary of the SHE shooting.
I wonder how many grieving parents have visited their child’s grave today? (it’s sad for me to even say this)
I’d guess Zero unless there is a news crew or photo op for promotion.
I did some research on the Venezuelan’s hometown. Found some interesting information on the mayor of that town and tried to post it here. It vanished right away and it has not been posted. Perhaps there is something there that someone does not want known. I will try to repost, but if someone is interested look up the town, the mayor, his name, his schooling and his background. Naming those names here may disappear this comment. We are being censored, and it is not by professor Tracy.
Anne, my responses to your posts disappeared as well (including a joke, sigh!). It was there when I went to bed.
Maybe if you don’t use a reference to the name of him or the town and post the links it’ll remain (maybe!).
Ok, lophatt – here is a link:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Smolansky
Anne, I think its a safe bet he isn’t a Chavez supporter. It’s a small world.
lophatt, lately most of my comments have gone to moderation – even those without links.
Anne, this may be related:
http://pocketsandshasha.blogspot.com/2014/12/censorship-20-shadowy-forces.html
lophatt, thanks for that article. Very informative and sobering. It hit the spot. The digitized generation may be able to handle this. For some of us who grew up in what we now think of as normal times (I‘m sure it was not, but I like to keep that illusion), the digitized world with all its benefits and also shortcomings will remain a puzzle. I am starting to question my time spent in front of a computer screen. Knowing I could be a lot more productive elsewhere, my new year’s resolution is accordingly.
On this 2nd Sandy Hook Event anniversary, there are family photos and sob stories everywhere. Even one reminiscent of a professional modeling photo of Ms. Lewis, probably from her portfolio. There are siblings on park benches with Sandi Hook victims’ names inscribed, and on and on.
What is missing, and what would be appropriate for this occasion, is a photo of each victim’s grave with a small American flag next to it. Why not?
Yes Anne, you would expect to find them in the cemeteries honoring their dead. That is what normal people do under the circumstances.
Of course, there isn’t the access to media in the cemetery, usually. I’m looking forward to the lighting of the 20 Christmas trees. It will set the tone for “Amputee Day” just around the corner.
Here’s another opportunity to comment, not that it will change anything, but sure makes me feel better for speaking up to the other side! Do not think they except urls here.
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/12/14/newtown-shooting-anniversary/20400127/
There’s that “resiliency” again (choke!). This is likely to replace The Nativity as a Christmas tradition. They tell this tale like “Grendl’s Mother”. “Yes children, this is what it was like before psychiatry and RESILIENCE”.
Ooohhh… a new video by Betsy McGee!
Controlled Opposition Promotes Demolition
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75wE9Dzng2U&list=UUdVJR0Frm3_6LRz9mZAOfmA
I hope she gets to the mini-nukes theory in the depth she did on this one. Last go-round, many months ago, lophatt made a pretty good case for it, although I have long been partial to the Tesla technology model. For those who have not watched her earlier videos about 9/11 and the World Trade Center, her comment that the buildings were built to be destroyed might be cryptic, so go back in her archives (it’s a two-parter). Very strange stuff, but I tend to believe it.
There’s a lot in her video that would be explained by the mini-nukes. As well as other things like the diseased 1st responders and their very unusual cancers, that tritium, the amount of elements found in the dust, etc. In fact, mini-nukes explains everything better than these vague space beams.
Well, lophatt has made these points about the evidence of a nuclear event with great eloquence, and at length, here, in the past. I will not reopen that conversation just to repeat it.
But I will repeat that talk of “vague space beams” is a calumny on Dr. Wood, and I won’t have it. Tesla technology is anything BUT vague. It is proven and real. Dr. Wood postulates that it has been weaponized, and we witnessed its use that morning. No one who cares about the truth should dismiss it with such glibness. If these monsters who are behind these fake traumatic events are demonstrating their possession of such weapons, along side demonstrations of their complete control of the media, people seeking to know the truth should keep that possibility open, and not mock it in the way you are doing.
I think the best explanation is something was used which has never been revealed to the american people as a new american weapon. I also think that a little bit of “everything” from their bag of tricks was used in conjunction such as explosives.
I don’t think there was just one super weapon used.
There is a lot of information out there. The short course is at “Veterens Today”. Dr. Ed Ward, M.D., also has good information on the physics and the math.
I’m convinced. There is argument over the delivery and placement, etc., but, it really doesn’t matter. If you study the information with an open mind you’ll see it. You have to stop thinking “BOOM!”.
All of the anomalies noted by Dr. Wood can be accounted for, including the melted cars. It is an EMP phenomenon. And yes, Patrick, that applies to toilets as well.
For Patric, mainly:
I have listened to more than 20+ hours of Wood’s lectures on directed energy weapons, on free energy and on what happened to the towers. It is not very convincing. The towers were blown apart from the top down to below street level, in sequence, floor by floor. Concrete turned to micron sized dust and the steel into small iron balls the diameter of a human hair and smaller. It took around 10 seconds per tower.
Nothing that Hutchison demonstrates does anything like that. It “cold works” metal blocks, it levitates stuff if we are to believe him, and his low resolution grainy videos. It does nothing even remotely like the rapid disintegration that we see on the morning of 9/11.
The toasted cars, the remaining paper and all the other weird effects seen down town after the atrocities, bear resemblance to strong emp weaves created by neutron/nuclear bombs. Peoples injuries, the apparent readiation sickness that the 1st responders suffered and that killed them by very unusual cancers in the end, anll speak to inhalation of alpha particles with the dust.
Whe Wood claims that there’s no evidence of high temperatures at the WTC site she directly lies and discards al lot of 1st responder testimony, claiming lingering heat and molten metal. The one photo that is supposed to show “glow” without heat turned out to depict 1st responders using strong flash light into a cavity and the photo was tampered with for color temperature and such.
There may very well exist directed energy weapons. They may even have been used on 9/11 (for example on the jumpers) or other such things. But they most likely didn’t blow the towers into particles, because if we follow the evidence (Fall-out elements, tritiated water, unusual cancers in 1st responders, china syndrome molten metal, spheres in the dust, emp toasted cars, everything ) there’s overwhelming evidence of nukes at WTC NYC.
I find that the “directed energy weapons” is a diversion bottomless pit to disappear researchers into. Anything is possible in a scenario where the laws of physics no longer apply. So there could have been just about anything. I don’t believe it was “anything” since it seems so obvious what it actually was.
Yes, a lot of her video is pretty good. One problem is that all those who don’t agree with her are not “liars”. Maybe some are, but many simply can’t get their minds around this.
Molecular dissociation is very real. What she’s missing is that the cause can be something other than a “Tesla weapon”. There are signature decay patterns that happen when a nuclear device has been deployed. All of those patterns were inadvertently documented in the test samples taken when they were looking for asbestos.
There are other indicators as well. It is precisely the obvious disassociation that points to the nukes. It may be possible to have some other device responsible for this, but the nukes are known to cause the effects observed. Another, theoretical device is less likely.
The so-called Hutcheson Effect that Dr. Wood is so enamored of, is unpredictable by his own admission. I don’t believe that they would risk something of this magnitude on an uncontrollable device. I don’t claim that they haven’t developed this, I am just not aware of a functioning one at this time.
The first step is to realize that the buildings, and their contents, were sublimated. Judy Wood says “dustified”. Thermite/thermate, kerosine, TNT and moose drool don’t do that. They did not “collapse”.
This is like the narrative in SHES. You are looking at something with your own eyes and someone is telling you that you are seeing something else. The shot of that girder vaporizing and blowing away says it all.
Once one gets to that point real progress can be made. While I certainly think that some are disinformation agents, not all are. Many people simply refuse to believe this as too “out there”. Just like the airplanes.
I suppose everyone is free to think what they will. The trouble is that they will be wrong. There is no shortage of evidence here. Just because a lot of people aren’t familiar with the physics doesn’t mean it didn’t happen. This was not what they call “conventional”. The results prove it. The “toasted cars” are actually pretty easy to explain. I won’t do that here because it is a long-winded explanation, but it isn’t an unknown explanation. In fact, her observations prove it.
Very eloquently put, Lophatt! Thank you.
We have a lot to thatnk Judy Wood for. But probably not what she and most of her followers think. I believe it was her FOIA for all the photos that actually got us all the photographic evidence. She also “de-programmed” us enough to see that the towers actually dustify, that they didn’t collapse or fall – they exploded up and out and the pieces trailed dust and turned to dust on their way. That is a very important realisation for most people who have been so programmed by media as to think they actually collapsed into their footprints.
I don’t know what to make of the good Dr herself, if she believes her own theory, or if she just promotes it for some reason (such as a cover for the real events.) But I’m very sceptical of people arriving late to the truth movement with ground breaking information (Like professor Steven Jones, like dr Judy Wood, etc) especially if they claim to have known all along. Why didn’t they come forth earlier? What were they waiting for? It actuallly in many cases looks like layer upon layer of misdirection and obfuscation that is pushed when the old explanation is starting to leak.
Betty duely notes that Dr Wood was “ambush interviewed” by Jenkins. Quite true. She was asked ad hoc to sit down with Jenkins for an interview. But if you look at the footage in Betty’s own video, Gage is packing his lecture stuff while being ad hoc interviewed, so by the same definition that is also a hostile interview. Why is that OK, then?
I’m not a huge fan of Gage either. I’m honestly not a huge fan of top steered movements that are controlled. Because they are so easily controlled. He is going on about thermite. And thermite is like directed energy weapons in thes case. It may or may not have been used on 911, to some extent. But it did not disintegrate the towers. Even thermite proponent Niels Harrit’s estimate of how much nano-thermite would have to have been used makes that idea impossible. It would also have been so bright it would have been seen from outer space. It wasn’t.
Nuclear bombs are very very powerful. Thus, very very small nuclear bombs can do a lot of damage. If you fill Wembley stadium with dynamite, the same explosive power would be derived from a soccer ball sized nuclear bomb.
In the towers they could have been placed inside vending machines, in the elevator shafts, inside dry walls, anywhere. And since it’s all gone, we will never know. But we “know” they were used, some how. All the evidence is there.
Lophatt, I disagree that the collapse needs “mini-nukes,” or “directed energy,” whatever is meant by the latter. Conventional means (which I use to include nanothermite, maybe not so conventional!) fully explain what we see. The videos of the collapse of the J.L. Hudson building by Controlled Demolition, Inc., as well as of the Kingdome (on the same website), look just like the collapse of the WTC towers. They are reduced to small particulate matter in their own footprint, too–very little rubble left. Here’s that link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JP1HJoG-1Pg
Because Controlled Demolition, Inc., brought down the Murrah Building “after” the truck bomb of fertilizer and fuel oil, one cannot help conclude this company was involved in placing and setting charges there beforehand. And if they did it in OK City, they could do it at the WTC.
As for the toasted cars, they appear to be all in or around a single parking lot located well away from the towers. They could very well be explained by a separate event or mechanism from that which took place in the towers, another red herring thrown into the false flag event.
Dino, you are, of course, free to disagree. I’ll keep my position on this. I’m convinced.
Peter McPumpkin (@khunopie) says:
How about the proof that nukes even exist? Pics and videos of nuke testing has been asserted to be fake. The Japan nuke blast video show the blast wave PASSING THRU CLOUDS. The Cold War was a psy-op as was the Nuclear Arms Race. One could put the use of nukes in the same category as the moon landings – why have they not happened again?
Same with the Directed Energy theory – where is the evidence outside of the 9/11 imagery pool?
I think a lot of pre-demolition hollowing in mostly vacant towers and thermite/ tnt is the most likely scenario
Regular explosives?
http://911research.wtc7.net/talks/wtc/ndocs/tower2_exp1.jpg
It is likely that the Bali bombing was done with micro nukes, too. So they take the rubble and sink it in the sea…
I have a theory about Judy Wood that is in no way meant to discredit her or her research. I think she has been befriended by handlers. I can think of no other example that compares to the tactics employed by many of Wood’s “supporters.” Many of them use a similar tactic, that of accusing anyone discussing possibilities that don’t involve Wood’s research of being disinfo agents.
This appears to result in turning people off to her work. I’ve seen countless examples of people reacting by saying in effect, “Hey, nobody’s dismissing Judy’s work here!” or “We have a right to our opinion.” Yet, they persist in insisting that if you’re not with Wood’s angle then you’re pushing disinformation.
They also like to claim there’s an organized campaign to discredit her work or suppress it. Most of them making this claim seem to list the same culprits, which includes James Fetzer. I don’t know for sure that Fetzer even supports any particular theory or if he is misdirecting. But, it’s hard to discount that he’s apparently interviewed her as a guest on his show over a dozen times and even allowed her to guest host in his absence once. I did see that he rated her book 5 stars on Amazon, which spawned a 5,000+ thread of comments bashing him for this or that. That kind of behavior is unusual and seems to me almost cult-like.
I don’t envy the position that Judy Wood is in. She’s not likely to be as expert at public relations or marketing as she is at science. If Wood was a well-funded corporation with a marketing department, I have no doubt that her influence in the truth movement would be significant and she would be a respected figure. But, with the reality being that her supporters are largely unregulated (for lack of a better word) it just seems unlikely that her work will be seen for what it is in the near future. I remain neutral on what happened to the WTC complex, but find the notion of hijacked planes meritless and most explanations for the degree of pulverization to be unsatisfactory.
And there is the suspicious death of her assistant/student Michael Zebuhr (murdered March 19, 2006).
Just because one 9-11 well-known “researcher” is persecuted and appears to actually be fired from her position and one of her students was mysteriously killed, does not make this well-known researcher right in her “theories” nor does it make her right and sincere in her agenda. It does not make her “theory” not right either. She did have a series of horrible “coincidences happen to her, she was deliberately run over by a truck while on her bicycle in 2006, as well as to several of her students.
That kind of thing is part of deep multi-layered psyops against us.
I would additionally state that Michael Zebuhr’s death was more closely related to sabotage of Pons and Fleishman’s “cold fusion” theory and Eugene Mallove’s journalistic work in his book, Fire and Ice.
When you get to the subject of “free energy”, ever renewable and free for all the people of the world, you naturally are getting too close of the fire, and many mysterious deaths and psyops will be set in motion.
The energy industry is basically the same as the international banking cabal, and the BigPharma industry is closely related to the petrochemical (energy) industry.
These are world control issues, not simply USA domestic “false flag” or “hoax” events.
I was not stating that as evidence for or against her theories. I was stating it as a fact that it was a suspicious death. I haven’t looked into it closely enough to state why I think it happened, although the circumstances surrounding it are curious, and it was murder not an accidental death.
I also hold Dr. Wood at arm’s length because when I was learning about her and her work, she never stated an opinion about anything. She would always state, this is the evidence, here is the evidence, see that there? here is another picture, look at this, isn’t this interesting? all with a coy little smile; she never once EVER said what she BELIEVED, what the evidence added up to, even when asked point blank. She always said, I am just showing evidence. She may have since come out with a statement, This is what I think happened, I don’t know, haven’t looked at her work in years.
That approach is eventually what caused me to turn away from her work: hell if she can’t make up her mind after studying evidence for years, why do I need to listen to her? I can just look at all the pictures myself. I dislike cat and mouse games, and a number of these researchers play them.
” She would always state, this is the evidence, here is the evidence, see that there? here is another picture, look at this, isn’t this interesting? all with a coy little smile; she never once EVER said what she BELIEVED, what the evidence added up to, even when asked point blank. She always said, I am just showing evidence.”
Nice summary of JW’s style with which I also became similarly vexed. I did not express it as nicely as you, but I would post statements like “Dr. Wood will never say what the heck she is saying.”
All of the main researchers focus on that word “evidence” but I see big variances in how each define “evidence.” We do not have on-the-scene true forensic evidence for the most part in any of these false events. We have dates of internet documents, and videos and still photos and government reports and a few FOIA releases.
Another focus of the different researchers is adhering to the true “scientific” approach but that fails for Dr. Stephen Jones and Gage et.al.
Dr. Judy Woods’ book is not really research toward an hypothesis or theory. It is a nice catalog or compendium of data points. She never interprets the data. Whenever anyone states that she stated something, she is quick to say ‘No, I did not say that.’ But she leaves it there. She never will say what she is stating. She is a crafty manipulative woman who has apparently amassed a large collection of mindless groupies.
Right—well put, Heather. I remember thinking the same thing.
musings says:
Any thoughts on Sydney? It reminds me of school drills where students are led to believe a gunman is for real, but it turns out to be a “drill” (not a very good one) gauging the reactions of the school children if someone actually did break in.
Although I have not pored over the “evidence” of the raid on the chocolate/coffee shop, it doesn’t seem as serious as all the riot geared police would make it seem.
An employee arrives, the other employees wave him away.
Some women are allowed to escape.
There is only one gunman holding a whole bunch of people.
Iconic Sydney opera house is shut down because of a suspicious package. Some other places are evacuated.
For a Muslim fanatic, it’s kind of interesting that the demands are to talk to the PM and for an ISIS flag. Talking to the PM (or President) would be something a native Ausralian (or American) might ask to do, because they’d have a need to assert power in a conventional sense, the sense they grew up with where the chief executive mattered.
This is just my surface impression of the situation, and I really have no idea. But the worldwide publicity is very sure this is something coming out of Muslim terror – and of course, even in the face of the torture memo, it justifies the Global War on Terror: Headlines blare “And we thought Sydney was safe!!!” Oh, how wrong they were, but perhaps not in the way they are supposed to think.
Musings, I watched a little of that today and read some articles. Of course we have the perpetrator’s whole life story, as usual, right out of the chute.
I haven’t really formed an opinion yet. I have noted anomalies. There was a burst of shooting when they entered the cafe. Then silence. A few minutes later there was another burst. If the wounded are really wounded it could be from that.
There was also the medics. They were right in front of the door. Supposedly it was “all clear”. There were gurneys, etc.. For some reason they hand-carried a wounded woman out for her photo op. Why? It was dramatic but not therapeutic. A second woman right behind her was wheeled away in the normal fashion.
When it was safe for the medics, they still were seen running with the hostages. Why?
They said that he was accused of murdering his wife. They didn’t say why he was loose. I suppose he must have been acquitted.
They said he had over forty sexual assault claims filed against him. He must have been as holy as Rasputin.
Did I mention he was Eye-ranian?
He was supposedly stalking the Prime minister. With a record like that you’d think they’d at least deport him to New Zealand.
Busted? Drill held at same exact Lindt Café location in Sydney last year
Please excuse if this has already been posted.
Imagine that! A drill just like all the other psyop hoaxes.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0xK9MLLdLU&feature=em-uploademail
Hi Elfmom….here is another piece of info for you to examine….
5 Reasons to Question the Official Story of the ‘Sydney Siege’
Brandon Turbeville
Thanks Bev, good article.
http://www.activistpost.com/2014/12/5-reasons-to-question-official-story-of.html
Well that didn’t work…ha ha…
Here’s a little more on this:
There have been other questions raised as well. Most notably, there is a Jewish run competitor right across the street from this cafe and, as the say in real estate (and 7/7), “location, location”.
I should also mention that there was much talk of “drill gone live” immediately after this began. It seems that they indeed have a drill there recently.
So, either we are being manipulated, or these “lone-nut, religious fanatic” shooters just follow the drill schedule and can’t help themselves.
At the very minimum, it is being seriously exploited. It is statistically unlikely (to say the least), that something like this would happen that involved an iranian ex-pat, coincidentally.
It is something like the odds of having a bus explode in London right across the street from Tavistock (and the cameras just happened to be broken). It could happen……..not!
Pedantic Skirt says:
Yes they seem to ramping up the propaganda machine as of late. Noted to my husband, there are probably dozens of hostage situations all over the world everyday, but let the news all stop to cover this one particular event.
Likewise the Sony internet breach coverage is equally bizarre. Do not really give a rats arze about who said what, or bombshells on how unsuccessful movies are and have they been stolen pre-release? Does that make new criminals on those that download them and now we hear movie theaters that show one certain movie will be attacked by terrorists?
Find this blurb from the NYT telling, “Sony is the only entertainment company without some kind of news operation somewhere in the corporate mix.”
So all entertainment companies are also involved in the news business, except this one which surely has to go. Or is it the free internet that has to go?
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/15/business/sony-pictures-demands-that-news-organizations-delete-stolen-data.html?_r=1
Skirt, while it is undeniable that there are more of these put out every day lately, I doubt very much that there is anything “natural” about them. I mean, there isn’t something in the water that makes people do this. I’m equally sure that they aren’t “copy cats” either.
I suppose you could say that it is a form of “entertainment”, although I prefer manipulation. I’ve developed a sort of checklist for these. When you see that certain camera angles are taken “in harm’s way” you can bet it’s a hoax. When you see people milling around, in and out of the “action’, you can bet its a hoax, etc..
There are often certain shots that could have come right out of Hollywood. Those are usually of the “hunk” ambulance driver who looks like a movie star, or the overly attractive female cop.
I don’t know about where you live but I don’t see people who look like that doing those jobs. The female cops here “wear comfortable shoes” and look like they want to arm wrestle. The EMT’s usually have a “unibrow” and a mullet.
The cast of some of the vids on the Sydney production looked like they were on a break from a fashion shoot. Haven been in Sydney I don’t recall that everyone walked around dressed to the nines. Of course, women being women the world over, if they went to be photographed it would be understandable.
We went from Hollywood escapism to “reality TV” to “unreality ‘news”. The plots keep getting weaker and the acting worse, but at least they don’t have to pay union scale.
There may be more to this Sony Hack Attack than meets the eye.
Obama’s trying to change the Internet into a Public Utility to be over seen by the FCC bypassing Congress.
When Sony changed “The Interview” from 12/18 to Christmas Day, I thought here we go…Now they have dropped it and stupid Paramount Pictures is shutting down that old Team America Puppet movie for drama. You see, we need SOPA through an EO Order.
This article claims they have been plotting this all year.
“At the beginning of this year, the MPAA and six studios… joined together to begin a new campaign” to determine how it could “secretly revive SOPA,” Walker alleged.
In a blog post Thursday, Kent Walker, Google’s senior VP and general counsel, wrote, “We are deeply concerned about recent reports that the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) led a secret, coordinated campaign to revive the failed SOPA legislation through other means.”
SOPA is the Stop Online Piracy Act legislation introduced in 2011, failed to pass muster in Congress after a major grassroots effort opposing it led by Google and others.
“While we of course have serious legal concerns about all of this, one disappointing part of this story is what this all means for the MPAA itself, an organization founded in part ‘to promote and defend the First Amendment and artists’ right to free expression,’” Walker wrote. “Why, then, is it trying to secretly censor the Internet?”
http://variety.com/2014/digital/news/google-deeply-concerned-about-hollywoods-anti-piracy-campaign-in-wake-of-sony-cyber-attack-1201382896/
This person went straight from Capitol Hill to head MPAA:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Dodd
Perfect, “Newtown Green” tie and all. All of this “concern” about copyrights is bunk. It is a trojan horse to control the internet.
I don’t think it would be an exaggeration to say that anything emanating from this administration is a production number. More social engineering.
Another senator from CT, interesting his wiki profile includes 4 ‘controversies’ which in reality are 4 banking frauds that he got away with and now he is in charge of the MPAA. How fitting, and now that industry has managed to commandeer the news cycle as if this is the most pressing news of the day.
Recall senator Lieberman, also from CT, stepped right up to ensure all the SH charities were following the laws, and soon there after disappeared into a fancy lawyer job that also happened to be in charge of administering a large SH fund.
Speaking of Lieberman, just what is he doing in his retirement? Wiki says he is a lawyer for NBR – U.S. Alliances and Partnerships at the Center of Global Power , just bizarre. Is there any chance the normal states can divorce themselves from these loony tunes?
http://www.nbr.org/publications/issue.aspx?id=307
Dodd was succeeded by Richard Blumenthal who has missed very few Sandy Hook photo ops. The other CT senator, Chris Murphy, is usually seen at the same events. Good for the career. Both attended the St. Rose of Lima Catholic Church memorial mass on Dec. 14th.
http://ctmirror.org/sandy-hook-remembered-with-prayer-politics-and-litigation/
Ric, there is little if any doubt that internet use will soon be “officially” policed and controlled by TPTB. All that is publically required is the alleged compromise by some alleged N. Korean hackers to cancel the release of another moronic Hollywood release. A nice, juicy cyber attack to fulfill another agenda.
Check. More internet mischief to come. Mark it.
Trolls on this site, and others like it who dare to push back, will need to find something else to pass the time.
Christo says:
I just wanted to address some issues raised by this excellent Sandy Hook video with respect to the dash cam footage presented by Sherrie QA. It is obviously very odd that no children or adult teachers can be seen exiting the school for the entire morning of 12/14/12. However, this does not conclusively prove that there was no one at the school. I don’t mean to quibble here, as I think that the missing photos of students and faculty were intentional, and their absence is significant. Whoever put that police car where it was parked knew that its dash cam would show nothing. I can’t see this as an oversight. I think that it was intended to provoke speculation in certain quarters that the school might have been closed. In fact, the children and teachers could have easily exited the school from the back, walked behind the police car through the baseball diamond and on to the firehouse, without ever being seen on the dash cam.
I am not saying that this must have happened, just that it could have. On the other hand, it is also possible that few students were there that day even though the school was not closed, for reasons I have detailed elsewhere. As I have argued previously, I think that it would have been very difficult to conceal a closed school from the general public of Newtown. Too many dog walkers, and kids looking for a place to throw the ball around would have questioned the empty building. You can’t create the illusion of an operational school without school busses coming and going, and you can’t do that without having children on board. Unless the whole place was cordoned off, someone would have seen something and said something.
So why am I highlighting the dash cam footage if it is so inconclusive?Because it suggests that the “school was closed” angle was written in to the script from the beginning, to misdirect those who might question the official story. The people who plan these things have learned over the years that skeptics can be confused and ultimately banished to obscurity by leading them up a blind alley where their claims become preposterous. To this end they seed these flaws into the narrative, then send in the controlled opposition to promote them to the rest of us.
With this thought in mind, I want to propose an explanation for an anomaly in the WTC debris which is the subject of the video linked to above. Proponents of the Judy Wood “space beams” theory of the demolition argue that the oddly burnt cars hundreds of feet from the towers cannot be explained by the consensus view that explosives, and thermite charges in particular, were the cause of the destruction. But what if thermite charges were actually placed in these cars beforehand to create just this conundrum. It is likely that wireless technology was used to initiate the charges in the buildings, so why couldn’t it have been used to remotely melt a few cars as well? Then we have an anomaly that can’t be readily explained by controlled demolition, thus creating an opening for “conspiracy theorists” (controlled opposition) to look for “extraterrestrial” explanations. Such theories are kooky, technically impossible (see Kevin Ryan’s blog on this subject), and will never gain traction with the general public.
Re the presentation of Sherrie Questioningall, Christo, she was very careful. She never said, “This dash cam footage proves there was no evacuation.” Instead, she said, “The dash cam footage does not support what the dispatch tape says is going on at the same time.”
As for your theory about the toasted cars, that’s interesting, and does address why those particular cars in that particular parking lot well away from the towers were toasted. And I like it because it uses technology we are familiar with. I have never seen this term “directed energy” defined. Do they mean lasers, or what? And where is the beam supposed to originate from? I tried to watch Prof. Judy Wood’s video on this, and the beginning was so poor and unprofessional, wasting so much time, I could not stick it out.
dino, I have no idea why Christo attributes to Dr Wood the proposition of “space beams.” Weird. She postulates Tesla technology, and does not speculate on how it is deployed–only that we know it exists.
It is not lasers, and certainly the term “directed energy” is misleading, because that is a category conventional research falls under. Tesla’s work is verboten to reference in mainstream chat. It is free energy, infinite in supply, available everywhere in the universe. Can’t have that being known to the public. But the powers who stole it have certainly weaponized it. The video states this notion as well as anyplace I have seen.
Also, if you want to hear great interviews with Dr. Wood, Rollye James did some fantastic ones, where she really gets to explain her research. You can find them on Wood’s site, or go to http://www.rollyestream.net/downloading.html
Patrick, thank you for the compliment regarding “directed energy”, nuclear or otherwise. As you know I have never ridiculed Dr. Wood’s work. I think she got it largely right. I just happen to think that she has a “blind spot”, for some reason, on a couple of evidence items that she refuses to acknowledge.
She certainly got it right with regard to the effects and the materials. After all, materials are her specialty. She also categorically discounts government involvement. Go figure.
I should have said “police report” rather than “dispatch tape” above, it appears. Also, the way she said it was, “They don’t match.”
Also, Christo, rereading what you wrote–seeing you invent reasons why Sherrie’s very clear analysis could be wrong, such as the hoaxsters having built in a false trail for researchers to follow, leading them to conclude the school was closed when, in fact, the police took the children out the back–well, I think I see a disinfo agent at work, and it is YOU.
I don’t think you can call it a “blind alley” which can confound skeptics when you consider the totality of the evidence that it was a closed school, not the least of which was the poor state of repair of the parking lot and the lack of markings mandated by law. So of course they had to destroy that and the rest of the substandard facility. Do you have any idea how rich that part of Connecticut is? It’s not called the “Gold Coast” for nothing.
I have relatives who live near there. I have been in the area. I live in a similar environment. The game is to keep up the public schools so they are just as attractive as the private day schools, which compete directly with them for warm bodies.
That’s why your argument seems a non-starter, as the case is a circumstantial one, with a pile of other evidence besides the non-view of the evacuation of the school. They don’t especially need to make provisions for the skeptics, when everyone in the media, superficial thinkers that they are and more interesting in drama than truth, have signed on. “They” would not even need to lay traps for us because they can rely on the believers (who are the vast majority) to stifle criticism. After all, what’s not to like in the gun control mental health angle for them?
All true, musings. In addition, Christo wishes to believe that the kids were taken to the firehouse, but the video supposedly taken that day makes it abundantly clear that THEY DID NOT GO THERE. It;s just a bunch of actors circling the building, and genuine reporters being chased away by hostile set coordinators. If the video everyone has been shown about the firehouse is false, and kids really were sheltered there, the story breaks down just as surely as if the school was defunct.
The evidence for the school being long abandoned is too abundant to brush aside. I, for one, always repair to the fact that the handicapped spots in the parking lot evidenced no blue, and no public school anywhere would define the Americans With Disabilities Act for decades.
And of course, you are absolutely right that that dump is impossible to imagine the very rich sending their kids to.
That’s DEFY.
Absolutely Musings, don’t forget that they hyped the idea that people from NYC came all the way to little Newtown just to have their darlings enrolled in such a fine school.
Of course, all of this is circumstantial. But, most evidence is just so. The “preponderance” of the evidence suggests that it was not a functioning school.
Even some of the footage in “the Report”, could have been taken anywhere. Wherever that was it was a pig’s sty.
Let us not forget the tale of the miraculous “recreation” of the former school in all its unspoiled glory. The whole story is like a house that’s eaten up with termites and somebody keeps slathering plaster on it hoping no one will notice.
As Hunter Thompson said; “when the going gets weird, the weird get going”. They are going to keep pushing this against impossible odds and insist that “you’re either with us or against us”. This thing has given corruption a whole new meaning.
tyrannynews says:
I too felt the claims of how people were flocking to the area just so their kids could attend SH to be nonsense. So, I made a comparison with the school up the street from me…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbOeKzIVVnc
Nice video, and to the point. It follows a pattern, “listen to what we say, not what you see”.
Christo, I like your idea of how they program in false trails. That is true, though there are several reasons to doubt the school was operational, not just that dash cam video. Repeat, several good reasons. Read Dr. Fetzer’s articles on VeteransToday.
You do not seem to have researched 9-11 extensively from all angles. There were some who sarcastically referred to Dr. Judy Wood’s theory as “space beams.” However, If you had followed her 14 or so radio shows on Dr. Fetzer’s radio shows several years ago, you would know that she herself named several places from which directed energy weapons could be directed and from space was one of those.
Also she named her computer files that people could access on her site to tell about her “theory”, which she claims is not a theory and not even an hypothesis in any usage of those terms, filenames like
StarWarsBeam1.html
StarWarsAppendix1.html
StarWarsAppendix1.html#ExtraReading
StarWarsAppendix1.html#Possibilities
StarWarsAppendix3.htmla
So all the sarcasm directed at her by the term “space beam” is of her own making. She should have known better.
Don’t want to get into discussing 9-11 theories here, but it is still extremely important and one does best in just not fully subscribing to any theory out there. The entire 9-11 “truth movement” has been infiltrated by the worst elements of the blotters of these false events and the degree of misinformation and disinformation inserted into 9-11 truth discussion is off the charts.
Christo –
You are missing a major and very compelling, convincing proof of lying with Sherrie’s video, which I will admit missed it on the first viewing also.
She is reading an officers report that is based on viewing this actually dash cam video. He is reporting seeing evacuations that did not occur. He reports precise times and numbers of children that were not there.
While I can appreciate you all’s passion on proving 911, this would not be the forum to hash out old debates. My opinion is that our only hope is to bust the fresh frauds, as it appears many commenters on various sites on not at all convinced SH happened.
Wonder how receiving millions in charitable contributions works tax wise. Heard on the radio today, although every one knew Al Capone was a murderer and major mafia criminal – they only got him on tax evasion in the end.
Yes, exactly. So, if we’re looking at the same video that was allegedly the source of the transcription then the time stamp should match the action.
To all who have commented on “the” dash cam video; there were MULTIPLE dash cam videos (I painstakingly watched every moment of every one of them) which showed ZERO SH staff nor children being evacuated from ANY building exit (multiple angles as well).
The argument will be presented that we do not see an evacuation because the content has been redacted. Fine. Tell me WHY such footage would NEED to LAWFULLY be redacted. Its ludicrous.
Forget the redactions. If you time each redaction (which I did), you will find that THERE ISNT ENOUGH TIME WITHIN EACH REDACTION TO ALLOW FOR ANYONE TO BE ESCORTED ACROSS THE SH PARKING LOT.
The argument is so patently absurd that any debate is unwarranted.
Joseph, I’m not arguing anything. I’m making the statement that, according to “The Report”, the transcriptions are done FROM THE VIDEOS.
That is obviously not the case. So we have a sworn statement that the transcriptions are a true and accurate record of what the transcriber saw.
The other point I was trying to make is that there were other cars with video in the area (lots of them). If they are trying to sell the idea that the action was occurring off camera, why not show us footage from another unit that shows this?
I’m saying that this is purely an example of the same type of obfuscatory narrative that can be found throughout the whole operation. You are looking at a purple giraffe and they are telling you it is a green pig in a red tutu.
A lot of the frustration from investigating this is due to being played for a fool. The arrogance is obvious. When questioned they simply up the ante. They are showing all of us their middle finger.
Lophatt, my comment was not at all directed at you, but rather to those who find ANY official validation from these dash cam vids. I especially want to indict Shannon Hicks, whose alleged 10:09 photo splashed across every front page in the world, making her, in my mind, the photog poster child for the NWO.
Actually my comment was meant as an encouragement to the vast majority of MHB participants, as well as those who read without posting.
Christo, It is true that without a full panoramic view it isn’t possible to say that nothing was happening. However, the transcript in the report states that the written report is a narrative based on the dash cam video. That in itself would make it defective.
You could say that the pantomime going on in front of the car that seems to indicate that they are directing others behind it could be the students. The problem for them is that they said it was transcribed by watching the video footage and, clearly, that isn’t so.
To take it a step further, there was no shortage of police cars. I assume most of them have video as well. Where is it? To accept this as “evidence” would require ignoring the transcription as compared to the video and assuming that something was happening off camera.
lilsen says:
Here’s a video of three dash cam recordings side by side:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9XLc1EpKv0
I find it important to note that one of the three time stamps was actually off by 1:20 min, a flaw that Sherry didn’t take into consideration in her portion of the documentation and thus cannot arrive at an accurate evaluation of the material — according to this video comment by brendan hunt:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ny5vzpyiPus
I haven’t verified these claims yet, just recently stumbled upon his remarks and wonder what IMS has to say about the matter…
Without knowing for certain the opinion of the others in the group, I can say I’m partly to blame for not putting the brakes on that segment just to make clear that the timing was not to be taken as absolutely accurate. At the time we released the video, I wasn’t aware of the 1:20 discrepancy but did note a few seconds variance. That didn’t cause me to think the segment lost any of its value.
What I am considering is a 3-dimentional look at the evacuation time frame. In this, I would sync the 3 source videos and add positioning of the cameras into the mix. I would do this by setting up a 3D stage and place the videos into that set exactly as the vehicles were positioned. I’d also add the rough shape of the school and parking lot features.
What this would enable me to do is as quickly or slowly as I’d like move the view in 3-d space, which I believe will greatly improve our ability to visualize the scene. Something tells me this will help confirm the likelihood that the groups of children would have exited the front entrance, hugged the school building as they headed S/W to then pass behind the camera on route to the firehouse. The problem with that though is that it would add at least double the distance as compared to simply cutting right through the parking lot.
I’d like to see bloggers here chime in on the comments section of the ABC News piece for SHE Families Suing Gun Manufacturer (I did!): http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/families-newtown-victims-sue-gunmaker-seller-27606516
Rick, it might be more effective to send email to the manufacturers. Their legal team might appreciate it. You know, when you accuse someone of negligence that caused damage, you have the burden of proving that damage actually occurred.
In addition, you get to request documents and other records and take depositions. Somehow, I can’t imagine them allowing that to happen.
But remember that a big part of the hoaxes and false flags is to enable stock plays for those on the inside track.
So if we knew (maybe we could find out) who bought put options against Bushmaster in recent months, with this exquisitely timed suit against Bushmaster we would know who stands to profit. Its stock undoubtedly has already fallen.
My guess, anyway.
Oh, how I wish I’d bought stock in school security system manufacturers before Dec. 14, 2012, too!
Dino, great point. I guess I just don’t have larceny in my soul. I hadn’t considered that aspect. This could be the gift that keeps on giving.
Posted comments there Rick and for what it is worth up voted those making sense, but with so many, did not get through them all. While the machine works hard to stifle us all, believe we have them wondering on how the propaganda machine failed….
Here’s some more:
http://www.newsforage.com/2014/12/the-absurdity-of-sandy-hook-families.html
The cartoon is pretty good, so are the comments.
Hey guys- I responded to Swan Song’s assertions in my video exposing Mary Maloney as Dawn Hochsprung:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqcQgyiPJso&list=UUV_J8–LzIOSSH5nkW06WSQ
Here is a higher- resolution image of Hochsprung/Maloney..
1. Same Wrinkles around Eyes, Mouth, Fake.
2. Same eye color, eye shape
3. Same freckle locations
4. Same hairline
http://i.imgur.com/7ZE3n5x.jpg
Case closed..
Paulstal, do you have any high resolution photos of the “two women” in other poses? Perhaps with more of their bodily stature showing?
@ Elisabeth.. there are images of Maloney Standing.. you should do an image search for “Mary Maloney St. Rose” or “Mary Maloney Newtown Bee”
If you click on the above image it is larger.. The resolution of the “Mary Maloney” image is very high in its original form.. in fact it’s huge.
Here is the original, high-res. image from Immaculate: http://www.immaculatehs.org/uploaded/faculty/mmaloney/Mary_R_Maloney.JPG
Of course, the “Dawn Hochsprung” image is the highest resolution image of her we have been shown, that is why I used it.. even though the resemblance is more recognizable in other shots.
The only thing that to me looks “different” about these “two women” is the under-eye wrinkles/indentation. I think they photoshoped the “Dawn” images and drew those strange under-eye lines in there just so it wasn’t a 100% total dead wringer.
Oh, and for the record.. I don’t even think anything besides her height should be considered in the “Body Comparison shot” and even that as you know is easy for women to change using heals etc..
Body “shape” is also easy to change by gainging weight, or wearing “shoulder bads” in your shirts- or choosing “clown like” clothing like “Maloney” has done..
Anyway, that’s just my ipinion on comparing “Body types” in images that were taken 15-20 years apart.
I don’t think they look at all alike.
One has a round face, one oval.
Their ears are different.
Their noses are different: one straight, one bulbed.
Their teeth are very different.
Their eyebrows are different.
Their necks are not only different, but the one on the right looks like she had her thyroid removed.
This is a dead end, they are not the same person in my opinion.
Some SH families filed lawsuit today:
http://touch.courant.com/#section/2224/article/p2p-82291538/
“In addition to Bushmaster, the lawsuit names Camfour, a firearms distributor and Riverview Gun Sales where Nancy Lanza, the shooter’s mother, purchased the Bushmaster in 2010.”
Anne, obviously a lawsuit could not be allowed to move to trial. In order for them to allow a suit they must have it all sewn up. Maybe they made the manufacturer an offer they can’t refuse.
The defense is obvious. This is a publicity stunt. A counter suit would be fun. Just think of all that discovery.
For all we know they may have used some of that poppy money to give to the manufacturer to “settle”. This whole thing reeks.
This lawsuit against Bushmaster is not something that was meant to be a real lawsuit to be adjudicated in a court of law. It is a deception for control of the public mind. Another hoax within the hoax.
The Ct. state attorney, Stephen Sedensky, official report on Sandy Hook showed no causal nexus between a 223 Bushmaster gun and ANY of the deaths. There would be no proof against a Bushmaster gun even if there were sincere intent of the lawsuit plaintiffs.
Dr. Fetzer’s latest radio show interviews for the second time Ct. resident independent film maker, William Brandon Shanley. Mr. Shanley filed a lawsuit against AP and the Newtown Bee — U.S. District Courthouse in New Haven. This will ask the court to make a judgement on the validity and accuracy of the Shanon Hicks famous “conga line” photo.
Mr. Shandley has an admirable plan. Check RadioFetzer.blogspot.com in a few days for the recorded show.
lohatt, I was discussing this with a friend today and you made my points. This is another propaganda stunt from the fast and the furious. Also, why did not all families join in the suit? If this suit does not go as planned, they have reserve families for Plan B.
Money is no object in this lawsuit – the coffers are full in local, state and federal tills for the desired outcome. We should not forget Bloomberg and his billions working feverously behind the scene.
You may recall that at Sandy Hook Truth we researched the Riverview Gun Sales Shop in Windsor, CT. It was not what the media wanted us to believe. Now they are conveniently of business, but being sued nevertheless.
This latest stunt will assure Sandy Hook a place in the sun forever. More like the dark side of the moon. The last publicized words from Pat Llodra were that the families would spend the 2nd anniversary in private. It was anything but private, just the way they have come to love their newfound status as celebrities.
Anne, thank you. Yes, consider that you are the government and can cause all sorts of trouble for a business. Let’s say you pay them a visit and basically say, “I’ll cover the settlement costs, and maybe a little for your trouble”, or I’LL DESTROY YOU!
Then you take the settlement as “proof” of how irresponsible gun manufacturers, dealers and owners are. Why, more legislation may be in order. Bloomberg dances a jig.
You folks forget that the denizens of Sandy Hook may be wealthy, but they are wealthy Yankees, as in “use it up, wear it out, make do, or go without” kind of yankees. If you read the Newtown Bee, they are constantly one-uping each other at school board meetings about ways to save money. “Oh shouldn’t we expand the pre-k at Sandy Hook to a full day program”….argued Dawn Hochsprung at one meeting…”No no no” said a parent, “the half day program shows gains equivalent to the full day one by the third grade level.” “Why waste the money.” is the argument.The people in a position to suggest replacing the school knew that it was not long for this world. Upgrades were discussed but put on hold. Homeowners weren’t eager to increase their already high property taxes.
Part of the reason I feel so certain that this “school was closed” angle is misdirection is that Fetzer is ALWAYS misdirecting. He did it with the Kennedy Assassination by pushing the Judith Very Baker story. This was done because her (fabricated) testimony contradicts the research of John Armstrong, who has shown that the conspiracy reached to the highest levels of the CIA and FBI. (I will provide a link on this in a follow up if anyone wants it.) In fact, it was a systemic conspiracy, not the work of isolated individuals like Ferie, Bannister, Shaw and “Oswald”. This is just an update of the “lone nut theory”. The “lone nuts theory”.
Fetzer does it again with 911 by pushing Judy Wood’s “directed energy beams”. Kevin Ryan has shown that the energy needed to accomplish this is astronomical; a technical impossibility. And Fetzer is doing it now with the “school was closed” refrain. Wolfgang Halbig, who also pushes this, is just the American version of Andrew MacGregor, also a former police official, who was the misdirector for the Port Arthur shooting. That shooting was just as fake as Sandy Hook. All of these guys are pushing the idea that the school was closed.
Christo, I have nothing but respect for Dr. Fetzer. He has his issues, like all of us. If there is a fault it is in his willingness to “go all the way” on something, sometimes prematurely.
I have never seen an instance of deliberate misdirection. Since his involvement with Dr. Wood, he has now changed his position to nukes. I happen to agree with him. That is the sign of someone who is willing to change his opinion when new evidence appears. That is exactly as it should be.
I am more cautious than he, but I admire his enthusiasm and courage. He’s one of the good guys. You are free to your opinions on JFK. Dr. Fetzer has done extensive research on this as well. I haven’t seen any fatal flaws in his logic.
How did Fetzer “misdirect” with the Judith Vary Baker story? Yes, provide your link, Christo.
I’ve just read “Dr. Mary’s Monkey,” and it’s firmly supported, about the work being done in New Orleans on monkey viruses. The author really checked Judith Vary Baker out: she is no fraud. Rather than she and Oswald and David Ferrie being loners or lone nuts, the CIA is all over them–even Oswald’s mother, for God’s sake!
dinophile- “Oswald” had two very different looking mothers because there were two “Oswalds”. Lee’s (real) mother was tall, well dressed and good looking. Harvey’s ( not his real mother) was short, overweight, and poorly dressed. She is the person presented as Oswald’s mother after the assassination. All of them were working for US intelligence. This whole story is very well researched in John Armstrong’s “Harvey and Lee”. Misdirectors in the JFK research community are constantly trying to debunk Armstrong’s findings because they prove that the conspiracy was widespread and originated at the very top of America’s intelligence establishment.
Here is Fetzer trying to debunk Armstrong using the “recollections” of Judith Vary Baker:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWfpxiVMI58&list=UUBpXpoq5sEill4lqDjBTpWQ There is no hard evidence that Baker and Oswald had an affair, or even knew one another. They both worked briefly at the Reily Coffee Co., but that’s about it. Judith makes no distinction between Harvey and Lee. That is the whole point of her rather late appearance in the “Oswald” story.
I’ll read yours if you read mine: “Dr. Mary’s Monkey,” by Ed Haslam.
Judyth Vary Baker is entirely credible, and her story was thoroughly vetted by Haslam.
A response to Christo from Jim Fetzer, who had trouble posting this on the site:
Reading the comments here, I have been struck by their thoughtful, well-informed and relevant content–with one or two exceptions from Christo. Having devoted myself to exposing governmental complicity in JFK, 9/11, Wellstone, Sandy Hook and the Boston bombing since my retirement from UMD in 2006, I am fairly astonished to read this trash.
I organized a research group of the best qualified experts to ever study the assassination in later 1992. We established that the autopsy X-rays had been altered to conceal a fist-sized blow-out at the back of the head, that another man’s brain had been substituted for that of JFK, and that the Zapruder film had been altered, where I was the first to notice that you can see the blow-out in frame 374. Is this “misdirection”?
I have published three collections of studies by experts on JFK that Vince Bugliosi, who defends the “lone nut” theory, has described as “the only exclusively scientific books” ever published on JFK, which are ASSASSINATION SCIENCE (1998), MURDER IN DEALEY PLAZA (2000) and THE GREAT ZAPRUDER FILM HOAX (2003).
Others that are among the most important in addressing the medical evidence using scientific reasoning include BEST EVIDENCE (1980) by David Lifton and now Douglas Horne, INSIDE THE ARRB (2009). Their research is consistent with and confirms the same conclusions on most of the key issues related to the medical evidence. Since there are many contributors to my books, are we all supposed to be “misdirecting”?
On 9/11, I founded Scholars for 9/11 Truth in December 2005, organized its first national conference in Madison in 2007 and its first international conference in Vancouver in 2012. (See 911vancouverhearings.org and 911scholars.org.) I published its first book, THE 9/11 CONSPIRACY, which included a chapter by Judy Wood. Was including work from a wide range of perspectives “misdirection”?
I have published dozens of articles about 9/11 on Veterans Today, which support the conclusion that the towers were taken down using a sophisticated arrangement of mini or micro nukes. They are very well supported, which, of course, as a professional scholar who has 29 books to his name and 150 or more scholarly articles, is my practice. Are all of them also “misdirection”?
My work on Wellstone, which you can see in “The Senator Wellstone Assassination” (2005), “The NTSB Failed Wellstone” (2005), where my collaborative work on this–including my co-authored book, AMERCIAN ASSASSINATION (2004)–has been substantiated by snoeshoefilms, “WELLSTONE–THEY KILLED HIM” (2011/2013/2013). Was all of this collaborative research also “misdirection”?
I have published around three dozen articles on Sandy Hook, where, as in the case of my research on other subjects, I have revised my views with the acquisition of new hypotheses and new evidence. The school was closed by 2008 (see “Sandy Hook Elementary School: Closed in 2008, a stage in 2012”), where I am simply dumbfounded that anyone would continue to insist it was an operating school at this point in time.
We also know that there were no evacuations taking place and that Shannon Hicks’s “iconic” photograph was staged. I believe I was the first to expose that she had faked them. And I was probably the first to analyze the inadequacies of the “official report” by Danbury State’s Attorney Stephen Sedensky. Was all of this simply more “misdirection”?
My latest presentations on 9/11 and Sandy Hook have been with Bev Collins on her “911 Talks” program, where I appeared a few weeks ago on 9/11 and just this week on Sandy Hook. Check ’em out and, if you find something to disagree with me about, identify what I say and why I say it, then explain what I have wrong and how you know. You are not doing that here, for the obvious reason that you don’t have the goods.
You don’t have to have taught logic, critical thinking and scientific reasoning for 35 years to know that, unless all of my work falls into the category of “misdirection”, it cannot be the case that “Fetzer is ALWAYS misdirecting”. Indeed, I am stunned at the blatancy with which you are attempting to diminish, to disvalue and to discredit my work WITH NO PROOF AT ALL. The two cases you cite, for example, are baseless.
Indeed, talking about Judyth Vary Baker and Judy Wood together is simply bizarre. I was every supportive of Judy Wood and featured her on my radio shows 15 times. I gave her three hours to speak during the Madison conference. But I was never quite sold on her views about DEWs and was convinced by the Vancouver Hearings (2012) that the heavy lifting had been done my mini and micro nukes.
Others here have observed that Ed Haslam vetted her story and give her a clean bill of health in DR. MARY’S MONKEY. And Nigel Turner did the same for the 8th segment of “The Men Who Killed Kennedy”. So the best qualified experts on Judyth Vary Baker are on my side, not yours. The question that comes to my mind is, why are you giving out so much false information about me? One of us may be an op, but that ain’t me.
Dr. Fetzer, your efforts in so many areas are greatly appreciated. I would never attempt to malign your work or your character.
Changing an hypothesis when better information becomes available is precisely the appropriate action. I fear that some are rather quick to form opinions and become so wedded to them that they will defend them in the face of all evidence to the contrary. Avoidance of that, sir, has been the focus of your life’s work, to teach people how to think critically and form opinions based on facts.
Thanks so much for your contributions. You’ve truly been a giant in the search for truth.
I second lophatt. I am very impressed by Jim Fetzer’s work. I have learned a lot from it (and look forward to each new instalment!)
Ditto that! I have followed Dr Fetzer’s work for a number of years now, and he invites all kinds of guests to his show, and considers all kinds of information in a very fair and scientific way. It is apparent that he is searching for the truth no matter where that might take him. He considered Judy Wood’s theories for quite a while, before partially dismissing them for not explaining what had actually happened, and because other theories fit ALL the evidence. It is typical of science to change ones hypothesis/theory according to what new evidence reveals, and not stick to an old pet theory because one has managed to paint oneself into a corner with it.
I may not agree with Dr Fetzer on everything, but I find him honest and doing scientifically sound work.
Thank you, dr Fetzer.
/Elisa
Learning about Dr. Fetzer after the Wellstone assassination, and his work in that regard, I admire his extensive work on the other events as well.
From my in-the-field recent experience at Thanksgiving, materialism is alive and well in Connecticut. A lot of the “Gold Coast” types are in the media in NYC, to which they commute. The frugal old Yankee types may still exist in dwindling numbers, but their descendants have assimilated with the rest of the world and its values. So no, cheap-ing out on Sandy Hook wouldn’t be the reason it looked like a neglected ghetto school that should have been surrounded with razor wire. There can only be one reason: it wasn’t a viable school. It was a defunct school. I’d do the Monty Python dead parrot routine if I remembered it. How many metaphors for that kind of school are there?
Musings, the preponderance of the evidence suggests it was closed. I’ve seen Fetzer’s stuff as well. We’ve seen the “Report” footage as well, although that could have been shot anywhere.
Then we get the Chinese lessons before school, etc., to mitigate against closure. I keep saying that the maintenance and support staff could be critical in settling this once and for all.
Nonetheless, the film we saw looks more like an old school that is closed and possibly has business or school administration activities still going on inside. It does not look like a place for kids.
You know the rest. School demolished, $50M replacement. Whatever the reason for that it certainly doesn’t naturally ‘follow’ the storyline.
So, for those with doubts, consider that you would have to be crazy to believe this tale in its entirety. Not only do things not happen like that, the reaction to them is not even similar. This is the product of very poor writing and someone’s fevered imagination.
Fascinating new angle to the Sandy Hook incident in this article posted on insanemedia.net:
http://www.insanemedia.net/sandy-hook-and-the-new-world-order/5402
John, yes I read this earlier today. I’m not sure what I think yet. The connections to Chinese trade seem straightforward enough, but I’m still processing the other bits.
There is the Peter Lanza/Cudiner (his new wife) connection. There is the alleged “Adam” taking language classes. There is the alleged offering of Chinese language classes at SHES before school.
I agree that some of the players belong to groups that appear to have specific tasks within this operation. I agree that every aspect of it is in accord with the NWO agenda.
I don’t know what to make of the “Newtown Bee” printing an article in Chinese on 12/14/12.
I get the author’s implication that they are trying to show that they’re working on a climate more acceptable to China. I think he is trying to say that the whole state is pushing this and that Newtown was a show piece.
This still leaves the problem of whether the school was open or not. It also raises issues of “Adam”, both as a real person and as a strange recluse with darkened windows who drives to Chinese lessons every morning. Is he implying that he was there that morning because he came for language lessons?
There certainly seems to be connections, as usual. It isn’t totally clear how they all tie together and they all can’t be right. I wonder where one goes to continue their Mandarin studies now that the school has bee bulldozed?
Wow, thanks for posting. BTW, Mandarin is being taught in charter schools in FL at the KINDERGARTEN level.
I agree that it would be too conspicuous for the school to be closed. However Sandy Hook was clearly in disrepair going by the crime scene photos. It would be logical to stage an event at a school that was on it’s last legs so to speak with a skeleton staff and a few small classrooms.
As much as I agree that it would appear too conspicuous for the school to be closed for all the above stated reasons, the photo evidence of SHES makes a strong case for a very poorly maintained building, inside and out, that supposedly was housing close to 500 students and dozens of staff and supporting staff.
Here’s a new helicopter video (at least I had not seen this before) of footage of the exterior allegedly filmed that day. Take careful note of what appears to be rather fresh white markings on the blacktop roadway adjoining the parking lot from approximately 2:50-3:15 into the video. “CBYD,” or Call Before You Dig, clearly marks two rather large sections of the road.
We know from Newtown Board of Ed notes that there were discussions about declining enrollment and the possibility of building closings. Does this discovery (CBYD) suggest they were already planning the demolition?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWIk-kI2PVQ&spfreload=10
John, do you see any bicycles? I know that I rode my bike to school, even when it was cold.
That is the most deserted elementary school I’ve ever seen. All the cars lined up, just so. It looks like what it was, a drill.
Lophatt,
Good question. I’ve watched every known video to date that alleges to be shot on 12-14-12. I have not seen one bike or bike rack anywhere.
There is a CBS “live” helicopter video from that evening making the rounds on Youtube that appears to reveal yet another anomaly of this event. There was an abundance of portable lighting set up in the SHES parking lot; but, for the life of me, the only other installed lighting I can locate anywhere outside the school is two lights above the “Sandy Hook Elementary” lettering in the area where the black Honda alleged to belong to Nancy Lanza is still positioned.
As a retired high school teacher who taught for 33 years in a district similar to Newtown’s population breakdown, I can unequivocally state that all parking lots, as well as all fronts and corners of functioning school buildings I have taught in and visited over the years are well lit at night. They have to be for the most obvious of reasons- safety.
Where are the lights at SHES?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NuNMvjhalYA&spfreload=10
John, yes, exactly. Just glancing at it casually you are struck by the feeling that “something’s missing”. My wife worked both at a university and for a public school district for many years. I’ve made hundreds of visits to schools. They are ALL lighted at night.
I have never seen an elementary school without bicycle racks. I’ve never seen a campus where nothing was stirring, not even a maintenance man.
According to the timeline, there should have been busses lingering from having just dropped students. There would be parent’s cars as well. Where did they go and how did they leave? The road was blocked.
In Gene’s story, “a bus driver” dropped off kids. Are they saying that, after a shooting, at an unscheduled time, they had a bus driver pick up six kids and drop them at Gene’s? Why? How did he get there?
It boggles the mind.
This is proof positive it was not a functioning building, there would be lighting along the whole perimeter and emergency exits clearly lit up.
In the NE, the children go to school in the dark and leave in the dark during these short winter days.
A building contractor commented long ago with this rarely seen aerial of the roof – it is not a functioning building. We should expect to see shiny aluminum pipes and other air handling equipment. Instead, they did a shoddy job of white washing the roof and it appears what equipment is there is shrink wrapped in white. On a cold day, a visible stream of steam would be seen coming from the boiler.
There is also a few seconds view of the ‘playground’ that appears to be a pile of rusted metal and some plastic that is thrown together in a trash heap.
Skirt, yes, even with this, it isn’t “proof positive”, it is just strong circumstantial evidence. It is the same here too. Dark morning and night.
Besides, even if they wanted to cheap out on lighting, the insurance (risk assessment) wouldn’t let them. Too much liability.
The roof is very bad. It appears to be a “built up” roof. The white should be rocks. If its black it means the rocks are gone and all that’s left is tar.
My guess would be that they either used this for storage or maybe some small administrative tasks for the district. They don’t mind freezing the staff, the kids are another matter.
For the record (and for the videomakers, commenters, etc.!): circumstantial evidence is good evidence. In many cases, it is better than direct evidence (which would be eyewitness testimony, notoriously fallible).
In point of fact, the Rules of Evidence do not distinguish between direct and circumstantial evidence. The key word, instead, is relevance: if it is relevant, it is admissible in court (unless “its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury […]”).
The lack of lighting around the school, the lack of steam coming out of boilers on that cold day, and the physical state of the property not meeting the standards of a safety code or regulation in effect at the time of the event, would all be admissible on the question of whether the school was operating that day. (The lack of light and steam might even be considered direct evidence.)
Dino, you are, as usual, correct. I’m not saying what I’m saying with a view toward proving this in court. As much as I would like to see that happen, there is about as much chance as me becoming a triple lottery winner.
I am reasonably satisfied that the school was not functioning as a school, (unless in some very limited fashion). The reason I’m looking for “the smoking gun”, is that it would pretty much put an end to the whole charade.
I don’t think I’ve misspoken about the nature of evidence. I agree that it can be persuasive and compelling, perhaps even more so than “direct” evidence. I suppose I’m trying to “eliminate the jury”. The reason being, this isn’t such a hard thing to dispose of.
Whether the school was open or not should not be a matter of opinion. It was either open for business, or it was not. All of the evidence “suggests” it was not, but this is not something that should be difficult to prove one way or another.
That is why I think it is the weak link to this operation. A lot of the other stuff is speculative. This is not. Whether Dawn (or “Mary) had a face peel or not may be interesting, but it isn’t definitive.
I suspect that this was a strong motivator in the rush to destroy the evidence. Many, many things in this are “things that make ya’ go, hmmmm?”. Whether the school was open or not is a show stopper.
Interesting story here on the question of lawsuits by SH families:
http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/sandy-hook-families-suit-against-gun-maker-will-test-federal-law/ar-BBgQAzT?ocid=mailsignout
Has anyone looked into this?
(Apologies if someone has already referred to it here, I don’t have time to check every post here.)
I found out who was playing Dawn Hochsprung and she’s alive.. does anyone care?
This is not a joke and I am 100% Sure it is in fact the same person as Dawn Hochsprung, just aged..
Remember the St. Rose of Lima “Confusion”.. Where they had 3 bomb scares called in etc.. “Adam Lanza” attended there… They showed the police running in etc. etc. etc.?
Who is the principal at St. Rose of Lima (or who was)? Mary Maloney.. Has anyone noticed that Mary Maloney looks exactly like Dawn Hochsprung?
Here’s the comparison:
http://i.imgur.com/nMNB8a7.jpg
This is TOTAL proof of hoax.. End of story..
Sure looks pretty convincing to me, now can anyone zero in to see if this person communicates with the Hochsprung daughter or is her name an alias too?
mathewmeyerotto says:
For me the most telling portion are the teeth. Both women have sharp lateral incisors. I have a round lateral incisor as do most people. Here is a photo with the tooth names:
http://www.dentalartandscience.com/images/toothnames1.jpg
They have exactly the same teeth, hairline, nose, wrinkles, eyes, eye color… She even has a lazy eye that shows up in “both women”…
Because it’s the same person.
That’s exactly correct Mathew. The teeth match up perfectly after the image is flipped horizontally. Her lazy eye also matches better if the image is flipped horizontally.. so either the “Dawn” images have been flipped, or her staff photo was flipped.
Then, they changed the hue to give her a more “red” look and just had her wear a ton of old woman style makeup, put her in clownish looking clothing, with the world’s dumbest “wave comb forward” haircut, way-too red lipstick, and you’ve got yourself exactly what we see-
Take a look at those eyes- those are very recognizeable eyes- not only are they obviously the exact same shade of brown, but the shape of the eye- notice the crows feet wrinkles near the eye, and how they are exactly the same in “both women”.
Their noses and chins are different. I don’t think the teeth on both are that clear. One woman looks very Irish, the other doesn’t, and from my experience could be from Eastern Europe or Germany, ethnically.
No, the noses and the chins are not different.
Frankly, I have to respectfully disagree that the two women are the same. “Dawn” has a ton of sun damage to her skin, and her features suggest a different ethnicity to me. She’s probably one of the clowns up from Florida who do crisis acting (plenty at Boston Marathon too). Mary (not in quotes yet, but who knows) looks to have spent a lot of years out of harm’s way sun-wise. Which is why New England, as crummy as it is sometimes, can have a hidden benefit.
In every image, “Dawn’s” skin looks different- in some it looks like she has nice skin.. It’s funny how much variation there is.
But it’s for sure the same person. I am very good at facial analysis, and every single wrinkle matches up, as does the nose, teeth, hairline, eyes, and cheeks, chin, well, everything.
Dawn Hochsprung is 100% Without doubt just based on younger images of Mary Maloney.
Also, It’s amazing how blurry most of the shots and videos of “Dawn” are.. and the only “sharp” enough one looks wrinkle-for wrinkle like Mary Maloney..
Oh, and you’ve heard of makeup, right? It’s pretty easy to get rid of freckles and blemishes.. women are pretty fond of it actually… smear it all over their faces, and neck down to their neckline…
Some women even have fat injected under their eyes to fill up their sunken looking eyes.. it’s actually a rather common thing.
Musings, me too. Besides, even if they were, what does it prove? We already know it was a hoax. I am not good with faces, admittedly. But, even to me, they have similarities, but are not the same person.
They would have no need to select someone from the local pool. They could have picked anyone they wanted for the part. How would we know?
There is also confusion about “Adam” going to St. Rose. For that matter there is confusion over whether he actually existed. They showed us a picture of him (allegedly). Do you believe that was a normal photo?
Several photos are obviously from another era. They are as useful as discards from the animated film “Roger Rabbit”. Whoever cut this thing threw whatever they thought useful into the final mix.
Well, the women are quite alike, but I’m fairly good with faces and my feeling is that they are not one and the same. BUT. And it’s a bit but. I believe there’s a reason for them being so alike. I suspect one acted the other. Just like with Lanza and Haddad. Lanza may not have been at #37 but rather that Haddad was occasionally there, went to bars, Parents club or whatever it was. And people around them remember a blonde woman looking about like that and that she must have been Lanza. Same thing could have been going on with Hochsprung and Maloney.
Someone noted that Hochsprung had sun damaged skin. In fact, I feel that Haddad does too, in comparison with Lanza. Florida office of Crisis Actors, maybe?
Chemical Peels, botox, fillers, laser … any of those procedures or a good application of liquid foundation, which neither woman may have worn when younger, can certainly change one’s skin complexion … and make it less blotchy …
There also seems to be a large discrepancy in height. Hochsprung appears short while Maloney appears both tall and large. I say “appears” because with camera angles and other things such things can be worked on. There aren’t very many photos of Hochsprung. I’m beninning to doubt Maloney could have acted Hochsprung with such large differences in bodily build.
Elizabeth, that’s an interesting thought. If I’m following you, you are suggesting that, perhaps, they mixed with the locals, etc., to plant a memory? That’s certainly possible.
If you think about it, the core group isn’t large. The psychology of groups would need to be used in order to get everyone on board. That way they could all “belong” when a reporter asked them “do you remember…….”. They could say; “oh yes, she came here all the time….”.
Of course I don’t know, but that certainly fits.
This is an interesting video from St. Rose of Lima Church/School. Its has “Mary”, I’m assuming Mary Maloney telling her story of what happened that day 12/14/12.
But, it also has that Priest(can’t remember his name) who was there and one of his stories was he was asked if he wants to Bless all the dead children. He went into the school and saw rivers of blood running out the classroom doorways and stopped there in his tracks.
Now remember, at this point NO first responder had entered the SHE school.
In the video while speaking to the church he claims he NEVER entered the school, But in a separate interview he nod’s his head in agreement when the Priest interviewing his claims he in fact THE first responder and went in and Identified the children!
That’s 3 different stories from this Guy.
That’s at about 10:30. Watch the whole video, it’s pretty good.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3rty4RXiwY
Listen to “Mary’s” story of what happened that day at St. Rose of Lima. I have never heard this before. We were all told they had a drill going on yet she never mentions a drill and claims they were threatened twice and had two separate lock downs with Guns a blazing by the cops until 4pm that day..? Strange…
Ric, thank you for bringing this extremely important video to our attention.
Someone needs to do a whole line of investigation just on what is said by Monsignor Robert Weiss and St. Rose of Lima School principal, Mary Maloney.
There are so so many inconsistencies and incongruities throughout this video that I personally am just thinking that “Monsignor” Weiss and Mary Maloney are liars and bottom dwelling slugs.
Notice all the New Age Speak mixed in with vague “Christian” spiritual counseling by the “priest” saying that …
“there are no coincidences…
“there is a plan”
We all know there are “no coincidences and that there is a plan”, “Monsignor Weiss. We just have a whole different take on that than you imply by your fake “Christian” speak.
I would mention that there is extensive coverage of A DRILL going on at St. Rose of Lima Catholic elementary school, one mile from Sandy Hook school, on the same day at the same time, as the Sandy Hook false event.
I searched online again today for the photogragh of two policemen dressed as nuns walking in a parking lot on the SRofL school. I sent the intelhub URL of that photo to Joyce Riley and was hoping I had saved the photo and URL in a Word file, but I did not. The IntelHub URL is no longer a working link. Joyce R. may have saved the photo to her site or files, not sure. We need to find that picure.
http://theintelhub.com/2013/01/15/sandy-hook-shooter-suspects-last-seen-on-stony-hill-multiple-people-in-a-van-with-masks-one-appears-to-be-dressed-in-a-nun-outfit/
http://theintelhub.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Nuns.png
server not found messages
I sure would like to find that photograph online. (IntelHub may still exist but it has mysteriously faded off the scene and they were doing some outstanding work. Wonder what happened to them.)
This Monsignor Weiss and that fakey, tear wiping, fake breaking up, speaker, Mary Maloney are truly sold out liars and I am so so ashamed of these people.
I wish someone would zero in on those two false speakers and give St. Rose of Lima school and the diocese pure Hell.
Astounding, Amazing, Unbelievable……I surrender, Chemical Peels…
I’m sorry and don’t want to be an arse. But you really need to listen to what MARY, yes the woman who everyone is comparing to Nancy Lanza says about what happened that day.
It’s insane and explains or gives cover to the video of the Cops rushing St Rose a Lima we saw on CNN which we know is bull and claims there was more going on at her school than SHE minus the 26 dead. It’s insane.
The video starts out slow but hang on and watch.
Again, Sorry for me wanting someone to see this.
Ric, nobody is confusing Maloney and Lanza. If you think that I suggest you are the confused one 😉 Possibly Hochsprung/Maloney and Haddad/Lanza…
HaHa..Sorry I meant Dawn
Just for the record- I made the video above originally, and it has been mirrored.. That’s my work above. Thanks for the compliments.
Here I took the highest resolution images of Maloney- I flipped it Horizontally and adjusted the Hue- They changed the Hue to make the same woman look like 2 different people.
You’ll see why I did that flip- Because that’s how her teeth and lazy eye match up- Whoever assembled this hoax did a horizontal flip to make Maloney/Hochsprung look a little different.
Check out this comparison: Same person FOR SURE:
http://i.imgur.com/nMNB8a7.jpg
You guys have GOT to see the above image.. haha.. It’s so OVER for this hoax.
– The Paulstal Service
Check this out guys.. 56 Cars parked “in rows” @ St. Rose of Lima..
and 56 Cars parked.. “facing forward” @ Sandy Hook..
That’s why the cars were “facing forward @ Sandy Hook”.. They were brought over in order from St. Rose and staged daily.
http://i.imgur.com/6Wzwnle.jpg
Ric, thanks for the video. Actually, Weise said that he drove to the school with two priests in a silver BMW.
How he drove and walked with a cop is unclear.
She is talking about arranging for “a funeral a day” before the bodies are even cold.
She talks about the EMT’s leaving with empty gurney’s like that is normal.
How would ha be in a position to be a “first responder” if they were still searching?
She talks about a van with suspects.
They are describing TWO drills, one at SHES and another at St. Rose.
How does a “lockdown” work with catered lunch?
If it were real, he would have a duty to bless the dead. Any priest would do that.
The simultaneous drills is too hard to wrap my mind around.
Lastly, we get the obligatory “mental health” advertisement.
So I’m left with several feelings. I’ve never belonged to a parish that would allow cops to run around (guns blazing) or police dogs scouring the area. I can’t imagine interrupting Mass.
How do these “lockdowns” originate if the administration is apparently so unaware of what’s going on? Who has the authority to do that?
This is all over the top. Is this place even real? Are all those parents going to quietly sit there with them telling them that they’ve got their kids until 4:00 P.M.? i wouldn’t.
Father Bob was the hip priest at my parish in the early 70’s. He left rather abruptly with a bad case of Hepatitis that turned him yellow and pretty much assumed it must of been drug related. If a priest declares they could not give the last rights to a dying child, he surely is a fraud.
Yeah Skirt, I could tell you a few similar stories as well. We had one who always wore dark glasses and played “Phantom of the Opera” on the organ before Mass. The send a little irish deacon to collect him.
You bring up a whole bunch of things I didn’t even address from that video. It’s loaded with many contradictions to the official story.
I have no idea when this was filmed. I just stumbled on it checking out the whole Mary, Dawn gig.
The EMT’s told to just leave with empty gurneys? Who made that call? On and On. The Van of Nuns. The MEN Nuns there at SHE.
Who was making all these threats to St. Rosa a Lima for 5 hours?
Lanza was dead before 10:00 am that morning. Who was calling them?
It just proves many Govt. agencies were involved.
Yes Ric, Anne and others looked at this early on when it was fresh. I remember the “silver BMW” because we were concentrating on the cars (all the black hondas) and I made some remarks about priests driving Beemers being unseemly.
The original tale had St. Rose having a drill sometime much earlier (like maybe a year earlier).
The whole tale doesn’t make sense. We talked about the “nuns” too. The whole thing makes my head hurt.
The Church has traditionally been a place of sanctuary. That means that you don’t let jack-booted thugs run amok on the premises. They seem to be preaching a sort of “New Age” statist theology. It is very unbecoming.
They are “modeling” something all right. It’s something I want no part of.
Wow Lophatt, your right. This is a deep rabbit hole and brings up 2 years of thoughts and pains.
But for $287, 000 a year for life I may, just maybe, be able to let this go.
Everyone here on MHB gets $287K for ALL our troubles.
Haha, but its true. I think we have suffered the most watching our own country men turn to treason for money. I know I’m being harsh and can’t prove a thing, but somethings wrong on Elm Street…..
To sound like Jim Fetzer: “The Idea that a PRIEST would be invited into a FRESH crime scene is ABSOLUTELY PREPOSTEROUS!!!”
“It has to be carefully taught.” Just in time for Hanukah and even Christmas — in a town near mine, one where the Boston Marathon passes, up Heartbreak Hill, past the gravestone of Johnny Kelly looking out through the railing of the Newton Cemetery — a woman (a long time resident of the Oak Hill section of the town, who recently moved to Boston after raising a daughter in the city, according to the article) has published a book: “Twenty Twinkling Stars.” Please connect this with the Holocaust book, “Number the Stars”.
By the way, I am NOT a Holocaust denier in any way. They killed members of my husband’s family and imprisoned his mother, as well as killing his little half-brother. But Newtown was NOT like the Holocaust, because Newtown is a fiction.
The headline above the story in Newton’s Tab (one of those papers like the Newtown Bee, I suppose, owned by outside publishing chains), reads: “Newton honors Newtown.” The woman, Laurie Schloff said she began to write the book “days after the tragedy.”
“Everyone copes with tragedy in their own way. I couldn’t stop thinking about their spirits. There is nothing more beautiful than the spirit of a child.” Oh my. Can I be rude here? Shall I number the children you don’t care about? How about the moppets who find this under the tree or the kindergarteners/first graders who have this in their classroom? How about dropping the book on Gaza?
Second-hand sentiments derived from tv interviews with Stepford Parents? Or something far more sinister.
Musings, there is money aplenty to hire the best marketing firms. As the Monsignor says, “it’s all according to plan”. There is something for everybody. There is the “schmaltzy” emotion-laden sell, and the “angry” there oughta be a law, sell.
In the other post Sutton talks about “Hegelian statists”. That’s what they are. They will enforce what the State decides is “best for us”. If they can’t get that cooperation voluntarily, they’ll impose it.
A great many find comfort in their docility. They are frightened and angered by those who are individuals. It is dangerous when they have power. They are the ones who destroy the village to save it.
“Those who the gods would destroy, first they make proud”.
Newtown families are suing Bushmaster in the wake of the Sandy Hook shooting second anniversary. Bushmaster is the gunmaker that manufactured the AR-15 semiautomatic rifle used by Adam Lanza in the Newtown, Connecticut, school shooting.
Bushmaster- owned by Freedom Group Inc.
Freedom Group- owned by Cerberus Capital Management
Cerberus- Co-founder and man at the helm- Stephen A. Feinberg
Stephen A. Feinberg’s father- Martin Feinberg
Martin Feinberg- Place of residence- Newtown, CT on 12-14-12.
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-18/cerberus-founder-feinberg-s-father-is-resident-of-newtown.html
Interesting information. Also on the “executive team” of Cerberus, in addition to Stephen Feinberg, are J. Danforth Quayle and John Snow (former Secretary of the Treasury) (with others I haven’t looked into).
Thanks John and dinophile for refreshing our memories. This one went deep into the memory hole. I’ll do some more research on these – another cast of characters.
On December 18, 2012 Los Angeles Times had this information on the subject matter:
http://articles.latimes.com/2012/dec/18/business/la-fi-mo-cerberus-freedom-bushmaster-connecticut-20121218
Boy, with all those “coincidence” little Newtown must be the center of the universe. How convenient. Got a little free advertising as well.
You are right Anne, many of these little items have slipped below the radar over time. That’s the trouble with conventional film making. You only get one shot at it and it only lasts so long. With these they can “give it a trial run” and come back and “reinvent” it if they like.
This is a sort of “mini-series”. Just think of the actors who always wanted a soap role. They finally have one.
Global Digital Solutions, “a company that is positioning itself as a leader in providing cyber arms manufacturing, complementary security and technology solutions and knowledge-based, cyber-related, culturally attuned social consulting in unsettled areas,” has filed a letter of intent to purchase Remington Outdoor Co. (Freedom Group) for $1.082 billion.
http://www.marketwatch.com/story/global-digital-solutions-files-form-8-k-announces-unsolicited-letter-of-intent-to-acquire-remington-outdoor-company-with-estimated-annual-sales-of-125-billion-and-a-purchase-price-of-approximately-1082-2014-03-11
Global’s website: http://www.gdsi.co
A Christmas miracle: while at a Christmas party this weekend, I was talking to someone about Sandy Hook and told him about the censorship surrounding WNTTAK. He said he’d like to see it (and I happen to have it downloaded), so I burned a copy and gave it to him today. Huzzah! One mind at a time…
That is a very happy story that I hope has a happy ending, one where he later reveals how much he appreciated the video and you for sharing it. I know I do.
Reece says:
Along the lines of your last comment about there possibly being more conspiracy theorists seeking the truth than we know about; I’ve said for quite a while that I suspect there are more than we know that doubt, say, 9/11, but the media must surely have to control this (as much as the official story). I sometimes suspect that if we only knew how many others doubted what we’re told, we’d be seriously emboldened . . . and a much more serious force.
Theresa Graf says:
I am one of the 125 channels who first uploaded the video. I just got a copyright strike against my account today, 1/7/2015. I did a counter notification and will wait to see what happens. If you have anything help you can offer I would greatly appreciate it.
Theresa, can you post the exact language they used?
Meelusine says:
My god ! Be careful guys one of their next move will be to infiltrate your group like they did and still do with every group (truthers, etc.).
And, this will be with a guy or an event who will first seem to be “to good to be true”. Careful guys. I trust you to be able to find a way to counter-attack this old trick, once for all …
Gook luck guys and thank-you for your work and God help you !.
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REWATCHING: SAM & DAVE
graycav56
3rd Level
I can't imagine not rewatching with you next week.
REWATCHING: SAM & DAVE Oct 21, 2009 20:54:40 GMT -5
Post by graycav56 on Oct 21, 2009 20:54:40 GMT -5
8. What is the purpose of the gas station altercation?
I think it was a bit of a change of pace. The previous couple of scenes had a Sam vs Dave flair, where here the rivals had to team up to defeat a much larger threat. I think this equalized them somewhat. To me it humanized Sam a tad, as up to this point he seemed infallible (good looks, Yale, low density polymer inventor, particle physics astronaut); but even Luke can get his ass kicked by Bubba in a gas station.
Last Edit: Oct 21, 2009 20:54:56 GMT -5 by graycav56
"Humorous AND perceptive...a deadly combination"
2. David, in the opening scene: Is he really thinking that Maddie "got horizonty" with Mr. Anonymous?
I don't really think so. I go back to an earlier post where I mentioned that Maddie would not go to sleep with a new dude in the hooch. At least she would not have slept so soundly that she would not have been awoken by Dave's knocking at the door.
No, this new guy is SOMEBODY. He is there, she is asleep and he knew her name, speaking it with a familiar ring. There is more to the handsome mug than some pickup at the corner watering hole, but Dave isn't sure yet.
6. Why is Maddie so insistent on keeping her date with Sam? Do you think she understands that David is jealous?
I think you all hit around this. Maddie is completely unaware that Dave and Bert followed her last night, that Dave was incarcerated, that Dave was at her door...with purloined flowers no less. All she knows is that she got a message from an old friend (a VERY close old friend we later find out), they met, had an apparent good time and want to continue the engagement. Running into Sam has allowed her to put those "pinching chastity belt" feelings aside for the moment, so things are good as gold.
Likewise she wouldn't consider David to be jealous because as far as she is concerned, Dave knows NOTHING about Sam, and they have never met. She does not see them as rivals for her affection at this point. I don't think Maddie considers Sam to be a (rekindled) love interest at this point either.
11. OK, time to confront the blue-eyed elephant in the room: Sam. What are your impressions of him, based on this episode?
Ya know, this was inspired casting. I like Mark Harmon. I think he is a good dude, both as an actor and a person. When I saw him at the door at the end of BOB I absolutely cracked up. What a perfect foil for David Addison. They couldn't have done better if Tom Selleck would have been there.
Some of the younger folks on the board may not understand the importance put on Sam being an astronaut. To those of us of a certain age, an astronaut was the pinnacle of achievement. When you were a kid you knew every one of the Mercury pilots and watched every Gemini and Apollo mission from lift off to splash down. So Sam had the perfect job, the perfect education, the perfect looks, a wonderful demeanor and a history with Maddie that rivaled the recent experiences that she had with Dave.
We don't yet know Sam's intentions, but by the end of the show it is a bit clearer. This was more than a chance encounter.
So yes, Sam is all that and a bag of chips. But Dave...Dave is SALSA! Let the games begin!
10. How would you characterize Maddie's reactions in the bedroom scene? What is she thinking at the end?
She was thinking "Why couldn't this be that dashing young Cavalry Captain from Philadelphia?"
She's conflicted. Now she knows there is a contest with her as the top prize. I'm sure that isn't entirely foreign to her, but now it is between two men who she is obviously fond of. The returning lover who has to compete with her memories of his former self in one corner and the unconsumated passion exhibited by the man who has been at her side through thick and thin and three seasons in the other corner. I suppose Maddie had to take things to the next level to see where here true feeling lie. Sam...you're up!
At the end, here is where "I" am at a severe disadvantage, not being a chick and all. But I look at Maddie and I think she has determined that Sam, wonderful Sam, just doesn't butter her biscuit. She isn't sure Dave can either, but I think this scene shows that Sam is out of the running. Dave may not win, but Sam definitely won't.
Oct 21, 2009 0:18:37 GMT -5 witness said:
Oct 20, 2009 20:37:35 GMT -5 jpen said:
3. Why does David want to refuse the Johnson case?
To me, it seemed not so much that David wanted to refuse the case, but to show Maddie how well he has come to know, understand, and respect her points of view. He thinks he can predict her every move. But this is no longer the deal. When David says, "Nice to know things are finally loosening up around here" it is with a note of sarcasm and a look of discomfort on his face. David has been thrown off course by Maddie's sudden personality shift. He thinks he's going to meet her halfway, prevent an argument, only to have her fly past him in another direction.
Couldn't have said it better if I tried. And I DID try, but gave up.
This was one of those episodes I had to VHS and watch later, therefore I have it with....COMMERCIALS, all courtesy WPVI, the ABC affiliate in Philadelphia.
The VCR kicked in right on time, so I don't have any before the credits, but afterwards:
Taster's Choice Coffee
First Break
Dean Witter Financial (with Dick Carson, Johnny's brother)
Post Natural Raisin Bran Cereal (with John Denver)
TV Ad: Emmanuel Lewis Special
Second Break
Jeep - now with 4 liter 6 cylinder power
TV Ads: Dynasty, Hotel, TV Movie Amerika
Ocean Spray Liquid Concentrate
Nissan Sentra, Stanza and Maxima
Million Dollar Movie: The Spy with the Perfect Cover
Third Break
Fritos Corn Chips
Peppermint Scope
Crest Tartar Control Toothpaste
Hellmans Mayonaise
TV Ad: Good Morning America
Fourth Break
Fresh Lash by Mabelline
Buick (Save up to $1200 if purchased by April 30, 1987)
TV AD: Carol Burnett Special (with Whoopie Goldberg, Robin Williams and Carl Reiner)
Voice over end credits
ABC News Special Our World
The Colbys
Another ad for the upcoming Carol Burnett Special that follows
"We're quite a pair, aren't we?"
Post by witness on Oct 21, 2009 22:53:40 GMT -5
Oct 20, 2009 22:55:02 GMT -5 witness said:
Here's a question (3-parter):
It's obvious David does not want Maddie to know about him being on her doorstep at 4am. Why do you think he almost lets slip that he and Sam have already met? Why do you think Sam pretends they haven't? Is Sam helping Dave save face, or does he have an ulterior motive?
Guys, perhaps my ego needs a little stroking here; it's my first time posting a question(s) and I really want to know what y'all have to say!
"Lady gets in trouble, it's nice to know she has somebody to call"
In essence, David drowned all his most attractive qualities--the ones that would make Maddie choose him over Sam--in that oddly-colored (seriously!) wine.
Jen, you crack me up! I always figured that was cranberry juice because the only red wine that even remotely resembles that color is Pinot Noir. And Pinot, as far as I know, was not a common grape of choice until it was showcased in the hit film Sideways (2000). So, there could not have been a worse facsimilie of Cab or Merlot at that dinner table.
Last Edit: Oct 21, 2009 23:16:16 GMT -5 by witness
jpen
Post by jpen on Oct 21, 2009 23:21:09 GMT -5
Oct 21, 2009 21:41:57 GMT -5 graycav56 said:
Oh, gray, you know it! ;D
Agree, though I'm not sure she's made a definite decision as far as Sam goes...otherwise, her answer when he asks her to be "wife and wife" would've been pretty simple.
I also sense some guilt and--perhaps unexpected--loneliness. This whole thing started because Maddie was looking for a physical connection with someone. That was a bust, and then Sam showed up, offering a potential emotional connection as well...but Maddie, honey, you're not feelin' it--and you know it.
But I think she's wondering--if she can't connect with this "perfect" guy...can she connect with anyone at all? Which leads her to think about a certain ripped-blazer-wearing, smart-aleck, passed-out mess of a guy...
Last Edit: Oct 21, 2009 23:25:24 GMT -5 by jpen
"I don't want you losing any more sleep over me."
"Believe me, if and when I ever find myself 'over' you, the last thing I'll be thinking about is sleeping."
Oct 21, 2009 19:57:21 GMT -5 beesnbears said:
As far as the flying thing, jpen and I were pm'ing earlier and she made reference to the book Diane mentioned , "Fear of Flying" by Erica Jong, back in the "Blonde on Blonde" Rewatch thread. Didn't put this together with this scene until now, but boy it would fit if the writers were trying to be cute!!
My goodness, bees and jen: Astute much?
Aw, shucks, witness, thanks...always knew those years of textual analysis would come in handy sometime!
REWATCHING: SAM & DAVE Oct 22, 2009 0:02:41 GMT -5
Post by jpen on Oct 22, 2009 0:02:41 GMT -5
Great question, witness. Here goes:
I think David is reconsidering his vow of silence about being at Maddie's in the wee sma's. After all, he has shown up at Chez Bray (sp?) with the express purpose of declaring his feelings to her, so I think he figures his cards are gonna be on the table anyway.
As for Sam, I don't think he's trying to help David save face...he's got not one ulterior motive, but two:
1. If Maddie finds out now that David was at her door, she might want to know why Sam hadn't shared this little tidbit of info with her before.
2. Sam has waltzed back into Maddie's life after what seems like a pretty long absence. Therefore, he has no idea how things stand between David and Maddie. But he's no dummy--there aren't too many reasons why a guy would show up on a gorgeous woman's doorstep at 4am and then claim what he had to say was "not important." Sam assumes David is a rival, on some level, but he doesn't know how Maddie feels.
The best defense being a good offense, Sam cuts David off at the pass, effectively blocking David's access to/communication with Maddie--which he (Sam) will do again and again:
-when he comes back from the head too soon
-when he carries David to the car
-when he goes to David's apartment (in IACM)
-in the garage in IACM
Perhaps this sounds too Machiavellian for a nice boy from Chicago...but I sure don't trust our Shammy!
Post by witness on Oct 22, 2009 0:59:50 GMT -5
9. At what point does Maddie decide she's going to sleep with Sam...and why?
Thought I would tackle these together. Maddie's ultimate decision comes when they are dancing in her bedroom, although I'm certain she's been thinking about it ever since Sam's arrival. Because now, instead of having to satisfy that urge with a stranger, she can quench at least some of the fire with an old lover. But even while they are dancing, it looks like Maddie is trying to feel it, trying to get into it, closing her eyes to block out thoughts of her other dinner companion and/or to imagine his are the arms that are holding her. At the end, Maddie is thinking, "Uh-oh...I'm in deep do-do here." She tried to forget about David by giving herself to Sam. It didn't work. She has come to fully realize the gist of what David was trying to convey at dinner, and that she has a veritable conundrum on her hands.
Last Edit: Oct 22, 2009 1:04:28 GMT -5 by witness
This is difficult. I have a dichotomous view of Sam, because he's a very dichotomous character. Basically, Sam is a good guy. Smart, accomplished, charming, funny, humble, etc. But at one point his "aw-shucks" persona made me say, "Ok, enough for crying out loud." But when Sam takes over paying the check, and David says, "I'll get you back, Luke," Sam's response of "I know you will" is touching because it shows he understands one thing we all know and love about Dave: he's a man of his word. Then, we have Sam's fear of flying story, which is a one-upmanship ploy that crashes and burns. So, at this point, I still have a mostly positive impression (gasp!), but there are some subtleties of manipulative behavior that don't sit well with me.
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TIFF Review: ‘Hermia & Helena’
A ‘Midsummer Night’s Dream’ Remixed
By Daniel Glassman • Published September 14th, 2016Comments
Courtesy of TIFF
(USA/Argentina, 86 min.)
Written and directed by Matías Piñeiro
Starring: Augustina Munoz, Maria Villar, Mati Diop, Juliah Larquier
Programme: Wavelengths (North American Premiere)
Is Matías Piñeiro the director Michel Gondry was supposed to be? Possibly the only active director working in the tradition of playful innovation established by 1920s Dada and Surrealist enfants terrible like René Clair and Jean Vigo which reached its maturity in the 1960s work of Jean-Luc Godard and Jacques Rivette, Piñeiro is restlessly inventive and sophisticated. The writing, acting, editing, framing, and camera movement tread the line between calculation and spontaneity where genuine experimental vitality can happen. Similarly, the film expresses a tension between authenticity and performance without coming to definite conclusions about where its characters stand.
Piñeiro’s last two films, Viola (2012) and The Princess of France (2015), are both oblique adaptations of Shakespeare plays, and Hermia & Helena builds on this fascination. This time, we’re introduced to Carmen, an Argentine on a fellowship in New York translating A Midsummer Night’s Dream into Spanish. The meandering opening shot finds her burning a photo of a flower and meeting with Lukas, an American who works at the institute that runs the fellowship. Together, they think about what gift she’s going to give the institute and talk about her translation project. It all seems to be setting the scene for what’s to come.
The whole thing turns out to be an elaborate misdirection, though. Carmen’s fellowship is about to end, and she returns to Buenos Aires, trading places with Camila, who becomes the film’s main character. (Another misdirection: the titular Hermia and Helena are not the film’s main characters, but a couple Carmen is friends with in Buenos Aires, who bear no resemblance I can discern to their Shakespearean namesakes.) The narrative continues to proceed in these tricky, staccato jumps, blowing this way and that, as in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, by the whims of love, performance, authenticity and deceit. But rather than following a linear comic narrative, these forces become abstracted principles guiding an elliptical thematic progression, as the film leaps forwards and backwards in time to episodes centring on particular relationships, introduced by nouveau roman-style chapter headings—Carmen and Camila, Camila and Gregg, Camila and her father, and so on.
Camila, it turns out, juggles several romantic relationships, stepping away from one that was just becoming serious in Buenos Aires to pick up with an old boyfriend in New York, who she leaves just as abruptly—playfully putting him to sleep by putting her hands over his eyes—to take up with Lukas, the American from the institute. Carmen, it turns out, is also a mystery: a series of postcards tracing a road trip from Montana to New York turn out to be from Danièle, an expelled former institute fellow who had planned a rendezvous with Carmen months in advance, only to meet her replacement Camila instead. Together, they burn the postcards in the bath, Danièle remarking that, for the two of them, the objects’ transience is what makes them special.
Followed, in several instances, by series of dissolves and superimpositions of New York and Buenos Aires, the burning-photograph motif takes on greater meaning. It’s as though the cinematic image itself is a burning photograph, offering itself to us and then disappearing just as quickly. This whimsical impermanence finds a mirror image in Camila’s meeting with her father, whom she had never known, and the concurrent transition to a slower, more attentive pace. Taking on the form of a mutual interrogation as they exchange the facts of their lives, the meeting seems to suggest Camila’s desire to reconnect with some sort of permanence—she even cries afterwards, in a rare display of emotion—but the next day she’s back to her flightily charming former self.
The film ends with another charming aesthetic conceit. A door opens towards the camera, blocking its view—and the credits start rolling. Implying action beyond the camera’s view, it crystallizes the central questions the film raises about authenticity and performance—the knowable and unknowable dimensions of people—with characteristic ingenuity. Deriving ideas and characters from Shakespeare but taking off in completely new directions and refusing to resolve its conflicts, Hermia & Helena, like Piñeiro’s previous two films, is a sort of fugue on Shakespearean themes—a sort of A Midsummer Night’s Dream remix.
Hermia & Helena screens:
-Saturday, Sept. 17 at 9:30 PM at Jackman Hall
TIFF runs Sept. 8 – 18. Please visit tiff.net for more information.
Visit the POV TIFF hub for more coverage from this year’s Toronto International Film Festival!
Daniel Glassman writes about film and music. He lives in Toronto.
View all articles by Daniel Glassman »
Issue 111, Fall/Winter 2019
Daniel Roher’s Once Were Brothers tells the story of Robbie Robertson and the Band. This issue sponsored by Crave.
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TIFF Review: ‘Mimosas’
TIFF Review: ‘Austerlitz’
TIFF Review: ‘Ta’ang’
TIFF Review: ‘The Ornithologist’
TIFF Review: ‘The Woman who Left’
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Governor should leave complex issues for elected govt to decide upon: NC
By Precious Kashmir on 07/12/2018 Comments Off on Governor should leave complex issues for elected govt to decide upon: NC
Srinagar, Dec 6: Jammu and Kashmir National Conference on Thursday asserted that the governor administration should refrain from making changing in the state juvenile laws.
In a statement released from party headquarters Nawa-e-Subah, party Chief Spokesperson Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi while expressing dismay over the incompatible intervention of SAC into the state’s juvenile justice act said, “As reported by some media, Governor Administration is mulling change in the juvenile justice laws. We however urge the incumbent governor administration to have wider consultations on the issue. The governor should carry out wider consultations across the political spectrum of state on this issue,” he said.
Ruhullah said that the priority of the incumbent administration is a make-shift arrangement until a democratically elected government is in place. “It would have been better if the current incumbent administration leaves matters like these as changing the juvenile justice laws for a democratically elected government to decide upon,” he said.
Chief spokesperson said that a democratically elected government possesses a wider public trust. “In a democratic set up such issues are presented before the legislature for wider discussion and then put into operation. I urge the incumbent administration to leave such issues for a democratically elected government to decide upon,” he said.
He said when we talk of juvenile justice, various stakeholders’ Police, NGO’s, civil society groups, elected representatives should be taken aboard before any changes are made to the juvenile justice laws. “Our party stands for strengthening the existing legal frame work of juvenile justice. However the first priority is to protect children from committing any offence that is where we can protect them from being in conflict with law. However this calls for wider consultations and discussions in the legislative assembly,” he said.
He urged the incumbent governor administration to concentrate on giving sound administration and leaving the complex issues for the elected government to decide upon.
Governor should leave complex issues for elected govt to decide upon: NC added by Precious Kashmir on 07/12/2018
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Wed Jan 22, 2020 15:37:41
On the sidelines of EAEU Summit in Yerevan;
Rouhani, Putin discuss key bilateral, regional, int’l topics / Iranian, Russian Presidents discuss Hormuz Peace Endeavour (HOPE) Initiative
The Presidents of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Russian Federation met on the sidelines of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) Summit in the Armenian capital Yerevan on Tuesday evening to discuss the most important bilateral, regional and international issues.
news id: 111661 -
Tue 01 - October 2019 - 19:28
Dr Hassan Rouhani and Mr Vladimir Putin discussed the nuclear agreement (JCPOA), as well as security in the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz and the Hormuz Peace Endeavour (HOPE) Initiative.
Dr Rouhani described the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) as an efficient model for the success of multilateral diplomacy in resolving international issues, stressing, “The success of this agreement requires the full implementation of all its signatories' commitments and the support of all countries for its implementation”.
The president reiterated that Iran expects the signatories to the agreement to take action and that Moscow's role in the matter is important.
Dr Rouhani also described maintaining peace and stability in the region, including the Persian Gulf, and ensuring freedom and security of navigation in the Strait of Hormuz the definitive policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, saying, “Sustainable security and peace in the Persian Gulf, Sea of Oman and the Strait of Hormuz can only be achieved with the participation of regional states”.
On the Hormuz Peace Endeavour (HOPE) initiative, the President described its purpose as to promote peace, stability, progress and prosperity for all residents along the Strait of Hormuz, and to promote mutual understanding and peaceful and friendly relations between them, stating, "The initiative encompasses various areas of cooperation such as security, energy, freedom of navigation and the free transfer of oil and other resources to and from the Strait of Hormuz”.
At the same meeting, the Russian President reiterated his support for the nuclear deal and stressed that Moscow is making every effort to urge all parties to the agreement fully fulfil their obligations.
Vladimir Putin welcomed the start of Iran's official membership in economic relations with the Eurasian Economic Union, calling it a ground for further regional integration and development.
The Presidents of Iran and Russia also emphasised strengthening Tehran-Moscow relations in all areas of interest.
- Foreign Meetings
- Foreign Trips
Meeting with the Russian President
We must take the right path by interaction between cultural, economic, security and political powers/ No power higher than people’s presence, resistance, devotion, unity/ Enemies afraid of Iran’s popular, cultural power/ Economic power impossible without political power
US’ illegal sanctions, pressure, conspiracy against independent states crime against humanity/ Nations’ resistance to make US regret its conspiracies/ Iran to stand by Venezuelan gov’t, nation
Gov’t considers itself responsible to meet all its legal duties/ Ukrainian jetliner case not normal; Judiciary should hold special hearing headed by a senior judge to investigate the issue/ Gov’t to continue efforts to investigate all aspects, punish those involved, ensure such things never happen
Iran welcomes cementing ties with neighbours, esp. Qatar/ Qatar can be a base for deepening trade, economic, maritime ties and cooperation/ Accepting Emir of Qatar's invitation to visit Doha
President issues a statement following Armed Forces’ General Staff regarding Ukrainian passenger plane crash/ In the atmosphere of intimidation by American regime, human error led to this terrible catastrophe/ Those responsible for this unforgivable mistake will be prosecuted/ I express my deepest sorrow on behalf of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Close investigation of causes of Ukrainian plane crash/ The two countries' technical cooperation in finding causes
If it weren't for Gen. Soleimani's efforts, you wouldn't enjoy security in London today/ Iran's attacking US military base legitimate defence, based on UN Charter Article 51/ Iran to return to its JCPOA commitments if Europe does so
If it weren't for Soleimani's activities against ISIS, Europe would be under great threat/ US violated Iraq's sovereignty, insulted its people/ Insecurity in this region can be dangerous for entire world
We must stand up to US' aggressive, interventionist actions/ Iraqi Parliament's vote for expelling American troops from Iraq a beginning for more regional stability, security/ We must act in a way to let enemies know they cannot harm the two nations' ties
Martyr Soleimani everlasting in history of Iran, freedom-seekers around world/ Americans to face the consequences not just today, but in coming years/ Iranian nation’s enemies were angry about Gen. Soleimani’s work, plans for regional stability, security
Ⓒ2018 Official website of the President of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Address: Pasteur St., Pasteur Sq., Tehran
Phone number: +98(21)64451 //
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Joy of Business and Simone Milasas - Discovered!
Aired Monday, 20 June 2016, 4:00 PM ET
Join Simone Milasas, business mentor, author & international speaker, as she speaks with Rebecca Hulse, Creative Producer of Joy of Business and Access Consciousness® Certified Facilitator. Rebecca and Simone create everyday together and in the episode they will share ideas and tools for coordinating the many moving parts of life and business.
In this Om Times Episode, Rebecca Hulse – the Creative Producer of Joy of Business interviews Simone Milasas about business, creation, her best tips and tools for staying on the creative edge of business. Filled with useful tools and tricks behind this incredible business creator’s life, this episode is not to be missed!
About the Guest Rebecca Hulse
Rebecca Hulse is an ongoing work in progress and walking proof that “impossible is temporary” in a body. At 13 she began a career as a public speaker and to date has spoken to 300 teens on the power of choice to make their dreams a reality. By age 20 every item on her “bucket list” was checked off so she began creating a new one with a godzillion more adventures to accomplish. So far the results have been fast and fantastic. From her cozy Christchurch home in New Zealand, Rebecca Hulse reaches a global audience from Australia, Canada, the Caribbean, the US, and Europe. How did it happen? She never believed in limitations. Instead, the possibilities have always been endless in her point-of-view. Her first two decades on planet Earth yielded a multi-faceted communications career spanning every genre: words, movement, workshops, dance, and beyond. Rebecca has loved, seduced, and ravished life and it’s returned the same to her multiple times. Her writing has been featured in MindBodyGreen, NotSalmon, Wild Sister, My Yoga Online, Elephant Journal, Girlfriendology, Classy Career Girl, TeraWarner.com, and AccessConsiousness.com just to name a few. So far, she has published three books. You can learn more about Rebecca by visiting her website.
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POEMS OF HOPE
THE BODY of BENJAMIN FRANKLIN Printer
Like the cover of an old book,
Its contents torn out,
And stripped of its lettering and gilding
Lies here, food for worms;
Yet the work itself shall not be lost,
For it will appear once more,
In a new,
And more beautiful edition,
Corrected and amended
COMMENTARY: After reading such a beautiful poem written by Benjamin Franklin as his epitaph can anyone honestly say they believe Benjamin Franklin was a deist?
CONFEDERATE SOLDIER'S PRAYER
I asked God for strength, that I might achieve,
I was made weak, that I might learn humbly to obey.
I asked God for health, that I might do greater things,
I was given infirmity, that I might do better things.
I asked for riches, that I might be happy,
I was given poverty, that I might be wise.
I asked for power, that I might have the praise of men,
I was given weakness, that I might feel the need of God.
I asked for all things, that I might enjoy life,
I was given life, that I might enjoy all things.
I got nothing that I asked for
- but everything I had hoped for.
Almost despite myself, my unspoken prayers were answered.
I am among men, most richly blessed.
COMMENTARY: The poem above is reputed to have been found on the body of a dead confederate soldier during the war.
CONFEDERATE'S ECCLESIASTES 9
"The race is not to them that's got
The longest legs to run
Nor the battle to that people
That shoots the biggest gun."
COMMENTARY: As spoken by an unknown soldier from Douglas Southall Freeman's masterpiece Pulitizer Prize winning biography Robert E. Lee. vol 4 Chap 9 pg 118. "Shortly after 1 o'clock, from the road nearby, there came the weary staccato of the march. It was not noisy, for the men were too tired and too depressed to indulge in banter. So nearly silent were the passing troops that it was impossible to tell to what command they belonged. But presently through the darkness came a voice and a scrap of doggerel: "The race is not to them that's got The longest legs to run Nor the battle to that people That shoots the biggest gun." The intonation was unmistakable, and the words were familiar in the army as part of the so called "Texas Bible." The elocutionist who was reciting the lines for his solace must be a member of the famous old "Hood's brigade" of the First Corps. Longstreet's men evidently were going forward unseen, to close the rear in the final attempt to break through. If General Lee heard the soldier, as at least one other at his bivouac did, he may have remembered how he had written Mrs. Lee in kindred, if nobler words, when the last Federal offensive was in the making, "trusting to a merciful God, who does not always give the battle to the strong, I pray we may not be overwhelmed. I shall . . . endeavor to do my duty and fight to the last."
The Man With the Hoe
Bowed by the weight of centuries he leans
Upon his hoe and gazes on the ground,
The emptiness of ages in his face,
And on his back the burden of the world.
Who made him dead to rapture and despair,
A thing that grieves not and that never hopes,
Stolid and stunned, a brother to the ox?
Who loosened and let down this brutal jaw?
Whose was the hand that slanted back this brow?
Whose breath blew out the light within this brain?
Is this the Thing the Lord God made and gave
To have dominion over sea and land;
To trace the stars and search the heavens for power;
To feel the passion of Eternity?
Is this the dream He dreamed who shaped the suns
And markt their ways upon the ancient deep?
Down all the caverns of Hell to their last gulf
There is no shape more terrible than this--
More tongued with cries against the world's blind greed--
More filled with signs and portents for the soul--
More packt with danger to the universe.
What gulfs between him and the seraphim!
Slave of the wheel of labor, what to him
Are Plato and the swing of Pleiades?
What the long reaches of the peaks of song,
The rift of dawn, the reddening of the rose?
Thru this dread shape the suffering ages look;
Time's tragedy is in that aching stoop;
Thru this dread shape humanity betrayed,
Plundered, profaned and disinherited,
Cries protest to the Powers that made the world,
A protest that is also prophecy.
O masters, lords and rulers in all lands,
Is this the handiwork you give to God,
This monstrous thing distorted and soul-quencht?
How will you ever straighten up this shape;
Touch it again with immortality;
Give back the upward looking and the light;
Rebuild in it the music and the dream;
Make right the immemorial infamies,
Perfidious wrongs, immedicable woes?
How will the future reckon with this Man?
How answer his brute question in that hour
When whirlwinds of rebellion shake all shores?
How will it be with kingdoms and with kings--
With those who shaped him to the thing he is--
When this dumb Terror shall rise to judge the world,
After the silence of the centuries?
By Edwin Markham
COMMENTARY: Edwin Markham wrote this poem about the plight of the common man after seeing a famous painting by Millet. In his own words, Markham decscribes the inspiration for this poem: "Millet has Homeric directness in his paintings. He tries to make the common express the sublime. He tries to make the infinite visible. In The Man with the Hoe, I saw that Millet had swept his canvas bare of everything that was merely pretty, and projected this startling figure before us in all its rugged and savage reality.... I saw in it the symbol of betrayed humanity. My purpose [was] to write a poem that should cry the lost rights of the toiling multitude...deprived of the enlarging education of the mind, deprived of the ennobling education of the heart. I hoped to breathe into the lines the spirit of brotherhood, the spirit of social humanity. My poem is a poem of hope. It is a cry for justice and an appeal to the humanity of the "masters, lords and rulers" of the world. The Hoe-man is not every man with a hoe: he is the man under the hoofs of the labor world. He is the slave of drugery because he is the victim of industrial oppression."
GOD SEND US MEN
God send us men whose aim �twill be,
Not to defend some ancient creed,
But to live out the laws of Christ
In every thought and word and deed.
God send us men alert and quick
His lofty precepts to translate,
Until the laws of Christ become
The laws and habits of the state.
God send us men of steadfast will,
Patient, courageous, strong and true,
With vision clear and mind equipped
His will to learn, his work to do.
God send us men with hearts ablaze,
All truth to love, all wrong to hate;
These are the patriots nations need;
These are the bulwarks of the state.
By Fredrick J. Gillman
I fight a battle every day
Against discouragement and fear;
Some foe stands always in my way,
The path ahead is never clear!
I must forever be on guard
Against the doubts that skulk along;
I get ahead by fighting hard,
But fighting keeps my spirit strong.
I hear the croakings of Despair,
The dark predictions of the weak;
I find myself pursued by Care,
No matter what the end I seek;
My victories are small and few,
It matters not how hard I strive;
Each day the fight begins anew,
But fighting keeps my hopes alive.
My dreams are spoiled by circumstance,
My plans are wrecked by Fate or Luck;
Some hour, perhaps, will bring my chance,
But that great hour has never struck;
My progress has been slow and hard,
I�ve had to climb and crawl and swim,
Fighting for every stubborn yard,
But I have kept in fighting trim.
I have to fight my doubts away,
And be on guard against my fears;
The feeble croaking of Dismay
Has been familiar through the years;
My dearest plans keep going wrong,
Events combine to thwart my will,
But fighting keeps my spirit strong,
And I am undefeated still!
By S.E. Kiser
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Open Source News in Atlanta
Groovy and Grails
PyData Atlanta
PyLadies
OWASP Atlanta
ALE-NW
GA400 Linux
GT Linux LUG
Counterpoint Hackerspace
Decatur Makers
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Wordpress, SEO, WebDesign
HPCC is the big data analysis tool from LexisNexis. They have proprietary add-ons as well. They've got a meetup and have spoken at local users' groups. I don't see any upcoming meetups, but keep an eye on them.
This was the note from Trish, their program manager:
Hello, I am the Program Manager for the HPCC Systems open source project at LexisNexis. HPCC Systems (www.hpccsystems.com) from LexisNexis Risk Solutions offers a proven, data-intensive supercomputing platform designed for the enterprise to process and solve Big Data analytical problems. As an alternative to legacy technology, HPCC Systems offers a consistent data-centric programming language, two processing platforms and a single, complete end-to-end architecture for efficient processing. And it is open source! ... I'm happy to provide whitepapers, articles or any other information needed.
Upcoming HPCC Meetups
Events - Big Data Processing & Analytics - HPCC Systems (LexisNexis)
Big Data Processing & Analytics - HPCC Systems (LexisNexis)
IMPORTANT: Please register at the Webinar link here:
https://www.brighttal...
Join us as we continue this series of webinars specifically designed for the community by the community with the goal to share knowledge, spark innovation, and further build and link the relationships within our HPCC Systems community.
This episode features project work presented by two interns from our HPCC Systems academic community:
Elimar Macena - Federal Institute of Espírito Santo (IFES) - Campus Serra, Brazil - Studying Crime Patterns in São Paulo state between 2006 and 2016
Intelligence led policing (ILP) refers to technology-driven crime data analysis activities to support the design of effective crime prevention and prosecution strategies. This is a new approach to fighting crime that has been gaining strength due to the convergence of two technological streams: the digitization and release of public information related to the occurrence of crimes and the development of technological platforms that allow the proper handling of such information, such as the HPCC Systems platform. Elimar's project used the HPCC platform to analyze crime patterns in the state of São Paulo in Brazil between the years of 2006 and 2017.
Muiredach O'Riain - Goldsmiths, University of London - Machine Learning and the Forensic Applications of Audio Classification: An exploration of the forensic applications of sound classification using Artificial Neural Nets
Muiredach will present how he used HPCC Systems to help build a reliable classification model that is able to accurately classify an input sound file to its location. His project intends to not only demonstrate a proof of concept for this technology, but also to lay the groundwork for what could be the next step in forensic audio analysis and a new means of gathering information through sound.
Submit a talk for an upcoming episode!
It’s easy! All you need to do is submit a talk title and brief abstract to techtalks@hpccsystems.com. If chosen, you will be asked to present remotely for an upcoming 20-minute tech talk. Learn more about our Tech Talks: https://wiki.hpccsyst...
Alpharetta, GA - USA
Thursday, January 23 at 11:00 AM
https://www.meetup.com/Big-Data-Processing-and-Analytics-LexisNexis-HPCC-Systems/events/267586359/
FAU Meetup: Machine Learning Innovations in HPCC Systems
Florida Atlantic University Students and Faculty: Join us for a meetup!
Attendance is limited to FAU Students and Faculty only.
Machine Learning support in HPCC Systems is powerful and robust. Bob Foreman will present a quick but potent introduction to Machine Learning for those who are new to the subject. By the end of this presentation, you will have enough of the basic theory and terminology to make you dangerous. This presentation also provides an overview of the available bundles, including the newly released Generalized Neural Network Bundle (GNN), and lots more.
Before the presentation, we will hear from Professor Taghi Khoshgoftaar and Robert Kennedy, a 2018 and 2019 HPCC Systems Summer intern and 1st place HPCC Systems Poster Competition winner. Trish will wrap-up by sharing information on the many HPCC Systems student opportunities available.
Bob Foreman has worked with the HPCC Systems technology platform and the ECL programming language for over 5 years, and has been a technical trainer for over 25 years. He is the developer and designer of the HPCC Systems Online Training Courses, and is the Senior Instructor for all classroom and Webex/Lync based training.
Trish McCall, Director HPCC Systems Programs with LexisNexis Risk Solutions, leads initiatives working with corporate and academia to help grow the HPCC Systems open source community, with emphasis on creating an ecosystem of advocates for expanding the value of the HPCC Systems platform. Trish also manages the ADAM Program, a tool donated to The National Center for Missing & Exploited Children by LexisNexis to assist with the distribution of missing child posters. To date, over 180 children have been recovered as a result of the program. Trish holds a BS in Computer Science Information Systems from Kennesaw State University and serves on their Industry Advisory Board.
Boca Raton, FL 33431 - USA
Thursday, February 20 at 6:00 PM
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Time to put the house in order
8 June 2015, New Delhi
Amidst all the intra-party squabbles, Congress Vice-President Rahul Gandhi could and should persuade state party units to present a united front.
Narendra Modi wants to hold onto the prime minister’s office for a minimum of ten years. To achieve this goal, Modi has a clear thought out plan; irrespective of whether it is right or wrong is another matter. However, does the Opposition have a clear plan to consolidate its captive power bases for the next five to ten years? Modi has begun to lose his sheen. In the meantime, is the Opposition working towards establishing a solid political foundation? Modi is a one man show and does not have a proper team of leaders. But how many opposition parties are more than just one-man shows? How many of them possess different rungs of leaders with the vision to manage India’s unique complexities?
Rahul Gandhi has certainly compelled his critics to change their opinion about him with what he has done after coming back from a 56-day sabbatical. The Congress is no longer the party it was a year or six months back. Apart from Rahul and Sonia Gandhi, however, are there any other leaders in the Congress party, who possess the selfless desire to give the party a strong base? From Kashmir to Kanyakumari, in the organisation’s fabric there are gaps through which the real strength of the Congress party drains out every day. Therefore, what possible measures can Rahul and Sonia Gandhiundertake, when they have leaders in the states, who are busy fighting with each other rather than countering the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party at the Centre?
The Congress has only 44 members in the Lok Sabha. It has governments in only nine states. Despite its dwindling numbers, factionalism with various state Congress units continues unabated. Name any state and it is full of rivals trying to tear each other up. Sonia and Rahul have to play the role of fire-fighters almost every other day. Unless the leadership has a seasoned team of senior leader to manage conflicts in different states, Rahul’s nationwide tours and Sonia’s healing touches will not yield the required results. It is not enough to fight against Modi, the BJP, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and its affiliates only on television debates, Facebook and Twitter, when they are cleverly placing their men in all wings of government.
Rahul Gandhi’s strength lies in his relentless zeal towards transforming the Congress party. His weakness lies in a system that does not allow him free access to genuine issues facing honest individuals in the party. Rahul’s weakness lies in depending on a call center-like mechanical setup, which lacks an intermediary humanistic touch.
What about other opposition parties? The Janata Parivar is loose merger and will remain so in the near future. Only Sharad Yadav seems to have high hopes about the merger of the Janata Dal (United) of Nitish Kumar, Lalu Prasad Yadav’s Rashtriya Janta Dal and the Samajwadi Party, led by Mulayam Singh Yadav. Nitish has no other option other than to go with the Congress in Bihar. So, he is moving on. However, for Mulayam’s brothers the party’s immovable assets in different districts of Uttar Pradesh carry far more weight than forming a merged front to counter BJP. Lalu is otherwise fearless, but his trusted lieutenant Prem Gupta’s NRI days and the alleged business involvement of his son in coal block scam continues to keep the RJD chief in check to expedite the merger process. If the rumours in the corridors of Raisina Hills hold any water, Prem Gupta has been advised to ensure that there is no merger before the Bihar elections, where the stakes for the BJP are very high. If he does not want any trouble for him and his son, Gupta may abide by these directives.
However, in the event of a merged Janata Parivar, is there a team, other than these leaders that can pull the train of different-sized bogies on the national track of opposition to Modi? The idea of a Janata Parivar could seem attractive, but the implementation of this merger at the grass root is not as simple. Age-old ambitions based on geographies and caste are hard to transform into a national cause without a sense of sacrifice. If we witness this transformation in the coming months, I, at least, will give Mulayam, Lalu and their families a standing ovation.
When you talk about the opposition, does a political analyst still take into consideration parties such as the Trinamool Congress, Bahujan Samaj Party, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Biju Janata Dal, Aam Aadmi Party and the various Communist parties? However, parties like the Shiromani Akali Dal, Telugu Desam Party Telangana Rashtra Samithi, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Shiv Sena broadly support the Narendra Modi government. Karunanidhi’s DMK is counterproductive to any anti-BJP alliance that takes shape in future. As far as the BSP is concerned, only Mayawati knows which way the party’s pendulum will swing. Mamata and the Left parties do not see eye to eye on many issues. Therefore, all like-minded political outfits will need to carry a large heart and put in the necessary hard work required to give shape to a formidable opposition that can stop Modi from completing ten years in office.
Narendra Modi’s BJP can be dislodged only by a Congress that has a democratic federal structure. The party needs a strong central leadership, which holds a personal equation with equally strong state-based units. An umbrella organisation headed by a presidium with Congress at the top could be another way to check the BJP juggernaut, which has the backup from the RSS and its sister organisations. The idea of launching a Maha-Congress should also be explored seriously. Modi is cautiously preparing the ground for an informal type of presidential system. The time has come to realise that dozens of combat battalions with different political flags will only cater to his strategy of keeping the two-thirds of the votes divided, which he could not even acquire during last summer’s elections. Those who do not want to throw India into a ten-year long dark tunnel must wake up.
Author is Editor and CEO of News Views India
Posted by Pankaj Sharma at Monday, June 08, 2015
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मेरा ब्लॉग अंग्रेज़ी में पढ़िए
लगता है कि एक अजीब क़िस्म की ख़ानाबदोशी क़िस्मत में जनम से ही लिखी हुई है। बचपन आदिवासी देहातों में बीता। स्कूल-कॉलेज की पढ़ाई कूदते-फांदते, बोलते-लिखते, लड़ते-झगड़ते कब पूरी हो गई, पता ही नहीं चला। पिता कुछ और चाहते रहे और मैं कुछ और करता रहा। इक्कीस बरस की उम्र पूरी हुए कुछ ही महीने बीते थे कि अपने को टाइम्स-ग्रुप में पाया। सत्ताईस बरस से ज्यादा वहाँ रहा। वह ज़माना दो-दो साल में नौकरियाँ बदलने का नहीं था। डोली जाती थी तो अर्थी ही बाहर आती थी। सो, प्रशिक्षु पत्रकार, उप-संपादक, विशेष संवाददाता - सारे पापड़ बेले। बहुत प्रस्ताव मिले, मगर सभी को टाइम्स-व्रता के नाते ठुकरा दिया। अमेरिका से लेकर तब के सोवियत संघ, ऑस्ट्रेलिया से ले कर यूरोप, मॉरीशस से ले कर सूरीनाम, खाड़ी के मुल्क़ों से ले कर ताइवान और सिंगापुर से ले कर हांगकांग तक खूब देखा, पढ़ा और लिखा। जाफ़ना के जंगलों से भी नवभारत टाइम्स के लिए रपटें भेजीं और हंगरी के बुदापेश्त से भी। सऊदी अरब की सख्ती भी देखी और लासवेगास की मस्ती भी। रामदीन के साथ भी घूमा और राजीव गांधी के साथ भी। एक बस कंडक्टर की मेहरबानी से मिली छह फ़ुट की जगह में महीनों रातें गुज़ारीं और न्यूयॉर्क से ले कर सिडनी के हिल्टन होटलों के सुइट में भी पैर पसारे। राजेंद्र माथुर और सुरेंद्र प्रताप सिंह की शाग़िर्दी में काम करने का मौक़ा मिलना ही बहुत बड़ी तक़दीर है। अस्सी के दशक में दूरदर्शन के कार्यक्रमों की लगातार एंकरिंग ने छोटे-मोटे सितारे का दर्ज़ा भी दे दिया था। नब्बे के दशक में टेलीविज़न के कई कार्यक्रम और फ़िल्मं बनाईं। पता नहीं, मैं पत्रकारिता की नौकरी से आज़िज आया या नौकरी मुझसे धाप गई - २००६ के आख़ीर में मैंने बाक़ायदा राजनीति में प्रवेश कर लिया। अब कांग्रेस पार्टी में काम करता हूँ। पार्टी में राष्ट्रीय सचिव का ज़िम्मा मिला है। रोज़ी यही है। रोटी के लिए लेख लिखता हूँ, परदेसी अख़बारों को ख़बरें मुहैया कराने वाली एक सिंडिकेट एजेंसी चलाता हूँ - न्यूज़ व्यूज़ इंडिया और उसका पीर-बावर्ची-भिश्ती-खर हूँ। जानता हूँ कि अब वैसे कद्र-दाँ कहाँ, लेकिन लिखने की लत किसकी छूटी है कि मेरी छूटेगी। सो, ब्लॉग की दुनिया में दस्तक़ देने का मन बनाया है। आपको मेरी बातें कुछ कहने लायक़ लगें तो आपकी बेबाक़ राय के लिए मैं आपका अहसानमंद रहूंगा।
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Leather Goods & Footwear
Customised Sourcing Goes Overseas(HKTDC Fashion - Leather Goods & Bags, Vol 01,2008)
Proven TDC Services
The customised on-site tdctrade.com sourcing service has proved such a success in Hong Kong that it is being extended to selected overseas trade fairs
The rollout began with Tendence Lifestyle, Frankfurt last month and continues with the Style Hong Kong in Moscow Expo in September, giving buyers at these fairs the opportunity to receive an instant list of relevant exhibitors/suppliers at that particular event.
Developed by the Hong Kong Trade Development Council (TDC), the customised tdctrade.com sourcing service has generated more than one million enquiries for suppliers since its launch at the Hong Kong International Jewellery Show in March 2007.
Among the many tdctrade.com sourcing success stories is Cynthia Cheung, director of 15-year-old fashion accessory supplier CYT Industrial Co.
She found a quick and effective way to overcome her hurdles and locate targeted manufacturers during a visit to the recent Hong Kong Gifts & Premium Fair.
"I visit the fair regularly to find suitable packaging suppliers," she explains, adding that the show also provides the latest fashion jewellery trends for design inspiration.
In the past, she used to visit the fair booth by booth so as not to miss anything important. "However, due to the huge size of the fair in recent years, I felt totally exhausted afterwards!"
Help was at hand at the recent Hong Kong Gifts & Premium Fair, where Cheung discovered the innovative tdctrade.com sourcing service expressly designed to help buyers quickly find targeted exhibitors.
"The TDC's on-site staff asked me what kind of products I was looking for, and immediately searched for matching suppliers through the online database," she recalls. "A list of related suppliers was printed out for me, including the booth numbers and product photos - which made my work much easier!"
The information on the list, which is also sent to enquiring buyers by email, was "very useful" and allowed Cheung to visit the right exhibitors at the fair while also providing a handy record for future use.
The groundbreaking sourcing service reflects the TDC's understanding that a comprehensive database is a major consideration when using an online platform to search for suppliers.
Accordingly, TDC has placed the details of exhibitors at its 30 trade fairs and its 14 trade magazine advertisers on its www.tdctrade.com website to provide an exhaustive database of more than 100,000 suppliers.
The TDC has helped solve several problems for Cheung, who initially started using the organisation's trade information services to gather data and statistics on overseas markets.
"TDC is a well-established organisation in Hong Kong, so overseas buyers go there for help when they want to find good suppliers," she reasons. "I therefore realised that I could publicise my products to potential customers and interested buyers would take the initiative and contact us."
Approximately two years ago, Cheung also started to advertise in the TDC's Hong Kong Fabrics & Accessories product magazine and is "very satisfied" with the results as the magazine has helped her win customers at more than 20 of the TDC's Hong Kong fairs and their overseas counterparts.
"TDC distributes its product magazines at many important overseas trade fairs, which of course attract a lot of overseas buyers," Cheung explains. "Our company has successfully gained customers from new markets such as Portugal and Poland, apart from the usual European and US markets."
Recently, CYT started to advertise in TDC's www.tdctrade.com online platform because online sourcing is the "big trend" in today's fast-paced business world and one of the major sources of information for buyers and suppliers alike.
Many overseas buyers use TDC's online platform to help their sourcing activities, so TDC has integrated its product magazines with the online website to become a one-stop platform that caters to the diverse needs of buyers.
For example, magazine advertisers' websites at www.tdctrade.com are published in TDC product magazines, combining two promotional efforts into one and attracting buyers to browse in search of more information.
"Online sourcing provides a 24-hour service, making contact with buyers much easier," she maintains. "For example, we have received enquiries from customers in Europe, the US, South Africa and Eastern Europe."
On average, Cheung says, CYT receives more than 10 enquiries every month, which helps broaden its clientele. "Although CYT has not advertised in TDC's promotional channels for long, half of our customers came from the TDC and we will continue to use the highly efficient and effective tdctrade.com sourcing service," Cheung concludes.
The TDC's customised tdctrade.com sourcing service saves you time and money with five steps:
1) visit the on-site service outlets identified by the magnifying glass signpost
2) tell the on-site assistants which products you are seeking
3) get an instant printed list of relevant on-site exhibitors and off-site suppliers - with company information, product names and photos
4) meet quality suppliers at the fair
5) continue to contact suppliers after the fair
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Indian Textile Sector Goes Handicraft to Compete with Hi-Tech China
Leather Consumer Goods Industry in Hong Kong
Rebranded Shanghai Bag Show Disappoints on the International Front
Andean Community Countries Adopt Unified Labelling Requirements for Apparel, Footwear and Travel Goods
Source for quality suppliers and manufacturers of clothing and textiles on hktdc.com.
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Bootlegged Booze Sales Fall 14%, Industry Says
By Tai Adelaja
Fewer Russians are choosing bootlegged spirits and industrial alcohol over legally produced vodka and liquor, Pavel Shapkin, the president of the National Alcohol Association, said Wednesday.
"Bootleg sales continue to dip," Shapkin said. "Last year alone, they dropped to 28 percent, even though the volume of legally produced vodka and liquor has remained the same since 2005."
The bootleg sector, which is calculated as the difference between total retail sales of vodka and other spirits and the volume of legal production, imports and exports, fell 14 percent last year, down from 42 percent in 2006.
Excise duties from production and turnover of ethyl alcohol as well as other alcohol products in 2007 rose 21 percent to 84.3 billion rubles, indicating a growing preference for legally produced spirits.
Russians also appeared to have cultivated a taste for more refined beverages, such as cognac and whisky, at the expense of vodka, the national drink, Shapkin said.
"There is a paradigm shift in the market, affecting tastes and preferences," Shapkin said. "While vodka remains the mainstream beverage for Russians, brandy and whisky are fast replacing it."
Compared with 2006, consumption of whisky grew 78 percent, making it the country's fastest-growing tipple of choice, he said.
The unusually warm winters over the past two years have also led many Russians to shift to beer, with consumption jumping 30 percent since 2005, the association said.
"I believe the consumption of vodka will continue to fall," Shapkin said. "Our country is shifting from a temperate pattern of beverage consumption to that of a subtropical way of life."
The shift in preferences could have as much to do with economics as climate change.
Andrei Verkholantsev, a consumer analyst with Antanta Capital, said the main impetus for the change was rising wages, which are always a step ahead of inflation.
"Brandy, whisky and beer form the most dynamic segment of the alcoholic drink market," Verkholantsev said. "Consumers, especially in big cities, are abandoning the traditional vodka for more prestigious whisky and brandy."
Excise duties on vodka and liquor rose by 7 percent in January, compared with 6 percent for the whole of last year, giving consumers another reason to shift to "lighter stuff," Shapkin said.
He said new legislative measures, such as tougher licensing controls on the production and supply of spirits, heavier taxation and new declaration requirements for wholesalers, have all contributed to a shrinking of the market for bootleg alcohol.
The National Alcohol Association said the market for legally produced vodka and other spirits in Russia amounted to 1.38 billion liters in 2007, while retail sales totaled 1.91 billion liters.
Legal production of vodka in 2006 was 1.24 billion liters, while sales for that year reached 2.12 billion liters.
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/ by firis
Joanne McCarthy – http://www.theherald.com.au/
1 Feb 2017, 6 a.m
SCRIPTURE in NSW public schools is “an echo from a bygone era and now needs to be reconsidered”, said a prominent Newcastle Anglican Diocese priest after calls on Monday for scripture’s immediate suspension.
Father Rod Bower said Anglican Special Religious Education material produced by a Christian evangelical group and authorised by Sydney Anglican Diocese was “of great concern”, a view backed by Newcastle Anglican Bishop Peter Stuart after a review raised serious concerns, including questions about “possible grooming behaviour” linked to some material taught to children.
Maitland-Newcastle Catholic Diocese has also ruled against the Sydney Anglican Diocese material, with Bishop Bill Wright approving a statement on Tuesday saying Maitland-Newcastle “has not endorsed for use the Connect program in our diocese”.
Bishop Stuart said he was “troubled” by matters raised in a Queensland Department of Education review of the scripture material known as Connect, and produced by Sydney Anglican Diocese’s Youthworks. Connect material is taught in scripture classes across NSW, and teaches the Bible as historic fact.
The Bible was a “sacred text” but “not a history text or science book”, said Bishop Stuart after the Queensland review questioned the Connect material’s teaching of the Bible, both New and Old Testaments, as a “factual, historical document” describing “historical and true” events.
In its statement on Tuesday Maitland-Newcastle diocese also challenged the Sydney Anglican Diocese’s authorised scripture position on the Bible, saying: “Catholic tradition does not insist our taking every bit of biblical history or science or cosmology as historical or scientific fact”.
Father Bower said the Connect material was used in most SRE classes and was “of great concern to many mainstream Christians”.
One of the main issues is that most SRE teachers are now drawn from conservative evangelical churches which raises concerns for more secular-minded or spiritually progressive parents, he said.
Father Bower, a prominent refugee advocate and human rights supporter, said a general religious education in schools which equipped students to “navigate their way in an increasingly multi-faith, multi-cultural society” was a “much more appropriate system”.
“Parents who desire for their children to have Special Religious Education should take them to a local place of worship of their choice,” he said.
Bishop Stuart supported the $300,000 review of Special Religious Education and ethics classes in NSW that was finalised 12 months ago.
“It is appropriate for the current forms of religious education to be reviewed. Australian society continues to change and education about ethics, values and beliefs needs to reflect those changes,” he said.
The Queensland Department of Education review of the Connect material revealed scripture teachers were advised to “bring a dead animal to dissect” in an animal sacrifice lesson, that children were encouraged to have secrets with adults, and a man’s blindness was linked to his parents’ sins.
On Monday NSW Greens Justice spokesman David Shoebridge called for the immediate suspension of scripture in schools and release of the long-awaited NSW review. He strongly criticised lessons consistent with “possible grooming behaviour” after more than three years of evidence from the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse.
The call came after confirmation NSW Education Minister Rob Stokes and the Department of Education have no power over the content of scripture lessons under the Education Act. It also came after controversial changes to NSW public school enrolment forms in 2015 removing ethics classes as an option, and leaving scripture as the default position in some state primary schools.
The Queensland review in August recommended removing an animal sacrifice lesson for children aged 10-12, which suggested scripture teachers “bring in a dead animal to dissect”. The review found other lessons had the potential to be upsetting, inappropriate or likely to affect the social and emotional wellbeing of children, including a lesson for children aged 7-9 about a man born blind, which asked: “Was it a punishment from God because his parents or someone else had done something wrong?”
The material also included a lesson requiring children aged 7-9 to list ways to “get rid of” a person, after a Bible story about people “getting rid of” Daniel, and a concluding prayer where children “pray that we may not be like the Israelites”.
A group challenging the application of scripture guidelines across three states, Fairness in Religions in School, letterboxed houses near Hunter and Sydney schools on the weekend with information about enrolling children in scripture and ethics classes, after accusing the NSW Department of Education of failing to act on the Queensland and NSW reviews.
“We can’t believe the Department of Education hands over its duty of care to children in state schools to religious groups that are unaccountable, even to the minister, for what they teach,” said FIRIS spokesman Darrin Morgan.
The Queensland review found that while the “vast majority” of Connect material aligned with Department of Education guidelines, it raised concerns about parental consent, the lack of data on scripture numbers and the lack of legislation to allow “centralised regulation” of scripture content.
Mr Shoebridge called on Mr Stokes to release the NSW review and allow debate on whether scripture legislation reflected community views about state education in 2017.
“Parents put an awful lot of trust in schools when they leave their children at the school gate, and that trust is breached by a system that makes attendance at unsupervised and unchecked scripture classes the default position,” Mr Shoebridge said.
Read the original article here.
General | News Articles
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Commodore Amiga OCS/ECS games list!
Genre Platform Shooter
Developer / Publisher Factor 5 / Rainbow Arts
Turrican II: The Final Fight was released in 1991 for the Amiga and Atari ST and is the sequel to the original Turrican multi-platform shoot em up that enjoyed great success back in 1990 due to its extreme popularity as a state of-the-art arcade-style title! The game was released later in 1993 for the MS-DOS as well as for the 8bit home-computers such as the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum. It was also released on the Nintendo SNES (as Super Turrican) and SEGA Megadrive/Genesis (as Universal Soldier) having though several differences in level design.
STORY / GAMEPLAY
The year is 3025 and after the first defeat of Mogul the world was very calm. United Planets Freedom Forces were responsible to keep peace. But everything changed after the Avalon 1 (one of their spaceships) has been attacked by an unknown battle-cruiser that came from deep space. While being the only survivor from this fight, Bren McGuire (the new Turrican), needs to take his revenge against those who killed all his partners. So the hero must fight, shoot, walk across traps and confront a variety of alien species of different potential and size. Here's where the challenging story begins. Turrican must jump across many platforms, kill the enemies and gather all tokens available since they grant him with energy, extra bombs and new weapons. His main weapons are a rapid-fire assault rifle, an electro-sweeper plus the ability of becoming a rolling sharp razor (which can kill anything in its path) much like its predecessor. Do not forget to keep an eye on the time limit, as it will be an instant death! Unlike other games of its type, Turrican II contains also three levels of horizontal shooter action in the spirit of R-Type.
The action is fun, mindless and absorbing, and the huge range of enemies and bonus pods keeps it that way for hours. This game is a perfect example of "coin-op like" high quality arcade shooter released on every 8bit/16bit platforms.
The game actually shows what the 16bit machines (Amiga and ST) could do back in the 90s in terms of graphics and sound, especially the Amiga OCS.
GRAPHICS / SOUND
The Amiga version is fantastic, with its strongest point being the sound. Apart from the great graphics featured (64 colors on screen, detailed backgrounds and smooth sprite animation), the sound FX and music scores (especially during the intro of the game) are among the best I've ever listened to. Note that, a PC (MS-DOS) version released a couple of years later (!) and was better in graphics (256 colored screens) running in VGA mode and similar in-quality Amiga sounds (with the use of a Sound Blaster 16 or better, card).
Intro/Menu music: Your browser does not support the audio element. In-game music sample: Your browser does not support the audio element.
Comparable platforms
Commodore Amiga OCS/ECS
Amiga 500/500+
CPU: Motorola MC68000 7.16 MHz
MEMORY: 512KB of Chip RAM (OCS chipset - A500), 512 KB of Slow RAM or Trapdoor RAM can be added via the trapdoor expansion, up to 8 MB of Fast RAM or a Hard drive can be added via the side expansion slot. The ECS chipset (A500+) offered 1MB on board to 2MB (extended) of Chip RAM.
GRAPHICS: The OCS chipset (Amiga 500) features planar graphics (codename Denise custom chip), with up to 5 bit-planes (4 in hires), allowing 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 color screens, from a 12bit RGB palette of 4096 colors. Resolutions varied from 320x256 (PAL, non-interlaced, up to 4096 colors) to 640x512 (interlace, up to 4 colors). Two special graphics modes where also included: Extra Half Bright with 64 colors and HAM with all 4096 colors on-screen. The ECS chipset models (Amiga 500+) offered same features but also extra high resolution screens up to 1280x512 pixels (4 colors at once).
SOUND: (Paula) 4 hardware-mixed channels of 8-bit sound at up to 28 kHz. The hardware channels had independent volumes (65 levels) and sampling rates, and mixed down to two fully left and fully right stereo outputs
The Amiga 500/500+ (default) color palette
12bit RGB 4096-colors palette
(32 to 4096 colors on screen)
The best game ever dude!!!!
Excellent sound, superb shooter!!!
Freddy Join Date: 2009-09-07
The ST version was awesome too!
Never seen those days such an arcade shooter. The Amiga vesrion was superior in sound and used a few more colors, but the ST also had good sound scheme and a lot of colors!
Atarian75 Join Date: 2009-08-30
I preferred the Amiga version to this one, though I first played it on my 1040STFM. :P
digger77 Join Date: 2009-10-17
Good game , indeed !
alex76gr Join Date: 2017-03-19
Το πρώτο παιχνίδι που έπαιξα στην 500 Plus μου. Αυτό και το Warzone της Core.
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WowBB Forums > Sports And Wrestling > General Discussion > Motley Crue Farewell Tour
Motley Crue Farewell Tour Rating:
Posted: Wed Dec 4th, 2019 06:41 pm
A Seattle date has already been announced by a venue, and Joan Jett & The Blackhearts will be opening for the other 3.
They're really playing the oversaturation game with Joan Jett as the fourth band. Except for Crue of course these guys have been out every summer for the past three years at least. Personally I think this show is developing into an exercise in endurance. Go to setlist.fm and pick any of these bands setlists from the last 5 years and there you are. I was leaning towards going to this before but now I think it's going to be a hard pass.
Here are the dates. Supposedly DL and Crue will flip flop as headliners on each stop.
Tuesday, July 7 MIAMI, FL Hard Rock Stadium
Thursday, July 9 ORLANDO, FL Camping World Stadium
Saturday, July 11 CHARLOTTE, NC Bank of America Stadium
Tuesday, July 14 ARLINGTON, TX Globe Life Field
Wednesday, July 15 HOUSTON, TX Minute Maid Park
Sunday, July 19 SAN FRANCISCO, CA Oracle Park
Thursday, July 23 SAN DIEGO, CA Petco Park
Saturday, July 25 PHOENIX, AZ State Farm Stadium
Sunday, August 9 ATLANTA, GA SunTrust Park
Tuesday, August 11 HERSHEY, PA Hersheypark Stadium
Thursday, August 13 BUFFALO, NY New Era Field
Saturday, August 15 PHILADELPHIA, PA Citizens Bank Park
Sunday, August 16 PITTSBURGH, PA PNC Park
Tuesday, August 18 MILWAUKEE, WI Miller Park
Thursday, August 20 DETROIT, MI Comerica Park
Saturday, August 22 WASHINGTON DC Nationals Park
Sunday, August 23 FLUSHING, NY Citi Field
Tuesday, August 25 BOSTON, MA Fenway Park*
Friday, August 28 CHICAGO, IL Wrigley Field
Sunday, August 30 DENVER, CO Coors Field
Wednesday, September 2 SEATTLE, WA T-Mobile Park
Saturday, September 5 LOS ANGELES, CA SoFi Stadium
WongLee wrote: They're really playing the oversaturation game with Joan Jett as the fourth band. Except for Crue of course these guys have been out every summer for the past three years at least. Personally I think this show is developing into an exercise in endurance. Go to setlist.fm and pick any of these bands setlists from the last 5 years and there you are. I was leaning towards going to this before but now I think it's going to be a hard pass.
I’m not going to be able to resist. I’ll be at Citi Field. Glad I don’t have to travel to Swampland and Metlife Stadium. Def Leppard will steal the show easily. The others can all be rough live depending on the day.
Posted: Thu Dec 5th, 2019 12:27 am
srossi wrote: WongLee wrote: They're really playing the oversaturation game with Joan Jett as the fourth band. Except for Crue of course these guys have been out every summer for the past three years at least. Personally I think this show is developing into an exercise in endurance. Go to setlist.fm and pick any of these bands setlists from the last 5 years and there you are. I was leaning towards going to this before but now I think it's going to be a hard pass.
Eh..Poison brings it live. They're not a great band musically but the stuff they did they do good live. Vocally they'll be the kings of this tour. DL musically is better than everyone else put together but Joe's vocals are spotty..
If I hadn't seen these guys multiple times already (except for Joan Jett and I could care less about her) I'd be there for sure. It's a killer lineup..
BTW, it's REALLY awesome that Charlotte got a date. That's the best thing about Jerry Richardson having to sell the Panthers the other year, he sold the stadium too. He had ONE concert there 20 years ago, the Stones, and never allowed another one. We've missed out on so many big stadium tours over the years because his family controlled that stadium. Now that he's out we've already got this and Billy Joel lined up..
Married Jo wrote: srossi wrote: WongLee wrote: They're really playing the oversaturation game with Joan Jett as the fourth band. Except for Crue of course these guys have been out every summer for the past three years at least. Personally I think this show is developing into an exercise in endurance. Go to setlist.fm and pick any of these bands setlists from the last 5 years and there you are. I was leaning towards going to this before but now I think it's going to be a hard pass.
Bret’s voice is very spotty and his headline shows are 70 minutes and include guitar and drum solos to give him a rest, even his solo shows when the band members are nobodies. So Poison being the 2nd of 4 bands will basically be able to do their whole headline show but for once fans won’t feel ripped off. I think Joe blows him away vocally, but I’m not saying that Poison isn’t a fun band live.
I wonder how much time everyone gets. I’m guessing 45, 60, 90, 90.
Posted: Thu Dec 5th, 2019 03:44 pm
the squared circle
Mr Hockey
Joined: Thu Feb 21st, 2008
Can't believe there isn't a Toronto show.
khawk
How many of those guys can't cross the border? lol
Ha! good point
srossi wrote: I wonder how much time everyone gets. I’m guessing 45, 60, 90, 90. I think 30, 45, 75, 75. None of these bands are known for Grateful Dead or Phish type shows. They were lazy before and they'll be lazy now.
Posted: Fri Dec 6th, 2019 02:53 pm
WongLee wrote: srossi wrote: I wonder how much time everyone gets. I’m guessing 45, 60, 90, 90. I think 30, 45, 75, 75. None of these bands are known for Grateful Dead or Phish type shows. They were lazy before and they'll be lazy now.
It wouldn't surprise me if Joan Jett sung four or five songs, with no crowd interaction, and was off the stage in 20 minutes. That's not a knock on Joan, but I just don't see these four acts putting in almost five hours work total. Even in Wong's eyes, it's still a four plus hour show. The good thing about a stadium tour is that the stage is huge, so they can basically have all four sets of equipment up on stage at once and minimize the time between bands. If it was four bands at MSG, you'd be looking at close to a half hour between acts just to change the stage.
Superstar wrote: WongLee wrote: srossi wrote: I wonder how much time everyone gets. I’m guessing 45, 60, 90, 90. I think 30, 45, 75, 75. None of these bands are known for Grateful Dead or Phish type shows. They were lazy before and they'll be lazy now.
Joe Elliot has said he wants it to be a mini-festival and an all-day event. I expect doors to open at 3 or 4pm. I took my wife to a Kenny Chesney stadium show with 3 fairly big names (if you're into country) as openers and it was the same deal. People showed up before noon, got hammered in the parking lot for 3 or 4 hours, then started to file in, and the show started around 5:30 and ended at 11. Before the show started, there were some things on the video screens to keep the crowd occupied, including Ric Flair cutting a promo on Chesney. For the price they're going to charge, I hope they can come close to that to justify the cost.
Last edited on Fri Dec 6th, 2019 04:19 pm by srossi
srossi wrote:
I took my wife to a Kenny Chesney stadium show with 3 fairly big names (if you're into country) as openers and it was the same deal. You got one of those wives too eh? My little 'ol Texas gal has made me take her to more country shows than I care to admit. I mean it's not bad. Especially after pre-gaming with Fireball in the parking lot. But I look at myself and say "oh how the mighty have fallen"
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Airport, Kenya (HKUK), Chicago Aurora Municipal Airport, United States (KARR), Newquay Cornwall Airport, United Kingdom (EGHQ), Busuanga Airport, Philippines (RPVV), Avoca Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport, United States (KAVP), Penn Valley Airport, United States (KSEG), Daytona Beach International Airport, United States (KDAB), Mount Gambier Airport, Australia (YMTG), Cessnock Airport, Australia (YCNK), Divinopolis Airport, Brazil (SNDV), Saginaw MBS International Airport, United States (KMBS), Upernavik Airport, Greenland (BGUK), Cloudbreak Fortescue Dave Forrest Airport, Australia (YFDF), Volk Field Air National Guard Base, United States (KVOK), Afton Municipal Airport, United States (KAFO), El Monte San Gabriel Valley Airport, United States (KEMT), Storm Lake Municipal Airport, United States (KSLB), Bairnsdale Airport, Australia (YBNS), Harry Mwanga Nkumbula International Airport, Zambia (FLHN), Caloundra Airport, Australia (YCDR), Grand Island Central Nebraska Regional Airport, United States (KGRI), Paso Robles Municipal Airport, United States (KPRB), St. Augustine Northeast Florida Regional Airport, United States (KSGJ), Masbate Moises R. Espinosa Airport, Philippines (RPVJ), West Angelas Airport, Australia (YANG), Mercer County Airport (West Virginia), United States (KBLF), Kinston Regional Jetport, United States (KISO), Chumphon Airport, Thailand (VTSE), Greater Portsmouth Regional Airport, United States (KPMH), Richland Airport (Washington), United States (KRLD), Tres Lagoas Airport, Brazil (SSTL), Zhanjiang Airport, China (ZGZJ), North Connel Oban Airport, United Kingdom (EGEO), Bowling Green Warren County Regional Airport, United States (KBWG), Dong Hoi Airport, Viet Nam (VVDH), Austin Executive Airport, United States (KEDC), Gunnison Crested Butte Regional Airport, United States (KGUC), Macon Downtown Airport, United States (KMAC), Ballera Airport, Australia (YLLE), Capital City Airport (Kentucky), United States (KFFT), Sheboygan County Memorial Airport, United States (KSBM), Wollongong Illawarra Regional Airport, Australia (YWOL), Columbus Municipal Airport, United States (KBAK), Mudgee Airport, Australia (YMDG), Sayak Airport, Philippines (RPNS), Lompoc Airport, United States (KLPC), Mesa Falcon Field Airport, United States (KFFZ), Portsmouth International Airport, United States (KPSM), Pierre Regional Airport, United States (KPIR), Volkel Air Base, Netherlands (EHVK), Soldotna Airport, United States (PASX), St. Clair County Airport, United States (KPLR), Rainbow Lake Airport, Canada (CYOP), Warren County Memorial Airport, United States (KRNC), Fort Stockton-Pecos County Airport, United States (KFST), Dickinson Theodore Roosevelt Regional Airport, United States (KDIK), Victoria Regional Airport, United States (KVCT), Rochester International Airport, United States (KRST), Honiara International Airport, Solomon Islands (AGGH), Poughkeepsie Hudson Valley Regional Airport, United States (KPOU), Gillette Campbell County Airport, United States (KGCC), Atlanta Fulton County Airport, United States (KFTY), Montrose Regional Airport, United States (KMTJ), Sialkot International Airport, Pakistan (OPST), Yuba County Airport, United States (KMYV), Al Ula Domestic Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEAO), Compton/Woodley Airport, United States (KCPM), Depułtycze Królewskie Airport, Poland (EPCD), Elcho Island Airport, Australia (YELD), Shark Bay Airport, Australia (YSHK), Janesville Southern Wisconsin Regional Airport, United States (KJVL), Araguaina Airport, Brazil (SWGN), Juazeiro do Norte Airport, Brazil (SBJU), Saint-Tropez La Mole Airport, France (LFTZ), Bundaberg Airport, Australia (YBUD), Pryor Field Regional Airport, United States (KDCU), Clinton-Sampson County Airport, United States (KCTZ), Logan Cache Airport, United States (KLGU), St. Catharines Niagara District Airport, Canada (CYSN), Ely Airport, United States (KELY), Steamboat Springs Airport, United States (KSBS), Leinster Airport, Australia (YLST), Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar (OTBH), Cacoal Airport, Brazil (SSKW), Roscoe Turner Airport, United States (KCRX), Harbor Springs Municipal Airport, United States (KMGN), Powell River Airport, Canada (CYPW), Tullahoma Regional Airport, United States (KTHA), Woodward Field (airport), United States (KCDN), Vernal Airport, United States (KVEL), Santa Paula Airport, United States (KSZP), Lynchburg Regional Airport, United States (KLYH), Decatur Airport, United States (KDED), Neosho Hugh Robinson Airport, United States (KEOS), Sand Point Airport, United States (PASD), Moore County Airport (North Carolina), United States (KSOP), Gelendzhik Airport, Russia (URKG), Nyingchi Mainling Airport, China (ZUNZ), Middletown Regional Airport, United States (KMWO), Dubai World Central International Airport, United Arab Emirates (OMDW), New Bedford Regional Airport, United States (KEWB), Sortavala Airport, Russia (ULPW), Athens Eleftherios Venizelos, Greece (LGAV), McNary Field, United States (KSLE), Crescent City Del Norte County Airport, United States (KCEC), Lahr Black Forest Airport, Germany (EDTL), Alamosa San Luis Valley Regional Airport, United States (KALS), First Flight Airport, United States (KFFA), Bremerton National Airport, United States (KPWT), Northeastern Regional Airport, United States (KEDE), Thomas C. Russell Field, United States (KALX), Oroville Municipal Airport, United States (KOVE), Sukhothai Airport, Thailand (VTPO), Council Bluffs Municipal Airport, United States (KCBF), Angeles City Clark International Airport, Philippines (RPLC), Chiang Mai International Airport, Thailand (VTCC), Quincy Municipal Airport, United States (KUIN), Walvis Bay Airport, Namibia (FYWB), Hot Springs Memorial Field Airport, United States (KHOT), McMinn County Airport, United States (KMMI), Devils Lake Regional Airport, United States (KDVL), Misrata International Airport, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (HLMS), Goodland Municipal Airport, United States (KGLD), Willoughby Lost Nation Municipal Airport, United States (KLNN), South Wood County Airport, United States (KISW), Orlando Sanford International Airport, United States (KSFB), Neftekamsk Airport, Russia (UWUF), South Lake Tahoe Airport, United States (KTVL), College Park Airport, United States (KCGS), Bugulma Airport, Russia (UWKB), Ugnu-Kuparuk Airport, United States (PAKU), Tuscaloosa Regional Airport, United States (KTCL), Barstow-Daggett Airport, United States (KDAG), Wajima Noto Airport, Japan (RJNW), Namangan Airport, Uzbekistan (UTFN), Walla Walla Airport, United States (KALW), San Diego Montgomery Field Airport, United States (KMYF), Richard B. Russell Airport, United States (KRMG), Schenectady County Airport, United States (KSCH), Sulphur Springs Municipal Airport, United States (KSLR), Lyuliang Airport, China (ZBLL), Orange Airport, Australia (YORG), Gordon K. Bush Airport, United States (KUNI), Pecos Municipal Airport, United States (KPEQ), Clovis Municipal Airport, United States (KCVN), Golden Triangle Regional Airport, United States (KGTR), Liupanshui Yuezhao Airport, China (ZUPS), Mardin Airport, Turkey (LTCR), Ozamiz Labo Airport, Philippines (RPMO), Atlanta DeKalb Peachtree Airport, United States (KPDK), McCall Municipal Airport, United States (KMYL), Istanbul Sabiha Gokcen International Airport, Turkey (LTFJ), Montauk Airport, United States (KMTP), Franklin Municipal–John Beverly Rose Airport, United States (KFKN), Granite Downs Airport, Australia (YGDW), Texas Gulf Coast Regional Airport, United States (KLBX), Busselton Regional Airport, Australia (YBLN), Whyalla Airport, Australia (YWHA), Zhangjiakou Ningyuan Airport, China (ZBZJ), Sabetta International Airport, Russia (USDA), Laconia Municipal Airport, United States (KLCI), New Smyrna Beach Municipal Airport, United States (KEVB), Seoul Incheon International Airport, South Korea (RKSI), Aurora State Airport, United States (KUAO), Mont Tremblant International Airport, Canada (CYFJ), Argyle Airport, Australia (YARG), Marshall Southwest Minnesota Regional Airport, United States (KMML), Captain Germán Olano Moreno Air Base, Colombia (SKPQ), Broken Bow Municipal Airport, United States (KBBW), Bloomington Monroe County Airport, United States (KBMG), Changchun Longjia International Airport, China (ZYCC), Miller Field (airport), United States (KVTN), Minden Tahoe Airport, United States (KMEV), Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport, China (ZSJN), Lake Havasu City Airport, United States (KHII), Miles Airport, Australia (YMLS), Lafayette Purdue University Airport, United States (KLAF), Brawley Municipal Airport, United States (KBWC), Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport, Russia (UWLW), Rondonopolis Airport, Brazil (SWRD), Victoria Inner Harbour Airport, Canada (CYWH), Smyrna Airport, United States (KMQY), Pelican Lake Macquarie Airport, Australia (YPEC), Eagle River Union Airport, United States (KEGV), Sugar Land Regional Airport, United States (KSGR), Oxnard Airport, United States (KOXR), Destin Fort Walton Beach Airport, United States (KDTS), Greenlee County Airport, United States (KCFT), Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport, United States (KBZN), Accomack County Airport, United States (KMFV), Winona Municipal Airport, United States (KONA), Arlington Municipal Airport, United States (KGKY), Dimapur Airport, India (VEMR), Moscow Ostafyevo International Airport, Russia (UUMO), Rawlins Municipal Airport, United States (KRWL), Wolf Point L. M. Clayton Airport, United States (KOLF), Port Sudan New International Airport, Sudan (HSPN), Tagbilaran City Airport, Philippines (RPVT), Gulfport Biloxi International Airport, United States (KGPT), Bismarck Municipal Airport, United States (KBIS), Cambridge–Dorchester Airport, United States (KCGE), Ravensthorpe Airport, Australia (YNRV), Doncaster Sheffield Airport, United Kingdom (EGCN), Bunbury Airport, Australia (YBUN), Missoula International Airport, United States (KMSO), Asheville Regional Airport, United States (KAVL), Georgetown Delaware Coastal Airport, United States (KGED), Natchez–Adams County Airport, United States (KHEZ), Great Bend Airport, United States (KGBD), Branch County Memorial Airport, United States (KOEB), Clarksville–Montgomery County Regional Airport, United States (KCKV), Salina Regional Airport, United States (KSLN), Toowoomba Airport, Australia (YTWB), Muscle Shoals Northwest Alabama Regional Airport, United States (KMSL), Renton Municipal Airport, United States (KRNT), Chino Airport, United States (KCNO), Kutaisi International Airport, Georgia (UGKO), Fukushima Airport, Japan (RJSF), Provo Municipal Airport, United States (KPVU), Edremit Balikesir Koca Seyit Airport, Turkey (LTFD), Brunswick Golden Isles Airport, United States (KBQK), Oakland County International Airport, United States (KPTK), Kaunas Airport, Lithuania (EYKA), Quito Mariscal Sucre International Airport, Ecuador (SEQM), North Platte Regional Airport, United States (KLBF), Marion County – Rankin Fite Airport, United States (KHAB), Wilmington Air Park Airport, United States (KILN), Warroad International Memorial Airport, United States (KRRT), Chan Gurney Municipal Airport, United States (KYKN), Wuhu Airport, China (ZSWU), Harry P. Williams Memorial Airport, United States (KPTN), Port Meadville Airport, United States (KGKJ), East Hampton Airport, United States (KHTO), Fresno Chandler Executive Airport, United States (KFCH), Fullerton Municipal Airport, United States (KFUL), Bima Sultan Muhammad Salahudin Airport, Indonesia (WADB), Bandar Lampung Radin Inten II Airport, Indonesia (WICT), Venice Municipal Airport, United States (KVNC), Mount Pleasant Regional Airport (South Carolina), United States (KLRO), Achmad Yani International Airport, (WARS), Zhongwei Airport, China (ZLZW), Orbost Airport, Australia (YORB), Amakusa Airport, Japan (RJDA), Zhoushan Putuoshan Airport, China (ZSZS), Durant Regional Airport – Eaker Field, United States (KDUA), Moscow Zhukovsky Airport, Russia (UUBW), Henderson City-County Airport, United States (KEHR), Huai'an Lianshui Airport, China (ZSSH), Chicago Executive Airport, United States (KPWK), Nantong Xingdong Airport, China (ZSNT), Punta Gorda Airport, United States (KPGD), Westerly State Airport, United States (KWST), Awali Sakhir Air Base, Bahrain (OBKH), Fairfield County Airport (South Carolina), United States (KFDW), Detroit Lakes Airport, United States (KDTL), Aberporth Airport, United Kingdom (EGFA), Shennongjia Hongping Airport, China (ZHSN), Apalachicola Regional Airport, United States (KAAF), Bella Coola Airport, Canada (CYBD), Boulder Municipal Airport, United States (KBDU), W. H. `Bud` Barron Airport, United States (KDBN), Fergana International Airport, Uzbekistan (UTKF), Bodrum Milas Airport, Turkey (LTFE), Shelbyville Municipal Airport (Tennessee), United States (KSYI), Baldwin County Airport, United States (KMLJ), Mount Holly South Jersey Regional Airport, United States (KVAY), Tulsa Richard Lloyd Jones Jr. Airport, United States (KRVS), Camiguin Airport, Philippines (RPMH), Goa International Airport, India (VOGO), Maningrida Airport, Australia (YMGD), Dillant–Hopkins Airport, United States (KEEN), Qaanaaq Airport, Greenland (BGQQ), Crystal Airport (Minnesota), United States (KMIC), Willows-Glenn County Airport, United States (KWLW), Port Heiden Airport, United States (PAPH), Wellsville Municipal Airport, United States (KELZ), Huntsville Regional Airport, United States (KUTS), Greater Binghamton Airport, United States (KBGM), Mildura Airport, Australia (YMIA), Redmond Municipal Airport, United States (KRDM), Page Municipal Airport, United States (KPGA), Cooktown Airport, Australia (YCKN), Porterville Municipal Airport, United States (KPTV), Allentown Lehigh Valley International Airport, United States (KABE), Adisumarmo International Airport, Indonesia (WARQ), Dawson Community Airport, United States (KGDV), Mount Keith Airport, Australia (YMNE), Kalskag Airport, United States (PALG), Marion County Airport (Tennessee), United States (KAPT), Shively Field, United States (KSAA), Kalumburu Airport, Australia (YKAL), New Century AirCenter, United States (KIXD), Philip Billard Municipal Airport, United States (KTOP), St. George Regional Airport, United States (KSGU), Beaver County Airport, United States (KBVI), Assaluyeh Persian Gulf Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OIBP), Bay City Municipal Airport, United States (KBYY), Samuels Field, United States (KBRY), Hamilton Butler County Regional Airport, United States (KHAO), Quanzhou Jinjiang Airport, China (ZSQZ), Glens Falls Floyd Bennett Memorial Airport, United States (KGFL), Phoenix Mesa Gateway Airport, United States (KIWA), Al Minhad Air Base, United Arab Emirates (OMDM), Belgorod International Airport, Russia (UUOB), Weedon Field, United States (KEUF), Daniel Field, United States (KDNL), Cabo Frio International Airport, Brazil (SBCB), Nifty Airport, Australia (YCNF), Phosphate Hill The Monument Airport, Australia (YTMO), Orangeburg Municipal Airport, United States (KOGB), Marfa Municipal Airport, United States (KMRF), Shangri-La Diqing Airport, China (ZPDQ), Guthrie–Edmond Regional Airport, United States (KGOK), Hubli Airport, India (VOHB), Lumberton Municipal Airport, United States (KLBT), Sirnak Airport, Turkey (LTCV), Durrie Airport, Australia (YDRI), Samana El Catey International Airport, Dominican Republic (MDCY), Orange County Airport (New York), United States (KMGJ), Everett-Stewart Regional Airport, United States (KUCY), Nakhon Si Thammarat Airport, Thailand (VTSF), Aden International Airport, Yemen (OYAA), Papeete Tahiti Faa'a International Airport, French Polynesia (NTAA), Noyabrsk Airport, Russia (USRO), Riverton Regional Airport, United States (KRIW), Knoxville Downtown Island Airport, United States (KDKX), Yaroslavl Tunoshna Airport, Russia (UUDL), Chautauqua County/Dunkirk Airport, United States (KDKK), Doylestown Airport, United States (KDYL), Esperance Airport, Australia (YESP), Dhaka Shahjalal International Airport, Bangladesh (VGHS), Leigh Creek Airport, Australia (YLEC), Mojave Air and Space Port, United States (KMHV), Al Najaf International Airport, Iraq (ORNI), Donaldson Center Airport, United States (KGYH), Yakima Airport, United States (KYKM), Sao Carlos Airport, Brazil (SDSC), Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, United States (KNYL), Kalimarau Airport, Indonesia (WALK), Winnemucca Municipal Airport, United States (KWMC), Rock Springs Sweetwater County Airport, United States (KRKS), Enterprise Municipal Airport (Alabama), United States (KEDN), Vilnius International Airport, Lithuania (EYVI), Darwin International Airport, Australia (YPDN), Lima Jorge Chavez International Airport, Peru (SPJC), Cuatro Cienegas New Airport, Mexico (MM64), Buenos Aires Ministro Pistarini International Airport, Argentina (SAEZ), Livingston County Spencer J. Hardy Airport, United States (KOZW), Waycross-Ware County Airport, United States (KAYS), Woodie Woodie Airport, Australia (YWWI), Fort Collins Loveland Municipal Airport, United States (KFNL), Aizawl Lengpui Airport, India (VELP), Ganja International Airport, Azerbaijan (UBBG), McArthur River Mine Airport, Australia (YMHU), Newman Airport, Australia (YNWN), Fletcher Field, United States (KCKM), Gadsden Northeast Alabama Regional Airport, United States (KGAD), Buriram Airport, Thailand (VTUO), Gainesville Municipal Airport, United States (KGLE), Laverton Airport, Australia (YLTN), Bendigo Airport, Australia (YBDG), Eastern WV Regional Airport, United States (KMRB), Port Pirie Airport, Australia (YPIR), Haikou Meilan International Airport, China (ZJHK), Aerodromul Măgura, Romania (LRCD), Harihar Airport, India (VO52), Mitchell Municipal Airport, United States (KMHE), Santo Domingo La Isabela International Airport, Dominican Republic (MDJB), San Diego Brown Field Municipal Airport, United States (KSDM), Gan International Airport, Maldives (VRMG), Tri-County Regional Airport, United States (KLNR), Maitland Airport, Australia (YMND), DuBois Regional Airport, United States (KDUJ), Sherman North Texas Regional Airport, United States (KGYI), Benton Harbor Southwest Michigan Regional Airport, United States (KBEH), Batumi International Airport, Georgia (UGSB), Qianjiang Wulingshan Airport, China (ZUQJ), Djibouti Ambouli International Airport, Djibouti (HDAM), Matsu Nangan Airport, Taiwan (RCFG), Niigata Airport, Japan (RJSN), Bountiful Skypark Airport, United States (KBTF), Grand Rapids Itsaca County Airport, United States (KGPZ), Lenawee County Airport, United States (KADG), North Bend Southwest Oregon Regional Airport, United States (KOTH), Kirksville Municipal Airport, United States (KIRK), Houston Executive Airport, United States (KTME), Hammond Northshore Regional Airport, United States (KHDC), Robert S. Kerr Airport, United States (KRKR), Oristano-Fenosu Airport, Italy (LIER), Black Hills Airport, United States (KSPF), Sohag International Airport, Egypt (HEMK), Owensboro Daviess County Regional Airport, United States (KOWB), Juiz de Fora Airport, Brazil (SBZM), Yerevan Zvartnots International Airport, Armenia (UDYZ), Marathon Florida Keys Airport, United States (KMTH), Huntsville International Airport, United States (KHSV), Wenatchee Pangborn Memorial Airport, United States (KEAT), Stillwater Regional Airport, United States (KSWO), Sierra Blanca Regional Airport, United States (KSRR), Warren Airport (New South Wales), Australia (YWRN), Banning Municipal Airport, United States (KBNG), Midwest National Air Center, United States (KGPH), Friday Harbor Airport, United States (KFHR), Ocala International Airport, United States (KOCF), Linden Airport, United States (KLDJ), Visakhapatnam Airport, India (VOVZ), Rochester Airport, United Kingdom (EGTO), Waterloo Regional Airport, United States (KALO), Chevery Airport, Canada (CYHR), Lakeland Linder Regional Airport, United States (KLAL), Rexburg-Madison County Airport, United States (KRXE), Exmouth Airport, Australia (YEXM), Rottnest Island Airport, Australia (YRTI), Santa Cruz El Trompillo Airport, Bolivia (SLET), Stan Stamper Municipal Airport, United States (KHHW), Yamburg Airport, Russia (USMQ), Houston Southwest Airport, United States (KAXH), Kaluga Grabtsevo Airport, Russia (UUBC), New Orleans Lakefront Airport, United States (KNEW), Karlstad Airport, Sweden (ESOK), Devonport Airport, Australia (YDPO), Jacksonville Executive at Craig Airport, United States (KCRG), Champaign University of Illinois Willard Airport, United States (KCMI), Ballina Byron Gateway Airport, Australia (YBNA), McCook Ben Nelson Regional Airport, United States (KMCK), Brownwood Regional Airport, United States (KBWD), Roi Et Airport, Thailand (VTUV), Norwood Memorial Airport, United States (KOWD), Terrell Municipal Airport, United States (KTRL), Denver Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport, United States (KBJC), Tianshui Maijishan Airport, China (ZLTS), Tuticorin Airport, India (VO80), Gympie Airport, Australia (YGYM), Searcy Municipal Airport, United States (KSRC), Brookings Airport, United States (KBOK), Decatur County Industrial Air Park, United States (KBGE), Thief River Falls Regional Airport, United States (KTVF), Olympia Regional Airport, United States (KOLM), Bowers Airport, United States (KELN), La Crosse Regional Airport, United States (KLSE), Napa County Airport, United States (KAPC), Wings Field, United States (KLOM), Provincetown Municipal Airport, United States (KPVC), Grand Junction Regional Airport, United States (KGJT), Santa Rosa Sonoma County Airport, United States (KSTS), Great Barrier Reef Airport, Australia (YBHM), Ada Municipal Airport, United States (KADH), Scottsdale Airport, United States (KSDL), Moree Airport, Australia (YMOR), Sana'a International Airport, Yemen (OYSN), Columbus County Municipal Airport, United States (KCPC), Crookston Municipal Airport, United States (KCKN), Dawadmi Domestic Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEDM), Defiance Memorial Airport, United States (KDFI), Stinson Municipal Airport, United States (KSSF), Chesterfield County Airport, United States (KFCI), Dillon Airport, United States (KDLN), Halliburton Field (airport), United States (KDUC), Quzhou Airport, China (ZSJU), Torrance Municipal Airport, United States (KTOA), Khon Kaen Airport, Thailand (VTUK), Cedar Rapids Eastern Iowa Airport, United States (KCID), Lamar Municipal Airport (Colorado), United States (KLAA), Shelby Airport, United States (KSBX), Umiujaq Airport, Canada (CYMU), Ca Mau Airport, Viet Nam (VVCM), Onslow Airport, Australia (YOLW), Barcaldine Airport, Australia (YBAR), Winchester Regional Airport, United States (KOKV), West Bend Municipal Airport, United States (KETB), Hervey Bay Airport, Australia (YHBA), Garfield County Regional Airport, United States (KRIL), Moline Quad City International Airport, United States (KMLI), Broome International Airport, Australia (YBRM), Dallas Addison Airport, United States (KADS), Macae Airport, Brazil (SBME), Billings Logan International Airport, United States (KBIL), West Sale Airport, Australia (YWSL), Okmulgee Regional Airport, United States (KOKM), Nauru International Airport, Nauru (ANYN), Harris County Airport, United States (KPIM), Coffeyville Municipal Airport, United States (KCFV), Beckley Raleigh County Memorial Airport, United States (KBKW), Osh Airport, Kyrgyzstan (UCFO), Xuzhou Guanyin Airport, China (ZSXZ), Saga Airport, Japan (RJFS), Durban King Shaka International Airport, South Africa (FALE), Ivano-Frankivsk International Airport, Ukraine (UKLI), Romeoville Lewis University Airport, United States (KLOT), Chengde Puning Airport, China (ZBCD), Roschino International Airport, Russia (USTR), Longyan Guanzhishan Airport, China (ZSLD), Sullivan County International Airport, United States (KMSV), Colac Airport, Australia (YOLA), Tugdan Airport, Philippines (RPVU), Palanan Airport, Philippines (RPLN), Blountville Tri-Cities Regional Airport, United States (KTRI), Fort Pierce St. Lucie County International Airport, United States (KFPR), Natal International Airport, Brazil (SBSG), Lismore Airport, Australia (YLIS), San Marcos Municipal Airport, United States (KHYI), Lankaran International Airport, Azerbaijan (UBBL), Lebanon Municipal Airport, United States (KLEB), Mason County Airport (Michigan), United States (KLDM), Hartness State Airport, United States (KVSF), Alamogordo White Sands Regional Airport, United States (KALM), Clinton Regional Airport, United States (KCLK), Bartlesville Municipal Airport, United States (KBVO), Grady Airport, Poland (EPGY), Lee C. Fine Memorial Airport, United States (KAIZ), Bancasi Airport, Philippines (RPME), Sulaimaniyah International Airport, Iraq (ORSU), Reedys Airport, Australia (YRDY), Gaithersburg Montgomery County Airpark, United States (KGAI), Ramona Airport, United States (KRNM), Smith Field (Indiana), United States (KSMD), Fernandina Beach Municipal Airport, United States (KFHB), Ironwood Gogebic Iron County Airport, United States (KIWD), La Grande/Union County Airport, United States (KLGD), Hechi Jinchengjiang Airport, China (ZGHC), Beijing Nanyuan Airport, China (ZBNY), Rogers Municipal Airport, United States (KROG), Liepaja Airport, Latvia (EVLA), Port Hawkesbury Airport, Canada (CYPD), Magnolia Municipal Airport, United States (KAGO), Stevens Point Municipal Airport, United States (KSTE), Bamaga Northern Peninsula Airport, Australia (YNPE), Louisa County Airport, United States (KLKU), Kitaakita Odate Noshiro Airport, Japan (RJSR), Tjilik Riwut Airport, Indonesia (WAOP), Phoenix Deer Valley Airport, United States (KDVT), Karaganda Sary-Arka Airport, Kazakhstan (UAKK), Enid Woodring Regional Airport, United States (KWDG), Cat Cay Airport, (MYCC), Grand Marais/Cook County Airport, United States (KCKC), Brigham City Airport, United States (KBMC), Olympic Dam Airport, Australia (YOLD), Riga International Airport, Latvia (EVRA), Antakya Hatay Airport, Turkey (LTDA), Billy Mitchell Airport, United States (KHSE), Morgantown Municipal Airport, United States (KMGW), Orsk Airport, Russia (UWOR), Placerville Airport, United States (KPVF), Smiths Falls-Montague Airport, Canada (CYSH), Badu Island Airport, Australia (YBAU), Saranac Lake Adirondack Regional Airport, United States (KSLK), Bauru-Arealva Airport, Brazil (SBAE), Robert J. Miller Air Park, United States (KMJX), Nairobi Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Kenya (HKJK), Mason City Municipal Airport, United States (KMCW), Maryborough Airport, Australia (YMYB), Lord Howe Island Airport, Australia (YLHI), Oshkosh Wittman Regional Airport, United States (KOSH), Sault Sainte Marie Chippewa County International Airport, United States (KCIU), Pangkal Pinang Airport, Indonesia (WIPK), Lee Gilmer Memorial Airport, United States (KGVL), El Calafate International Airport, Argentina (SAWC), Newnan–Coweta County Airport, United States (KCCO), Midland Airpark, United States (KMDD), Santa Barbara Municipal Airport, United States (KSBA), Oskemen Airport, Kazakhstan (UASK), Nagoya Chubu Centrair International Airport, Japan (RJGG), Geçitkale Air Base, Cyprus (LCGK), Astoria Regional Airport, United States (KAST), Nelspruit Kruger Mpumalanga International Airport, South Africa (FAKN), Antrim County Airport, United States (KACB), Kingman Airport (Arizona), United States (KIGM), Barisal Airport, Bangladesh (VGBR), Prominent Hill Airport, Australia (YPMH), Zaporizhia International Airport, Ukraine (UKDE), Puerto Natales Teniente Julio Gallardo Airport, Chile (SCNT), Peenemünde Airfield, Germany (EDCP), Mesa Del Rey Airport, United States (KKIC), Bijie Feixiong Airport, China (ZUBJ), Hyderabad Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, India (VOHS), Bangalore Kempegowda International Airport, India (VOBL), Huntsville/Bella Lake Seaplane Base, Canada (CPY7), Doha Hamad International Airport, Qatar (OTHH), Delaware County Regional Airport, United States (KMIE), Wayne County Airport (Ohio), United States (KBJJ), Gyumri Shirak Airport, Armenia (UDSG), Aripuanã Airport, Brazil (SWRP), Cape Girardeau Regional Airport, United States (KCGI), Joplin Regional Airport, United States (KJLN), Charlottesville Albemarle Airport, United States (KCHO), Palo Alto Airport, United States (KPAO), Porter County Regional Airport, United States (KVPZ), Gratiot Community Airport, United States (KAMN), Illinois Valley Regional Airport, United States (KVYS), Richmond Municipal Airport, United States (KRID), Merrill Municipal Airport, United States (KRRL), Tangalooma Airport, Australia (YTGA), Libo Airport, China (ZULB), Hamilton Municipal Airport (New York), United States (KVGC), Gove Airport, Australia (YPGV), Georgetown Cheddi Jagan International Airport, Guyana (SYCJ), Atlanta Regional Airport, United States (KFFC), Independence Municipal Airport (Kansas), United States (KIDP), South Bend Airport, United States (KSBN), Tradewind Airport, United States (KTDW), Fayetteville Regional Airport, United States (KFAY), Harnett Regional Jetport, United States (KHRJ), Beaumont Municipal Airport, United States (KBMT), Safford Regional Airport, United States (KSAD), Marana Pinal Airport, United States (KMZJ), El Oued Guemar Airport, Algeria (DAUO), Ende H. Hasan Aroeboesman Airport, Indonesia (WATE), Columbus Municipal Airport (Nebraska), United States (KOLU), Las Vegas Municipal Airport, United States (KLVS), Manassas Regional Airport, United States (KHEF), Casa Grande Municipal Airport, United States (KCGZ), Atyrau Airport, Kazakhstan (UATG), Shaoyang Wugang Airport, China (ZGSY), H. L. Sonny Callahan Airport, United States (KCQF), Dodge City Regional Airport, United States (KDDC), Grand Canyon National Park Airport, United States (KGCN), Kuala Lumpur Subang Airport, Malaysia (WMSA), Kissimmee Gateway Airport, United States (KISM), Nashua Airport, United States (KASH), Rio Verde Airport, Brazil (SWLC), Petersburg James A. Johnson Airport, United States (PAPG), Northeast Iowa Regional Airport, United States (KCCY), Dayton–Wright Brothers Airport, United States (KMGY), Greenville Mid Delta Regional Airport, United States (KGLH), Boudghene Ben Ali Lotfi Airport, Algeria (DAOR), Santa Maria Public Airport, United States (KSMX), Charleston Yeager Airport, United States (KCRW), Algona Municipal Airport, United States (KAXA), Tymvou Ercan International Airport, Cyprus (LCEN), Redding Municipal Airport, United States (KRDD), Gladwin Zettel Memorial Airport, United States (KGDW), Morristown Regional Airport, United States (KMOR), Saline County Regional Airport, United States (KSUZ), Colorado Plains Regional Airport, United States (KAKO), Murray-Calloway County Airport, United States (KCEY), Ruston Regional Airport, United States (KRSN), Visalia Municipal Airport, United States (KVIS), Iowa City Municipal Airport, United States (KIOW), Tupelo Regional Airport, United States (KTUP), Brackett Field, United States (KPOC), Palm Island Airport, Australia (YPAM), Rocky Mount Wilson Airport, United States (KRWI), Idaho Falls Regional Airport, United States (KIDA), Lleida Alguaire Airport, Spain (LEDA), Lemhi County Airport, United States (KSMN), Kansas City Downtown Airport, United States (KMKC), Yingkou Lanqi Airport, China (ZYYK), Freeman Municipal Airport, United States (KSER), Ulanqab Jining Airport, China (ZBUC), Pocono Mountains Municipal Airport, United States (KMPO), Husum Schwesing Airport, Germany (EDXJ), Beaver Island Airport, United States (KSJX), Eau Claire Chippewa Valley Regional Airport, United States (KEAU), Martha's Vineyard Airport, United States (KMVY), Lee Airport, United States (KANP), Harrison County Airport (Texas), United States (KASL), Georgetown Eugene F. Correira International Airport, Guyana (SYGO), Lijiang Sanyi Airport, China (ZPLJ), Xingyi Wanfenglin Airport, China (ZUYI), Krasnoyarsk Yemelyanovo Airport, Russia (UNKL), Wurrumiyanga Bathurst Island Airport, Australia (YBTI), Rutland Southern Vermont Regional Airport, United States (KRUT), Trois-Rivieres Airport, Canada (CYRQ), Cobb County Airport, United States (KRYY), Shamattawa Airport, Canada (CZTM), Avon Park Executive Airport, United States (KAVO), Evansville Regional Airport, United States (KEVV), Jamestown Regional Airport, United States (KJMS), Emerald Airport, Australia (YEML), Danville Regional Airport, United States (KDAN), Portland Hillsboro Airport, United States (KHIO), Elmira Corning Regional Airport, United States (KELM), Buckeye Municipal Airport, United States (KBXK), St. Landry Parish Airport, United States (KOPL), Hilton Head Island Airport, United States (KHXD), Longreach Airport, Australia (YLRE), Cocos Islands Airport, Cocos (Keeling) Islands (YPCC), Barreiras Airport, Brazil (SNBR), Ikaria Island National Airport, Greece (LGIK), Coffs Harbour Airport, Australia (YCFS), Bermuda L.F. Wade International Airport, Bermuda (TXKF), Goshen Municipal Airport, United States (KGSH), Eagle County Regional Airport, United States (KEGE), Kingscote Airport, Australia (YKSC), Saransk Airport, Russia (UWPS), Geraldton Airport, Australia (YGEL), Payson Airport, United States (KPAN), Columbus Ohio State University Airport, United States (KOSU), Sinop Airport, Brazil (SWSI), Mammoth Yosemite Airport, United States (KMMH), Bemidji Regional Airport, United States (KBJI), Roanoke Regional Airport, United States (KROA), Albany Airport, Australia (YABA), Parque De Garraf-Sitges Heliport, Spain (LEGS), Eastern Sierra Regional Airport, United States (KBIH), Coles County Memorial Airport, United States (KMTO), Beihai Fucheng Airport, China (ZSBH), King Island Airport, Australia (YKII), Tunica Municipal Airport, United States (KUTA), Murrin Murrin Airport, Australia (YMMI), Viseu Airport, Portugal (LPBZ), Corowa Airport, Australia (YCOR), Edward River Airport, Australia (YPMP), Greenwood County Airport, United States (KGRD), Lonesome Pine Airport, United States (KLNP), Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport, Poland (EPBY), Mifflin County Airport, United States (KRVL), Siborong-Borong Silangit Airport, Indonesia (WIMN), Pskov Airport, Russia (ULOO), Merced Municipal Airport, United States (KMCE), Legazpi Airport, Philippines (RPLP), Yiwu Airport, China (ZSYW), Lawrence Municipal Airport, United States (KLWC), Grozny Airport, Russia (URMG), Morristown Municipal Airport, United States (KMMU), Fort MacKay Horizon Airport, Canada (CYNR), Hesler-Noble Field, United States (KLUL), Windhoek Eros Airport, Namibia (FYWE), Whiteman Airport, United States (KWHP), Roseburg Regional Airport, United States (KRBG), Moomba Airport, Australia (YOOM), Innisfail Airport, Australia (YIFL), York Airport (Pennsylvania), United States (KTHV), Bunge Airbase, (ESVB), Kendari Haluoleo Airport, Indonesia (WAWW), Mareeba Airport, Australia (YMBA), Madison County Executive Airport, United States (KMDQ), Hagerstown Regional Airport, United States (KHGR), Albert Lea Municipal Airport, United States (KAEL), Zephyrhills Municipal Airport, United States (KZPH), Clinton-Sherman Industrial Airpark, United States (KCSM), Yarmouth Airport, Canada (CYQI), Burnie Airport, Australia (YWYY), Cecil Airport, United States (KVQQ), Dourados Airport, Brazil (SBDO), Isparta Suleyman Demirel Airport, Turkey (LTFC), Masset Airport, Canada (CZMT), Lublin Airport, Poland (EPLB), Labuan Bajo Komodo Airport, Indonesia (WATO), Apatity Airport, Russia (ULMK), Lewiston Nez Perce County Airport, United States (KLWS), Utsunomiya Air Field, Japan (RJTU), Palanga International Airport, Lithuania (EYPA), Elko Regional Airport, United States (KEKO), Henry County Airport (Tennessee), United States (KPHT), South Lewis County Airport, United States (KTDO), La Gomera Airport, Spain (GCGM), Athens Ben Epps Airport, United States (KAHN), St. Mary's Airport, United States (PASM), Immokalee Regional Airport, United States (KIMM), Springfield–Beckley Municipal Airport, United States (KSGH), Bathurst Airport, Australia (YBTH), Sumter Airport, United States (KSMS), Temple Draughon-Miller Airport, United States (KTPL), Winter Haven's Gilbert Airport, United States (KGIF), Caldas Novas Airport, Brazil (SBCN), Mehamn Airport, Norway (ENMH), Subic Bay International Airport, Philippines (RPLB), Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport, United States (KGSP), Gaylord Regional Airport, United States (KGLR), King Abdul Aziz Military Academy Airport, Saudi Arabia (OE53), Inyokern Airport, United States (KIYK), Manistee County Blacker Airport, United States (KMBL), Sandakan Airport, Malaysia (WBKS), Las Vegas Henderson Executive Airport, United States (KHND), Maumere Frans Seda Airport, Indonesia (WATC), Blythe Airport, United States (KBLH), Naval Air Station Brunswick, United States (KNHZ), Tennant Creek Airport, Australia (YTNK), Lencois Airport, Brazil (SBLE), Artesia Municipal Airport, United States (KATS), Barcelos Airport, Brazil (SWBC), Michigan City Municipal Airport, United States (KMGC), Newton City/County Airport, United States (KEWK), Kupang El Tari Airport, Indonesia (WATT), Memmingen Airport, Germany (EDJA), Rapid City Regional Airport, United States (KRAP), Baghdad International Airport, Iraq (ORBI), Sanliurfa GAP Airport, Turkey (LTCS), Wausau Central Wisconsin Airport, United States (KCWA), Traverse City Cherry Capital Airport, United States (KTVC), Armidale Airport, Australia (YARM), Graeme Rowley Aerodrome, Australia (YCHK), Wood County Airport (Texas), United States (KJDD), Bridport Airport, Australia (YBDP), Swakopmund Airport, Namibia (FYSM), Boulia Airport, Australia (YBOU), Bol Brac Airport, Croatia (LDSB), Baker City Municipal Airport, United States (KBKE), Monroe County Airport (Alabama), United States (KMVC), Red Lake Airport, Canada (CYRL), Gladstone Airport, Australia (YGLA), Valdosta Regional Airport, United States (KVLD), Cornwall Regional Airport, Canada (CYCC), Pasco Tri-Cities Airport, United States (KPSC), Nagoya Komaki Airport, Japan (RJNA), Miami University Airport, United States (KOXD), Houston David Wayne Hooks Memorial Airport, United States (KDWH), Douglas Municipal Airport (Arizona), United States (KDGL), Gillespie Field, United States (KSEE), Telfer Airport, Australia (YTEF), Bonnyville Airport, Canada (CYBF), Wahoo Municipal Airport, United States (KAHQ), Norway House Airport, Canada (CYNE), Needles Airport, United States (KEED), Sanford Seacoast Regional Airport, United States (KSFM), Sihanoukville International Airport, Cambodia (VDSV), St. Johns Industrial Air Park, United States (KSJN), Twin Falls Magic Valley Regional Airport, United States (KTWF), Appleton International Airport, United States (KATW), Tambov Donskoye Airport, Russia (UUOT), Anapa Airport, Russia (URKA), Kokomo Municipal Airport, United States (KOKK), Marshall Memorial Municipal Airport, United States (KMHL), Carnarvon Airport, Australia (YCAR), Clinton Municipal Airport (Iowa), United States (KCWI), St. Louis Downtown Airport, United States (KCPS), Lancaster General William J Fox Airport, United States (KWJF), New London Groton Airport, United States (KGON), Lombok International Airport, Indonesia (WADL), Front Royal–Warren County Airport, United States (KFRR), Kogalym International Airport, Russia (USRK), Arxan Yiershi Airport, China (ZBES), Laramie Regional Airport, United States (KLAR), Malang Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport, Indonesia (WARA), Flint Bishop International Airport, United States (KFNT), Oxford University Airport, United States (KUOX), Warsaw Modlin Airport, Poland (EPMO), St. Cloud Regional Airport, United States (KSTC), Gazipasa Airport, Turkey (LTFG), Shizuoka Airport, Japan (RJNS), Havre-Saint-Pierre Airport, Canada (CYGV), Dodge County Airport, United States (KUNU), Governador Valadares Airport, Brazil (SBGV), Wangaratta Airport, Australia (YWGT), Paducah Barkley Regional Airport, United States (KPAH), Scott Municipal Airport, United States (KSCX), Livermore Municipal Airport, United States (KLVK), Daocheng Yading Airport, China (ZUDC), Huntingburg Airport, United States (KHNB), Tomsk Bogashevo Airport, Russia (UNTT), Fargo Hector International Airport, United States (KFAR), Windhoek Hosea Kutako International Airport, Namibia (FYWH), Rhinelander Oneida County Airport, United States (KRHI), Praia Nelson Mandela International Airport, Cape Verde (GVNP), Richard I. Bong Airport, United States (KSUW), Nyala Airport, Sudan (HSNN), Manhattan Regional Airport, United States (KMHK), Thermal Jacqueline Cochran Regional Airport, United States (KTRM), Bandung Husein Sastranegara International Airport, Indonesia (WICC), Half Moon Bay Airport, (KHAF), Weihai Dashuibo Airport, China (ZSWH), Hailey Friedman Memorial Airport, United States (KSUN), Kalamazoo Battle Creek International Airport, United States (KAZO), Tripoli Mitiga International Airport, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (HLLM), Wayne Executive Jetport, United States (KGWW), Yapsiei Airport, Papua New Guinea (AYYP), John H. Batten Airport, United States (KRAC), Penggung Airport, Indonesia (WICD), Findlay Airport, United States (KFDY), Angers Loire Airport, France (LFJR), Oklahoma City Wiley Post Airport, United States (KPWA), Kenosha Regional Airport, United States (KENW), Tampa Executive Airport, United States (KVDF), Novato Marin County Airport, United States (KDVO), Lawton Fort Sill Regional Airport, United States (KLAW), St George Airport, Australia (YSGE), St. Paul Downtown Airport, United States (KSTP), Chulman Airport, Russia (UELL), Temora Airport, Australia (YTEM), Lexington Blue Grass Airport, United States (KLEX), Boolgeeda Airport, Australia (YBGD), Hutchinson Municipal Airport (Kansas), United States (KHUT), Tangshan Sannuhe Airport, China (ZBTS), Portland-Troutdale Airport, United States (KTTD), Jacksonville Albert J. Ellis Airport, United States (KOAJ), Morrisville–Stowe State Airport, United States (KMVL), Bathurst Airport, Canada (CZBF), Goulburn Airport, Australia (YGLB), Waterville Robert LaFleur Airport, United States (KWVL), Hattiesburg Laurel Regional Airport, United States (KPIB), Nakhchivan International Airport, Azerbaijan (UBBN), Avenger Field, United States (KSWW), Houston West Airport, United States (KIWS), Manchester Boston Regional Airport, United States (KMHT), Shanghai Pudong International Airport, China (ZSPD), Leesburg International Airport, United States (KLEE), Clarksburg North Central West Virginia Airport, United States (KCKB), Auburn University Regional Airport, United States (KAUO), Triangle North Executive Airport, United States (KLHZ), Guyuan Liupanshan Airport, China (ZLGY), Georgetown Municipal Airport, United States (KGTU), Bowerman Airport, (KHQM), Warrnambool Airport, Australia (YWBL), Inverell Airport, Australia (YIVL), Fairmont Municipal Airport (Minnesota), United States (KFRM), Geneina Airport, Sudan (HSGN), Navoi International Airport, Uzbekistan (UTSA), Dallas Executive Airport, United States (KRBD), Ainsworth Regional Airport, United States (KANW), Minlaton Airport, Australia (YMIN), Cherepovets Airport, Russia (ULBC), Wellclose Airport, Australia (YWEC), Skylark Field, United States (KILE), Concord Regional Airport, United States (KJQF), Anshan Teng'ao Airport, China (ZYAS), Samsun Carsamba Airport, Turkey (LTFH), Coober Pedy Airport, Australia (YCBP), Gallup Municipal Airport, United States (KGUP), York Municipal Airport, United States (KJYR), Horn Island Airport, Australia (YHID), Pergamino Aeroclub, Argentina (SAAN), Lawrence J. Timmerman Airport, United States (KMWC), H.A.S. Hanandjoeddin Airport, Indonesia (WIOD), Stennis International Airport, United States (KHSA), Ogden Hinckley Airport, United States (KOGD), Rowan County Airport, United States (KRUQ), Roma Airport, Australia (YROM), Galion Municipal Airport, United States (KGQQ), Forest City Municipal Airport, United States (KFXY), Coleman Municipal Airport, United States (KCOM), Camarillo Airport, United States (KCMA), Franklin Venango Regional Airport, United States (KFKL), Marco Island Airport, United States (KMKY), Aberdeen Regional Airport, United States (KABR), Houma Terrebonne Airport, United States (KHUM), Spirit of St. Louis Airport, United States (KSUS), Rio Hato Scarlett Martinez International Airport, Panama (MPSM), Hattiesburg Bobby L. Chain Municipal Airport, United States (KHBG), Zhuhai Jinwan Airport, China (ZGSD), Parkersburg Mid-Ohio Valley Regional Airport, United States (KPKB), Nalchik Airport, Russia (URMN), Reading Regional Airport, United States (KRDG), Emporia Municipal Airport, United States (KEMP), Pullman Moscow Regional Airport, United States (KPUW), Wenshan Puzhehei Airport, China (ZPWS), Taroom Airport, Australia (YTAM), Klamath Falls Airport, United States (KLMT), Saint Helena Airport, Saint Helena (FHSH), Nakhon Ratchasima Airport, Thailand (VTUQ), Dunk Island Airport, Australia (YDKI), Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal, Hong Kong (VHST), Manzhouli Xijiao Airport, China (ZBMZ), Ratnagiri Airport, India (VARG), North Myrtle Beach Grand Strand Airport, United States (KCRE), Taree Airport, Australia (YTRE), Moruya Airport, Australia (YMRY), Norfolk Regional Airport, United States (KOFK), Phoenix Goodyear Airport, United States (KGYR), Auburn Municipal Airport (California), United States (KAUN), Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport, Germany (EDSB), Erbil International Airport, Iraq (ORER), Chickasaw Municipal Airport, United States (KCHK), Napier Hawke's Bay Airport, New Zealand (NZNR), Meridian Regional Airport, United States (KMEI), Pristina International Airport, Serbia (BKPR), West Woodward Airport, United States (KWWR), Chizhou Jiuhuashan Airport, China (ZSJH), Cooma Snowy Mountains Airport, Australia (YCOM), Forbes Airport, Australia (YFBS), Fergus Falls Municipal Airport, United States (KFFM), Madera Municipal Airport, United States (KMAE), Macomb Municipal Airport, United States (KMQB), Palm Beach County Glades Airport, United States (KPHK), LaGrange-Callaway Airport, United States (KLGC), Maury County Airport, United States (KMRC), Popondetta Girua Airport, Papua New Guinea (AYGR), Greeley Weld County Airport, United States (KGXY), Angelholm Helsingborg Airport, Sweden (ESTA), Porto Seguro Airport, Brazil (SBPS), Hawkins Field (airport), United States (KHKS), Dharamsala Gaggal Kangra Airport, India (VIGG), Collarenebri Airport, Australia (YCBR), West 30th Street Heliport, United States (KJRA), Hays Regional Airport, United States (KHYS), Bend Municipal Airport, United States (KBDN), Major Justino Mariño Cuesto Air Base, Colombia (SKMA), Koyuk Alfred Adams Airport, United States (PAKK), Dali Airport, China (ZPDL), Jackson County Airport (Michigan), United States (KJXN), Vacaville Nut Tree Airport, United States (KVCB), Cheboksary Airport, Russia (UWKS), Coondewanna Airport, Australia (YCWA), Pickens County Airport (South Carolina), United States (KLQK), Leonora Airport, Australia (YLEO), Panama City International Airport, United States (KECP), Ulyanovsk Baratayevka Airport, Russia (UWLL), Chu Lai International Airport, Viet Nam (VVCA), Tbilisi International Airport, Georgia (UGTB), Cobar Airport, Australia (YCBA), Puvirnituq Airport, Canada (CYPX), Tajima Airport, Japan (RJBT), Henderson Field (North Carolina), United States (KACZ), Vancouver Harbour Water Airport, Canada (CYHC), Panzhihua Bao`anying Airport, China (ZUZH), Vermilion Regional Airport, United States (KDNV), Battle Creek Kalamazoo International Airport, United States (KBTL), Banjarmasin Syamsudin Noor Airport, Indonesia (WAOO), Solomon Airport, Australia (YSOL), Rosecrans Memorial Airport, United States (KSTJ), Person County Airport, United States (KTDF), Bloomington Central Illinois Regional Airport, United States (KBMI), Lancaster Airport, United States (KLNS), HMAS Albatross (air station), Australia (YSNW), Toledo Executive Airport, United States (KTDZ), Sedalia Regional Airport, United States (KDMO), Moultrie Municipal Airport, United States (KMGR), Fergana International Airport, Uzbekistan (UTFF), Kanab Municipal Airport, United States (KKNB), Jefferson City Memorial Airport, United States (KJEF), Surat Thani Airport, Thailand (VTSB), Aiken Municipal Airport, United States (KAIK), Burley Municipal Airport, United States (KBYI), Washington County Airport (Pennsylvania), United States (KAFJ), Laoag City International Airport, Philippines (RPLI), Harrell Field, United States (KCDH), Ostersund Are Airport, Sweden (ESNZ), North Las Vegas Airport, United States (KVGT), San Carlos Airport, United States (KSQL), Lt. Warren Eaton Airport, United States (KOIC), Baishan Changbaishan Airport, China (ZYBS), Millicent Airport, Australia (YMCT), Sidney Richland Municipal Airport, United States (KSDY), Cushing Municipal Airport, United States (KCUH), Aniak Airport, United States (PANI), Brest Airport, Belarus (UMBB), Masuda Hagi Iwami Airport, Japan (RJOW), Igdir Airport, Turkey (LTCT), Sebring Regional Airport, United States (KSEF), Norilsk Alykel Airport, Russia (UOOO), Sidney Municipal Airport, United States (KSNY), Chicago Gary International, United States (KGYY), Denton Municipal Airport, United States (KDTO), Fillmore Municipal Airport, United States (KFOM), Hayward Executive Airport, United States (KHWD), Brookhaven Airport, United States (KHWV), Virginia Highlands Airport, United States (KVJI), Wheeling Ohio County Airport, United States (KHLG), Yichun Lindu Airport, China (ZYLD), Hastings Municipal Airport, United States (KHSI), Jinzhou Bay Airport, China (ZYJZ), Los Banos Municipal Airport, United States (KLSN), Marsa Alam International Airport, Egypt (HEMA), Pocatello Regional Airport, United States (KPIH), Ciudad del Este Guarani International Airport, Paraguay (SGES), Pompano Beach Airport, United States (KPMP), Muan International Airport, Korea, Republic of (RKJB), Crystal River Airport, United States (KCGC), Pellston Regional Airport, United States (KPLN), Fort Worth Alliance Airport, United States (KAFW), Capital City Airport (Pennsylvania), United States (KCXY), Toccoa Airport, United States (KTOC), French Lick Municipal Airport, United States (KFRH), Raton Municipal Airport, United States (KRTN), Prospect Creek Airport, United States (PAPR), Newport State Airport, United States (KUUU), Kennett Memorial Airport, United States (KTKX), Manteo Dare County Regional Airport, United States (KMQI), Beaufort County Airport, United States (KARW), McComb-Pike County Airport, United States (KMCB), Kearney Regional Airport, United States (KEAR), Sheridan County Airport, United States (KSHR), Staunton Shenandoah Valley Regional Airport, United States (KSHD), Bonaventure Airport, Canada (CYVB), Huntington Tri State Airport, United States (KHTS), Surabaya Juanda International Airport, Indonesia (WARR), Belaya Gora Airport, Russia (UESG), Grafton Clarence Valley Regional Airport, Australia (YGFN), Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan (OAIX), Craig–Moffat Airport, United States (KCAG), Merritt Island Airport, United States (KCOI), Bayannur Tianjitai Airport, China (ZBYZ), Greenville Pitt Airport, United States (KPGV), La Rochelle Ile de Re Airport, France (LFBH), Kiev Gostomel Airport, Ukraine (UKKM), Cross City Airport, United States (KCTY), Yichun Mingyueshan Airport, China (ZSYC), Sioux Falls Regional Airport, United States (KFSD), Sedona Airport, United States (KSEZ), Cleveland Cuyahoga County Airport, United States (KCGF), Cortez Municipal Airport, United States (KCEZ), Fond du Lac County Airport, United States (KFLD), Cody Yellowstone Regional Airport, United States (KCOD), Carajas Airport, Brazil (SBCJ), Block Island Airport, United States (KBID), Barrow Island Airport, Australia (YBWX), Mansfield Lahm Regional Airport, United States (KMFD), Gunnedah Airport, Australia (YGDH), Show Low Regional Airport, United States (KSOW), Jamestown Chautauqua County Airport, United States (KJHW), Ivanovo Yuzhny Airport, Russia (UUBI), Trepell Airport, Australia (YTEE), Jining Qufu Airport, China (ZSJG), Statesboro-Bulloch County Airport, United States (KTBR), Tresco Heliport, United Kingdom (EGHT), Dipolog Airport, Philippines (RPMG), Jasper County Airport (Indiana), United States (KRZL), Alton St. Louis Regional Airport, United States (KALN), Dongying Shengli Airport, China (ZSDY), Indianapolis Executive Airport, United States (KTYQ), Greensboro Piedmont Triad International Airport, United States (KGSO), Ridali Airfield, Estonia (EERI), Bartow Municipal Airport, United States (KBOW), Lima Allen County Airport, United States (KAOH), Yushu Batang Airport, China (ZLYS), Beslan Airport, Russia (URMO), Liberal Mid-America Regional Airport, United States (KLBL), Wexford County Airport, United States (KCAD), Kahramanmaras Airport, Turkey (LTCN), Jakarta Halim Perdanakusuma Airport, Indonesia (WIHH), Webequie Airport, Canada (CYWP), Kerrville Municipal Airport, United States (KERV), Madison Municipal Airport (South Dakota), United States (KMDS), Merimbula Airport, Australia (YMER), Pendleton Eastern Oregon Regional Airport, United States (KPDT), Coatesville Chester County Area Airport, United States (KMQS), Tambolaka Airport, Indonesia (WADT), Kushiro Airport, Japan (RJCK), Muskegon County Airport, United States (KMKG), John F. Kennedy Memorial Airport, United States (KASX), Kerang Airport, Australia (YKER), Winslow-Lindbergh Regional Airport, United States (KINW), Alpena County Regional Airport, United States (KAPN), Van Nuys Airport, United States (KVNY), Tri-State Steuben County Airport, United States (KANQ), Scottsbluff Western Nebraska Regional Airport, United States (KBFF), Galesburg Municipal Airport, United States (KGBG), Giebelstadt Airport, Germany (EDQG), Moscow Chkalovskiy Airport, Russia (UUMU), Liping Airport, China (ZUNP), Denver Centennial Airport, United States (KAPA), Brampton Island Airport, Australia (YBPI), Ely Municipal Airport, United States (KELO), Clemson Oconee County Regional Airport, United States (KCEU), Yongzhou Lingling Airport, China (ZGLG), Castellón Airport, Spain (LECN), Brunswick Malcolm McKinnon Airport, United States (KSSI), Olive Branch Airport, United States (KOLV), Nizhny Novgorod International Airport, Russia (UWGG), Dubuque Regional Airport, United States (KDBQ), Eureka Arcata Airport, United States (KACV), Waukesha County Airport, United States (KUES), Chadron Municipal Airport, United States (KCDR), Naples Municipal Airport, United States (KAPF), Yuksekova Hakkari Airport, Turkey (LTCW), Pittsfield Airport, United States (KPSF), Eastern Slopes Regional Airport, United States (KIZG), Cable Airport, United States (KCCB), Moab Canyonlands Field, United States (KCNY), Trat Airport, Thailand (VTBO), Hyannis Barnstable Municipal Airport, United States (KHYA), Namangan Airport, Uzbekistan (UTKN), Newcastle Airport, Australia (YWLM), Ceduna Airport, Australia (YCDU), Oshawa Executive Airport, Canada (CYOO), Eastsound Orcas Island Airport, United States (KORS), Caldwell Essex County Airport, United States (KCDW), Qamdo Bamda Airport, China (ZUBD), Davao City Francisco Bangoy International Airport, Philippines (RPMD), Kursk Airport, Russia (UUOK), Santarem Maestro Wilson Fonseca Airport, Brazil (SBSN), Chinchilla Airport, Australia (YCCA), Burlington Southeast Iowa Regional Airport, United States (KBRL), Bonito Airport, Brazil (SBDB), Confederation Lake Seaplane Base, Canada (CJL7), Hutchinson County Airport, United States (KBGD), Walterboro Municipal Airport, United States (KRBW), Easton Airport, United States (KESN), Lake City Gateway Airport, United States (KLCQ), Minneapolis Flying Cloud Airport, United States (KFCM), Naval Air Station Quonset Point, (KOQU), Marshfield Municipal Airport (Wisconsin), United States (KMFI), Perry Stokes Airport, United States (KTAD), Arthur N. Neu Airport, United States (KCIN), Førde Airport, Øyrane, Norway (ENFD), Ventspils International Airport, Latvia (EVVA), Vance Brand Airport, United States (KLMO), Spencer Municipal Airport, United States (KSPW), Juwata International Airport, Indonesia (WALR), Broken Hill Airport, Australia (YBHI), Watertown Regional Airport, United States (KATY), Tuzla International Airport, Bosnia and Herzegovina (LQTZ), Watsonville Municipal Airport, United States (KWVI), Usinsk Airport, Russia (UUYS), Fort Wayne International Airport, United States (KFWA), Cayo Coco Airport, Cuba (MUOC), Wuyishan Airport, China (ZSWY), Erie International Airport, United States (KERI), Titusville Space Coast Regional Airport, United States (KTIX), Silver City Grant County Airport, United States (KSVC), Agadir Al Massira Airport, Morocco (GMAD), Henry Tift Myers Airport, United States (KTMA), Birdsville Airport, Australia (YBDV), Tonghua Sanyuanpu Airport, China (ZYTN), Zhangye Ganzhou Airport, China (ZLZY), Daqing Sartu Airport, China (ZYDQ), Naberezhnye Chelny Begishevo Airport, Russia (UWKE), Toledo Express Airport, United States (KTOL), Tucson Marana Regional Airport, United States (KAVQ), Kansas City Johnson County Executive Airport, United States (KOJC), Reid-Hillview Airport, United States (KRHV), Yangzhou Taizhou Airport, China (ZSYA), Lawrence Municipal Airport, United States (KLWM), Vancouver Boundary Bay Airport, Canada (CZBB), Elizabethtown Regional Airport, United States (KEKX), Chatham-Kent Airport, Canada (CYCK), Altus/Quartz Mountain Regional Airport, United States (KAXS), Olsztyn Mazury Airport, Poland (EPSY), Shafter Airport, United States (KMIT), Weeze Airport, Germany (EDLV), Hermiston Municipal Airport, United States (KHRI), Port Macquarie Airport, Australia (YPMQ), West Memphis Municipal Airport, United States (KAWM), Ancona Airport, Italy (LIPY), Clark Regional Airport, United States (KJVY), Baltimore Martin State Airport, United States (KMTN), Eugene Airport, United States (KEUG), Ann Arbor Municipal Airport, United States (KARB), Peoria International Airport, United States (KPIA), Jackson Hole Airport, United States (KJAC), Parkes Airport, Australia (YPKS), Meekathara Airport, Australia (YMEK)Aachen, Merzbrück Airport, Germany (EDKA)Aalborg, Aalborg Airport, Denmark (EKYT)Aarhus, Aarhus Airport, Denmark (EKAH)Aavahelukka, Aavahelukka Airfield, Finland (EFAA)Abadan, Abadan Airport, Iraq (OIAA)Abakan, Abakan International Airport, Russia (UNAA)Abbotsford, Abbotsford International Airport, Canada (CYXX)Aberdeen, Aberdeen International Airport, United Kingdom (EGPD)Aberdeen/Amory, Monroe County Airport, United States (M40)Abha, Abha Regional Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEAB)Abidjan, Abidjan Port Bouet Airport, Cote d'Ivoire (DIAP)Abilene, Abilene Regional Airport, United States (KABI)Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi International Airport, United Arab Emirates (OMAA)Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi Al Bateen Executive Airport, United Arab Emirates (OMAD)Abuja, Abuja Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, Nigeria (DNAA)Abyek, Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OIIE)Acapulco, Acapulco International Airport, Mexico (MMAA)Accra, Accra Kotoka International Airport, Ghana (DGAA)Adak Island, Adak Airport, United States (PADK)Adana, ?ncirlik Air Base, Turkey (LTAG)Adana, Adana Sakirpasa Airport, Turkey (LTAF)Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa Bole Airport, Ethiopia (HAAB)Adelaide, Adelaide Airport, Australia (YPAD)Adrar, Adrar Airport, Algeria (DAUA)Agana, Guam Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport, Guam (PGUM)Agartala, Agartala Airport, India (VEAT)Agatti Island, Agatti Airport, India (VOAT)Agen, Agen La Garenne Airport, France (LFBA)Agra, Agra Airport, India (VIAG)Agri, Ordu Giresun Airport, Turkey (LTCB)Aguadilla, Aguadilla Rafael Hernandez Airport, Puerto Rico (TJBQ)Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes International Airport, Mexico (MMAS)Ahmedabad, Ahmedabad International Airport, India (VAAH)Ahwaz, Ahwaz International Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OIAW)Aix-les-milles, Aix-en-Provence Airport, France (LFMA)Ajaccio, Ajaccio Napoleon Bonaparte Airport, France (LFKJ)Akita, Akita Airport, Japan (RJSK)Akron, Akron Canton Airport, United States (KCAK)Akron, Akron Fulton International Airport, United States (KAKR)Akrotiri, RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus (LCRA)Aksu, Aksu Airport, China (ZWAK)Aktyubinsk, Aktobe Airport, Kazakhstan (UATT)Akureyri, Akureyri Airport, Iceland (BIAR)Al Ain, Al Ain International Airport, United Arab Emirates (OMAL)Al Hociema, Al Hoceima Cherif Al Idrissi Airport, Morocco (GMTA)Al-ahsa, Hofuf Al-Ahsa International Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEAH)Al-jouf, Sakaka Al-Jawf Domestic Airport, Saudi Arabia (OESK)Alabat Island, Alabat Island Airport, Philippines (RPLY)Albany, Albany International Airport, United States (KALB)Albenga, Albenga Clemente Panero International Airport, Italy (LIMG)Albert, Albert Picardie Airport, France (LFAQ)Albertville, Albertville Regional Airport/Thomas J Brumlik Field, United States (8A0)Albi, Albi Le Sequestre Airport, France (LFCI)Albian Village, Fort MacKay Albian Aerodrome, Canada (CAL4)Albuquerque, Sheraton Inn Heliport, United States (NM54)Albuquerque, Albuquerque International Airport, United States (KABQ)Albury, Albury Airport, Australia (YMAY)Alconbury, RAF Alconbury, United Kingdom (EGWZ)Alderney, Alderney Airport, United Kingdom (EGJA)Alesund, Alesund Vigra Airport, Norway (ENAL)Alexandra, Alexandra Aerodrome, New Zealand (NZLX)Alexandria, Alexandria International Airport, United States (KAEX)Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis International Airport, Greece (LGAL)Alghero, Alghero Fertilia Airport, Italy (LIEA)Algier, Algiers Houari Boumediene Airport, Algeria (DAAG)Alicante, Alicante Airport, Spain (LEAL)Alice, Alice International Airport, United States (KALI)Alice Springs, Alice Springs Airport, Australia (YBAS)Alice Town, South Bimini Airport, Bahamas (MYBS)Allahabad, Allahabad Airport, India (VIAL)Alma-ata, Almaty International Airport, Kazakhstan (UAAA)Almeria, Almeria Airport, Spain (LEAM)Alofi, Niue International Airport, Niue (NIUE)Alor Setar, Alor Setar Sultan Abdul Halim Airport, Malaysia (WMKA)Alta, Alta Airport, Norway (ENAT)Alta Floresta, Alta Floresta Airport, Brazil (SBAT)Altamira, Altamira Airport, Brazil (SBHT)Altay, Altay Airport, China (ZWAT)Altenburg, Leipzig Altenburg Airport, Germany (EDAC)Altenrhein, St. Gallen Altenrhein Airport, Switzerland (LSZR)Altoona, Altoona Blair County Airport, United States (KAOO)Altus, Altus Air Force Base, United States (KLTS)Amami, Amami Airport, Japan (RJKA)Amarillo, Amarillo Rick Husband International Airport, United States (KAMA)Ambon, Ambon Pattimura Airport, Indonesia (WAPP)Amilcar Cabral, Espargos Amilcar Cabral International Airport, Cape Verde (GVAC)Amman, Amman Queen Alia International Airport, Jordan (OJAI)Amman, Amman Civil Airport, Jordan (OJAM)Amritsar, Amritsar International Airport, India (VIAR)Amsterdam, Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, Netherlands (EHAM)Anaco, Anaco Airport, Venezuela (SVAN)Anadyr, Anadyr Ugolny Airport, Russia (UHMA)Anchorage, Merrill Field, United States (PAMR)Anchorage, Anchorage Ted Stevens International Airport, United States (PANC)Anchorage, Elmendorf Air Force Base, United States (PAED)Andersen, Anderson Regional Airport, United States (KAND)Andersen, Andersen Air Force Base, Guam (PGUA)Andoya, Andenes Andoya Airport, Norway (ENAN)Andros Town, Andros Town International Airport, Bahamas (MYAF)Angel Fire, Angel Fire Airport, United States (KAXX)Angouleme, Angoulême – Brie – Champniers Airport, France (LFBU)Anholt, Anholt Airport, Denmark (EKAT)Ankara, Ankara Esenboga International Airport, Turkey (LTAC)Ankara, Etimesgut Air Base, Turkey (LTAD)Annaba, Annaba Rabah Bitat Airport, Algeria (DABB)Annecy, Annecy Mont Blanc Airport, France (LFLP)Annemasse, Annemasse Aerodrome, France (LFLI)Anniston, Anniston Regional Airport, United States (KANB)Anqing, Anqing Tianzhushan Airport, China (ZSAQ)Antalya, Antalya Airport, Turkey (LTAI)Antananarivo, Antananarivo Ivato International Airport, Madagascar (FMMI)Antigua, Antigua V. C. Bird International Airport, Antigua and Barbuda (TAPA)Antofagasta, Antofagasta Cerro Moreno International Airport, Chile (SCFA)Antwerp, Antwerp International Airport, Belgium (EBAW)Aomori, Aomori Airport, Japan (RJSA)Aosta, Aosta Valley Airport, Italy (LIMW)Aqaba, Aqaba King Hussein International Airport, Jordan (OJAQ)Aracaju, Aracaju Santa Maria Airport, Brazil (SBAR)Aracatuba, Aracatuba Airport, Brazil (SBAU)Arad, Arad International Airport, Romania (LRAR)Arar, Arar Domestic Airport, Saudi Arabia (OERR)Arauca, Arauca Santiago Perez Quiroz Airport, Colombia (SKUC)Arcachon, Arcachon La Teste-de-Buch Airport, France (LFCH)Ardmore, Ardmore Airport, New Zealand (NZAR)Ardmore, Ardmore Municipal Airport, United States (KADM)Arequipa, Arequipa Rodriguez Ballon International Airport, Peru (SPQU)Argyle, Port Augusta Airport, Australia (YPAG)Arica, Arica Chacalluta International Airport, Chile (SCAR)Armenia, Armenia El Eden International Airport, Colombia (SKAR)Arvidsjaur, Arvidsjaur Airport, Sweden (ESNX)Asahikawa, Asahikawa Airport, Japan (RJEC)Ashburton, Ashburton Aerodrome, New Zealand (NZAS)Ashkhabad, Ashgabat International Airport, Turkmenistan (UTAA)Ashtabula, Ashtabula County Medical Center Ctr Heliport, United States (8OH0)Astrakhan, Astrakhan Narimanovo Airport, Russia (URWA)Asuncion, Asuncion Silvio Pettirossi International Airport, Paraguay (SGAS)Aswan, Aswan International Airport, Egypt (HESN)Asyut, Assiut Airport, Egypt (HEAT)Athens, Ellinikon International Airport, Greece (LGAT)Atlanta, Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport, United States (KATL)Atlantic City, Atlantic City International Airport, United States (KACY)Aubenas-vals-lanas, Aubenas Aerodrome, France (LFHO)Auburn, De Kalb County Airport, United States (KGWB)Auckland, Auckland Airport, New Zealand (NZAA)Augsburg, Augsburg Airport, Germany (EDMA)Augusta, Augusta State Airport, United States (KAUG)Aurangabad, Aurangabad Airport, India (VAAU)Aurillac, Aurillac Tronquieres Airport, France (LFLW)Austin, Austin Bergstrom International Airport, United States (KAUS)Austin, Austin Executive Airport, United States (EDC)Auxerre, Auxerre – Branches Aerodrome, France (LFLA)Avalon, Pebbly Beach Seaplane Base, United States (L11)Avalon, Melbourne Avalon Airport, Australia (YMAV)Avarua, Avarua Rarotonga International Airport, Cook Islands (NCRG)Avignon, Avignon Caumont Airport, France (LFMV)Aviles, Asturias Airport, Spain (LEAS)Ayacucho, Ayacucho Airport, Peru (SPHO)Babelthuap, Airai Roman Tmetuchl International Airport, Palau (PTRO)Bacau, Bacau International Airport, Romania (LRBC)Bacolod, Bacolod City Silay International Airport, Philippines (RPVB)Bagabag, Bagabag Airport, Philippines (RPUZ)Bagan, Nyaung U Airport, Burma (VYBG)Baghdogra, Siliguri Bagdogra Airport, India (VEBD)Bagotville, Saguenay Bagotville Airport, Canada (CYBG)Bahia Blanca, Bahia Blanca Comandante Espora Airport, Argentina (SAZB)Bahias Dehuatulco, Huatulco International Airport, Mexico (MMBT)Bahrain, Bahrain International Airport, Bahrain (OBBI)Baia Mare, Baia Mare Airport, Romania (LRBM)Baker, Baker Airport, United States (K0O2)Baker I Army Field, Baker AAF, Baker I Island (PBAR)Bakersfield, Bakersfield Meadows Field Airport, United States (KBFL)Bakhtaran, Kermanshah Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OICC)Baku, Baku Heydar Aliyev International Airport, Azerbaijan (UBBB)Balmaceda, Balmaceda Airport, Chile (SCBA)Baltimore, Baltimore Washington International Airport, United States (KBWI)Baltrum, Baltrum Airport, Germany (EDWZ)Bamako, Bamako Senou International Airport, Mali (GABS)Bambari, Bambari Airport, Central African Republic (FEFM)Banak, Lakselv Banak Airport, Norway (ENNA)Banda Aceh, Banda Aceh International Airport, Indonesia (WITT)Bandar Abbas, Bandar Abbas International Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OIKB)Bandar Lengeh, Bandar Lengeh Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OIBL)Bandon, Bandon State Airport, United States (S05)Bane Houei Say, Ban Huoeisay Airport, Lao People's Democratic Republic (VLHS)Bangalore, HAL Bangalore Airport, India (VOBG)Bangkok, Bangkok Don Mueang International Airport, Thailand (VTBD)Bangor, Bangor International Airport, United States (KBGR)Bangui, Bangui Airport, Central African Republic (FEFF)Banjul, Banjul International Airport, Gambia (GBYD)Baoshan, Baoshan Yunduan Airport, China (ZPBS)Baotou, Baotou Erliban Airport, China (ZBOW)Barcelona, Barcelona El Prat Airport, Spain (LEBL)Barcelona, Barcelona Jose Antonio Anzoategui International Airport, Venezuela (SVBC)Bardufoss, Bardufoss Airport, Norway (ENDU)Bari, Bari Karol Wojtyla Airport, Italy (LIBD)Barnaul, Barnaul Airport, Russia (UNBB)Baroda, Vadodara Airport, India (VABO)Barrancabermeja, Barrancabermeja Yariguies Airport, Colombia (SKEJ)Barranquilla, Barranquilla Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport, Colombia (SKBQ)Barrow, Barrow Airport, United States (PABR)Barrow Island, Barrow/Walney Island Airport, England (EGNL)Barter Island, Barter Island LRRS Airport, United States (PABA)Barth, Stralsund Barth Airport, Germany (EDBH)Basco, Basco Airport, Philippines (RPUO)Basrah, Basra International Airport, Iraq (ORMM)Basse Terre, Basseterre Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport, Saint Kitts and Nevis (TKPK)Bastia, Bastia Poretta Airport, France (LFKB)Batam, Hang Nadim Airport, Indonesia (WIKB)Batam Island, Batam Hang Nadim Airport, Indonesia (WIDD)Batman, Batman Airport, Turkey (LTCJ)Batna, Batna International Airport, Algeria (DABT)Baton Rouge, Baton Rouge Metropolitan Airport, United States (KBTR)Baudette, Baudette International Airport, Canada (KBDE)Beaumont, Beaumont Jack Brooks Regional Airport, United States (KBPT)Beauvais, Paris Beauvais-Tille Airport, France (LFOB)Bedford, Bedford Hanscom Field, United States (KBED)Beihai, Beihai Fucheng Airport, China (ZGBH)Beijing, Beijing Capital International Airport, China (ZBAA)Beirut, Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport, Lebanon (OLBA)Beja (madeira), Beja Airport, Portugal (LPBJ)Bejaja, Bejaia Soummam Airport, Algeria (DAAE)Belem, Belem Val de Cans International Airport, Brazil (SBBE)Belen, Alexander Municipal Airport, United States (E80)Belfast, Belfast International Airport, United Kingdom (EGAA)Belfast, Belfast City George Best Airport, United Kingdom (EGAC)Belize City, Belize City Philip S. W. Goldson International Airport, Belize (MZBZ)Belleville, MidAmerica St. Louis Airport, United States (KBLV)Bellingham, Bellingham International Airport, United States (KBLI)Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte Tancredo Neves International Airport, Brazil (SBCF)Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte Pampulha Airport, Brazil (SBBH)Bembridge, Bembridge Airport, United Kingdom (EGHJ)Benbecula, Benbecula Airport, United Kingdom (EGPL)Benghazi, Benghazi Benina International Airport, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (HLLB)Bengkulu, Bengkulu Fatmawati Soekarno Airport, Indonesia (WIPL)Benson, RAF Benson, United Kingdom (EGUB)Benson, Benson Municipal Airport, United States (E95)Beograd, Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport, Serbia (LYBE)Berbera, Berbera Airport, Somalia (HCMI)Bergamo, Milan Bergamo Il Caravaggio International Airport, Italy (LIME)Bergen, Bergen Flesland Airport, Norway (ENBR)Bergerac, Bergerac Dordogne Perigord Airport, France (LFBE)Berlin, Berlin Schonefeld Airport, Germany (EDDB)Berlin, Berlin Tegel Airport, Germany (EDDT)Bern, Bern Airport, Switzerland (LSZB)Bethel, Bethel Airport, United States (PABE)Beverly, Beverly Municipal Airport, United States (KBVY)Beziers, Beziers Cap d'Agde Airport, France (LFMU)Bhatinda, Bathinda Airport, India (VIBT)Bhopal, Bhopal Raja Bhoj Airport, India (VABP)Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar Biju Patnaik International Airport, India (VEBS)Biak, Biak Frans Kaisiepo Airport, Indonesia (WABB)Bialystok, Bia?ystok-Krywlany Airport, Poland (EPBK)Biarritz-bayonne, Biarritz Pays Basque Airport, France (LFBZ)Bielefeld, Bielefeld Airport, Germany (EDLI)Big Bear, Big Bear City Airport, United States (L35)Biggin Hill, London Biggin Hill Airport, United Kingdom (EGKB)Bikaner, Nal Airport, India (VIBK)Bilbao, Bilbao Airport, Spain (LEBB)Billund, Billund Airport, Denmark (EKBI)Bintulu, Bintulu Airport, Malaysia (WBGB)Birmingham, Birmingham Shuttlesworth International Airport, United States (KBHM)Birmingham, Birmingham Airport, United Kingdom (EGBB)Bisha, Bisha Domestic Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEBH)Biskra, Biskra Airport, Algeria (DAUB)Bissau, Bissau Osvaldo Vieira International Airport, Guinea-Bissau (GGOV)Blackbushe, Blackbushe Airport, United Kingdom (EGLK)Blackpool, Blackpool International Airport, United Kingdom (EGNH)Blagoveschensk, Blagoveshchensk Ignatyevo Airport, Russia (UHBB)Blanding, Blanding Municipal Airport, United States (KBDG)Blantyre, Blantyre Chileka International Airport, Malawi (FWCL)Bloemfontein, Bloemfontein Airport, South Africa (FABL)Boa Vista, Boa Vista International Airport, Brazil (SBBV)Boa Vista, Boa Vista Rabil Airport, Cape Verde (GVBA)Boca Raton, Boca Raton Airport, United States (KBCT)Bocas Del Toro, Bocas del Toro "Isla Colón" International Airport, Panama (MPBO)Bodoe, Bodo Airport, Norway (ENBO)Bogalusa, George R Carr Memorial Air Field, United States (KBXA)Bogota, Bogota El Dorado International Airport, Colombia (SKBO)Boise, Boise Airport, United States (KBOI)Bologna, Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport, Italy (LIPE)Bolzano, Bolzano Airport, Italy (LIPB)Bombay, Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, India (VABB)Bora Bora, Bora Bora Airport, French Polynesia (NTTB)Bordeaux, Bordeaux Merignac Airport, France (LFBD)Bordj El Amri, Borj El Amri Airport, Tunisia (DTTI)Borkum, Borkum Airport, Germany (EDWR)Borlange, Borlange Dala Airport, Sweden (ESSD)Borrego Springs, Borrego Valley Airport, United States (L08)Bose, Baise Bama Airport, China (ZGBS)Boston, Boston Logan International Airport, United States (KBOS)Bourgas, Burgas Airport, Bulgaria (LBBG)Bournemouth, Bournemouth Airport, United Kingdom (EGHH)Brandon, Brandon Municipal Airport, Canada (CYBR)Brasilia, Brasilia International Airport, Brazil (SBBR)Bratislava, Bratislava M. R. Stefanik Airport, Slovakia (LZIB)Bratsk, Bratsk Airport, Russia (UIBB)Braunschweig, Braunschweig Airport, Germany (EDVE)Brazzaville, Brazzaville Maya Maya Airport, Congo (FCBB)Breckenridge, Stephens County Airport, United States (KBKD)Bremen, Bremen Airport, Germany (EDDW)Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven Airport, Germany (EDWB)Brest, Brest Bretagne Airport, France (LFRB)Bridgetown, Bridgetown Grantley Adams International Airport, Barbados (TBPB)Brigham City, Fort Ranch Airport, United States (2UT3)Brindisi, Brindisi Airport, Italy (LIBR)Brisbane, Brisbane Airport, Australia (YBBN)Bristol, Bristol Airport, United Kingdom (EGGD)Brive, Brive–La Roche Airport, France (LFBV)Brize Norton, RAF Brize Norton, United Kingdom (EGVN)Bronnoysund, Bronnoysund Airport, Norway (ENBN)Brownfield, Terry County Airport, United States (KBFE)Brownsville, Brownsville South Padre Island International Airport, United States (KBRO)Brunei, Brunei International Airport, Brunei Darussalam (WBSB)Brussels, Brussels Airport, Belgium (EBBR)Bryan, Coulter Field, United States (KCFD)Bryansk, Bryansk International Airport, Russia (UUBP)Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga Palonegro International Airport, Colombia (SKBG)Bucharest, Bucharest Henri Coanda International Airport, Romania (LROP)Bucharest, Bucharest Aurel Vlaicu Airport, Romania (LRBS)Budapest, Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport, Hungary (LHBP)Buenaventura, Gerardo Tobar López Airport, Colombia (SKBU)Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Jorge Newbery Airport, Argentina (SABE)Buffalo, Johnson County Airport, United States (KBYG)Buffalo, Buffalo Niagara International Airport, United States (KBUF)Bujumbura, Bujumbura International Airport, Burundi (HBBA)Bukhara, Bukhara International Airport, Uzbekistan (UTSB)Bulawayo, Bulawayo Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo International Airport, Zimbabwe (FVBU)Bullocks Harbour, Great Harbour Cay Airport, Bahamas (MYBG)Buochs, Buochs Airport, Switzerland (LSZC)Buonmethuot, Buon Ma Thuot Airport, Viet Nam (VVBM)Burbank, Burbank Bob Hope Airport, United States (KBUR)Burlington, Burlington International Airport, United States (KBTV)Bush Field, Augusta Regional Airport, United States (KAGS)Butler, Butler Memorial Airport, United States (KBUM)Buzuluk, Buzuluk Airport, Russia (UWOX)Cabinda, Cabinda Airport, Angola (FNCA)Caen, Caen Carpiquet Airport, France (LFRK)Cagliari, Cagliari Elmas Airport, Italy (LIEE)Cairns, Cairns Airport, Australia (YBCS)Cairo, Cairo International Airport, Egypt (HECA)Cairo, Cairo Regional Airport, United States (KCIR)Cajamarca, Mayor General FAP Armando Revoredo Iglesias Airport, Peru (SPJR)Calais, Calais–Dunkerque Airport, France (LFAC)Calama, Calama El Loa Airport, Chile (SCCF)Calamocha, Castellon Costa Azahar Airport, Spain (LECH)Calbayog, Calbayog Airport, Philippines (RPVC)Calcutta, Kolkata International Airport, India (VECC)Calexico, Calexico International Airport, United States (KCXL)Calgary, Calgary International Airport, Canada (CYYC)Cali, Cali Alfonso Bonilla Aragon International Airport, Colombia (SKCL)Calicut, Kozhikode Calicut International Airport, India (VOCL)Calvi, Calvi Sainte-Catherine Airport, France (LFKC)Camaguey, Camaguey Ignacio Agramonte International Airport, Cuba (MUCM)Cambridge, Cambridge Airport, United Kingdom (EGSC)Camden, Camden Airport, Australia (YSCN)Camp Springs, Andrews Air Force Base, United States (KADW)Campbell River, Campbell River Airport, Canada (CYBL)Campeche, Campeche International Airport, Mexico (MMCP)Campina Grande, Campina Grande Airport, Brazil (SBKG)Campinas, Campinas Viracopos International Airport, Brazil (SBKP)Campo Grande, Campo Grande International Airport, Brazil (SBCG)Campos, Campos dos Goytacazes Bartolomeu Lysandro Airport, Brazil (SBCP)Camranh, Nha Trang Cam Ranh International Airport, Vietnam (VVCR)Canakkale, Canakkale Airport, Turkey (LTBH)Canberra, Canberra International Airport, Australia (YSCB)Cancun, Cancun International Airport, Mexico (MMUN)Canefield, Roseau Canefield Airport, Dominica (TDCF)Cannes, Cannes Mandelieu Airport, France (LFMD)Cañon City, Fremont County Airport, United States (1V6)Cantho, Can Tho International Airport, Viet Nam (VVCT)Cap Haitien, Cap-Haitien International Airport, Haiti (MTCH)Cape Newenham, Cape Newenham LRRS Airport, United States (PAEH)Cape Town, Cape Town International Airport, South Africa (FACT)Caracas, Caracas Simon Bolivar International Airport, Venezuela (SVMI)Carcassonne, Carcassonne Airport, France (LFMK)Cardiff, Cardiff Heliport, England (EGFC)Cardiff, Cardiff Airport, United Kingdom (EGFF)Carepa, Apartado Airport, Colombia (SKLC)Carillo, Carrillo Airport, Costa Rica (MRCR)Carinhanha, Carinhanha Airport, Brazil (SNNH)Carlisle, Carlisle Lake District Airport, United Kingdom (EGNC)Carlsbad, Cavern City Air Terminal, United States (KCNM)Carmi, Carmi Municipal Airport, United States (KCUL)Cartagena, Cartagena Rafael Nunez International Airport, Colombia (SKCG)Casablanca, Casablanca Mohammed V International Airport, Morocco (GMMN)Cascais, Cascais Municipal Aerodrome, Portugal (LPCS)Cascavel, Cascavel Adalberto Mendes da Silva Airport, Brazil (SBCA)Casper, Casper Natrona County International Airport, United States (KCPR)Castlegar, Castlegar West Kootenay Regional Airport, Canada (CYCG)Castres, Castres Mazamet Airport, France (LFCK)Castries, Castries George F. L. Charles Airport, Saint Lucia (TLPC)Catamarca, Catamarca International Airport, Argentina (SANC)Catania, Catania Fontanarossa Airport, Italy (LICC)Catarman, Catarman National Airport, Philippines (RPVF)Catbi, Haiphong Cat Bi International Airport, Viet Nam (VVCI)Caticlan, Caticlan Boracay Airport, Philippines (RPVE)Cauayan, Cauayan Airport, Philippines (RPUY)Caxias Do Sul, Caxias do Sul Airport, Brazil (SBCX)Cayenne, Cayenne Felix Eboue Airport, French Guiana (SOCA)Cayman Barac, Cayman Brac Charles Kirkconnell International Airport, Cayman Islands (MWCB)Cayo, Cayo Largo del Sur Vilo Acuna Airport, Cuba (MUCL)Cebu, Awang Airport, Philippines (RPMC)Cedar City, Cedar City Regional Airport, United States (KCDC)Celaya, Captain Rogelio Castillo National Airport, Mexico (MMCY)Chah Bahar, Chabahar Konarak Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OIZC)Chalons, Paris Vatry Chalons Airport, France (LFOK)Chambery, Chambery Airport, France (LFLB)Chandigarh, Chandigarh Airport, India (VICG)Chandler, Chandler Municipal Airport, United States (KCHD)Chandragarhi, Bhadrapur Airport, Nepal (VNCG)Changcha, Changsha Huanghua International Airport, China (ZGHA)Changde, Changde Taohuayuan Airport, China (ZGCD)Changzhi, Changzhi Wangcun Airport, China (ZBCZ)Changzhou, Changzhou Benniu Airport, China (ZSCG)Chania, Chania International Airport, Greece (LGSA)Chaoyang, Chaoyang Airport, China (ZYCY)Chapeco, Chapeco Airport, Brazil (SBCH)Charleroi, Brussels South Charleroi Airport, Belgium (EBCI)Charleston, Charleston International Airport, United States (KCHS)Charlestown, Nevis Newcastle International Airport, Saint Kitts And Nevis (TKPN)Charlieville, Charleville Airport, Australia (YBCV)Charlo, Charlo Airport, Canada (CYCL)Charlotte, Charlotte Douglas International Airport, United States (KCLT)Charlotte Amalie St Thomas, Charlotte Amalie Harbor Seaplane Base, United States Virgin Islands (VI22)Charlottetown, Charlottetown Airport, Canada (CYYG)Chateauroux, Chateauroux Centre Marcel Dassault Airport, France (LFLX)Chatham, Miramichi Airport, Canada (CYCH)Chatham, North Chatham Heliport, United States (3MA4)Chattanooga, Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport, United States (KCHA)Cheju, Jeju International Airport, South Korea (RKPC)Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk Airport, Russia (USCC)Chengdu, Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport, China (ZUUU)Cherbourg, Cherbourg – Maupertus Airport, France (LFRC)Chernovtsk, Chernivtsi International Airport, Ukraine (UKLN)Chetumal, Chetumal International Airport, Mexico (MMCM)Cheyenne, Cheyenne Regional Airport, United States (KCYS)Chiayi, Chiayi Airport, Taiwan (RCKU)Chicago, Chicago Midway International Airport, United States (KMDW)Chicago, Chicago Waukegan National Airport, United States (KUGN)Chicago, Chicago O'Hare International Airport, United States (KORD)Chicago/Schaumburg, Schaumburg Regional Airport, United States (06C)Chichester, Chichester Goodwood Airport, United Kingdom (EGHR)Chiclayo, Chiclayo International Airport, Peru (SPHI)Chico, Chico Municipal Airport, United States (KCIC)Chicopee Falls, Westover Metropolitan Airport, United States (KCEF)Chifeng, Chifeng Yulong Airport, China (ZBCF)Chihuahua, Chihuahua International Airport, Mexico (MMCU)Chilecito, Chilecito Airport, Argentina (SANO)Chimkent, Shymkent International Airport, Kazakhstan (UAII)Chingchuakang, Taichung Airport, Taiwan (RCMQ)Chinmen, Kinmen Airport, Taiwan (RCBS)Chios, Chios Island National Airport, Greece (LGHI)Chita, Chita Kadala Airport, Russia (UIAA)Chittagong, Chittagong Shah Amanat International Airport, Bangladesh (VGEG)Chon Buri, Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport, Thailand (VTBS)Chongju, Cheongju International Airport, Korea, Republic of (RKTU)Chongqing, Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport, China (ZUCK)Christchurch, Christchurch International Airport, New Zealand (NZCH)Christmas Island, Christmas Island Airport, Christmas Island (YPXM)Chub Cay, Chub Cay International Airport, Bahamas (MYBC)Churchill, Churchill Airport, Canada (CYYQ)Cincinnati, Cincinnati Municipal Lunken Airport, United States (KLUK)Cincinnati, Cincinnati Northern Kentucky International Airport, United States (KCVG)Ciudad Del Carmen, Ciudad del Carmen International Airport, Mexico (MMCE)Ciudad Juarez, Ciudad Juarez International Airport, Mexico (MMCS)Ciudad Obregon, Ciudad Obregon International Airport, Mexico (MMCN)Ciudad Victoria, Ciudad Victoria International Airport, Mexico (MMCV)Clermont Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand Auvergne Airport, France (LFLC)Cleveland, Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, United States (KCLE)Clovis, Cannon Air Force Base, United States (KCVS)Cluj-napoca, Cluj-Napoca International Airport, Romania (LRCL)Coalinga, Harris Ranch Airport, United States (3O8)Cochabamba, Cochabamba Jorge Wilstermann International Airport, Bolivia (SLCB)Cochin, INS Garuda, India (VOCC)Cochstedt, Magdeburg Cochstedt Airport, Germany (EDBC)Cockburn Town, San Salvador Airport, Bahamas (MYSM)Coco Beach, Patrick Air Force Base, United States (KCOF)Cognac, Cognac – Châteaubernard Air Base, France (LFBG)Coimba, Coimbra Airport, Portugal (LPCO)Coimbatore, Coimbatore International Airport, India (VOCB)Cold Bay, Cold Bay Airport, United States (PACD)Colima, Colima Airport, Mexico (MMIA)College Station, College Station Easterwood Airport, United States (KCLL)Colmar, Colmar Houssen Airport, France (LFGA)Cologne, Cologne Bonn Airport, Germany (EDDK)Colombia, Columbia Metropolitan Airport, United States (KCAE)Colombo, Colombo Bandaranaike International Airport, Sri Lanka (VCBI)Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs Airport, United States (KCOS)Coltishall, RAF Coltishall, United Kingdom (EGYC)Columbia, Columbia Regional Airport, United States (KCOU)Columbia, Columbia Airport, United States (O22)Columbus, Columbus John Glenn International Airport, United States (KCMH)Columbus, Columbus Rickenbacker International Airport, United States (KLCK)Comiso, Comiso Airport, Italy (LICB)Comodoro Rivadavia, Comodoro Rivadavia International Airport, Argentina (SAVC)Comox, Comox Valley Airport, Canada (CYQQ)Concepcion, Concepcion Carriel Sur International Airport, Chile (SCIE)Connaught, Knock Ireland West Airport, Ireland (EIKN)Conroe, Conroe Lone Star Executive Airport, United States (KCXO)Conson, Con Dao Airport, Viet Nam (VVCS)Constanta, Constanta International Airport, Romania (LRCK)Constantine, Constantine Mohamed Boudiaf International Airport, Algeria (DABC)Coolangatta, Gold Coast Airport, Australia (YBCG)Copenhagen, Copenhagen Airport, Denmark (EKCH)Copenhagen, Roskilde Airport, Denmark (EKRK)Cordoba, Cordoba International Airport, Argentina (SACO)Cordova, Cordova Mudhole Smith Airport, United States (PACV)Cork, Cork Airport, Ireland (EICK)Corlu, Tekirdag Corlu Airport, Turkey (LTBU)Corozal, Corozal Las Brujas Airport, Colombia (SKCZ)Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi International Airport, United States (KCRP)Corrientes, Corrientes International Airport, Argentina (SARC)Corumba, Corumba International Airport, Brazil (SBCR)Cotonou, Cotonou Cadjehoun Airport, Benin (DBBB)Cotulla, Cotulla–La Salle County Airport, United States (KCOT)Covendo, Covendo Airport, Bolivia (SLVD)Coventry, Coventry Airport, United Kingdom (EGBE)Cox`s Bazar, Cox's Bazar Airport, Bangladesh (VGCB)Cozumel, Cozumel International Airport, Mexico (MMCZ)Craiova, Craiova International Airport, Romania (LRCV)Cranbrook, Cranbrook Canadian Rockies International Airport, Canada (CYXC)Cranwell, RAF Cranwell, United Kingdom (EGYD)Crestview, Bob Sikes Airport, United States (KCEW)Criciuma, Criciuma Diomicio Freitas Airport, Brazil (SBCM)Cromer, Cromer/Northrepps Aerodrome, United Kingdom (EG12)Crossville, Crossville Memorial Whitson Field Airport, United States (KCSV)Crotone, Crotone Airport, Italy (LIBC)Cucuta, Cucuta Camilo Daza International Airport, Colombia (SKCC)Cuenca, Cuenca Mariscal Lamar International Airport, Ecuador (SECU)Cuernavaca, General Mariano Matamoros Airport, Mexico (MMCB)Cuiaba, Cuiaba Marechal Rondon International Airport, Brazil (SBCY)Culiacan, Culiacan International Airport, Mexico (MMCL)Cunagua, Cayo Coco Jardines del Rey Airport, Cuba (MUCC)Curitiba, Bacacheri Airport, Brazil (SBBI)Curitiba, Curitiba Afonso Pena International Airport, Brazil (SBCT)Cuzco, Cusco Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport, Peru (SPZO)Cz?stochowa, Cz?stochowa-Rudniki, Poland (EPCH)Dakar, Dakar International Airport, Senegal (GOOY)Dakhla, Dakhla Airport, Western Sahara (GMMH)Dalaman, Dalaman Airport, Turkey (LTBS)Dalat, Da Lat Lien Khuong Airport, Viet Nam (VVDL)Dalhart, Dalhart Municipal Airport, United States (KDHT)Dalian, Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport, China (ZYTL)Dallas, Dallas Love Field Airport, United States (KDAL)Dallas-fort Worth, Dallas Fort Worth International Airport, United States (KDFW)Daman, Daman Airport, India (VADN)Damascus, Damascus International Airport, Syrian Arab Republic (OSDI)Dammam, Dammam King Fahd International Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEDF)Danang, Da Nang International Airport, Vietnam (VVDN)Dar Es Salaam, Dar-es-Salaam Julius Nyerere International Airport, United Republic of Tanzania (HTDA)Das Island, Das Island Airport, United Arab Emirates (OMAS)Dasht-e-naz, Sari Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OINZ)Datong, Datong Yungang Airport, China (ZBDT)Dauphin, Lt. Col W.G. (Billy) Barker VC Airport, Canada (CYDN)David, David Enrique Malek International Airport, Panama (MPDA)Dawei, Dawei Airport, Burma (VYDW)Daxian, Dazhou Heshi Airport, China (ZUDX)Dayong, Dayong Zhangjiajie Hehua Airport, China (ZGDY)Dayton, Dayton International Airport, United States (KDAY)De Kooy, Den Helder Airport, Netherlands (EHKD)Deadhorse, Deadhorse Airport, United States (PASC)Dease Lake, Dease Lake Airport, Canada (CYDL)Deauville, Deauville Saint Gatien Airport, France (LFRG)Debrecen, Debrecen International Airport, Hungary (LHDC)Deep River, Rolph Airport, Canada (CPH2)Deer Lake, Deer Lake Regional Airport, Canada (CYDF)Dehra Dun, Dehradun Jolly Grant Airport, India (VIDN)Del Bajio, Silao Del Bajio International Airport, Mexico (MMLO)Del Rio, Del Rio International Airport, United States (KDRT)Del Rio, Laughlin Air Force Base, United States (KDLF)Delhi, Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport, India (VIDP)Denizli, Denizli Cardak Airport, Turkey (LTAY)Denpasar-Bali Island, Denpasar International Airport, Indonesia (WADD)Denver, Denver International Airport, United States (KDEN)Des Moines, Mercy Hospital Medical Center Private Heliport, United States (IA82)Des Moines, Des Moines International Airport, United States (KDSM)Detroit, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, United States (KDTW)Detroit, Detroit Willow Run Airport, United States (KYIP)Detroit, Detroit Coleman A. Young International Airport, United States (KDET)Dhangarhi, Dhangadhi Airport, Nepal (VNDH)Diego Garcia Island, Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory (FJDG)Dijon, Dijon Longvic Airport, France (LFSD)Dili, Dili Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport, Timor-Leste (East Timor) (WPDL)Dillingham, Dillingham Airport, United States (PADL)Dinard, Dinard Pleurtuit Saint-Malo Airport, France (LFRD)Diu, Diu Airport, India (VA1P)Diyabakir, Diyarbak?r Airport, Turkey (LTCC)Djanet, Djanet Inedbirene Airport, Algeria (DAAJ)Djerba, Djerba Zarzis International Airport, Tunisia (DTTJ)Djibo, Djibo Airport, Burkina Faso (DFCJ)Dnepropetrovsk, Dnipropetrovsk International Airport, Ukraine (UKDD)Doha, Doha International Airport, Qatar (OTBD)Dole, Dole Jura Airport, France (LFGJ)Dominica, Dominica Melville Hall Airport, Dominica (TDPD)Donegal, Donegal Airport, Ireland (EIDL)Dongsheng, Dongsheng Ordos Ejin Horo Airport, China (ZBDS)Dortmund, Dortmund Airport, Germany (EDLW)Dothan, Dothan Regional Airport, United States (KDHN)Douala, Douala International Airport, Cameroon (FKKD)Douglas, Bisbee-Douglas International Airport, United States (KDUG)Dover, Dover Air Force Base, United States (KDOV)Drake, Drake Bay Airport, Costa Rica (MRDK)Dresden, Dresden Airport, Germany (EDDC)Dubai, Dubai International Airport, United Arab Emirates (OMDB)Dubbo, Dubbo City Airport, Australia (YSDU)Dublin, Dublin Airport, Ireland (EIDW)Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik Airport, Croatia (LDDU)Duesseldorf, Dusseldorf International Airport, Germany (EDDL)Duluth, Duluth International Airport, United States (KDLH)Dumaguete, Dumaguete City Sibulan Airport, Philippines (RPVD)Dumai, Dumai Pinang Kampai Airport, Indonesia (WIBD)Dumas, Moore County Airport, United States (KDUX)Duncan Town, Duncan Town Airport, Bahamas (MYRD)Dundee, Dundee Airport, United Kingdom (EGPN)Dunedin, Dunedin International Airport, New Zealand (NZDN)Dungun, Dungun Airport, Malaysia (WMAG)Dunhuang, Dunhuang Airport, China (ZLDH)Durango, Durango La Plata County Airport, United States (KDRO)Durango, Durango International Airport, Mexico (MMDO)Durban, Air Force Base Durban, South Africa (FADN)Dushanbe, Dushanbe International Airport, Tajikistan (UTDD)Dzaoudzi, Dzaoudzi Pamandzi International Airport, Mayotte (FMCZ)Dzhambul, Taraz Airport, Kazakhstan (UADD)East London, East London Airport, South Africa (FAEL)East Midlands, East Midlands Airport, United Kingdom (EGNX)Easter Island, Mataveri International Airport, Chile (SCIP)Eastland, Eastland Municipal Airport, United States (KETN)Ech-cheliff, Chlef International Airport, Algeria (DAOI)Edinburgh, Edinburgh Airport, United Kingdom (EGPH)Edmonton, Edmonton International Airport, Canada (CYEG)Edwards Afb, Edwards Air Force Base, United States (KEDW)Egilsstadir, Egilsstadir Airport, Iceland (BIEG)Eindhoven, Eindhoven Airport, Netherlands (EHEH)El Aaiún, El Aaiun Hassan Airport, Western Sahara (GMML)El Alamein, El Alamein International Airport, Egypt (HEAL)El Dorado, El Dorado South Arkansas Regional Airport, United States (KELD)El Fasher, El Fasher Airport, Sudan (HSFS)El Palomar, El Palomar Airport, Argentina (SADP)El Paso, Biggs Army Airfield, United States (KBIF)El Paso, El Paso International Airport, United States (KELP)El Porvenir, El Porvenir Airport, Panama (MPVR)El-baha, Al-Baha Domestic Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEBA)El-yopal, Yopal El Alcaravan Airport, Colombia (SKYP)Elat, Eilat Airport, Israel (LLET)Elazig, Elazig Airport, Turkey (LTCA)Eldoret, Eldoret International Airport, Kenya (HKEL)Elizabeth City, Elizabeth City Regional Airport, United States (KECG)Elkins, Elkins-Randolph Co-Jennings Randolph Field, United States (KEKN)Emden, Emden Airport, Germany (EDWE)Eneabba, Eneabba Airport, Australia (YEEB)Enschede, Enschede Twenthe Airport, Netherlands (EHTW)Ensenada, Ensenada Airport, Mexico (MMES)Entebbe, Entebbe International Airport, Uganda (HUEN)Epinal, Epinal Mirecourt Airport, France (LFSG)Er-rachidia, Errachidia Moulay Ali Cherif Airport, Morocco (GMFK)Eren, Erenhot Saiwusu International Airport, China (ZBER)Erfurt, Erfurt Weimar Airport, Germany (EDDE)Erzincan, Erzincan Airport, Turkey (LTCD)Erzurum, Erzurum Airport, Turkey (LTCE)Esbjerg, Esbjerg Airport, Denmark (EKEB)Esfahan, Isfahan International Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OIFM)Eskilstuna, Eskilstuna Airport, Sweden (ESSU)Eskissehir, Eskisehir Airport, Turkey (LTBY)Essadouira, Essaouira Airport, Morocco (GMMI)Essen, Essen Mulheim Airport, Germany (EDLE)Estevan, Estevan Regional Aerodrome, Canada (CYEN)Estherville, Estherville Municipal Airport, United States (KEST)Evanston, Evanston-Uinta County Airport-Burns Field, United States (KEVW)Eveleth, Eveleth Virginia Municipal Airport, United States (KEVM)Evenes, Evenes Harstad Narvik Airport, Norway (ENEV)Everett, Everett Paine Field, United States (KPAE)Evreux, Évreux-Fauville (BA 105) Air Base, France (LFOE)Exeter, Exeter International Airport, United Kingdom (EGTE)Fagernes, Fagernes Airport, Norway (ENFG)Fahud, Fahud Airport, Oman (OOFD)Fairbanks, Fairbanks International Airport, United States (PAFA)Fairbanks, Eielson Air Force Base, United States (PAEI)Faisalabad, Faisalabad International Airport, Pakistan (OPFA)Fakarava, Fakarava Airport, French Polynesia (NTGF)Faleolo, Apia Faleolo International Airport, Samoa (NSFA)Falmouth, Cape Cod Coast Guard Air Station, United States (KFMH)Farmington, Farmington Four Corners Regional Airport, United States (KFMN)Farnborough, Farnborough Airport, United Kingdom (EGLF)Faro, Faro Airport, Portugal (LPFR)Fayetteville, Fayetteville Drake Field Airport, United States (KFYV)Fengnin, Taitung Airport, Taiwan (RCFN)Fez, Fes Saiss Airport, Morocco (GMFF)Figari, Figari Sud-Corse Airport, France (LFKF)Firenze, Florence Peretola Airport, Italy (LIRQ)Flat, Flat Airport, United States (FLT)Flensburg, Flensburg Schaferhaus Airport, Germany (EDXF)Florence, Florence Regional Airport, United States (KFLO)Florencia, Florencia Gustavo Artunduaga Paredes Airport, Colombia (SKFL)Flores (flores Isl.), Flores Airport, Portugal (LPFL)Florianopolis, Florianopolis Hercilio Luz International Airport, Brazil (SBFL)Floro, Floro Airport, Norway (ENFL)Foggia, Foggia "Gino Lisa" Airport, Italy (LIBF)Forde, Forde Airport, Norway (ENBL)Forli, Forlì Airport, Italy (LIPK)Formosa, Formosa International Airport, Argentina (SARF)Fort Dodge, Fort Dodge Regional Airport, United States (KFOD)Fort Eustis, Felker Army Air Field, United States (KFAF)Fort Huachuca, Sierra Vista Municipal Airport, United States (KFHU)Fort Lauderdale, Fort Lauderdale Hollywood International Airport, United States (KFLL)Fort Lauderdale, Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport, United States (KFXE)Fort Leavenworth, Sherman Army Air Field, United States (KFLV)Fort Leonardwood, Waynesville St. Robert Regional Airport, United States (KTBN)Fort Madison, Fort Madison Municipal Airport, United States (KFSW)Fort Mcmurray, Fort McMurray Airport, Canada (CYMM)Fort Meade, Tipton Airport, United States (KFME)Fort Myers, Fort Myers Page Field Airport, United States (KFMY)Fort Myers, Southwest Florida International Airport, United States (KRSW)Fort Nelson, Fort Nelson Airport, Canada (CYYE)Fort Ord, Marina Municipal Airport, United States (KOAR)Fort Saint John, Fort St. John Airport, Canada (CYXJ)Fort Smith, Fort Smith Regional Airport, United States (KFSM)Fort Worth, Fort Worth Meacham International Airport, United States (KFTW)Fort-de-france, Martinique Aime Cesaire International Airport, Martinique (TFFF)Fortaleza, Pinto Martins International Airport, Brazil (SBFZ)Fowlmere, Sheffield City Airport & Heliport, United Kingdom (EGSY)Foz Do Iguacu, Foz do Iguacu International Airport, Brazil (SBFI)Francisco Mendez, Praia Nelson Mandela International Airport, Cape Verde Islands (GVFM)Frankfurt, Frankfurt Airport, Germany (EDDF)Fraserburg, Fraserburg Airport, South Africa (FAFR)Fredericton, Fredericton International Airport, Canada (CYFC)Freeport, Grand Bahama International Airport, Bahamas (MYGF)Freetown, Freetown Lungi International Airport, Sierra Leone (GFLL)Fresno, Fresno Yosemite International Airport, United States (KFAT)Friedrichshafen, Friedrichshafen Airport, Germany (EDNY)Fuerteventura, Fuerteventura Airport, Spain (GCFV)Fujeirah, Fujairah International Airport, United Arab Emirates (OMFJ)Fukuoka, Fukuoka Airport, Japan (RJFF)Fundación, Fundación Airport, Colombia (SKFU)Fuyang, Fuyang Xiguan Airport, China (ZSFY)Fuzhou, Fuzhou Changle International Airport, China (ZSFZ)Gaberone, Gaborone Sir Seretse Khama International Airport, Botswana (FBSK)Gainesville, Gainesville Regional Airport, United States (KGNV)Galapagos, Seymour Baltra Galapagos Airport, Ecuador (SEGS)Gallivare, Gallivare Airport, Sweden (ESNG)Galveston, Galveston Scholes International Airport, United States (KGLS)Ganado, Ganado Airport, United States (85V)Gander, Gander International Airport, Canada (CYQX)Ganzhou, Ganzhou Huangjin Airport, China (ZSGZ)Garden City, Garden City Regional Airport, United States (KGCK)Gaspe, Gaspe Airport, Canada (CYGP)Gassim, Al-Qassim Regional Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEGS)Gatineau, Gatineau Ottawa Executive Airport, Canada (CYND)Gauhati, Guwahati International Airport, India (VEGT)Gaya, Gaya Airport, India (VEGY)Gaziantep, Oguzeli Airport, Turkey (LTAJ)Gdansk, Gdansk Lech Walesa Airport, Poland (EPGD)Geilenkirchen, NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen, Germany (ETNG)Geneva, Geneva International Airport, Switzerland (LSGG)Genoa, Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport, Italy (LIMJ)George, George Airport, South Africa (FAGG)Georgetown, George Town Owen Roberts International Airport, Cayman Islands (MWCR)Geraldton, Geraldton (Greenstone Regional) Airport, Canada (CYGQ)Gerona, Girona Costa Brava Airport, Spain (LEGE)Ghardaia, Ghardaia Noumerate Airport, Algeria (DAUG)Gheshm I., Dayrestan Qeshm Island Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OIKQ)Gibraltar, Gibraltar Airport, Gibraltar (LXGB)Gilze-rijen, Gilze-Rijen Air Base, Netherlands (EHGR)Ginbata, Ginbata Airport, Australia (YGIA)Girvas, Girvas Air Base, Russia (XLPG)Gisborne, Gisborne, New Zealand (NZGS)Gizan, Jizan Regional Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEGN)Glasgow, Glasgow International Airport, United Kingdom (EGPF)Goa, Goa International Airport, India (VAGO)Godthaab, Nuuk Airport, Greenland (BGGH)Goiania, Goiania Santa Genoveva Airport, Brazil (SBGO)Golfito, Golfito Airport, Costa Rica (MRGF)Golmud, Golmud Airport, China (ZLGM)Golouchestershire, Gloucester Gloucestershire Airport, United Kingdom (EGBJ)Gomel, Gomel Airport, Belarus (UMGG)Gooding, Gooding Municipal Airport, United States (KGNG)Goose Bay, Goose Bay Airport, Canada (CYYR)Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur Airport, India (VEGK)Gore Bay, Gore Bay-Manitoulin Airport, Canada (CYZE)Gorontalo, Gorontalo Jalaluddin Airport, Indonesia (WAMG)Gosport, Fleetlands Heliport, United Kingdom (EGVF)Gothenborg, Gothenburg City Airport, Sweden (ESGP)Gothenborg, Gothenburg Landvetter Airport, Sweden (ESGG)Governor`s Harbor, Governor's Harbour Airport, Bahamas (MYEM)Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria Airport, Spain (GCLP)Granada, Granada Federico Garcia Lorca Airport, Spain (LEGR)Grand Forks, Grand Forks International Airport, United States (KGFK)Grand Rapids, Grand Rapids Gerald R. Ford International Airport, United States (KGRR)Grande Prairie, Grande Prairie Airport, Canada (CYQU)Grant County Airport, Moses Lake Grant County International Airport, United States (KMWH)Graz, Graz Airport, Austria (LOWG)Great Barrier, Claris Great Barrier Aerodrome, New Zealand (NZGB)Great Exuma, George Town Exuma International Airport, Bahamas (MYEF)Great Falls, Great Falls International Airport, United States (KGTF)Great Yarmouth, Great Yarmouth – North Denes Airport, United Kingdom (EGSD)Green Bay, Green Bay Austin Straubel International Airport, United States (KGRB)Greenvile, Majors Airport, United States (KGVT)Greenwood, Greenwood-Leflore Airport, United States (KGWO)Grenoble, Grenoble Isere Airport, France (LFLS)Greymouth, Greymouth Airport, New Zealand (NZGM)Groningen, Groningen Airport Eelde, Netherlands (EHGG)Grosseto, Grosseto Airport, Italy (LIRS)Grottaglie, Taranto Grottaglie Airport, Italy (LIBG)Guadalajara, Guadalajara International Airport, Mexico (MMGL)Gualeguaychu, Gualeguaychú Airport, Argentina (SAAG)Guangzhou, Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, China (ZGGG)Guantanamo, Guantanamo Mariana Grajales Airport, Cuba (MUGM)Guapi, Guapi Airport, Colombia (SKGP)Guatemala City, Guatemala City La Aurora International Airport, Guatemala (MGGT)Guayana, Puerto Ordaz International Airport, Venezuela (SVPR)Guayaquil, Guayaquil International Airport, Ecuador (SEGU)Guayaramerin, Guayaramerin Airport, Brazil (SLGY)Guaymas, General José María Yáñez International Airport, Mexico (MMGM)Guernsey, Guernsey Airport, Guernsey (EGJB)Guetersloh, Gütersloh Airport, Germany (ETUO)Guettin, Rugen Airport, Germany (EDCG)Guilin, Guilin Liangjiang International Airport, China (ZGKL)Guiyang, Guiyang Longdongbao International Airport, China (ZUGY)Gunung Sitoli, Gunung Sitoli Binaka Airport, Indonesia (WIMB)Guriat, Gurayat Domestic Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEGT)Gwalior, Gwalior Airport, India (VIGR)Hachijojima, Hachijojima Airport, Japan (RJTH)Hafr Al-batin, Qaisumah Hafar Al Batin Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEPA)Hagfors, Hagfors Airport, Sweden (ESOH)Hahn, Frankfurt Hahn Airport, Germany (EDFH)Haifa, Haifa Airport, Israel (LLHA)Hail, Ha'il Regional Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEHL)Hailar, Hailar Hulunbuir Airport, China (ZBLA)Hakodate, Hakodate Airport, Japan (RJCH)Halifax, CFB Shearwater, Canada (CYAW)Halifax, Halifax Stanfield International Airport, Canada (CYHZ)Halmstad, Halmstad Airport, Sweden (ESMT)Hamadan, Hamadan Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OIHH)Hamburg, Hamburg Airport, Germany (EDDH)Hamburg, Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport, Germany (EDHI)Hamilton, Hamilton John C. Munro International Airport, Canada (CYHM)Hamilton, Hamilton International Airport, New Zealand (NZHN)Hammerfest, Hammerfest Airport, Norway (ENHF)Hampton, Atlanta South Regional Airport/Tara Field, United States (KHMP)Hampton, Langley Air Force Base, United States (KLFI)Hanamaki, Hanamaki Airport, Japan (RJSI)Hanau, Hanau Army Air Field, Germany (ETID)Handan, Handan Airport, China (ZBHD)Hangzhou, Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport, China (ZSHC)Hannover, Hannover Langenhagen Airport, Germany (EDDV)Hanoi, Hanoi Noi Bai International Airport, Viet Nam (VVNB)Hanoi, Gia Lam Airport, Viet Nam (VVGL)Hanzhong, Hanzhong Chenggu Airport, China (ZLHZ)Harare, Harare International Airport, Zimbabwe (FVHA)Harbin, Harbin Taiping International Airport, China (ZYHB)Hargeisa, Hargeisa Airport, Somalia (HCMH)Harlingen, Harlingen Valley International Airport, United States (KHRL)Harrisburg, Harrisburg International Airport, United States (KMDT)Harrison, Harrison Boone County Airport, United States (KHRO)Hartford, Hartford Brainard Airport, United States (KHFD)Hartford, Ohio County Airport, United States (KJQD)Hartselle, Hartselle-Morgan County Regional Airport, United States (5M0)Hassi-messaoud, Oued Irara–Krim Belkacem Airport, Algeria (DAUH)Hasvik, Hasvik Airport, Norway (ENHK)Haugesund, Haugesund Karmoy Airport, Norway (ENHD)Havana, Havana Jose Marti International Airport, Cuba (MUHA)Havre, Havre City County Airport, United States (KHVR)Hawarden, Chester Hawarden Airport, United Kingdom (EGNR)Hawthorne, Hawthorne Municipal Airport, United States (KHHR)Hefei, Hefei Xinqiao International Airport, China (ZSOF)Heho, Heho Airport, Burma (VYHH)Heide-buesum, Heide Buesum Airport, Germany (EDXB)Heidelberg, Heidelberg Army Heliport, Germany (ETIE)Helena, Helena Regional Airport, United States (KHLN)Helgoland, Heligoland Airport, Germany (EDXH)Helsinki, Helsinki Malmi Airport, Finland (EFHF)Helsinki, Helsinki Vantaa Airport, Finland (EFHK)Hengyang, Hengyang Nanyue Airport, China (ZGHY)Heraklion, Heraklion International Airport, Greece (LGIR)Herat, Herat International Airport, Afghanistan (OAHR)Hereford, Hereford Municipal Airport, United States (KHRX)Heringsdorf, Heringsdorf Airport, Germany (EDAH)Hermosillo, Hermosillo International Airport, Mexico (MMHO)Hernando, Hernando Village Airpark, Inc Airport, United States (H75)Hershey, Hershey Medical Center Heliport, United States (64PN)Hewandorra, Vieux Fort Hewanorra International Airport, Saint Lucia (TLPL)Hibbing, Hibbing Range Regional Airport, United States (KHIB)Hickory, Hickory Regional, United States (KHKY)Hierro, El Hierro Airport, Spain (GCHI)Hildesheim, Hildesheim Airport, Germany (EDVM)Hilo, Hilo International Airport, United States (PHTO)Hiroshima, Hiroshima Airport, Japan (RJOA)Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City International Airport, Viet Nam (VVTS)Hobart, Hobart International Airport, Australia (YMHB)Hobbs, Hobbs Lea County Regional Airport, United States (KHOB)Hoedspruit, Hoedspruit Airport, South Africa (FAHS)Hof, Hof Plauen Airport, Germany (EDQM)Hohenems, Hohenems-Dornbirn Airport, Austria (LOIH)Hokitika, Hokitika Airport, New Zealand (NZHK)Holguin, Holguin Frank Pais Airport, Cuba (MUHG)Hollywood, Hollywood North Perry Airport, United States (KHWO)Homer, Homer Airport, United States (PAHO)Homestead, Homestead General Aviation Airport, United States (X51)Homestead, Homestead Air Reserve Base, United States (KHST)Honesdale, Cherry Ridge Airport, United States (N30)Hong Kong, Hong Kong International Airport, Hong Kong (VHHH)Honington, RAF Honington, United Kingdom (EGXH)Honolulu, Honolulu International Airport, United States (PHNL)Hopkinsville, Campbell Army Airfield, United States (KHOP)Horta, Horta Airport, Portugal (LPHR)Houghton Lake, Roscommon County – Blodgett Memorial Airport, United States (KHTL)Houston, Houston George Bush Intercontinental Airport, United States (KIAH)Houston, Houston William P. Hobby Airport, United States (KHOU)Houston, Houston Ellington Airport, United States (KEFD)Hsinchu, Hsinchu Air Base, Taiwan (RCPO)Huahine Island, Huahine Fare Airport, French Polynesia (NTTH)Hualien, Hualien Airport, Taiwan (RCYU)Huambo, Albano Machado Airport, Angola (FNHU)Huangyan, Huangyan Luqiao Airport, China (ZSLQ)Hudson, Columbia County Airport, United States (1B1)Hue, Hue Phu Bai International Airport, Viet Nam (VVPB)Huhhot, Hohhot Baita International Airport, China (ZBHH)Humberside, Humberside Airport, United Kingdom (EGNJ)Hunter Aaf, Hunter Army Airfield, United States (KSVN)Hurghada, Hurghada International Airport, Egypt (HEGN)Huron, Huron Regional Airport, United States (KHON)Hyakuri, Omitama Ibaraki Airport, Japan (RJAH)Hyderabad, Begumpet Airport, India (VOHY)Hyeres, Toulon-Hyeres Airport, France (LFTH)Hyvinkaa, Hyvinkaa Airport, Finland (EFHV)Iasi, Iasi International Airport, Romania (LRIA)Ibague, Ibague Perales Airport, Colombia (SKIB)Ibiza, Ibiza Airport, Spain (LEIB)Iguazu Falls, Puerto Iguazu International Airport, Argentina (SARI)Iles De La Madeleine, Iles-de-la-Madeleine Airport, Canada (CYGR)Ilha Comprida, Balneário São Januário Airport, Brazil (SDBV)Ilheus, Ilheus Jorge Amado Airport, Brazil (SBIL)Iliamna, Iliamna Airport, United States (PAIL)Illizi, Takhamalt Airport, Algeria (DAAP)Iloilo, Iloilo International Airport, Philippines (RPVI)Imperatriz, Imperatriz Airport, Brazil (SBIZ)Imperial, Imperial County Airport, United States (KIPL)Imperial, Imperial Municipal Airport, United States (KIML)Imphal, Imphal Airport, India (VEIM)Indianapolis, Indianapolis International Airport, United States (KIND)Indore, Indore Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport, India (VAID)Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt Manching Airport, Germany (ETSI)Innsbruck, Innsbruck Kranebitten Airport, Austria (LOWI)International Falls, Falls International Airport, United States (KINL)Inuvik, Inuvik Airport, Canada (CYEV)Invercargill, Invercargill Airport, New Zealand (NZNV)Inverness, Inverness Airport, United Kingdom (EGPE)Ioannina, Ioannina National Airport, Greece (LGIO)Iowa Falls, Iowa Falls Municipal Airport, United States (KIFA)Ipatinga, Ipatinga Usiminas Airport, Brazil (SBIP)Ipiales, San Luis Airport (Colombia), Colombia (SKIP)Ipoh, Ipoh Sultan Azlan Shah Airport, Malaysia (WMKI)Iqaluit, Iqaluit Airport, Canada (CYFB)Iquique, Iquique Diego Aracena International Airport, Chile (SCDA)Iquitos, Iquitos International Airport, Peru (SPQT)Irkutsk, Irkutsk International Airport, Russia (UIII)Isafjordur, Isafjordur Airport, Iceland (BIIS)Ishigaki, Ishigaki New Airport, Japan (ROIG)Ishurdi, Ishwardi Airport, Bangladesh (VGIS)Islamabad, Islamabad Benazir Bhutto International Airport, Pakistan (OPRN)Islay, Islay Airport, United Kingdom (EGPI)Isle Of Man, Isle of Man Airport, Isle of Man (EGNS)Isles Of Scilly, Isles of Scilly St Mary's Airport, United Kingdom (EGHE)Islip, Islip Long Island MacArthur Airport, United States (KISP)Istanbul, Istanbul Samand?ra Army Air Base, Turkey (LTBX)Istanbul, Istanbul Ataturk International Airport, Turkey (LTBA)Istanbul, Istanbul Hezarfen Airfield, Turkey (LTBW)Ivalo, Ivalo Airport, Finland (EFIV)Iwakuni, Iwakuni Kintaikyo Airport, Japan (RJOI)Iwojima, Iwo Jima Airport, Japan (RJAW)Izmir, Izmir Adnan Menderes International Airport, Turkey (LTBJ)Iztepec, Ixtepec Airport, Mexico (MMIT)Izumo, Izumo Airport, Japan (RJOC)Jabalpur, Jabalpur Airport, India (VAJB)Jackson, Jackson McKellar Sipes Regional Airport, United States (KMKL)Jackson, Jackson Evers International Airport, United States (KJAN)Jacksonville, Naval Air Station Jacksonville, United States (KNIP)Jacksonville, Jacksonville International Airport, United States (KJAX)Jaipur, Jaipur Airport, India (VIJP)Jakarta, Jakarta Soekarno Hatta International Airport, Indonesia (WIII)Jakobshavn, Ilulissat Airport, Greenland (BGJN)Jambi, Jambi Sultan Thaha Airport, Indonesia (WIPA)Jammu, Jammu Airport, India (VIJU)Jamnagar, Jamnagar Airport, India (VAJM)Janakpur, Janakpur Airport, Nepal (VNJP)Januária, Porto Cajueiro Airport, Brazil (SWLD)Jasper, Jasper County Airport-Bell Field, United States (KJAS)Jauja, Jauja Francisco Carle Airport, Peru (SPJJ)Jayapura, Jayapura Sentani Airport, Indonesia (WAJJ)Jeddah, Jeddah King Abdulaziz International Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEJN)Jefferson, Jefferson Municipal Airport, United States (KEFW)Jerez, Jerez Airport, Spain (LEJR)Jersey, Jersey Airport, Jersey (EGJJ)Jessore, Jessore Airport, Bangladesh (VGJR)Jharsuguda, Berhampur Airport, India (VEJH)Jiamusi, Jiamusi Dongjiao Airport, China (ZYJM)Jian, Ji'an Airport, China (ZSJA)Jijel, Jijel Ferhat Abbas Airport, Algeria (DAAV)Jinchang, Jinchang Jinchuan Airport, China (ZLJC)Jingdezhen, Jingdezhen Luojia Airport, China (ZSJD)Jinghonggasa, Jinghong Xishuangbanna Gasa Airport, China (ZPJH)Jiujiang, Jiujiang Lushan Airport, China (ZSJJ)Jiuquan, Jiayuguan Airport, China (ZLJQ)Joao Pessoa, Joao Pessoa Castro Pinto International Airport, Brazil (SBJP)Jodhpur, Jodhpur Airport, India (VIJO)Joenkoeping, Jonkoping Airport, Sweden (ESGJ)Joensuu, Joensuu Airport, Finland (EFJO)Johannesburg, Johannesburg Lanseria International Airport, South Africa (FALA)Johannesburg, Rand Airport, South Africa (FAGM)Johor Bahru, Johor Bahru Senai International Airport, Malaysia (WMKJ)Joinville, Joinville Lauro Carneiro de Loyola Airport, Brazil (SBJV)Jonesboro, Jonesboro Municipal Airport, United States (KJBR)Jorhat, Jorhat Airport, India (VEJT)Juba, Juba Airport, Sudan (HSSJ)Juist, Juist Airport, Germany (EDWJ)Juiz De Fora, Juiz de Fora Airport, Brazil (SBJF)Jujuy, Jujuy Gobernador Horacio Guzman International Airport, Argentina (SASJ)Juliaca, Juliaca Inca Manco Capac International Airport, Peru (SPJL)Juneau, Juneau International Airport, United States (PAJN)Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla Airport, Finland (EFJY)Kabalebo, Kabalebo Airstrip, Suriname (SMKA)Kabul, Kabul International Airport, Afghanistan (OAKB)Kadena, Kadena Air Base, Japan (RODN)Kaduna, Kaduna Airport, Nigeria (DNKA)Kagoshima, Kagoshima Airport, Japan (RJFK)Kahului, Kahului Airport, United States (PHOG)Kaikoura, Kaikoura Aerodrome, New Zealand (NZKI)Kaitaia, Kaitaia Airport, New Zealand (NZKT)Kajaani, Kajaani Airport, Finland (EFKI)Kakumbi, Kenneth Kaunda International Airport, Zambia (FLKK)Kalamata, Kalamata International Airport, Greece (LGKL)Kalgoorlie, Kalgoorlie Boulder Airport, Australia (YPKG)Kalibo, Kalibo International Airport, Philippines (RPVK)Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Khrabrovo Airport, Russia (UMKK)Kalkmar, Kalmar Airport, Sweden (ESMQ)Kamishli, Al-Qamishli Airport, Syrian Arab Republic (OSKL)Kamloops, Kamloops Airport, Canada (CYKA)Kamuela, Waimea Kohala Airport, United States (PHMU)Kanawata, Kanawata Aeroparc Airport, Canada (CSJ2)Kanazawa, Komatsu Airport, Japan (RJNK)Kanchepuram, Koppal Airport, India (VOKP)Kandahar, Kandahar Airport, Afghanistan (OAKN)Kankakee, Greater Kankakee Airport, United States (KIKK)Kano, Kano Mallam Aminu International Airport, Nigeria (DNKN)Kansas City, Kansas City International Airport, United States (KMCI)Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung International Airport, Taiwan (RCKH)Karachi, Karachi Jinnah International Airport, Pakistan (OPKC)Karamay, Karamay Airport, China (ZWKM)Karlovy Vary, Karlovy Vary Airport, Czech Republic (LKKV)Karpathos, Karpathos Island National Airport, Greece (LGKP)Karratha, Karratha Airport, Australia (YPKA)Kars, Kars Harakani Airport, Turkey (LTCF)Karup, Karup Midtjyllands Airport, Denmark (EKKA)Kasane, Kasane Airport, Botswana (FBKE)Kashi, Kashgar Airport, China (ZWSH)Kassala, Kassala Airport, Sudan (HSKA)Kassel, Kassel Calden Airport, Germany (EDVK)Kastamonu, Kastamonu Airport, Turkey (LTAL)Kathmandu, Kathmandu Tribhuvan International Airport, Nepal (VNKT)Katowice, Katowice International Airport, Poland (EPKT)Kattiniq, Kattiniq Donaldson Airport, Canada (CTP9)Kavala, Kavala International Airport, Greece (LGKV)Kawthoung, Kawthaung Airport, Burma (VYKT)Kayseri, Kayseri Erkilet International Airport, Turkey (LTAU)Kazan, Kazan International Airport, Russia (UWKD)Keffallinia, Kefalonia Cephalonia International Airport, Greece (LGKF)Keflavik, Keflavik International Airport, Iceland (BIKF)Kelowna, Kelowna International Airport, Canada (CYLW)Kemi, Kemi Tornio Airport, Finland (EFKE)Kemorovo, Kemerovo International Airport, Russia (UNEE)Kenai, Kenai Municipal Airport, United States (PAEN)Kendall-tamiami, Miami Executive Airport, United States (KTMB)Kengtung, Kengtung Airport, Burma (VYKG)Kenora, Kenora Airport, Canada (CYQK)Kentland, Kentland Municipal Airport, United States (50I)Kep, Kep Air Base, Viet Nam (VVKP)Kerikeri, Kerikeri Airport, New Zealand (NZKK)Kerkyra/corfu, Corfu International Airport, Greece (LGKR)Kerry, Kerry Airport, Ireland (EIKY)Kerteh, Kerteh Airport, Malaysia (WMKE)Ketapang, Ketapang Airport, Indonesia (WIOK)Ketchikan, Ketchikan International Airport, United States (PAKT)Key West, Key West International Airport, United States (KEYW)Khabarovsk, Khabarovsk Novy Airport, Russia (UHHH)Khanabad, Karshi Airport, Uzbekistan (UTSK)Khanty-mansiysk, Khanty-Mansiysk Airport, Russia (USHH)Kharkov, Kharkiv International Airport, Ukraine (UKHH)Khartoum, Khartoum International Airport, Sudan (HSSS)Khasab, Khasab Airport, Oman (OOKB)Khon Kaen, Nam Phung Dam Airport, Thailand (VTUZ)Khorey-Ver, Khorey-Ver Airport, Russia (ULEH)Kichinau Fir/acc/com, Chisinau International Airport, Republic of Moldova (LUKK)Kiel, Kiel Airport, Germany (EDHK)Kiev, Kiev Zhuliany Airport, Ukraine (UKKK)Kiev, Kiev Boryspil International Airport, Ukraine (UKBB)Kigali, Kigali Airport, Rwanda (HRYR)Kilimanjaro, Kilimanjaro International Airport, United Republic of Tanzania (HTKJ)Killeen, Killeen Fort Hood Regional Airport, United States (KGRK)Kimberley, Kimberley Airport, South Africa (FAKM)Kimhae, Busan Gimhae International Airport, Korea, Republic of (RKPK)King Salmon, King Salmon Airport, United States (PAKN)Kingston, Kingston Norman Manley International Airport, Jamaica (MKJP)Kingston, Kingston Norman Rogers Airport, Canada (CYGK)Kingstown, Kingstown E. T. Joshua Airport, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (TVSV)Kinshasa, Kinshasa N'Djili Airport, Democratic Republic of the Congo (FZAA)Kirkenes, Kirkenes Hoybuktmoen Airport, Norway (ENKR)Kirkwall, Kirkwall Airport, United Kingdom (EGPA)Kirov, Kirov Pobedilovo Airport, Russia (USKK)Kirovograd, Kirovograd Airport, Ukraine (UKKG)Kiruna, Kiruna Airport, Sweden (ESNQ)Kish Island, Kish International Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OIBK)Kisumu, Kisumu International Airport, Kenya (HKKI)Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu Airport, Japan (RJFR)Kithira, Kithira Island National Airport, Greece (LGKC)Kittila, Kittila Airport, Finland (EFKT)Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt Airport, Austria (LOWK)Knoxville, Univ of Tennessee Medical Center Heliport, United States (09TN)Knoxville, Knoxville McGhee Tyson Airport, United States (KTYS)Knshi, Enshi Xujiaping Airport, China (ZHES)Kochi, Kochi Airport, Japan (RJOK)Kodiak, Kodiak Airport, United States (PADQ)Kohnan, K?nan Airport, Japan (RJBK)Kona, Kona International Airport, United States (PHKO)Konya, Konya Airport, Turkey (LTAN)Korla, Korla Airport, China (ZWKL)Kortrijk-vevelgem, Kortrijk Wevelgem International Airport, Belgium (EBKT)Kos, Kos Island International Airport, Greece (LGKO)Kosice, Kosice International Airport, Slovakia (LZKZ)Kota Bahru, Kota Bharu Sultan Ismail Petra Airport, Malaysia (WMKC)Kota Kinabalu, Kota Kinabalu International Airport, Malaysia (WBKK)Kotzebue, Kotzebue Ralph Wien Memorial Airport, United States (PAOT)Krakow, Krakow John Paul II International Airport, Poland (EPKK)Kralendijk, Bonaire Flamingo International Airport, Netherlands Antilles (TNCB)Krasnodar, Krasnodar International Airport, Russia (URKK)Krasnovodsk, Turkmenbashi International Airport, Turkmenistan (UTAK)Krbi, Krabi Airport, Thailand (VTSG)Kristiansand, Kristiansand Kjevik Airport, Norway (ENCN)Kristianstad, Kristianstad Osterlen Airport, Sweden (ESMK)Kristiansund, Kristiansund Kvernberget Airport, Norway (ENKB)Kruunupyy, Kokkola-Pietarsaari Airport, Finland (EFKK)Kuala Krai, Kuala Kerai Airport, Malaysia (WMAL)Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia (WMKK)Kuala Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu Sultan Mahmud Airport, Malaysia (WMKN)Kuantan, Kuantan Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Airport, Malaysia (WMKD)Kuching, Kuching International Airport, Malaysia (WBGG)Kulu, Kullu Bhuntar Airport, India (VIBR)Kulusuk, Kulusuk Airport, Greenland (BGKK)Kumamoto, Kumamoto Airport, Japan (RJFT)Kunming, Kunming Changshui International Airport, China (ZPPP)Kunovice, Kunovice Airport, Czech Republic (LKKU)Kunsan, Gunsan Airport, Korea, Republic of (RKJK)Kununurra, Kununurra East Kimberley Regional Airport, Australia (YPKU)Kuopio, Kuopio Airport, Finland (EFKU)Kurgan, Kurgan Airport, Russia (USUU)Kustanay, Kostanay Airport, Kazakhstan (UAUU)Kuujjuararapik, Kuujjuarapik Airport, Canada (CYGW)Kuusamo, Kuusamo Airport, Finland (EFKS)Kuwait, Kuwait International Airport, Kuwait (OKBK)Kwangju, Gwangju Airport, Korea, Republic of (RKJJ)Kyaukpyu, Kyaukpyu Airport, Burma (VYKP)Kyzyl, Kyzyl Airport, Russia (UNKY)Kzyl-orda, Kyzylorda Airport, Kazakhstan (UAOO)La Ceiba, Golosón International Airport, Honduras (MHLC)La Coruna, A Coruna Airport, Spain (LECO)La Grande Riviere, La Grande Riviere Airport, Canada (CYGL)La Loma, Calenturitas Airport, Colombia (SKAL)La Paz, La Paz International Airport, Mexico (MMLP)La Paz, La Paz El Alto International Airport, Bolivia (SLLP)La Roche-sur-yon, La Roche-sur-Yon Les Ajoncs Airport, France (LFRI)La Romana, La Romana International Airport, Dominican Republic (MDLR)La Ronge, La Ronge Barber Field Airport, Canada (CYVC)La Serena, La Serena La Florida Airport, Chile (SCSE)Laage, Rostock Laage Airport, Germany (ETNL)Labuan, Labuan Airport, Malaysia (WBKL)Ladag, Lumbia Airport, Philippines (RPML)Laeso, Læsø Airport, Denmark (EKLS)Lafayette, Lafayette Regional Airport, United States (KLFT)Lagos, Lagos Murtala Mohammed Airport, Nigeria (DNMM)Laguna Larga, Laguna Larga Airport, Argentina (SACL)Lahore, Lahore Allama Iqbal International Airport, Pakistan (OPLA)Lajes, Lages Airport, Brazil (SBLJ)Lajes (terceira Island), Lajes Field, Portugal (LPLA)Lajitas, Lajitas International Airport, United States (89TE)Lake Charles, Lake Charles Regional Airport, United States (KLCH)Lakehurst, Lakehurst NAES /Maxfield Field, United States (KNEL)Lamezia, Lamezia Terme Airport, Italy (LICA)Lampang, Lampang Airport, Thailand (VTCL)Lampedusa, Lampedusa Airport, Italy (LICD)Lancelin, Lancelin Airport, Australia (YLCI)Landivisiau, Landivisiau Air Base, France (LFRJ)Land`s End, Lands End Airport, United Kingdom (EGHC)Langebaanweg, Air Force Base Langebaanweg, South Africa (FALW)Langeoog, Langeoog Airport, Germany (EDWL)Lannion, Lannion Airport, France (LFRO)Lansing, Lansing Capital Region International Airport, United States (KLAN)Lanzerote, Lanzarote Airport, Spain (GCRR)Lanzhou, Lanzhou City Airport, China (ZLAN)Lanzhou, Lanzhou Zhongchuan International Airport, China (ZLLL)Lappeenranta, Lappeenranta Airport, Finland (EFLP)Lar, Lar Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OISL)Laredo, Laredo International Airport, United States (KLRD)Larnaca, Larnaca International Airport, Cyprus (LCLK)Las Tunas, Hermanos Ameijeiras Airport, Cuba (MUVT)Las Vegas, Las Vegas McCarran International Airport, United States (KLAS)Lasham, Lasham Airport, United Kingdom (EGHL)Lashio, Lashio Airport, Burma (VYLS)Latacunga, Latacunga Cotopaxi International Airport, Ecuador (SELT)Latakia, Latakia Bassel al Assad International Airport, Syrian Arab Republic (OSLK)Launceston, Launceston Airport, Australia (YMLT)Laval, Laval-Entrammes Airport, France (LFOV)Lavan Island, Lavan Island Airport, Iran (OIBV)Lazard Cardenas, Lázaro Cárdenas Airport, Mexico (MMLC)Le Havre, Le Havre Octeville Airport, France (LFOH)Le Mans, Le Mans-Arnage Airport, France (LFRM)Le Puy, Le Puy Loudes Airport, France (LFHP)Le Tourquet, Le Touquet Cote d'Opale Airport, France (LFAT)Learmonth, Learmonth Airport, Australia (YPLM)Lebanon, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center Heliport, United States (NH82)Lecce, Lecce Galatina Airport, Italy (LIBN)Lechfeld, Lechfeld Air Base, Germany (ETSL)Leeds, Leeds Bradford International Airport, United Kingdom (EGNM)Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden Air Base, Netherlands (EHLW)Legazpi, Pagadian Airport, Philippines (RPMP)Leh, Leh Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport, India (VILH)Leipzig, Leipzig Halle Airport, Germany (EDDP)Leknes, Leknes Airport, Norway (ENLK)Lelystad, Lelystad Airport, Netherlands (EHLE)Lemwerder, Lemwerder Airport, Germany (EDWD)Leon, Leon Airport, Spain (LELN)Leonardtown, St. Mary`s County Regional Airport, United States (2W6)Leros, Leros Municipal Airport, Greece (LGLE)Lethbridge, Lethbridge Airport, Canada (CYQL)Leticia, Leticia International Airport, Colombia (SKLT)Leuchars, RAF Leuchars, United Kingdom (EGQL)Levaldigi, Turin Cuneo Levaldigi Airport, Italy (LIMZ)Lhasa, Lhasa Gonggar Airport, China (ZULS)Liangping, Wanzhou Wuqiao Airport, China (ZULP)Lianyungang, Lianyungang Baitabu Airport, China (ZSLG)Liberia, Liberia International Airport, Costa Rica (MRLB)Libreville, Libreville International Airport, Gabon (FOOL)Lidkoping, Lidkoping Hovby Airport, Sweden (ESGL)Liege, Liege Airport, Belgium (EBLG)Lihue, Lihue Airport, United States (PHLI)Lille, Lille Airport, France (LFQQ)Lilongwe, Lilongwe International Airport, Malawi (FWKI)Lima, Lima Jorge Chavez International Airport, Peru (SPIM)Limnos, Lemnos International Airport, Greece (LGLM)Limoges, Limoges Bellegarde Airport, France (LFBL)Lincang, Lincang Airport, China (ZPLC)Lincoln, Lincoln Airport, United States (KLNK)Lindrith, Lindrith Airpark, United States (E32)Linfen, Linfen Qiaoli Airport, China (ZBLF)Linkoeping, Linkoping City Airport, Sweden (ESSL)Linyi, Linyi Shubuling Airport, China (ZSLY)Linz, Linz Airport, Austria (LOWL)Lisbon, Lisbon Humberto Delgado Airport, Portugal (LPPT)Little Cayman, Little Cayman Airport, Cayman Islands (MWCL)Little Rock, Little Rock Clinton National Airport, United States (KLIT)Liuzhou, Liuzhou Bailian Airport, China (ZGZH)Liverpool, Liverpool John Lennon Airport, United Kingdom (EGGP)Ljubliana, Ljubljana Joze Pucnik Airport, Slovenia (LJLJ)Lodz, Lodz Wladyslaw Reymont Airport, Poland (EPLL)Loei, Loei Airport, Thailand (VTUL)Lome, Lome Tokoin Airport, Togo (DXXX)London, London City Airport, United Kingdom (EGLC)London, London Heathrow Airport, United Kingdom (EGLL)London, London International Airport, Canada (CYXU)London, London Stansted Airport, United Kingdom (EGSS)London, London Luton Airport, United Kingdom (EGGW)London, London Gatwick Airport, United Kingdom (EGKK)Londonderry, City of Derry Airport, United Kingdom (EGAE)Londrina, Londrina Airport, Brazil (SBLO)Long Beach, Long Beach Airport, United States (KLGB)Longview, Longview East Texas Regional Airport, United States (KGGG)Lordsburg, Lordsburg Municipal Airport, United States (KLSB)Loreto, Loreto International Airport, Mexico (MMLT)Lorient, Lorient South Brittany Airport, France (LFRH)Los Angeles, Los Angeles International Airport, United States (KLAX)Los Mochis, Los Mochis International Airport, Mexico (MMLM)Losinj, Losinj Airport, Croatia (LDLO)Lossiemouth, RAF Lossiemouth, United Kingdom (EGQS)Louisiana, New Iberia Acadiana Regional Airport, United States (KARA)Louisville, Bowman Field (airport), United States (KLOU)Luanda, Luanda Quatro de Fevereiro Airport, Angola (FNLU)Luang Prabang, Luang Prabang International Airport, Lao People's Democratic Republic (VLLB)Lubango, Lubango Airport, Angola (FNUB)Lubbock, Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport, United States (KLBB)Lubumashi, Lubumbashi International Airport, Democratic Republic of the Congo (FZQA)Lucca, Lucca / Tassignano Airport, Italy (LIQL)Lucknow, Lucknow Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport, India (VILK)Ludhiaha, Ludhiana Sahnewal Airport, India (VILD)Luebeck, Lubeck Airport, Germany (EDHL)Lufkin, Angelina County Airport, United States (KLFK)Lugano, Lugano Airport, Switzerland (LSZA)Lulea, Lulea Airport, Sweden (ESPA)Luoyang, Luoyang Beijiao Airport, China (ZHLY)Lusaka, Lusaka Kenneth Kaunda International Airport, Zambia (FLLS)Lusk, Lusk Municipal Airport, United States (KLSK)Luwuk, Luwuk Bubung Airport, Indonesia (WAMW)Luxemburg, Luxembourg Findel Airport, Luxembourg (ELLX)Luxi, Mangshi Airport, China (ZPLX)Luxor, Luxor International Airport, Egypt (HELX)Luzhou, Luzhou Lantian Airport, China (ZULZ)Lvov, Lviv Danylo Halytskyi International Airport, Ukraine (UKLL)Lydd, Lydd Ashford Airport, United Kingdom (EGMD)Lyon, Lyon Saint Exupery Airport, France (LFLL)Lyon, Lyon Bron Airport, France (LFLY)Maastricht, Maastricht Aachen Airport, Netherlands (EHBK)Macapa, Macapa International Airport, Brazil (SBMQ)Macau, Macau International Airport, China (VMMC)Maceio, Maceio Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport, Brazil (SBMO)Machipongo, Machipongo International Airport, United States (3VG2)Mackay, Mackay Airport, Australia (YBMK)Mackminnville, McMinnville Municipal Airport, United States (KMMV)Macon, Macon Middle Georgia Regional Airport, United States (KMCN)Madinah, Medina Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEMA)Madison, Madison Dane County Regional Airport, United States (KMSN)Madras, Chennai International Airport, India (VOMM)Madrid, Madrid Torrejon Airport, Spain (LETO)Madrid, Madrid Barajas Airport, Spain (LEMD)Madrid, Getafe Air Base, Spain (LEGT)Madurai, Madurai Airport, India (VOMD)Magadan, Magadan Sokol Airport, Russia (UHMM)Magangue, Baracoa Regional Airport, Colombia (SKMG)Magnetiogorsk, Magnitogorsk International Airport, Russia (USCM)Mahe, Seychelles International Airport, Seychelles (FSIA)Makhachkala, Makhachkala Uytash Airport, Russia (URML)Makung, Magong Airport, Taiwan (RCQC)Makurdi, Makurdi Airport, Nigeria (DNMK)Malabo, Malabo International Airport, Equatorial Guinea (FGSL)Malacca, Malacca International Airport, Malaysia (WMKM)Malaga, Malaga Costa Del Sol Airport, Spain (LEMG)Malatya, Malatya Erhac Airport, Turkey (LTAT)Maldonado, Punta del Este International Airport, Uruguay (SULS)Male, Male Velana International Airport, Maldives (VRMM)Malindi, Malindi Airport, Kenya (HKML)Malmoe, Malmo Airport, Sweden (ESMS)Malta, Luqa Malta International Airport, Malta (LMML)Mamburao, Mamburao Airport, Philippines (RPUM)Mamfe, Mamfe Airport, Cameroon (FKKF)Mamuju, Tampa Padang Airport, Indonesia (WAAJ)Man, Man Airport, Cote d'Ivoire (DIMN)Manado, Manado Sam Ratulangi International Airport, Indonesia (WAMM)Managua, Managua Augusto C. Sandino International Airport, Nicaragua (MNMG)Manaus, Manaus Eduardo Gomes International Airport, Brazil (SBEG)Manchester, Manchester Airport, United Kingdom (EGCC)Mandalay, Mandalay International Airport, Burma (VYMD)Mangalore, Mangalore Airport, India (VOML)Mangshi, Dehong Mangshi Airport, China (ZPMS)Manila, Manila Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Philippines (RPLL)Manisa, Kutahya Zafer Airport, Turkey (LTBZ)Manistique, Schoolcraft County Airport, United States (KISQ)Maniwaki, Maniwaki Airport, Canada (CYMW)Manizales, Manizales La Nubia Airport, Colombia (SKMZ)Mannheim, Mannheim City Airport, Germany (EDFM)Manokwari, Manokwari Rendani Airport, Indonesia (WASR)Manston, Manston Airport, United Kingdom (EGMH)Manta, Manta Eloy Alfaro International Airport, Ecuador (SEMT)Manzanillo, Manzanillo Sierra Maestra Airport, Cuba (MUMZ)Manzanillo, Manzanillo Playa de Oro International Airport, Mexico (MMZO)Maputo, Maputo International Airport, Mozambique (FQMA)Maquela, Maquela Airport, Angola (FNMQ)Mar Del Plata, Mar del Plata Astor Piazzolla International Airport, Argentina (SAZM)Maraba, Maraba Airport, Brazil (SBMA)Maracaibo, Maracaibo La Chinita International Airport, Venezuela (SVMC)Maragheh, Sahand Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OITM)Marcos Juarez, Marcos Juárez Airport, Argentina (SAOM)Margate, Margate Airport, South Africa (FAMG)Maribor, Maribor Airport, Slovenia (LJMB)Mariehamn, Mariehamn Airport, Finland (EFMA)Marilia, Marilla Airport, Brazil (SBML)Marina Di Massa, Massa Cinquale Airport, Italy (LILQ)Maringa, Maringa Regional Airport, Brazil (SBMG)Marmul, Marmul Airport, Oman (OOMX)Marquette, Marquette Sawyer International Airport, United States (KMQT)Marrakech, Marrakesh Menara Airport, Morocco (GMMX)Marseille, Marseille Provence Airport, France (LFML)Marsh Harbor, Marsh Harbour Airport, Bahamas (MYAM)Maryovo, Maryovo Airport, Russia (ULNM)Masbate, Cebu Mactan International Airport, Philippines (RPVM)Maseru, Maseru Moshoeshoe I International Airport, Lesotho (FXMM)Masirah, RAFO Masirah, Oman (OOMA)Massena, Massena International Airport, United States (KMSS)Matamata, Matamata Airport, New Zealand (NZMA)Matamoros, Matamoros International Airport, Mexico (MMMA)Matsu, Matsu Beigan Airport, Taiwan (RCMT)Matsumoto, Matsumoto Airport, Japan (RJAF)Matsuyama, Matsuyama Airport, Japan (RJOM)Matthew Town, Inagua Matthew Town Airport, Bahamas (MYIG)Maun, Maun Airport, Botswana (FBMN)Mawlamyine, Mawlamyine Airport, Burma (VYMM)May River, May River Airstrip, Papua New Guinea (AYRV)Mayfield, Mayfield Graves County Airport, United States (M25)Mazar-i-sharif, Mazar-I-Sharif International Airport, Afghanistan (OAMS)Mazatlan, Mazatlan International Airport, Mexico (MMMZ)Mcalester, McAlester Regional Airport, United States (KMLC)Mcallen, McAllen Miller International Airport, United States (KMFE)Mechanics Bay, Mechanics Bay Heliport, New Zealand (NZMB)Medan, Medan Kuala Namu International Airport, Indonesia (WIMM)Medellin, Medellin Enrique Olaya Herrera Airport, Colombia (SKMD)Meixian, Meixian Airport, China (ZGMX)Melbourne, Essendon Airport, Australia (YMEN)Melbourne, Melbourne Moorabbin Airport, Australia (YMMB)Melbourne, Melbourne International Airport, United States (KMLB)Melbourne, Melbourne Airport, Australia (YMML)Melchor De Mencos, Mundo Maya International Airport, Guatemala (MGMM)Melilla, Melilla Airport, Spain (GEML)Melsbroek, Melsbroek Air Base, Belgium (EBMB)Memanbetsu, Memanbetsu Airport, Japan (RJCM)Memphis, Memphis International Airport, United States (KMEM)Mendoza, Mendoza International Airport, Argentina (SAME)Mendoza, Ciudad de Mendoza Airpark, Argentina (SAMQ)Menorca, Mahon Menorca Airport, Spain (LEMH)Merauke, Merauke Mopah International Airport, Indonesia (WAKK)Merced, Castle Airport, United States (KMER)Merida, Merida Rejon Airport, Mexico (MMMD)Merville, Merville Calonne Airport, France (LFQT)Merzifon, Merzifon Airport, Turkey (LTAP)Mesquite, Mesquite Airport, United States (67L)Metz, Metz-Nancy-Lorraine Airport, France (LFJL)Mexicali, Mexicali International Airport, Mexico (MMML)Mexico City, Mexico City International Airport, Mexico (MMMX)Miami, Miami International Airport, United States (KMIA)Miami, Miami Opa Locka Executive Airport, United States (KOPF)Miantang, Mianyang Nanjiao Airport, China (ZUMY)Midland, Midland International Airport, United States (KMAF)Midlothian/Waxahachie, Mid Way Regional Airport, United States (KJWY)Miho, Yonago Miho Airport, Japan (RJOH)Milan, Milan Linate Airport, Italy (LIML)Milano, Milan Malpensa Airport, Italy (LIMC)Millington, Millington Regional Jetport, United States (KNQA)Millville, Millville Executive Airport, United States (KMIV)Milos, Milos Island National Airport, Greece (LGML)Milwaukee, Milwaukee General Mitchell International Airport, United States (KMKE)Minatitlan, Minatitlan Coatzacoalcos International Airport, Mexico (MMMT)Mineral Wells, Mineral Wells Airport, United States (KMWL)Mineralnye Vody, Mineralnye Vody Airport, Russia (URMM)Minneapolis, Minneapolis Saint Paul International Airport, United States (KMSP)Minot, Minot International Airport, United States (KMOT)Minsk 2, Minsk International Airport, Belarus (UMMS)Miramar, Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, United States (KNKX)Miri, Miri Airport, Malaysia (WBGR)Mirnyj, Mirny Airport, Russia (UERR)Miros?awiec, Miroslawiec Military Air Base, Poland (EPMI)Misawa, Misawa Airport, Japan (RJSM)Miyako, Miyako Airport, Japan (ROMY)Miyazaki, Miyazaki Airport, Japan (RJFM)Mo I Rana, Mo i Rana Airport, Norway (ENRA)Mobile, Mobile Downtown Airport, United States (KBFM)Mobile, Mobile Regional Airport, United States (KMOB)Mocamedes, Namibe Airport, Angola (FNMO)Mocord, Mossoró Airport, Brazil (SBMS)Modesto, Modesto City County Airport, United States (KMOD)Moenchengladbach, Dusseldorf Monchengladbach Airport, Germany (EDLN)Mogadishu, Mogadishu Aden Adde International Airport, Somalia (HCMM)Mohanbari, Dibrugarh Airport, India (VEMN)Molde, Molde Aro Airport, Norway (ENML)Molokai, Kaunakakai Molokai Airport, United States (PHMK)Mombasa, Mombasa Moi International Airport, Kenya (HKMO)Mompós, San Bernardo Airport, Colombia (SKMP)Monastir, Monastir Habib Bourguiba International Airport, Tunisia (DTMB)Monbetsu, Monbetsu Airport, Japan (RJEB)Monclova, Venustiano Carranza International Airport, Mexico (MMMV)Moncton, Moncton International Airport, Canada (CYQM)Monroe, Monroe Regional Airport, United States (KMLU)Monrovia, Monrovia Roberts International Airport, Liberia (GLRB)Mont Joli, Mont-Joli Airport, Canada (CYYY)Montego Bay, Montego Bay Sangster International Airport, Jamaica (MKJS)Monteria, Monteria Los Garzones Airport, Colombia (SKMR)Monterrey, Monterrey International Airport, Mexico (MMMY)Monterrey, Del Norte International Airport, Mexico (MMAN)Montes Claros, Montes Claros Airport, Brazil (SBMK)Montevideo, Montevideo Carrasco International Airport, Uruguay (SUMU)Montichiari, Brescia Airport, Italy (LIPO)Montlucon-gueret, Montluçon – Guéret Airport, France (LFBK)Montpelier, Edward F. Knapp State Airport, United States (KMPV)Montpellier, Montpellier Mediterranee Airport, France (LFMT)Montreal, Montreal Saint-Hubert Airport, Canada (CYHU)Montreal, Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Airport, Canada (CYUL)Montreal, Montreal Mirabel International Airport, Canada (CYMX)Monument, Monument Municipal Airport, United States (12S)Moosonee, Moosonee Airport, Canada (CYMO)Mora, Mora Siljan Airport, Sweden (ESKM)Morelia, Morelia International Airport, Mexico (MMMM)Morlaix, Morlaix Ploujean Airport, France (LFRU)Moroni, Moroni Prince Said Ibrahim International Airport, Comoros (FMCH)Moscow, Moscow Sheremetyevo International Airport, Russia (UUEE)Moscow, Moscow Vnukovo International Airport, Russia (UUWW)Mosjoen, Mosjoen Airport, Norway (ENMS)Moulins, Moulins – Montbeugny Airport, France (LFHY)Mount Isa, Mount Isa Airport, Australia (YBMA)Mount Pleasant, Mount Pleasant Airport, Falkland Islands (Malvinas) (EGYP)Mountain View, Mountain View Moffett Federal Airfield, United States (KNUQ)Mudanjiang, Mudanjiang Hailang Airport, China (ZYMD)Muenster/osnabrueck, Munster Osnabruck International Airport, Germany (EDDG)Mulhouse, Basel Mulhouse-Freiburg EuroAirport, France (LFSB)Multan, Multan International Airport, Pakistan (OPMT)Munich, Munich Airport, Germany (EDDM)Murcia, Murcia San Javier Airport, Spain (LELC)Murmansk, Murmansk Airport, Russia (ULMM)Murrieta/Temecula, French Valley Airport, United States (F70)Mus, Mus Airport, Turkey (LTCK)Muscat, Muscat International Airport, Oman (OOMS)Muskogee, Davis Field (Oklahoma), United States (KMKO)Muskoka, Muskoka Airport, Canada (CYQA)Mustique, Mustique Airport, St.vincent/grenadines (TVSM)Myeik, Myeik Airport, Burma (VYME)Mykonos, Mykonos Island National Airport, Greece (LGMK)Myrtle Beach, Myrtle Beach International Airport, United States (KMYR)Mytilini, Mytilene International Airport, Greece (LGMT)N/A, Not available, N/A (MNL)N/A, Not available, N/A (SC5)N/A, Not available, N/A (MYR)N/A, Not available, N/A (LIT)N/A, Not available, N/A (MBO)N/A, Not available, N/A (ECN)N/A, Not available, N/A (EWK)N/A, Not available, N/A (CCOA)N/A, Not available, N/A (KCH)N/A, Not available, N/A (BPT)N/A, Not available, N/A (DUB)N/A, Not available, N/A (EGE)N/A, Not available, N/A (TPA)N/A, Not available, N/A (BWI)N/A, Not available, N/A (RUH)N/A, Not available, N/A (PTP)N/A, Not available, N/A (CHQ)N/A, Not available, N/A (PMI)N/A, Not available, N/A (SDF)N/A, Not available, N/A (WVI)N/A, Not available, N/A (JGG)N/A, Not available, N/A (GMJ)N/A, Not available, N/A (CFU)N/A, Not available, N/A (JWN)N/A, Not available, N/A (MIB)N/A, Not available, N/A (CLD)N/A, Not available, N/A (????)N/A, Not available, N/A (LAS)N/A, Not available, N/A (DUS)N/A, Not available, N/A (CPR)N/A, Not available, N/A (VDF)N/A, Not available, N/A (AUH)N/A, Not available, N/A (W01)N/A, Not available, N/A (I73)N/A, Not available, N/A (IXD)N/A, Not available, N/A (GGT)N/A, Not available, N/A (HII)N/A, Not available, N/A (MQT)N/A, Not available, N/A (YUL)N/A, Not available, N/A (CKB)N/A, Not available, N/A (IGD)N/A, Not available, N/A (AEX)N/A, Not available, N/A (ZTH)N/A, Not available, N/A (VAA)N/A, Not available, N/A (IKV)N/A, Not available, N/A (AOI)N/A, Not available, N/A (PUW)N/A, Not available, N/A (EMA)N/A, Not available, N/A (CTU)N/A, Not available, N/A (RDU)N/A, Not available, N/A (HQU)N/A, Not available, N/A (LUK)N/A, Not available, N/A (NTU)N/A, Not available, N/A (RHO)N/A, Not available, N/A (RWL)N/A, Not available, N/A (MCT)N/A, Not available, N/A (LNS)N/A, Not available, N/A (MMI)N/A, Not available, N/A (RFD)N/A, Not available, N/A (TPE)N/A, Not available, N/A (AMS)N/A, Not available, N/A (VOZ)N/A, Not available, N/A (ORD)N/A, Not available, N/A (AVC)N/A, Not available, N/A (BLI)N/A, Not available, N/A (PEN)N/A, Not available, N/A (LUN)N/A, Not available, N/A (SVX)N/A, Not available, N/A (BST)N/A, Not available, N/A (FDK)N/A, Not available, N/A (CMH)N/A, Not available, N/A (YVR)N/A, Not available, N/A (HDC)N/A, Not available, N/A (GPM)N/A, Not available, N/A (SRY)N/A, Not available, N/A (HQM)N/A, Not available, N/A (WLW)N/A, Not available, N/A (PTV)N/A, Not available, N/A (KSC)N/A, Not available, N/A (EZE)N/A, Not available, N/A (SAP)N/A, Not available, N/A (DXB)N/A, Not available, N/A (AGEF)N/A, Not available, N/A (GNV)N/A, Not available, N/A (SC4)N/A, Not available, N/A (AEG)N/A, Not available, N/A (FAO)N/A, Not available, N/A (MAN)N/A, Not available, N/A (HAM)N/A, Not available, N/A (BSB)N/A, Not available, N/A (TYS)N/A, Not available, N/A (CPT)N/A, Not available, N/A (GTF)N/A, Not available, N/A (BLL)N/A, Not available, N/A (FMY)N/A, Not available, N/A (NBE)N/A, Not available, N/A (BND)N/A, Not available, N/A (OKJ)N/A, Not available, N/A (L26)N/A, Not available, N/A (NVT)N/A, Not available, N/A (TUN)N/A, Not available, N/A (RAP)N/A, Not available, N/A (GDL)N/A, Not available, N/A (TRI)N/A, Not available, N/A (FFZ)N/A, Not available, N/A (YXE)N/A, Not available, N/A (LTN)N/A, Not available, N/A (LYH)N/A, Not available, N/A (0F2)N/A, Not available, N/A (QA)N/A, Not available, N/A (YNG)N/A, Not available, N/A (SLU)N/A, Not available, N/A (GSB)N/A, Not available, N/A (IPC)N/A, Not available, N/A (ACH)N/A, Not available, N/A (ESB)N/A, Not available, N/A (CGK)N/A, Not available, N/A (SPG)N/A, Not available, N/A (M01)N/A, Not available, N/A (L00)N/A, Not available, N/A (HAV)N/A, Not available, N/A (CGI)N/A, Not available, N/A (MHR)N/A, Not available, N/A (YEG)N/A, Not available, N/A (XVMG)N/A, Not available, N/A (DAR)N/A, Not available, N/A (GUM)N/A, Not available, N/A (M)N/A, Not available, N/A (GOT)N/A, Not available, N/A (GYH)N/A, Not available, N/A (PWA)N/A, Not available, N/A (BON)N/A, Not available, N/A (41A)N/A, Not available, N/A (LFT)N/A, Not available, N/A (BJX)N/A, Not available, N/A (AEP)N/A, Not available, N/A (YQR)N/A, Not available, N/A (EYE)N/A, Not available, N/A (TKI)N/A, Not available, N/A (CKG)N/A, Not available, N/A (YKKC)N/A, Not available, N/A (EMT)N/A, Not available, N/A (SUS)N/A, Not available, N/A (AND)N/A, Not available, N/A (CWI)N/A, Not available, N/A (DLM)N/A, Not available, N/A (PNE)N/A, Not available, N/A (PVG)N/A, Not available, N/A (ZAZ)N/A, Not available, N/A (50F)N/A, Not available, N/A (CVS)N/A, Not available, N/A (HAJ)N/A, Not available, N/A (1J0)N/A, Not available, N/A (LGU)N/A, Not available, N/A (TBN)N/A, Not available, N/A (AGP)N/A, Not available, N/A (HNL)N/A, Not available, N/A (ELH)N/A, Not available, N/A (AJR)N/A, Not available, N/A (LNA)N/A, Not available, N/A (LAL)N/A, Not available, N/A (KUL)N/A, Not available, N/A (LVK)N/A, Not available, N/A (SHJ)N/A, Not available, N/A (SLC)N/A, Not available, N/A (EYW)N/A, Not available, N/A (IND)N/A, Not available, N/A (LYEC)N/A, Not available, N/A (MBT)N/A, Not available, N/A (CID)N/A, Not available, N/A (OXR)N/A, Not available, N/A (SBD)N/A, Not available, N/A (GYE)N/A, Not available, N/A (CLO)N/A, Not available, N/A (PAT)N/A, Not available, N/A (NQA)N/A, Not available, N/A (PNH)N/A, Not available, N/A (SPF)N/A, Not available, N/A (BNE)N/A, Not available, N/A (DWC)N/A, Not available, N/A (CTA)N/A, Not available, N/A (LVJ)N/A, Not available, N/A (SXM)N/A, Not available, N/A (FNC)N/A, Not available, N/A (MDT)N/A, Not available, N/A (GPT)N/A, Not available, N/A (RHV)N/A, Not available, N/A (TRL)N/A, Not available, N/A (APV)N/A, Not available, N/A (ARN)N/A, Not available, N/A (POP)N/A, Not available, N/A (MWL)N/A, Not available, N/A (DFW)N/A, Not available, N/A (SMD)N/A, Not available, N/A (TCC)N/A, Not available, N/A (SJD)N/A, Not available, N/A (BUR)N/A, Not available, N/A (DBQ)N/A, Not available, N/A (MTV)N/A, Not available, N/A (ACT)N/A, Not available, N/A (BUF)N/A, Not available, N/A (GTR)N/A, Not available, N/A (AKL)N/A, Not available, N/A (PDX)N/A, Not available, N/A (GLA)N/A, Not available, N/A (YYZ)N/A, Not available, N/A (TVC)N/A, Not available, N/A (BHM)N/A, Not available, N/A (FWQ)N/A, Not available, N/A (N454)N/A, Not available, N/A (PRB)N/A, Not available, N/A (DGG)N/A, Not available, N/A (BIS)N/A, Not available, N/A (CJU)N/A, Not available, N/A (TAD)N/A, Not available, N/A (TTA)N/A, Not available, N/A (NAS)N/A, Not available, N/A (YBL)N/A, Not available, N/A (ANW)N/A, Not available, N/A (PNT)N/A, Not available, N/A (MOR)N/A, Not available, N/A (VIE)N/A, Not available, N/A (ROV)N/A, Not available, N/A (4A9)N/A, Not available, N/A (DVT)N/A, Not available, N/A (GSO)N/A, Not available, N/A (BRS)N/A, Not available, N/A (0R4)N/A, Not available, N/A (SJN)N/A, Not available, N/A (TUC)N/A, Not available, N/A (DJE)N/A, Not available, N/A (BVS)N/A, Not available, N/A (X60)N/A, Not available, N/A (FCO)N/A, Not available, N/A (BOG)N/A, Not available, N/A (CUN)N/A, Not available, N/A (YQB)N/A, Not available, N/A (GON)N/A, Not available, N/A (PBZ)N/A, Not available, N/A (MGM)N/A, Not available, N/A (HAN)N/A, Not available, N/A (IXA)N/A, Not available, N/A (CDI)N/A, Not available, N/A (MIA)N/A, Not available, N/A (ATL)N/A, Not available, N/A (TCL)N/A, Not available, N/A (AMG)N/A, Not available, N/A (CUB)N/A, Not available, N/A (FCH)N/A, Not available, N/A (BES)N/A, Not available, N/A (SEA)N/A, Not available, N/A (SJT)N/A, Not available, N/A (PHK)N/A, Not available, N/A (MWC)N/A, Not available, N/A (HFD)N/A, Not available, N/A (STT)N/A, Not available, N/A (BEY)N/A, Not available, N/A (MQM)N/A, Not available, N/A (M33)N/A, Not available, N/A (KSY)N/A, Not available, N/A (IGM)N/A, Not available, N/A (ACK)N/A, Not available, N/A (CHC)N/A, Not available, N/A (ANC)N/A, Not available, N/A (NOP)N/A, Not available, N/A (MCO)N/A, Not available, N/A (CAI)N/A, Not available, N/A (RVN)N/A, Not available, N/A (BGM)N/A, Not available, N/A (SJO)N/A, Not available, N/A (TRN)N/A, Not available, N/A (SKG)N/A, Not available, N/A (BPS)N/A, Not available, N/A (FLO)N/A, Not available, N/A (FUL)N/A, Not available, N/A (ECU)N/A, Not available, N/A (CHA)N/A, Not available, N/A (YIO)N/A, Not available, N/A (14G)N/A, Not available, N/A (PWT)N/A, Not available, N/A (TWF)N/A, Not available, N/A (5B2)N/A, Not available, N/A (AHN)N/A, Not available, N/A (GYD)N/A, Not available, N/A (N13)N/A, Not available, N/A (ADH)N/A, Not available, N/A (GZT)N/A, Not available, N/A (HH)N/A, Not available, N/A (OGG)N/A, Not available, N/A (LCY)N/A, Not available, N/A (GRU)N/A, Not available, N/A (LIS)N/A, Not available, N/A (1F0)N/A, Not available, N/A (2S7)N/A, Not available, N/A (AJA)N/A, Not available, N/A (DET)N/A, Not available, N/A (INT)N/A, Not available, N/A (MHK)N/A, Not available, N/A (BOI)N/A, Not available, N/A (EWR)N/A, Not available, N/A (28J)N/A, Not available, N/A (RNO)N/A, Not available, N/A (BMA)N/A, Not available, N/A (MZR)N/A, Not available, N/A (O89)N/A, Not available, N/A (SBA)N/A, Not available, N/A (CCP)N/A, Not available, N/A (RIW)N/A, Not available, N/A (CUU)N/A, Not available, N/A (OCW)N/A, Not available, N/A (QRO)N/A, Not available, N/A (LCK)N/A, Not available, N/A (SPN)N/A, Not available, N/A (BOM)N/A, Not available, N/A (BGO)N/A, Not available, N/A (HBR)N/A, Not available, N/A (RNC)N/A, Not available, N/A (RDG)N/A, Not available, N/A (FYV)N/A, Not available, N/A (FXE)N/A, Not available, N/A (MAD)N/A, Not available, N/A (SFM)N/A, Not available, N/A (JFK)N/A, Not available, N/A (ICN)N/A, Not available, N/A (HOU)N/A, Not available, N/A (TUP)N/A, Not available, N/A (TSA)N/A, Not available, N/A (DSA)N/A, Not available, N/A (4O4)N/A, Not available, N/A (IST)N/A, Not available, N/A (PPT)N/A, Not available, N/A (BUS)N/A, Not available, N/A (MSY)N/A, Not available, N/A (TVY)N/A, Not available, N/A (IWA)N/A, Not available, N/A (MED)N/A, Not available, N/A (SHE)N/A, Not available, N/A (IRS)N/A, Not available, N/A (PVF)N/A, Not available, N/A (GVT)N/A, Not available, N/A (RIX)N/A, Not available, N/A (M98)N/A, Not available, N/A (S03)N/A, Not available, N/A (KIX)N/A, Not available, N/A (CHO)N/A, Not available, N/A (FMN)N/A, Not available, N/A (PGD)N/A, Not available, N/A (ACE)N/A, Not available, N/A (1O3)N/A, Not available, N/A (VBT)N/A, Not available, N/A (MSO)N/A, Not available, N/A (GIG)N/A, Not available, N/A (DEL)N/A, Not available, N/A (VKO)N/A, Not available, N/A (DPS)N/A, Not available, N/A (3DW)N/A, Not available, N/A (SNN)N/A, Not available, N/A (SDX)N/A, Not available, N/A (LWB)N/A, Not available, N/A (TZX)N/A, Not available, N/A (SAW)N/A, Not available, N/A (ABI)N/A, Not available, N/A (VTE)N/A, Not available, N/A (YLW)N/A, Not available, N/A (FAI)N/A, Not available, N/A (CAK)N/A, Not available, N/A (IAH)N/A, Not available, N/A (9K7)N/A, Not available, N/A (WEA)N/A, Not available, N/A (RTM)N/A, Not available, N/A (DVO)N/A, Not available, N/A (EDI)N/A, Not available, N/A (CXW)N/A, Not available, N/A (TKX)N/A, Not available, N/A (RDD)N/A, Not available, N/A (SMO)N/A, Not available, N/A (LTGP)N/A, Not available, N/A (1H2)N/A, Not available, N/A (GEG)N/A, Not available, N/A (TLN)N/A, Not available, N/A (BDA)N/A, Not available, N/A (OPO)N/A, Not available, N/A (KIN)N/A, Not available, N/A (ANU)N/A, Not available, N/A (BEG)N/A, Not available, N/A (SXF)N/A, Not available, N/A (THR)N/A, Not available, N/A (PWK)N/A, Not available, N/A (SLK)N/A, Not available, N/A (JNB)N/A, Not available, N/A (RST)N/A, Not available, N/A (DOH)N/A, Not available, N/A (BED)N/A, Not available, N/A (X)N/A, Not available, N/A (OPN)N/A, Not available, N/A (CLT)N/A, Not available, N/A (N14)N/A, Not available, N/A (WYS)N/A, Not available, N/A (AKH)N/A, Not available, N/A (ADA)N/A, Not available, N/A (BTV)N/A, Not available, N/A (SAN)N/A, Not available, N/A (4M7)N/A, Not available, N/A (MIR)N/A, Not available, N/A (TNP)N/A, Not available, N/A (HPN)N/A, Not available, N/A (GCM)N/A, Not available, N/A (SC3)N/A, Not available, N/A (AYT)N/A, Not available, N/A (BCT)N/A, Not available, N/A (NGO)N/A, Not available, N/A (OKA)N/A, Not available, N/A (PRG)N/A, Not available, N/A (DPHA)N/A, Not available, N/A (YOW)N/A, Not available, N/A (TTN)N/A, Not available, N/A (RVS)N/A, Not available, N/A (UVF)N/A, Not available, N/A (SJU)N/A, Not available, N/A (CGE)N/A, Not available, N/A (LWS)N/A, Not available, N/A (MTH)N/A, Not available, N/A (H35)N/A, Not available, N/A (YQQ)N/A, Not available, N/A (CKV)N/A, Not available, N/A (ALC)N/A, Not available, N/A (BVA)N/A, Not available, N/A (FAT)N/A, Not available, N/A (DUR)N/A, Not available, N/A (NLC)N/A, Not available, N/A (PNS)N/A, Not available, N/A (S50)N/A, Not available, N/A (ZRH)N/A, Not available, N/A (LUF)N/A, Not available, N/A (TUS)N/A, Not available, N/A (VGT)N/A, Not available, N/A (DEST)N/A, Not available, N/A (70J)N/A, Not available, N/A (EVV)N/A, Not available, N/A (F)N/A, Not available, N/A (MRS)N/A, Not available, N/A (LBB)N/A, Not available, N/A (KGF)N/A, Not available, N/A (AAO)N/A, Not available, N/A (6I2)N/A, Not available, N/A (IPL)N/A, Not available, N/A (CAN)N/A, Not available, N/A (FLR)N/A, Not available, N/A (BJV)N/A, Not available, N/A (N27)N/A, Not available, N/A (MCC)N/A, Not available, N/A (LOU)N/A, Not available, N/A (BKW)N/A, Not available, N/A (I67)N/A, Not available, N/A (BNA)N/A, Not available, N/A (MSP)N/A, Not available, N/A (OVD)N/A, Not available, N/A (NAN)N/A, Not available, N/A (CIC)N/A, Not available, N/A (NBO)N/A, Not available, N/A (BUD)N/A, Not available, N/A (CRL)N/A, Not available, N/A (GMP)N/A, Not available, N/A (VCB)N/A, Not available, N/A (SOU)N/A, Not available, N/A (LEJ)N/A, Not available, N/A (SBP)N/A, Not available, N/A (PLZ)N/A, Not available, N/A (MOB)N/A, Not available, N/A (ILM)N/A, Not available, N/A (CRD)N/A, Not available, N/A (JAC)N/A, Not available, N/A (YQX)N/A, Not available, N/A (UTH)N/A, Not available, N/A (JJJH)N/A, Not available, N/A (AAMX)N/A, Not available, N/A (3AU)N/A, Not available, N/A (ROC)N/A, Not available, N/A (A)N/A, Not available, N/A (OVB)N/A, Not available, N/A (SUU)N/A, Not available, N/A (ADB)N/A, Not available, N/A (KRT)N/A, Not available, N/A (SVO)N/A, Not available, N/A (ORN)N/A, Not available, N/A (JOG)N/A, Not available, N/A (SIN)N/A, Not available, N/A (SGR)N/A, Not available, N/A (HCR)N/A, Not available, N/A (CXY)N/A, Not available, N/A (SOF)N/A, Not available, N/A (AMA)N/A, Not available, N/A (DNL)N/A, Not available, N/A (QGDX)N/A, Not available, N/A (CMN)N/A, Not available, N/A (EIN)N/A, Not available, N/A (LHRO)N/A, Not available, N/A (LUX)N/A, Not available, N/A (FIN)N/A, Not available, N/A (LAD)N/A, Not available, N/A (GE)N/A, Not available, N/A (REU)N/A, Not available, N/A (YWG)N/A, Not available, N/A (TSR)N/A, Not available, N/A (CCS)N/A, Not available, N/A (LGG)N/A, Not available, N/A (SC7)N/A, Not available, N/A (SSF)N/A, Not available, N/A (LYS)N/A, Not available, N/A (DAB)N/A, Not available, N/A (BTM)N/A, Not available, N/A (TUL)N/A, Not available, N/A (CZL)N/A, Not available, N/A (JKA)N/A, Not available, N/A (SNS)N/A, Not available, N/A (HMZ)N/A, Not available, N/A (MYF)N/A, Not available, N/A (TYR)N/A, Not available, N/A (H71)N/A, Not available, N/A (DXR)N/A, Not available, N/A (AF)N/A, Not available, N/A (MFE)N/A, Not available, N/A (CPK)N/A, Not available, N/A (CSX)N/A, Not available, N/A (MOD)N/A, Not available, N/A (KHCR)N/A, Not available, N/A (T30)N/A, Not available, N/A (CCR)N/A, Not available, N/A (CEW)N/A, Not available, N/A (VCV)N/A, Not available, N/A (FLG)N/A, Not available, N/A (GFL)N/A, Not available, N/A (IPJ)N/A, Not available, N/A (SRC)N/A, Not available, N/A (AIZ)N/A, Not available, N/A (MKC)N/A, Not available, N/A (YQT)N/A, Not available, N/A (DBN)N/A, Not available, N/A (HSH)N/A, Not available, N/A (TNG)N/A, Not available, N/A (DMM)N/A, Not available, N/A (GJT)N/A, Not available, N/A (LJU)N/A, Not available, N/A (HER)N/A, Not available, N/A (LGW)N/A, Not available, N/A (49B)N/A, Not available, N/A (AUW)N/A, Not available, N/A (O52)N/A, Not available, N/A (CCO)N/A, Not available, N/A (HKT)N/A, Not available, N/A (SKB)N/A, Not available, N/A (ARB)N/A, Not available, N/A (MAH)N/A, Not available, N/A (FTW)N/A, Not available, N/A (SLN)N/A, Not available, N/A (TLV)N/A, Not available, N/A (HIIS)N/A, Not available, N/A (SAT)N/A, Not available, N/A (COI)N/A, Not available, N/A (KMG)N/A, Not available, N/A (SNL)N/A, Not available, N/A (BDS)N/A, Not available, N/A (RCM)N/A, Not available, N/A (HND)N/A, Not available, N/A (JED)N/A, Not available, N/A (YFB)N/A, Not available, N/A (YXY)N/A, Not available, N/A (SDQ)N/A, Not available, N/A (PBH)N/A, Not available, N/A (T31)N/A, Not available, N/A (LMO)N/A, Not available, N/A (CWC)N/A, Not available, N/A (MEV)N/A, Not available, N/A (REI)N/A, Not available, N/A (STX)N/A, Not available, N/A (ABD)N/A, Not available, N/A (X26)N/A, Not available, N/A (YIP)N/A, Not available, N/A (4J6)N/A, Not available, N/A (MLE)N/A, Not available, N/A (VUJ)N/A, Not available, N/A (H88)N/A, Not available, N/A (TPL)N/A, Not available, N/A (5C1)N/A, Not available, N/A (PRC)N/A, Not available, N/A (MEM)N/A, Not available, N/A (ENV)N/A, Not available, N/A (RGN)N/A, Not available, N/A (SVQ)N/A, Not available, N/A (HIJ)N/A, Not available, N/A (OPF)N/A, Not available, N/A (LMT)N/A, Not available, N/A (EBB)N/A, Not available, N/A (MCE)N/A, Not available, N/A (YEI)N/A, Not available, N/A (OGB)N/A, Not available, N/A (PWM)N/A, Not available, N/A (PFO)N/A, Not available, N/A (VNY)N/A, Not available, N/A (BRU)N/A, Not available, N/A (BHX)N/A, Not available, N/A (GLS)N/A, Not available, N/A (3GV)N/A, Not available, N/A (MAF)N/A, Not available, N/A (PTY)N/A, Not available, N/A (OKC)N/A, Not available, N/A (D25)N/A, Not available, N/A (SHV)N/A, Not available, N/A (TRK)N/A, Not available, N/A (CHT)N/A, Not available, N/A (1R8)N/A, Not available, N/A (FHR)N/A, Not available, N/A (SZX)N/A, Not available, N/A (KMQ)N/A, Not available, N/A (IMM)N/A, Not available, N/A (MSN)N/A, Not available, N/A (SYD)N/A, Not available, N/A (CLE)N/A, Not available, N/A (DMK)N/A, Not available, N/A (TIJ)N/A, Not available, N/A (IBZ)N/A, Not available, N/A (KMJ)N/A, Not available, N/A (AVX)N/A, Not available, N/A (51R)N/A, Not available, N/A (STS)N/A, Not available, N/A (TVR)N/A, Not available, N/A (GNY)N/A, Not available, N/A (ORY)N/A, Not available, N/A (BGI)N/A, Not available, N/A (MDW)N/A, Not available, N/A (MSL)N/A, Not available, N/A (LBE)N/A, Not available, N/A (HGR)N/A, Not available, N/A (SSA)N/A, Not available, N/A (PKB)N/A, Not available, N/A (SQL)N/A, Not available, N/A (DAL)N/A, Not available, N/A (LAX)N/A, Not available, N/A (PLN)N/A, Not available, N/A (KOA)N/A, Not available, N/A (VRB)N/A, Not available, N/A (HHN)N/A, Not available, N/A (CTG)N/A, Not available, N/A (PHL)N/A, Not available, N/A (SMF)N/A, Not available, N/A (UIO)N/A, Not available, N/A (GZS)N/A, Not available, N/A (MIE)N/A, Not available, N/A (FSD)N/A, Not available, N/A (CNO)N/A, Not available, N/A (SFB)N/A, Not available, N/A (MCI)N/A, Not available, N/A (PHX)N/A, Not available, N/A (TLH)N/A, Not available, N/A (MRY)N/A, Not available, N/A (MDE)N/A, Not available, N/A (COR)N/A, Not available, N/A (DAD)N/A, Not available, N/A (YHZ)N/A, Not available, N/A (DTN)N/A, Not available, N/A (EFD)N/A, Not available, N/A (DWH)N/A, Not available, N/A (FUK)N/A, Not available, N/A (ELP)N/A, Not available, N/A (SRQ)N/A, Not available, N/A (COS)N/A, Not available, N/A (LGB)N/A, Not available, N/A (FOC)N/A, Not available, N/A (STC)N/A, Not available, N/A (PBI)N/A, Not available, N/A (DSM)N/A, Not available, N/A (FDY)N/A, Not available, N/A (BLR)N/A, Not available, N/A (OAK)N/A, Not available, N/A (PUS)N/A, Not available, N/A (CMA)N/A, Not available, N/A (TGD)N/A, Not available, N/A (5R4)N/A, Not available, N/A (IZA)N/A, Not available, N/A (UVA)N/A, Not available, N/A (TVL)N/A, Not available, N/A (PAO)N/A, Not available, N/A (AAF)N/A, Not available, N/A (PDK)N/A, Not available, N/A (SBN)N/A, Not available, N/A (unde)N/A, Not available, N/A (LOT)N/A, Not available, N/A (O)N/A, Not available, N/A (JER)N/A, Not available, N/A (NXP)N/A, Not available, N/A (OLV)N/A, Not available, N/A (FSM)N/A, Not available, N/A (LAW)N/A, Not available, N/A (ATH)N/A, Not available, N/A (RKS)N/A, Not available, N/A (POS)N/A, Not available, N/A (HBZ)N/A, Not available, N/A (DTM)N/A, Not available, N/A (CRQ)N/A, Not available, N/A (OTH)N/A, Not available, N/A (ACV)N/A, Not available, N/A (VLC)N/A, Not available, N/A (GRJ)N/A, Not available, N/A (VCP)N/A, Not available, N/A (X50)N/A, Not available, N/A (SFO)N/A, Not available, N/A (ASG)N/A, Not available, N/A (GEU)N/A, Not available, N/A (LIN)N/A, Not available, N/A (ZAG)N/A, Not available, N/A (TMB)N/A, Not available, N/A (/LEB)N/A, Not available, N/A (ELY)N/A, Not available, N/A (XPE)N/A, Not available, N/A (CVN)N/A, Not available, N/A (KRK)N/A, Not available, N/A (CXP)N/A, Not available, N/A (COU)N/A, Not available, N/A (LL)N/A, Not available, N/A (POA)N/A, Not available, N/A (ORL)N/A, Not available, N/A (PSP)N/A, Not available, N/A (NAP)N/A, Not available, N/A (TXK)N/A, Not available, N/A (VV)N/A, Not available, N/A (CRK)N/A, Not available, N/A (PMD)N/A, Not available, N/A (MBJ)N/A, Not available, N/A (DTW)N/A, Not available, N/A (NWI)N/A, Not available, N/A (C83)N/A, Not available, N/A (JSO)N/A, Not available, N/A (87Y)N/A, Not available, N/A (SEZ)N/A, Not available, N/A (ROA)N/A, Not available, N/A (TAN)N/A, Not available, N/A (CMB)N/A, Not available, N/A (PLS)N/A, Not available, N/A (W95)N/A, Not available, N/A (BTR)N/A, Not available, N/A (GOBD)N/A, Not available, N/A (OJA)N/A, Not available, N/A (KWI)N/A, Not available, N/A (CRE)N/A, Not available, N/A (L.TI)N/A, Not available, N/A (YYC)N/A, Not available, N/A (KIC)N/A, Not available, N/A (ANB)N/A, Not available, N/A (TTD)N/A, Not available, N/A (ROW)N/A, Not available, N/A (PEK)N/A, Not available, N/A (ODS)N/A, Not available, N/A (DUA)N/A, Not available, N/A (TOA)N/A, Not available, N/A (AZO)N/A, Not available, N/A (HOG)N/A, Not available, N/A (7F6)N/A, Not available, N/A (MBS)N/A, Not available, N/A (DCA)N/A, Not available, N/A (3R9)N/A, Not available, N/A (MUC)N/A, Not available, N/A (STN)N/A, Not available, N/A (CHS)N/A, Not available, N/A (PUB)N/A, Not available, N/A (ELM)N/A, Not available, N/A (HEL)N/A, Not available, N/A (BKI)N/A, Not available, N/A (ICT)N/A, Not available, N/A (BCN)N/A, Not available, N/A (RAL)N/A, Not available, N/A (MLB)N/A, Not available, N/A (MRU)N/A, Not available, N/A (HKY)N/A, Not available, N/A (SAC)N/A, Not available, N/A (8N2)N/A, Not available, N/A (0R0)N/A, Not available, N/A (JZI)N/A, Not available, N/A (NUQ)N/A, Not available, N/A (M17)N/A, Not available, N/A (RIC)N/A, Not available, N/A (SZB)N/A, Not available, N/A (3H4)N/A, Not available, N/A (SHM)N/A, Not available, N/A (EIS)N/A, Not available, N/A (REC)N/A, Not available, N/A (CDG)N/A, Not available, N/A (APF)N/A, Not available, N/A (SCK)N/A, Not available, N/A (MTY)N/A, Not available, N/A (ORF)N/A, Not available, N/A (U76)N/A, Not available, N/A (SRB)N/A, Not available, N/A (MSJ)N/A, Not available, N/A (CUR)N/A, Not available, N/A (FRA)N/A, Not available, N/A (F47)N/A, Not available, N/A (BKK)N/A, Not available, N/A (JAN)N/A, Not available, N/A (CRW)N/A, Not available, N/A (BDL)N/A, Not available, N/A (NJF)N/A, Not available, N/A (SZF)N/A, Not available, N/A (ASE)N/A, Not available, N/A (BRC)N/A, Not available, N/A (PIL)N/A, Not available, N/A (NQN)N/A, Not available, N/A (OSL)N/A, Not available, N/A (XLMG)N/A, Not available, N/A (CONE)N/A, Not available, N/A (ABA)N/A, Not available, N/A (BMI)N/A, Not available, N/A (MSQ)N/A, Not available, N/A (SIF)N/A, Not available, N/A (SJC)N/A, Not available, N/A (LHR)N/A, Not available, N/A (IAD)N/A, Not available, N/A (AUS)N/A, Not available, N/A (D)N/A, Not available, N/A (CPH)N/A, Not available, N/A (FLD)N/A, Not available, N/A (INF)N/A, Not available, N/A (DMN)N/A, Not available, N/A (PBM)N/A, Not available, N/A (ONT)N/A, Not available, N/A (MFR)N/A, Not available, N/A (PVU)N/A, Not available, N/A (WJF)N/A, Not available, N/A (WHP)N/A, Not available, N/A (RAO)N/A, Not available, N/A (BTS)N/A, Not available, N/A (XWOK)N/A, Not available, N/A (63M)N/A, Not available, N/A (NYL)N/A, Not available, N/A (CXL)N/A, Not available, N/A (LPA)N/A, Not available, N/A (TFP)N/A, Not available, N/A (RHI)N/A, Not available, N/A (BFL)N/A, Not available, N/A (T41)N/A, Not available, N/A (WDG)N/A, Not available, N/A (REP)N/A, Not available, N/A (CNF)N/A, Not available, N/A (GMU)N/A, Not available, N/A (VAN)N/A, Not available, N/A (SPS)N/A, Not available, N/A (PIE)N/A, Not available, N/A (LGA)N/A, Not available, N/A (ADD)N/A, Not available, N/A (AJO)N/A, Not available, N/A (4T2)N/A, Not available, N/A (DRO)N/A, Not available, N/A (SAV)N/A, Not available, N/A (RDM)N/A, Not available, N/A (TEX)N/A, Not available, N/A (MLA)N/A, Not available, N/A (ACY)N/A, Not available, N/A (O26)N/A, Not available, N/A (SCL)N/A, Not available, N/A (FLL)N/A, Not available, N/A (SGJ)N/A, Not available, N/A (AUN)N/A, Not available, N/A (CDC)N/A, Not available, N/A (PAE)N/A, Not available, N/A (BFI)N/A, Not available, N/A (GVA)N/A, Not available, N/A (LAF)N/A, Not available, N/A (AVL)N/A, Not available, N/A (MER)N/A, Not available, N/A (DLO)N/A, Not available, N/A (LSV)N/A, Not available, N/A (BLH)N/A, Not available, N/A (MKE)N/A, Not available, N/A (BHD)N/A, Not available, N/A (P19)N/A, Not available, N/A (RYY)N/A, Not available, N/A (TMK)N/A, Not available, N/A (PGV)N/A, Not available, N/A (BLQ)N/A, Not available, N/A (MEX)N/A, Not available, N/A (WAW)N/A, Not available, N/A (FAR)N/A, Not available, N/A (DHN)N/A, Not available, N/A (FSI)N/A, Not available, N/A (SGN)N/A, Not available, N/A (ITM)N/A, Not available, N/A (STR)N/A, Not available, N/A (MXP)N/A, Not available, N/A (BIO)N/A, Not available, N/A (3F4)N/A, Not available, N/A (BOS)N/A, Not available, N/A (RSW)N/A, Not available, N/A (SNW)N/A, Not available, N/A (UIL)N/A, Not available, N/A (MTN)N/A, Not available, N/A (4F2)N/A, Not available, N/A (S33)N/A, Not available, N/A (LEI)N/A, Not available, N/A (WUH)N/A, Not available, N/A (F45)N/A, Not available, N/A (SEE)N/A, Not available, N/A (ATY)N/A, Not available, N/A (DME)N/A, Not available, N/A (I69)N/A, Not available, N/A (HDN)N/A, Not available, N/A (VRA)N/A, Not available, N/A (PIT)N/A, Not available, N/A (KTJS)N/A, Not available, N/A (LIM)N/A, Not available, N/A (FDF)N/A, Not available, N/A (KTM)N/A, Not available, N/A (HKG)N/A, Not available, N/A (TLS)N/A, Not available, N/A (FAY)N/A, Not available, N/A (SOW)N/A, Not available, N/A (U77)N/A, Not available, N/A (HWO)N/A, Not available, N/A (ASR)N/A, Not available, N/A (BJC)N/A, Not available, N/A (NRT)N/A, Not available, N/A (MEL)N/A, Not available, N/A (CGF)N/A, Not available, N/A (SC1)N/A, Not available, N/A (XMN)N/A, Not available, N/A (VGZR)N/A, Not available, N/A (APA)N/A, Not available, N/A (YYR)N/A, Not available, N/A (PGA)N/A, Not available, N/A (LEX)N/A, Not available, N/A (KTW)N/A, Not available, N/A (FFA)N/A, Not available, N/A (CRP)N/A, Not available, N/A (MLI)N/A, Not available, N/A (YKM)N/A, Not available, N/A (CGN)N/A, Not available, N/A (MKG)N/A, Not available, N/A (ABE)N/A, Not available, N/A (HON)N/A, Not available, N/A (DEN)N/A, Not available, N/A (EWB)N/A, Not available, N/A (FOR)N/A, Not available, N/A (NCE)N/A, Not available, N/A (UFA)N/A, Not available, N/A (GDB)N/A, Not available, N/A (MAC)N/A, Not available, N/A (ABQ)N/A, Not available, N/A (VNO)N/A, Not available, N/A (BIL)N/A, Not available, N/A (PUJ)N/A, Not available, N/A (SNA)N/A, Not available, N/A (TEB)N/A, Not available, N/A (IER)N/A, Not available, N/A (TAB)N/A, Not available, N/A (RSV)N/A, Not available, N/A (SCD)N/A, Not available, N/A (MAE)N/A, Not available, N/A (FDW)N/A, Not available, N/A (VPZ)N/A, Not available, N/A (BDN)N/A, Not available, N/A (YSJ)N/A, Not available, N/A (60J)N/A, Not available, N/A (BOD)N/A, Not available, N/A (ADS)N/A, Not available, N/A (CAE)N/A, Not available, N/A (LBF)N/A, Not available, N/A (SPI)N/A, Not available, N/A (CHD)N/A, Not available, N/A (ALA)Nadym, Nadym Airport, Russia (USMM)Naga, Naga Airport, Philippines (RPUN)Nagasaki, Nagasaki Airport, Japan (RJFU)Nagpur, Nagpur Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport, India (VANP)Naha, Naha Airport, Japan (ROAH)Nainital, Pantnagar Airport, India (VIPT)Nairobi, Nairobi Wilson Airport, Kenya (HKNW)Naivasha, Naivasha Airport, Kenya (HKNV)Nakashibetsu, Nakashibetsu Airport, Japan (RJCN)Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Phanom Airport, Thailand (VTUW)Namsos, Namsos Airport, Norway (ENNM)Namtu, Naypyidaw Airport, Burma (VYNT)Nanaimo, Nanaimo Airport, Canada (CYCD)Nanaimo, Nanaimo Harbour Water Airport, Canada (CAC8)Nanchang, Nanchang Changbei International Airport, China (ZSCN)Nanchong, Nanchong Gaoping Airport, China (ZUNC)Nancy, Nancy-Essey Airport, France (LFSN)Nanded, Nanded Airport, India (VAND)Nandi, Nadi International Airport, Fiji (NFFN)Nanjing, Nanjing Lukou International Airport, China (ZSNJ)Nanki-shirahama, Nanki Shirahama Airport, Japan (RJBD)Nanning, Nanning Wuxu International Airport, China (ZGNN)Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Airport, France (LFRS)Nantucket, Nantucket Memorial Airport, United States (KACK)Nanyang, Nanyang Jiangying Airport, China (ZHNY)Naples, Naples Airport, Italy (LIRN)Narathiwat, Narathiwat Airport, Thailand (VTSC)Narkvik, Narvik Framnes Airport, Norway (ENNK)Naryan-mar, Naryan-Mar Airport, Russia (ULAM)Nashville, Nashville International Airport, United States (KBNA)Nasik Road, Gandhinagar Airport, India (VANR)Nassau, Nassau Lynden Pindling International Airport, Bahamas (MYNN)Natal, Augusto Severo International Airport, Brazil (SBNT)Natashquan, Natashquan Airport, Canada (CYNA)Natuna, Ranai Airport, Indonesia (WION)Nausori, Nausori International Airport, Fiji (NFNA)Navegantes, Navegantes Victor Konder International Airport, Brazil (SBNF)Nazca, Maria Reiche Neuman Airport, Peru (SPZA)Ndola, Ndola International Airport, Zambia (FLND)Nea Anghialos, Volos Nea Anchialos National Airport, Greece (LGBL)Neiva, Neiva Benito Salas Airport, Colombia (SKNV)Nelson, Nelson Airport, New Zealand (NZNS)Nepalgunj, Nepalgunj Airport, Nepal (VNNG)Neubrandenburg, Neubrandenburg Airport, Germany (ETNU)Neumuenster, Neumünster Airport, Germany (EDHN)Neuquen, Neuquen Presidente Peron International Airport, Argentina (SAZN)Nevers, Nevers-Fourchambault Airport, France (LFQG)Nevsehir, Nevsehir Kapadokya Airport, Turkey (LTAZ)New Bern, New Bern Coastal Carolina Regional Airport, United States (KEWN)New Bight, New Bight Airport, Bahamas (MYCB)New Orleans, New Orleans Louis Armstrong International Airport, United States (KMSY)New Plymouth, New Plymouth Airport, New Zealand (NZNP)New York, New York John F. Kennedy International Airport, United States (KJFK)New York, New York LaGuardia Airport, United States (KLGA)Newark, New York Newark Liberty International Airport, United States (KEWR)Newberg, Chehalem Airpark, United States (17S)Newburgh, Newburgh Stewart International Airport, United States (KSWF)Newcastle, Newcastle Airport, United Kingdom (EGNT)Newport News, Newport News Williamsburg International Airport, United States (KPHF)Neyveli, Neyveli Airport, India (VONV)Niagara Falls, Niagara Falls International Airport, United States (KIAG)Niamey, Niamey Diori Hamani International Airport, Niger (DRRN)Nice, Nice Cote d'Azur Airport, France (LFMN)Nimes, Nimes Ales Camargue Cevennes Airport, France (LFTW)Ninbo, Ningbo Lishe International Airport, China (ZSNB)Niniop, Sinop Airport, Turkey (LTCM)Nioaque, Jericoacoara Airport, Brazil (SSVV)Niort, Niort-Souché Airport, France (LFBN)Nis, Nis Constantine the Great Airport, Serbia (LYNI)Nizhnevartovsk, Nizhnevartovsk Airport, Russia (USNN)Nogales, Nogales International Airport, United States (KOLS)Nome, Nome Airport, United States (PAOM)Norden, Norden-Norddeich Airport, Germany (EDWS)Norderney, Norderney Airport, Germany (EDWY)Nordholz, Cuxhaven Nordholz Sea Airport, Germany (EDXN)Norfolk, Naval Station Norfolk, United States (KNGU)Norfolk, Norfolk International Airport, United States (KORF)Norfolk Island, Norfolk Island Airport, Norfolk Island (YSNF)Norrkoeping, Norrkoping Airport, Sweden (ESSP)North Bay, North Bay Jack Garland Airport, Canada (CYYB)North Eleuthera, North Eleuthera Airport, Bahamas (MYEH)Northampton, Sywell Aerodrome, United Kingdom (EGBK)Northolt, RAF Northolt, United Kingdom (EGWU)Norwich, Norwich International Airport, United Kingdom (EGSH)Nosy-be, Nosy Be Fascene Airport, Madagascar (FMNN)Notodden, Notodden Airport, Norway (ENNO)Nottingham, Nottingham Airport, United Kingdom (EGBN)Nouadhibou, Nouadhibou International Airport, Mauritania (GQPP)Nouakschott, Nouakchott International Airport, Mauritania (GQNN)Noumea, Noumea La Tontouta International Airport, New Caledonia (NWWW)Novokuznetsk, Novokuznetsk Spichenkovo Airport, Russia (UNWW)Nuernberg, Nuremberg Airport, Germany (EDDN)Nuevo Laredo, Nuevo Laredo Quetzalcoatl International Airport, Mexico (MMNL)Nuku Hiva, Nuku Hiva Airport, French Polynesia (NTMD)Nukus, Nukus Airport, Uzbekistan (UTNN)Nyutabaru, Nyutabaru Air Base, Japan (RJFN)N`djamena, N'Djamena International Airport, Chad (FTTJ)Oakdale, Oakdale Airport, United States (O27)Oakland, Oakland International Airport, United States (KOAK)Oaxaca, Oaxaca Xoxocotlan International Airport, Mexico (MMOX)Obera, Oberá Airport, Argentina (SATO)Oberpfaffenhofen, Oberpfaffenhofen Airport, Germany (EDMO)Obihiro, Obihiro Tokachi Airport, Japan (RJCB)Ocala/Belleview, Leeward Air Ranch Airport, United States (FD04)Ocean Shores, Ocean Shores Municipal Airport, United States (W04)Oceana, Naval Air Station Oceana, United States (KNTU)Oceano, Oceano County Airport, United States (L52)Ocho Rios, Ian Fleming International Airport, Jamaica (MKBS)Odense, Odense Hans Christian Andersen Airport, Denmark (EKOD)Odessa, Odessa International Airport, Ukraine (UKOO)Ogdensburg, Ogdensburg International Airport, United States (KOGS)Ogoki Post, Ogoki Post Airport, Canada (CYKP)Ohrid, Ohrid Airport, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (LWOH)Oita, Oita Airport, Japan (RJFO)Okayama, Okayama Airport, Japan (RJOB)Oklahoma City, Tinker Air Force Base, United States (KTIK)Oklahoma City, Oklahoma City Will Rogers World Airport, United States (KOKC)Olbia, Olbia – Costa Smeralda Airport, Italy (LIEO)Olifants River Bridge, Johannesburg OR Tambo International Airport, South Africa (FAOR)Olivia, Olivia Regional Airport, United States (KOVL)Olney, Olney Municipal Airport, United States (KONY)Omaha, Omaha Eppley Airfield, United States (KOMA)Omsk, Omsk Tsentralny Airport, Russia (UNOO)Ontario, Ontario International Airport, United States (KONT)Ontonagon, Ontonagon County Schuster Field, United States (KOGM)Oradea, Oradea International Airport, Romania (LROD)Oran, Oran Es Senia Airport, Algeria (DAOO)Oran, Orán Airport, Argentina (SASO)Oranjestad, Oranjestad Queen Beatrix International Airport, Aruba (TNCA)Oranjestad, Saint Eustatius F.D. Roosevelt Airport, Netherlands Antilles (TNCE)Orebro, Orebro Airport, Sweden (ESOE)Orenburg, Orenburg Tsentralny Airport, Russia (UWOO)Orlando, Orlando Executive Airport, United States (KORL)Orlando, Orlando International Airport, United States (KMCO)Orleans, Orléans – Bricy Air Base, France (LFOJ)Orovada, Pine Grove Airport, United States (NV68)Orsta-volda, Orsta Volda Airport, Norway (ENOV)Osaka, Osaka International Airport, Japan (RJOO)Osan, Osan Air Base, Korea, Republic of (RKSO)Oscoda, Oscoda Wurtsmith Airport, United States (KOSC)Osh, Osh, Kyrgyzstan (UAFO)Oshima, Oshima Airport, Japan (RJTO)Osijek, Osijek Airport, Croatia (LDOS)Oskarshamn, Oskarshamn Airport, Sweden (ESMO)Oslo, Oslo Gardermoen Airport, Norway (ENGM)Ostend, Ostend Bruges International Airport, Belgium (EBOS)Ostrava, Ostrava Leos Janacek Airport, Czech Republic (LKMT)Ostrov, Ostrov Naval Air Base, Russia (XLOS)Ottawa, Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport, Canada (CYOW)Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou Airport, Burkina Faso (DFFD)Ouargla, Ouargla Ain Beida Airport, Algeria (DAUU)Ouarzazate, Ouarzazate Airport, Morocco (GMMZ)Oujda, Oujda Angads Airport, Morocco (GMFO)Oulu, Oulu Airport, Finland (EFOU)Ovda, Eilat Ovda Airport, Israel (LLOV)Överkalix, Överkalix Airport, Sweden (ESNE)Overton, Perkins Field, United States (KU08)Oxford, London Oxford Airport, United Kingdom (EGTK)Padang, Padang Minangkabau International Airport, Indonesia (WIMG)Padang Sidempuan, Aek Godang Airport, Indonesia (WIME)Paderborn, Paderborn Lippstadt Airport, Germany (EDLP)Padova, Padua Airport, Italy (LIPU)Pago Pago, Pago Pago International Airport, American Samoa (NSTU)Pailton, Kemble Cotswold Airport, United Kingdom (EGBP)Pakse, Pakse International Airport, Lao People's Democratic Republic (VLPS)Palembang, Palembang International Airport, Indonesia (WIPP)Palermo, Palermo Falcone-Borsellino Airport, Italy (LICJ)Palm Springs, Palm Springs International Airport, United States (KPSP)Palma De Mallorca, Palma de Mallorca Airport, Spain (LEPA)Palmdale, Palmdale Regional Airport, United States (KPMD)Palmerston North, Palmerston North International Airport, New Zealand (NZPM)Palo Alto, Stanford University Hospital Center Heliport, United States (15CA)Palu, Palu Mutiara Airport, Indonesia (WAML)Pamplona, Pamplona Airport, Spain (LEPP)Panama City, Tyndall Air Force Base, United States (KPAM)Panamá City, Balboa Panama Pacifico International Airport, Panama (MPPA)Panama City, Panama City Tocumen International Airport, Panama (MPTO)Pantelleria, Pantelleria Airport, Italy (LICG)Paphos, Paphos International Airport, Cyprus (LCPH)Parana, Parana Airport, Argentina (SAAP)Paraparaumu, Paraparaumu Kapiti Coast Airport, New Zealand (NZPP)Parchim, Schwerin Parchim International Airport, Germany (EDOP)Pardubice, Pardubice Airport, Czech Republic (LKPD)Paris, Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, France (LFPG)Paris, Paris Orly Airport, France (LFPO)Paris, Paris Le Bourget Airport, France (LFPB)Parma, Parma Airport, Italy (LIMP)Parnu, Parnu Airport, Estonia (EEPU)Paro, Paro Airport, Bhutan (VQPR)Paros, Paros National Airport, Greece (LGPA)Pasar Bandingagung-Sumatra Island, Banding Agung Airport, Indonesia (WIPD)Pasighat, Pasighat Airport, India (VEPG)Pasirkuning-Singkep Island, Dabo Airport, Indonesia (WIDS)Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo Lauro Kurtz Airport, Brazil (SBPF)Passos, Municipal José Figueiredo Airport, Brazil (SNOS)Pasto, Pasto Antonio Narino Airport, Colombia (SKPS)Patina, Patna Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport, India (VEPT)Pattani, Pattani Airport, Thailand (VTSK)Pau, Pau Pyrenees Airport, France (LFBP)Paulo Alfonso, Paulo Afonso Airport, Brazil (SBUF)Paya Lebar, Paya Lebar Air Base, Singapore (WSAP)Peace River, Peace River Airport, Canada (CYPE)Pekanbaru, Pekanbaru Sultan Syarif Kasim II Airport, Indonesia (WIBB)Pembina, Pembina Municipal Airport, United States (KPMB)Penang, Penang International Airport, Malaysia (WMKP)Pendicherry, Pondicherry Airport, India (VOPC)Penedo, Penedo Airport, Brazil (SNPE)Pensacola, Pensacola International Airport, United States (KPNS)Penticton, Penticton Regional Airport, Canada (CYYF)Penza, Penza Airport, Russia (UWPP)Per, Gyor Per Airport, Hungary (LHPR)Pereira, Pereira Matecana International Airport, Colombia (SKPE)Perigueux, Perigueux Bassillac Airport, France (LFBX)Perm, Perm Bolshoye Savino Airport, Russia (USPP)Perpignan, Perpignan Rivesaltes Airport, France (LFMP)Perth, Perth Airport, Australia (YPPH)Perth, Perth Jandakot Airport, Australia (YPJT)Perth, Perth Airport (Scotland), United Kingdom (EGPT)Peru, Grissom Aeroplex, United States (KGUS)Perugia, Perugia Umbria International Airport, Italy (LIRZ)Pescara, Pescara Abruzzo International Airport, Italy (LIBP)Peshawar, Peshawar Bacha Khan International Airport, Pakistan (OPPS)Peterborough, Peterborough Airport, Canada (CYPQ)Peterhead, Peterhead Heliport, United Kingdom (EGPS)Petrolina, Petrolina Airport, Brazil (SBPL)Petroline 3, Pump Station 3 Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEPC)Petropavlovsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Airport, Russia (UHPP)Pevek, Pevek Airport, Russia (UHMP)Phaplu, Phaplu Airport, Nepal (VNPL)Philadelphia, Philadelphia Northeast Airport, United States (KPNE)Philadelphia, Philadelphia International Airport, United States (KPHL)Philipsburg, Sint Maarten Princess Juliana International Airport, Saint Barthelemy (TNCM)Phitsanulok, Phitsanulok Airport, Thailand (VTPP)Phnom-penh, Phnom Penh International Airport, Cambodia (VDPP)Phoenix, Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, United States (KPHX)Phoenix, Luke Air Force Base, United States (KLUF)Phucat, Qui Nhon Phu Cat Airport, Viet Nam (VVPC)Phuket, Phuket International Airport, Thailand (VTSP)Phuquoc, Phu Quoc International Airport, Viet Nam (VVPQ)Pico, Pico Airport, Portugal (LPPI)Picton, Picton Koromiko Airport, New Zealand (NZOK)Piedras Negras, Piedras Negras International Airport, Mexico (MMPG)Piestany, Piestany Airport, Slovakia (LZPP)Pietermaritzburg, Pietermaritzburg Airport, South Africa (FAPM)Pilanesberg, Sun City Pilanesberg International Airport, South Africa (FAPN)Pine Bluff, Grider Field, United States (KPBF)Pineville, Pineville Municipal Airport, United States (2L0)Piracicaba, Piracicaba Airport, Brazil (SDPW)Pisa, Pisa Galileo Galilei Airport, Italy (LIRP)Pitalito, Pitalito Airport, Colombia (SKPI)Pittsburgh (pennsylva), Pittsburgh International Airport, United States (KPIT)Piura, Piura International Airport, Peru (SPUR)Plaisance, Port Louis Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Airport, Mauritius (FIMP)Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh International Airport, United States (KPBG)Pleiku, Pleiku Airport, Viet Nam (VVPK)Plettenberg Bay, Plettenberg Bay Airport, South Africa (FAPG)Plovdiv, Plovdiv Airport, Bulgaria (LBPD)Podgorica, Podgorica Airport, Montenegro (LYPG)Point Salines, Grenada Maurice Bishop International Airport, Grenada (TGPY)Pointe-a-pitre, Pointe-a-Pitre International Airport, Guadeloupe (TFFR)Pointe-noire, Pointe Noire Airport, Congo (FCPP)Poitiers, Poitiers – Biard Airport, France (LFBI)Polacca, Polacca Airport, United States (P10)Polyarny, Udachny Polyarny Airport, Russia (UERP)Ponca City, Ponca City Regional Airport, United States (KPNC)Ponce, Ponce Mercedita Airport, Puerto Rico (TJPS)Ponta Delgada, Ponta Delgada Joao Paulo II Airport, Portugal (LPPD)Pontianak, Pontianak Supadio Airport, Indonesia (WIOO)Pontoise, Pontoise Cormeilles Airport, France (LFPT)Popayan, Popayan Guillermo Leon Valencia Airport, Colombia (SKPP)Poplar Bluff, Poplar Bluff Municipal Airport, United States (KPOF)Poprad, Poprad Tatry Airport, Slovakia (LZTT)Pori, Pori Airport, Finland (EFPO)Port Aransas, Mustang Beach Airport, United States (KRAS)Port Blair, Port Blair Veer Savarkar International Airport, India (VOPB)Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth Airport, South Africa (FAPE)Port Hardy, Port Hardy Airport, Canada (CYZT)Port Hartcourt, Port Harcourt International Airport, Nigeria (DNPO)Port Hedland, Port Hedland International Airport, Australia (YPPD)Port Huron, St. Clair County International Airport, United States (KPHN)Port Menier, Port-Menier Airport, Canada (CYPN)Port Moresby, Port Moresby Jacksons International Airport, Papua New Guinea (AYPY)Port Nelson, Port Nelson Airport, Bahamas (MYRP)Port Said, Port Said Airport, Egypt (HEPS)Port-au-prince, Port-au-Prince Toussaint Louverture International Airport, Haiti (MTPP)Port-of-spain, Port of Spain Piarco International Airport, Trinidad and Tobago (TTPP)Port-vila, Port Vila Bauerfield International Airport, Vanuatu (NVVV)Portimao, Portimao Airport, Portugal (LPPM)Portland, Portland International Airport, United States (KPDX)Portland, Portland International Jetport, United States (KPWM)Porto, Porto Francisco de Sa Carneiro Airport, Portugal (LPPR)Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre Salgado Filho International Airport, Brazil (SBPA)Porto Santo, Porto Santo Airport, Portugal (LPPS)Porto Velho, Porto Velho International Airport, Brazil (SBPV)Portoroz, Portorož Airport, Slovenia (LJPZ)Posadas, Posadas Airport, Argentina (SARP)Poti, Poti East Airport, Georgia (UGSP)Poza Rico, Poza Rica El Tajin National Airport, Mexico (MMPA)Poznan, Poznan Lawica Airport, Poland (EPPO)Prachuap Khiri Khan, Hua Hin Airport, Thailand (VTPH)Prague, Prague Vaclav Havel Airport, Czech Republic (LKPR)Pratica Di Mare, Pratica di Mare Air Base, Italy (LIRE)Prerov, Prerov Airport, Czech Republic (LKPO)Prescott, Prescott Municipal Airport, United States (KPRC)President Prudente, Presidente Prudente Airport, Brazil (SBDN)Presque Isle, Presque Isle Northern Maine Airport, United States (KPQI)Prestwick, Glasgow Prestwick Airport, United Kingdom (EGPK)Pretoria, Pretoria Wonderboom Airport, South Africa (FAWB)Preveza, Aktion National Airport, Greece (LGPZ)Prince George, Prince George Airport, Canada (CYXS)Prince Pupert, Prince Rupert Airport, Canada (CYPR)Propriano, Propriano Airport, France (LFKO)Prosserpine, Proserpine Whitsunday Coast Airport, Australia (YBPN)Providence, Providence Theodore Francis Green Airport, United States (KPVD)Providenciales, Providenciales International Airport, Turks and Caicos Islands (MBPV)Pucallpa, Pucallpa International Airport, Peru (SPCL)Pudozh, Pudozh Airport, Russia (ULPA)Puebla, Puebla Hermanos Serdan International Airport, Mexico (MMPB)Pueblo Memorial, Pueblo Memorial Airport, United States (KPUB)Puerto Asis, Puerto Asis Tres de Mayo Airport, Colombia (SKAS)Puerto Escondido, Puerto Escondido International Airport, Mexico (MMPS)Puerto Jimenez, Puerto Jimenez Airport, Costa Rica (MRPJ)Puerto Maldonado, Puerto Maldonado International Airport, Peru (SPTU)Puerto Montt, Puerto Montt El Tepual Airport, Chile (SCTE)Puerto Plata, Puerto Plata Gregorio Luperon International Airport, Dominican Republic (MDPP)Puerto Princesa, Puerto Princesa City International Airport, Philippines (RPVP)Puerto Vallarta, Puerto Vallarta International Airport, Mexico (MMPR)Pula, Pula Airport, Croatia (LDPL)Pulau, Langkawi International Airport, Malaysia (WMKL)Pune, Pune Airport, India (VAPO)Punta Arenas, Punta Arenas International Airport, Chile (SCCI)Punta Cana, Punta Cana International Airport, Dominican Republic (MDPC)Punta De Maisi, Punta de Maisi Airport, Cuba (MUMA)Punta Penasco, Mar de Cortés International Airport, Mexico (MMPE)Put In Bay, Put In Bay Airport, United States (3W2)Putao, Putao Airport, Burma (VYPT)Puyallup, Pierce County-Thun Field, United States (KPLU)Pyinmana, Naypyidaw Airport, Burma (VYEL)Qingdao, Qingdao Liuting International Airport, China (ZSQD)Qingyang, Qingyang Airport, China (ZLQY)Qiqihar, Qiqihar Sanjiazi Airport, China (ZYQQ)Qualicum Beach, Qualicum Beach Airport, Canada (CAT4)Quantico, Marine Corps Air Facility Quantico, United States (KNYG)Quebec, Quebec City International Airport, Canada (CYQB)Queenstown International, Queenstown Airport, New Zealand (NZQN)Queretaro, Queretaro International Airport, Mexico (MMQT)Quetta, Quetta International Airport, Pakistan (OPQT)Quibdo, Quibdo El Carano, Colombia (SKUI)Quilmes, Quilmes Airport, Argentina (SADQ)Quimper, Quimper Cornouaille Airport, France (LFRQ)Quincy, Quincy Municipal Airport, United States (2J9)Quitman, Clarke County Airport, United States (23M)Quujjuaq, Kuujjuaq Airport, Canada (CYVP)Rabat, Rabat-Sale Airport, Morocco (GMME)Rafha, Rafha Domestic Airport, Saudi Arabia (OERF)Raglan, Raglan Airfield, New Zealand (NZRA)Raipur, Raipur Swami Vivekananda Airport, India (VARP)Rajahmundry, Rajahmundry Airport, India (VORY)Rajkot, Rajkot Airport, India (VARK)Rajshahi, Shah Makhdum Airport, Bangladesh (VGRJ)Raleigh-durham, Raleigh-Durham International Airport, United States (KRDU)Ramstein, Ramstein Air Base, Germany (ETAR)Ranchi, Ranchi Birsa Munda Airport, India (VERC)Rangiroa, Rangiroa Airport, French Polynesia (NTTG)Rankin Inlet, Rankin Inlet Airport, Canada (CYRT)Ranong, Ranong Airport, Thailand (VTSR)Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah International Airport, United Arab Emirates (OMRK)Rasht, Rasht Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OIGG)Ravenna, Ravenna Airport, Italy (LIDR)Rayong, Rayong Pattaya U-Tapao International Airport, Thailand (VTBU)Rechlin-laerz, Rechlin-Lärz Airfield, Germany (EDAX)Recife, Recife Airport, Brazil (SBRF)Red Deer Industrial, Red Deer Regional Airport, Canada (CYQF)Redhill, Redhill Aerodrome, United Kingdom (EGKR)Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria Airport, Italy (LICR)Regina, Regina International Airport, Canada (CYQR)Rengat, Japura Airport, Indonesia (WIPR)Rennes, Rennes Saint-Jacques Airport, France (LFRN)Reno, Reno Tahoe International Airport, United States (KRNO)Resistencia, Resistencia International Airport, Argentina (SARE)Resolute, Resolute Bay Airport, Canada (CYRB)Reus, Reus Airport, Spain (LERS)Reykjavik, Reykjavik Airport, Iceland (BIRK)Reynosa, Reynosa General Lucio Blanco International Airport, Mexico (MMRX)Rhodos, Rhodes International Airport, Greece (LGRP)Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto Leite Lopes Airport, Brazil (SBRP)Riberalta, Riberalta Airport, Bolivia (SLRI)Richmond, Richmond Airport, United States (KRIC)Rif, Rif Airport, Iceland (BIRF)Rijeka, Rijeka Airport, Croatia (LDRI)Rimini, Rimini Federico Fellini Airport, Italy (LIPR)Rio Branco, Rio Branco International Airport, Brazil (SBRB)Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto Las Higueras Airport, Argentina (SAOC)Rio De Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Santos Dumont, Brazil (SBRJ)Rio De Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Galeao International Airport, Brazil (SBGL)Rio Gallegos, Rio Gallegos International Airport, Argentina (SAWG)Rio Grande, Rio Grande International Airport, Argentina (SAWE)Rio Hacha, Riohacha Almirante Padilla Airport, Colombia (SKRH)Rio Hondo, Termas de Rio Hondo Airport, Argentina (SANH)Rio Negro, Medellin International Airport, Colombia (SKRG)Rioja, Jaguaruna Regional Airport, Brazil (SBJA)Riverdale, Onion Crest Airpark, United States (43NE)Riverside, Riverside Municipal Airport, United States (KRAL)Rivolto, Rivolto Air Force Base, Italy (LIPI)Riyadh, Riyadh King Khalid International Airport, Saudi Arabia (OERK)Rizhao, Rizhao Shanzihe Airport, China (ZSRZ)Roadtown/beef Island, Beef Island Terrance B. Lettsome Airport, Virgin Islands, British (TUPJ)Roatan, Roatan International Airport, Honduras (MHRO)Rochester, Rochester International Airport, United States (KROC)Rock Sound, Rock Sound International Airport, Bahamas (MYER)Rockhampton, Rockhampton Airport, Australia (YBRK)Rodez, Rodez Marcillac Airport, France (LFCR)Rolla, Rolla Downtown Airport, United States (K07)Romblon, General Santos International Airport, Philippines (RPMR)Rome, Rome Leonardo da Vinci Fiumicino Airport, Italy (LIRF)Rome, Rome Ciampino Airport, Italy (LIRA)Rome, Rome Griffiss International Airport, United States (KRME)Ronchi De Legionari, Trieste Friuli Venezia Giulia Airport, Italy (LIPQ)Ronne, Bornholm Airport, Denmark (EKRN)Ronneby, Ronneby Airport, Sweden (ESDF)Roros, Roros Airport, Norway (ENRO)Rorvik, Rorvik Airport, Norway (ENRM)Rosario, Rosario Islas Malvinas International Airport, Argentina (SAAR)Ross, Ross Air Base, Belarus (UMMR)Rost, Rost Airport, Norway (ENRS)Rostov, Rostov-on-Don Airport, Russia (URRR)Roswell, Roswell International Air Center Airport, United States (KROW)Rotorua, Rotorua International Airport, New Zealand (NZRO)Rotterdam, Rotterdam The Hague Airport, Netherlands (EHRD)Rouen, Rouen Airport, France (LFOP)Rouyn, Rouyn Noranda Airport, Canada (CYUY)Rovaniemi, Rovaniemi Airport, Finland (EFRO)Roxas, Roxas City Airport, Philippines (RPVR)Royan, Royan – Médis Aerodrome, France (LFCY)Rygge, Oslo Moss Rygge Airport, Norway (ENRY)Rzeszow, Rzeszow Jasionka Airport, Poland (EPRZ)Saarbruecken, Saarbrucken Airport, Germany (EDDR)Saba, Juancho E. Yrausquin Airport, Antilles (TNCS)Sachon, Jinju Sacheon Airport, Korea, Republic of (RKPS)Sacramento, Sacramento Executive Airport, United States (KSAC)Sacramento, Sacramento McClellan Airport, United States (KMCC)Sacramento, Sacramento International Airport, United States (KSMF)Sacramento, Sacramento Mather Airport, United States (KMHR)Saharanpur, Sarsawa Air Force Station, India (VISP)Saidpur, Saidpur Airport, Bangladesh (VGSD)Saipan, Saipan International Airport, Northern Mariana Islands (PGSN)Sakon Nakhon, Sakon Nakhon Airport, Thailand (VTUI)Salalah, Salalah Airport, Oman (OOSA)Salamanca, Salamanca Airport, Spain (LESA)Salekhard, Salekhard Airport, Russia (USDD)Salem, Salem Memorial Hospital Heliport, United States (MO40)Salerno, Salerno Costa d`Amalfi Airport, Italy (LIRI)Salisbury, Salisbury Ocean City Wicomico Regional Airport, United States (KSBY)Salluit, Salluit Airport, Canada (CYZG)Salt Lake City, South Valley Regional Airport, United States (U42)Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City International Airport, United States (KSLC)Salta, Salta Martin Miguel de Guemes International Airport, Argentina (SASA)Saltdal, Rognan Airport, Norway (ENRG)Saltillo, Saltillo Plan de Guadalupe Airport, Mexico (MMIO)Salto, Nueva Hesperides International Airport, Uruguay (SUSO)Salvador, Salvador International Airport, Brazil (SBSV)Salzburg, Salzburg Airport, Austria (LOWS)Sam Neua, Sam Neua Airport, Lao People's Democratic Republic (VLSN)Samara, Samara Kurumoch International Airport, Russia (UWWW)Samarkand, Samarkand International Airport, Uzbekistan (UTSS)Samedan, St. Moritz Samedan Airport, Switzerland (LSZS)Samos, Samos International Airport, Greece (LGSM)San Andres Island, San Andres International Airport, Colombia (SKSP)San Andros, San Andros Airport, Bahamas (MYAN)San Angelo, San Angelo Regional Airport, United States (KSJT)San Antonio, San Antonio International Airport, United States (KSAT)San Antonio, Lackland Air Force Base, United States (KSKF)San Antonio, University Health System Heliport, United States (XS85)San Carlos De Bariloch, San Carlos de Bariloche Airport, Argentina (SAZS)San Cristobal, San Cristobal Airport, Ecuador (SEST)San Diego, San Diego International Airport, United States (KSAN)San Fernando, San Fernando Airport (Philippines), Philippines (RPUS)San Filipe, San Felipe International Airport, Mexico (MMSF)San Francisco, San Francisco International Airport, United States (KSFO)San Francisco, San Francisco Airport, Peru (SPSF)San Jose, San José de Chiquitos Airport, Bolivia (SLJE)San Jose, San Jose Airport (Mindoro), Philippines (RPUH)San Jose, Evelio Javier Airport, Philippines (RPVS)San Jose, San Jose Juan Santamaria International Airport, Costa Rica (MROC)San Jose, San Jose International Airport, United States (KSJC)San Jose, Tobías Bolaños International Airport, Costa Rica (MRPV)San Jose Del Cabo, San Jose del Cabo Los Cabos International Airport, Mexico (MMSD)San Jose Del Guaviare, Jorge Enrique González Torres Airport, Colombia (SKSJ)San Juan, San Juan Luis Munoz Marin International Airport, Puerto Rico (TJSJ)San Juan, San Juan Fernando Luis Ribas Dominicci Airport, Puerto Rico (TJIG)San Julian, San Juan Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Argentina (SANU)San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi Ponciano Arriaga International Airport, Mexico (MMSP)San Martin Des Andes, San Martin de los Andes Airport, Argentina (SAZY)San Pedro Sula, San Pedro Sula La Mesa International Airport, Honduras (MHLM)San Rafael, San Rafael Airport, United States (CA35)San Salvador, San Salvador International Airport, El Salvador (MSLP)San Sebastian, San Sebastian Airport, Spain (LESO)San Vincente De Caguan, Eduardo Falla Solano Airport, Colombia (SKSV)Sandnessjoen, Sandnessjoen Airport, Norway (ENST)Sandspit, Sandspit Airport, Canada (CYZP)Sangley Point, Surigao Airport, Philippines (RPMS)Sanming, Sanming Shaxian Airport, China (ZSSM)Santa Ana, Orange County John Wayne Airport, United States (KSNA)Santa Barbara, East Georgia Regional Airport, United States (KSBO)Santa Clara, Santa Clara Abel Santamaria Airport, Cuba (MUSC)Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Viru Viru International Airport, Bolivia (SLVR)Santa Cruz De La Palma, La Palma Airport, Spain (GCLA)Santa Fe, Santa Fe Municipal Airport, United States (KSAF)Santa Maria, Santa Maria Airport (Peru), Peru (SPMR)Santa Maria (island), Santa Maria Airport, Portugal (LPAZ)Santa Marta, Santa Marta Simon Bolívar International Airport, Colombia (SKSM)Santa Rita De Cássia, Santa Rita de Cássia Airport, Brazil (SNKS)Santander, Santander Airport, Spain (LEXJ)Santarem, Santa Maria Airport, Brazil (SBSM)Santiago, Santiago de los Caballeros Cibao International Airport, Dominican Republic (MDST)Santiago, Santiago International Airport, Chile (SCEL)Santiago, Santiago de Compostela Airport, Spain (LEST)Santiago De Cuba, Santiago de Cuba Antonio Maceo Airport, Cuba (MUCU)Santiago Del Estero, Santiago del Estero Airport, Argentina (SANE)Santo, Luganville Santo-Pekoa International Airport, Vanuatu (NVSS)Santo Angelo, Santo Angelo Airport, Brazil (SBNM)Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo Las Americas International Airport, Dominican Republic (MDSD)Santorini, Santorini Thira National Airport, Greece (LGSR)Sanza Pomba, Sanza Pombo Airport, Angola (FNPB)Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto Airport, Brazil (SBSR)Sao Jose Dos Campos, Sao Jose dos Campos Airport, Brazil (SBSJ)Sao Luis, Sao Luis Airport, Brazil (SBSL)Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo Congonhas Airport, Brazil (SBSP)Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo Guarulhos International Airport, Brazil (SBGR)São Sebastião, Jundiai Airport, Brazil (SDJD)Sao Tome, Sao Tome International Airport, Sao Tome and Principe (FPST)Sao Vicente Island, Sao Vicente Cesaria Evora Airport, Cape Verde (GVSV)Sapporo, Sapporo New Chitose Airport, Japan (RJCC)Sarajevo, Sarajevo International Airport, Bosnia and Herzegovina (LQSA)Saravane, Saravane Airport, Lao People's Democratic Republic (VLSV)Saravena, Saravena Los Colonizadores Airport, Colombia (SKSA)Sarmellek, Sarmellek International Airport, Hungary (LHSM)Sarnia, Sarnia Chris Hadfield Airport, Canada (CYZR)Saskatoon, Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport, Canada (CYXE)Satu Mare, Satu Mare International Airport, Romania (LRSM)Sault Sainte Marie, Sault Ste. Marie Airport, Canada (CYAM)Saurimo, Henrique de Carvalho Airport, Angola (FNSA)Savannah, Savannah Hilton Head International Airport, United States (KSAV)Savannakhet, Savannakhet Airport, Lao People's Democratic Republic (VLSK)Savonlinna, Savonlinna Airport, Finland (EFSA)Scampton, RAF Scampton, United Kingdom (EGXP)Scarborough, Scarborough International Airport, Trinidad And Tobago (TTCP)Scatsta, Scatsta Airport, United Kingdom (EGPM)Schefferville, Schefferville Airport, Canada (CYKL)Seattle, Seattle Boeing Field, United States (KBFI)Seattle, Seattle Tacoma International Airport, United States (KSEA)Sebha, Sabha Airport, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (HLLS)Selma, Craig Field Airport, United States (KSEM)Sendai, Sendai Airport, Japan (RJSS)Seoul, Seoul Gimpo International Airport, Korea, Republic of (RKSS)Seoul East, Seoul Air Base, Korea, Republic of (RKSM)Sept-iles, Sept-Iles Airport, Canada (CYZV)Setif, Setif Ain Arnat Airport, Algeria (DAAS)Sevilla, Seville San Pablo Airport, Spain (LEZL)Sfax, Sfax–Thyna International Airport, Tunisia (DTTX)Shanghai, Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport, China (ZSSS)Shannon, Shannon Airport, Ireland (EINN)Shantou, Jieyang Chaoshan International Airport, China (ZGOW)Sharjah, Sharjah International Airport, United Arab Emirates (OMSJ)Sharurah, Sharurah Domestic Airport, Saudi Arabia (OESH)Shelbyville, Pleasant Grove Airpark, United States (8TN2)Shenzhen, Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport, China (ZGSZ)Shevchenko, Aktau Airport, Kazakhstan (UATE)Shihezi, Shihezi Huayuan Airport, China (ZWHZ)Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport, China (ZBSJ)Shiraz, Shiraz International Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OISS)Shobdon, Shobdon Aerodrome, United Kingdom (EGBS)Shonai, Sakata Shonai Airport, Japan (RJSY)Shoreham By Sea, Brighton City Shoreham Airport, United Kingdom (EGKA)Shreveport, Shreveport Regional Airport, United States (KSHV)Sibiu, Sibiu International Airport, Romania (LRSB)Sibolga, Sibolga Ferdinand Lumban Tobing Airport, Indonesia (WIMS)Sibu, Sibu Airport, Malaysia (WBGS)Siegerland, Siegen Siegerland Airport, Germany (EDGS)Siem-reap, Siem Reap International Airport, Cambodia (VDSR)Sigonella, Naval Air Station Sigonella, Italy (LICZ)Silchar, Silchar Airport, India (VEKU)Simao, Pu'er Simao Airport, China (ZPSM)Simferopol, Simferopol International Airport, Ukraine (UKFF)Sindal, Sindal Airport, Denmark (EKSN)Singapore, Seletar Airport, Singapore (WSSL)Singapore, Singapore Changi Airport, Singapore (WSSS)Sion, Sion Airport, Switzerland (LSGS)Sioux City, Sioux Gateway Airport, United States (KSUX)Sioux Lookout, Sioux Lookout Airport, Canada (CYXL)Siri Island, Sirri Island Airport, Iran (OIBS)Sitia, Sitia Public Airport, Greece (LGST)Sitka, Sitka Rocky Gutierrez Airport, United States (PASI)Sittwe, Sittwe Airport, Burma (VYSW)Sivas, Sivas Nuri Demirag Airport, Turkey (LTAR)Skelleftea, Skelleftea Airport, Sweden (ESNS)Skiathos, Skiathos Island National Airport, Greece (LGSK)Skien, Skien Airport, Norway (ENSN)Skiros, Skyros Island National Airport, Greece (LGSY)Skive, Skive Airport, Denmark (EKSV)Skopje, Skopje Alexander the Great Airport, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (LWSK)Skovde, Skovde Airport, Sweden (ESGR)Skrydstrup, Vojens Skrydstrup Airport, Denmark (EKSP)Skukuza, Skukuza Airport, South Africa (FASZ)Slatington, Slatington Airport, United States (69N)Sliac, Sliac Airport, Slovakia (LZSL)Sligo, Sligo Airport, Ireland (EISG)Smithers, Smithers Airport, Canada (CYYD)Smithfield, Pawtucket North Central State, United States (KSFZ)Snohomish, Harvey Field, United States (S43)Snyder, Winston Field, United States (KSNK)Sochi, Sochi International Airport, Russia (URSS)Soenderborg, Sonderborg Airport, Denmark (EKSB)Soesterberg, Soesterberg Royal Netherlands Air Force Base, Netherlands (EHSB)Sofia, Sofia Airport, Bulgaria (LBSF)Sogndal, Sogndal Airport, Norway (ENSG)Sohar, Sohar Airport, Oman (OOSH)Solenzara, Solenzara Air Base, Corse Isl. (LFKS)Sondrestrom, Kangerlussuaq Airport, Greenland (BGSF)Songkhla, Hat Yai International Airport, Thailand (VTSS)Sorong, Sorong Dominique Edward Osok Airport, Indonesia (WASS)Sotos, Sotos Airport, Spain (LESS)Southampton, Southampton Airport, United Kingdom (EGHI)Southend, London Southend Airport, United Kingdom (EGMC)Sparta, Sparta Community Hunter Field, United States (KSAR)Split, Split Airport, Croatia (LDSP)Spokane, Spokane International Airport, United States (KGEG)Spokane, Spokane Felts Field, United States (KSFF)Springfield, St John`s Regional Health Center Heliport, United States (81MU)Srinagar, Srinagar Airport, India (VISR)St Louis, Creve Coeur Airport, United States (1H0)St Mary`s, Elk Regional Medical Center Heliport, United States (7PS9)St. Athan, St. Athan Airport, United Kingdom (EGDX)St. Criox Island, St. Croix Henry E. Rohlsen Airport, United States Virgin Islands (TISX)St. John, Saint John Airport, Canada (CYSJ)St. John`s, St. John's International Airport, Canada (CYYT)St. Louis, St. Louis Lambert International Airport, United States (KSTL)St. Martin, Sint Maarten Grand Case Airport, Saint Martin (TFFG)St. Paul Island, St. Paul Island Airport, United States (PASN)St. Peter-ording, St. Peter-Ording Airport, Germany (EDXO)St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg Pulkovo Airport, Russia (ULLI)St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg Albert Whitted Airport, United States (KSPG)St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg Clearwater International Airport, United States (KPIE)St. Thomas, St. Thomas Cyril E. King Airport, Virgin Islands, Us (TIST)St.-barthelemy, St. Jean Gustaf III Airport, Guadeloupe (TFFJ)St.-brieuc Armor, Saint-Brieuc – Armor Airport, France (LFRT)St.-denis, Saint-Denis Roland Garros Airport, Reunion (FMEE)St.-etienne, Saint Etienne Boutheon Airport, France (LFMH)St.-nazaire, Saint Nazaire Montoir Airport, France (LFRZ)St.-pierre, Saint-Pierre Airport, Saint Pierre and Miquelon (LFVP)St.-pierre, Saint-Pierre Pierrefonds Airport, Reunion (FMEP)St.-yan, Saint-Yan Airport, France (LFLN)Staniel Cay, Staniel Cay Airport, Bahamas (MYES)Stauning, Stauning Airport, Denmark (EKVJ)Stavanger, Stavanger Sola Airport, Norway (ENZV)Stavropol, Stavropol Shpakovskoye Airport, Russia (URMT)Stella Maris, Stella Maris Airport, Bahamas (MYLS)Stephenville, Stephenville International Airport, Canada (CYJT)Stephen`s Island, Jack F. Paulus Skiway, Antarctica (NZSP)Stevensville, Bay Bridge Airport, United States (W29)Stockholm, Stockholm Arlanda Airport, Sweden (ESSA)Stockholm, Stockholm Bromma Airport, Sweden (ESSB)Stockholm, Stockholm Skavsta Airport, Sweden (ESKN)Stockton, Stockton Metropolitan Airport, United States (KSCK)Stokmarknes, Stokmarknes Skagen Airport, Norway (ENSK)Stony Rapids, Stony Rapids Airport, Canada (CYSF)Stord, Stord Sorstokken Airport, Norway (ENSO)Stornoway, Stornoway Airport, United Kingdom (EGPO)Strassbourg, Strasbourg Airport, France (LFST)Stratford, Stratford Sikorsky Memorial Airport, United States (KBDR)Sturgis, Kirsch Municipal Airport, United States (KIRS)Stuttgart, Stuttgart Airport, Germany (EDDS)Suceava, Suceava International Airport, Romania (LRSV)Sucre, Sucre Juana Azurduy de Padilla International Airport, Bolivia (SLSU)Sudbury, Sudbury Airport, Canada (CYSB)Sumbawanga, Sumbawanga Airport, United Republic of Tanzania (HTSU)Sumburgh, Sumburgh Airport, United Kingdom (EGPB)Summerland Key, Summerland Key Cove Airport, United States (FD51)Summerside, CFB Summerside, Canada (CYSU)Sunchales, Sunchales Aeroclub Airport, Argentina (SAFS)Suncor Energy Site, Fort Mackay / Firebag, Canada (CFG6)Sundsvall, Sundsvall Timra Airport, Sweden (ESNN)Sungai Tiang, Sungai Tiang Airport, Malaysia (WMAN)Surat, Surat Airport, India (VASU)Surat Thani, Koh Samui Airport, Thailand (VTSM)Surgut, Surgut International Airport, Russia (USRR)Surin, Surin Airport, Thailand (VTUJ)Svalbard, Longyearbyen Svalbard Airport, Norway (ENSB)Sveg, Sveg Harjedalen Airport, Sweden (ESND)Sverdlovsk, Yekaterinburg Koltsovo Airport, Russia (USSS)Svolvaer, Svolvaer Helle Airport, Norway (ENSH)Swansea, Swansea Airport, United Kingdom (EGFH)Sydney, Sydney Kingsford Smith Airport, Australia (YSSY)Sydney, Bankstown Airport, Australia (YSBK)Sydney, Sydney J.A. Douglas McCurdy Airport, Canada (CYQY)Syktyvkar, Syktyvkar Airport, Russia (UUYY)Sylhet Osmani, Sylhet Osmani International Airport, Bangladesh (VGSY)Syracuse, Syracuse Hancock International Airport, United States (KSYR)Syros, Syros Island National Airport, Greece (LGSO)Szczechin, Szczecin Goleniow Airport, Poland (EPSC)Szeged, Szeged Airport, Hungary (LHUD)Tabriz, Tabriz International Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OITT)Tabuk, Tabuk Regional Airport, Saudi Arabia (OETB)Tachilek, Tachilek Airport, Burma (VYTL)Tacloban, Tacloban Daniel Z. Romualdez Airport, Philippines (RPVA)Tacna, Tacna International Airport, Peru (SPTN)Tacoma, McChord Field, United States (KTCM)Taegu, Daegu International Airport, Korea, Republic of (RKTN)Taif, Taif Airport, Saudi Arabia (OETF)Tainan, Tainan Airport, Taiwan (RCNN)Taiobeiras, Fazenda Veredão Airport, Brazil (SNTV)Taipei, Taipei Songshan Airport, Taiwan (RCSS)Taipei, Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport, Taiwan (RCTP)Taiping, Taiping Airport, Malaysia (WMBI)Taiyuan, Taiyuan Wusu International Airport, China (ZBYN)Tak, Mae Sot Airport, Thailand (VTPM)Takamatsu, Takamatsu Airport, Japan (RJOT)Takigahara, Fuji Air Base, Japan (RJAT)Talara, Talara International Airport, Peru (SPYL)Talkeetna, Talkeetna Airport, United States (PATK)Tálknafjörður, Tálknafjörður Airport, Iceland (BITF)Tallahassee, Tallahassee International Airport, United States (KTLH)Tallinn-ulemiste International, Tallinn Lennart Meri Airport , Estonia (EETN)Tamanrasset, Aguenar – Hadj Bey Akhamok Airport, Algeria (DAAT)Tambor, Tambor Airport, Costa Rica (MRTR)Tame, Tame Gabriel Vargas Santos Airport, Colombia (SKTM)Tampa, Tampa International Airport, United States (KTPA)Tampere, Tampere Pirkkala Airport, Finland (EFTP)Tampico, Tampico International Airport, Mexico (MMTM)Tamworth, Tamworth Airport, Australia (YSTW)Tan Tan, Tan Tan Airport, Morocco (GMAT)Tanger, Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport, Morocco (GMTT)Tanjung Bati, Sei Bati Airport, Indonesia (WIBT)Tapachula, Tapachula International Airport, Mexico (MMTP)Tarapoto, Tarapoto Airport, Peru (SPST)Tarbes, Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrenees Airport, France (LFBT)Tarija, Tarija Airport, Bolivia (SLTJ)Tartu-ulenurme, Tartu Airport, Estonia (EETU)Tashkent, Tashkent International Airport, Uzbekistan (UTTT)Taupo, Taupo Airport, New Zealand (NZAP)Tauranga, Tauranga Airport, New Zealand (NZTG)Tawau, Tawau Airport, Malaysia (WBKW)Teesside, Darlington Durham Tees Valley Airport, United Kingdom (EGNV)Tegucigalpa, Tegucigalpa Toncontin International Airport, Honduras (MHTG)Teheran, Tehran Mehrabad International Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OIII)Teixeira De Freitas, Teixeira de Freitas Airport, Brazil (SNTF)Tel-aviv, Tel Aviv Sde Dov Airport, Israel (LLSD)Tel-aviv, Tel Aviv Ben Gurion International Airport, Israel (LLBG)Temuco, Temuco Airport, Chile (SCTC)Tenerife, Tenerife South Airport, Spain (GCTS)Tenerife, Tenerife North Airport, Spain (GCXO)Tepic, Tepic Amado Nervo International Airport, Mexico (MMEP)Teresina, Teresina Airport, Brazil (SBTE)Termez, Termez Airport, Uzbekistan (UTST)Ternate, Ternate Babullah Airport, Indonesia (WAMT)Terrace, Terrace Northwest Regional Airport, Canada (CYXT)Terre Haute, Terre Haute Regional Airport, United States (KHUF)Tete, Tete Chingozi Airport, Mozambique (FQTT)Teterboro, Teterboro Airport, United States (KTEB)Tetiaroa, Tetiaroa Airport, French Polynesia (NTTE)Tetouan, Tetuan Sania Ramel Airport, Morocco (GMTN)Texarkana, Texarkana Regional Airport, United States (KTXK)Texel, Texel International Airport, Netherlands (EHTX)Thandwe, Thandwe Airport, Burma (VYTD)The Valley, The Valley Clayton J. Lloyd International Airport, Anguilla (TQPF)Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki International Airport, Greece (LGTS)Thisted, Thisted Airport, Denmark (EKTS)Thomson, Thomson Mcduffie County Airport, United States (KHQU)Three Rivers, Three Rivers Municipal Dr Haines Airport, United States (KHAI)Thule, Pituffik Airport, Greenland (BGTL)Thunder Bay, Thunder Bay International Airport, Canada (CYQT)Tianjin, Tianjin Binhai International Airport, China (ZBTJ)Tichang, Yichang Sanxia Airport, China (ZHYC)Tijuana, Tijuana International Airport, Mexico (MMTJ)Timaru, Timaru Richard Pearse Airport, New Zealand (NZTU)Timika, Timika Airport, Indonesia (WABP)Timisoara, Timisoara Traian Vuia International Airport, Romania (LRTR)Timmins, Timmins Airport, Canada (CYTS)Tindouf, Tindouf Airport, Algeria (DAOF)Tirana, Tirana International Airport, Albania (LATI)Tiree, Tiree Airport, United Kingdom (EGPU)Tirgu Mures, Targu Mures International Airport, Romania (LRTM)Tiruchchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli International Airport, India (VOTR)Tirupeti, Tirupati Airport, India (VOTP)Tivat, Tivat Airport, Montenegro (LYTV)Tlemcen, Tlemcen Zenata Airport, Algeria (DAON)Tofino, Tofino Long Beach Airport, Canada (CYAZ)Tokushima, Tokushima Airport, Japan (RJOS)Tokyo, Tokyo Haneda International Airport, Japan (RJTT)Tokyo, Tokyo Narita International Airport, Japan (RJAA)Toluca, Toluca International Airport, Mexico (MMTO)Tongatapu, Tongatapu Fua?amotu International Airport, Tonga (NFTF)Tongliao, Tongliao Airport, China (ZBTL)Tongren, Tongren Fenghuang Airport, China (ZUTR)Topeka, Topeka Regional Airport, United States (KFOE)Topel, Izmit Topel Airport, Turkey (LTBQ)Torino, Turin Caselle Airport, Italy (LIMF)Toronto, Toronto Buttonville Municipal Airport, Canada (CYKZ)Toronto, Toronto City Billy Bishop Airport, Canada (CYTZ)Toronto, Toronto Pearson International Airport, Canada (CYYZ)Torp, Oslo Sandefjord Airport, Norway (ENTO)Torreon, Torreon Francisco Sarabia International Airport, Mexico (MMTC)Tottori, Tottori Airport, Japan (RJOR)Toulouse, Toulouse Blagnac Airport, France (LFBO)Tours, Tours Val de Loire Airport, France (LFOT)Toussous-le-noble, Toussus-Le-Noble Airport, France (LFPN)Townsville, Townsville Airport, Australia (YBTL)Toyama, Toyama Airport, Japan (RJNT)Tozeur, Tozeur Nefta International Airport, Tunisia (DTTZ)Trabzon, Trabzon Airport, Turkey (LTCG)Trang, Trang Airport, Thailand (VTST)Trapani, Trapani Birgi Airport, Italy (LICT)Treasure Cay, Treasure Cay Airport, Bahamas (MYAT)Trelew, Trelew Almirante Marco Andres Zar Airport, Argentina (SAVT)Trento, Trento / Mattarello Airport, Italy (LIDT)Trenton, CFB Trenton, Canada (CYTR)Trenton, Trenton Mercer Airport, United States (KTTN)Treviso, Treviso Airport, Italy (LIPH)Trinidad, Trinidad Teniente Jorge Henrich Arauz Airport, Bolivia (SLTR)Tripoli, Tripoli International Airport, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (HLLT)Trivandrum, Trivandrum International Airport, India (VOTV)Trollhattan, Trollhattan Vanersborg Airport, Sweden (ESGT)Tromso, Tromso Airport, Norway (ENTC)Trondheim, Trondheim Vaernes Airport, Norway (ENVA)Trujillo, Trujillo International Airport, Peru (SPRU)Truth Or Consequences, Truth or Consequences Municipal Airport, United States (KTCS)Tselinograd, Astana International Airport, Kazakhstan (UACC)Tuba City, Tuba City Airport, United States (KT03)Tucson, Tucson International Airport, United States (KTUS)Tucuman, Tucuman Airport, Argentina (SANT)Tuguegarao, Tuguegarao Airport, Philippines (RPUT)Tulsa, Tulsa International Airport, United States (KTUL)Tumaco, Tumaco La Florida Airport, Colombia (SKCO)Tumbes, Tumbes Airport, Peru (SPME)Tunis, Tunis Carthage International Airport, Tunisia (DTTA)Tunxi, Huangshan Tunxi International Airport, China (ZSTX)Turaif, Turaif Domestic Airport, Saudi Arabia (OETR)Turany, Brno Turany Airport, Czech Republic (LKTB)Turku, Turku Airport, Finland (EFTU)Turpan, Turpan Jiaohe Airport, China (ZWTP)Tuxtla Gutierrez, Tuxtla Gutierrez International Airport, Mexico (MMTG)Tyler, Tyler Pounds Regional Airport, United States (KTYR)Uberaba, Uberaba Airport, Brazil (SBUR)Uberlandia, Uberlandia Airport, Brazil (SBUL)Ubon Ratchathani, Ubon Ratchathani Airport, Thailand (VTUU)Uchkuduk, Uchkuduk Airport, Uzbekistan (UTSU)Udaipur, Udaipur Maharana Pratap Airport, India (VAUD)Udine, Udine / Campoformido Air Base, Italy (LIPD)Udon Thani, Udon Thani International Airport, Thailand (VTUD)Ufa, Ufa International Airport, Russia (UWUU)Ujung Pandang, Makassar Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport, Indonesia (WAAA)Ukhta, Ukhta Airport, Russia (UUYH)Ulan Bator, Ulan Bator Chinggis Khaan International Airport, Mongolia (ZMUB)Ulan-ude, Ulan-Ude Airport, Russia (UIUU)Ulanhot, Ulanhot Airport, China (ZBUL)Ulsan, Ulsan Airport, Korea, Republic of (RKPU)Umea, Umea Airport, Sweden (ESNU)Unalakleet, Unalakleet Airport, United States (PAUN)Unalaska, Unalaska Airport, United States (PADU)Union Island, Union Island Airport, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (TVSU)Upavon, RAF Upavon, United Kingdom (EGDJ)Upper Heyford, RAF Upper Heyford, United Kingdom (EGUA)Uralsk, Oral Ak Zhol Airport, Kazakhstan (UARR)Uruapan, Uruapan International Airport, Mexico (MMPN)Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana Ruben Berta International Airport, Brazil (SBUG)Urumqi, Urumqi Diwopu International Airport, China (ZWWW)Usak, U?ak Airport, Turkey (LTBO)Ushuaia, Ushuaia Malvinas Argentinas International Airport, Argentina (SAWH)Vaasa, Vaasa Airport, Finland (EFVA)Vadso, Vadso Airport, Norway (ENVD)Vagar, Vagar Airport, Faroe Islands (EKVG)Val D`or, Val-d'Or Airport, Canada (CYVO)Valdez, Valdez Airport, United States (PAVD)Valdivia, Valdivia Pichoy Airport, Chile (SCVD)Valence, Valence Chabeuil Airport, France (LFLU)Valencia, Valencia Airport, Spain (LEVC)Valencia, Valencia Arturo Michelena International Airport, Venezuela (SVVA)Valladolid, Valladolid Airport, Spain (LEVD)Valledupar, Valledupar Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo Airport, Colombia (SKVP)Valley, Anglesey Airport, United Kingdom (EGOV)Valparaiso, Valparaiso Northwest Florida Regional Airport, United States (KVPS)Van, Van Airport, Turkey (LTCI)Vancouver, Southwest Washington Medical Center Heliport, United States (WN67)Vancouver, Vancouver International Airport, Canada (CYVR)Vandalia, Vandalia Municipal Airport, United States (KVLA)Vannes, Vannes Meucon Airport, France (LFRV)Varadero, Varadero Juan Gualberto Gomez Airport, Cuba (MUVR)Varanasi, Varanasi International Airport, India (VIBN)Varna, Varna Airport, Bulgaria (LBWN)Vasteras, Stockholm Vasteras Hasslo Airport, Sweden (ESOW)Vaxjo, Vaxjo Smaland Airport, Sweden (ESMX)Velikiye Luki, Velikiye Luki Airport, Russia (ULOL)Venice, Venice Marco Polo Airport, Italy (LIPZ)Vera Cruz, Veracruz International Airport, Mexico (MMVR)Vero Beach, New Hibiscus Airpark, United States (X52)Vero Beach, Vero Beach Municipal Airport, United States (KVRB)Victoria, Victoria International Airport, Canada (CYYJ)Victoria Falls, Victoria Falls Airport, Zimbabwe (FVFA)Victorville, Victorville Southern California Logistics Airport, United States (KVCV)Vienna, Vienna International Airport, Austria (LOWW)Vientiane, Vientiane Wattay International Airport, Lao People's Democratic Republic (VLVT)Vigo, Vigo-Peinador Airport, Spain (LEVX)Vijayawada, Vijayawada Airport, India (VOBZ)Vilankulu, Vilankulo Airport, Mozambique (FQVL)Vilhena, Vilhena Airport, Brazil (SBVH)Villacoublay, Vélizy – Villacoublay Air Base, France (LFPV)Villafranca, Verona Airport, Italy (LIPX)Villaguay, Villaguay Aerodrome, Argentina (SAAU)Villahermosa, Villahermosa International Airport, Mexico (MMVA)Villanueva, Villanueva Airport, Colombia (SKVN)Vinh, Vinh Airport, Viet Nam (VVVH)Virac, Virac Airport, Philippines (RPUV)Virgin Gorda, Virgin Gorda Airport, British Virgin Islands (TUPW)Visby, Visby Airport, Sweden (ESSV)Vishakhapatnam, Visakhapatnam Airport, India (VEVZ)Vitebsk, Vitebsk Vostochny Airport, Belarus (UMII)Viterbo, Rome Viterbo Airport, Italy (LIRV)Vitoria, Vitoria Eurico de Aguiar Salles Airport, Brazil (SBVT)Vitoria, Vitoria Airport, Spain (LEVT)Vitoria Da Conquista, Vitoria da Conquista Airport, Brazil (SBQV)Vladivostok, Vladivostok International Airport, Russia (UHWW)Vodochody, Vodochody Airport, Czech Republic (LKVO)Volgograd, Volgograd International Airport, Russia (URWW)Voronezh, Voronezh International Airport, Russia (UUOO)Wabush, Wabush Airport, Canada (CYWK)Waco, TSTC Waco Airport, United States (KCNW)Waco, Waco Regional Airport, United States (KACT)Waddington, RAF Waddington, United Kingdom (EGXW)Wadi-al-dawasir, Wadi Ad Dawasir Domestic Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEWD)Wagga Wagga, Wagga Wagga Airport, Australia (YSWG)Waiheke, Waiheke Island Aerodrome, New Zealand (NZKE)Wakefield, Wakefield Municipal Airport, United States (KAKQ)Wakkanai, Wakkanai Airport, Japan (RJCW)Walkers Cay, Walker Cay Airport, Bahamas (MYAW)Wanaka, Wanaka Airport, New Zealand (NZWF)Wanganui, Wanganui Airport, New Zealand (NZWU)Wangerooge, Wangerooge Airport, Germany (EDWG)Wanxian, Wanzhou Wuqiao Airport, China (ZUWX)Warsaw, Warsaw Chopin Airport, Poland (EPWA)Warton, Warton Aerodrome, United Kingdom (EGNO)Washington, Washington Dulles International Airport, United States (KIAD)Washington, Washington Ronald Reagan National Airport, United States (KDCA)Waterford, Waterford Airport, Ireland (EIWF)Waterloo, Waterloo International Airport, Canada (CYKF)Watertown, Watertown International Airport, United States (KART)Watson Lake, Watson Lake Airport, Canada (CYQH)Weifang, Weifang Airport, China (ZSWF)Wejh, Wajh Domestic Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEWJ)Wellington, Wellington International Airport, New Zealand (NZWN)Wendover, Wendover Airport, United States (KENV)Wenzhou, Wenzhou Longwan International Airport, China (ZSWZ)West Chicago, Chicago DuPage Airport, United States (KDPA)West End, West End Airport, Bahamas (MYGW)West Hampton Beach, Westhampton Beach Francis S Gabresk Airport, United States (KFOK)West Palm Beach, West Palm Beach International Airport, United States (KPBI)West Palm Beach, Palm Beach County Park Airport, United States (KLNA)Westerland, Sylt Airport, Germany (EDXW)Westport, Westport Airport, New Zealand (NZWS)Whakatane, Whakatane Airport, New Zealand (NZWK)Whale Cove, Whale Cove Airport, Canada (CYXN)Whalsay, Whalsay Airport, United Kingdom (EGEH)Whangarei, Whangarei Airport, New Zealand (NZWR)White Plains, White Plains Westchester County Airport, United States (KHPN)Whitehorse, Whitehorse International Airport, Canada (CYXY)Whitmore, Grand Canyon Bar Ten Airstrip, United States (1Z1)Wiarton, Wiarton Airport, Canada (CYVV)Wichita, Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport, United States (KICT)Wichita, McConnell Air Force Base, United States (KIAB)Wichita Falls, Wichita Falls Municipal Airport, United States (KSPS)Wick, Wick Airport, United Kingdom (EGPC)Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden Army Airfield, Germany (ETOU)Wildwood, Cape May County, United States (KWWD)Wilhelmshaven, Wilhelmshaven JadeWeser Airport, Germany (EDWI)Willcox, Cochise County Airport, United States (P33)Willemstad, Willemstad Curacao Hato International Airport, Netherlands Antilles (TNCC)Williamsburg, Williamsburg Jamestown Airport, United States (KJGG)Williamsport, Williamsport Regional Airport, United States (KIPT)Williston, Williston Sloulin Field International Airport, United States (KISN)Wilmington, Wilmington New Castle Airport, United States (KILG)Wilmington, Wilmington International Airport, United States (KILM)Windsor, Windsor International Airport, Canada (CYQG)Windsor Locks, Windsor Locks Bradley International Airport, United States (KBDL)Wink, Winkler County Airport, United States (KINK)Winnipeg, Winnipeg International Airport, Canada (CYWG)Winston-salem, Winston-Salem Smith Reynolds Airport, United States (KINT)Woensdrecht, Bergen op Zoom Woensdrecht Air Base Airport, Netherlands (EHWO)Wonju, Wonju Airport, Korea, Republic of (RKNW)Woodbourne, Blenheim Woodbourne Airport, New Zealand (NZWB)Wright, MidCoast Regional Airport at Wright Army Airfield, United States (KLHW)Wrightstown, Mc Guire Air Force Base, United States (KWRI)Wroclaw, Wroclaw Copernicus Airport, Poland (EPWR)Wuhan, Wuhan Tianhe International Airport, China (ZHHH)Wurxi, Wuxi Sunan Shuofang International Airport, China (ZSWX)Wycombe Air Park, High Wycombe Booker Airfield, United Kingdom (EGTB)Wyk, Wyk auf Föhr Airport, Germany (EDXY)Xiamen, Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport, China (ZSAM)Xiangpan, Xiangyang Liuji Airport, China (ZHXF)Xichang, Xichang Qingshan Airport, China (ZUXC)Xining, Xining Caojiabao Airport, China (ZLXN)Xinzhou, Xinzhou Wutaishan Airport, China (ZBXZ)Xi`an, Xi'an Xianyang International Airport, China (ZLXY)Yakushima, Yakushima Airport, Japan (RJFC)Yakutat, Yakutat Airport, United States (PAYA)Yakutsk, Yakutsk Airport, Russia (UEEE)Yamagata, Yamagata Airport, Japan (RJSC)Yamaguchi, Ube Yamaguchi Airport, Japan (RJDC)Yanan, Yan'an Ershilipu Airport, China (ZLYA)Yangon, Yangon International Airport, Burma (VYYY)Yanji, Yanji Chaoyangchuan Airport, China (ZYYJ)Yantai, Yantai Penglai International Airport, China (ZSYT)Yazd, Yazd Shahid Sadooghi Airport, Iran (Islamic Republic of) (OIYY)Yellowknife, Yellowknife Airport, Canada (CYZF)Yenbo, Yanbu Airport, Saudi Arabia (OEYN)Yenisehir, Bursa Yenisehir Airport, Turkey (LTBR)Yeosu, Yeosu Airport, South Korea (RKJY)Yeovilton, RNAS Yeovilton, United Kingdom (EGDY)Yibin, Yibin Caiba Airport, China (ZUYB)Yinchuan, Yinchuan Hedong International Airport, China (ZLIC)Yining, Yining Airport, China (ZWYN)Yogyakarta-Java Island, Yogyakarta Adisucipto International Airport, Indonesia (WARJ)Yokota, Yokota Air Base, Japan (RJTY)Youngstown, Youngstown Warren Regional Airport, United States (KYNG)Yulin, Yulin Yuyang Airport, China (ZLYL)Yuma, Yuma International Airport, United States (KYUM)Yuzhno-sakhalinsk, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport, Russia (UHSS)Zacatecas, Zacatecas International Airport, Mexico (MMZC)Zadar, Zadar Airport, Croatia (LDZD)Zagreb, Zagreb Airport, Croatia (LDZA)Zakynthos, Zakynthos International Airport, Greece (LGZA)Zamboanga, Zamboanga International Airport, Philippines (RPMZ)Zandery, Paramaribo Zanderij International Airport, Suriname (SMJP)Zanzibar, Zanzibar Abeid Amani Karume International Airport, United Republic of Tanzania (HTZA)Zaragoza, Zaragoza Airport, Spain (LEZG)Zaria, Zaria Airport, Nigeria (DNZA)Zarzaitine, In Amenas Airport, Algeria (DAUZ)Zellwood, Bob White Field, United States (X61)Zhaotong, Zhaotong Airport, China (ZPZT)Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport, China (ZHCC)Zhijiang, Huaihua Zhijiang Airport, China (ZGCJ)Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora Babimost Airport, Poland (EPZG)Zihuatanejo, Zihuatanejo Ixtapa International Airport, Mexico (MMZH)Zilina, Zilina Airport, Slovakia (LZZI)Zoersel, Zoersel-Oostmalle Airfield, Belgium (EBZR)Zonguldak, Zonguldak Airport, Turkey (LTAS)Zunyi, Zunyi Xinzhou Airport, China (ZUZY)Zurich, Zurich Airport, Switzerland (LSZH)Zuwara, Zwara Airport, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (HLZW)Zweibruecken, Zweibrucken Airport, Germany (EDRZ)
Tampa, Tampa North Aero Park Airport (X39)
NameTampa North Aero Park Airport
CityTampa
ICAOX39
Altitude21 m
CoordinatesGoogle Map
Live Air TrafficLiveATC.net
Sorry, no flights used the airport in this database.
Developed in Barrie by Mario Trunz & at Zugaina by Ycarus - Source & Credits - Get source code
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Encyclopedia of safety
Surviving in the city. Survival in a world
The GPS system can be used for notification of earthquakes
16.07.2012 Category: EarthquakesAuthor: admin
According to researchers, the union of two data sources can provide high accuracy data for alerts about earthquakes in seismic areas of the Western United States.
At the annual meeting of the Seismological Society of America in San Diego, it was noted that the association of GPS data with data collected through an extensive network of seismometers will allow more accurate data for early warning of strong earthquakes.
Currently, seismometers are the only source of information used for these purposes. Seismometers in the immediate vicinity of the epicenter of the earthquake can determine its strength and send this data to remote locations in real time. However, in assessing the earthquake more than 7 points, the accuracy of seismographs falls.
System GPS, in turn, may be useful for an accurate assessment of soil changes by writing data to within a few centimeters.
For example, the earthquake in Japan in March 2011, within two minutes after the start of data were obtained on the magnitude of 8 points. In the case of combined seismic and GPS data would be more accurate information — in fact, the force of the earthquake was 9 points, ie it was 30 times more powerful.
Earthquakes 0
In Lithuania, the flowers blossomed
Watch the news on TV — in Russia for many where the snow fell
3.3 magnitude earthquake recorded in eastern Georgia
Earthquake of magnitude 3.3 occurred 46 kilometers from Tbilisi on Thursday night, told RIA
The temperature in Belarus will be 6-14 degrees below normal
Over the weekend weatherman predicts that the cold weather, the average per night temperature
First in 36 years chick crested ibis born in the wild in Japan
First in 36 years the birth in the wild chicks Japanese ibises, which are
Kyrgyz President called snow leopard conservation priority environmental projects
Kyrgyz President considers the protection and conservation of the snow leopard population a Red
Deer Gerda ran out of the zoo in Chelyabinsk and was lost in the woods
Deer Gerda, who escaped from a petting zoo in Chelyabinsk, lost in the woods,
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Retiring Verzosa mimics Aquino in taking crisis rap By Mario J. Mallari and Marie A. Surbano 09/06/2010
Retiring Verzosa mimics Aquino in taking crisis rap
By Mario J. Mallari and Marie A. Surbano
Taking cue from his commander in chief, President Aquino who earlier had said he is assuming responsibility on the botched rescue operation during the Aug. 23 hostage-taking of more than 20 Hong Kongers at the Quirino Grandstand, Philippine National Police (PNP) chief Director General Jesus Verzosa, who is scheduled for retirement, also said he is taking responsibility for the tragic incident.
Verzosa, however, said his decision to retire ahead of schedule has nothing to do with the bungled police assault on Hong Thai bus, which was held by former Manila Police District (MPD) member Senior Insp. Rolando Mendoza, that ended in the killing of eight Hong Kong tourists and the hostage-taker.
“My decision to render an early retirement has been announced more than a month ago. More than ever, it is imperative to take responsibility especially with regards to what has transpired in the past week,” Verzosa said.
It was gathered that Verzosa has already informed his superiors as early as July about his plan to retire on Sept. 14, or three months earlier than his scheduled retirement on Dec. 25 this year upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 56.... MORE
They don’t count EDITORIAL 09/06/2010
Biggest ‘porker’ ever FRONTLINE Ninez Cacho-Oliva...
Into the Atlantic — Liberian homes destroyed by se...
The buck stops where? C.R.O.S.S.R.O.A.D.S Jonatha...
PeNoy: P8B for the poor, P35B for bankers DIE HAR...
A tired soul HE SAYS Aldrin Cardon 09/06/2010
Honoring the elderly SHE SAYS Dinah S. Ventura 0...
Verzosa admits low morale in PNP By DEXTER SEE Sep...
Joker: Palace moves ‘cheapen’ presidency By Angie...
Retiring Verzosa mimics Aquino in taking crisis ra...
afp takes new tack on leftists By Mario J. Mallar...
Abu sub-leader, 2 others killed in Sulu clash 09/...
US trip to proceed; Noy plans to meet China execs ...
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No chance on Merci EDITORIAL Click to enlarge 03/21/2011
No chance on Merci
The plenary vote at the House of Representatives on whether or not to impeach Ombudsman Merceditas Gutierrez on Monday would be more about the fate of the Liberal Party (LP) at the legislature rather than Merci’s future in government service.
The crucial vote would be a test on the clout of Noynoy’s party where it should be exerting it, at the 284-member chamber that has as its Speaker also a member of the party. At stake are major legislative initiatives of Noynoy to push his supposed reform thrusts forward.
Merci, nevertheless, would be a key battleground for the LP since Noynoy and every partymate of his has been committed to her removal since the day Noynoy stepped into Malacañang.
The LP, heeding the voice of Noynoy, has considered Merci as a major hurdle in Noynoy’s vow to prosecute Gloria since they perceive that Merci will invariably favor Gloria in any case that will be filed against her..... MORE
Uncertain vote FRONTLINE Ninez Cacho-Olivares 03/21/2011
Uncertain vote
Bullying tactics are being resorted to by Noynoy and his boys in getting Merci Gutierrez impeached by the House on a plenary vote, and there appears to be strong proof of this threatening stance of the Palace occupant and his House lapdogs.
A threatening text message from Cavite Rep. Joseph Emilio Abaya has made the congressional rounds, the gist of which is that those congressmen who will abstain, or absent themselves, or vote no to the impeachment complaint in plenary will not be given their pork barrel. The pork barrel given was still that of last year, and the 2011 pork barrel is still being dangled by Noynoy.
It certainly looks like the Liberal Party, despite its boast of having well over 150 yes votes to impeach Merci, may not have the numbers at all, which is why Noynoy’s LPs reportedly are in a panic mode these days.
Abaya, LP’s secretary general, according to the text message that has been circulated among lawmakers, stated that it should be made clear to “LP and non-LPs” that “those who will vote no or absent/abstain on impeachment will get ‘0’ as in zero.”
“At least there should not be any blame laid that there was no forewarning,” Abaya’s reported text message in Taglish said..... MORE
From moving clouds to sowing crops, Chernobyl can help Japan focus 03/21/2011
From moving clouds to sowing crops, Chernobyl can help Japan
MOSCOW — From seeding clouds to reviving agricultural land, Moscow’s experience after Chernobyl can be used by Japan as it tries to contain damage from its quake-hit nuclear plant, Russian experts said.
Concerns have grown over the unraveling crisis at the Fukushima power station as Japan struggles to cool down nuclear fuel rods after cooling systems were knocked out by the devastating earthquake and tsunami.
While the scope of the catastrophe is not likely to reach the levels of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster under the Soviet Union, Russian experts said Japan could minimize damage by using its experience like seeding clouds and recultivating agricultural land.
“The experience of Chernobyl should be used,” said Alexey Yablokov, a radiobiology expert and former environmental advisor to Russia’s first President Boris Yeltsin..... MORE
Nepal sisterhood tackles lecherous trekking guides focus 03/21/2011
Nepal sisterhood tackles lecherous trekking guides
POKHARA — When Nepal’s Chhetri sisters started their all-female trekking agency in the mid-1990s, the idea was so alien to local people that many thought it must be a cover story for a brothel.
For Nepalese women to set up in business was unusual enough. For them to venture out onto remote Himalayan trails, often for weeks at a time and in the company of strangers, was completely unheard of.
But if their compatriots in this conservative, majority-Hindu nation were initially shocked by the three women’s venture, the rest of the world’s reaction to their 3 Sisters trekking agency has been overwhelmingly positive.
Lucky, Dicky and Nicky have won international awards for sustainable tourism from the likes of National Geographic, and rave reviews on travelers’ Web sites such as TripAdvisor..... MORE
Where to, Noy?
Michael Salvador of San Fernando, Pampanga had his passport ready in the event of luck smiling his way. He wanted to work overseas, where at 25, it isn’t late yet to find his fortune that could build him a house, buy him a decent car, and start a small business once he settles back home after five or 10 years.
But his dreams crumbled in his face on June 30 last year, when the TSI manpower agency which had deployed him as a promotions merchandiser for one of the leading electronics firms in the country suddenly terminated his contract.
It was his stepping stone to finding a job abroad.
But worse, he claimed to have been forced to sign a cessation of employment form, with a demand that he could not work in another agency that would supply manpower to the same electronics firm, or he would face legal action if he does so..... MORE
Agnotological war DIE HARD III Herman Tiu Laurel 03/21/2011
Agnotological war
Agnotology is a neologism on the study of culturally-induced ignorance or doubt, particularly as this relates to the publication of inaccurate or misleading scientific data. And since the press and media shape 70 percent of what’s known to be culture and knowledge today, it would be more accurate to also include media-induced ignorance through their selective information and news.
In the three literally burning issues of the day, many problems in people’s understanding of the truth are symptomatic of the agnotological conditions perpetrated by news media and the dominant information system hegemonies of the world. From the Fukushima crisis in Japan, to the Libyan struggle in North Africa, to the pro- and anti-nuclear as well as the pro- and anti-Merci impeachment debates in our own setting, the deliberate inducement of ignorance have all led to adverse consequences for people everywhere.
In the nuclear fall-out crisis stemming from the Fukushima reactors’ failures and radiation emissions, we find a culturally-induced ignorance of the Japanese people toward complacency with regard to their authorities’ abuses and unreliability. Japanese power plant officials, for one, kept everyone ignorant of very vital information.
In the first few days, no one was given an inkling as to the enormity of the problem. It was only when one nuclear reactor after another gave way that a clear admission that at least four of them were in really serious trouble came out. Despite this, the Japanese continued to be very trusting of their nuclear authorities, even after threatening radiation levels reached beyond the 20 to 30-mile radius.
What we’re witnessing here is a case of “structured ignorance.” It took criticism from cultures less trusting of authorities against Japan’s niggardly crisis updates to alert everyone of the mortal dangers in this unfolding crisis. Still, this hasn’t been the worst of the lot.
In the case of Libya , where media-induced ignorance through blatant misinformation and disinformation are being used to justify a foreign-backed coup d’etat and eventual Nato oil and land grab, so-called “Allied” fighter jets are now pounding on Tripoli as of posting time.
Al Jazeera was at the forefront of this disinformation and misinformation campaign, starting with its unsubstantiated reports (and later proven false by Russian satellite monitoring) of Gaddafi forces and war planes mowing down unarmed civilian demonstrators. In all video docus from Libya I have seen, the anti-Gaddafi forces were always heavily armed. While there are those who see Al Jazeera as an alternative to CNN and BBC, it actually plays a complementary role through its more subtle information subversion as it appears to be less pro-West than it actually is.
Al Jazeera, for instance, pumped up demonstration casualties to “thousands,” even when these later turned out to be only over a hundred. Such exaggeration was especially blatant considering the fact that even as the turmoil in Libya entered its third week, with a full scale battle in the city of Misrata, the real casualty figure there numbered only 25.
By and large, Al Jazeera’s interviews and panel discussions hardly ever feature the side of Gaddafi or the voices of pro-Gaddafi people on the ground. And as the Gaddafi counter-offensive gained ground, it became clear, too, that the alleged “total loss of popular support” for the Libyan strongman was completely false.
Yet, Al Jazeera’s on-site reporters kept on annotating their news with a blatant anti-Gaddafi virulence.
One of the most obvious lies Western media and the anti-Gaddafi forces tried to foist on the world in the first week of the conflict was that the Libyan opposition movement abhors foreign intervention even to support its cause. But not long after Gaddafi’s counter-offensive successes and before the UN “No Fly Zone” resolution, the anti-Gaddafis in Benghazi were literally begging for it and jubilated when Nato promised to start arming them and bombing pro-Gaddafi Libyans for a grand bloodbath of Arab blood.
With Nato and monarchist anti-Gaddafi forces collaborating, an oil and land grab that will “Balkanize” Libya isn’t too far in the horizon. But more devastation will follow, just as what invading forces did to Iraq.
As the world continues to be kept ignorant of the systematic destruction of the cultural heritage and infrastructure of Iraq by its occupying forces, this is the crux of what Felicity Arbuthnot wrote in a recent article about Libya: The bombing of Libya will begin on or nearly to the day of the 18th anniversary of the beginning of the destruction of Iraq, 19th March (in Europe). Libya, too, will be destroyed — its schools, education system, water, infrastructure, hospitals, and municipal buildings. There will be numerous “tragic mistakes” and “collateral damage,” involving mothers, fathers, children, babies, grandparents, the blind and the deaf, and so on. And like the wonders of past empire’s remains, as with these nations’ rich histories (Iraq and Afghanistan), Libya’s, too, will be gone… forever.
Finally, let’s apply this agnotology to the Philippine setting: The debates between pro- and anti-nuclear power advocates, same with pro- and anti-Merci Gutierrez impeachment proponents simply reveal that both sides are wrong. In the former instance, all of them are all deliberately leaving out geothermal power in their discussions. This, despite a 2010 report by the World Geothermal Congress that total potential of the world for geothermal energy “…is equivalent to 40,000 GW while the total world energy demand (today) is equivalent to 15,000 GW.”
Both the pro- and anti-nuclear power lobbies are definitely creating ignorance of the only true alternative — geothermal energy, of which the Philippine has limitless potential.
Meantime, in the Merci impeachment moro-moro, the nation is being kept ignorant of the fact that both sides are similarly corrupted and will never work to sustain the “Rule of Law” when they all threw this away and resorted to the “Rule of Force” in the case of President Joseph Estrada.
Truly, the facts are there for all to see; and only an agnotological media will continue to befuddle the issues to the people’s detriment.
(Tune in to Sulo ng Pilipino, Monday, Wednesday and Friday, 6 to 7 p.m. on 1098AM dwAD; TNT with HTL, Tuesday, 8 to 9 p.m., with replay at 11 p.m., on GNN, Destiny Cable Channel 8, on “Energy Futures;” visit http://newkatipunero.blogspot.com for our articles plus select radio and GNN shows)
Impeach dead in water after Noy ally miscues By Gerry Baldo 03/21/2011
IGLESIA NI CRISTO LOBBY CLAIM, TEXT THREAT
Impeach dead in water after Noy ally miscues
The impeachment bid against Ombudsman Merceditas Gutierrez is all but dead after the unnecessary disclosure by Iloilo Rep. Niel Tupas Jr., chairman of the House committee on justice, of the Iglesia Ni Cristo’s (INC) alleged lobbying in favor of Gutierrez and the supposed “no impeachment, no pork barrel” threat through a text message on lawmakers, several legislators indicated yesterday.
Legislators viewed the twin strategies as an admission of defeat on the part of the pro-administration Liberal Party and other pro-impeachment solons, bolstering wide perception that the impeachment case against Gutierrez was weak and that the House may have a hard time convincing the Senate to convict her.
The impeachment complaint is scheduled to be put into a vote in plenary either today or tomorrow.
“Congressman Tupas’ going public on the alleged ‘calls of INC’ raises doubts on the strength of the basis of impeaching Merci,” Agham Rep. Angelo Palmones said in a text message to reporters..... MORE
Western allies pound Libya; China, Russia express ‘regrets’ 03/21/2011
Western allies pound Libya; China, Russia express ‘regrets’
US, British and French forces hammered Libya from the air and sea, prompting leader Moamer Kadhafi to warn yesterday of a long war in the Mediterranean “battlefield” as Tripoli reported dozens of deaths.
China, however, expressed regret over the multinational air strikes, saying in a foreign ministry statement that it opposed the use of force in international relations.
“China has noted the latest developments in Libya and expresses regret over the military attacks on Libya,” the statement said.
Russia also issued a similarly worded statement in which it called for a ceasefire as soon as possible..... MORE
2,300 Pinay nurses stay behind in Libyan hospitals amid attacks By Michaela P. del Callar 03/21/2011
2,300 Pinay nurses stay behind in Libyan hospitals amid attacks
At least 2,300 Filipino nurses have refused to be evacuated even after the United Nations approved military strikes against Libya.
Acting Foreign Affairs Secretary Albert del Rosario said the nurses, 2,000 of whom are based in capital Tripoli and 383 in the rebel stronghold of Benghazi, opted to stay following request from the Libyan government, which promised to increase their pay significantly if they remain.
“We have not received any request to come and provide transport so they can leave Tripoli,” Del Rosario said. “They feel safe being in a hospital and there’s nothing safer than being in a hospital.”
But if the situation worsens, he said the government can arrange another ship to pick them up. The government has ended its evacuation in Libya and has moved to safety some 13,000 Filipinos..... MORE
Military rocked by new ‘torture’ video 03/21/2011
Military rocked by new ‘torture’ video
The Armed Forces of the Philippines was rocked yesterday by a fresh “torture” video purporting to show troops abusing train-ees as it moved to cleanse its ranks of rogue soldiers.
The 14-minute video uploaded on Youtube showed soldiers beating a group of young recruits using ropes and sticks as loud screams could be heard in the background.
The military admitted that the video was taken during an “escape and evasion” training exercise three years ago in Pili, Camarines Sur, but stressed the painful hazing had already been outlawed and was a “thing of the past.”.... MORE
Death toll in Visayas, Mindanao rains rises to 11; 30,000 families displaced 03/21/2011
Death toll in Visayas, Mindanao rains rises to 11; 30,000 families displaced
The death toll brought about by continuous heavy rains in some parts of Visayas and Mindanao rose to 11 people while four others went missing as the number of the flood-affected residents increased to almost 30,000 families, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) reported yesterday.
Latest reports from the NDRRMC showed that two fatalities came from Sierra Bullones in Bohol province, one from Palo in Leyte while eight, including seven members of a family whose house was buried by landslide, came from Tacloban City..... MORE
Ex-solon disputes allegations Lanao Norte ‘unsafe province’ 03/21/2011
Ex-solon disputes allegations Lanao Norte ‘unsafe province’
Former Rep. Abdullah Dimaporo disputed the allegations made by the Philippine National Police (PNP) that Lanao del Norte is one of the “unsafe places” based on the survey conducted by the government-owned Philippine News Agency (PNA)recently.
The report was fed by PNP to police reporters and carried out by the reporters’ newspapers publications nationwide and even globally through its Web sites.
According to Dimaporo, the report was damaging to Lanao del Norte province as the province itself is generally peaceful and even peaceful as compared with Metro Manila. Of course, there were crimes committed by unlawful persons in Lanao del Norte but it happens everywhere either in provinces or in Metro Manila.
“How can you conclude that Lanao del Norte is one of the unsafe places based on the 19 percent out of the 1,161 respondents in 51 provinces during polls? And why peace should be based on elections when we know that polls period the candidates of every party are very hot and they try to outdo their rivals only to win the elections?” Dimaporo asked..... MORE
Uncle guns down actor Apacible
Actor John John Apacible was gunned down by his uncle early yesterday morning in Cainta, Rizal after a heated argument.
Initial reports said Apacible was shot by his uncle when they had a heated argument during their drinking bout.
Apacible succumbed to two gunshot wounds in the chest.
Apacible’s uncle was identified as Armando Rustia Sabado..... MORE
Finance chief urged to reject BIR’s AIR circular, or else... By Charlie V. Manalo 03/21/2011
Finance chief urged to reject BIR’s AIR circular, or else...
A member of the House of Representatives yesterday bared they will summon Finance Secretary Cesar Purisima to appear in its Question Hour if he does not accede to the recommendation of Internal Revenue Commissioner Kim Jacinto-Henares to withdraw Revenue Regulation 02-2011 requiring certain individual citizens, resident aliens and non-resident aliens engaged in trade or business in the country to file their Annual Information Return (AIR).
Valenzuela Rep. Magtanggol Gunigundo made the manifestation for Purisima’s appearance in the Question Hour during the hearing of the House committee on ways and means on Tuesday on the controversial AIR regulation issued last March 1.
“It is a caveat, a manifestation that if the secretary of Finance does not approve the recommendation of the BIR commissioner to withdraw RR 02-2011, then we will proceed with the Question Hour. We will ask him to come here not just to attend a public hearing on RR 02-2011, but we will invoke the right of Congress to require members of the Cabinet to appear before the House under the Question Hour provisions of the rules of the 15th Congress as well as of the Constitution,” Gunigundo said..... MORE
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18 Favorite Cartoons of the '80s We Wish Would Come Back (PHOTOS)
Margeaux Baulch Klein | Nov 16, 2015 TV
When it comes to cartoons, kids who grew up in the 1980s had it made on Saturday mornings with shows like Garfield, Alvin & The Chipmunks, and The Smurfs. It's not surprising that many of these shows have been rebooted, but no remakes will ever be as good as the originals.
Click through for 20 cartoons from the '80s that will make you nostalgic for your childhood.
Image via Classic Media
Image via Hanna-Barbera Productions
Who would have thought that a show about odd little blue creatures who live in a mushroom would last for nine seasons between 1981 to 1990? The Smurfs' popularity remains so great that it was remade as a live-action comedy in 2011.
Image via DHX Media
How could anyone not love Rainbow Brite? The show epitomized innocence and sweetness with a cast of (literally) colorful characters and silly villains named Murky and Lurky.
Image via Hasbro Studios
Before there was Hannah Montana, there was Jem, an animated musical series about a female music company exec who lives a double life as the lead singer of an all-girl rock band. A live-action movie remake was released in 2015 but didn't fare as well as the original series.
Image via 20th Century Fox
Based on a popular comic strip, Garfield and Friends was a show that both kids and adults could enjoy together, thanks to the sarcastic wit of the title feline.
More from The Stir: 'Home Alone' 25 Years Later: See What the Cast Looks Like Now (PHOTOS)
Alvin & the Chipmunks
Image via NBC
Notable for its catchy music and the character's high-pitched singing voices, the Alvin & the Chipmunks franchise is still going strong decades after its 1983 series premiere with several live-action movies and an updated 2015 TV remake.
The Care Bears Family
Aimed at little kids with simple plotlines, The Care Bears Family was nonetheless guaranteed to give anyone who watched it warm fuzzy feelings by the end of each episode.
Matthew Broderick tried his best during the 1999 live-action remake to recreate the slapstick humor of the animated Inspector Gadget, but the magic of the original cartoon version apparently couldn't be imitated.
She-Ra: Princess of Power
In a decade with few female action heroes, She-Ra gave '80s girls a sense of empowerment.
More from The Stir: Artist Imagines What Disney Princesses Would Look Like If They Actually Aged (PHOTOS)
Image via Disney Television Animation
Building on the familiarity of Donald Duck, DuckTales was a series about Donald's three nephews and their Indiana Jones-style adventures searching for treasure.
Image via Paramount Pictures
For some girls in the 1980s, it wasn't just the Strawberry Shortcake TV show that we loved, it was all of the scented dolls, video games, and other Strawberry Shortcake merchandise that we had to have too.
Image via Warner Bros. Television
Featuring characters that are part-human and part-cat, Thundercats was a traditional good-versus-evil TV show with a futuristic, sci-fi twist.
My Little Pony 'n Friends
Image via Hasbro
Considering how popular the My Little Pony toys were in the '80s, it's not surprising that the toy's creators would want to capitalize on their popularity with a TV show. What is suprising was that the show was actually quite fun to watch.
More from The Stir: 17 Exercise Fads From the '80s and '90s You'll Want to Try Again (PHOTOS)
The Bugs Bunny/Looney Tunes Comedy Hour
In the '80s, must-see after-school TV included The Bugs Bunny/Looney Tunes Comedy Hour, which featured all of the beloved Looney Tunes characters like Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck in new adventures.
Adventures of the Gummi Bears
As far as Disney shows go, the Gummi Bears, a series that was loosely inspired by the candy, was one of the better ones to grace television screens in the 1980s.
Image via Walt Disney Television Animation
Decades later, we can still remember the theme song to Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers, a cartoon about a pair of crime-solving chipmunk detectives.
Image via Columbia Pictures Television
Capitalizing on the popularity of the hit 1984 movie, the animated Ghostbusters TV show was just as fun to watch as the original film.
More from The Stir: 18 Cringeworthy Fashion Accessories From the '80s (PHOTOS)
Image via Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
As a prince born into a family of royal elephants, Babar the Elephant was always learning important moral lessons throughout the series, making Babar a show that both entertained and educated '80s kids.
A Pup Named Scooby-Doo
Reimagining the characters as young kids, A Pup Named Scooby-Doo updated the classic '60s cartoon with a brand new set of mysteries for Shaggy and Scooby to solve.
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Podcast: November Poetry
Alice Fanchiang
Chris Galford
Ciro Faienza
Julia Rios
Lev Mirov
Octavia Cade
R.B. Lemberg
Issue: 23 November 2015
Direct link: November poetry (MP3)
In this episode of the Strange Horizons podcast, editor Anaea Lay presents poetry from the November issues.
“Mary Shelley Makes a Monster" by Octavia Cade, read by Chris Galford. You can read the full text of the poem and more about Octavia here.
“I Am Alive" by Lev Mirov, read by Julia Rios. You can read the full text of the poem and more about Lev here.
“Actaeon" by Alice Fanchiang, read by Ciro Faienza. You can read the full text of the poem and more about Alice here.
“Ranra's Unbalancing" by Rose Lemberg, read by Rose Lemberg. You can read the full text of the poem and more about Rose here.
© Copyright 2015 Alice Fanchiang
About Alice Fanchiang
Alice is a Taiwanese-American poet whose work has appeared in Strange Horizons, Liminality, Polu Texni, and Through the Gate. She loves magic, myth, and women who persist. She hates running. You can find her online at Girl On The Roam (girlontheroam.wordpress.com) or perennially on Twitter @kangaru, chatting about books and superheroes.
About Chris Galford
Chris Galford is a podcast reader for Strange Horizons .
About Ciro Faienza
Ciro Faienza (pronounced CHEE-roh) is an American/Italian national currently residing in Pescara, Italy. He has acted on stages and screens throughout Texas and Massachusetts, and his work as a filmmaker has shown at the Dallas Museum of Art, the Dallas Hub Theater, and the National Gallery, London. His fiction is featured in numerous publications, including Daily Science Fiction and Futuristica, Vol 1. His short story "J'ae's Solution" was a top finalist in PRI's 3-Minute Futures Contest. During the day he teaches English and American business culture. Find him at his Facebook author page and on @cirofaienza.
About Julia Rios
Julia Rios is a fiction editor for Strange Horizons . Her fiction, articles, interviews, and poetry have appeared in Daily Science Fiction , Apex Magazine , Stone Telling , Jabberwocky , and several other places. She's half-Mexican, but her (fairly dreadful) French is better than her Spanish.
About Lev Mirov
Lev Mirov is a disabled mixed race Filipino-American who feeds the ghosts of Antietam when it rains. He lives with his spouse and writing partner Aleksei I. Valentin and is preparing their first book, The God of Small Things , for release in early 2017. For more of his poetry, recent or upcoming short fiction, and the book, read at levmirov.wordpress.com or follow on Twitter at @thelionmachine.
About Octavia Cade
Octavia Cade is a New Zealand writer. Her stories have appeared in Clarkesworld, Asimov’s, and Strange Horizons, amongst others. Her most recent novella, The Convergence of Fairy Tales, was published by The Book Smugglers.
About R.B. Lemberg
R.B. Lemberg is a queer, bigender immigrant and the Nebula and Crawford-nominated author of Birdverse stories and other works. Their Birdverse novella The Four Profound Weaves is forthcoming from Tachyon Press in 2020. You can find R.B. on Twitter at @rb_lemberg, on Patreon at http://patreon.com/rblemberg, and at rblemberg.net
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Tag Archives: doom
Underground Sounds: Our Survival Depends On Us – Melting the Ice in the Hearts of Men
June 6, 2019 Guido Leave a comment
Label: Ván Records
Band: Our Survival Depends On Us
Origin: Austria
Honestly, one of the most bewildering live acts I’ve seen in recent years must have been Our Survival Depends On Us. It’s a concept, an art, and the simplistic name barely makes you suspect what awaits you on stage in a pandemonium of taxidermy blood and pagan mystery. Though that last is maybe perspective from my end, or simply allegorical as it is on their latest record ‘Melting the Ice in the Hearts of Men’.
The group from Salzburg has released 4 full lengths, all with titles that undermine the hit potential due to their length and complexity. There is a light connection to Austrian black metal heroes Belphegor and many members played in Soulsearch before, which had a penchant for the medieval stories. The sound of Our Survival Depends On Us is unlike any other and well worth listening to.
‘Galahad’ sets the tone with a sonorous lament, that slowly opens up with somber tones and acoustic guitars. The band leans heavily on the folkloristic vibe of classic doom metal here, also in the vocals style, yet the music is much more atmospheric with keys and strings meandering in and out. It makes for a wonderful opener that needs a long time to get to some distorted riffing. You don’t miss that. But when it comes in, it is strong and forceful.
There’s always an apocalyptic edge to the music of Our Survival Depends On Us, something threatening. Yet even though the complexities in the lyrics, the band remains accessible, also on ‘Gold and Silver’ with its catchy guitar solos of ripping guitars. The low levels of distortion in the music really make every little bit count and that’s brilliantly employed.
We move forward with ‘Song of the Lower Classes’, which starts with samples, field sounds, and ambient tunes. The song has a hypnotic vibe with the clangy guitar sounds, that simply bewitch you. Mournfully, the words come to you as if they are a drag, carrying the world’s weariness along. “Down, down we go, we are so very very low…”. It is so powerful, it almost hurts. ‘Sky Burial’ meditates upon the topic of its title in a sonic journey that feels completely psychedelic and harrowing. It feels like a shoegaze-like track until it unleashes itself in a transcendental journey to the skies as the body dissolves. The summit of a sublime album.
black metaldoomecooccultOur Survival Depends On UsVan Records
Underground Sounds: Iron Void – Excalibur
May 9, 2019 Guido Leave a comment
Label: Shadow King Records
Band: Iron Void
Origin: United Kingdom
I’ve actually seen Iron Void play and I think they are absolutely awesome with that slow, classic doom sound they produce. The group sort of revolves around John ‘Sealey’ Seale and Steve Wilson, who continued playing together in Iron Void after So Mortal Be fell apart. The group has been around and is woven into the classic doom network of bands that is still very active and playing live frequently.
I’m a bit astonished to find the group has been in existence since 1998, but only since 2998 is there a steady flow of output with this record ‘Excalibur’ being the third full length available to the listeners. I saw then knock it out of the park (or of the island) during the Malta Doom Days in 2015, which was brilliant. And so is this record, I can tell you that with some confidence.
Indeed, that’s the famous Anaal Natrakh introduction from the ‘Excalibur’ film, this time spoken by Simon Strange from Arkham Witch, before we launch into some absolute classic doom metal on ‘Dragon’s Breath’. Epic vocals with a bit of that folky drama to it, following a repetitive riff that feels sort of easy-going. Not the most fierce track, this opening, which has a bit of the classic fantasy metal vibe to it. Same goes for ‘The Coming of a King’, where I have to restrain myself and not pump my fist in the air as the epic riffage bursts loose and that voice swells in pride and splendor. There’s even a certain tranquility to ‘Lancelot of the Lake’, which fits the narrative well. Similarly, ‘Forbidden Love’ has a gloomy foreboding tone, which is delivered with music that goes very quiet and very loud, taking the listener on an emotional journey.
But this is mostly a storytellers album, yet with a lot of riffs. I really catch up again with songs like ‘The Grail Quest’ and ‘Enemy Within’. Both offer thick slabby riffs, with a crushing weight. The soaring vocals really do their work, even though they’re not that marvelous in reach, they work well within the parameters of the band. But here we come to the climax of the album, with ‘A Dream to Some, a Nightmare to Others’ as the peak. It brings us to ‘The Death of Arthur’, which is a slow-paced track with a sense of finality to it, as it describes the end of the story. The weary, yearning vocals, the big cascading riffs, it’s beautiful. Think of all your doom classics, that’s it.
‘Avalon’ is an outro, our final farewell and it has a tinge of folk to it, like most tunes. A sadness and a traditional side that is well appreciated after this magnificent piece of music. All hail Iron Void!
doomIron VoidMetalUnited Kingdom
Underground Sounds: Oldd Wvrms – Codex Tenebris
April 18, 2019 Guido Leave a comment
Label: Cursed Monk Records
Band: Oldd Wvrms
Origin: Belgium
Sounds converge in mysterious ways and inspired by ancient rituals and witchcraft, the band Oldd Wvrms crafts their own blend of crawling, creepy doom with post-rock affiliations. With ‘Codex Tenebris’ the band is unleashing their third album and it is one of a transformative nature.
Oldd Wvrms has worked as a fourpiece for a longer time, but on this record continues as an instrumental three-piece. Always a bold gamble in a genre that often relies on vocalist theatrics to keep attention on the band. But after listening to their record, I have no concerns regarding the attractive value of Oldd Wvrms’ music.
Enter the gloom with Oldd Wvrms. Opening track ‘Ténèbres’ is an instant baptizing in the dark and processional nature of their sound. Like a slow dirge, you are inevitably carried down, like a hoisted coffin, on a path towards the turmoil and chaos at the root of their sound. Notably, clean guitar sounds swirl together, with catchy rhythms from firm drums. It’s tempting to nod along. As we proceed the sound becomes heavier, more oppressive and then there’s suddenly calm. Questions arise, unanswered of course…
‘A l’or, aux ombres et aux abîmes’similarly never looks for the intensity and overruling thunder you might find in bands like Amenra, but stays on the level of slithering, macabre fear. It’s like a good suspense movie, where you have no clue what it is that causes your sense of fright. Is it human, beast or something elder and more frightening? In their music, the band plays with the clashing of their instruments to evoke eruptive moments of tension and certain anxiety. But never, ever does it let go of the rope and keeps tensions high, as done on ‘Misère & Corde’.
But there’s also a filmic quality to the music of Oldd Wvrms, like on ‘La vallée des tombes’. The percussion-heavy track is one to easily get lost in, as it evokes a certain trance in the listener with its strange push-pull effect in the sound. Yet it hammers away like no other towards the end. I have to say though, that ‘Fléau est son âme’ is the track that surprises me most, as it has some of that The Devil’s Blood magic going. The wrangled guitar sound, the peculiar tone drops and all that mixed in with the doomy sound of Oldd Wvrms. Love it.
belgiumdoomoldd wvrmspostmetal
195 Metalbands (Interviews), Interview
Ennui: From the tombs of Georgia
March 12, 2019 Guido Leave a comment
Georgia is one of those countries, you may not even be aware of. A state with a vast history and rich cultural traditions in the borderland of the former Soviet-Union, it is the home of Ennui, who play monolithic funeral doom in the most dark and melancholic traditions.
Partly untouched by time, the country has one of the lowest crime rates and visitors speak of the friendly reception they’ve had. Yet it also has the scars of the past, proven by the conflicts with Russia . The same goes for most countries in the Caucasus.
It’s not known for its metal scene, but it is there and shaping itself in a distincly own way. Ennui has been around since 2012, as it was founded by David Unsaved and Sergei Shengalia. Their latest work is ‘End of the Circle’, out on Non Serviam Records. Thanks to Qabar PR, I got to ask them some questions about this project and the monumental record.
Ennui: End of the Circle
First, can you introduce yourselves and how you got together? I understand the name Ennui is an old French word. Can you maybe explain why you chose it and how it has evolved with you through the years?
Yes, we are a funeral doom band from Tbilisi, Georgian Republic. Ennui is the band with only two permanent members: me, David Unsaved and Sergei Shengelia. Both of us write music for the band, we always work together on concepts for the songs, etc. We’ve founded Ennui together in 2012. So it happened that we both had ideas for this genre, we both were able to play on all instruments, and we decided to work together. The name of the band came to our mind almost immediately. I had a few propositions on the name, but we settled on Ennui. We liked the meaning of this word, because it perfectly described our spiritual state at the moment. Over time, we put more extensive sense into this word – Ennui is a state of melancholy, spiritual boredom and loss of any kind of vitality.
Do you guys play in any other bands or projects? And what bands inspired you to pursue the type of music you make?
Yes. Sergei is a veteran of Georgian metal scene. He is a front man of first Georgian technical death metal band Angel of Disease, also he’s guitarist/vocalist of his symphonic black metal band SIGNS. My biography is more modest, but I also have several side-projects in different genres. But none of them are released yet, actually it will happen in nearest future. Bands like Esoteric, Skepticism inspired us to make this music. These two bands were what introduced us to this genre very long time ago.
Where you inspired by bands from Georgia to make metal music or did it come from foreign bands? Are there aspects of your home country that shape the way you make the music you do?
No. We were never inspired by bands from Georgia. All influences and inspirations came from foreign bands of course. Also, you shall know that there are no other funeral doom metal bands from Georgia. It’s a little bit hard to name any particular aspect of Georgian culture which helped us in making this kind of music. You know, first of all, Georgia is not mentally a ”metal country”, and also Georgian culture has mostly a ”happy” mood in almost all of its forms. But working on our first album ”Mze Ukunisa” what means ”The Sun of Darkness” in Georgian, we indeed used some elements of Georgian culture, which perfectly suited atmosphere of funeral doom metal.
I want to ask you about the album ‘End of the Circle’. What was the creative process like for this record, did you do anything new or different this time and what roles do you both have in the process?
The songwriting principle was the same as always – we made individual songs independently from each other. But we’ve certainly changed the recording process as well as whole creative process in this album. Here I mean the whole approach to recording in the studio, getting the highest quality, real and ”warm” tube sound, all analogue equipment. This was first experience like this for Ennui. We’re very satisfied with the final result. I hope listeners will be happy with our new album as well!
As I understand it, in the past you’ve often used poetry for the lyrics and inspiration. Can you tell a bit about that and in what way you drew inspiration for ‘End of the Circle’?
The poetry of Terenti Graneli (Georgian dramatist and late decadence movement poet) was used as lyrics only for our debut album. After that, all lyrics are written by us. “End of the Circle” is conceptual work, inspired by some philosophical ideas about life and death, about principles of being and unbeing. We just imagined about what if there is some final point of everything? Final point of the endless. The End of the endless circle of life and death. Mostly these ideas inspired us.
Your record is in a sense such a huge slab of music, that it could easily be split into multiple releases. In fact, each of the 3 mammoth tracks feels like a separate journey. Was this your initial plan when you set out recording it or did it evolve to this enormous shape?
Oh, yes. The whole idea of this album was to write three huge songs with dynamic ups and downs in tempo and unorthodox melodies. First we had a plan to make an album with only two long songs, but later the idea evolved and we decided to split ”The Withering” in two parts to have two song conceptions reflecting each other. For example, the first part of ”The Withering” is about humanity which is lost under the vastness of starlit sky, and ”The Withering Part II” is about the lost and dead stars shining their ghost light upon us. But the title song is about death of whole Universe as it exists in our understanding and imagination.
Can you tell a bit about the start of metal in Georgia? How did metal music come to your country in the first place?
I guess first heavy metal bands in Georgia were formed in early 80-is. Heavy metal bands like Mtsiri (მწირი), Mekhis Kandakeba (მეხის ქანდაკება), also Heavy Cross (მძიმე ჯვარი). Their music was influenced by heavy metal and hard rock bands from all over the world, some records were rare, but still available to listeners in Soviet Union. Extreme metal was formed in Georgia much later, in 1990-is. It was influenced mostly by popular metal bands, because Georgia never had access to high-grade information sources about underground metal music. I mean no labels, no metal stores. Usually, records of new foreign bands were passing from hand to hand between metalheads. It was almost impossible to get tapes of rare bands. That’s why metal in Georgia was mostly influenced by mainstream bands from Europe. Nowadays, with development of social networks, metal is more available in Georgia then it was before. Here are some local metal bands, scene is has developed into different genres. Famous metal bands like Sepultura, Napalm Death, Sodom, Vader and many others played shows here. I hope that metal in George will keep progressing and in future will take its own place in Metal World.
What is the scene like these days and what bands would you recommend people check out?
Please, check out the band Comatose Vigil from Russia, I guarantee you the total desperation.
While your music and founding were rooted in sad emotions, you as a band appear to have embraced a positive life attitude in previous interviews I read. How do those two combine?
I think that such music does not oblige us to be constantly in a negative mood. And to be more precise, such music helps to get rid of the negative state of mind. It seems to me that you need to be able to treat everything with humor, even if it’s a black humor… Besides, I would not say that we are one of those people who are very open about showing everyone their inner state. Usually, we do not share everything with everyone around, but we channel everything into our music.
What future plans do you have for Ennui?
I think now it’s time to prepare for future live shows. We need to work more with session musicians and pay more attention to listeners from Europe.
If you had to compare the band to a dish, a type of food, what would it be and why?
I don’t know, maybe ”Shila Plavi” – this is a kind of Georgian dish made from rice and meat. Usually, here in Georgia this dish is served at a funeral feast in someone’s wake.
Anything I forgot that you’d like to add?
Well, I guess no! Thank you very much for conversation!
doomEnnuifuneral doomgeorgiaMetal
Underground Sounds: Norilsk- Weepers of the Land
February 25, 2019 Guido Leave a comment
Band: Norilsk
Label: Hypnotic Dirge Records
‘Weepers of the Land’ is a weird album, in the sense that the band considers it a companion record to the 2017 ‘Le Passage des Glaciers’. It is the third full-length record for the Canadian band but could be called an EP perhaps due to its connective nature. But hey, we love the EP format anyways and all is well on this five track release.
Norilsk is named after a Siberian city, which might explain the fact that some songs on this record have only been released in Russia before. The duo definitely catches a theme of the grim cold in the north, which is expressed through gritty death doom full of forlorn hopelessness and cold riffing. So let’s check this release out.
The cold hits you on the relentless ‘No Sacred Ground’, with the gritty roar from guest singer Damian Smith (Altars of Grief) barking defiance to the winds. Drummer Nick Richer keeps the natural and calm pace that nature takes. It is what it is, right? In that sense, they evoke the imagery on the album cover of man against the uncaring elements. This is pretty much what Nick Miquelon picks up on during ‘The Way’, which is the little hit song on this release, clocking under four minutes.
The lyrics of “Toute la noirceur du monde” are done by Ben Forte from North East Bistro, and Mort Marion from Blood Moon Knights plays guitar solo’s on all following tracks, which is part of the wider cooperative creation of this record. The vocals are in French, which adds a certain snarl to the whole vibe of the track. A notable track is ‘Tomber 7 Fois’, which is, in fact, a Mylene Farmer cover. Wonderfull! It lets us hear the band in a completely different form, with layered vocals, conflicting sounds and a more gloomy approach compared to the cold honesty of their normal approach. It is fascinating to listen to, but maybe at times a bit overly messy.
The vocals on ‘Weepers of the Land’ come from Joshua Cayer (Longhouse). It’s a tormented scream as icy winds again blas you with repetitive fury and a congested, thudding bass line. This is, again, Norilsk at their finest with their arctic doom, blackened by cold, rigid by ice.
blackened doomdoomMetalNorilsk
Underground Sounds: Ennui – End of Circle
Label: Non Serviam Records
Band: Ennui
Origin: Georgia
Ennui is a French word, fallen out of use to an extent, that means a feeling of listlessness and dissatisfaction, which well captivates the work by this Georgian duo. With ‘End of Circle’, they’ve outdone themselves on the magnitude of work and force and therefore the work may be a bit much to chew up for most listeners. But those who delve into it will find sheer majesty.
Funeral doom is a difficult genre to be prolific in, but Ennui has been quite productive since 2012, releasing 4 full-length records and two splits. Serj Shengela who provides guitars and keys is also active in Angel of Disease, Signs and No Regrets. David Unsaved, drummer and singer, also plays in Necropoli and his solo outlet Unsaved.
The first thing that has to be mentioned is the sheer immensity of ‘End of Circle’. The opening track (and title track) clocks in at over 30 minutes of shimmering, dirge-like doom metal. A slow procession towards the underworld it seems, with the guitars just clambering up the heavens. It’s the feeling of being in a pit of sand where the walls keep crumbling as despair sets in. The keys are ever present, providing dungeon synthy intermezzos, further enriching the mournful sound of the band.
The vocals are minimal, but when David Unsaved screeches defiance at the heavens, it is something else. At times, the sonorous sounds of the tracks remind me a little of that Victorian darkness My Dying Bride Brings, but it’s sombre procession remains too level. The synths are often mesmerizing, like the use in atmospheric black metal. Another point of enjoyment as the guttural vocals grate low and dry. The tunes ‘The Whithering part I & II’ both sound like a lamenting dirge, crawling towards their end for a good fourty minutes of sheer force and magnitude.
A spectacular record and effort by the Georgian duo.
doomEnnuifuneralgeorgia
Underground Sounds: The Angelic Process – Weighing Souls With Sand
Label: Burning World (originally Profound Lore)
Band: The Angelic Process
The Angelic Process is an oddity in the drone doom landscape, with little similarity to the names that must spring to mind right now (Khanate, Earth and the mighty Sunn O))) for example). Their record ‘Weighing Souls With Sand’ is not a new one, and actually was released in 2007. Since James Plotkin remastered it for release by Burning World, we’d better check it out.
The Angelic Process only ever released two records and consisted of two members, namely Kris Angylus and Monica Henson. The suicide by Angylus put an end to the activities of the band, but their legacy is vast with a sound that can hardly be emulated as it veers somewhere between the densest postrock, shoegaze, and doom.
The slow emergence of the sun is the thing most akin to the way ‘The Promise of Snakes’ comes in. The densely compressed synths fill any sort of open space you may imagine with a sonic mist. As the song unfolds, the contrast between the ascending melody and distorted rhythms, crackling with condensed force, couldn’t be greater. The vocals and drums seem to be battling against this tide on tracks like ‘The Resonance of Goodbye’. That is possibly why they hit you so hard as a listener.
A track like ‘We All Die Laughing’ sucks the life out of you completely. The full on screams hit like a hail storm amidst the torrentuous guitars. Every particle hitting you with an icy cold, a fatalistic streak, and deep, deep sorrow. It’s remarkable how hard it is to describe the music of The Angelic Process, yet it evokes such clear imagery. It’s the same trapped, muffled feeling that you get when you feel at your worst. The oscillating opening for example, on ‘How to Build a Time Machine’ is like a sonic bath, making you feel peaceful and tranquil. Allowing yourself to submerge in it.
Though the history of the record is a sad one, it’s beauty and splendor is undeniable.
doomdrone doomfuneral doomMetalThe Angelic Process
Underground Sounds: Spaceslug – Eye the Tide
October 25, 2018 Guido Leave a comment
Band: Spaceslug
Once more, the might slug rears it’s slimy appendages languidly through space, searching for the next cosmic wave to ride. Yes, it’s your favorite Polish stoner-ensemble Spaceslug, returning once more with their next release, titled ‘Eye The Tide’.
Having done nothing bug consistently record and play live over the last few years, I feel bound to cover any work they drop. If only for the sheer simple reason that I love it and think this music is not made enough anymore. After their tight and heavy EP, the band now returns to the cosmic clarity we know from them. Less punch, more wave.
‘Obsolith’ is a spaced-out track of over 8 minutes, where the strings of the guitar seem to be caressed gently. The drums demonstrate the most vitalistic element in the song, as the rest of the music in steady waves just waxes and wanes. That slow, floating movement in the songs is a constant on the album, though the tension in the guitars can be odd and surprising like it is often on ‘Spaced By One’. It seems that every passage awaits some occurrence that never takes place.
I’m not going to put them to the test on it, but it feels like Spaceslug is slowly moving towards a more psych sound on this album. Sure, on ‘Words like Stones’, we get the roaring vocals and all. Yet, the overall vibe leans to tranquility, to permanence and a floaty equilibrium. We return to the heavy on ‘Vialys Part II’, which gives repetitive beatings to the skins and pummeling, star-grasping riffing. The song really drags you back into it, wakes you up nodding your head. We end on a high-note with ‘I, The Tide’, which is another powerful delivery by the band, who just put out a solid piece of music once more.
doomPolandSpaceslugstoner
Underground Sounds: Yob – Our Raw Heart
Label: Relapse
Band: Yob
Listening to Yob has given many people a special experience and the wait for a new album was long. The trio from Oregon has a solid string of releases in the noughties, had a hick-up before their ‘Clearing the Path to Ascend’ masterpiece in 2014 and after that things dried up for a bit.
Of course, there are always many reasons for a drought in releases, but in this case, the health of singer Mike Scheidt definitely played a part. At least, judging by interviews like this one. We are lucky that one of the most beloved bands in the doom genre has now returned with a fine slab of doom to sink your teeth into. This is ‘Our Raw Heart’, probably to be heard at Roadburn soon again.
Yob doesn’t use cold or eerie sounds, but massive riffing that claws to the heavens in a struggle of despair and grief it seems. Yet these always feel veiled and just the turmoil under the surface. The vocals are capturing an instantly take you into the mind-swirl that is ‘Our Raw Heart’. The music often relies on the heavy pummeling, though never chooses to be sharp and directly expressive. There’s a pensive nature to the music that is undeniable, with that transcendental, meditative quality to it. An album that sets you to thinking and reflecting.
The absolute highlight is the gentle ‘Beauty in Falling Leaves’, where it’s for large parts just guitar and the wavering vocals of Scheidt. Even when the song swells to its full, climactic sound, it remains an easy flow, with a warm and calming sound. The gruff vocals carry with them a passion that is undeniable. The almost 17-minute epic is a testament to the singular genius, that is Yob. Of course, afterwards some more heavy pummeling is delivered with ‘Original Face’, which relies on the heavy drumming and bass, while the vocals sound more like Amebix‘ Rob Miller. Yet, something in the sound harks to the calm and soothing nature of Earth. Particularly, there at the very end with the title track and it’s languid riffing. Mountainous, rugged but completely flattened out and easy to traverse. A record that meets all expectations, with a final ascending into the clouds, leaving us mortals wondering what it is we’re doing.
doomrelapseroadburnstonerYob
Underground Sounds: Warren Schoenbright – Excavations
August 25, 2018 Guido Leave a comment
Label: Vacant Fulfillment
Band: Warren Schoenbright
Inspired by the Egremont region in Cumbria, Warren Schoenbright created an exceptional record after a residency at the Florence Art Centre, situated on a defunct Haematite mine. It captures the environment, the depressive mood of an industrial site fallen out of use, leaving its remnants behind. This is captured on the record ‘Excavations’.
The band is three-piece, consisting of Daniel McClennan on drums, Alex Virji on bass and vocals, and Iker Ormazabal Martínez on Guitar. While they create drone/noise, their music is quite easy to listen to. Imagine something in between 5F-55 and Godflesh, and you kind of have it. Add the human nihilism to a sort of found organic sound in the industrial decay, and there we have Warren Schoenbright.
The album opens with minimal sounds and a more ambient like atmosphere, up until the droning sound swells and unleashes in a torrentuous, sludgy mass of guitars. A massive, industrial water slide, that is both heavy and hypnotic, disgusting and harmonious at the same time. No wonder that the group collaborated earlier with Caina on their ‘Christ Clad in White Phosphorous’ album to add a heavy foundation of urban despair of nauseating, gritty firmness. Exactly that is what they bring to this release too.
The album only contains one, ongoing track, so it is like being caught in the worst and most grim water slide you could ever imagine. The clanging sounds of metal, the pulsating beats of machinery and the constrictive nature of the music emulate the work that once took place on the location that served as inspiration for this record. For just under 25 minutes, you are stuck, completely held in thrall by the beating, surging rhythm, and darkness of Excavations.
doomdronenoisesludgeUnited KingdomWarren Schoenbright
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DEXTER Season 7 Episode 8 Review – “Argentina”
By: Contributing Writer | November 19, 2012 at 8:08 AM EST
Tonight’s episode may not have been action-packed, but let me say this: If Jennifer Carpenter doesn’t get an Emmy nod for her flawless acting in at least that ONE scene that was a long time coming, I give up. She was absolutely brilliant.
But let’s get to the 5 burning questions we were left with after watching “Argentina”:
When will Quinn be found out?
This is a question that appears every week, I know. Why? Because this storyline is moving really, really slowly amid all the other crazy drama at Miami Metro. But it’s quite obvious we’re leading up to something, right? Quinn is too far in. He’s past the point of return and every week he’ll dig himself a deeper hole, I’m sure. But sooner than later, things will blow up in our favorite bad boy’s face. It’s only a matter of time.
Will Isaak and Dexter continue to go after one another?
While it seemed a little out there, I did enjoy the interaction and conversation between Isaak and Dexter. He was so hell-bent on killing Dexter for revenge, but then sat down and had a drink with him? I suppose that’s possible given there’s a hit out to kill him and he no longer has friends in the Ukranian mob. But still, I’m torn about the whole thing. I’m excited to see what happens and if they continue to be enemies.
How long will it be until LaGuerta confronts Dexter?
This is another question that will stand for a while. We’re obviously leading up to LaGuerta’s realization that Dexter was involved with the Bay Harbor Butcher murders, but when will she actually say something to him? Or Deb? Tonight she noticed Dexter moved his boat slip at a very specific and notable date. But let’s get to my bigger point, which I’ve been saying for weeks now. I am more than convinced LaGuerta is going to bite the dust this season. She knows too much, but what was even more telling, to me anyway, was that she stopped to congratulate her former lover Batista on his new restaurant. Sure, they haven’t had much interaction the past two seasons, but what she said and how she said seemed very final. Maybe I’m wrong, but nothing good is coming, regardless.
What will Dexter do about Deb’s feelings for him?
Yes, kids. Tonight Deb finally fessed up to her controversial feelings for her adopted brother. This has been a source of major debate over the past season, but as I’ve expressed, I’ve warmed up to the idea. Not the idea of them getting together, but the idea that this isn’t completely out of the realm of believability. Deb doesn’t have many people to turn to in her life and she certainly doesn’t have the best luck in love, but her confession to Dexter tonight crushed me. His reaction was perfect. Her reaction was perfect. And by God, if Jennifer Carpenter doesn’t get an Emmy nod, I will RAGE.
How long will Dexter and Hannah last?
I’ve made it no secret I’m not a huge fan of Dexter and Hannah’s new relationship, but it definitely took some strides this episode as she learned about his family. He didn’t admit he was “in love” with her, but it’s been hinting at that for a while. I’m not totally convinced and I don’t feel the connection is as strong as others, but I’ll play along for the time being. It should be interesting to see how Deb’s confession factors into all of this madness.
What do you think? Let me know in the comments!
Written by Sharon Tharp. Follow Sharon on Twitter to talk all things TV.
Photos: Showtime. Dexter airs Sunday nights on Showtime.
Tagged: Dexter, dexter review, dexter season 7, jennifer carpenter
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The domain within your query sequence starts at position 330 and ends at position 352; the E-value for the ZnF_C2H2 domain shown below is 2.95e-3.
YECKQCGKSFIYPYLLQTHERSH
ZnF_C2H2
Zinc finger (Znf) domains are relatively small protein motifs which contain multiple finger-like protrusions that make tandem contacts with their target molecule. Some of these domains bind zinc, but many do not; instead binding other metals such as iron, or no metal at all. For example, some family members form salt bridges to stabilise the finger-like folds. They were first identified as a DNA-binding motif in transcription factor TFIIIA from Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog), however they are now recognised to bind DNA, RNA, protein and/or lipid substrates [(PUBMED:10529348), (PUBMED:15963892), (PUBMED:15718139), (PUBMED:17210253), (PUBMED:12665246)]. Their binding properties depend on the amino acid sequence of the finger domains and of the linker between fingers, as well as on the higher-order structures and the number of fingers. Znf domains are often found in clusters, where fingers can have different binding specificities. There are many superfamilies of Znf motifs, varying in both sequence and structure. They display considerable versatility in binding modes, even between members of the same class (e.g. some bind DNA, others protein), suggesting that Znf motifs are stable scaffolds that have evolved specialised functions. For example, Znf-containing proteins function in gene transcription, translation, mRNA trafficking, cytoskeleton organisation, epithelial development, cell adhesion, protein folding, chromatin remodelling and zinc sensing, to name but a few [(PUBMED:11179890)]. Zinc-binding motifs are stable structures, and they rarely undergo conformational changes upon binding their target.
C2H2-type (classical) zinc fingers (Znf) were the first class to be characterised. They contain a short beta hairpin and an alpha helix (beta/beta/alpha structure), where a single zinc atom is held in place by Cys(2)His(2) (C2H2) residues in a tetrahedral array. C2H2 Znf's can be divided into three groups based on the number and pattern of fingers: triple-C2H2 (binds single ligand), multiple-adjacent-C2H2 (binds multiple ligands), and separated paired-C2H2 [(PUBMED:11361095)]. C2H2 Znf's are the most common DNA-binding motifs found in eukaryotic transcription factors, and have also been identified in prokaryotes [(PUBMED:10664601)]. Transcription factors usually contain several Znf's (each with a conserved beta/beta/alpha structure) capable of making multiple contacts along the DNA, where the C2H2 Znf motifs recognise DNA sequences by binding to the major groove of DNA via a short alpha-helix in the Znf, the Znf spanning 3-4 bases of the DNA [(PUBMED:10940247)]. C2H2 Znf's can also bind to RNA and protein targets [(PUBMED:18253864)].
This entry represents the classical C2H2 zinc finger domain.
nucleic acid binding (GO:0003676)
There are 2594488 ZnF_C2H2 domains in 441262 proteins in SMART's nrdb database.
Taxonomic distribution of proteins containing ZnF_C2H2 domain.
This tree includes only several representative species. The complete taxonomic breakdown of all proteins with ZnF_C2H2 domain is also avaliable.
Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing ZnF_C2H2 domain in the selected taxonomic class.
Parraga G et al.
Zinc-dependent structure of a single-finger domain of yeast ADR1.
Science. 1988; 241: 1489-92
In the proposed "zinc finger" DNA-binding motif, each repeat unit binds a zinc metal ion through invariant Cys and His residues and this drives the folding of each 30-residue unit into an independent nucleic acid-binding domain. To obtain structural information, we synthesized single and double zinc finger peptides from the yeast transcription activator ADR1, and assessed the metal-binding and DNA-binding properties of these peptides, as well as the solution structure of the metal-stabilized domains, with the use of a variety of spectroscopic techniques. A single zinc finger can exist as an independent structure sufficient for zinc-dependent DNA binding. An experimentally determined model of the single finger is proposed that is consistent with circular dichroism, one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, and visual spectroscopy of the single-finger peptide reconstituted in the presence of zinc.
SwissProt sequences and OMIM curated human diseases associated with missense mutations within the ZnF_C2H2 domain.
Wilms tumor protein (P19544) (SMART) OMIM:194070: Wilms tumor, type 1 ; Denys-Drash syndrome ; Frasier syndrome
Transcriptional activator GLI3 (P10071) (SMART) OMIM:165240: Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome
OMIM:175700: Pallister-Hall syndrome
OMIM:146510: Polydactyly, preaxial, type IV
OMIM:174700: Polydactyly, postaxial, types A1 and B
15.88 map04340 Hedgehog signaling pathway
12.94 map05217 Basal cell carcinoma
8.24 map04520 Adherens junction
4.71 map05220 Chronic myeloid leukemia
4.71 map00908 Zeatin biosynthesis
4.12 map04350 TGF-beta signaling pathway
4.12 map05221 Acute myeloid leukemia
4.12 map04115 p53 signaling pathway
3.53 map05215 Prostate cancer
1.76 map00450 Selenoamino acid metabolism
1.76 map00380 Tryptophan metabolism
1.76 map00626 Naphthalene and anthracene degradation
1.76 map00150 Androgen and estrogen metabolism
1.18 map00190 Oxidative phosphorylation
1.18 map00130 Ubiquinone biosynthesis
1.18 map04320 Dorso-ventral axis formation
1.18 map00920 Sulfur metabolism
This information is based on mapping of SMART genomic protein database to KEGG orthologous groups. Percentage points are related to the number of proteins with ZnF_C2H2 domain which could be assigned to a KEGG orthologous group, and not all proteins containing ZnF_C2H2 domain. Please note that proteins can be included in multiple pathways, ie. the numbers above will not always add up to 100%.
3D Structures of ZnF_C2H2 domains in PDB
1a1f DSNR (ZIF268 VARIANT) ZINC FINGER-DNA COMPLEX (GACC SITE)
1a1g DSNR (ZIF268 VARIANT) ZINC FINGER-DNA COMPLEX (GCGT SITE)
1a1h QGSR (ZIF268 VARIANT) ZINC FINGER-DNA COMPLEX (GCAC SITE)
1a1i RADR (ZIF268 VARIANT) ZINC FINGER-DNA COMPLEX (GCAC SITE)
1a1j RADR (ZIF268 VARIANT) ZINC FINGER-DNA COMPLEX (GCGT SITE)
1a1k RADR (ZIF268 VARIANT) ZINC FINGER-DNA COMPLEX (GACC SITE)
1a1l ZIF268 ZINC FINGER-DNA COMPLEX (GCAC SITE)
1aay ZIF268 ZINC FINGER-DNA COMPLEX
1ard STRUCTURES OF DNA-BINDING MUTANT ZINC FINGER DOMAINS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DNA BINDING
1are STRUCTURES OF DNA-BINDING MUTANT ZINC FINGER DOMAINS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DNA BINDING
1arf STRUCTURES OF DNA-BINDING MUTANT ZINC FINGER DOMAINS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DNA BINDING
1bbo HIGH-RESOLUTION SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE DOUBLE CYS2*HIS2 ZINC FINGER FROM THE HUMAN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN MBP-1
1bhi STRUCTURE OF TRANSACTIVATION DOMAIN OF CRE-BP1/ATF-2, NMR, 20 STRUCTURES
1ej6 Reovirus core
1f2i COCRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF SELECTED ZINC FINGER DIMER BOUND TO DNA
1fv5 SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE FIRST ZINC FINGER FROM THE DROSOPHILA U-SHAPED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR
1g2d STRUCTURE OF A CYS2HIS2 ZINC FINGER/TATA BOX COMPLEX (CLONE #2)
1g2f STRUCTURE OF A CYS2HIS2 ZINC FINGER/TATA BOX COMPLEX (TATAZF;CLONE #6)
1jk1 Zif268 D20A Mutant Bound to WT DNA Site
1jk2 Zif268 D20A mutant bound to the GCT DNA site
1jn7 Solution Structure of a CCHH mutant of the ninth CCHC Zinc Finger of U-shaped
1klr NMR Structure of the ZFY-6T[Y10F] Zinc Finger
1kls NMR Structure of the ZFY-6T[Y10L] Zinc Finger
1llm Crystal Structure of a Zif23-GCN4 Chimera Bound to DNA
1mey CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A DESIGNED ZINC FINGER PROTEIN BOUND TO DNA
1ncs NMR STUDY OF SWI5 ZINC FINGER DOMAIN 1
1njq NMR structure of the single QALGGH zinc finger domain from Arabidopsis thaliana SUPERMAN protein
1p47 Crystal Structure of tandem Zif268 molecules complexed to DNA
1p7a Solution Stucture of the Third Zinc Finger from BKLF
1paa STRUCTURE OF A HISTIDINE-X4-HISTIDINE ZINC FINGER DOMAIN: INSIGHTS INTO ADR1-UAS1 PROTEIN-DNA RECOGNITION
1rik E6-binding zinc finger (E6apc1)
1rim E6-binding zinc finger (E6apc2)
1rmd RAG1 DIMERIZATION DOMAIN
1sp1 NMR STRUCTURE OF A ZINC FINGER DOMAIN FROM TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SP1F3, MINIMIZED AVERAGE STRUCTURE
1srk Solution structure of the third zinc finger domain of FOG-1
1tf3 TFIIIA FINGER 1-3 BOUND TO DNA, NMR, 22 STRUCTURES
1tf6 CO-CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF XENOPUS TFIIIA ZINC FINGER DOMAIN BOUND TO THE 5S RIBOSOMAL RNA GENE INTERNAL CONTROL REGION
1u85 ARG326-TRP mutant of the third zinc finger of BKLF
1u86 321-TW-322 insertion mutant of the third zinc finger of BKLF
1ubd CO-CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN YY1 ZINC FINGER DOMAIN BOUND TO THE ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS P5 INITIATOR ELEMENT
1un6 THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A ZINC FINGER - RNA COMPLEX REVEALS TWO MODES OF MOLECULAR RECOGNITION
1va1 Solution Structure of Transcription Factor Sp1 DNA Binding Domain (Zinc Finger 1)
1wir Solution structure of the C2H2 zinc finger domain of the protein arginine N-methyltransferase 3 from Mus musculus
1wjp Solution structure of zf-C2H2 domains from human Zinc finger protein 295
1x3c Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc-binding domain of human zinc finger protein 292
1x5w Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc-binding domain of human zinc finger protein 64, isoforms 1 and 2
1x6e Solution structures of the C2H2 type zinc finger domain of human Zinc finger protein 24
1x6f Solution structures of the C2H2 type zinc finger domain of human Zinc finger protein 462
1x6h Solution structures of the C2H2 type zinc finger domain of human Transcriptional repressor CTCF
1xf7 High Resolution NMR Structure of the Wilms' Tumor Suppressor Protein (WT1) Finger 3
1xrz NMR Structure of a Zinc Finger with Cyclohexanylalanine Substituted for the Central Aromatic Residue
1y0j Zinc fingers as protein recognition motifs: structural basis for the GATA-1/Friend of GATA interaction
1yui SOLUTION NMR STRUCTURE OF THE GAGA FACTOR/DNA COMPLEX, REGULARIZED MEAN STRUCTURE
1yuj SOLUTION NMR STRUCTURE OF THE GAGA FACTOR/DNA COMPLEX, 50 STRUCTURES
1zaa ZINC FINGER-DNA RECOGNITION: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A ZIF268-DNA COMPLEX AT 2.1 ANGSTROMS
1zfd SWI5 ZINC FINGER DOMAIN 2, NMR, 45 STRUCTURES
1znf THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF A SINGLE ZINC FINGER DNA-BINDING DOMAIN
1znm A ZINC FINGER WITH AN ARTIFICIAL BETA-TURN, ORIGINAL SEQUENCE TAKEN FROM THE THIRD ZINC FINGER DOMAIN OF THE HUMAN TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR PROTEIN YY1 (YING AND YANG 1, A DELTA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR), NMR, 34 STRUCTURES
1zr9 Solution Structure of a Human C2H2-type Zinc Finger Protein
1zu1 Solution Structure of the N-terminal Zinc Fingers of the Xenopus laevis double stranded RNA binding protein ZFa
1zw8 Solution structure of a ZAP1 zinc-responsive domain provides insights into metalloregulatory transcriptional repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
2ab3 Solution structures and characterization of HIV RRE IIB RNA targeting zinc finger proteins
2adr ADR1 DNA-BINDING DOMAIN FROM SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE, NMR, 25 STRUCTURES
2cot Solution structure of the first and second zf-C2H2 domain of Zinc finger protein 435
2cse Features of Reovirus Outer-Capsid Protein mu1 Revealed by Electron and Image Reconstruction of the virion at 7.0-A Resolution
2csh Solution structure of tandem repeat of the zf-C2H2 domains of human zinc finger protein 297B
2ct1 Solution Structure of the zinc finger domain of Transcriptional repressor CTCF protein
2ctd Solution structure of two zf-C2H2 domains from human Zinc finger protein 512
2czr Crystal structure of TBP-interacting protein (Tk-TIP26) and implications for its inhibition mechanism of the interaction between TBP and TATA-DNA
2d9h Solution structure of the forth and fifth zf-C2H2 domains of zinc finger protein 692
2dlk Solution structure of the first and the second zf-C2H2 domains of zinc finger protein 692
2dlq Solution structure of the tandem four zf-C2H2 domain repeats of murine GLI-Kruppel family member HKR3
2dmd Solution structure of the N-terminal C2H2 type zinc-binding domain of the Zinc finger protein 64, isoforms 1 and 2
2dmi Solution structure of the first and the second zf-C2H2 like domains of human Teashirt homolog 3
2drp THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A TWO ZINC-FINGER PEPTIDE REVEALS AN EXTENSION TO THE RULES FOR ZINC-FINGER/DNA RECOGNITION
2ebt Solution structure of three tandem repeats of zf-C2H2 domains from human Kruppel-like factor 5
2ee8 Solution structure of three zf-C2H2 domains from mouse protein odd-skipped-related 2 splicing isoform 2
2ej4 Functional and structural basis of nuclear localization signal in ZIC3 zinc finger domain: a role of conserved tryptophan residue in the zinc finger domain
2el4 Solution structure of the 15th zf-C2H2 domain from human Zinc finger protein 268
2elm Solution structure of the 10th C2H2 zinc finger of human Zinc finger protein 406
2eln Solution structure of the 11th C2H2 zinc finger of human Zinc finger protein 406
2elo Solution structure of the 12th C2H2 zinc finger of human Zinc finger protein 406
2elq Solution structure of the 14th C2H2 zinc finger of human Zinc finger protein 406
2elr Solution structure of the 15th C2H2 zinc finger of human Zinc finger protein 406
2els Solution structure of the 2nd C2H2 zinc finger of human Zinc finger protein 406
2elt Solution structure of the 3rd C2H2 zinc finger of human Zinc finger protein 406
2elu Solution structure of the 5th C2H2 zinc finger of human Zinc finger protein 406
2elv Solution structure of the 6th C2H2 zinc finger of human Zinc finger protein 406
2elw Solution structure of the 5th C2H2 zinc finger of mouse Zinc finger protein 406
2elx Solution structure of the 8th C2H2 zinc finger of mouse Zinc finger protein 406
2ely Solution structure of the third zf-C2H2 domain from human Zinc finger protein 224
2elz Solution structure of the 17th zf-C2H2 domain from human Zinc finger protein 224
2em0 Solution structure of the 18th zf-C2H2 domain from human Zinc finger protein 224
2em1 Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 637-667) of human Zinc finger protein 268
2em2 Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 584-616) of human Zinc finger protein 28 homolog
2ema Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 312-344) of human Zinc finger protein 347
2emb Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 342-372) of human Zinc finger protein 473
2emc Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 641-673) of human Zinc finger protein 473
2eme Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 725-757) of human Zinc finger protein 473
2emf Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 379-411) of human Zinc finger protein 484
2emg Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 463-495) of human Zinc finger protein 484
2emh Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 491-523) of human Zinc finger protein 484
2emi Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 547-579) of human Zinc finger protein 484
2emj Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 612-644) of human Zinc finger protein 28 homolog
2emk Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 668-700) of human Zinc finger protein 28 homolog
2eml Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 752-784) of human Zinc finger protein 28 homolog
2emm Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 544-576) of human Zinc finger protein 95 homolog
2emp Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 536-568) of human Zinc finger protein 347
2emv Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 859-889) of human Zinc finger protein 268
2emw Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 301-331) of human Zinc finger protein 268
2emx Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 273-303) of human Zinc finger protein 268
2emy Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 551-583) of human Zinc finger protein 268
2emz Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 628-660) of human Zinc finger protein 95 homolog
2en0 Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 385-413) of human Zinc finger protein 268
2en2 Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 598-626) of human B-cell lymphoma 6 protein
2en3 Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 796-828) of human Zinc finger protein 95 homolog
2ena Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 311-343) of human Zinc finger protein 224
2enc Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 395-427) of human Zinc finger protein 224
2ene Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 592-624) of human Zinc finger protein 347
2enf Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 340-372) of human Zinc finger protein 347
2enh Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 556-588) of human Zinc finger protein 28 homolog
2ent Solution structure of the second C2H2-type zinc finger domain from human Krueppel-like factor 15
2eoe Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 508-540) of human Zinc finger protein 347
2eof Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 411-441) of human Zinc finger protein 268
2eog Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 693-723) of human Zinc finger protein 268
2eoh Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 780-812) of human Zinc finger protein 28 homolog
2eoi Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 329-359) of human Zinc finger protein 268
2eoj Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 355-385) of human Zinc finger protein 268
2eok Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 441-469) of human Zinc finger protein 268
2eol Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 581-609) of human Zinc finger protein 268
2eom Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 341-373) of human Zinc finger protein 95 homolog
2eon Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 397-429) of human Zinc finger protein 95 homolog
2eoo Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 425-457) of human Zinc finger protein 95 homolog
2eop Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 719-751) of human Zinc finger protein 268
2eoq Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 283-315) of human Zinc finger protein 224
2eor Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 255-287) of human Zinc finger protein 224
2eos Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 626-654) of human B-cell lymphoma 6 protein
2eou Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 370-400) of human Zinc finger protein 473
2eov Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 519-551) of human Zinc finger protein 484
2eow Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 368-400) of human Zinc finger protein 347
2eox Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 315-345) of human Zinc finger protein 473
2eoy Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 557-589) of human Zinc finger protein 473
2eoz Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 809-841) of human Zinc finger protein 473
2ep0 Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 528-560) of human Zinc finger protein 28 homolog
2ep1 Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 435-467) of human Zinc finger protein 484
2epa Solution structure of the first and second zf-C2H2 domains from human Krueppel-like factor 10
2epc Solution structure of Zinc finger domain 7 in Zinc finger protein 32
2epp Solution structure of the first C2H2 type zinc finger domain of Zinc finger protein 278
2epq Solution structure of the third zinc finger domain of Zinc finger protein 278
2epr Solution structure of the secound zinc finger domain of Zinc finger protein 278
2eps Solution structure of the 4th zinc finger domain of Zinc finger protein 278
2ept Solution structure of the first C2H2 type zinc finger domain of Zinc finger protein 32
2epu Solution structure of the secound C2H2 type zinc finger domain of Zinc finger protein 32
2epv Solution structure of the 20th C2H2 type zinc finger domain of Zinc finger protein 268
2epw Solution structure of the 24th C2H2 type zinc finger domain of Zinc finger protein 268
2epx Solution structure of the third C2H2 type zinc finger domain of Zinc finger protein 28 homolog
2epy Solution structure of the 10th C2H2 type zinc finger domain of Zinc finger protein 268
2epz Solution structure of the 4th C2H2 type zinc finger domain of Zinc finger protein 28 homolog
2eq0 Solution structure of the 8th C2H2 type zinc finger domain of Zinc finger protein 347
2eq2 Solution structure of the 16th C2H2 type zinc finger domain of Zinc finger protein 347
2eqw Solution structure of the 6th C2H2 type zinc finger domain of Zinc finger protein 484
2ghf Solution structure of the complete zinc-finger region of human zinc-fingers and homeoboxes 1 (ZHX1)
2gli FIVE-FINGER GLI/DNA COMPLEX
2gqj Solution structure of the two zf-C2H2 like domains(493-575) of human zinc finger protein KIAA1196
2hgh Transcription Factor IIIA zinc fingers 4-6 bound to 5S rRNA 55mer (NMR structure)
2i13 Aart, a six finger zinc finger designed to recognize ANN triplets
2j7j Invariance of the zinc finger module: a comparison of the free structure with those in nucleic-acid complexes
2jp9 Structure of the Wilms Tumor Suppressor Protein Zinc Finger Domain Bound to DNA
2jpa Structure of the Wilms Tumor Suppressor Protein Zinc Finger Domain Bound to DNA
2jsp The prokaryotic Cys2His2 zinc finger adopts a novel fold as revealed by the NMR structure of A. tumefaciens Ros DNA binding domain
2kfq NMR Structure of FP1
2kmk Gfi-1 Zinc Fingers 3-5 complexed with DNA
2kvf Structure of the three-Cys2His2 domain of mouse testis zinc finger protein
2kvg Structure of the three-Cys2His2 domain of mouse testis zinc finger protein
2kvh Structure of the three-Cys2His2 domain of mouse testis zinc finger protein
2l1o Zinc to cadmium replacement in the A. thaliana SUPERMAN Cys2His2 zinc finger induces structural rearrangements of typical DNA base determinant positions
2l6z haddock model of GATA1NF:Lmo2LIM2-Ldb1LID with FOG
2lce Chemical shift assignment of Hr4436B from Homo Sapiens, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium
2lt7 Solution NMR structure of Kaiso zinc finger DNA binding domain in complex with Kaiso binding site DNA
2lv2 Solution NMR structure of C2H2-type Zinc-fingers 4 and 5 from human Insulinoma-associated protein 1 (fragment 424-497), Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium Target HR7614B
2lvh Solution structure of the zinc finger AFV1p06 protein from the hyperthermophilic archaeal virus AFV1
2lvr Solution structure of Miz-1 zinc finger 8
2lvt Solution structure of Miz-1 zinc finger 9
2lvu Solution structure of Miz-1 zinc finger 10
2m0d Solution Structure of Miz-1 zinc finger 5
2m0e Solution Structure of Miz-1 zinc finger 6
2m0f Solution Structure of Miz-1 zinc finger 7
2m7q Solution structure of TAX1BP1 UBZ1+2
2m9a Solution NMR Structure of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZFP91 from Homo sapiens, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium (NESG) Target HR7784A
2ma7 Solution NMR Structure of Zinc finger protein Eos from Homo sapiens, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium (NESG) Target HR7992A
2mdg Solution NMR Structure of Zinc finger protein 423 from Homo sapiens, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium (NESG) Target HR7298F
2mkd Human JAZ ZF3 Residues 168-227
2mkn Structural Characterization of Interactions between the Double-Stranded RNA-Binding Zinc Finger Protein JAZ and dsRNA
2mq1 2MQ1
2n25 2N25
2nab 2NAB
2prt Structure of the Wilms Tumor Suppressor Protein Zinc Finger Domain Bound to DNA
2rpc Solution structure of the tandem zf-C2H2 domains from the human zinc finger protein ZIC 3
2rsh Solution structures of the DNA-binding domains of immune-related zinc-finger protein ZFAT
2rsi Solution structures of the DNA-binding domains of immune-related zinc-finger protein ZFAT
2rsj Solution structures of the DNA-binding domains of immune-related zinc-finger protein ZFAT
2rut 2RUT
2ruu 2RUU
2ruv 2RUV
2ruw 2RUW
2rux 2RUX
2ruy 2RUY
2ruz 2RUZ
2rv0 2RV0
2wbs Crystal structure of the zinc finger domain of Klf4 bound to its target DNA
2wbt The Structure of a Double C2H2 Zinc Finger Protein from a Hyperthermophilic Archaeal Virus in the Absence of DNA
2wbu CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE ZINC FINGER DOMAIN OF KLF4 BOUND TO ITS TARGET DNA
2yrh Solution structure of the C2H2-type zinc finger domain (699-729) from zinc finger protein 473
2yrj Solution structure of the C2H2-type zinc finger domain (781-813) from zinc finger protein 473
2yrk Solution structure of the zf-C2H2 domain in zinc finger homeodomain 4
2yrm Solution structure of the 1st zf-C2H2 domain from Human B-cell lymphoma 6 protein
2yso Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 656-688) of human Zinc finger protein 95 homolog
2ysp Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 507-539) of human Zinc finger protein 224
2ysv Solution structure of C2H2 type Zinc finger domain 17 in Zinc finger protein 473
2yt9 Solution structure of C2H2 type Zinc finger domain 345 in Zinc finger protein 278
2yta Solution structure of C2H2 type Zinc finger domain 3 in Zinc finger protein 32
2ytb Solution structure of C2H2 type Zinc finger domain 5 in Zinc finger protein 32
2ytd Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 426-458) of human Zinc finger protein 473
2yte Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 484-512) of human Zinc finger protein 473
2ytf Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 607-639) of human Zinc finger protein 268
2ytg Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 369-401) of human Zinc finger protein 95 homolog
2yth Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 479-511) of human Zinc finger protein 224
2yti Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 564-596) of human Zinc finger protein 347
2ytj Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 771-803) of human Zinc finger protein 484
2ytk Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 396-428) of human Zinc finger protein 347
2ytm Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 696-728) of human Zinc finger protein 28 homolog
2ytn Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 732-764) of human Zinc finger protein 347
2yto Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 659-691) of human Zinc finger protein 484
2ytp Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 687-719) of human Zinc finger protein 484
2ytq Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 775-807) of human Zinc finger protein 268
2ytr Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 760-792) of human Zinc finger protein 347
2yts Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 715-747) of human Zinc finger protein 484
2ytt Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 204-236) of human Zinc finger protein 473
2yu5 Solution structure of the zf-C2H2 domain (669-699AA) in zinc finger protein 473
2yu8 Solution structure of the C2H2 type zinc finger (region 648-680) of human Zinc finger protein 347
3ax1 Molecular insights into miRNA processing by Arabidopsis Serrate
3by4 Structure of Ovarian Tumor (OTU) domain in complex with Ubiquitin
3c0r Structure of Ovarian Tumor (OTU) domain in complex with Ubiquitin
3iuf Crystal structure of the C2H2-type zinc finger domain of human ubi-d4
3iyl Atomic CryoEM Structure of a Nonenveloped Virus Suggests How Membrane Penetration Protein is Primed for Cell Entry
3jcr 3JCR
3jct 3JCT
3k1q Backbone model of an aquareovirus virion by cryo-electron microscopy and bioinformatics
3mjh Crystal Structure of Human Rab5A in complex with the C2H2 Zinc Finger of EEA1
3uk3 Crystal structure of ZNF217 bound to DNA
3vk6 Crystal structure of a phosphotyrosine binding domain
3w5k Crystal structure of Snail1 and importin beta complex
3zms LSD1-CoREST in complex with INSM1 peptide
3znf HIGH-RESOLUTION THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF A SINGLE ZINC FINGER FROM A HUMAN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN IN SOLUTION
4bmj Structure of the UBZ1and2 tandem of the ubiquitin-binding adaptor protein TAX1BP1
4dgw Crystal Structure of the SF3a splicing factor complex of U2 snRNP
4f2j Crystal structure of ZNF217 bound to DNA, P6522 crystal form
4f6m Crystal structure of Kaiso zinc finger DNA binding domain in complex with Kaiso binding site DNA
4f6n Crystal structure of Kaiso zinc finger DNA binding protein in complex with methylated CpG site DNA
4gzn Mouse ZFP57 zinc fingers in complex with methylated DNA
4i1l Structural and Biological Features of FOXP3 Dimerization Relevant to Regulatory T Cell Function
4ijd Crystal structure of methyltransferase domain of human PR domain-containing protein 9
4is1 Crystal structure of ZNF217 bound to DNA
4m9e Structure of Klf4 zinc finger DNA binding domain in complex with methylated DNA
4m9v Zfp57 mutant (E182Q) in complex with 5-carboxylcytosine DNA
4ndf Human Aprataxin (Aptx) bound to RNA-DNA, AMP, and Zn - product complex
4ndg Human Aprataxin (Aptx) bound to RNA-DNA and Zn - adenosine vanadate transition state mimic complex
4ndh Human Aprataxin (Aptx) bound to DNA, AMP, and Zn - product complex
4ndi Human Aprataxin (Aptx) AOA1 variant K197Q bound to RNA-DNA, AMP, and Zn - product complex
4r2a 4R2A
4r2c 4R2C
4r2d 4R2D
4r2e 4R2E
4r2p 4R2P
4r2q 4R2Q
4r2r 4R2R
4x9j 4X9J
4z4k 4Z4K
5a7u 5A7U
5aas 5AAS
5apn 5APN
5apo 5APO
5dka 5DKA
5egb 5EGB
5eh2 5EH2
5ei9 5EI9
5gm6 5GM6
5hzd 5HZD
5i49 5I49
5ido 5IDO
5ion 5ION
5ke6 5KE6
5kea 5KEA
5keb 5KEB
5kl2 5KL2
5znf ALTERNATING ZINC FINGERS IN THE HUMAN MALE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN ZFY: 2D NMR STRUCTURE OF AN EVEN FINGER AND IMPLICATIONS FOR "JUMPING-LINKER" DNA RECOGNITION
PROSITE
ZINC_FINGER_C2H2
zf-C2H2
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You are here: Home / News / Boys and trauma…
Boys and trauma…
May 24, 2019 By Michael Maher
National Post – Colin Perkel, Canadian Press
Focus on traumatized boys critical to gender equality, new research shows
The distinction between the extent of traumatization between boys and girls is one of those thoughts that is somewhat startling. “Boys in poor urban areas around the world are suffering even more than girls from violence, abuse and neglect, ground-breaking international research published on Monday suggests.” The Journal of Adolescent Health is suggesting that the ACEs or the Adverse Childhood Experiences of boys were reported at higher rates for violence and abuse; researchers say that the boys are more likely later to develop violence in response while the girls exposed to violence and abuse are more likely to suffer depression. The report insists that growth towards gender equality has to consider these findings. https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/focus-on-traumatized-boys-critical-to-gender-equality-new-research-shows Related article: Toronto Star – Tanya Talaga Ontario turns away from a path to reconciliation https://www.thestar.com/politics/political-opinion/2019/05/22/ontario-turns-away-from-a-path-to-reconciliation.html
CBC News – Nick Murray
Food insecurity rising in Nunavut since launch of Nutrition North: study
In spite of efforts to subsidize the costs of food in the North since 2011, the prices are increasing and creating real nutritional insecurity. Families are opting to buy other necessities instead of food and are known to by-pass both individual meals and whole days without food because of the costs. 46% of Nunavut families are impacted as of 2016 but the situation appears to be deteriorating further. No one is able to definitively identify the cause of the growing insecurity but advocates are conceding that the federal program Nutrition North alone is not solving the problem to anyone’s satisfaction. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/food-insecurity-nunavut-nutrition-north-1.5140132
Thrive Global (US) – Ali Power, Fortune Society
Mental Health after Prison: What I Wish You Knew
The author is a therapist at a clinic for former inmates. She describes some of the last after effect on the capacity of former inmates to cope with having spent long years in solitary. She offers five lenses through which the harm to both inmate and family can be viewed and better understood. Her first lens is that prison is so traumatizing that one of the common after effects is PTSD, acquired through witnessing and participating in violence and continuing after release. There are four other impacts at the link. https://thriveglobal.com/stories/mental-health-after-prison-what-i-wish-you-knew/ Related article: The Intercept (US) Maryam Saleh and Spencer Woodman A Homeland Security Whistleblower Goes Public About ICE Abuse of Solitary Confinement https://theintercept.com/2019/05/21/ice-solitary-confinement-whistleblower/ Related article: The Intercept – Spencer Woodman, Maryam Saleh, Hannah Rappleye, Karrie Kehoe Solitary Voices: Thousands of Immigrants Suffer in Solitary Confinement in ICE Detention https://theintercept.com/2019/05/21/ice-solitary-confinement-immigration-detention/
NBC News – Janelle Richards, Michelle Cho and Kim Cornett
When they see us… directed and co-written by Ava DuVernay
The Central Park Five story has been made into a Netflix film now available called When They See Us. The story involved a rape for which five young Black and Latino boys were convicted and which led to Trump calling for their conviction, re-institution of the death penalty and execution in a full page ad in the New York papers. The boys, 14-16 at the time of the crime, who were admittedly beaten to confess falsely, were later exonerated by DNA evidence after serving time. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna1005151?__twitter_impression=true
Alberta Restorative Justice National Symposium (Nov 17-19, 2019 – Banff, AB)
Diverse Perspectives, Meaningful Solutions
Call for Presenters: Deadline June 30, 2019 (info@arja.ca )
The Broadbent Institute – Daniel KoniKoff and Akwasi Owusu-Bempah
Big Data and Criminal Justice – What Canadians Should Know
This article seeks to examine what are called ‘predictive justice technologies,’ or how justice supporting agencies use big data to project likely outcomes based on past performance. The justice version of garbage-in and garbage-out raises the concern that if the data is already biased going in to the analysis then the analysis itself continues whatever bias already there, and all projections or predictions are simply sustaining the build-in bias. The article scans the various software programs available as well comments on impact on courts, corrections and population segments. Though widespread in use in the US and Canada, the effectiveness of these programs remains largely unknown. (An 11 page downloadable pdf) https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/broadbent/pages/7382/attachments/original/1558443965/BigData_and_Criminal_Justice_Report.pdf Related article: Blogger Russell Webster (UK) Criminal Justice Statistics for 2018 https://mailchi.mp/russellwebster/50low515?e=10ab936adc
CBC News – Kate McKenna
126 cases and 0 criminal charges: Is Quebec’s police watchdog doing its job?
Just on odds alone, there is something wrong with this picture. The Quebec’s Bureau des enquêtes indépendantes (BEI) is tasked with investigating police incidents where civilians are killed or injured. Two years ago, the parents of Koray Celik of Île Bizard watched as four policemen punched, kicked and struck with batons their son on the floor of their house. Koray has been on pain killers for a dental problem and was drunk. Little did the parents expect this result when they called police to help with the son’s belligerence, especially as they tried to call off the police action when Koray had calmed down by the time of the police arrival. The Celiks and advocates say that the BEI, which uses ex-policemen, does not have the real independence to perform their duties. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/126-cases-and-0-criminal-charges-is-quebec-s-police-watchdog-doing-its-job-1.5140810
CBC News –
Sexual misconduct persists in military despite efforts to curb assault, StatsCan reports
Two years from the start of Operation Honour, the Canadian military has made only marginal improvement in the struggle against sexual assault; in fact, almost 900 cases were reported, a 1.6 % ratio to personnel in 2018 vs a 1.7% two years ago. There is a higher rate among reserves as opposed to regular CAF personnel. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/sexual-misconduct-military-operation-honour-1.5144601 Related article: CBC News – Sarah Leavitt Secretly filmed by boyfriend for years, Montreal-area woman says ‘it felt like the end of the world’ https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/secret-filming-ivac-1.5145141 Related article: CBC News – David Thurton Judge allows women’s rights group to challenge use of past sexual history in Joshua Boyle’s trial https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.5136224?__vfz=medium%3Dsharebar&__twitter_impression=true
CBC News – Donna Carreiro
The fight for sobriety behind bars: 4 inmates share their story
Inside Headingley Correctional Centre four inmates meet with a CBC team to record their reactions to a provincial inside-jail addiction program, one of only two in Canada (the other is in Nanaimo, BC). Not court ordered and in a separate building in the jail, the four men think they enjoy a real advantage in doing the program inside where they remain drug free. Said one of the four: “If you don’t heal what has hurt you, you’ll continue to bleed on people who never even cut you,” https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/headingley-inmates-addiction-1.5137344?__vfz=medium%3Dsharebar
City News (Toronto) – Canadian Press
Convictions that have led to consecutive murder sentences in Canada
This may be a helpful item around the practice of judges imposing sentences beyond the 25 years to life for murder. A judge, consequent to a Harper government change in the law, can, in the case of multiple murders, impose sentences that run after one another for each of the murders. Known as a consecutive sentence, when the first term is finished, the second begins and a convicted murderer no longer has access to parole after 25 years. The practice is inspired by the dictum that ‘life means life.’ The alternative is known as concurrent sentencing and would allow parole eligibility after the 25 years maximum. The 25 years max is intended as ‘a faint hope’ clause that may promote good behaviour while in jail and a willingness to embrace rehab programs. https://toronto.citynews.ca/2019/05/21/convictions-that-have-led-to-consecutive-murder-sentences-in-canada/amp/?__twitter_impression=true Related article: BuzzFeed News (UK) – Emily Dugan A Woman Died In Prison Six Years Beyond The Sentence For Her Crime. Now Her Family Have to Crowdfund to Prepare for Her Inquest https://www.buzzfeed.com/amphtml/emilydugan/the-family-of-a-woman-who-died-in-prison-are-having-to?__twitter_impression=true (Examines the UK indefinite sentence or Imprisonment for Public Safety or IPP) Related article: CBC News – Alison Crawford Public safety minister vows to overhaul ‘punitive’ criminal pardons system https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/liberal-criminal-justice-pardons-1.3412533?fbclid=IwAR0lIUpOmzvRdMmxje7eYJEyujNCuU0DS88L7hNbKpZOLymSFYWZ0lf1q0w
Edmonton Star – Omar Mosleh
Supreme Court orders new trial for man accused in Cindy Gladue’s death
Cindy Gladue was a 36 year Metis Indigenous woman and mother murdered viciously in an Edmonton motel bathroom. The man accused of her murder, a White trucker named Bradley Barton, was tried by a jury of 10 men and two women, none of whom were Indigenous themselves. Allegations are that the reason for the not guilty verdict was in the composition of the jury. The use of the victim’s preserved pelvic tissue for evidence in court prompted outcry protesting the indignity of first ever use of actual body parts in a trial. https://www.thestar.com/edmonton/2019/05/24/supreme-court-to-decide-on-retrial-in-landmark-cindy-gladue-case-that-could-redefine-sexual-consent.html Related article: CBC News Supreme Court to rule on whether Cindy Gladue’s accused killer will face new trial https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/gladue-supreme-court-indigenous-barton-trial-sexual-consent-1.5139137 Related article: Globe and Mail Kathryn Blaze Carlson More than a tragic headline: Cindy Gladue dreamt of a happy life https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-death-and-life-of-cindy-gladue/article24455472/
Filed Under: News Tagged With: Big Data, Central Park Five, consecutive sentencing, food insecurity, Gladue retrial, indefinite sentencing, Indigenous curriculum, male trauma, mental health, military, pardons, police watchdogs, predictive technology, prison programs, re-entry, sexual crimes, sexual history, solitary
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Microsoft’s E3 2019 press conference – A rather solid but not so spectacular E3 show
by Guest Author> in Opinion editorial - 06/13/19 at 4:35 PM
Xbox was second in line for this year’s E3 2019 Briefing after EA Play’s show and ensured to show of a plethora of games for fans and all players with a passion for games.
So regardless if you an Xbox fan or not you’re bound to hopefully find something you’ll like in the upcoming coverage and highlights of the show.
So, hold on tight, because there is much to discuss!
I’m quite excited about this game and hope to hear more leading to the release for “The Outer Worlds“.
Xbox opened this year’s E3 stage into outer space showing off more footage of “The Outer Worlds” by Obsidian Entertainment and Private Division.
In “The Outer Worlds” your set for the furthest edge of the galaxy and awoken decades later during a deep conspiracy that threatens to the destroy Halcyon Colony, as you get to decide who you will become as the story unfolds around you throughout the game.
Whilst we did get to see more about this game and luckily a release date that’s been set to October 25th, 2019, we still don’t know all that much about “The Outer Worlds”.
However, I’d like to stay optimistic given on Obsidian past games like “Fallout New Vegas” and “Star Wars Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lord”s. Was well received.
“Bleeding edge” looks like an exciting and fun online action experience to play with friends.
Next up was Ninja Theory who shared some news at E3 2019, like the fact that they are working on a handful of different game projects which they will share some information with us about in the near future.
Other than that, Ninja Theory also had us know that they had joined Xbox game studio’s (that has been known since E3 2018 though).
As for here and now though, Ninja Theory gave us our first look at “Bleeding edge“, which is a third-person/action combat and competitive team multiplayer game.
You can check “Bleeding edge” for yourself by signing up for its technical alpha which starts June 27th, and on a personal level. The trailer got me somewhat excited in what to expect seeing a great art style and character development from the little that was shown.
I think “Ori and the will of the Wisps” is a very beautiful and creative game. So if you haven’t already checked the game out, then do so as soon as possible!
We then got a further glimpse at the ever-so-beautiful art design, music and heartfelt story of “Ori and the will of the Wisps” launching February 11th, 2019.
“Minecraft Dungeons” is coming to PC and Xbox One in the Spring of next year (2020).
Also, we got a look at “Minecraft Dungeons” and how you can apparently become Thor? With the great hammer, 4-Player local and online co-op coming Spring 2020 to PC and Xbox One.
I can’t say that I’ve been all that impressed with what I’ve seen from EA’s “Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order“, at least not so far.
Further Footage was shown on EA’s upcoming “Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order“, and I must say the force felt weak with this one after watching it at EA’s Play.
Nevertheless, we did get a release date “Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order”, as the game is coming to PC and consoles on November 15th this year.
I know that I stated previously that I wasn’t so impressed by the game, but I like to stay open-minded for this game though. However, looking back over EA’s recent hiccups I am not entirely sure…
I mean, from what I’ve seen so far, “Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order” just felt like an old unreleased remaster rather than being something entirely new.
Do you dare to play “Blair Witch“? (it’s a first-person psychological horror game) Well, if you do, then you could pick up the game on the 30th of August this year for Xbox One.
We then got a world premiere of an upcoming “Blair Witch” game (it’s based on the 2016 Thriller/Horror film) and it looked rather good. That’s also why I hope to hear and see more of the game in a not too distant future.
Well, it’s very likely that I will, since “Blair Witch” is set for an Xbox One release on August 30th this Summer.
“No, you’re breathtaking” – Keanu Reeves to the audience after revealing his appearance on “Cyberpunk 2077“.
Next, we got CD Project Red, “Cyberpunk 2077” and Keanu Reeves. The perhaps perfect trio in one.
Anyways, Keanu explained that “Cyberpunk 2077” is set a metropolis future where body modifications have become an obsession, and you (the player) play as an outlaw an enhanced mercenary who’s working in the sleazy belly of the city.
Well, the E3 presentation most certainly looked breath-taking and impressive. So I’m really looking forward to “Cyberpunk 2077” as its set to be released on April the 16th next year (2020), and not the jokingly expected year date it was set in!.
A brand-new “Battletoads” game got announced during the Xbox E3 show (“Battletoads” is said to launch via Xbox game pass in the near future), and so was the Hand-Drawn Indie RPG “The Legend of Wright” (the game is coming to Xbox One, PC and mobile in 2020).
MS then showed off the cozy management game “SpiritFarer” (the game is coming to Xbox One in 2020), where you build, care, explore and learn to say goodbye as you explore the world and guide your spirit friends across the seas to set them free into the afterlife.
After that we were shown a brand-new “Battletoads” game (which most fans don’t like all that much at the moment…) where players get to join Rash, Pimple and Zits in their biggest battle yet through an explosive 3-Player couch co-op beat-em up! (“Battletoads” is said to launch “soon” for Xbox One).
And once the “Battletoads” trailer was over, we got to see a very impressive and beautiful trailer of the upcoming hand-drawn indie RPG “The Legend of Wright” (the game is coming to Xbox One, PC, iOS and Android in the Spring of 2020).
ID @ Xbox showing off more games all releasing game pass on day one.
ID @ Xbox then shows of a multitude of games that all launch with Xbox Gamepass on the day of release.
Well, I don’t know about you, but that’s something which I really like to see. Why? Because ID @ Xbox really enables developers and small indie-devs to bring their dreams to a reality.
Furthermore, after seeing just the shear amount of games that’s been shown every year at E3 with ID @ Xbox, it is really exciting as your bound to find something that you’ll enjoy! And having access to all of these games with Gamepass is an added bonus with no doubt.
Yep, you can join the beta for the Xbox game pass for PC right now if you feel like it.
More on, Xbox Gamepass today announced that “Batman Arkham Knight”, “Metro Exodus”, “Hollow Knight”, “Borderlands” and the “Handsome Jack Collection” are now available for Xbox players.
And if you’re a PC Gamer then you’re in luck with Xbox Gamepass for PC which, has a handful of selected games for PC gamers with over access to a 100 games by August.
Nice indeed, but if that’s not what you wanted, then you could always try Xbox Gamepass ultimate instead as it gives you a Gamepass for PC, Xbox and Xbox Live gold (the beta is out right now for£1\$1)
I think it’s safe to say that “Microsoft Flight Simulator” has never EVER looked or felt this good before.
Xbox then propelled to the sky with a very impressive trailer of “Microsoft Flight Simulator” (which is coming soon to Xbox One), “Age of Empires II Definitive Edition” (which launches this Fall for PC and Xbox One) and “Wasteland 3” (which is coming to PC and Xbox One in 2020).
The awesomeness didn’t end there though, as a brand-new and crazy good-looking trailer for “Psychonauts 2” was shown as well.
Bandai Namco’s action RPG “Dragon Ball Z: Kakarot” is coming to Xbox One and PS4 in early 2020.
Moving on, I was really feeling the force with the upcoming hilarious “Lego Star Wars the Skywalker Saga” featuring all nine films in one game.
However, if LEGO and Star Wars isn’t your cup of tea, then maybe “Dragonball Z” is more your thing with the upcoming action RPG “Dragon Ball Z: Kakarot“? (the game is coming to PS4 and Xbox One in early 2020)
Well, I found “Dragon Ball Z: Kakarot” to look rather cool at least. Even so, it remains to be seen how good (or bad) the game really is (the actual gameplay).
“12 Minutes” is an interactive thriller game about a man that’s trapped in a time loop (the game is coming to PC and Xbox One in 2020).
Another game that really caught my attention was “12 Minutes“. The game really fascinated me as you play as a man that’s trapped in a time loop as an interactive thriller.
So “12 Minutes” really excites me as I found the game to be super unique and not something I’ve seen much of before.
So if you feel the same way as I do about “12 Minutes”, then I’m glad to inform you that the game is coming out to PC and Xbox One in 2020.
“Way to the Woods” is coming to PC and Xbox One in 2020.
After the “12 Minutes” trailer we were shown we got to see a glimpse of “Way to the Woods“. So what is that game all about then?
Well, “Way to the Woods” is a pretty darn cool looking third-person adventure game about two deers that’s been abandoned who must find their way home (“Way to the Woods” is coming to PC and Xbox One in 2020).
Personally, I couldn’t help to think of “Way to the Woods” as a rad game version of “Bambi”. So let’s hope that the game turns out to be as great as it looks (we will know for sure in 2020!).
In “Gears 5” you continue Kaits Journey to discover her origins, something of which has turned out to be both complicated and dangerous (“Gears of War 5” is coming to Xbox One on September 10th).
We then found out that “Gears 5” is coming to Xbox One on September 10th, and that you can play “Gears 5” four days early if you buy the Ultimate Edition or having Xbox Game Pass Ultimate.
As for the game itself, “Gears 5” literally combines everything you know about gears but turned straight up to 11!
Furthermore, if you pre-order or play within the first week you get access to the neat looking “Terminator Dark Fate” character pack (I for one didn’t see that one coming).
The Elite Wireless Controller Series 2 controller is coming to Xbox One on the 28th of October this year in North America, and the price tag has been set to 179,99 USD.
Xbox then showcased its new improved Xbox One Elite Controller (Xbox Elite Wireless Controller Series 2) with more customizability, three custom profiles to instantly switch between and extended battery life claimed to last 40+ hours on one charge.
So if you like the sound of that, then you can pre-order the Xbox Elite Wireless Controller Series 2 right now via Xbox.com (it’s all yours for 179,99 USD).
Techland and Chris Avellone’s “Dying Light 2” is coming to PS4, Xbox One and PC in 2020.
We then get a further look at “Dying Light 2” with more footage and nothing much new we find out about to really get a taste about what to expect.
The new “Forza Horizon 4” LEGO Speed Champions expansion is out now for Xbox One.
Next after “Dying Light 2” “Forza Horizon 4” raced up on stage with a half a million Lego life-sized Sienna figures as the upcoming “Lego Speed Champions” expansion pack was shown (the expansion pack is coming to Xbox One on 13th).
So what does this expansion got to offer then? Well, “Lego Speed Champions” offers its players world full of lego, new lego vehicles and tons of bricks to Smash.
Nice indeed, and I really like this because I can appreciate that “Forza Horizon” is an arcade racing game and doesn’t take itself too serious, but also ensures to maintain a true racing experience for all types of fans.
However, for the more serious players about simulation racing, I felt rather let down as there was no new “Forza Motorsport” game mentions or announcements at E3 at all (I hope that will change during E3 2020)…
You will soon be able to pre-order “Gears Pop” for iOS and Android.
Moving on, if you remember “Gears Pop” from last year’s E3 and enjoy mobile games and Gears, then maybe this is the game for you. Well, if that’s the case then you can register now for Android and iOS and get access to the game very soon (“Gears Pop” doesn’t seem to be my kind of game, so I’ll pass on it).
“Crossfire X” is blasting its way onto Xbox One first in 2020.
So if “Gears Pop” wasn’t your kind of game, then perhaps”State of Decay 2” is something you enjoy with the all new DLC expansion “Heartland” (which is available right now).
Sega then announced for the first time ever that “Phantasy Star Online 2” and “Crossfire X” is coming first to console on Xbox One, we then yet again get another world premiere in the shape of “Tales of Arise” (all three games is coming to Xbox One in 2020).
Wub, Wub your way onto “Borderlands 2” new DLC in the fight for Sanctuary the set up for “Borderlands 3“.
“Borderlands 3” then wub, Wub, Wubs its way on stage showing off even more footage and story coming September 13th to Xbox One with four new Vaults Hunters as you Shoot, Loot or Shloot? Across multiple worlds fighting against the Children of the Vault.
But wait! There is more! Because the “Handsome Jack collection” is now available on Gamepass and even more “Borderlands 2” content is now available as a new DLC adventure has dropped for the game (the “Commander Lilith & the Fight for Sanctuary” DLC is 100% free!)
XCloud is said to launch in October of this year. So if that’s true, then you should be able to play your Xbox games on the go no matter where you are.
Nope, we’re not quite done yet as another world premiere was shown on Eldering showing off a short trailer of what to expect.
We then got to hear Phil Spencer talk about XCloud and how we could use the Xbox One console to stream games across the cloud to play our games on the go.
The idea would be to use your own console or Microsofts own Data center in-order to play games you want no matter where you are in the world. Well, in October of this year we shall find out if there’s any truth to all of this.
Project Scarlett is the next Xbox console, and it’s said to be four times as powerful as the Xbox One X. Well, we should find out if that’s true or not sometime during the Holiday of 2020 (the Project Scarlett console is launching with “Halo Infinite”.
Finally, Xbox’s next console (which currently goes under the name of “Project Scarlett“) was unveiled, and it’s a console which a lot of players and fans have been eager to find out more about.
Right of the bat though, I found the console to be rather underwhelming! Because other than what we can expect from the next Xbox console generation, nothing else was shown.
We did get some specs for the console though. As Xbox claims that their next console is said to be be 4-times more powerful than the Xbox One X.
And that includes everything from up to 120fps and 8K Capability, Faster Load times, Ray-tracing hardware accelerated capability and a custom engineered AMD Zen 2 Processor using GDDR6 graphics.
“Halo Infinite” and the Project Scarlett console are both launching during the Holiday of 2020.
We were also informed that we get to embark on the continuation of “Halo” together with the Master Chief with the release of the next generation Xbox console of Holiday 2020.
That’s right. As Xbox’s Project Scarlett is set to launch in the Holiday of 2020 where the launch title just happens to “Halo Infinite“.
As nice as all of this might sound though, I felt rather let down by all of this. I mean, sure. We did indeed got to see some in-engine gameplay from “Halo Infinite”.
However, we got to see nothing more other than what we did a year ago where Xbox could have made a serious and huge statement and set the bar in next-generation gaming…
Entertainment Value: 3/5
Surprises 3/5
Verdict: 4/5
In overall, I think Xbox’s E3 2019 briefing was rather solid press conference, but nothing spectacular was shown really.
Even so, there is a lot that you can take away from this Xbox’s E3 2019 show. So I think that Xbox’s E3 2019 event can get you really excited for the future of games and just how much was shown off.
However, I was quite eager to hear more about the next generation of consoles get a sneak peek of what’s next and how Xbox plans to tackle the competition in the race for domination in the industry.
Instead what we got was what we knew to expect and not a lot more about “Halo Infinite” besides what was shown in the E3 2019 trailer…Nevertheless, I suspect we’ll hear great things in the coming months leading to its holiday release.
So, all in all, Xbox provided an intense grappling E3 show that had an overwhelming amount of games and content but are keeping things tight for what’s next and details on their next generation console!
Robin Ek – Editor and co-writer.
This is a personal opinion of the writer, and it doesn’t necessarily represent the other writers (nor The Gaming Ground´s) opinions.
***Disclosure***
I’m not a fan of Microsoft and prefer Sony. That said, I was as objective as possible, and believe that Microsoft had a much better presentation than Sony.
Brendon Morris
The Gaming Ground
Twitter: @TheGamingGround
More by Guest Author:
The winning blackjack strategy – A how-to guide
Here are some really good and inspiring movies that could improve your studies
These are some of the best ways of how video games can boost learning
Here are some really useful tips on how to travel the world and study at the same time
This is the reason why “Wild Swarm” is one of the best games among all slot-based game titles
Tags: Cyberpunk 2077, Dying Light 2, E3, E3 2019, Halo: Infinite, Microsoft, Project Scarlett, Xbox, Xbox One
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Will Strikeforce Technologies Inc (OTCMKTS:SFOR) Keep Its Gains?
tags: SFOR
After logging in four sessions in a row of massive gains and reaching a close at $0.003 at the end of last week yesterday the stock of Strikeforce Technologies Inc (OTCMKTS:SFOR) suffered a painful drop. It opened the trading day at $0.003 but it quickly lost its footing and plunged towards the bottom of the chart. When the closing bell rang SFOR were sitting at $0.0023 for a loss of nearly 18%. Will this be a brief step back or is the stock going to wipe even more of its recent gains?
Well, there aren’t that many pennystocks that can claim to have won a patent litigation against one of the most powerful corporations in the world but SFOR did exactly that. On January 15 the company settled its litigation against Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ:MSFT) and in exchange for licensing its patents to MSFT it received a non-disclosable one-time lump sum payment. The quarterly report covering the first three months of the year revealed that the sum was in the amount of $9.75 million.
Although at first glance this truly seems as a gargantuan success for the company upon closer inspection things start to look far less impressive. First of all SFOR had to use over $4.1 million in order to pay the fees related to the settlement litigation. That still left them with proceeds of more than $4.5 million and it allowed the company to pay off some of its outstanding convertible debt. The shareholders still suffered through a disastrous amount of dilution, though, when in less than six months the outstanding shares grew from 22.7 million to over 2.2 BILLION.
The quarterly report states that by March 31 1.8 billion shares had seen the light of day at prices ranging from $0.000058 and $0.0008 while according to the subsequent events section since the end of the quarter SFOR has issued 313 million shares as a conversion of accrued interest on notes with variable conversion features and 155 million shares as a cashless exercise of warrants.
Last month SFOR announced that it has started patent litigation against three new major companies but that doesn’t make the red flags any less serious. If you determined to trade the stock do extensive due diligence before committing to anything.
In early trading today SFOR is still crashing hard currnetly trading over 17% in the red at $0.00.19
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Previous story Cardiome Pharma Corp (NASDAQ:CRME) Plunge Following Dilution Plans
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Changing Allegiance
Relena looked up from her computer as a knock sounded at her door, and rubbed the fatigue from her eyes. "Come in!"
Noin gave her a small smile as she walked in and closed the door tightly before collapsing into one of the chairs opposite the ornate desk. Relena gave her a thoughtful look. "Rough day for you, too?"
Noin nodded. "Most of my contacts have gone silent, Relena, and I don't know why. I spent hours trying to track one of them down, but… Shoot, he's been gone so long I don't even know if he's still alive."
"I'm sorry to hear that," Relena said softly. "Luca…"
"But Tim will be here tomorrow!" the dark-haired woman said, her face lighting up again. "I haven't seen him in a few months, but we've talked so much… it's like a day hasn't gone by since we last saw each other, you know?"
The other girl laughed out loud. "Not a day, eh? Must be an extraordinary young man, this Tim Wilde…"
Noin shot her a dirty look, but couldn't help the light blush on her face. "Speaking of extraordinary young men… where's the soldier boy? I actually need to talk to him…"
"Oh, I think he and Dorothy are off in the gymnasium, finishing off that duel they declared yesterday."
"What?!"
Both Noin and Relena had been surprised by the bizarre friendship that had struck up between Dorothy and Heero over the past week. But even stranger than the friendship was the way it disappeared whenever a contest of any sort was proposed. In this particular case, it had started with an innocent comment from Pargan about fencing foils…
Noin looked aghast. "After yesterday, are you actually willing to let either of them near a pointy-ended implement of death without a chaperone of some sort?!"
Relena cocked her head and gave a small smile. "You know as well as I do that neither will do the other any permanent damage, Luca. Besides, they needed a break, and I didn't want…" She sighed. "I didn't want anyone to think I was getting clingy again. Heaven only knows what would happen this time!" She grimaced.
"Relena?" Noin asked, worried.
The girl looked up immediately, attempting to smile. "Oh, it's not… Hang it all! Luca, it's so unfair!"
"What is?"
Relena rested her chin on one fist while gesticulating in the air with her other hand. "He really is remarkable… But he seems so happy whenever he talks about Duo or the others… It made me think- you know I'd never actually talked to him – just a normal conversation, I mean – before today? I've tried to work up the nerve before, but after Dorothy's display I wasn't sure how he'd… Anyway, we actually talked. He even offered to help with some of my homework, and I couldn't believe just how much he knows. But he still kept saying that 'Quatre knows this stuff better than I do,' or 'Wufei could probably give a better explanation.' He was treating me like a real person. And I really liked that."
Noin smiled fondly at the younger girl. "A real friend, you mean."
"Yes, that's right." Relena smiled back.
Noin arched an eyebrow. "A real friend that you then allowed to be dragged away so Dorothy could practice on him?"
Relena actually laughed. "Why not? She's getting so fidgety for news that she was driving me crazy, and it's not as if she could really get a mark on him…"
Noin laughed as well. "What do you say we go hunt them down? I need to speak with both of them, actually."
"Let's go!" Relena agreed, and the two left in comfortable silence.
"Hey, Trowa! It's almost lunchtime!" Sally yelled up through cupped hands towards the teenager perched next to the communications gear, far up the main mast of the 'Northern Light.'
He waved at her, and Sally couldn't help a short giggle. Only that morning, the ship's captain, Walt, had challenged Trowa to an arm wrestling match to try and keep the reckless teenager from scaring any more crew members with his "explorations" of the freighter. Needless to say, everyone had been shocked when Trowa won the small match.
And promptly celebrated by climbing the communications array and perching at its top like a seabird. Sally actually thought it was kind of funny.
To his credit, Trowa didn't simply leap down; he repelled down using the ropes extending the length of the mast, and gave her a gentle smile as he landed. "Did someone say lunch?"
The doctor smiled at him. "You know, I never would have pegged you as such a troublemaker, Barton. Duo, definitely, but not you."
The tall teen gallantly held the bulkhead door open for her as they went in out of a steady, chilly North Atlantic wind. "I'm not causing trouble, I'm just… curious. I've never really been at sea before."
She turned to look at him. "Didn't you say you'd been on Earth before this whole…" she waved her hands in the air as she sought the right word, "thing started?"
He nodded. "Oh, I've travelled, but never on the water. I never knew it was so… big. So blue."
Sally snickered. "And so you decided to try your hand at terrorising a crew of Sweepers?"
Trowa gave her a rakish grin. "Can you think of anything better to do, Doctor? It's perfectly safe – I know what I'm doing."
"Safe for you, maybe, but not for those of us watching who don't know what you are capable of."
Trowa sighed deeply as he stopped by a table in the galley and removed his jacket, neatly placing it over the back of his chair. "I'm sorry. I'm just… bored. All my suit upgrades are up to date, I'm worried about the others… if I had either a shooting range or a sparring partner, I promise you I'd find alternate ways of working this out."
Sally gave him a sympathetic look, and groaned as he looked her straight in the eye with that damned 'I-miss-Quatre-and-I'm-unhappy' pout he seemed to have perfected. She grabbed him in a gruff one-armed hug. "I tell you what. We'll compromise – I'll convince Walt to clear out the radio room and give you some time in there to call whoever you want, but in return, you have to promise to stay off the communications gear until tomorrow."
Trowa snorted. "By tomorrow, we'll make landfall and I won't be able to go up there, anyway."
"Please?"
He grunted and stepped away as she gave him a look of her own. "Fine, it's a deal. You know, I feel bad for Jason, all of the sudden."
"Why?" Sally had to ask.
"Because if I swung that way, that little look of yours would be most convincing." He grinned and took off for the buffet at the other side of the room before she could react.
"Barton!" Blushing bright red, Sally followed.
Quatre leaned back in Sandrock's cockpit and let his mind wander as he waited for the okay to power up the suit.
They'd had word earlier in the week from Howard's people in Lisbon that both Sally and Trowa were safely aboard a Sweeper freighter bound for Montreal. Treize had contacted them to let them know they were aboard the mining satellite and beginning to set up operations. Heero and Une were still in Sanc, their departure time still unknown.
He chuckled mentally as he thought back to Heero's last call. Most people would have thought Duo would be the one to call the Japanese teen daily, but the opposite was the case. Heero called at least once a day... had actually called three times the previous day. The last time, Duo had left the comm shack shaking his head and mumbling curses and threats in frustration, the mildest being the threat to 'blow up the damned comm system if that over-protective, mother-henning, gorgeous imbecile called one more time...'
"Okay, Blondie! Power that baby up!" Howard's voice broke into his thoughts and the blond teen flipped the switch.
Sandrock's systems hummed and green lights flashed across the control panel.
"We're green, Howard!" Quatre shouted.
"Good!" the Sweeper boss replied. "Now, hit the stealth systems!"
Quatre complied and heard cheers from the floor.
"Perfect! Okay, kid, power down and haul your butt down here!" Howard shouted again. "Since your baby is now finished, we can use your help on Deathscythe. Make it fast, kid!"
The blond shut the suit down, rode the guide wire to the floor and jogged to Howard's side in front of Duo's suit.
"What do you need me for?"
"I need you to get my brat outta that cockpit for lunch," Howard grumbled. "He's been working since dawn and won't come out."
Quatre laughed. "Hiding from Heero?"
"Ya think? I'm telling you kid, if Yuy calls today, I may rip out the comm systems myself!"
"Hey Howie!" one of the mechanics yelled, holding up a phone, "You got a call here!"
Quatre nearly choked on a laugh as the Sweeper boss growled and shook a fist. "Take a message, dammit! Can't you see we're busy, here? Tell Yuy that this is ridiculous! He knows the Kid is fine! Why does he -"
"Ah, boss, it's not Heero... It's a scrambled line from our freighter Northern Light..."
"Oh, right," Howard mumbled sheepishly. "I'd say that call is for you, Blond -"
Howard's voice cut off as he noticed that Quatre was no longer beside him, but running across the large hangar towards the phone.
"I'm not sure which is worse," Treize murmured, leaning into Zechs with a sigh, "being apart from Wufei and being unable to contact him, or being separated and able to contact him..."
"Well, at least we can talk to him," Zechs pointed out. "We know they're all right."
"True," the ginger-haired man replied, squeezing his hand. "But it also seems to make the separation even more painful. Marie looked well and happy, didn't she?" he added, switching topics abruptly.
"You expected something else, with everyone there making a point to make this situation as easy as possible for her?"
Treize chuckled slightly. "No, I guess not. But a small part of me was hoping she'd miss me as much as I miss her."
Zechs kissed his lover and smiled.
"She does miss you, Treize," he said, "but they're keeping her so busy she hasn't consciously noticed it. You should be grateful - "
"I am, I am," Treize cut in, almost apologetically. "I'm sorry, Zechs. I'm just out of sorts. We're stuck out here on this isolated satellite and nearly out of the loop. I feel useless. I'm getting frustrated..."
"I know how you feel. In fact, I'd say everyone here feels the same. Remember, this is just temporary. Once everyone else is in place, we'll start moving again. Maybe we should take the chance to relax a bit while we can, since things will be getting hectic again soon."
"You do have a point, my dear Lightning Count," Treize grinned. "What do you think of a little R and R?"
The blond pilot laughed out loud, kissing his lover quickly before pulling away and rising.
"I think that would be an excellent idea. However, aren't we expecting a call from Sanc?"
"Yes, we are. However, we have..." Treize glanced at his watch, then grinned. "We have two hours before that..."
Zechs smirked, and led the other man out of the control room.
"Sabres or foils?"
Heero and Une stood back and watched impassively as Noin practically danced in place, watching the last of three mobile suit carriers set down and taxi into the hidden hangar. She turned to them with a large grin on her face as the ships finally stopped and began to shut down their engines. "He's here! Finally – I've been looking forward to seeing him again!"
"And he brought some friends – even better," Une said, arching an eyebrow and brushing an imagined piece of lint from her spotless uniform. It was Noin's idea that the two OZ officers meet their new recruits in full uniform. Heero was trying hard not to twitch at the thought.
The cockpit door of the first plane opened, and Heero watched, curious, as a tall young man with dark hair and eyes jumped out and began issuing orders almost immediately. The officer had his troops in order in an admirably short amount of time, mustered in front of the three planes that, one had to assume, held their suits.
They could hear him as the last few pilots slipped into formation and stood at attention. "Very good! Lieutenant Noin will be here very soon, and she'll be very pleased…" Heero cocked an eyebrow at the man's accent – was that Welsh? Or Scottish? Trowa would have known.
"Wilde! You're finally here!" Noin yelled.
The man pivoted and smiled as he returned Noin's wave, but his jaw fell open comically as he truly looked behind her. Not only was Colonel Une, herself, standing there, but just behind them…
Wing Gundam gleamed in the low lights of the hangar.
Wilde pointed up at Wing confusedly. "When did you get an upgrade, Noin, and where can I get one, too?"
She laughed and darted forward, returning his salute before she hugged the flabbergasted man. "Oh, it's not mine, though the pilot has been kind enough to let me into the cockpit. I think you'll like him."
"A Gundam pilot…"
"Captain Wilde, very nice to see you again," Une said, stepping forward.
He saluted her automatically. "Ma'am! I didn't know you would be here personally…"
"It wasn't planned, Wilde, though it has proved to be… amusing, to say the least. Welcome to Sanc," Une replied with a salute of her own.
"His Excellency…"
Noin interjected, "General Kushrenada is just fine. Wasn't his broadcast something else?"
"Almost enough to make me like the tea-spilling Yank who wrote the Declaration, to begin with," Wilde replied with a smooth smile of his own. His eyes darted to where Heero leaned nonchalantly against the leg of his Gundam. "Good afternoon, sir. You must be the pilot of that baby."
"Hn," Heero replied, not too sure what he thought about hearing his Gundam called a 'baby.' "I'm Heero Yuy, nice to meet you."
The two shook hands, and Wilde's eyes went slightly wider at the strength of Heero's grip. "Captain Timothy James Wilde at your service. I always hoped I'd meet one of you."
Une snickered slightly. "If you're truly unlucky, you just might meet all of them."
"All of…" Wilde gawked openly at the three people before him. "Okay, I hope showing up with this many suits and men means that I get to hear the story, because I have a feeling it's a good one."
"A very good one, and yes," Noin responded warmly, though she caught the look of alarm in Heero's eyes as she said it. She gave him a small nod of her head. I won't say too much, but they deserve to know something.
He nodded back and stepped forward. "Let's get those Leos unloaded and safely hidden away…"
"How'd you know we're carrying Leos?!"
Heero smirked. "Air speed and trajectory, plus the number of men, you do the math." He walked towards the assembled pilots.
Wilde stared at Heero's retreating back. "That guy… whoa."
"You don't know the half of it, I assure you," Une commented, watching as Heero neatly took charge. "Move out, soldier!"
"Yes, ma'am!" He turned and hurried after Heero, boot heels clicking on the pavement.
Noin and Lady Une exchanged looks as Dorothy's semi-weekly call to her grandfather was routed through yet another satellite signal. The darker-haired woman frowned. That many cut outs means he must be off-planet by now. Zechs, I really hope you're being careful up there!
Dorothy shot the two a look of caution as the call finally went through, silently warning them to be silent.
On-screen, Duke Dermail smiled benignly at Dorothy. "My darling girl! Are you enjoying your stay in Sanc?"
Dorothy rolled her eyes theatrically. "Do you have any idea what I'm going through for you? They made me sit through a class on the proper etiquette of a reception ceremony for a peace summit! Do you have any idea how bored I was?!"
Noin smirked, but managed not to laugh. The idea of Relena trying to teach proper etiquette to anyone was… Well, it was ridiculous!
Dermail shook his head sadly. "Think of it as being the same etiquette you'd use for our New Romefeller, when all is ready, dear girl. It can't be that bad…"
"She has a bright pink limousine, grandfather. And she made me ride in it with her," Dorothy moaned. "It is the single, most hideous piece of machinery ever to be built."
It was all true – in fact, Relena had offered Heero a ride, too. It was hard to say whose reaction had been the more memorable, Dorothy's or his!
The blond girl shot a serious look at the vidscreen. "Miss Relena is completely clueless. I almost feel bad for these people she calls her 'subjects.' When we do actually come in here and take it over, she's going to fold to us like a house of cards."
"She has no defences, then?" Dermail asked, interestedly.
Dorothy shook her head. "A set of personal bodyguards, to be certain, but Relena is too dedicated a pacifist to even begin to form up any kind of armed defence force. Her personal guard would fight for her to the death, though."
"Indeed." Dermail's eyes twinkled. "Well, that is good news. Though I'm afraid I'm going to have to leave you there for a bit longer. We have… ah, switched objectives, for the moment."
"What?"! Dorothy exclaimed, eyes wide. "Grandfather! That's cruel, and you know it!"
He laughed. "You were always such the little dramatist, my dear! Do calm yourself. I said a little longer, but not much. If you must know, I am in space right now, trying to deal with the remnants of your thrice-damned cousin Treize's influence. These pathetic fools don't realise they're cut off from anyone who could help them. They've taken the space fortress Barge, and I'm afraid we can't just let them have it."
"But grandfather…"
He smiled again. "There can only be one power in the Colonies, dear girl, and when the construction is done there won't be a spaceship out here that could resist us. A shame Treize turned out to be against us – I hate wasting resources like this. Regrettable, but it must be done."
Dorothy shook her head. "Grandfather, you can't possibly mean you're going to attack Barge?! Its cannons will take out any force you send in before they can get within their strike radius."
He shook his head. "You forget the mobile dolls, my dear. Faster and more precise than human pilots, and utterly expendable. If Barge stands against us, it must be destroyed."
"I had forgotten about the dolls, yes," Dorothy said, looking thoughtful. "Should I be expecting to hear about the attack soon, then?"
"Soon enough, my dear, but it's best not to say," Dermail replied. "I do not trust that your cousin would not try and listen in on our communications, if he could find you."
Dorothy's eyes glinted. "He will get nothing from me, I swear it!"
"I know, my girl, I know. That's why you're my favourite granddaughter, after all." Dermail's eyes darted offscreen for a short moment. "I'm afraid I need to cut this off, though. Be careful, my dear, and do stay close to the Princess, should something happen. I don't want to hear that you've come to any harm."
"I'm always careful, grandfather," Dorothy replied, nodding her head. "I hope to see you soon."
"Of course you do. Tata!" The screen blanked out.
No sooner had the screen gone blank than Dorothy was out of her seat and pulling the two older women from the room. "We need to warn Barge – they won't stand a chance against a fleet of dolls unless they're prepared…"
Une shook her head. "No – we need to do better than that. We need to back them up." Her eyes took on a steely glint. "Heero and I will be leaving shortly. Having a Gundam in the mix will undoubtedly help. I'm not a half-bad pilot myself, either."
Noin shook her head. "We can't get you launched safely right now – someone will be watching us, I guarantee you."
Une smiled darkly. "You won't need to worry about that, Noin. All we need you to do is to pilot us to within striking distance of a nearby base with a catapult launch. You can keep the 'Buddy' here. If Heero can get us onto that base, we can launch ourselves fairly easily, with no connection to you."
"We need to warn Treize, too," Dorothy commented, clasping her hands together. "There might be something he can do."
"Let's hope so," Une said darkly.
TBC...
On to Chapter 48
Gundam Wing II
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Pithampur Company Contact Number
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TheTranscendenceDiaries
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About the Transcendence Diaries
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Facebook Versus Twitter In An Existential Ethical Battle
If life were fair, we’d all be using Twitter instead of Facebook. But life is only fair in our imagination and the stories we tell ourselves through our movies and religions. Just when we thought it couldn’t get any worse in the ethically challenged world of Facebook, CEO Mark Zuckerberg just returned from a speaking tour to promote Facebook’s official policy to allow political advertising on FB that blatantly lies or promotes untruths, a fact the Trump re-election campaign had already been taking advantage of, which is what prompted the formal public announcement. Zuckerberg also reiterated they will not be fact-checking political ads, claiming that lying in political ads “is an issue of freedom of speech”. (Since lying and spreading fallacious statements is a constitutional right.) But no one is buying it. Facebook employees reacted by sending the CEO a petition of protest stating they don’t agree with the policy. A few well known money managers liquidated Facebook’s stock from their portfolios stating they couldn’t own the company in good conscience because “Facebook’s blatant lack of integrity and constant assault on truth is disgusting”. Even longtime FB haters have been shocked by this latest policy decision. Analysts on yesterday’s earnings call threw Zuck plenty of life preservers hoping he would adjust or clarify the decision. But before he could say anything, Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey beat him to the punch by Tweeting and issuing a press release (at the exact start time of FB’s earnings call) to announce it would no longer allow any political advertising on its platform globally due to the proliferation of fallacious and misleading statements, stating “political message influence should be earned, not bought.” Salesforce CEO Marc Benioff went on record saying that “Facebook is the most dangerous company in the world today” (though he may have temporarily forgotten about Lockheed Martin et al.) calling them “the Big Tobacco of our time”. (Mark is a good guy but has always been prone to hyperbole.)
So… all around bad news right? Wrong. For us, yes. For the world, sure. But not for Facebook. Facebook reported yet another stellar earnings report last night. Advertising revenue has not decelerated, but continues to grow. Monthly and daily average user numbers are still growing. Facebook is one of the largest countries on planet earth, for perspective, with DAUs of 1.6 billion. Compared to only 150 million for TWTR. The companies aren’t comparable on any metric. Some on Main Street have voiced their concern by stopping using FB and switching to Instagram. The joke is obviously on them since Insta is FB.
For some, yesterday was an existential line in the sand, the ethical battle lines clearly drawn between the good and the bad, the heroic and villainous, the helpful versus harmful. Dorsey didn’t just abstain from making a judgment call that harms the world community for a profit, he took a bold step for conscious capitalism knowing it would negatively affect profits. Likewise Zuckerberg didn’t just not take an action that could have helped the world, he made a decision to generate more profits knowing it would be harmful.
But does anyone care? That’s the real question. In a world where evils like nuclear weapons, royalty, the Catholic Church, big tobacco, big oil, big Pharma, political lobbying, live organ harvesting in China, etc. have been traditionally routinely ignored and allowed to exist, it is hard to imagine that humanity’s good conscience is what’s going to stop Facebook from doing whatever it wants to despite how harmful it might be. But that may be the cynical viewpoint. Or the realistic one. One thing is certain though: Facebook exists for one reason only, to generate money. If it’s user base started to decline and it started losing money because people didn’t agree with its policies, it would change said policies overnight. I personally don’t enjoy Twitter but find it useful if not essential for certain things. Though I wholeheartedly respect and admire the company and it’s executive team. On the other hand i thoroughly enjoy Facebook and Insta as a user. Though I loathe the company and it’s executives. It’s tricky for all of us I’m sure. I would love to see us as a community collectively take FB down or force them to grow a conscience. Just thinking out loud.
Activism, Current Events, Personal Expression Age, Social Media facebook, Jack Dorsey, lies in political ads, mark Zuckerberg, political advertising, social media, Twitter
Disney Pulls the Plug on Roseanne for Racist Tweet — Fair?
Revered Disney Chief Officer Bob Iger made a simple statement this afternoon about his decision to cancel the new Roseanne series reboot on ABC based on her posting a rather racist comment on Twitter about former Obama White House advisor Valerie Jarret (weird, right?), saying “It took us about 2 hours to discuss the details. No time at all. Obviously a lot of people are going to lose their jobs because of Roseanne’s behavior and that’s never a good thing. But no, there’s no debate when it comes to doing what is morally right, at least not for us.”
It’s bold to stay committed to respect, basic human decency and the pursuit of noble goals in a society gone mad. So kudos to Mr. Iger. Was it fair? Well, that’s a debate that will probably rage on for years to come. But as long as the United States is still a capitalist democracy, hell yes it’s fair. Roseanne worked for Disney. Disney works for their shareholders, and they clearly know what said shareholders expect from them. Racism is not one of those things. In fact, one would be hard pressed to find anyone who delights in racism except for fringe elements of society. And though yes even their rights to free speech are protected, it doesn’t mean we have to hire them or even associate with them. Thank God for free market capitalism and democracy. If your check says Disney or ABC (one of its many subsidiaries) on it, then they have a right to fire you just as much as they do to hire you. Govern yourself accordingly.
What occurred to me at first was a little bit of shock — Roseanne just recently returned to mainstream relevance after two decades of being largely ignored. I’m personally not a fan. But couldn’t help but be happy for her. But now this…? Always controversial, her comment today wasn’t a funny joke as much as just a dumb jab. Albeit a peculiar and random one (Valerie Jarret? Really?) with an overtly racist tone. But then again modern American comedy is filled with offensive and shocking vulgarity and racism. Its rampant. And literally unwatchable if you have more refined tastes. So what’s the difference here? The platform? Twitter versus Comedy Central? more “Disney Pulls the Plug on Roseanne for Racist Tweet — Fair?”
Art and Entertainment, Current Events, Personal Expression Age, Social Media, Television
Yanny or Laurel — A Landmark Moment in the Era of Fake News?
Hey John. Yep, me too. I heard yanny at first as well. But I never doubted that fact. I knew I heard what i heard and honestly didn’t give it a second thought until a few hours later when I heard laurel (just as clearly) played a few times on TV. I assume (perhaps naievly? Not totally sure on that…) that most musicians felt the same way about not doubting what they believe they heard. So at first I just dismissed the whole debate as typical internet clickbait crap, as one does with 99% of the stuff that we see or hear about post-internet age.
But then I heard the exact same thing being discussed at (of all places) the daily congressional press briefing. Weird. And Paul Ryan not only addresses the thing, but gets seriously hot and bothered about how insane it is that everyone is NOT hearing laurel. What?!?! What link did HE click on? Laurel? That doesn’t even make sense I thought.
So from the get go I started to suspect that there was some trickery at play. Sociologically this simple slight of hand, despite how innocently it may or may not have begun, could end up becoming an ingenious experiment in human behavior, revealing how vulnerable most still are to the myriad phenomena associated with the internet’s ability to generate or spread “fake news”. We are after all still reeling and drenched in much of the drama associated with this new phenomenon at present, with every other word coming out of the White House having something to do with “fake news”. It’s still very much “a thing”. (Judicial investigations into “Russian meddling” in the presidential elections of the United States..? Seriously? Yes… Seriously. It sounds nuts. But it’s very real. Though in reality very few people actually talk about it unless they’re heavily leaning in one direction or the other politically. And honestly I’m not 100% sure that’s necessarily a “good thing”…) more “Yanny or Laurel — A Landmark Moment in the Era of Fake News?”
Consciousness Exploration and Expansion, Current Events, Psychology and Human Behavior, Social Media, Technology fake news, white and gold dress versus blue dress, yanny or laurel
A private little world for me… a private little world for you. The online journals and musings of singer-songwriter author and activist Ed Hale. The Transcendence Diaries have been posting regularly online since 2001. Comments are always welcomed. And so are YOU.
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So there I was...
Posted by Klepsacovic at 9:36 AM | Monday, May 2, 2011
Twitter was starting to get antsy. Looting and raiding jokes were popping up. Some jokes about how Trump was getting bumped again, this time for Obama's announcement. What? WHAT!? Actually I wasn't all that worked up, it just seemed weird to have an announcement late on Sunday. Surely Monday morning isn't so far away for what cannot possibly be anything Americans would care about.
I went back to leading my Buddhist theocracy in world domination. I'd moved on to the stage of fighting other Buddhists because they weren't quite my type of Buddhists (refused to vote for me as world leader). This was after crushing the Jews, most notably those of Isabella's Spain, one of many historical ironies produced by the alternative histories of Civ 4.
Huh, Twitter seems to think Osama bin Laden is dead. That's interesting. Nothing on the news sites yet. Twitter still thinks he's dead. Now the news sites think he's dead. So that's what the announcement is.
I turned on the radio to listen to it. Apparently at this time WBEZ (Chicago NPR station) has some sort of BBC broadcast which is aimed at Africa. That got interrupted. I'm sure there's some symbolic meaning in Britain getting interrupted by America when trying to talk to Africa.
As stupid as it sounds, the whole operation just sounded cool. I was imagining some badass special forces bursting in, shooting all the bad people, and being out 15 seconds later. My imagination was confirmed by reports that they had in fact used a helicopter, which always make an operation cooler. And Obama said something like "no Americans were harmed", which to me translates as "we kicked their asses." I bet that pirate ship they boarded a year or so back was just practice for this: practice in being totally badass.
With the uprisings in the Middle East and places that aren't in the Middle East but geographically challenged/lazy people lump in with it, there were clearly a lot of implications for the US. Who would we pretend to be friends with? Where would we put our navy? Who would sell us cheap oil? But ultimately it wasn't about us. We weren't the ones putting our lives on the line for freedom. But now this, this is us. Now this is an American story with implications for the rest of the world. I like that. Maybe we were feeling ignored.
Sadly, the War on Terror, or overseas contingency operations, is are not over. Soldiers will still die in Afghanistan at the hands of violent extremists (or people who don't like foreigners meddling). Terrorists will still plot. People will still die. But dammit, this is symbolically awesome and that makes me feel pretty good.
Christian Clark said...
Gotta admit, I was surprised for a moment when I heard the news. However, considering how well entrenched those guys are and how well they've learned their craft, there'll be another one once the power vacuum in Osama's wake fills up.
Nils said...
I feel a bit of shame when celebrating the death of a human. But then, Osmana wasn't really human anymore. US made him into one of the most powerful symbols after he asked them (violently).
@Dallanna: If we're lucky there will be a significant amount of infighting.
@Nils: Exactly, not a human. A zombie.
JoeNavy said...
He is gone, although I don't feel like celebrating...It feels a little bit better. He proclaimed credit for an action that took thousands of American lives then we embarked on a war that has since cost trillions of dollars, more human lives and now we are broke...Yea I feel a little better(emphasis on little).
All the credit of course goes to my brothers in arms. Seals are some bad mother fuckers. Is there any chance of them spliting the $50million reward money?
Now cleaning our mess and getting out of there should be first priority.
Coreus said...
Did anyone else notice back when this whole kerfuffle began in 2001 that politicians suddenly started using the word "evil" completely unironically to describe people whose beliefs conflicted with their own?
I don't doubt that the world is a better place without this man, but [as Nils said above] I can't bring myself to celebrate the death of a human, and it disturbs me that we as a society appear so willing to do so. It's kind of like when someone you've known for long time suddenly lets slip a racial slur. You can't look at them the same way afterwards.
@Coreus: They've been using it as a blanket term for a long time. Hell, the Soviet Union was briefly the Evil Empire to Reagan and he hardly started the habit of throwing around the label.
I'm of the opinion that those who dehumanize first lose their humanity, and so it's okay to kill them mercilessly. But who dehumanized who first? It gets messy when we can't quite say who is the bad guy and who is the good guy. That said, it sickens me when I see people try to pretend that 9/11 was justified or that somehow the wrongs of the US balance it out.
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GRAPHIC IMAGES: International school mourns loss of American teacher killed in Benghazi
U.N. responds to crisis in Central African Republic
Nigella Lawson admits cocaine use
Music history hits the block
****WARNING-STORY CONTAINS GRAPHIC IMAGES**** On a quiet street in Benghazi, a bloody reminder of the chaos that reigns in parts of Libya. Just hours before, officials say gunmen shot and killed American Roni Smith as he was jogging. Smith was a chemistry teacher working at the city's international school. The school's director, Adel al Mansouri, confirmed the death. (SOUNDBITE) (Arabic) DIRECTOR OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL BENGHAZI, ADEL AL MANSOURI, SAYING: "We are sorry about this loss. May his soul rest in peace. He loved Benghazi, but unfortunately he was one of the many victims who are being killed these days." It was not immediately clear who was responsible for the killing. In a written statement, the State Department said, quote, "We offer our condolences to the victim's loved ones. We are in contact with the family and are providing all appropriate consular assistance." State referred questions on the investigation to the
andbenghaziconfirmdeathdepartmentfromgraphicinternationalstateteacher
More from reuters channel
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11/5/12 Sheriff: Bones found in south county may be related to cold case
6/15/12–KTVL, Medford, OR. Siskiyou County detectives not ready to close the lid on a cold case
6/14/12–Press Release Issued by the Siskiyou County Sheriff
6/14/12–KDRV News 12–Medford, Oregon
6/14/12–Sheriff’s Office reports progress in Zaccaglini disappearance
REPORT ANONYMOUSLY
KAREN MERO
FBI Crimes Against Children RSS Feed
Casino Cheaters Caught
Air Base Shooting an ‘Act of Terrorism’
Asylum Seekers Extorted
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CURRENT CALIFORNIA AMBER ALERTS
Karen Elizabeth Knichtel Mero
Missing Since: February 28,1997
Height and Weight: 5’8, 170 pounds
Distinguishing Characteristics: Caucasian female. Brown hair, green eyes. Mero has a scar on her face near her nose and a surgical scar on her lower abdomen from a liver transplant. Her upper front row of teeth are capped. Some agencies give her name as “Karen Knichtel Mero” or “Karin Elizabeth Mero.”
FACTS OF THE CASE: Karen had a liver transplant in 1994, and she must take anti-rejection medications, she had not refilled any prescriptions since her disappearance. She has been declared deceased.
Mero was last seen in McCloud, California on February 15, 1997. She was apparently last seen at the residence of Ed Henline Sr. and his wife Deborah. The couple lived on East Minnesota Avenue in McCloud at the time and Mero formerly lived at their home as well. She has never been seen again. Mero was not reported as a missing person to law enforcement until October 1997, eight months after she disappeared. Ed and Debbie Henline were convicted of welfare fraud for cashing Karen’s disability checks and using her ATM card and not reporting the extra income to welfare. As Karen wasn’t there to file a report about them stealing her money, they were not charged with grand theft or any other crimes related to stealing Karen’s money.
Karen’s dad died on May 23, 2011…her mother is still alive and waiting for Karen to come home.
KNOW SOMETHING???
PLEASE tell us!!
This is 100% ANONYMOUS!!
It’s been too long.
We NEED to bring her home!!
*There is no limit for space, please type away...tell us everything you know*
*please enter code above and hit Send*
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With help from a casino employee, a baccarat player cheated his way to more than $1 million in winnings from two Maryland casinos before the men’s scheme was unraveled and justice was served.
FBI and DOJ officials released new details about a terrorist shooting last month at Naval Air Station Pensacola and highlighted a significant hurdle in the investigation—the inability to extract information from the deceased shooter’s encrypted phones.
This month—and year-round—the FBI and its partners work to stop human trafficking, as illustrated by a case in Mississippi where a teenager was rescued from her trafficker thanks to an observant police officer.
Four men who ran a kidnapping and extortion scheme that targeted recent immigrants have been sentenced to prison after one brave victim came forward to law enforcement.
One of the leaders of a staged accident ring will be spending time behind bars for her role in faking car and home accidents in exchange for $5.6 million in insurance payments.
15 years is too long!!
© 2012 Where is Hannah?
Contact: Web Mistress
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Frankfurt airport protesters sleep in the airport terminal – as it is too noisy at home
Dozens of protesters at Frankfurt have held a sleep-in at the Departures Terminal at Frankfurt airport. Their protest is against the aircraft noise, which is causing an intolerable situation, and they say they cannot sleep in their own homes, due to noisy night flights. Their banners say “We cannot sleep at home: night flight ban from 10pm to 6am !” Many say their homes suffer 80 decibel noise at night, with 60 decibels indoors. Though there is meant to be a total ban on night flights between 23:00 to 05:00 almost every night there are late arrivals and departures or flight tests. The nights are not quiet. People say they cannot live on only 6 hours sleep per night, and that is not enough to perform properly at work or at school.
Frankfurt airport protesters seek sleep in the airport terminal
27.6.2012 (Frankfurter Allgemeine)
Aircraft noise opponents want to spend the night in the Frankfurt airport. The reason is that it is too noisy in their own homes due to aircraft noise, so it is quieter in the airport terminal.
ArticlePictures (1)Reader Reviews (60)
© WONGE BERGMANN
Aircraft noise opponents marched last every Monday in Frankfurt airport – on Saturday to stay there, representatives of the troubled noise
[There are lots of pictures of the sleep protest on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.303214766441660.65989.210719355691202&type=1 ]
At home it is too noisy for them – that’s why want to stay the night of noise opponent next Saturday at the Frankfurt airport.
“People affected by aircraft noise want to sleep another eight hours on a noise-free environment,” the protest group said in a press release issued on Wednesday about civil initiatives against aircraft noise. Between 22:00 and 06:00 they will camp for the evening, in the Departure Terminal One, where they already demonstrate every Monday against aircraft noise.
The campaign is meant to draw attention to the intolerable situation of night aircraft noise. Despite the overnight ban on flights between 23:00 to 05:00 almost every night there are late arrivals and departures or flight tests.
In many places it was in the peak hours as loud as it is in the day – people are having to try and sleep at peak levels above 80 decibels outside and 60 decibels in the bedrooms of the homes affected. Six hours of sleep are entirely inadequate to perform well in your job or in school. The citizens’ groups support a complete ban on night flights from 22:00 to 06:00.
Original in German at
http://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/frankfurter-flughafen-demonstranten-suchen-schlaf-im-flughafen-terminal-11800923.html
For more information about the Frankfurt airport campaign, and news about the protests there see
More Frankfurt Allgemeine articles
Frankfurt CDU wants fewer flights on new runway
Demo with human chain
Plan for clarification on night flights: Lufthansa will wait Offenbach will complain
Frankfurt’s city hall leader Claudia Roth: farewell with Merkel and demonstrators
Bad Homburg: House of Fraport’s CEO Schulte with aircraft noise sonicated
Posted: Saturday, June 30th, 2012. Filed in News about Airports, Noise News, Recent News.
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Begich Painted as Soft on VA Scandal
Liz Ruskin, Alaska Public Media
Alleging a senator is indifferent to vets is serious anywhere. Even more so in Alaska, which has the highest number of vets per capita. Anti-Begich ads, running on nearly half a million dollars of Alaska airtime, aim to plant Begich in the midst of the scandal.
“Veterans died waiting for care that never came,” says one. “Sen. Mark Begich sits on the veterans affairs committee. His response: ‘If there’s a problem, they need to fix it.’ If there’s a problem?”
It’s paid for by Crossroads GPS, a national group running ads against Begich and for Republican challenger Dan Sullivan. Sullivan highlighted the same Begich “if there’s a problem” quote in an op-ed published last month in the Anchorage Daily News. Sullivan says Begich acts like he’s a mere bystander to the veteran crisis.
But FactCheck.org, a project of the Annenberg Public Policy Center, says the ad misuses the Begich quote, which is from a Wall Street Journal story. In it, Begich says the administration should have learned its lesson from the healthcare.gov website debacle. The exact Begich quote in the journal is: “They should have learned from that – If there’s a problem, they need to fix it.” FactCheck says Begich did react to the VA scandal. He called for an immediate hearing, wrote then-VA secretary Eric Shinseki to express outrage, and at a hearing last month, Begich pressed Shinseki on why no one had been fired for falsifying records.
Crossroads unveiled a new TV ad this week, still painting Begich as disengaged on the scandal and suggesting that all he did was write a letter.
Begich is trying to show that he IS helping. He’s trumpeting Senate passage of a bill this week aimed at getting veterans quicker access to care. Begich says it relies on a solution he’s been pressing since he first ran for Senate in 2008 – allowing vets to make appointments at non-VA facilities.
“When I campaigned on the hero’s health card (bill), I just believed that we had a resource that we could maximize, that we could move forward on, that we could make a difference for our veterans,” he said on the Senate floor yesterday. “And we’re seeing it.”
In Alaska, the VA has agreements with Native hospitals and clinics and the Anchorage Neighborhood Health Center that have reduced VA wait times to among the lowest in the country. But that brings us to another charge Begich is facing – that he claims credit for successes that weren’t his alone. Alaska Congressman Don Young knocked Begich for it in a campaign video that surfaced on YouTube this week.
“Don’t take credit for something you did not do,” Young scolded in the video. ” And when we do something together, say we did it. I think it’d be a lot better.”
The Senate record shows Begich has pressed to have vets seen at Alaska Native health centers for years. But it also shows Sen. Lisa Murkowski has been pushing that cause since at least 2007, back when Begich was still mayor of Anchorage.
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http://www.alaskapublic.org
Liz Ruskin covers Alaska issues in Washington as the network's D.C. correspondent. She was born in Anchorage and is a West High grad. She has degrees from the University of Washington and the University of Missouri School of Journalism in Columbia. She previously worked at the Homer News, the Anchorage Daily News and the Washington bureau of McClatchy Newspapers. She also freelanced for several years from the U.K. and Japan, in print and radio. Liz has been APRN’s Washington, D.C. correspondent since October 2013. She welcomes your news tips at lruskin (at) alaskapublic (dot) org | About Liz
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Are Doctors Over-Diagnosing Memory Problems?
DIAGNOSIS: Worried about minor memory changes? The British Medical Journal revealed how unnecessary tests led to a 23% over-diagnosis rate. Learn the risks, harms & costs to individuals, families and societies.
The British Medical Journal is warning that a political drive to screen older people for minor memory changes is leading to unnecessary investigation and potentially harmful treatment for what is arguably an inevitable consequence of ageing.
Their statement coincided with the Preventing Overdiagnosis conference in New Hampshire, USA, partnered by BMJ’s Too Much Medicine campaign, where experts from around the world will gather to discuss how to tackle the threat to health and the waste of money caused by unnecessary care.
A team of specialists in Australia and the UK say that expanding diagnosis of dementia will result in up to 65% of people aged over 80 having Alzheimer’s disease diagnosed – and up to 23% of non-demented older people being labeled with dementia.
They argue this policy is not backed by evidence and ignores the risks, harms and costs to individuals, families and societies. It may also divert resources that are badly needed for the care of people with advanced dementia.
Over-Diagnosis Summary
Clinical context—Dementia is age related and with an ageing global population is predicted to become an overwhelming and costly problem
Diagnostic change—Introduction of broader diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment and pre-dementia based on new cognitive screening tests coupled with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and neuroimaging
Rationale for change—Past neglect of services and research in dementia has fuelled international calls for action and earlier treatment
Leap of faith—People with mild symptoms will eventually develop dementia and interventions are more likely to be effective at an early stage
Impact on prevalence—The current prevalence of dementia is thought to be 10-30% in people over the age of 80, but the adoption of new diagnostic criteria will result in up to 65% of this age group having Alzheimer’s disease diagnosed and up to 23% of non-demented older people being diagnosed with dementia
Evidence of overdiagnosis—Screening for cognitive impairment and measurement of biomarkers and neuroimaging are increasing the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment, which in many people will improve spontaneously
Harms from overdiagnosis—Unnecessary investigation and treatments with side effects; adverse psychological and social outcomes; and distraction of resources and support from those with manifest dementia in whom need is greatest
Limitations—Current case identification and screening policy relies mostly on anecdotal and observational data from potentially biased sources, including those with vested commercial interests, rather than evidence from clinical trials. There is a lack of research focused on older people, in whom dementia is most prevalent
Conclusions—Current policy is rolling out untested and uncontrolled experiments in the frailest people in society without a rigorous evaluation of its benefits and harms to individuals, families, service settings, and professionals
Dementia is age related and with an ageing population is predicted to become an overwhelming and costly problem. But the evidence suggests that while 5 - 15% of people with mild cognitive impairment will progress to dementia each year, as many as 40 -70% will not progress and indeed their cognitive function may improve. Studies also show that the clinical tools used by doctors to diagnose dementia are not robust, and that many people who develop dementia do not meet definitions of mild cognitive impairment before diagnosis. But this has not deterred countries from developing policies to screen for pre -dementia.
For example, in the US, the Medicare insurance programme will cover an annual wellness visit to a physician that includes a cognitive impairment test. In England, the government has announced that it will reward general practitioners for assessing brain function in older patients – and has committed to have “a memory clinic in every town and every city” despite no sound evidence of benefit.
This had led to the development of imaging techniques and tests that are increasingly used in diagnosis, despite uncertainty over their accuracy, say the authors. The researchers say however, that until such approaches are shown to be beneficial to individuals and societies they should remain within the clinical research domain.
Furthermore, there are no drugs that prevent the progression of dementia or are effective in patients with mild cognitive impairment, raising concerns that once patients are labelled with disease or pre-disease, they may try untested therapies and run the risk of adverse effects.
They also question whether ageing of the population is becoming a “commercial opportunity” for developing screening, early diagnosis tests and medicines marketed to maintain cognition in old age.
The desire of politicians, dementia organisations, and academics and clinicians in the field to raise the profile of dementia is understandable, write the authors, “but we risk being conscripted into an unwanted war against dementia.”
They suggest that the political rhetoric expended on preventing the burden of dementia would be much better served by efforts to reduce smoking and obesity, given current knowledge linking mid-life obesity and cigarettes with the risk of dementia.
“Current policy is rolling out untested and uncontrolled experiments in the frailest people in society without a rigorous evaluation of its benefits and harms to individuals, families, service settings, and professionals,” they conclude.
Alzheimer's Weekly Storefront
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Deane Alban Sun Sep 22, 12:02:00 PM EDT
I think MCI is a real BS diagnosis. There is no definitive test for it, yet doctors diagnose millions of cases each every year.
A diagnosis of MCI can leave you understandably confused and concerned and doctors have nothing to offer. Makes one wonder what's the point of diagnosis?
Helen Tue Sep 30, 10:47:00 AM EDT
You, and this article, are wrong! I was diagnosed with MCI in February of 2011 and started on Namenda. It helped me with my memory and other symptoms a lot. So we added Aricept and that combination has saved my brain and enabled me to continue working. I am now 65 and still working full-time as a psychologist in private practice. My long-term clients have been through it with me, from me not remembering crucial elements of their cases to the improvement on Namenda to the very significant improvement with the addition of Aricept! My problems are not cured but are being very well managed on these medications. I still have occasional lapses, and don't know if I am in the very earliest stages of Alzheimer's, but am SO much better now. If not for Aricept and Namenda, and my wonderful neurologist, I would be unable to work and would have had to go on disability!
AlzWeekly.com Tue Sep 30, 03:24:00 PM EDT
Appreciate the feedback. Though the article reports on overall trends, there is nothing to replace real-life experience.
Richard Taylor Tue Sep 30, 06:27:00 PM EDT
Hello, wow!
Anonymous Sat Feb 13, 06:45:00 PM EST
I think dementia is being overdiagnosed and this is because drug companies are scaremongering our society into getting memory tests which usually lead to a lifetime of drugging Good for them but not always the best idea for the patient These drugs have side effects and cause other problems to an older person . The most healthiest people on the planet are those who do not take a lot of tablets Psychotropic drugs are especially dangerous to the elderly . I think doctors should prescribe drugs mopre carefully Also having memory problems IS a symptom of old age It always has been , just like getting arteritis and poor eyesight. Old people are being overly drugged nowadays and it is very unfair
blue native sds page Fri Mar 18, 04:33:00 AM EDT
I think that test in picture is really ridiculous. Even a normal young people can not remember what he or she has did on a certain day of last year. How about an ole man or woman? I think this should be prevented.
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Map of the Gardens
Exploring the Gardens
Garden fun for all ages Toggle menu
Q. What's free, fun and fabulous?
Kids discovery activities
Huakaiwaka visitor centre
The Friends Library
Café Miko
Welcome to the Auckland Botanic Gardens
Come, relax, be inspired and let our plant collections surprise you
Winter hours (April to September) The Gardens are open daily from 8am to 6pm. Visitor Centre Huakaiwaka is open from 8am to 4.30pm. Cafe Miko is open daily from 8am to 4pm.
Summer hours (October to March) The Gardens are open daily from 8am to 8pm. Visitor Centre Huakaiwaka is open weekdays from 8am to 4.30pm. Cafe Miko is open daily from 8am to 4pm.
*Please note the Visitor Centre and Cafe Miko are both closed on Christmas Day (25 December), the gardens remain open to visitors.
The Auckland Botanic Gardens is situated right next to the Southern Motorway (State Highway 1) on Hill Road, Manurewa.
From Auckland city
The Gardens is approximately 25km from the city. Travel south on the Southern Motorway (SH1), exiting the motorway at the Manurewa/Hill Road exit (exit 451). Turn left onto Hill Road, the main entrance to the Gardens is the first driveway on the left.
From South of the Gardens
Travelling north on the Southern Motorway (SH1), exit the motorway at the Takanini exit (exit 453) then turn left onto Great South Road and drive towards Manurewa. Turn right at the lights onto Alfriston Road. Follow Alfriston Road then turn left at Claude Road and continue until it connects with Hill Road. Turn right onto Hill Road and drive past the traffic lights, the entrance to the Gardens is the first driveway on your left after the lights.
Buses and trains from downtown Auckland
Buses and trains travel to Manurewa from Britomart Transport Centre. Bus route 366 runs between the Manurewa bus interchange and the Gardens.
If walking from the train station or bus interchange at Southmall, walk along Great South Road and turn right up Hill Road at the traffic lights. Walk along Hill Road for approximately 20 minutes, the Gardens will be on your left just past the motorway overbridge.
Phone Auckland Transport on (09) 366 6400 or visit at.govt.nz for transport options and timetables.
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Mystery Large Format Monitors
Thread: Mystery Large Format Monitors
Mr. Widget
Does anyone remember the Fostex monitors from Interlake Audio in the early 80's? They were based in Winnipeg... go figure.
I picked up this brochure at the 1980 AES Convention after hearing a very impressive demo. The Interlake Audio folks had a suite set up with a small board and an Ampex ATR 100 playing first generation dupes through their mid sized monitor and also had the Urei 811s (about the same size as the Fostex) set up for A/B comparisons.
The Fostex monitors were outstanding with significantly better range and midrange clarity. The beautiful midrange horn would make owners of Westlakes take notice. I have never seen one of these since. Does anyone know anything about them?
and the specs...
Steve Gonzales
Those are sharp! I get the idea that they are time aligned too
Edit: we posted at the same time on the second batch-Steve
Originally Posted by Steve Gonzales
They had to be. Urei was in the process of ending JBL's studio monitor reign with their "Time Aligned" monitors.
I'm the kinda guy that CAN put up with HUGE enclosures if 19 friggin'HZ is what I'll get in return!
10 Watt Street
Via de WiFi
This pair has been for sale for a while:
http://cls.audiogon.com/cgi-bin/cls....ull&1115406971
Robh3606
"They had to be. Urei was in the process of ending JBL's studio monitor reign with their "Time Aligned" monitors."
Hey Widget
What was the deal with that. JBL just purchased the competition?? Always wondered about the whole Altec 604 Urei 604 based timelines. Figure Urei did the "Time aligned" bit on the Altec drivers so the majority of Urei's manufactured had a 604 variant. The last Urei's were JBL's and sold along side the 4343's.
Nice looking speakers. I wonder if they actually did there own drivers or not. Reminds me of the Time Aligned Technics speakers with the set-back mids and tweeters.
That's not that much cash for the pair?? He's in CA.
From my foggy memory the 813 was THE monitor around 1980. This was pre-JBL and even with the rather crappy auxiliary woofer the 813 was the hands down favorite in all new studio construction and was replacing many an Altec and JBL.
Thanks for the tip, Mr. Street.
Originally Posted by Mr. Widget
even with the rather crappy auxiliary woofer the 813 was the hands down favorite
We understood, on good authority, that the auxiliary woofer used in the 813 was a low end guitar speaker, individually selected for non-linear voice-coil throw (the resting state of the voice coil was forward or back of the centre of the magnetic field).
The resulting asymmetrical movement of the cone generated low frequency even-harmonics which produced a solid 'thick' bass. Much like the Aphex Aural Exciter did for presence frequencies.
Michael Gillespie.
Don McRitchie
Originally Posted by Robh3606
What was the deal with that. JBL just purchased the competition?? Always wondered about the whole Altec 604 Urei 604 based timelines.
Below is an August 2001 post from our old forum that I wrote that outlines the history and timeline of UREI monitors.
UREI stands for Universal Recording Electronics Industries. It was founded by Bill Putnam in the 1960’s as a small manufacturing arm of his larger recording studio business – Universal Recording Company (later United Recording, United Western and currently Ocean Way). Bill was one of the most respected recording engineers in the business. He was Frank Sinatra’s favorite engineer and worked on many of his most renowned recordings.
Bill was instrumental in developing many of the technological innovations that have become standards in the recording history. A detailed profile of his life can be found at:
http://www.uaudio.com/history/BPsr.html
Word of Bill’s innovations in developing homebuilt equipment for his studio spread throughout the industry and resulted in demand for him to manufacture and sell his products. This was the genesis of what would ultimately become UREI. One of Bill’s homebuilt products that gained significant word-of-mouth was a customized monitor that was the prototype for the 813.
The original prototype was based on the Big Red monitor developed by Sherwood Sax of Mastering Lab and manufactured by Audio Techniques of Stamford Connecticut. It was based on the Altec 604. The major innovation of the Big Red was to replace the standard cross-over with a customized design that tamed a ragged midrange response that plagued all 604/605’s of that era. It resulted in a much smoother response that addressed the long standing reputation of the 604 as being a “fatiguing” monitor.
Bill Putnam worked with Dean Austin, Ed Long and Dennis Fink of UREI to further improve the 604. The multicell horn of that driver had relatively poor directional control and poor loading at crossover which contributed to the harsh and ragged response. The 813 was developed with a customized, flared horn that had tighter pattern control and a revised cross-over. The cross-over was designed by Ed Long and introduced the patented Time Align (R) concept that allowed the 604 to operate as a time-coherent point-source.
The original 813 was installed in Putnam’s own United/Western recording studios in the mid 70’s. Outside mixers and engineers that booked time in these studios were very impressed with this new monitor and pressured Putnam to manufacture and sell the 813. In 1976, UREI expanded its field of operations and entered into the monitor business.
The original 813 used a modified 604-8G along with an Eminence helper woofer and Ed Long’s Time Align crossover. Interestingly, the main purpose of the Eminence woofer was not to extend bass response but rather increase overall output. The 604 was prone to failure at high output levels. The helper woofer allowed UREI to increase the power handling of the 813. To this day, unless soffit mounted and equalized, the 813 has a reputation of being somewhat bass shy.
In 1979, Altec introduced the 604-8K as the ferrite replacement of the Alnico 604-8H. The new driver was found to sound quite different leading Putnam to make further revisions to the 813. A new horn was introduced that added foam padding to the interior of the horn and a foam extender on the horn mouth to soften the cutoff frequency characteristics. Putnam also included small Helmholtz resonators on the internal side walls of the horn to trap the persistent 3 khz spike in the 604 response. The network was redesigned to accommodate the driver changes and the new system became the 813A.
During the late 70’s and into the early 80’s, Altec was experiencing significant quality control problems. At the time, Altec was headed towards bankruptcy and the eventual closure of the Anaheim facility. It resulted in such poor product consistency that UREI was rejecting as much as 95% of the incoming Altec drivers. UREI became an authorized Altec repair center just to ensure they would have enough stock on hand to build the 813. It led UREI to ultimately seek a replacement for the 604.
UREI initially tested Tannoy, Emilar and Gauss products, but none would meet their requirements. Ultimately, they became interested in PAS drivers which had a unique 15” bass driver that could accept a high frequency compression driver of the user’s choice. UREI was favorably impressed with JBL’s 2425 compression driver and tried mating it to the PAS transducer. This became the basis of the 813B introduced in 1983. Again, an Eminence helper woofer was employed. This was a very successful design and led to a very healthy upgrade business for UREI in converting 813A’s to 813B’s. The 815 was also introduced at this time which was a monster monitor that contained two Eminence helper woofers for a total of 3-15” drivers.
During the development of the 813B, there was a very interesting problem with the production 813A. All of the sudden, new 604’s exhibited a deep, narrow hole in their response at 3 kHz. A phone call to Altec established that the long known issue of the spiked midrange response had finally been addressed by a new engineer and a design change was made without informing their customers. UREI addressed this new development by substituting closed-cell foam of the same color as the original open-cell foam in the resonating holes, which disabled the resonators without changing the product cosmetics.
In the early 80’s, Bill Putam’s wife died and he began to lose heart in the business. Harman International expressed interest in the firm and UREI was sold in late 1983 to become a division of JBLpro. Dean Austin moved over to JBL and became responsible for the ongoing design of UREI monitors. In 1984, the 813C was introduced as an all JBL product. It used a new coaxial called the 801 and replaced the Eminence helper woofer with the 2215H (pro equivalent of the LE15). This was the most successful 813 yet and replaced the 815B as well since it had higher output than that 3 driver system. Dean went on to design the very successful 12” 809 which was the last UREI monitor that was sold when Harman International discontinued the brand in the mid 1990’s.
And there you have the 813 story as relayed to me by Garry Margolis.
Ian Mackenzie
Widget,
Fostex were available in Australia years ago, they also has some HiFi models like the beta 8.(Maybe I am getting confused with another brand).
They were/are highly regarded by the hi sensitivity people.
I had no idea they were based in Winnipeg, but in hindsight, this was the only place I ever saw them. The following is the limited information that I can remember, and be warned, much of it is probably of interest only to fellow Winnipegers.
These systems were sold through a local retail store in Winnipeg called Oakwood Audio, starting around 1977. Oakwood Audio was originally and primarily a pro audio shop that briefly got into the home audio market during the 70's consumer audio boom. They were an offshoot of a local recording studio called Century 21 and the retail outlet originally carried this name. Both firms were founded by a local musician named Ron Paley and he is still associated with the surviving company. Given the small incestuous nature of the local pro audio market, and that Oakwood/Century 21 was also into custom equipment, there is a chance that they were affiliated with Interlake Audio. Certainly, no one else in town carried that product line. Oakwood still exists in a manner as OMT and I'm going to see if I can make contact with Ron Paley, who is still listed as part of their management team.
In mid writing, I just looked at the spec sheets Widget posted and just saw the address for Interlake Audio. It is the same address where Oakwood/Century 21 was located at that time. They were obviously one in the same. Even more reason to try and contact Ron Paley.
The Oakwood showroom in 1977 had all of the models shown in the spec sheet. I remember being really impressed with the LS4. However, if memory serves, they were priced around $5,000/pr when JBL 4350's were around $3,000/pr. My initial visual impression was that they were a Japanese rip-off of a JBL monitor, or at least the drivers appeared to be. However, they sounded very good. The mid horn left a striking visual impression with me as it was the first wood horn that I had ever seen. I'm pretty sure the same company later produced a bizarre ribbon/dynamic hybrid that used a large ribbon panel on top of a Fostex bass driver.
Regarding competing with UREI, there is no question that they dominated the studio market in the late 70's and early 80's. JBL monitor sales were probably still greater because of the huge number they were shipping into Japanese homes. However, for domestic studios, UREI built up a near monopoly. I remember George Augspurger telling me that in the early 80's, you could walk into virtually any studio any find youself staring at a pair of 813's in the control room. It's no accident that the JBL 4430/35 was designed right off the top to be time aligned. Their own white paper made reference to the target they were attempting to hit - the UREI 813.
Ken Pachkowsky
Baja, Mexico
Originally Posted by Don McRitchie
OAKWOOD AUDIO was NOT, NOT, Interlake Audio International. While they were on the same street they were not the same address. Oakwood was 652-654 KingEdward St and Interlake was 610 or 640 King Edward . They were two buildings apart. if you get hold of Ron say hello and ask him if "Boxton" is available on CD. I worked for a short time at Century 21. John Hildebrand was managing it then and one of the girls from Sugar and Spice was the receptionist (Marylyn maybe?) or Maureen? John Smith was chief engineer.
Thanks Don
Originally Posted by Ken Pachkowsky
John Hildebrand was managing it then and one of the girls from Sugar and Spice was the receptionist (Marylyn maybe?) or Maureen?
It was Maureen Murphy. I was the original manager of Sugar & Spice.
I saw Ron recently at the Clapton concert. We spoke about getting the Eternals and the Sugar & Spice together again for a 40th reunion gig at the Winnipeg Convention Centre on September 28. The Gettysburg Address, Mongrels, Fifth, Shags, Syndicate, Satan & D-Men and others are all in as well!
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Dallas Cowboys $62,50011. Perhaps NFL Commiss
Pubblicato il 29 dicembre 2017 da madami
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Milton Wright’s Haley Cummins won by at the Class 3A state meet ahead of runner up Molly Barrick of Northern Calvert last year.
Again here’s the completed field. Plus, I can never fault anybody for kids footy jersey wanting to get paid to play football before he’s nfl shop nfl jersey shop beset by a serious career threatening injury.
There was no room for Jordan Richards last season, and hasn shown a lot of improvement. This will also provide some protection when you place your sleeping mattress inside.
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Kidding aside, Rodgers said he understands the point of view from the referee. You have everything going for you, why mess it up with one action?.
Her legal experience includes work in Federal Court, and civil and criminal litigation. Comes out every day and he competes hard.
He met a youth worker and avid cyclist named Tracy DeNagy at a time trial, and they were married in 1977, a few days after competing in a race in Arkansas..
The complex carbs in whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables also “break down more easily [than meat] into fuel,” says Mitzi Dulan, an NFL nutritionist who helped Atlanta Falcons tight end Tony Gonzalez become a vegan.
By filing for bankruptcy to reorganize and shed the debt, he’ll be leaving most of his creditors holding an empty bag.”Mark is a friend and someone I respect,” says his fellow 1993 draftee Mirer, owner of a successful Northern California winery.
The fact the league is finding out its game is being adversely impacted by a number of other forces figures to make the fix if there is one that much more difficult.
After your cool down, devote about five minutes to static stretching, making sure to hold each stretch for about 30 seconds.4 of 30Skip the high cal, butt widening, sugar spiked baked goods and sip this hydrating, nutrient packed juice from Eric Helms, founder and owner of Juice Generation, when you want a sweet snack that sneaks in servings of produce to boot: In a juicer, combine 2 to 3 carrots (greens removed), 1 seeded apple, 1/2 small beet, and 1/4 peeled lemon.
“Certainly with my teammates, we all go through ups and downs, and there’s struggles in this life. “I have little man syndrome,” Weatherford says.
Hockey, for schools that have it, could possibly be accused of something similar since it promotes and tolerates a substantial amount of brawling.
Levy chalks up his teammates quizzical reactions to the hard driving, highly regimented world of pro football. Protesting while Star Spangled Banner is played is simply wrong, he believes..
The two will discuss TV shows of the and 90s through laughter and a touch of nostalgia.. Ownership there is evaluating their options and those options are very long term in nature.
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By the way, these teams don’t like each other
By the way, these teams don’t like each other. But he did enough to keep himself in the conversation there, which is important.
Everyone who ever heard an NFL analyst speak on TV knows, Edelman was a quarterback at Kent State. Spokesman Joe Lockhart said the guidance will be and centre on the agenda when owners meet in New York next Tuesday and Wednesday..
I hope he figures it out somehow, some way because I want to see him play again. “I need another row,” he grunts, showing his scowl.
I just try to be in the moment,” Smith said. I haven lost a step. But doesn’t that just seem like it’s too obvious to happen? I’m not sure why, but some red flags went off to me as soon as I saw a 21 point opening line that’s now at 22.5 in some places.
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An example of a widely known pay for play site is also a company that is well represented in airing and promoting games in professional sports: Fox Fantasy Sports.
STANCE: The Bills overhauled their roster this offseason with new general manager Brandon Beane and coach Sean McDermott beginning a process they hope ends the franchise 17 year playoff drought.
Pennsylvania Ave. In his first seven pro seasons, Brunell earned roughly $22 million, according to a review of news accounts.
The notion that Kaepernick order jerseys online might be asking for too much money appears unfounded. I’ll eat a little heavier at dinner.. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.
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Bringing people into an environment where they are used to watching video for extended lengths, Schroeder said. Instead, they upgraded their defense with Texas A DE Myles Garrett and Michigan DB Jabrill Peppers in the first round and added TE David Njoku from Miami in the first.
Starting the right players each week is extremely important. Breast cancer is one cause that it is almost incomprehensible anyone would oppose it.
Yet another pedigreed athletic director is Central Florida’s Danny White, who held the same position at Buffalo. He avoided trial for assault charges in New Jersey by entering a diversion program.
The only way out for them is to set a rule that you can’t kneel during our National Anthem!” Trump Tweeted.Earlier today, in a series of Tweets Trump wholesale football jerseys took a jibe at the National Football League (NFL) league and its players and said ratings of the game go high before it starts, as people want to know that whether the players are again disrespecting the nation or not.”Ratings for NFL football are way down except before game starts, when people tune in to see whether or not our country will be disrespected!” Trump tweeted.Trump pointed to boos when the Dallas Cowboys knelt before the national anthem on Monday night, saying there was “Great anger.”"The booing at the NFL football game last night, when the entire Dallas team dropped to its knees, was loudest I have ever heard.
It would be very difficult to practice. For their Super Bowl gathering, they located New England Patriots snack helmets, Patriots helmet plaques, and flags.
NFL security guard? How do you resist being a creepy ass penis american football shirt designs creeper with all those cheerleaders around? And don’t even get me started on paramedics who are clearly just driving around cheap pandora charms in a medical fetish shaggin’ wagon.”What do you say we clean off this stiff’s blood and get to bangin’ on this gurney?”.
Ron Rivera is 19 5 in games played in December and January since taking over as coach in 2011. Start with 40 on each side; build up to 75 reps per side, three days a week..
Broadcast news analysts in the bureau 90th wage percentile make more than $186,260 as of 2013. But what makes Rodgers special can be computed by a box score or a new metric.
General managers also are responsible for meeting with free agents, offering contracts and negotiating the terms of those contracts.
25 and the season long injury to Maurkice Pouncey, the Steelers have the second best offense in the NFL in total yards.. Now, in week 4, they blow a 24 point lead, with two interceptions returned for touchdowns.
“It sure does seem like he’s being blackballed,” said San Francisco safety Eric Reid, a former teammate of Kaepernick’s who knelt during the national anthem before the 49ers lost to the Redskins 26 24, their record fifth consecutive setback by three points or fewer.
Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones knelt alongside them before the national anthem. The hotel also offers free popcorn in the evenings.
“There’s a lot of things that you do on television that may not be popular, but they’re important to do from a journalistic standpoint.
Seattle.. In the third quarter, rookie cornerback Marshon Lattimore, New Orleans’ top draft choice last spring, made his first interception and returned it 27 yards for a touchdown..
I know guys who haven’t been so fortunate.”. And while its miraculous location on 34th Street remains open, even Macy’s is rethinking its real estate..
Regardless, it was Fahlberg who realized the commercial viability of saccharin as an inexpensive sugar substitute that isn’t metabolized by the body, has no calories and doesn’t cause tooth decay.
I think it’s been proven since then.”. Saison ( hier geht’s zur aktuellen Tabelle )sind die Vorzeichen klar: Der FC Bayern Mnchen ist Titelfavorit Nummer eins.
His performance against Arizona State, during which he had to leave in the first half due to injury and returned to throw two touchdowns and get UCLA within three points in the fourth quarter, showed grittiness..
Scores, stats, schedules and other features don require a paid subscription. If you buy these game day jerseys at a normal store or from the official website of an NFL team, you could spend well over $100.
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However, NBC analyst Cris Collinsworth said a
However, NBC analyst Cris Collinsworth said at recent Vikings practice he was impressed with how Elflein looked at center and Easton at left guard in an Aug.
But Bill Belichick’s team, which has won the AFC East a record eight consecutive years, looks well stocked and 40 year old quarterback Tom Brady is set to play an entire season after the Deflategate suspension cost him the first four games in 2016..
They had big argument and they stoped talking to eachother after that incident. While players such as Oakland running nfl items for sale back Marshawn Lynch and Seattle defensive end Michael Bennett have sat during the anthem this preseason, others, such as San Francisco safety Eric Reid and Philadelphia cornerback Ron Brooks, have opted to take a knee.
Smith threw for 368 yards and four touchdowns and had a pristine quarterback rating. If the UFC makes an offer and you are signed with a different organization, you may lose your shot.
According to a Charlotte County Sheriff’s Office report, a 16 year old boy reported a sexual battery to Port Charlotte High’s school resource officer.
The Chargers pass rushing duo might be the NFL’s best. Thought (Reiff) played well, said coach Mike Zimmer, whose Vikings have a short week to prepare for Sunday game at Pittsburgh.
Buh. Plays from whistle to whistle and always looks like the most energized player on the field. Five years ago he was activating petrol pumps and serving from behind the counter at a Tesco service station.
“And it happened to me and it can happen to anybody. Memorial StadiumMemorial Stadium in South Carolina boasts a very steep upper deck that makes attendees feel closer to the action.
In the SEC, newer officials make around $800 per game.. Brown, a 14 season NFL veteran, initially served a light one game suspension in 2016 stemming from an arrest regarding the matter on May 22, 2015, but a league source told ESPN that they reopened the case and found new information that justified a longer suspension after he violated the league conduct policy.
The 2016 season hadn’t even begun when a group of fans at a new basketball jersey design preseason Los Angeles Rams game the team’s first in the city after more than two decades in St.
The owners of the Arizona Cardinals saved an estimated $125 million on the bonds issued to build the University of Phoenix Stadium..
With OTAs organized team activities underway as part of offseason training, it wouldn’t be surprising if ideas for new and hilarious group demonstrations are starting to percolate..
NFL must respect this! Donald J.Asked whether Mr Trump’s “beef”with the NFL has inspired his current actions and whether he thought being refused entry to the team owners’ club had stuck with the President for three decades, Pearlman said: “Oh, I do.
But he wasa non factor in the playoffs and inactive for the AFC championship game. Chefs use food ingredients to create culinary works of art for their customers, and head chefs often have the final responsibility for everything that goes on in their kitchens.
But Madden is one of the few games I’m really into especially because I play in tournaments both online and in person. While it can be definitely be fun to watch an NFL game at the comfort of our home on a sofa in front of a giant TV, that really does not compare to having the NFL tickets and be present in the field.
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Denver is 3 1 in postseason against New England and beat Patriots 26 16 in AFC title game on Jan. Amid comments about a Senate candidate and his agenda, Trump said: you love to see one of these NFL owners when somebody disrespects our flag to say get that son of a bitch off the field right now, out, he fired, he fired.
Oakbrook Terrace wanted to put red light cameras at a busy but relatively safe intersection. Big progress being made we all love our country!” Trump said in a series of tweets.Across the country, dozens of NFL players have been taking a knee during the playing of the national anthem before their Sunday games.Their protests come as Trump renewed his criticism of athletes taking a knee during the national anthem in protest over perceived social injustices.
The Saints now must decide who will coach the team while Payton is barred, his suspension is effective April 1, and who will make roster moves while Loomis is out.
He added, “The booing at the NFL football game last night, when the entire Dallas team dropped to its knees, was loudest I have ever heard.
The Danish born kicker then played for the Giants, Chiefs and Vikings before returning to Atlanta in 2006. Football coaches lead excessively sheltered lives.
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Brady is 11 5 against Manning’s teams and 2 2 in postseason. That much seems simple. “I made a promise to her and I stuck to it.
“He told me what to do and he liked what he saw. QB ALEX SMITH passed for career high 3,502 yards in 2016. She played one year at Iowa before transferring to Kansas.
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A single bad season can cause management to make coaching changes. The machine must be configured and arranged to test a fluid motion for each of the major joints, including the knees, hips, shoulders and elbows.
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“Tez was the heart and soul of the Seahawks t
“Tez was the heart and soul of the Seahawks through the 1990s and endeared himself to 12s all across the Pacific Northwest as a player who played with a selfless and relentless approach to the game.
We were like, “Babe, you’re the only one not ina diaper!”. It good and bad because I get my name out there a little bit. The spacious balconies and enormous sun deck by the pool are among the property best features.
Boateng was ranked sixth on the CFL Scouting Bureau’s top 20 prospects list for the 2017 draft but authentic basketball jerseys with the top five players absent, Boateng was the highest profile player at the two day session..
In the year that Luke Hodge and Sam Mitchell joined Hawthorn, it was impossible for a player to be openly homosexual. Aaron Rodgers fared much better.
Of course, not all of the entertainment she consumes is G rated. Mike Pereira, the former vice president of NFL officiating, was able to watch the replay for Fox and announce to the TV audience that both calls were wrong, so wouldn the league be better off reviewing the play and getting it right?.
Top draft pick Kevin King went into the game early when Damarious Randall struggled, and the rookie second round pick could see more action against the Bengals.
(knee), WR Andre Caldwell (quadriceps), TE Vernon Davis (concussion), WR Bennie Fowler (ankle), RB Ronnie Hillman (foot). Or they may be suffering from the dreaded Super Bowl hangover.
Holding the G Men to 30 yards or whatever in the first half Sunday night tells me this defense is for real, and now it looks like Zeke will be around all season.
18). You have a three touchdown lead in the third quarter, it different. Jack Simes III a three time Olympian, the former director of the velodrome and the father of Jackie Simes IV, who sometimes partners with Bobby in two person Madison races, in which riders sling each other into the fray at speed remembers Rob and Tracy settling three year old Bobby onto a two wheeler on the backstretch, his first go without training wheels..
Don’t forget to. Following the release of the complete 2017 schedule, the NFL also confirmed times and dates for the two Twickenham games.
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A football, with its ungainly oblong shape, technically called a prolate spheroid, doesn’t typically reach these speeds. ‘You know, they have rules for everything.
At USC, where he first went as head coach Pete Carroll’s director of administration, Jackson rose to oversee the football program..
The touchdown was the 112th by Gates, which established a record for most touchdowns by a tight end in NFL history.. Please note that CBC does not endorse the opinions expressed in comments.
Nevertheless, the NFL Draft and Fan Festival drew big crowds to downtown Chicago. It faced Kansas City without Jamaal Charles, a Detroit team that makes little effort to run and a Bears team that lost Matt Forte for most of the second half..
Donc, en tant qu’homme, que p qu’Afro Am en tant que membre de la NFL et qu’un de ces ‘enfants de chienne’, oui, j’ai pris personnellement..
For example, the winner of “Survivor” receives a $1 million grand prize. He was convinced that if they had those injured players in the playoffs, the outcome might of been a lot different.
The New England Patriots selected North Carolina State quarterback Jacoby Brissett with the 28th pick of the third round and the 91st overall choice.
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Teams ineligible for YFF grants are encouraged to apply through USA Football. That why it was important for us, and personally for me, to show the where can i get football jerseys world that even if we may differ at times, we can and should be united in the effort to become better as people and a nation..
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Coach Vance Joseph is preparing for the Cooper who already has nine games of 100 or yards.. The draft ended Saturday night, UMaine center Bruce Johnson signed with the Philadelphia Eagles as an unrestricted free agent.
Top SalariesThe highest 2009 to 2010 salary for a wide receiver was $16,251,300, earned by Greg Jennings of the Green Bay Packers, according to the USA Today list of 196 NFL wide receiver salaries.
Simone was born right here in Pasadena and is elated to be back home in Los Angeles.. I like the Saints to spring the upset and spoil Brandin Cooks’ return to the Superdome.
Now Bradley. Boomer, I dropped on two knees both knees so I can simply honor God in the midst of chaos.. The Cubs wrapped up the season with 103 wins, the best record in baseball.
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Thomas, DeForest Buckner, and Erik Armstead could make for a scary defensive line for years to come.. Gonzalez, who went on only one date with Givens (on the bright side, she didn sue him for palimony), was painfully shy, spoke poorly on camera, and had no one to polish his edges.
It was their first win since 1917 at The Cell or the US cellular Field, located near the Comiskey Park. Defensive end Akiem Hicks was a tremendous force the day after signing his four year extension with $30 million guaranteed.
We will continue to support them in their peaceful pursuit of positive change in our country and around the world. discount nfl jerseys “We don’t have anybody to kick an extra point.”Six weeks later, on homecoming of all days, Elliott drilled a 52 yard field goal as time expired to beat Oak Park River Forest 16 14.
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Consider the case of Conley. Combine that wit
Consider the case of Conley. Combine that with Nebraskas recent history, plus Davis NFL coaching background he coached in a Super Bowl! and it doesnt quite add up.
He said the NFL needs move past this controversy. Stores have plenty of Flynn jerseys at attractive prices, but don’t be tempted at this writing he’s on the roster of the lowly Buffalo Bills..
But right now the Titans needed a short term rental that can quietly get them through the week.. WR RANDALL COBB has 2 TDs in past 3 vs.
Your presence and willingness to support will help propel movement. The average CFL player salary in 2014 in the nine team was just a fraction of the NFL average, even despite the longer 18 game schedule.Lower Salaries Than the NFLThe average player salary in the CFL isn’t made public.
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In a tweet, Abdirahman Osman. “That’s what he decided to do, so we respect John tremendously. His favorite sportscaster of all time: Vin Scully, for professional and personal reasons.
He scored an NFL record 109 yard kickoff return as a rookie and made the Pro Bowl as a return man. In the last week Seattle has become all too familiar with the NFL’s policy on marijuana use.
The Browns strengthened their offensive line and continued to add to their receiving corps even after years of mistakes at unique basketball uniforms that position.
You know who did? Alabama and Michigan. With his rushing TD in the win over the Patriots, Newton became the first quarterback in NFL history to reach 50 career rushing touchdowns.
He said he was to be arm in arm with them, their teammates and our coaches during our anthem. Jonathan Stewart, CAR, at Seattle: pandora sale Stewart ranks among the most disappointing backs in fantasy football with just 220 yards and zero touchdowns through four games.
If Butler does re sign with the Patriots, however, it does make a formidable 1 2 punch at the cornerback position. Parents do not want their children idolizing criminals just because they are on Television and play a game.
Had this killer instinct in his eyes, said Stan Coleman, one of Benson brothers. “This is what helps with the stiff arm.”. Yes, there is a certain unfairness in punishing would be employees who have been convicted of no crime.
I read sports news and the comments following them, frequently, and I seeing a number of explanations for lower ratings. He could not produce hard evidence teams were working against him and arbitrator Fredric Horowitz ruled against Bonds, an example of what happens if you bring a collusion claim based on circumstantial evidence.
All quarters are not same.. W nearly came back from deficits of 21 points against Stony Brook and 20 against Elon,. Magnanimously, he chose to end it with a party in black jersey football team Tuscaloosa, the home of the Crimson Tide, his alma mater’s bitterest rival..
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This is a mighty big line, but Buffalo will be more disciplined under new coach Sean McDermott, the anti Rex Ryan, and the Bills’ defense could pitch a shutout.
If you kick off the ground, studs that are too long can catch the ground at the bottom of your foot swing. “Without the NFL basketball jersey online shop shield we were able to experience a more genuine type of love.
Drew Brees outduels Tom Brady in a classic shootout in front of an energized crowd for the Saints’ home opener. Berman to declare it followed its players’ contract properly when it punished Brady.
Against Tennessee, the Dolphins were two of 13 on third down conversions. The Orlando conference ends a spectacular year for the PCHS Team, which won the Top School Award at every conference they attended this year, including conferences at Georgia Tech University, Brown University, University of Chicago and Tallahassee Community College.
This is going to become who DeShone Kizer is, and he understands that. Since you will be selling to retailers, you must be able to mark up your prices to make a profit, yet keep them low enough to attract clients..
“He never complained, never said anything like ‘This isn’t for me, and I’m getting screwed in the process,’ ” said Oregon State tight ends coach Dave Baldwin, who remembered how Ortiz’s study habits often helped mask coaches’ play calling mistakes.
Ever since then football jersey design the super bowl has became more and more popular over the years. I thanked her and said, “God bless you,. Soon to be free agent Terrelle Pryor had 1,007 yards last year in a bad Cleveland Browns offense and is still learning that position after moving from quarterback.
“Guys tackle high now and are taught that way. So, there’s different levels of respect that players will have, but I think in general they have a pretty short attention span..
Other than Bo Jackson, he the only back in SEC history to average over six yards per carry with a minimum 600 attempts.. OBJ did not play in the team’s season opening defeat in Dallas, with the team missing their star play maker desperately, as they mustered up only three points on offence.
Long term insurance care also becomes an issue later in football retirement. The Sports Xchange Redskins S Jackson suspended indefinitely Washington Redskins safety Tanard Jackson was suspended indefinitely again for violating the NFL’s substance abuse policy, the league announced Wednesday.
Thomas Aquinas in Fort Lauderdale was the high school with the most former players in the NFL with 12 five more than No. Tebow is a rare example of a public figure who takes responsibility for his actions and constructively embraces criticism, seeing it as an opportunity to constantly improve.
It been 22 years since that not guilty verdict, the murder trial themes of criminal justice and race, trust in police, celebrity and domestic violence remain remarkably resonant in modern culture. basketball jerseys
Ashley Boccio, is a workout freak, too. Detractors accuse Seattle of harboring criminals in the secondary while pols such as Sen.
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Began his latest tirade during a raucous camp
Began his latest tirade during a raucous campaign rally in Huntsville, Alabama Friday evening before thousands of cheering fans.
There is no reason to think that the Steelers will take a step backwards with him behind center. It is all he ever craved since he discovered at 10 that he could smash another kid as hard as he liked and not catch a whipping from his mother, Mildred.
He began his career in Washington 1989 at WMAL radio. It easier to turn the games off for other reasons if the games aren fun to watch in the first place..
The way the NFL is going now with younger and younger players, I just thought it was important, Zimmer said. There is duplicate football jerseys little doubt that an undefeated Big 12 champion will be part of the CFP.
After this adjustment is made you get the Against The Spread result (ATS result for short).. This is where you have to follow your gut and not over think it.
The Giants addressed the loss of Johnathan Hankins by picking Alabama DT cheap authentic sports jerseys Dalvin Tomlinson in the second round. Hill Library.
Of Fame driver Richard Petty sentiments took it a step further, saying: that don stand up for the anthem oughta be out of the country.
The players stood as one before the song, during which fans customarily chanted in tribute to the Orioles during say can you see you see?.
The elevation of the seats in the last row of StubHub Center is lower than the first row of luxury suite seats in most NFL stadiums.
Peterson will make a court appearance I assume sometime within the next couple weeks,” Grant said.”This is still in its preliminary stages so it will be several months probably before this case is set for trial.
If Watkins can stay https://www.pandoraustraliabracelets.net/ on the field, he will be the focus of the Bills’ passing attack (admittedly on a team that wants to run the ball more than most), given that other options include Corey Brown, Andre Holmes, rookie Zay Jones and TE Charles Clay..
This is what Cowboys running back Ezekiel Elliott is currently going through, in the other biggest story of the summer. Vikings, by total score of 109 47.
The NFL desires not only for the commissioner to be treated as infallible, like the Pope, but to maintain all encompassing control over its employees.
Are wrong, that the name they choose to identify their team is obscene, and (hopefully) that they lost.. 28, 2016″ > >The goat you never heard ofCheck out Page 11 of the April 12, 1917, customize your own football uniform edition of the Chicago Tribune and you see an image of two items that don seem to belong together: a goat and the Cubs homefield scoreboard.
That’s what made it real for me.”. For example, in 2009, former Super Bowl winning head coach Jon Gruden signed a three year contract with ESPN that was lucrative enough to keep the former coach in the press box and away from taking a new head coaching job at Notre Dame or the University of Miami.
No coach uses pressure and disguised pressure like him. Of course, he mitigates the mistakes with 16 TD passes. With the Packers, there is stability at quarterback Dupre had three quarterbacks during his three years at LSU and one of the best trio of wide receivers in the game with Cobb, Jordy Nelson and Davante Adams..
He later allegedly attacked a 70 year old hotel guest and his son, with both needing hospitalization. Watch Patriots vs Steelers live stream game 2015 free online September 10 NFL.
Patriots fans did the very same. Other Top ExecutivesThe three NFL executives at the bottom of the salary chain average more than $1 million a year.
“Los abucheos en el juego de ftbol americano de la NFL de anoche, cuando todo el equipo de Dallas se arrodill, fueron los ms fuertes que jams escuch”, escribi en otro.
It’s either some bizarre subconscious metaphor, or else you’ve fallen down the rabbit hole into an alternate universe co created by Wes Anderson and The Fat Cyclist.
He’s fired!’” Mr Trump said at pandora earrings a rally for Republican senator Luther Strange, who is running in a special election next week to remain cheap nfl jerseys wholesale in the seat vacated by attorney general Jeff Sessions..
Many people don’t know, but I wore the 28 as a kid because of Fred Taylor who played for the Jaguars at the time. Kept up his foray into the sports world cheap bball jerseys on Saturday, when he responded to comments by Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors, who has made it clear that he not interested in a traditional White House trip for the NBA champions.
Our players and our organization serve the New Orleans community selflessly and do so without care of race, creed or sexual orientation and that makes us a better city and a better team.
While I can judge the performances of the Saints and Cowboys from Week 1 and project it forward, the same can’t be said about the Panthers after a meeting with a bad San Fran team.
None of the celebrity athletes who joined him on the 300 mile ride were avid cyclists. On one level, this is classic Trump. The velodrome was already familiar to Bobby, who had competed there many times.
But that wasn going to happen. Anderson (ankle), S Omar Bolden (hamstring), S David Bruton Jr. Mueller holds a Bachelor of Arts in political science from the University of North Carolina at Asheville and a Juris Doctor from Indiana University Maurer School of Law..
The league’s vision for bigger and better includes a 120 foot tall Ferris wheel between Michigan Avenue. “Everything just feels better,” Dupree said.
“We hang around the same people in Hawaii and I see him all the time out there,” Bennett said. Offensive told CNN she found Linton original post offensive.
C’est pour cette raison que les Packers de Green Bay ont accord un contrat de 42 millions pour quatre saisons Daniels, qui aurait pu obtenir son autonomie complte en mars.
Didn hear anything one way or the other over the weekend on that. In the days that followed the president issued a series of tweets reiterating his views and calling for a boycott of games by fans..
And if you’re not all into your religious doctrine, then the very act of defiling what others believe, a strange kind of sadism, a need to humiliate another, could also be at play.
The Rams may have been the home team but the Pats have a vast following in this country, therefore the reaction of the crowd was always going to be mixed.
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Plus, with Paxton, you never know with the th
Plus, with Paxton, you never know with the throwing shoulder. As for Jacksonville, they were outstanding in their Week One win in Houston, but the standard of their play dramatically fell off against Tennessee.
Johnson in 1989.. You are unlikely to find a jersey for a new player who began midseason, as it takes several months to produce jerseys and get them to stores.
So it’s a powerful sport. Buy: One 30 second spot, the outdoor clothing brand’s first Super Bowl ad. Does not understand. Wandering the museum galleries, he browses an exhibition on the history of the American road trip, with images by iconic photographers like Robert Frank.
It been like none cheap real nfl jerseys other. Being a bigger factor and being more efficient in the red zone is a goal for us. We got people standing.
They are usually second in command to the head coach. Usually, player associations and leagues have one mandatory meeting every year to review changes in regulations.Apply for an agent’s license the state of Florida.
“There’s a lot of good defensive talent in the top 10 in this draft. “I’m going to look at things differently. Imperative. But until the storm moves on and the ratings come out, there’s plenty of room to speculate and no doubt some advertisers, networks, owners and league executives being a bit on edge..
Dobson showed promise as a rookie after being picked in the second round of the 2013 NFL draft, but he missed much of the 2014 season with a foot injury.
The Carolina Panthers also pulled the trigger early on a running back at No. Raiders might still be a bit unsettled at linebacker, where they could scour the waiver wire for help.
WOW. The personal conduct policy covers activities that might be criminal domestic or workplace violence, illegal gun possession, cruelty to animals regardless of whether they result in a conviction or even criminal charges.
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The Black Lives Matter movement is also unpopular among whites. If he can manage a win in this one then he would make it to the bye week where he would then get an extra week of practice before playing again against Denver..
Pick; he been having a couple good years. He is tall at 6ft 4in and weighs 270lbs but he can run 40 yards in just 4.64 seconds..
Our players the jersey shop have the freedom to express themselves in a respectful and thoughtful manner and we all agreed that our sole message is to provide and to promote an environment that is focused on love and equality.”.
Regardless of the accommodations, the Rams would have been miserable if they were forced to stay far from home in the same. Caribbean spiny lobsters are officially listed as “data deficient” by the IUCN, with further research needed on its conservation status.
Such collisions occur about 10 times faster than full body tackles, Stefan Duma, a bioengineer at Virginia Tech, tells Shots.
We should be fine, but it a great test for us. I can’t claim that ‘X’ will happen. Given the other problems with the program (see Fourth Estate) they need to relax.
Hadn played a down until he was inserted with 2:44 remaining and the Vikings trailing 31 24. That what the red stripes mean.
Lost the 2008 NFC Championship match to fellow Australian Ben Graham’s Arizona Cardinals and was therefore denied the chance to play in a Super Bowl.
I love to think about who wore them over the generations I can imagine them on Eva Marie Saint, or Ava Gardner, or Lauren Bacall.
EntertainmentEntertainment NewsThe SceneGeorge to the Rescue1st LookOpen HouseBreakfast With Open HouseCOZI TVTalk StoopWorth The TripB.
The following factors, among others, could cause actual results and the timing of events to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward looking statements: our substantial competition, which is likely to increase over time; our ability to attract and retain subscribers, which is uncertain; interference to our service from wireless operations; consumer protection laws and their enforcement; unfavorable outcomes of pending or future litigation; the market for music pandora necklace rights, which is changing and subject to uncertainties; our dependence upon the auto industry; general economic conditions; the security of the personal information about our customers; existing or future government laws and regulations could harm our business; failure of our satellites would significantly damage our business; the interruption or failure of our information technology and communications systems; our failure to realize benefits of acquisitions or other strategic initiatives; rapid technological and industry changes; failure of third parties to perform; our failure to comply with FCC requirements; modifications to our business plan; our indebtedness; our principal stockholder has significant influence over our affairs and over actions requiring stockholder approval and its interests may differ from interests of other holders of our common stock; impairment of our business by third party intellectual property rights; and changes to our dividend policies which could occur at any time.
Donnie Edwards, Brian Waters, and plain football tops others may not have been breakout icons like Gonzalez, but all were game to roll up their sleeves and take the entry level gigs she sent their way, like appearances at car shows, autograph signings, and guest spots on sports talk stations..
“The NFL and our players are at our best when we help create a sense of unity in our country and our culture. If they don’t do well, throw them out.
He continues, “In fact, no study has, so far as I am aware, shown that ingested glutamine (even in large doses) increases muscle levels of glutamine! I think it’s largely useless as a supplement.” One study supplemented young, healthy adults with 0.9 g/kg of lean body mass per day and still no effect.
Bussert worked his first of 40 NFL drafts in 1976. The Vikings suspect run defense has custom made american football jerseys done well the past three weeks, but it also got fortunate.
His 463 passing yards and four touchdowns were not enough original football jersey online to overcome his first two interceptions of the season, including a 60 yard Pick 6, and a struggling UCLA defense that gave up a season high 560 yards.
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The Steelers were one of the few NFL teams th
The Steelers were one of the few NFL teams that didn’t talk to him in the leadup to the NFL Draft. “If an athlete returns to baseline functioning without symptoms and has a normal neurological exam, neuropsychological testing and MRI, what is the evidence that keeping them out longer does anything?.
28, 2017″ > >Steelers Antonio Brown, at W camp, has become arguably the NFL best receiverDave JohnsonWILLIAMSBURG Antonio Brown coach didn know his whereabouts Tuesday morning.
No way to tell the story without showing real football, without showing real football players, to get the texture and the understanding and the tremendous violence inside the game, director Peter Landesman said in an interview earlier this week.
“One of the things I do like about our team is we’re able to stay on the present moment and focus on the team that is at hand.
Los Angeles ChargersWhen: Monday, Sept. Chronic Myelogenous LeukemiaThis disorder results from a faulty gene that causes an overgrowth of cells.
Expect the entire club seat sales process to take approximately five months, after which we will begin the PSL and seat sales process for the remainder of the building.
I think both sides would probably love to have it. 11, 2017″ > >The Ventra refundsCTA riders miss out on millions in Ventra refunds by failing to register their Ventra cards, according to transit agency records.
It’s such a cheesy move and I don’t respect anyone black basketball uniform who does it. How many fantasy points does he score? Answer is on next page!.
Mowins said the two have bonded over similar childhoods, their love of sports and their similar senses of humor. 1 defense and should realistically push Manny Lawson for the job.
Has 18 tackles in 2 meetings at Az. A complimentary buffet is available to paying customers. We have so much football left to go..
I do a bunch of pullups and that’s basically it as far as cardio. Two conference championship games will determine the teams that advance to the Super Bowl, and the matchups couldn’t be more exciting: Denver vs.
Louis Rams in 2015. Of his own players, the Hall of Famer said, we are disrespecting the flag, then we won play. An example would be hammers for defensive achievements https://www.pandoraustraliabracelets.net/ and stars for offensive achievements..
The National Action Network Detroit chapter says Kid Rock embrace of the Confederate flag, expletive laced criticism of NFL quarterback Colin Kaepernick and unabashed support for Trump have no place in Detroit, where about 80 percent of the city 680,000 residents are black.
If they do not agree with his Alabama statements, they will in effect have separated themselves from both Trump and his alt right constituency.
“But in retrospect, I think it was probably a good thing for the city,” he says. But I wanted to be around it. Rookie RB AARON JONES rushed for 125 yards TD in Week 5, his 1st career 100 yard game.
I think I shown that I can make plays, but I need to be more productive and finish drives. And then there’s the Ray Lewis who still people today, you know, will freely suggest is a murderer from what happened in Atlanta.
It’s kind of just pull from here, pull from there.”. He saw action in France during World War I, then returned to Saginaw to serve as city attorney and chairman of the Liquor Control Commission.
Third degree Earlier in the week, Lovie Smith called Jeff George Jr. 2. But the quarterback who Vikings coach Mike Zimmer called “Houdini” during the week darted right and found Tyler Lockett wide open for a 35 yard completion to set up unique nfl jerseys the score to Baldwin..
“In practice, (Shardrach) did a couple reps. But the consistency Denver produced in the run game that had become a major weapon during back to back victories to open the season never materialized in the second half..
I think this was more of a concentrated effort to get him on track, as you look at his stats for the game and see he still only caught 4 balls for 25 yards.
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Nissan did not explicitly confirm or deny that it has switched gears on its NFL game plan, although it did suggest that college football was paramount.
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Other Cleveland based museums include the Cleveland Museum of Natural History and the Cleveland Museum of Art.. College Linebacker Coaches”USA Today” reported that salaries for assistant coaches, such as linebacker coaches, continue to rise especially in the top college football conferences.
GREENE: I have to ask you about Atlanta, which is a chapter in the book. “I accept that you are sincere when you say that you want to, and will, turn your life around, and that you intend to be a positive role model for others,” Goodell said in his letter to Vick.
It’s harnessed through slots in the back with a karate belt I got a garage sale years ago (thinking I’d use it for tote bag straps someday).
(Remember the game in Pittsburgh against the Steelers that the Cowboys had won until Romo singlehandedly lost the game for them with his INT’s in the final minutes??) Furthermore, from a fantasy standpoint Romo has another major negative working against him and that is clearly the loss of Owens.
The majority of us have done throughout our careers, we use our platform as members of a NFL team, and our right to freedom of expression, to speak up for those whose voice is not heard, the team statement said. mickey mouse silhouette
If Kaepernick’s protest left the door ajar, Goodell’s response served to blow it from the hinges as a stampede of players decided to use the occasion to demonstrate whatever grievances they have against their own country.
You’re grateful for those lessons that you learn. A leader must show everyone the way on the field.. The NFL is the pinnacle of organized football.
A young middle of the offensive line with Elflein, 23, and Easton, 25, a third year man who played in his first 11 NFL regular season games last year.
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ASSOCIATION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN AFRICA (ADEA)
(Nov. 2015)
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Zane Name Meaning
Zane meaning
Meaning of Zane :
American , Hawaiian , Hebrew , Australian , Chinese , English , British
Variant Names of Zane:
Zain, Zaine And Zayne., Zane, Zaine, Zaine, Zayne, Zein
Rhyming Names of Zane:
Agurtzane, Aintzane, Azane, Beltzane, Ferzane, Gentzane, Gezane
Names Similar to Zane :
Zaneta, Zaneta, Zanebono, Zaneta, Zanetta, Zaneita, Zanela, Zanelle, Zanen, Zanet
Popularity Rank :
Zane name was top ranked at 743 position in American during year 1930and most recently ranked at 233 position in American during year 2015
Name Zane has been Most Popular throughout the last hundred plus years and ranked at 1103 position. 41525 numbers of people were named Zane so far in last 100 years. (SSA) More about rank of Zane
Zane Numerology :
Personality No. 4. People with name Zane love to work & like orderliness. They are loyal, pragmatic & materialistic but sometimes they may be rude. Person with Zane having 4 as Personality number are adamant & indulge only in time-tested values. They are determined, energetic, dependable & scientific. They are cautious & hypersensitive. More Numerology
is Meen and Moon sign associated with the name Zane is Pisces.
The name Zane has Water element. Jupiter is the Ruling Planet for the name Zane . The name Zane having moon sign as Pisces is represented by The Fish and considered as Mutable .
Normally, people with the name Zane are religious and fear God. They are patient and have intense feelings.
Other name options, having Pisces moon sign are name starting with : Da, Di, The, Jya, Du, Tha, Jha, Da, Yan, De, Do, Cha, Chi, chee, Jh, Nj, Yna, Za, Ze.
Famous Name Zane
Zane Kirchner
is a South African international rugby union footballer who plays at fullback for the Bulls in the Super 14 and the Blue Bulls in the Currie Cup. Born in George, Western Cape, Kirchner attended PW Botha College in his home town, for whom he played at fly-half; he was first selected at fullback for the 2002 Craven Week.[2] He began his provincial rugby career with the Wildeklawer Griquas, and made more than 50 appearances for the side between his Currie Cup debut in 2003 and his move to the Blue Bulls in 2007.[2] In two years with the Blues, Kirchner has made 10 Currie Cup appearances and scored 12 points. He made his debut for the Bulls Super 14 franchise in 2008, and since then he has made 10 further appearances and scored 15 points.
Clayton Zane
is a retired Australian international football (soccer) player. His last club was R.S.C. Anderlecht, but he ended his career in late 2005 after being injured for two years. Zane was first brought to Europe as a relative unknown by Norwegian team Molde. Af
Your Opinion About Zane Name
Please suggest meaning of name Zane in other country, history of name and famous personality with name Zane or you like to put your any comment/suggestion on this name for other visitors.
Loving female voice
Yes, this is a true and a known fact that babies love the sound and voice of a female and prefer the same over the voice of the male. This might be the reason why babies are more close to their age during infancy.
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Most parents starts discussing baby names as soon as they find out that the stork's going to be paying a visit soon. From pinning down their favorite boy and girl names to arguing late into the night about which one is the best every parent invariably has more than one favorite.
List of American baby names, American babies names, American baby names and meanings has been compiled from various resources. Please use this up to date list of American name as a reference to name your kid/child. This vast database of American names has been compiled from various references and suggestions provided by our web site users and resources partners. This information is developed to primarily serve as a reference. We are unable to respond on request for personalized assistance at the moment. Thank you for your support. Largest list of American baby names with meanings, numerology, popularity and comments.
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The 100 Greatest Console Video Games: 1977-1987 - NOW AN EBOOK
My most popular video game book, The 100 Greatest Console Video Games: 1977-1987, is now available via Amazon Kindle, which is a free app on your smart phone, tablet, or computer. You can check it out HERE. Or, you can order a hardcover version of the book, signed or unsigned, directly from me HERE.
There have been many top 100 books before, but rarely one like this. Here are the best of the early video games, shown in over 400 color photos and described in incredible detail in the entertaining and informative text. Each game's entry features production history, critical commentary, quotes from industry professionals, gameplay details, comparisons to other games, and more. This book celebrates the very best of the interactive entertainment industry's games from this highly crucial, fondly remembered decade. This pivotal period was marked by the introduction of the indispensable Atari 2600, Odyssey2, and Intellivision, the unleashing of the underrated Vectrex, the mind-blowing debut of the next-gen ColecoVision and Atari 5200, plus the rebirth of the industry through Nintendo's legendary juggernaut, the NES. Whether you're young or old, new to the hobby or a hardcore collector, this book will introduce you to or remind you of some of the greatest, most historically important games ever made.
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"100 Greatest Console Video Games 1977-1987 is truly an excellent book that anyone interested in video games should own. Whether you want to read about the details of the games or just admire the tons of images within its pages, this book is for you. Will you agree with every game selected? Unlikely, but thats part of the fun. If you dont find a game you think should have made it within the main book, be sure to check out the appendix at the end with 100 honorable mentions. That game may have made it there. Rating - 10/10." - Retrovideogamer.co.uk
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A freelance writer, I'm the author of the Classic Home Video Games series, The 100 Greatest Console Video Games: 1977-1987, Encyclopedia of KISS, and other books. I've had articles published in numerous magazines and newspapers, including the Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Filmfax, Fangoria, AntiqueWeek, The Writer, Mystery Scene, and more. Contact me at brettw105 AT sbcglobal.net.
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Junior Go
Member's Access
Home › Content
Eric and CHS Youth win Inaugural South Manchester Tournament
Mon, 20/03/2017 - 11:55 — Martin Harvey
South Manchester
Cheadle Hulme School (CHS)
The first-ever South Manchester tournament was held on Sunday 19th March 2017. Despite the drizzle, much fun was had by all. Cheadle Hulme School (CHS) kindly allowed use of their dining hall for the day, and nine of their students enjoyed free tournament entry.
There were two non-playing organisers on hand all day: Mike Winslow (Head of Physics) welcomed attendees and presented prizes, while Martin Harvey of Manchester Go Club ran impromptu teaching lessons for some non-players. To accommodate several 10-15-year-olds, two separate tournaments were run on the same day. The Main tourney was a 3-round affair, while the Fast tourney consisted of 6 rounds.
In the Main tourney, run by Helen Harvey, Manchester Go club provided half the 20 players, and greedily ensured that none of the three prizes awarded left Manchester! Overall winner was Yangran Zhang (aka Eric, 3d), who pipped Xinyi Liu (aka Sugar, 3d) in the final round. The second player to win 3/3 was Michael Kyle (8k), with Alan Stokes (10k) winning 2.5.
The Fast tourney, run by Chris Kirkham, saw a team of 5 young CHS students emerging as 11 games to 7 winners against a 'Rest of the World' team. Three from CHS won prizes for winning most of their games, but the star prize went to local 'RotW' Kathryn Ball, for an amazing 6 wins out of 6, despite 9-stone handicaps plus 3-figure komi. RotW's Doug Haynes won the Fighting Spirit prize, for making up for Kathryn's score! All the CHS team won at least one game. RotW's Rohan Neelala, a 12-year-old from Manchester Grammar School, was playing in his first-ever tournament, and said he had had a really enjoyable day, despite just one win.
Thanks of course go to CHS, teacher Mike, three organisers, the five RotW players (who also offered well-received reviews to the youngsters) and to all those attending, from clubs both near (Liverpool) and far (Cambridge). It was everyone's hope that this event might become an annual regular on the North West calendar.
Results from both tournaments
UK Tournament Report
Last updated Tue Mar 06 2018. If you have any comments, please email the webmaster on web-master AT britgo DOT org.
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Bulgarian British Partnership
- Property for Sale in Bulgaria
Helping to bring out the best in Britain and the best in Bulgaria.
Bulgarian British Partnership is a UK based company, with Professionally Qualified Staff working in both the UK and Bulgaria.
Property for sale in Bulgaria;Language & Business Services
Property for Sale - Rent in Bulgaria
2001 Sredets Apartment
®
No safety checks have been carried out and a survey of this Bulgarian Property has not been undertaken. Services (For example, Water, Electricity, Gas, Sewerage, Cesspits, Septic Tanks, Bathroom/Kitchen Facilities, etc) have not been tested or checked.We cannot verify the availability or suitability of Well Water. We rely on Vendors to provide us with accurate information, however, if you are interested in buying/investing in this Bulgarian Property we strongly recommend that all details are verified via your Solicitor.
If you would like to arrange to view this Bulgarian Property - please contact us. You might also be interested in considering our Property Related Services. We can help you to organise any building work you would like carried out.
BELOW ARE VILLAGE PROPERTIES FOR SALE: WITHIN THE BURGAS REGION that are between 26 -40 miles from Burgas City Centre/Burgas Airport. Also, within easy reach of Local Amenities and Towns. (If you would like to know more about the different Villages - there is a Link below that you can click on that provides Photographs and Information about each Village).
Property Ref. No. 27
Brief Description: Corner sited, Detached Property, very pleasantly situated in a rural landscape. 5 Rooms. Lovely Walnut Tree in Garden which is in excess of 2,000 sq.metres (exact area of land to be confirmed). Track down to Village Centre a short distance away.
ASKING PRICE: Approx. £9,436 (11,000 Euro).
Offers considered.
Property Ref: 32
Brief Description: A Detached, spacious, two-storey property, set in approx. 2,900 sq. metres of land, with verandah and lots of Outbuildings and large Lean-to.
ASKING PRICE: £16,000 ( Approx. 19,332 Euros; 37,812 Bulgarian Lev).
Property Ref. No. 5
Brief Description: Detached property in an elevated position, with excellent views. It is a few minutes walk from the Village Centre. It is set in approximately 2, 600 sq. metres of land.
ASKING PRICE: £10,564 (24,000 Bulgarian Lev; 12,273 Euro).
The Owner is pleased to consider a lower offer.
If you would like more information about Villages in the Burgas Region and to see some general photos of Different Villages - please click here:
Property Reference 43: Corner-sited, Detached, two-storey, House, with Verandah - providing beautiful views across the village. Very Large Garden; pleasantly and convenientlt located.
Asking Price: OPEN TO OFFERS IN THE REGION OF £10,000 (Approx. 23,000 Bulgarian Lev; 11,758 Euro).
Property Ref No. 31
A Detached Property nicely set back off the frontage track,
with good sized rooms and an interesting old Summerhouse and also - Outbuildings. Good sized plot of approx, 2,500 sq.metres
ASKING PRICE: £17,263 (20,461 Euro; 40,000 Bulgarian Lev). OFFERS WILL BE CONSIDERED.
Property Ref.No. 25
A Detached, corner sited property, with beautiful views, set in
2,500 square metres of land, with driveway and Car Port Area.
The property is conveniently situated; it is two-storey,
with 5 Rooms. It also offers a Barn and Outside Sheds, good-
sized rear garden with fruit trees, patio area with grape vines and outside sink. At the bottom of the rear garden is a stream.
This is a lovely spot for a rural retreat.
ASKING PRICE: 8,510 Euro
PLEASE CLICK ON THE IMAGE TO SEE MORE PHOTOGRAPHS OF THIS PROPERTY AND FOR MORE INFORMATION
Approximately 2,650 square metres of Land for sale in
a pleasant and scenic village, which, subject to Planning
Permission, could be used for development.
ASKING PRICE:Approx. £4,833
Approx. 11,000 Bulgarian Lev
Approx. 5,628 Euro
PLEASE CLICK ON THE IMAGE TO SEE MORE PHOTOGRAPHS OF THIS LAND AND FOR MORE INFORMATION.
A Detached, two-storey, property, pleasantly located - set back off the frontage village road, with scenic views across the village. It has a large garden area of approximately 3,500 square metres and offers quite spacious accommodation.
ASKING PRICE: £16,500
Approx. 19,935 Euro
Property Ref.No. 6
Detached Property, in a semi-elevated position, with good-sized accommodation, verandah and outbuildings. Pleasant outlook/views, set in approximately 2,200 sq. metres of land.
Approx. 13,826 Euros
NOW REDUCED TO £10,000
Property Ref. No. 2 -SOLD A Detached, corner-sited, two-storey, property, with a verandah and balcony in rural Village. This property offers spacious accommodation and is pleasantly located in an elevated position. It has also a large Garage and Outbuildings. It is sited in 850 sq. metres of Land.
ASKING PRICE: £7,916
Approx. 17,840 Bulgarian Lev.
Approx. 9,128 Euros).
THIS PROPERTY IS CURRENTLY UNDER OFFER
Property Ref. No. 1 - A Detached Property in the rural Village, which has approximately 2,000 sq. metres of land. It is set back (up a short track) from the main road through the village. There are three good-sized Rooms, with also additional Cellar Rooms. It has a Garage and Outbuildings. The Garage and Outbuildings are in particularly poor condition.
Approx. £16,895 Bulgarian Lev
Property Ref. 16
A Semi-detached Premises, which we are informed was previously used as a Shop/Cafe. It has front access door to Two Large Rooms and Rear access to Cellars. There is a side path and garden area at the rear, beyond which is a stream. Great Position for commercial idea.
ASKING PRICE: £ £5,313
Approx. 6,143 Euros
Property Ref. No. 19 SOLD
We think this is a Bargain at this price: A property of some character comprising Detached House, with also a Summer House in the Garden. It is situated in a Small Town, in a tree-lined frontage road. There is a very scenic drive from to Burgas. There are three good-sized Rooms in the main house, with a further Two Rooms in the Summer House (with separate entrance doors). Also, there are Cellar Rooms, a Rear Yard and Outbuildings.
ASKING PRICE: Reduced to £5,619
Property in Rural Setting, pleasantly and conveniently located for Sredets and Burgas.
ASKING PRICE: £4,225 (Approx. 10,000 Bulgarian Lev; approx. 5,113 Euro)
PLEASE CLICK ON THE IMAGE TO SEE MORE PHOTOGRAPHS OF THIS PROPERTY AND FOR MORE INFORMATION.
Brief Description: Land and House in a Scenic Village. There is a sizeable level area of land and the remainder is slightly sloping. In all - well in excess of 2,000 sq. metres. Beautiful Panorama. A Great spot for a House. The existing House is in need of significant repair.
Approx. 8,000 Bulgarian Lev
Brief Description: Two-storeyHouse and Former Cafe, well located in the very centre of the village. A corner-sited property offering quite spacious accommodation, a Car Port and Outside Storage Areas. There is approximately 1,000 square metres of land.
Approximately 35,000 Bulgarian Lev
Approximately 17,884 Euros
For more details about this property and more photos of this property - please Click the Image.
Brief Description: A large, corner-sited, two-storey, Detached Property, in small village. This property has, in comparison to many village properties, been well maintained. It offers spacious accommodation and lots of Outbuildings at the side and rear of the property. It is set in a large plot of approximately 3,000 square metres, with pleasant outlooks.
ASKING PRICE: OPEN TO OFFERS
Brief Description: Detached Property, set in approx. 4,000 sq.metres of land, with Verandah and Outbuildings. Small Brook running through part of garden. This property offers good-sized accommodation and is pleasantly located.
ASKING PRICE: £9,451 (Approx. 10,985 Euro; 21,500 Bulgarian Lev).
Brief Description: A Detached, corner-sited, property. It is two-storey and offers reasonable-sized accommodation.
Brief Description: A Detached Bungalow, in a semi-elevated position, with good views at front and fields behind. It has a Large Store Room, a Large paved Yard Area and a Walnut Tree! It is set in approximately 1,600 sq.metres of Land.
INFORMATION ABOUT DIFFERENT CITIES, VILLAGES AND TOWNS IN BULGARIA
Property Ref. No. 500 This Traditional Bulgarian Property is set in nearly an acre of Land, with panoramic,scenic rural outlooks. There are 3 good-sized Rooms at first floor level and further rooms at ground floor level.There is also an Extension and a Barn. Nearby there is Spring Water. The Village has good access to Sredets (11 miles,17km) & Burgas (32 miles,52km). It is only approx. 1 mile to the main road. Situated in a small rural village.
Approx. 10,000Euro
Property Ref. No. BD 659
Brief Description: Insulated & Refurbished Detached Property,set in a plot of approx.2,500 sq.metres. The property offers 80sq.metres of accommodation. There is an Outside Covered Seating BBQ Area.
Property Ref.No. BD654
Small property,but with potential to build further accommodation, in a good sized plot of 1,050 sq.metres.
Property Ref. No. 501. The position & potential of this property is its selling point. It has very pleasant rural outlooks and is conveniently located near to the Town of Sredets' Also,Burgas City Centre is not too far away. It does need substantial repair & modernisation. However, it is set in a large plot of land - 2,760 sq. metres of land & offers good potential.
Asking Price: £5,000(Approx. 12,600 Bulgarian Lev; 6,500 Euro.
Property Ref. No. 505 SOLD SUBJECT TO CONTRACT
Brief Description: Beautiful Scenic Rural Setting. Detached Property,set in a plot of approx.2,410 sq.metres. Requires renovation. Also, an old Barn
© 2013 Design Registration No. 4028607
RTM UK: 00002650764
English Language Courses/Private Tuition - please click here for further information. Cambridge English Language, Business English Language, Bespoke English Language
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BULGARIAN PROPERTY FOR SALE
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Ben Calvert & The Swifts
Influenced by British folk, early 90s Indie and US Psychedelia, Ben’s post-folk sound has melody, stories, and lyrics at its heart.
‘Introspective and often melancholic vocals offer the perfect picture window to redeeming an era of sound from the likes of Nick Drake. Ben’s voice has a quirky edge that is reminiscent of a male Vashti Bunyan. Folk music served up with a splash of dark psychedelia.”
**** Folk Radio UK
‘Gentle, lilting lyrics stir up echoes of Belle and Sebastian. The lo-fi production adds a charming intimacy.’
For Folk’s Sake
“Love; defenestrated is a collection of beautifully crafted songs that leave you looking for more. You will instantly fall in love with Ben Calvert’s voice and music.”
antifolk.com
“Although Ben Calvert has a folk heart, it is a folk heart which has been broken on indie dancefloors to the sounds of blur and The Smiths.”
Indie mp3.co.uk
Ben is holed up in Stafford on the banks of the River Sow, mixing his next release, while working on a dance track under a yet-to-be-revealed pseudonym. Still playing live? Yes. There have been a few outings to play at poetry nights in West London houses.
“ Yeatsian echoes in Ben Calvert’s ‘grass-stained soul’, which glowed in songs.”
Naomi Foyle
Dartington Dreams and Nightmares…
…is the latest EP. Dartington College of Arts was an experimental arts school, hidden away on a country estate in Devon; a beautiful, isolated, inspiring and haunted place, with its own ancient and modern myths and legends. Ben studied Theatre there for three years. This EP tells the stories of lives within the setting of its sprawling gardens, historic buildings and performance studios.
Available on digital download and 12″ vinyl exclusively through bandcamp.
Ben Calvert & The Swifts’ sound was premiered in front of 1,000+ avid ears and eyes when they opened the main stage of Moseley Folk Festival in the early Autumn sun of September 2010 for Divine Comedy.
Weeks later they played a sell-out show as support to Jeffrey Lewis. A support slot to Erland & The Carnival followed, then a 90 minute set to a packed out Birmingham Symphony Hall.
The next Summer saw them play their first London show on the Headline Stage at St Pancras Station Sessions Festival. In May 2011 the video to Ben’s song The Creatures of Simplicity, taken from his 2008 album The Broken Family DaySaver, notched up over 14,000 views on YouTube. In October the band’s debut album Festive Road was released to critical acclaim.
After playing a show at Union Chapel in November 2013, Ben took a year-long hiatus to write. The single The Sea, The Sea marked his return.
The single was self-recorded and self-produced by Ben in his home studio and was mastered by Pete Maher. (Paul Weller, Damien Rice, Beady Eye) Within five minutes of the track being uploaded to BBC Introducing, it was playlisted for the following Friday.
“This ghostly single makes a beautiful introduction. If you like Bon Iver, Midlake or Fleet Foxes then this was made for you.” Brum Notes
Ben now flies solo.
(Visits since February 2011)
This is Bohemian Jukebox
Live Shows and Past Shows
The BoJu Stage At Moseley Folk Festival 2011
Bohemian Jukebox Live Shows
Magazine Coverage
The Making of The Creatures of Simplicity Video
Putting A Price On Art
Creatures of Simplicity | Matthew J Watkins on Ben Calvert & The Swifts
» Ben calvert & The Swifts album Festive Road OUT NOW ! » muthers studio muthers studio on Ben Calvert & The Swifts
Folk Night at the Musician Pub, Leicester hosted by Horus Music | Horus Music Limited on Ben Calvert & The Swifts
Gig Reviews | Gig Photography | Interviews | Competitions from Gig Junkies » Blog Archive » Moseley Folk Festival Friday 2nd September – Sunday 4th September 2011 on Ben Calvert & The Swifts
Florence Rogers on Putting A Price On Art
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Ravena rallies PH past Kazakhs for opening win
Kiefer Ravena shoots over his defender in Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas’ opening game in the FIBA Asia Champions Cup in China yesterday.
CHENZHOU (FIBA Asia Champions Cup 2017) – Chooks-To-Go Philippines opened their FIBA Asia Champions Cup 2017 campaign with a come-from-behind win over BC Astana.
The Filipinos trailed at the half, 43-35, but wonder guard Kiefer Ravena took over in the second half, leading Chooks-To-Go in their third quarter fightback as they outscorted BC Astana, 22-12, to retake the lead for good.
READ: Boholano cager suits up for PH in FIBA Asia Champions Cup in China
Ravena impressed in his debut at the senior level of FIBA Asia, scoring 22 points to go along with 3 rebounds, 2 assists, 2 steals and 2 three-pointers.
Naturalized player candidate Isaiah Austin also had an auspicious first game for the Philippines tallying 17 points, 18 rebounds and 6 blocked shots.
The Kazakhs started the game with hot outside shooting, making 8 triples in the first half, but their offense cooled significantly in the third period.
Boholano Francis Tamsi, who was a last-minute addition to the PH squad, played for 16 minutes in his team’s opening game during the FIBA Asia Champions Cup.
Dmitriy Gavrilov paced them with 11 points and 11 rebounds.
Things will not get easier for the Kazakhs on Day 2 as BC Astana take on Petrochimi Iran, while Chooks-To-Go face Sareyyet Ramallah.
Only the top four teams from each group will make it to round two. (FIBA)
‘Dealer,’ father, brother nabbed in Tagbilaran anti-drug op; P102k shabu seized
An alleged drug dealer, along with his father and brother, was arrested by police during an anti-drug operation in Tagbilaran…
Father, son nabbed for death of fisherman in Talibon
A 70-year-old man and his son were arrested by police after they allegedly beat and stabbed a fisherman who later…
Outgoing prov’l officials honored during Chatto admin’s last convocation
Governor Edgar Chatto, Vice Governor Dionisio Balite and other incumbent provincial officials who will be leaving their current posts on…
Ex-seaman shoots dead mother-in-law, brother-in-law in Inabanga
A former seaman allegedly shot his mother-in-law and brother-in-law dead in Inabanga in an apparent financial dispute on Monday night,…
Alburquerque vice mayor dies, 57
Re-elected Alburquerque Vice Mayor Cayetano Doria, Jr., 57, passed away in the wee hours of Monday. He reportedly died from…
Drug-linked man killed in daylight shooting in Tagbilaran
A man who was previously arrested for a drug charge was shot and killed in broad daylight and in front…
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Articles by "Featured"
Bollywood Featured Hindi News
स्वैग से स्वागत' गाना तो सुन लिया लेकिन इसकी सिंगर को देखकर हैरान रह जाओगे आप
स्वैग से करेंगे सबका स्वागत...।
'टाइगर जिंदा है' का ये गाना तो भाई के हर फैन ने सुना होगा। सलमान खान के नए गाने ने आते ही मार्केट में खलबली मचा दी है। हालांकि इससे भी ज्यादा हलचल तब मचेगी जब आप इस गाने के पीछे के चेहरे को देख पाएंगे। सच में इस गाने की सिंगर को देखकर हो सकता है कि आपका मन इस गाने को रिपीट मोड में सुनने का हो जाए।
अब सिंगर नेहा इतनी ग्लैमरस हैं कि इन्हें देखकर अच्छी-अच्छी हीरोइन्स भी इनके आगे पानी भरती नजर आएंगी। oops! कुछ ज्यादा ही तारीफ हो गई।
लेकिन भाई ये तस्वीरें हैं ही इतनी कातिल कि नजर हटने का नाम नहीं लेगी। पॉपुलर सिंगर नेहा का फैशन, उनकी स्टाइल सबकुछ परफेक्ट है। ऐसा कम ही देखने को मिलता है जब कोई सिंगर का ऐसा अंदाज देखने को मिले।
अब बातों को यही विराम देते हैं। आप देखिए ये आकर्षक तस्वीरें।
कॉलेज से था म्यूजिक में इंटरेस्ट
कॉलेज के दिनों से ही नेहा को म्यूजिक से ख़ास लगाव था। 'Coke pop star' कॉम्पिटिशन जीतकर उन्होंने अपने सफर की शुरुआत की।
पहला गाना था ये
नेहा भसीन को पहला ब्रेक फिल्म 'फैशन' से मिला। इस फिल्म में उन्होंने 'कुछ खास है' गाना गाया था।
लड़कियों का पहला बैंड हैं इनका
बॉलीवुड में ब्रेक मिलने से पहले ही नेहा काफी मशहूर हो चुकी थीं। उनका पहला लड़कियों वाला बैंड था जिसने जीत हासिल की थी।
शादी-शुदा हैं
वैसे आपको बता दें कि हॉट एंड ग्लैमरस नेहा ने पिछले साल ही शादी की है। अब आइये देखते हैं उनकी कुछ ग्लैमरस तस्वीरें।
बॉलीवुड के तमाम सिंगर्स में सबसे हॉट नेहा भसीन ही हैं।
'गुलाबी आँखें' तो आपने सुना होगा अब गुलाबी बालों वाला लुक भी देख लीजिये।
लगता हैं इस तस्वीर में नेहा अपने टैटूज दिखा रही हैं।
नॉट बैड! स्ट्रिप्ड जींस के साथ व्हाइट शर्ट का कॉम्बिनेशन कमाल है।
इस तस्वीर में तो नेहा परफेक्ट इन्डियन ब्यूटी नजर आ रही हैं।
फ्लॉवर प्रिंट की बिकिनी उस पर गॉगल, सुपर कूल लुक है ये तो।
क्रॉप टॉप और उस पर शॉर्ट्स, पूरी फैशनिस्टा हैं ये सिंगर।
व्हाट अ लुक!
नेहा अब तक बॉलीवुड की 25 से भी ज्यादा फिल्मों में अपनी आवाज का जादू बिखेर चुकी हैं।
Blockchain CRYPTO NEWS Featured South Korea
Electronics Giant LG Launches Own Blockchain Service ‘Monachain’
LG CNS, a subsidiary of South Korean LG Corporation that supplies information technology services, has recently launched its own blockchain-powered service, local Yonhap News Agency reports Sunday, May 13.
LG CNS’ own blockchain platform “Monachain” has been designed to enable blockchain-based logistics in the fields of finance, manufacturing, and communication, according to Yonhap.
One of the main deployments of Monachain provides a digital authentication system, as well as a digital currency, and a digital supply chain management tool. As the local source reports, Monachain enables a new type of identification, a decentralized identifier (DID), that can be used for personal identification and online payments via smart devices.
Monachain also allows users to open a digital wallet and conduct financial operations. According to the report, LG CNS is seeking agreement with domestic banks to bring its digital currency business to a wider audience. A representative of LG CNS commented:
"Even further, Monachain can help business owners boost productivity as the company provides a digital supply chain management system that enables suppliers to manage the entire production processing efficiently."
In May 2017, LG CNS partnered with R3, a blockchain consortium made up of over 200 firms.
Cryptomarket Featured Women In Blockchain And Crypto
Women In Blockchain And Crypto: How To Tackle Gender Inequality
The percentage of women invested and involved in cryptocurrency is far lower than that of men. This could be confirmed by numerous surveys and research studies. Moreover, incidents like the North American Bitcoin Conference, where only 3 of the 88 speakers were women and the conference after party was held at a strip club, show a disparity trend present in the industry.
Recently, there has been a push to get more women involved in blockchain technology and cryptocurrency. Initiatives like Mogul’s “Women in Crypto” events and organizations like the Women in Blockchain Foundation have been making an effort to get more women involved in the blockchain and crypto space.
So what exactly do the participation statistics reveal, and what could women do to get more involved in the emerging blockchain and cryptocurrency industries?
Disparity in involvement
According to Coin.dance, as of May 2018, 94.73 percent of Bitcoin community engagement and active participation comes from men and 5.27 percent from women.
Image source: coin.dance
In Oct. 2017, a survey conducted by Reddit user loveYouEth, found that 96 percent of Ether users are men, and MyEtherWallet reported that 84 percent of their wallet holders were male.
Image source: Twitter @MyEtherWallet
The discrepancy between a number of men and women involved in cryptocurrency could possibly be explained by a study titled “Risk and Reward Are Processed Differently in Decisions Made Under Stress”. The study found that “stress amplifies gender differences in strategies during risky decisions, with males taking more risk and females less risk under stress”. This could be a reason why there are fewer women than men involved in Blockchain and cryptocurrency. Careers in banking and finance sometimes involve making risky decisions in situations that can induce stress.
In an article regarding risk-taking, leadership consultant Doug Sundheim noted that women put more emphasis on the negative consequences of risk than men do:
“When facing a risky decision, leaders must weigh a lot of factors. Two of the biggest are, first, the likelihood that the risk in question will help hit strategic objectives and, second, the effect the risk will have on people involved...In my consulting practice I’ve noticed a tendency for men to put a stronger emphasis on the former and women on the latter.”
It is possible that the volatile nature of cryptocurrencies and differing levels of risk adversity biologically assigned to men and women is why the disparity exists in blockchain and cryptocurrency investment and involvement.
Phu Styles, founder of the Women in Blockchain Foundation told Cointelegraph about another possible reason there are more men than women involved in blockchain and cryptocurrency:
“As with most things tech related, men are the target demographic for crypto, thus due to a lack of exposure, there are fewer women invested/involved in cryptocurrency.”
However, this trend could change as the blockchain and cryptocurrency industries are looking to create work opportunities in a number of fields.
The Commodities Future Trading Commission's Primer on Virtual Currencies reports that blockchain technologies have used in financial institutions, government organizations, and cross-industry applications such as digital identities and smart contracts. Applying blockchain technology to these fields could create a number of work opportunities.
With more blockchain related companies going into business the demand for developers, project managers, customer support, lawyers, web designers and many other careers could spawn from companies needing to fill blockchain related roles in their organization.
How to get women involved: from wallet to research
At a recent event “Women in Crypto”, Kelsey Cole, co-founder of blockchain digital advertising company Adbank, suggested that to become involved in the cryptocurrency industry, women should take the following three simple steps:
Set up a wallet and write down its private key, as a position in crypto usually requires acquaintance with some form of cryptocurrency wallet.
Participate in the community, activity that increases knowledge and reputation, which is invaluable to career progression.
Do research on the technology and the market, because due diligence is crucial to success, from both a career and investment perspective.
Phu Styles also shared with Cointelegraph her vision of possible measures to involve more women to the industry:
“Every crypto investment fund should also be actively seeking to invest in female led blockchain companies, governments grants should be given to incentivize women to start blockchain projects, and on a personal level, both men and women who are already involved in blockchain should share their knowledge and mentor women who are new to the space.”
Increase awareness
Allie Mullen, head of global marketing at the women-focused technology platform Mogul told Cointelegraph that for more women to get involved and invested in blockchain and cryptocurrencies it is important to increase awareness and education.
“I think it's about creating more awareness and educating the industry. Once you understand the general concepts and realize that, even though it’s complex, it's less complicated than it appears. I wrongly assumed that it was a complicated industry meant for software engineers and those in finance. But after learning more, I realized there is actually a lot of opportunity and potential for everyone to get involved.”
The comments from Styles and Mullen suggest that if women are interested in getting invested and involved in the blockchain and cryptocurrency industries, building a knowledge base in both industries is beneficial. Becoming more acquainted and expert could make women well rounded when it comes to blockchain and cryptocurrency and could put them in a position that leads to job opportunities.
For the blockchain and cryptocurrency industry to really advance and be the best it could possibly be, the women and their ideas could be of great value. The more perspectives and angles can be provided by all sorts of people, races, backgrounds, and ethnicities, the better a development in the space would turn out. That is why we need to have more women sitting at the table and contributing to – and also starting – the blockchain and crypto conversations.
Amazon & Microsoft’s Move to Blockchain CRYPTO NEWS Cryptocurrency Featured
Amazon & Microsoft’s Move to Blockchain: Centralized Companies Into Decentralized Ecosystem
Bitcoin, and the idea of digital cash has taken hold of the banking sector as banks and financial institutions start to experiment internally with blockchains and cryptocurrencies in order to be at the forefront of these technologies.
This, coupled with the fact that government organizations and even global leadership bodies such as the G20 are looking to regulate cryptocurrencies, again give more legitimacy and longevity to the industry.
The latest wave of adoption is now coming from corporations who, traditionally have come to be successful thanks to their centralized domination over different aspects of the market. Microsoft, in the world of computing, are legendary in driving the world to be digital; then there is Amazon, the pioneers of e-commerce.
These companies are in some manner getting forced towards blockchain technology as it has become apparent that this is the future, and even though it goes against their centralized values, they simply cannot miss out.
Microsoft’s entry
Microsoft has always been one of the biggest companies to give Bitcoin its dues. Back in Dec. 2014, content on the Windows and Xbox stores could be bought in Bitcoin, and this was at a time where Bitcoin’s mainstream adoption and appeal was minimal.
This, of course, was merely a nod towards alternative payment methods, and Microsoft being flexible to its customers wants and needs. However since then, and since blockchain has grown, Microsoft has been pushing to be in front of the innovative queue.
Microsoft has obviously identified the power of blockchain and its far-reaching potential for disruptive applications in the world of enterprise business. The company is now developing blockchain applications - which are not that flashy as some of the solutions put forward by startups, but equally practical.
Microsoft is also looking to build platforms on which businesses can grow their blockchain applications upon, such as the Confidential Consortium (Coco) Framework, an Ethereum-based protocol, which falls under Microsoft Azure, the company’s cloud computing arm.
They have also announced that they are looking into plans to integrate blockchain-based decentralized IDs (DIDs) into its Microsoft Authenticator app.
The latest from the computing giant is that Azure has released its blockchain app creation service, Azure Blockchain Workbench, on May 7. Workbench aims to allow businesses looking to create bespoke blockchain apps to speed up the development process by automating infrastructure setup.
Amazon’s own efforts
Both Microsoft and Amazon have similar origins with their founders - Bill Gates and Jeff Bezos - being driven men with revolutionary ideas. Therefore it is unsurprising to see these two companies pushing to be at the forefront of a new technological wave.
Gates may be spouting some pretty negative things about Bitcoin, and Bezos may be under siege to accept the digital currency on Amazon, but despite what the two founders think of the cryptocurrency space, it is becoming clear that the future is conquering the companies.
Amazon revolutionized the e-commerce space and is looking to at least be near to the top of the pecking order when blockchain technology truly takes a hold. Just like in banking, there is a rush to get blockchain figured out and usable before the rest of the competition gets to market.
Amazon is already in a battle with IBM and Oracle with its own “blockchain-as-a-service” offering. The blockchain framework for Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric, which is allowing users to build and manage their own Blockchain-powered decentralized applications, is being developed in different forms by all three.
Essentially, users would be able to create their own blockchain applications via the Amazon Web Services (AWS) CloudFormation Templates tool to avoid time-consuming manual setups of their blockchain network.
Oracle and others also entering the space
Oracle, the world’s second-largest software company, also recently unveiled blockchain products, and will be releasing them over the next two months. Again, it was a similar cloud service built on the open-source Hyperledger Fabric project like Microsoft, and equally similar to IBM’s blockchain service, announced a year ago.
Major companies are also jumping on the blockchain bandwagon in different easy, shapes and forms. Huawei is loading its phones with a built-in Bitcoin wallet; Samsung revealed that it will use blockchain for managing its global supply chain; Spanish banking group BBVA became the first global bank to issue a loan on a blockchain, and use-cases continue to grow around the world.
Why the blockchain drive?
It was not long ago that people were calling Bitcoin a fad, a scam, and something that will not last for long. Those voices have been silenced somewhat as even banks, one of the biggest detractors of cryptocurrencies, are realizing that they need to be on the forefront of this emerging technology.
The excitement is spreading, and it is creating an arms race even outside banks and the finance sector. Blockchain technology, while intrinsically attached to cryptocurrencies, also has many applications for other sectors. These applications are being explored and evaluated.
Companies like Microsoft, Amazon, Samsung, Huawei, and others, all realize that with all these possibilities, it would be blind to not dive in, and quick.
AWS vice president Jeff Barr explained in a post:
“Some of the people that I talk to see blockchains as the foundation of a new monetary system and a way to facilitate international payments. Others see blockchains as a distributed ledger and immutable data source that can be applied to logistics, supply chain, land registration, crowdfunding and other use cases,. Either way, it’s clear that there are a lot of intriguing possibilities and we are working to help our customers use this technology more effectively.”
Neil Patel, advisor to Kind Ads, a decentralized ad-network that consults companies such as Amazon and Microsoft, reiterates that these major corporations almost have no choice but to embrace blockchain technology as it is being regarded quite openly as the future of technology. Patel told Cointelegraph:
"Microsoft and Amazon have no choice but to focus on blockchain because it is the future. If they don't, they know that it will hurt their growth in the cloud computing space. Just look at Facebook, they see the value in blockchain so much that they moved around their executive team to put the ex president of PayPal on blockchain projects."
Patel’s example above makes mention of how David Marcus, the former president of PayPal and the Facebook executive who has been running the company’s Messenger app, is now assembling a team to explore blockchain technology for the social media platform.
Contradicting ideas
Bitcoin, blockchain and cryptocurrencies, in general, all continue to split opinions. However, the voices in the detracting camps are becoming quieter, especially if they are just single voices.
Jamie Dimon, the head of JP Morgan, called Bitcoin a fraud and spouted much vitriol about cryptocurrencies - and yet, JP Morgan is building its own blockchain, Quorum. The Head of Microsoft is in a similar situation as he says he would bet on Bitcoin collapsing while his company pushes to be a blockchain leader.
So Facebook, Google, Oracle, Microsoft, IBM and Amazon are all evaluating or offering blockchain related products. I don't think blockchain tech is going to solve world hunger or cure cancer, but if you don't think it's here to stay?
— Crypto Bobby (@crypto_bobby) May 8, 2018
Many of these older viewpoints about how things were done, the centralized control of a sector and the move to monopolize a service, still reside in the likes of Gates and Dimon, but on the company floor, it is a different story.
Blockchain technology is being touted as the future, and it is not just empty words. The amount of money, time and effort being put into blockchain-based research and development by banks and corporations prove there is something more to it than a passing fad.
CRYPTO NEWS Cryptocurrency Facebook Cryptocurrency Featured
According to Report- Facebook ‘Exploring’ Making Its Own Cryptocurrency
Facebook is reportedly “exploring” the creation of its own cryptocurrency, news media outlet Cheddar reported May 11.
According to Cheddar’s anonymous sources, people “familiar with Facebook’s plans,” the social media giant is “very serious” about plans to launch an in-app virtual coin.
The unconfirmed information comes the same week the platform announced that David Marcus, head of its Messenger app, would transfer to heading a dedicated blockchain research group.
Marcus’ appointment to Blockchain operations was immediately conspicuous, the executive previously having worked in the finance sphere for PayPal and subsequently joining US cryptocurrency exchange Coinbase’s board in December 2017.
At the time, Coinbase CEO Brian Armstrong praised Marcus’ cross-industry background in both payments and mobile communications.
The move nonetheless provides for a curious juxtaposition for Facebook, the platform having banned cryptocurrency-related advertising across its network in January. Also citing “misleading or deceptive promotional practices,” the ban was copied by both Google and Twitter soon after.
Blockchain CRYPTO NEWS Cryptocurrency Featured Technology
Huawei Releases Bitcoin Wallet In App Store, Pre-Installed On All New Smartphones
Huawei Technologies Co., a Chinese multinational communications technology company, has announced that mobile phone users will be able to download Bitcoin (BTC) wallets on new Huawei devices starting Friday, Bloomberg reported May 10.
Huawei is releasing BTC.com’s Bitcoin wallet in its AppGallery app store, which will be pre-installed on all new Huawei smartphones, according to Alejandro de la Torre, vice president of business operations at BTC.com. It will reportedly be the first digital currency app offered on Huawei devices.
Access to apps like BTC.com’s is limited in China as the government blocks Android’s Google Play Store and some parts of Apple’s App Store. While Chinese authorities shut down cryptocurrency exchanges and banned initial coin offerings, people can still own cryptocurrencies. De la Torre told Bloomberg:
“It’s a good opportunity to tap into the Chinese market. The use of cashless payments with apps is very big and the traditional banking system is lacking, so there’s a good use case for crypto payments to grow there.”
In March, it was reported that Huawei is planning to develop a smartphone that will support decentralized applications (DApp) running on blockchain technology. Last year, Huawei shipped 90.9 mln units in the Chinese market, where it enjoys a dominant market share of 20.4 percent. Huawei’s global market share was 11.8 percent in the first quarter of 2018. Jaime Gonzalo, vice president of Huawei’s mobile services said in a statement:
“From our leadership position in China, the tip of the spear of mobile payments, we expect to see massive growth in global cryptocurrency adoption habits in the near future.”
Last month, Huawei announced the launch of a Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS) platform focused on smart contract development, “a high-performance, high-availability, and high-security blockchain technology platform service for enterprises and developers.”
Meanwhile, China is planning to release nationwide blockchain standards by the end of 2019. A dedicated working group has reportedly already begun work on the project.
CRYPTO NEWS Featured LiteCoin World News
Litecoin is showing signs of potential recovery after the recent bearish trend
Following the recent 3-day downtrend period for most digital currencies, Litecoin is showing signs of potential recovery between $150-151 against the US dollar. Currently, the coin is trading above the $156 resistance level.
The dip can be blamed on the recent criticism from legendary investors such as Charlie Munger and Warren Buffet. Moreover, Bill Gates stated that since the cryptocurrency asset class is not producing anything, people should expect it to go down. He termed it a greater fool theory type of investment and added that he could short it. As such, some potential investors got scared away, but this is just for a short period as most coins have shown signs of potential recovery.
In the past 72 hours, we witnessed a downside move from the $170 pivot level in litecoin price. The coin traded close to the $150 level before buyers appeared to boost it. From the chart below, the coin’s price went as low as $151 before the upside correction started. However, it climbed recently above the 23.6% Fib retracement level of the previous bearish trend from $168 high to $151 low.
The coin was able to break below the support line of the ascending channel and 20-day EMA. However, bulls purchased the dip close to $150 levels and forced the prices back into the channel. Now, a rally above the $168 levels will show strength and it will be possible to move to the $184 level which took place on 6th May.
Additionally, the coin’s price is likely to receive a great boost from the recent Twitter campaigns, #PayWithLitecoin and #LitecoinAcceptedHere. These will build the coin’s awareness and the payment systems will spike Litecoin’s value in the near future. Moreover, according to analysts, the coin may jump as high as $180.
Bitcoin CRYPTO NEWS Cryptocurrency Featured
Experts say Bitcoin will hit $36,000 by end of 2019
The sentiment of Bitcoin heading to the moon isn’t going anywhere soon and each and every passing day more crypto experts are coming out to reinforce the belief. The latest statement has been made by experts who are known for their bullish bitcoin predictions. They say Bitcoin will hit $36,000 by end of 2019.
These claims have been made by Fundstrat Global Advisors who are well known for their positive predictions when it comes to Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. It’s the second forecast in a week after they predicted the price of Bitcoin was set to peak during the upcoming consensus meeting.
Sam Doctor of Fund start wrote in a report addressing investors on Thursday noting that the value of Bitcoin could be anywhere between the range of $20,000 to $64,000. If this is to be believed, then the top crypto coin has a long way to go given that it’s currently trading at $9,153.
Sam’s prediction is based on the fact that improving cryptocurrency mining economics are in support of price appreciation.
Fundstart says:
“Bitcoin miners verify and process transactions, supporting the network in exchange for mining rewards and transaction fees, We argue that the Price/Miner’s Breakeven Cost multiple has proven a reliable long-term support level, and further, that the likely trajectory of future mining infrastructure growth should underpin Bitcoin price appreciation into year-end 2019.”
The latest call from Fund start comes just three days after Bitcoin bull Tom Lee predicted the price of BTC was set to rally following the upcoming consensus conference that will be held in Manhattan and it’s expected to bring together more than 7,000 industry experts together.
Even though their predictions have varied over time, they have maintained the top crypto coin is set to hit $125,000 by the year 2022.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Featured Google Assistant Technology
Google rolls out Assistant’s new voices in United States
San Francisco: A day after Google announced the addition of six new voices to its Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered Assistant, users in the US can now change the voices of their assistants, a media report said. Google at its annual developer conference Google I/O on Tuesday announced that people would soon have a choice of choosing from six voices, including one of musician John Legend, to talk to “Google Assistant”.
With these six options, which feature both male and female voices, there are now four different female voices and four different male voices, all speaking in different tones, 9to5google reported on Wednesday. If users want to change the Assistant’s voice, they can first launch the Home application.
Tap on the menu icon in the top left corner of the display, locate the Google Assistant subheading and then select More settings. From a list of sub-menus, choose Preferences and then open Assistant Voice and choose the voice you want. Users can tap on each of the eight voices to hear before choosing the desired voice.
This voice could be used to interact with the Assistant in smartphones, Google Home, Android Auto and Android TV. Company CEO Sundar Pichai said that Google has been working on newer and more life-like version of its spoken AI that features the natural voice that is “closer to how humans speak”.
The improvements include more natural pauses “that have meaning” and other subtleties to help create a “more natural dialogue” with Assistant. This new version of the Assistant is built on a tech machine learning technology called Wavenet, which the company started building out some 18 months ago.
10 Bollywood actresses who suffered embarrassing wardrobe malfunctions Bollywood Masala Featured
Oops! 10 Bollywood actresses who suffered embarrassing wardrobe malfunctions
The A-listers Bollywood actors have displayed their charisma on screen with their performances. Unfortunately, the same bunch, from Sonam Kapoor to Katrina Kaif, known for their great sense of fashion on the red carpet, have also suffered wardrobe malfunctions. Here are the list of stars and their oops moments.
Katrina has suffered more than once. It so happened that Katrina was wearing a short dress at an event, and while walking up on stage, she somehow flashed her inners. Photographers, who constantly keep clicking, managed to get a snap of her ‘wardrobe malfunction’. Katrina too realized the same as soon as she was up on the dais. Also, at a recent IIFA event, Salman apparently urged Katrina to cover her cleavage and sit properly during a press conference.
Parineeti was once seen clad in a dress, which consisted of a white skirt, which unfortunately slipped quite a few times on the dais, causing discomfort to the actress. Although the actress looked gorgeous in the attire, she had to adjust the skirt way too often, inviting embarrassment.
While promoting ‘Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhaniya’ with co-star Varun Dhawan, Varun clutched Bhatt a little too tight exposing the actress’ inner garments to the dozens of cameras that were waiting to capture the lead actors. The actress perhaps forgot to cross her legs at a promotional event and showed the shutterbugs a little more than what was intended. However, the actress quickly recognized the mistake and pulled her dress a bit to cover up.
Sonam was spotted at the Chandon’s Party Starter anthem launch and the actress was seen donning a bold outfit! Sonam looked drop dead gorgeous in her black jumpsuit but her pictures went viral on the social media platforms for all the wrong reasons.
The reigning queen of Bollywood, who has been ruling the Indian film industry through her stellar performances for many years, had also faced the same problem during events. At a public gathering, her blouse had ditched the actress and Kapoor had to resort to a temporary fix by keeping the piece of cloth intact with a safety pin.
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan was a victim of a major wardrobe malfunction during the music launch of ‘Raavan’. She has faced embarrassment during some other events too.
Kangana Ranaut was once seen in a skimpy dress made up of feathers on the ramp of a glamorous event. Although the dress was perfect in the front, it was a tad too short on the wrong side and revealed Kangana’s bootylicious side. Also, at the first look launch of Krrish 3, Kangana Ranaut slipped into a nude colored short dress and accessorized it with a leather belt. A pair of kitten heels completed her look. The actress dared to go without support (although the dress was padded) and gave the paparazzi an eyeful.
She has now become one of the leading Bollywood female celebs because of her biggest grosser film Kick with Salman Khan in 2014. At a Colors Stardust Awards function, Jacqueline’s upper portion cleavage was clearly visible, which was captured on camera.
During the ‘India Bridal Fashion Week’ event held in New Delhi in 2014, the actress was spotted in a sexy black gown with a slit which showed off her long toned legs. The actress was left in an embarrassing situation after the slit opened a bit too much.
The former Miss Universe leaves everyone floored with her presence, be it on the silver screen or public events. At events, the actress proved that women clad in short dresses might invite discomfiture if an ideal posture is not maintained. Sen exposed her undergarments to photographers who covered the event.
Crypto Investors CRYPTO NEWS Ethereum Featured
Ethereum (ETH) Headed for $800
Ethereum (ETH) went through another one of its usual valleys before roaring up, settling with a price above $770. ETH grew by 17% net this week, adding another 7% on Asian trading. And just like many other digital assets, in the past month, ETH has pushed off from the lows, moving with a gradual upward trend and volumes returning and becoming more consistent.
However, some see regulatory risks gravely affecting ETH prices. While ETH is active on the Korean markets, it also has significant exposure to US-based buyers through Coinbase. Hence, any actions by the US Securities and Exchange Commission may affect the choice to own Ethereum:
ETH is extremely important and instrumental in owning any tokens - without them, even free airdropped tokens are inactive, requiring gas fees in ETH to transact. Hence ETH may always rely on commanding a price as a utility coin. However, some believe the price may be relatively low, at around $400.
Others are bullish, seeing ETH climb to $1,500 by the end of 2018.
The project itself is one of the most technologically active. The issue of scaling is coming up, and for Ethereum, the solution would be sharing. Recently, Vitalik Buterin sent out a teaser suggesting the sharding solution is closer than expected.
inb4 SEC rules $ETH a security on May 7th and we get a $400 down candle
— #33kByJuly2018Moku (@CarpeNoctom) May 3, 2018
Sharding is a database approach where some transactions are settled on side chains, before being also secured on the main chain. Some compare the approach to bank branches settling their accounts and sending the information to the headquarters. OmiseGo (OMG) will be one of the projects aiming to scale through sharding.
According to the proof of concept by Buterin, shards will be high-capacity chains that will communicate with the main chain through predetermined rules of governance, ensuring the accuracy of the distributed ledger. While the Ethereum blockchain produces a block every minute, sidechains, or shards, may produce blocks every few seconds.
So far, no recipe has been found for scaling a blockchain, which is by definition a slow type of data structure. However, even now, Ethereum handles up to three times the transactions on the Bitcoin network, with up to 25 transactions per second.
Networks that promise hundreds of thousands of transactions per second usually rely on a form of centralization. EOS, TRON, and others, are planning to build a system of verifying servers to verify the distributed ledger.
Featured Football Sports
US fans grab tickets for Spain-Portugal match at World Cup
Moscow, May 4: Fans from the United States were the largest group of ticket purchasers for the Spain-Portugal match during the group stage of the 2018 World Cup in Russia, the organizers have said.
“There are no more tickets for Spain-Portugal,” Oleg Trushkin, director of the Fisht stadium in the Black Sea resort city of Sochi, said on Thursday while showing President Vladimir Putin and FIFA chief Gianni Infantino around the facility, reports Efe news agency.
Fisht, built to accommodate some 45,000 spectators, hosted the Confederations Cup last summer. It will be the venue for several other group stage matches, including Belgium-Panama, Germany-Sweden, and Australia-Peru, as well as contests in the knockout stages.
According to Alexei Sorokin, head of the organizing committee, 2.3 million tickets have already been sold of which some 49 percent correspond to Russian fans, who had first dibs on the cheapest tickets.
FIFA has already announced that tickets have sold out in nine of the 11 cities set to host World Cup matches, leaving availability for two games in Volgograd and Saransk only.
Besides the US and China, Latin American countries such as Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia and Peru account for a large number of international ticket sales.
Altcoin News Cryptocurrency Featured NEO
NEO is on a slow but steady climb
Source - Google
After clearing the tough supply zone, NEO is on a slow but steady climb to the top. The coin saw a 3% rise in the last 48 hours and the bulls are now eyeing up a reclaim of $100, which was last traded on March 8th.
The coin has formed higher lows and highs, moving inside an ascending channel on its 4-hour time frame. The price bounced off support but it’s hitting a ceiling at the mid-channel area of interest. If it is able to maintain these gains, the coin may soon face another test of support. However, if it manages to break past $90, it could easily move closer or even beyond the $100 level.
NEO has continued to face stiff resistance at the $80 levels and is trading at $84 as of press time. After moving above $80 on April 24th, the lack of buying and profit booking could fail to sustain the momentum. Thus go back below $80.
According to most analysts, the coin is currently trading inside a supply zone and could be drawn to the 100 mark before traders book more returns. In this case, another bounce off the resistance point is inevitable, which could lead to a larger correction for the digital currency. Additionally, there has been positive sentiments in the industry, thanks to increased regulations and a potential boost in liquidity from the institutional investors. As such, we expect the steady climb to continue.
Analysts forecast the NEO’s price at $355 by the end of the calendar year 2018. Moreover, the five-year forecast is around $1275. As such, if you are planning to invest for a long-term period, you could make significant profits from the coin. Additionally, on a five-year investment, you could still make some good return.
With the increased awareness of the coin and its asset digitization, NEO is on a slow but steady climb. And may have a lot of potential ahead.
Featured Relationship
Worst Lies Every Couple Tell Each other In A Relationship
In every healthy relationship, communication and honesty are very crucial, though it is about trust, they’re also about some worst lies. Lots and lots of worst lies. Being close to someone means sharing and caring along with hiding and lying. In all long-term relationships, both partners finally turn out to become master manipulators, top-notch detectives, and brilliant liars. People lie because the truth can hurt and also because they care. Those who think their relationship isn’t standing on a foundation of millions of tiny, little lies, then they ’re just lying to themselves.
The person who thinks that their relationship isn’t standing on a foundation of millions of tiny, little lies, then they’re just lying to themselves.
also, read The Top 10 Most Bubblelicious Butts On Instagram
We bring you some of the worst lies people tell in relationships with each other.
1. What a weekend!
When you’re partner spends the Saturday pretending he actually enjoyed the shopping, then you pretend all Sunday that you love football when you give a shit about the game, pretending is one of the worst lies.
2. I am almost ready!
Women tell this quite often when they get ready for an outing or a party. They feel they don’t need to get into details of how long the hair takes, the bra or the panties didn’t match, the lipstick or make-up was not satisfactory, she had to run to the toilet.
3. There was nothing much!
In the past, whether they were engaged, living together or just had amazing $3x, none of that needs to be informed to the current partner. So, an attitude that there was nothing much in that relationship is the worst lie to cut a long story short.
4. I was very busy…
There seems no need to share that it was a work dinner with a hot client or coffee with a handsome co-worker, the worst lies you can absolutely say is I was very busy at the office.
5. No, never!
How many of your friends you’ve hooked up with, when you were drunk, sober or a quickie, what they don’t know won’t hurt them, and what they do will just make them hate your friends, so the lies that bring peace is to deny and no need to admit, either.
6. You’re so big!
He may not be the biggest, but right here, right now, he is. He’s the only guy you’re with, so he’s the only one you’re comparing him to, even if you’ve seen bigger than his. Keep the man happy by telling this worst lie. What’s the problem?
7. Your friends are Ok!
Whether you think her best friend is actually really hot or his best friend is a total douchebag, you’ll never let out the truth. Even not saying is the worst lie in itself.
8. Your the hottest!
Even if your exes looked like Jennifer Lopez or had a built like Tom Brady. This is the worst lie you will tell, ‘your hot!’ to the one you adore right now.
9. I’m doing my workouts!
How much you actually work out, your partner doesn’t need to know when you say you’re going to the gym you’re really just eating donuts on your treadmill on speed level 3.
Cryptocurrencies don’t risk global stability, G20 financial regulator
Source- Google The G20 has without a doubt made much FUD inside the digital currency space as far back as Germany and France announced ...
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Page04 - Transport: Snow Joke, St Clement Danes
It’s Snow Joke
by Councillor Martin Trevett, Exec Member for the Environment, Three Rivers District Council.
The heavy snowfalls and icy Weather of earlier this year have set me wondering if there is any way that local councils could be better prepared for winter weather.
Winter maintenance of our roads and pavements are the responsibility of Hertfordshire County Council as the highway authority. The Council has a fleet of over 60 gritter lorries to keep main roads, bus routes, routes to schools and so on clear of snow and ice. It also maintains a network of salt bins placed at sensitive sites around the district, particularity junctions and hills.
However, the heavy snowfalls before and after Christmas left the gritters struggling to clear the roads and keep the salt bins full, despite the undoubted efforts of the crews. So maybe it is time to think about alternative ways of caiïying out this important work.
When I was first elected to Three Rivers District Council, almost 30 years ago, winter maintenance work was carried out on Herts County Counci1’s behalf by the District Council. The District Council had two or three gritter lorries and a stockpile of grit and salt at the depot in Rickmanswoxîh, which meant that the maintenance work could be carried out based on local knowledge of the roads and the places that needed most attention. It was easy for local councillors and residents to let the Council know of a particular problem - for example, an empty salt bin, or slippery pavements outside shops or near old peop1e’s bungalows. However, some years ago it was decided that all highways work, including Winter maintenance, should revert back to the County.
The main reason was cost - having ten districts across Hertfordshire doing the work was more expensive than a centralized operation. But, of course, the local knowledge and flexibility was lost, so perhaps it is time to review this situation.
Some have suggested that more of the responsibility be passed to residents and businesses. In Germany, for instance, households and shopkeepers are required by law to clear the section of pavement outside their premises. In the UK such a move would require government approval, and a number of issues would need to be resolved - what about the homes of the elderly and infirm? Who would be liable for any claims if someone slipped on a privately cleared area? Thankfully, heavy snowfalls and icy conditions are rare in this part of the countiy. But given that we have now experienced two periods of relatively heavy snow in two successive winters, it might be time to consider how we might improve our response to severe winter weather.
St Clement Danes School
Hertfordshire County Council has decided to implement new parking controls along Chenies Road to prevent dangerous parking outside the schoo1at drop off and pick up times. They have also decided to make the service road at the top of North Hill one Way to facilitate school bus movements. At long last the County Council as agreed toprovide a pedestrian refuge to help with safer crossing of Chenies Road. The scheme together with extra signage and lining will cost around .£57,000 for which funding is now being sought. Discussions continue about improving safety at the schoo1’s rear entrance in Green Street.
Shire Lane Vehicle Activated signs
Funding has now been finalised for the Shire Lane vehicle activated signs. Discussions about the exact location of the signs will shortly take place and the signs are due to be installed in the next couple of months.
The Swillett 20mph zone
The scheme has been expanded following the feasibility study to possibly include Stag Lane; the next stage is detailed design work, which will be followed by a full public consultation.
Blacketts Wood Drive petition
A petition was passed to Herts County Council to install trafñc-calming measures along Blacketts Wood Drive particularly in the vicinity of the Russell Schoo1’s rear entrance. But Herts County Council has recently moved the goal posts and have decreed that in order for a road to be considered for speed reduction measures there must have been three injury accidents of which one must have been speed related. Your Residents' Association is deeply disappointed by this news especially as being outside a primary school, one of these “accidents needed” could so easily be fatal.
Pensioners’ Bus Passes
It has been brought to your Residents Associations’ attention that a number of pensioners from Chorleywood are being told by some of the drivers that they can’t use their passes on the 336 bus from Chorleywood to Watford before 9.00am. This is completely wrong. They can used at anytime so long as they are in Hertfordshire. If any of the divers tell you this please report the details of the driver, time and date of the incident to TRDC.
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www.ciolek.com > prof. dr. gerard ciolek (1909-1966) > prof. dr. gerard ciolek (1909-1966) - bookplates
Prof. Dr. Gerard Ciolek (1909-1966)
Four decorative bookplates used in his personal library
[Page created: 11 Jul 2006. Page last updated: 13 Jul 2019.]
Edited by: Dr T. Matthew Ciolek
Web ciolek.com
[A bookplate ("ex-libris") #1 for Gerard Ciolek.
A linocut. Black ink on cream-coloured typing paper.
Original size approx. 8x10 cm.
Designer: Gerard Ciolek, late 1941 or early 1942 (cf. strong similarity to ex-libris #2).
(This exlibris was previously erroneously dated by TMC (in Jul 2006) as a design from late 1930s, say ?1938).
A motif of a generic park, with an allusion to a portico of the Belweder Palace, Warsaw
(cf. G. Ciolek. 1954. Ogrody Polskie. p.118), and the family's coat of arms.]
A linocut. Metallic "golden" ink on brown packing paper.
Original size approx. 4.5x4.5 cm.
Designer: Gerard Ciolek, Aug or Sep 1941, Warszawa.
(This exlibris was previously erroneously dated by TMC (in Jul 2006) as a design from late 1944, or early 1945, thought to be created while being interned as a POW in German camps in Pomerania/North Germany)
This homely design, adapted from an approx. 4.5x10.0 cm invitation to the G.C.'s birthday celebrations (on 24 Sep 1941), echoes the family's crest element of the bookplate #1.]
A linocut. Black ink on beige packing paper.
Designer: Gerard Ciolek, 1943?.
(This exlibris was previously erroneously dated by TMC (in Jul 2006) as a design from early 1950s (1952?).
A motif alluding to baroque figures of cherubs in the Wilanow Palace, Warsaw (cf. G. Ciolek. 1954. Ogrody Polskie. p. 105), and to the family's coat of arms.]
A two-part linocut. Red and brown ink on white glossy paper. Original size approx. 7x7 cm.
Designer: Tadeusz Przypkowski, 1949.
(This exlibris was previously erroneously dated by TMC (in Jul 2006) as a design from late 1950s i.e.1958) A motif of a head of a Ciolek/Minotaur located in the heart of a garden labyrinth.
The work by Przypkowski proved to be the most favourite design, and was used most widely.]
This document is a part of the Prof. Dr. Gerard Ciolek (1909-1966) - some biographical and other data.
visitors to www.ciolek.com since 08 May 1997.
Maintainer: Dr T. Matthew Ciolek tmciolek@ciolek.com
Copyright (c) 2006-present by T. Matthew Ciolek. This Web page may be linked to any other Web pages. Contents may not be altered.
URL http://www.ciolek.com/PEOPLE/ciolek-ga-bookplates.html
[See also: Aboriginal Studies || Asia Search Engines || Buddhist Studies || Ciolek - Research Papers || Global Timeline ||
|| Information Quality || Tibetan Studies || Trade Routes || Zen Buddhism ]
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Responding to the Global Fund Gender Equality Strategy….. And making it work!
Hara Mihalea - CNS
In response to the numerous unmet needs of women, girls, and transgender people-- especially those affected by HIV, TB or malaria—the Women4GF (women for Global Fund) initiative was launched earlier this year (2013) as part of The Global Fund Gender Equality Strategy. Preceding the 11th ICAAP held recently in November 2013 in Bangkok, a two day workshop on Gender Equality for advocates and activists of Key Affected Populations (KAPs) was organized by the AIDS, Strategy Advocacy and Policy (ASAP) and funded by the Global Fund for TB, AIDS and Malaria (GFTAM or simply GF).
The objectives of the workshop were to build participants’ understanding of the Global Fund processes and to ‘introduce and unpack’ the New Funding Model (NFM) to enable participants to engage in country dialogues and ensure inclusiveness of community voices and gender issues into future Global Fund Concept Papers and Proposals. The workshop brought together participants from Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand, representing KAPS, women living with HIV, sex workers, MSMs, and transgender. Also present at the workshop were representatives of the Global Fund Secretariat and the Technical Agency of UNAIDS to provide direction and answer participants’ queries.
Under the NFM, countries applying for a Global Fund project must have a National Strategic Plan (NSP) that is inclusive of data-based prioritized gender programming issues, and organize in-country dialogues with appropriate representation from KAPs to develop the concept paper. In the absence of data on gender, countries will have to conduct a gender assessment to inform the concept paper. A Gender Assessment Tool developed by UNAIDS can be used for this purpose. The NFM is no longer ‘business as usual’ as was in the past when for countries applying for GF funding it was either a yes or no answer. It now offers simplicity and flexibility and sets up a system of back and forth where countries can communicate directly with the GF and the Technical Partner until all \required information is included for a country application to be successful. Also, each country has a GF Country Portfolio Manager (GFCPM) who is responsible to provide support to the application process and the country-dialogues. Countries/organizations that want to apply to the NFM are advised to link with the GFCPM and the Technical Regional Partner to discuss the application process, and, unlike before, there is no deadline for submission of proposals which can be submitted any time over the next 3 years.
The NFM looks to be exciting and easy to access, but is it really going to be that simple to get funding for communities who need it most, as the model intends to do? Will the funding address key gaps of the KAPs and ensure programmatic gender equality? These and some other concerns were raised by workshop participants.
Country coordinating mechanisms (CCMs) have always been responsible for endorsing and submitting applications and communities are rarely invited to be involved in the processes. Very few countries with working CCMs have fully engaged representatives from KAPs as their members. For the most part CCMs’ performance regarding the process, consultation, partnerships and community involvement, including KAPs, in proposal development has been questionable. Moreover, women representation is primarily limited to government officials with no ties to the community groups. The performance of CCMs is rarely evaluated. So how is the GF going to do this evaluation in future and hold CCMs accountable and ensure full community involvement and gender equality?
Participants, who were knowledgeable of GF processes and the role CCMs have played in the past, were very concerned about the authenticity of this happening under the new model. They felt that they would still be left out of the processes and dialogues and the funds will not reach the communities or be allocated to programmes addressing the gaps of KAPs. The GF secretariat representatives advised the participants to reach out to their country’s GFPM and to the regional technical UNAIDS partner in the case they were excluded from country dialogues and needed support.
One wonders that if the GF is so committed on delivering their Gender Equality Strategy, why it has no plans of putting in place mechanisms to evaluate CCMs performance and hold countries accountable for the absence of community and KAPs representation in the CCMs. Accountability and performance evaluation mechanisms should be a priority for any funding agency.
Then again, can representatives of KAPs actually fully participate in the development of the concept and proposal? Can they take a part in the decision making process of gap identification and prioritization, and push for gender equality programming? Do they have the information of when the country is planning to apply to the NFM and do they have the negotiating skills to demand a place in country dialogues if they are not officially invited to join? Do the community organizations actually have the ability to reach out to the country GFPM or to the regional technical partner?
Surely all this is not that easy as it seems to be. Many countries do not even recognize gender issues, making it very difficult for different gender groups to be taken seriously. As one participant pointed out—‘stigma and discrimination against KAPs is very high, preventing us from coming out and demanding to be involved in the process.’ Another participant expressed the concern that ‘As CCMs have no representation of KAPs, how is GF going to ensure engagement, diversity, and gender equality in the country dialogues and in the writing of the concept paper?’
Many community/grassroots organizations are not registered which would exclude them from getting invited to participate in any country dialogue. Also the political challenges and conflicts of interests that prevent KAPs from engaging in this process need to be taken in consideration.
It was gratifying to hear that organizations can access funding support under the Community Systems Strengthening (CSS) component to develop organizational and practical skills that hopefully will enable them one day to have a seat in their country’s CCM and be a part of the decision making process. But personally I think that this is quite a long way off…
And I keep thinking--will the majority of the participants in this workshop have the advocacy and communication skills to reach out and link with the larger networks or be able to get involved with something as large as the CCM when they go back home, or was this just another workshop? Will the NFM reach its goal of being community driven and gender oriented? Change is needed and is needed now. Let us hope that it will happen with this new initiative if we are serious enough and walk the talk.
Hara Mihalea, Citizen News Service - CNS
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2016 Outdoor rinks report
Report submitted to the Community Development and Recreation Committee on March 23, 2016
The cityrinks.ca website
For the past thirteen years, our small charitable public space group, the Centre for Local Research into Public Space (CELOS), has run a website called cityrinks.ca. It deals with Toronto’s unusually large number of compressor-cooled outdoor ice rinks (53), most of them municipally owned. More recently, our website has also documented a variable number of natural ice rinks, both community-built and on frozen water. We don’t write about indoor arenas. By now, this website is a richly-detailed archive of ice-making and skating and winter sociability in Toronto. We offer this report to share what we feel are the current challenges to the outdoor rinks, and what solutions are available. We'll start with the summary list, and then back it up with the detailed stories, plus links for sources.
Summary list of what needs fixing:
1. Challenge: low attendance at many rinks
Fixes: make rinks more comfortable, have family-friendly social spaces, add snack bars, skate lending, better publicity, outreach e.g. to schools, places of worship, agencies with newcomer groups etc.
2. Challenge: rinks that have few public hours or are not well known in their neighbourhoods
Fixes: increase drop-in hours for rinks that are low, set up skate lending, put in direct phone lines for better communication.
3. Challenge: environmental, i.e. too much energy use relative to number of skaters
Fix: modify outdoor rink season to fit the sun (return all but Nathan Phillips and Greenwood rinks to mid-November/first-Sunday-in-March)
4. Challenge: costs
Fixes: use staff better, set up skate lending and food for income generation
5. Challenge: insufficient and uninteresting workload for staff
Fixes: restructure the job descriptions to be broader and more challenging, require better performance (e.g. get ice in on time at beginning of season, run more varied programming), allow staff to collaborate, acknowledge and reward successes
6. Challenge: central one-size-fits-all management
Fixes: experiment with modified local outdoor rinks boards of management, 50/50 decisions between staff and rink friends e.g. for timing of season, hours of operation, permits, programs. Evaluate according to user numbers
The stories behind the summary list (with links for sources)
A little history:
In 1993, Dufferin Grove Park got its compressor-cooled outdoor ice rink completely rebuilt. Over the next 15 years, park friends worked with city staff to gradually turn the existing rink culture around. The rink changed from being a fractious and sometime quite scary youth hangout to being an everyone-welcome winter clubhouse for the neighbourhood. By the end of the 1990’s, Dufferin Rink was getting very crowded, with people coming to skate from all over the city. Skaters and staff asked themselves why, with 48 other municipal outdoor rinks (at that time), people travelled across the city to Dufferin Grove instead of using their local rinks.
This puzzle prompted frontline Dufferin Rink staff and some park friends to start making rink visits all over the city and to document how they were working. We wanted this information to be available to everyone, and so in 2003 we started posting it all on our new website. At first, part-time Dufferin Rink staff and rink friends did this for free; then as the far-flung rink visits took more time, we got some funding – including for the rink season of 2007-08 when CELOS contracted knowledgeable part-time city rink staff to prepare report cards for all rinks. Then as cityrinks.ca became more widely known and used, skater reports were added to the mix. By now, the balance has shifted to where almost half the reports we post are from rink users, although if there’s a problem, a rink visitor often does a follow-up visit.
Rink reports to city councillors:
We deputed to the Parks committee about our findings in 2007 and 2008, but were told we should have gone to the Community Development and Recreation Committee. This 2016 rink report is going to the Community Development and Recreation Committee: Councillors Ana Bailão, Jon Burnside, Josh Colle, Paula Fletcher, Joe Mihevc, and James Pasternak (chair).
Why go to the city councillors?
Direction from the Community Development and Recreation Committee could be a help here, to guide city staff back into building community-and-city-staff partnerships. The aim: to allow the outdoor rinks to become centres of neighbourhood sociability, citywide.
PROGRESS: building locked on New Year's Day but open on Family Day
Since we started documenting the rinks, we have seen a steady improvement in the quality of ice maintenance – once the ice is in. Sadly, the rink start-up process has deteriorated at almost all rinks at the same time (see below). But the days when some rinks would get no ice-resurfacing for two or sometimes three days are gone. Holiday access is better – for example, from locking rinks on New Year’s Day, the city went to keeping all the rinks unlocked, and recently to unlocking more of the doors to washrooms and change rooms on holidays (such as Family Day) as well. More rinks that used to have windowless staff offices have had a window added, so rink users can find the staff. North York rinks no longer bar skaters during non-permitted times as they did formerly. More women’s shinny times and parent-child shinny times have opened up. Schools are no longer being asked to pay for bringing their students to skate during school hours. When no staff is available to guard the washrooms/change rooms during weekday-daytime, these facilities are left open in many Etobicoke rinks, in some North Toronto rinks and now in two central region rinks: Cedarvale and Monarch. This allows school classes and young families to warm up and be comfortable when they want to come and skate.
What needs work:
1. Access: Unlike central Toronto rinks, outdoor rinks in North York and Etobicoke rent out most of their prime time hours for permits. That means much less access for those neighbourhoods.
The example of drop-in shinny hockey: Shinny hockey, or “non-contact” hockey, usually without body armour, and with no checking and no raising of the puck, needs the least equipment and is probably the safest form of hockey. NHL players often speak of it with longing, as the most fun they can remember. Pick-up shinny hockey brings neighbours of different ages and backgrounds together in pleasurable activity. The players may start out as strangers to one another, but they often don’t stay that way.
Yet North York and Etobicoke rinks limit free, prime-time (after 5 on weekdays and all day on weekends) public access for shinny hockey to between 5 and 13 hours a week, compared to 30 or more hours a week in the central neighbourhoods.
Rinks dominated by permits still don’t come near to covering their operating costs – for example, Broadlands, which rents out most its prime time, makes only about 15% of its operating cost back this way. Most of the cost of running the outdoor rinks comes from our taxes. So why should some neighbourhoods get so much time, and others so little, for free access to these rinks? Rink access notes
2. Information: 311 is not good for outdoor rinks
Dec.14, 2015: the city's website lists Prince of Wales Rink as open
January 22, 2013, 3:45 - city website says this rink is "operational"
Rinks no longer have signs giving the opening date, or the reasons for being closed. All questions are directed to 311. Before 311, rink users could look in the phone book and call their local rink to ask about ice conditions. Then they could decide if they ought to get their skates and come down, or not bother until the ice was better. But in 2006 the order came to make individual rink telephone numbers unavailable to the public. Skaters were instructed to call one convenient number for rink information: 311. But the 311 outdoor rink information is wrong more than 50% of the time calculated over a whole season. No wonder. Every time the weather changes (sometimes three times a day), ice conditions may change. That’s way too many updates to be entered into a central reporting system, even with the area supervisors’ recently-added “real time” app. A phone call is a simple, straightforward solution for a problem made complicated (and expensive) through 311. Sooner or later, rinks will need to return to using the phone again. How about now?
3. The role of the union representing rink program workers: In 2012, many city part-time jobs were re-coded and re-described, as ordered by an earlier union agreement. Some codes were assigned more money; most got less. Since the Ward 18 rinks staff had developed a different, more collegial and creative way of working, they were asked to submit job descriptions that matched their non-typical rink work, and hand them in to management. The staff later learned that their descriptions were never submitted to the re-coding panel. Management dismantled the collegial work environment and replaced it with the hierarchical structure that was in place everywhere else. They said they were only following the collective agreement. And the union didn’t respond to this treatment of their workers. The issue of how part-time work could be more interesting and more effective – which Ward 18 rink workers had hoped would spread to other rinks in the city – didn’t register for CUPE Local 79.
not a good way of making ice: Irving Chapley rink
4. ‘Rink literacy’: Over the past 10 years, staff knowledge of making ice at the start of the season has faded. At many rinks, the traditional five nights of patient, thin-layered overnight floods, which can build good ice even at mild temperatures, have been replaced by three or even only two days of pouring water on rink slabs in the daytime or evenings. When the water doesn’t freeze, rink staff explain to frustrated skaters that “Mother Nature,” or an assumed difference in compressor power, is at fault. One year, rink friends got hold of hoses for two nights and showed that good ice could be made well above freezing. Since then, rink hoses have been locked up tight, and opening day continues to be a cliffhanger.
See also Rink literacy details
5. The timing and duration of the outdoor rink season:
From the TORONTO STAR, JANUARY 3 1958: "It is true that the parks department operates 58 natural ice rinks for skating and 23 for hockey - or will do so, if and when there is enough frost. For all the freezing weather we get here most winters, the department might as well spare the trouble and expense, and get on with the job of multiplying the number of artificial ice rinks."
In the 1950’s and 60’s and 70’s, the Parks department did multiply the compressor-cooled ice rinks, as requested. Until a few years before amalgamation, these rinks had a season that corresponded to the angle (and therefore power) of the sun – opening in low-sun mid-November and closing on the first Sunday in March – 15 weeks. But since then, the rink season has been on a roller coaster. From 1996, the outdoor rink season was gradually shortened to 13 weeks, then 12, then 10, not opening until mid-December – with the exception of City Hall, Rennie Rink, and Dufferin Rink, which were opened a few weeks earlier. In 2003, Parks management proposed shrinking the rink season to only 8 weeks (didn’t happen). In 2006, a proposal was submitted to city council to close all city rinks permanently (except Nathan Philips and Mel Lastman Square). This didn’t happen either. In 2007, Mayor David Miller said money was so tight that the rinks would not open for the season until January 1, 2008. That’s when Mastercard announced that it was donating $160,000 to open the rinks in December.
March 8 2015, 6 celsius, Harry Gairey rink unskateable
At the same time, pressure built to keep the rinks running later into March, despite the high sun. This non-viable plan became a good chance for political grandstanding. In February 2006, when a majority of city council voted against all the city rinks staying open during March break, the Toronto Sun ran a banner front page headline “Pink finks sink rinks.” Maybe no councillor wants to be called a “pink fink,” so the March opening of most rinks has stayed on the schedule. This is despite documentation by city staff, showing an average of only 25 to 40 skaters per rink per day in March, with many rinks having to be closed much of the time, because of daytime slush or evening repair of slush. The electricity and gas needed to fight the strong March sun, and the strain on the machinery, are not defensible – that will be the next news story, maybe. Rink season footnotes
6. Understanding cost The question “how much does it cost to run the outdoor rinks?” seems to be impossible to answer. Over the last 10 years, the official dollar estimate has ranged from a low of $480,000 per season ($833 a week per rink) to a high of $12.9 million per season ($21,525,87 a week per rink). The high estimate is based on a 2007 city report called “Full Costing and Pricing Study”, which many supervisory city staff as well Parks and Recreation management worked on. In between those figures there are five other estimates, perhaps depending more recently on how much Mastercard or Tim Horton’s or Canadian Tire are willing to donate. See cost footnotes.
One thing for sure, though, is that the city’s compressor-cooled outdoor rinks cost a lot. Maybe the Globe’s 2014 figure of $6 million a season ($10,000 per rink per week) is not far off, for direct costs. Could the city learn from how a non-municipal rink like Harbourfront’s Natrel Rink manages the cost, having no tax allocation to fall back on?
Dufferin Rink clubhouse: a break for lunch
Ward 18 rink friends and staff found out years ago that Harbourfront’s outdoor rink stays free of charge without cutting its season because it’s supported by money from skate rentals and food.
So rink friends (through CELOS) and rink staff worked together to try adding food and skate loans to Dufferin Rink. Small city food access grants paid for two little kitchens for the rink clubhouse, and in 2005 the NHL Players’ Association donated 50 pairs of skates, plus sticks, gloves and helmets to start off the loan collection. The rink season income gradually rose to over $50,000 a year. Ward 18 councillor Ana Bailão got little kitchens put into Wallace and Campbell Rinks as well, and those also began to bring in some money. In 2012, CELOS transferred the running of the programs to city management. Management directed that the experienced staff who had built the programs would no longer be in charge – they were demoted back into the standard hierarchy of central supervision. When the staff protested, they were warned of being in “conflict of interest.” Some staff left, and others began to lose interest in the rink project.
Food income began to go down, and staffing costs – because of the involvement of more levels of supervision, ordering and data entry, as well as high staff turnover – ballooned. Skate lending income at Dufferin Rink was still more than $5000 each month this past rink season. But the skate supply is shrinking and a great deal went missing – 40 helmets this season, as well as 20 sticks, 25 pairs of hockey gloves, and an unknown number of skates.
The writing is on the wall: if food and skates are to be used to help with costs and to enliven underused city rinks at the same time, a different way of working has to be found.
7. The way rink jobs are structured, and why that structure doesn’t work: Zamboni drivers earn between $27 and $31 an hour, with 33% benefits. The program staff (i.e. those whose main job is to work with people, not machines, and only hired as part-time) earn between $11.25 and $16.70 an hour, with 18% benefits. Each staff person has a narrow job description – Zamboni driver, or building attendant, or rink guard, or maybe a skating teacher. At Ward 18 rinks they may also serve at the snack bar or do skate lending, or sharpen skates, or teach shinny hockey to beginners. Those untypical jobs are sometimes coded as “arts and crafts,” because no suitable job description was ever settled on.
The staff at non-municipal rinks, like Harbourfront and the Brickworks, don’t have that division of labour – they share almost all the work among them.
A story from the Feb.11, 2016, Greenwood Rink diary: The staff tend to gather around the large front desk, (or, at other rinks, in their offices, windowless or not) to chat amongst themselves and with their friends. They are courteous to skaters who come and ask for information, but quickly revert to their own social scene. And indeed -- what else is there to do? The job of the zamboni operator, except during storms, is to resurface the ice twice or three times on an eight-hour shift. The recreation staff pass half the time playing cards or chatting, with the rink guards taking a few rounds on the skating trail, and then back in again to warm up. There is no snack bar or skate rental to keep the staff occupied. There's not even a publicly available phone number that would require staff to talk to people who want to find out how the ice is. The only urgent tasks are negative: to make sure nobody takes a picture, to see that all little skaters from toddler to age 6 are wearing CSA-label hockey helmets, and to keep skaters from being on the ice with the Zamboni.
A big problem with rink staff is the question of whether they have agency. Creative action, being an agent of change rather than just following orders, is discouraged by management. The rink staff have ideas, but they don't have the feeling that they can try things. Someone says, "Can you imagine that they rebuilt this place without a sound system?" I say, "At another rink they hook an old city amp/speaker up to the staff's playlist, and it works fine." He says, "We would never be allowed do that here." Someone says, "There's a better route for the zamboni to take when it resurfaces the hockey ice, one that doesn't require the driver to cut across the skating trail. When the driver has to cut across the trail, skaters could be run over. But if the city were to join two parts of an existing concrete path with another ten feet of concrete, the problem would be solved. We all know it, but they'll never listen to our opinions." Giving up before they even begin.
Scarborough Civic as it could be
The task ahead: allowing the outdoor rinks to become centres of neighbourhood sociability, citywide.
Despite the progress made in maintenance and access over the years, the city’s collection of outdoor rinks is still in many ways a $6 million orphan. Rinks need capable friends, and only the cross-fertilization of on-site staff, management, and rink users can build the necessary friendships. All organizations, not only the rinks, need lateral staffing structures that allow local staff to work together instead of being barriered inside silos – as is so often the situation with municipal workers.
The network of outdoor rinks can be a laboratory of friendly, collaborative action or it can be a distressing poster child for the brokenness of city departments. We suggest the former.
Jutta Mason
Centre for Local Research into Public Space (CELOS)
Content last modified on November 04, 2016, at 07:28 PM EST
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Mansfield / Richland Collection
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A Cleveland Memory Project Partner
Located some 70 miles southwest of Cleveland, the area now known as Richland County was, 200 years ago, the western edge of the Ohio frontier. The first settlers named their settlement after Jared Mansfield, a government surveyor of the Northwest Territories. Eventually, the Delaware Indians that inhabited the area were pushed westward with the vacuum filled by farms and villages.
In 1846, a railroad line connecting Mansfield with the lake shore at Sandusky began operation. With the railroad, came industry. With the industry, came wave after wave of immigrants. Germans, followed by Irish, eastern Europeans, Italians and, from the American south, African-Americans, all looking for their own piece of the American dream.
Mansfield became a center for the manufacture of steel, agricultural implements, stoves and later for washers, dryers, toasters and all manner of electrical appliances. As industries grew, the town grew. In the 1950’s General Motors opened a stamping plant in nearby Ontario. It was the crown jewel in the area’s industrial development.
But as time passed, older factories like Westinghouse, Ohio Brass and Tappan were replaced by newer facilities in the American south or overseas. General Motors finally shut down in 2010, one of the last of the factories that had transformed Mansfield into an industrial powerhouse. But Mansfield is not without energy or hope. It is a city both proud of its past and confident of its future.
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Thanks also to Tony Chinni and Deanna West-Torrence, head of NECIC) and the staff at the North End Community Collaborative for their outstanding work on the Oral History Project.
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Why CMAC
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CMAC and VMAA Co-Hosted a Maritime Arbitration Seminar in Vancouver and Signed a Cooperation Agreement.
On May 14, 2018 (Vancouver time), CMAC and Vancouver Maritime Arbitrators Association (VMAA) jointly organized a maritime arbitration seminar in Vancouver. Over 30 participants from both sides attended the seminar.
At the seminar, Dr. Chen Bo, Vice General-Secretary and Vice President of the Arbitration Court of CMAC first introduced the history of Chinese maritime arbitration and the development of CMAC, including the caseload,, the establishment of CMAC branches, and the advantages of CMAC Arbitration Rules. Prof.Wang Guohua, CMAC arbitrator and Dean of Shanghai Maritime University School of Law, delivered a speech on improving and revising the conflict law rules in the Maritime Code of P.R.C Mr. Zhang Xubo, CMAC arbitrator and partner of Fairicc Survey & Loss Adjusting Co., Ltd, introduced general average practices in China. Mr. Xu Huilin, CMAC arbitrator and general manager of Tianan Property Insurance Co., Ltd, introduced the development of China’s marine insurance business. Mr. John McIntyre and Mr. Peter Swanson from VMAA, separately introduced the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Canada. During the Q&A session, the Canadian participants raised questions like the status quo of ad hoc arbitration in China and other questions that interested them in the previous speeches.
After the seminar and on the evening of May 14, CMAC and VMAA held a ceremony for signing the new CMAC-VMAA Cooperation Agreement. Previously, CMAC and VMAA have signed the Cooperation Agreement back in May 2012, based on the shared concept of establishing fair and efficient arbitral procedures to promote the development of international shipping industry. Since then, the two sides have organized a series of activities aiming at enhancing mutual exchanges. The CMAC-VMAA Cooperation Agreement signed this time propel the cooperation between sides to a new level, intending to facilitate the cooperation between China and Canada in terms of maritime industry in a deeper and wider scope.
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Kate Winslet >
Kate Winslet and Saoirse Ronan to play lovers
By Bang Showbiz in Movies / TV / Theatre on 15 December 2018
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Kate Winslet Saoirse Ronan
Kate Winslet and Saoirse Ronan have been cast in romance-drama 'Ammonite'.
Kate Winslet and Saoirse Ronan will play lovers in a new movie.
The 'Titanic' star and the 'Mary Queen of Scots' actress have signed up to star in 'God's Own Country' writer-and-director Francis Lee's upcoming romantic drama 'Ammonite', Deadline reports.
The movie is set in an 1840s coastal town and follows the unlikely romance between palaeontologist Mary Anning and a wealthy London woman, to whom she unexpectedly becomes a nursemaid.
Production on the movie, which will be produced by Iain Canning, Emile Sherman, and Fodhla Cronin O'Reilly, is scheduled to begin in March.
Kate is currently filming 'Blackbird' and recently finished working on 'Avatar 2', while Saoirse can be seen on screen opposite Margot Robbie in 'Mary Queen of Scots'.
Saoirse's casting may have came as a surprise because she recently revealed she planned to take a long break after her challenging lead role in 'Mary Queen of Scots'.
She said: ''I'm going to take most of the year off and travel, do a bit of writing and work with my friends on something small. We're all around the same age, which is unusual for me because I'd always been the young person working on my own.''
The most challenging part of her role in the drama - based on Mary's real-life attempt to overthrow her cousin Queen Elizabeth I, resulting in years of imprisonment before facing execution - was wearing four skirts, as she couldn't sit down properly.
Asked about the costumes, she said: ''Oh, corsets every day.
''We had, like, four skirts to wear at a time so you couldn't sit in a chair because you might crease the dress. We had to sit on these little swivel stools. You'd lift up your skirt and just drop it down over the stool so wouldn't even see it.''
Kate Winslet has 'humble' kids
Kate Winslet to star in Black Beauty
Kate Winslet's amazing underwater feat
Kate Winslet's new movie to be shot in her Sussex home
Kate Winslet and Diane Keaton for new film
Kate Winslet likes to go understated on the red carpet
Kate Winslet Donated Money To Fund Life Saving Treatment For A Cancer Patient
Kate Winslet funded life-saving treatment for cancer patient
Kate Winslet Says She Has "Bitter Regrets" After Working With Certain People
Kate Winslet has 'bitter regrets' over Woody Allen film
Kate Winslet Branded "Difficult" By Shamed Producer Harvey Weinstein
Kate Winslet: Harvey Weinstein is 'horrible'
Kate Winslet 'nervous' starring in Wonder Wheel
The Mountain Between Us Trailer
When two people from different walks of life find themselves unable to take their scheduled...
Collateral Beauty Movie Review
Dramas exploring the nature of death and the true meaning of life are always in...
Collateral Beauty Trailer
Love, time and death connect every single human being on earth, we long for love,...
The Dressmaker Trailer
When Myrtle (Tilly) was little, she lived a happy life, along with her mother in...
Triple 9 Movie Review
After a post-apocalyptic dystopia (The Road) and Prohibition-era America (Lawless), Australian director John Hillcoat brings...
Triple 9 Trailer
Terrell Tompkins and his team of officers are corrupt, finding ways to embellish their wage...
Steve Jobs Movie Review
Sidestepping arguments about accuracy, writer Aaron Sorkin and director Danny Boyle take an artistic, impressionistic...
Steve Jobs - First Look Trailer
Steve Jobs was an entrepreneur from the day of his birth and became one of...
A Little Chaos Movie Review
Audiences looking for a French historical costume drama should look elsewhere, but those who enjoy...
Insurgent Movie Review
A sharp improvement on the original, this second entry in The Divergent Series has a...
A Little Chaos Trailer
In the palace of Versailles, a tremendous garden is maintained. One day, the builder and...
The Divergent Series: Insurgent Trailer
Following on from the events of 'Divergent', the mysterious government has discovered a magical maguffin...
Following the revelation that she is Divergent and not specialised for any of the dystopian...
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The Countdown Library
'Countdown with Keith Olbermann' for Wednesday, July 27th, 2011
video 'podcast'
ShowPlug1: My Boehner is bigger than yours - dueling claims, dueling deals as debt clock runs. W/ @2chambers Felicia Sonmez of WaPo and
ShowPlug2: @KenVogel of Politico. POTUS's promise to Latinos on deportation, w/ Rep. @LuisGutierrez after his arrest in protest near WHouse
ShowPlug3: The Pete King witch-hunt: Our guest Rep. @KeithEllison - w/large Somali constituency, offers to testify about them, is denied
ShowPlug4: It's Bachmannpocrisy as she gets loan from program she seeks to destroy, and Billo doubles down on "No True Scotsman" BS
ShowPlugLast: + new study: Internet as addictive as Cigarettes. What are you smoking? Debt Ceiling Rap Video by our guest @Remy
ShowPlugSupplemental: Sorry! It's Debt Ceiling Rapper @GoRemy +BTW we hope to announce special Thu. guest star to help me "cast" ESPN Movie
watch whole playlist
'A House Divided', Felicia Sonmez
'A House Divided', Ken Vogel
'Deportation Hike', Rep. Luis Gutierrez
YouTube, Current.com (excerpt)
Time Marches On!
'Fear Mongering', Rep. Keith Ellison
Worst Persons: Rep. Jarrod Martin, Rep. Michele Bachmann, Bill O'Reilly
Current.com, YouTube
'Rapping on the Ceiling', Remy Munasifi
'Stuck to the camera from the WPITW paper toss: a piece of hanging script
you could READ. #BestThrowEver'
'And for those of you who thought you heard me call Rep. Peter King
Un-American, and an asshole: I did. Because he is.'
Worst Persons:
Here are Countdown's top three nominees for today's Worst Person In The World.
The bronze to Ohio State Representative, Republican Jarrod Martin...
Cited for operating a vehicle while intoxicated, last Friday.
An aide said Martin took the citation rather than submit to field sobriety tests -- and be videotaped by the police cruiser in the condition he was in, when he was pulled over: Shirtless, dirty, and sweaty.
Yeah, I just wanted you to have another look at him. The shirtless, dirty, and sweaty part you'll have to imagine for yourself.
This is the third Ohio Republican legislator to run into the cops since April. One State Senator was accused by his wife of shoving her around...and of course there was state Senator Robert Mecklenborg, who has resigned after exactly the kind of recorded D-U-I that Senator Parker sought to avoid...When the main backer of Ohio's Driver's License I-D law lost his driver's license in Indiana. Mecklenborg was pulled over with booze on his breath, Viagra in his system, and a stripper in the front seat.
The bronze to good old Michele Bachmann...
Makes it back on to the list not due to migraines or spouses.
You may know that Bachmann has called for the elimination of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and the government-sponsored mortgages they provide.
The mortgages they provide...to people like her.
The Washington Post reports that just weeks before Bachmann called for the programs to be eliminated, she and the hubby got a 417-thousand dollar loan, either from Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, so they could move into a 5200-square-foot house. On a golf course.
"Can the hypocrites play through?"
But our winner: Billo the Combover...
No true Scotsman:
"The New York Times and other liberal media have branded the Norwegian mass murderer Anders Breivik a Christian, even though there is absolutely no evidence that the man is a follower of Jesus Christ."
Except, you know, when he was baptized at age 15 or when he identified himself as a Christian on his facebook page.
Or all those references in his manifesto to Christianity, as laid out for Billo by his guest Sally Quinn of the Washington Post
"There's no evidence this guy's in any church has anything to do with Jesus and just because he calls himself a Christian, Mussolini called himself a Christian... " "He says we believe in Christianity as a cultural, social, identity and moral platform. That makes us Christian." "What?! That's insane. He doesn't really believe in Jesus Christ, in Jesus' teachings." "And then he calls himself a cultural Christian. Who are we to decide whether he's a Christian or not? But you know, my point..." Who are we to decide whether he's a Christian or not? But you know, my point..." "As I just said Mussolini said he was a Christian and Mussolini went to church. He was a Catholic. That's insane. You can call yourself whatever you want, here's the difference... There is no evidence this guy was a member of the church, no evidence that he followed the teachings of Jesus Christ, as you know, they're non-violent."
How about The Spanish Inquisition? How non-violent were they? Or weren't they Christians?
They were Christian, Mussolini was Christian, Breivik is Christian.
And so's Bill, even though he's violated everything his church supposedly taught him... Andrea Mackris...
Bill O'Reilly, today's Worst Person In The World.
All transcripts © Keith Olbermann, and his various employers. Powered by Blogger.
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Jump to: Board index » F-35 Lightning II » F-35 versus XYZ
Can the F-35 match the PAK-FA
The F-35 compared with other modern jets.
First unread post • 3149 posts • Page 192 of 210 • 1 ... 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195 ... 210
falcon.16
spazsinbad wrote: A great line from a Bob Dylan song "It's all over now - baby Blue'. It's all over bar the shouting - let the shouting begin....
Russia’s Su-57 fighter jet outshines US F-22 and F-35 planes, says designer
09 Nov 2018 TASS
"MOSCOW, November 9. /TASS/. Russia’s cutting-edge Sukhoi Su-57 fifth-generation fighter jet incorporates the functions of the US F-22 and F-35 fighter planes but outperforms them, Chief Designer - Director of the Sukhoi Design Bureau Mikhail Strelets said in a - of the Zvezda - on Friday.
The fighter jet is capable of effectively accomplishing missions to destroy both air and ground targets as compared to the US aircraft that are focused only on specific tasks, the Sukhoi chief designer said.
"The F-22 was initially developed as an aircraft to gain air superiority. But eventually the Americans realized that it was essentially wrong to design the aircraft only for carrying air-to-air missiles and made an attempt to fit air-to-surface weapons into the existing configuration of its compartments. But the configuration of the compartments did not allow placing larger cargoes," Strelets said.
The designers of the Su-57 (PAK FA, the Prospective Airborne Complex of Frontline Aviation) faced the task of developing a multi-functional aircraft, he said.
"Regarding the load the plane can carry to its weight, the greater this ratio, the higher the plane’s quality from the viewpoint of the carrier. The same relates to the volume and the weight of the arsenal of weapons placed in its internal holds. And it can be said that by this indicator the Su-57 has no rivals among fifth-generation planes," Strelets stressed, noting that the PAK FA was also unrivaled by its acceleration capabilities.
"It so turned out and we didn’t choose this specially but if you sum up 22 and 35, you get the figure 57," [DOH] the Sukhoi chief designer said.
Su-57 fighter jet
The Russian fifth-generation Prospective Aviation Complex of Frontline Aviation (PAK FA) fighter jet took to the skies for the first time in 2010. As was reported in August 2017, Russia’s PAK FA fifth-generation fighter jet received the serial index of Su-57. The cutting-edge fighter performed its first flight with a new engine on December 5, 2017.
The experimental design work on the most advanced fighter jet should be completed in 2019 and its deliveries to the troops should begin at that time. As Russian Deputy Defense Minister Alexei Krivoruchko said earlier, the first batch for the Russian Armed Forces will comprise 15 fighter planes.
The Russian fifth-generation Su-57 fighter jet features stealth technology with the broad use of composite materials, is capable of maintaining supersonic cruising speed and is furnished with the most advanced onboard radio-electronic equipment, including a powerful onboard computer (the so-called electronic second pilot), the radar system spread across its body and some other innovations, in particular, armament placed inside its fuselage."
Source: http://tass.com/defense/1030166
Typical russian article for own consume, who nothing else than fanboys can believe.
Corsair1963
mixelflick
K, so what is comrade crazy getting at here? Is he saying the SU-57 is really the best attributes of the F-22 and 35 rolled into one? Or is he just making an off color joke??
These Russians are really something. First they'll tell you the SU-57 is an F-22 killer. In fact it's soooo good, they're not going to mass produce it? Their primary partner (India) has pulled out, and their answer to that is that they really only pulled out of the first version, making it sound like they'll be on board for the (V.2?) version, the one with up-rated engines? Then we're told they're only ordering 12, but as soon as they're ready they're ordering.... more. But not mass producing them.
WTF is going on over there? Who's on first, anyone??
mixelflick wrote: "It so turned out and we didn’t choose this specially but if you sum up 22 and 35, you get the figure 57," [DOH] the Sukhoi chief designer said.
Oh no, it was even worst.
The contract was finally for only 2 units, not 12.
https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/5480249
From above: https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/5480249 TO: https://translate.google.com/translate? ... %2F5480249
The Ministry of Defense and the "Dry" signed a contract for the supply of two Su-57
22 Aug 2018 TASS
"KUBINKA / Moscow Region /, August 22. / TASS /. The Russian Ministry of Defense and PJSC Sukhoi signed on Wednesday a contract for the supply of two fifth-generation Su-57 fighter jets to the armed forces, the TASS correspondent reports from the conference room of the Army 2018. Terms of contract execution - 2018-2020..."
Source: https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/5480249
element1loop
Wery, wery small squadrons.
Accel + Alt + VLO + DAS + MDF + Radial Distance = LIFE . . . Always choose Stealth
marsavian
Heh, one development aircraft a year just to keep the factory tooled up while everyone twiddles their thumbs waiting for the new engines to tip up ! Not Sukhoi's finest hour !
well would you look at that Su-27 + Mig-29 + Su-35 + Mig-15 = F-106
Lawn dart owns all you Russian planes.
I think the 2 most important factors in developing any high end military asset is ingenuity and money, you can argue political will in there but N.Korea has all the political will and not even a single trainer jet in development.
Russia has a lot of ingenuity, hate them as we may, its amazing what they developed with the kind of resources they have.
But on the economy side, well thats my question. Just how accurate are GDP readings when it comes to gauging military development.
Russia's GDP (nominal) is about the same size as S.Korea's at 11th, smaller than Brazil's, Canada's or Italy's. So from that perspective, their military strength and military technology is actually punching above it's weight class.
Their GDP (PPP) is just a tad bit below Germany's at 6th place. So when measured by that you could say that they're still punching above their weight but not by a considerable margin anymore. Some countries above them (Germany & Japan) simply dont have as much political will to develop high end weapons and others (China and India) still don't have the kind of experience the Russians have been enjoying since the days of the USSR.
For a country like Russia which uses indigenous sources in its defence equipment this local buying power GDP list is more appropriate where the list runs as China, US, India, Japan, Germany, Russia. The Russians are not spending any dollars on their defence equipment.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of ... y_GDP_(PPP)
zhangmdev
You'd be a lot more amazed by China, not today's China but the Maoist China. It developed atom bomb, hydrogen bomb, launched its first satellite, was involved in military conflicts with both superpowers, all within a few years, in the turmoil of cultural revolution, when the country was isolated and its economy and trade barely a blip in the world stage. So I think there is plenty of human capital (ingenuity) and material wealth (money) around to develop military stuff, if a country wants to, especially when the basic science and technology is known, making it a lot easier.
ricnunes
zhangmdev wrote: You'd be a lot more amazed by China, not today's China but the Maoist China. It developed atom bomb, hydrogen bomb, launched its first satellite, was involved in military conflicts with both superpowers, all within a few years, in the turmoil of cultural revolution, when the country was isolated and its economy and trade barely a blip in the world stage. So I think there is plenty of human capital (ingenuity) and material wealth (money) around to develop military stuff, if a country wants to, especially when the basic science and technology is known, making it a lot easier.
As another example, lets look at Canada in the 1950's. A much smaller economy on the world stage then when compared to today but it was able to develop some very impressive aircraft like the CF-100 and even more impressive the CF-105 - while the later ended up being canceled this I believe, proves the point.
“Active stealth” is what the ignorant nay sayers call ECM and pretend like it’s new.
falcon.16 wrote:
Wow, I missed and just saw this. 2 aircraft through 2020?
On the one hand, that's absolutely abysmal. Just enough to keep the factory open I suppose, for another 2 years. Also brings their per plane squadron down from 12 to 2, and mission readiness likely down to just 1 airplane. Perhaps even less, but then again you can't get less than 1. Unless they entertain sending half an SU-57 up to do battle?
On the other hand, they sure kept their word: "No mass production..." LOL.
marsavian wrote: For a country like Russia which uses indigenous sources in its defence equipment this local buying power GDP list is more appropriate where the list runs as China, US, India, Japan, Germany, Russia. The Russians are not spending any dollars on their defence equipment.
Basically what you're saying is that PPP is a more appropriate barometer for Countries that have self reliant industries while Nominal terms are more appropriate for countries that import most of their equipment.
By the way, a little off topic, but when a country says they use X percent of their GDP in defense, is this always in Nominal terms? Most of the ones I see use Nominal terms.
I personally think Nominal is the more accurate barometer of a country's economic power. China has been on top of the PPP list for some time but lets face it. People don't consider China as the largest economy. Indonesia is #7 in PPP terms, above France, S.Korea, Italy and Canada but I don't think anyone considers Indonesia as a larger economy than the latter ones mentioned.
No offense to Indonesians here, Its massively under rated right now but I think It will be powerhouse soon.
PWC predicts ASEAN will replace some of the EU members in economic terms the coming decades.
https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/econom ... -2050.html
And until recently, they had no reason to invest in their defense. China's land grabbing in the South China sea changed all that. The QUAD is already in place. Hopefully SEATO gets revived.
mixelflick wrote: On the one hand, that's absolutely abysmal. Just enough to keep the factory open I suppose, for another 2 years. Also brings their per plane squadron down from 12 to 2, and mission readiness likely down to just 1 airplane. Perhaps even less, but then again you can't get less than 1. Unless they entertain sending half an SU-57 up to do battle?
The RuAF wiki page is claiming 2 Su57 in 2019, and 2 more in 2020.
FRP?
Return to F-35 versus XYZ
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Bleeding Edge TV
Friday January 24, 2014 5:59 pm
Lindsay Lohan: I’m Single
Posted by Andru Edwards Categories: Movies, Dating, Features, Rumors,
Lindsay Lohan insists she's single.
The 27-year-old actress has been linked to model Christian Arno Williams in recent weeks, but has now confirmed she is completely unattached. "I do not have a boyfriend, that can be confirmed," she said in a recent interview.
The Mean Girls actress was also quizzed about filming her new reality show with her "second mother" Oprah Winfrey, explaining that she wanted people who may only know wild persona to discover the "human" side to her: "I was at a point in my life when things were starting to turn around and change, so we thought it it'd be good if people shared that with me and saw a different side of me which that haven't really gotten to see. I wanted to show that I'm just a human being and a normal person and I have every day experiences that everyone else goes through in life."
The flame-haired star claims she's cut all alcohol and drugs out of her life since leaving rehab last year and has finally learned how to enjoy herself on a night out while sober. "I don't go out with my friends and expect them not to have a drink, but that doesn't mean that I have to do the same things as they're doing," she added.
denials, gossip, interviews, lindsay lohan, rumor, rumors, single life
Lady Gaga Hospitalized
Sexual Abuse Lawsuit Against Bryan Singer Dropped
Kendra Wilkinson “Done with Marriage”
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Breaking News Editorials Features Obituaries Rumors Where Are They Now?
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The capital of Quintana Roo, Chetumal has a rich, historical past inherited from Mayan ancestors and offers an array of activities. Your dream Mexico vacation includes the impressive turquoise and jade hues of the bay and the gentle breeze blowing up and down the streets. Here are the top five things to do in Chetumal:
Chetumal Bay
The Bay of Chetumal stands out for its multicolor splendor as one of the main attractions. Several grassy beach parks, including Punta Estrella and Dos Mulas surround the bay. Punta Estrella has volleyball courts and a small marina. The water is calm with plenty of shade from trees and little palapa-topped picnic tables.
Dzibanché
At Dzibanché (writing on wood), named for its various wooden lintels found with inscriptions alluding to a calendar. This temple is called the Templo de los Dinteles (Temple of the Lintels), standing on the highest point of the archeological zone and standing vigil of the site. The ancient city was originally a small village, dedicated to agriculture. Fertile farmlands surrounding the ruins are still used today as they were hundreds of years ago.
The Kohunlich Mayan ruins are renowned for giant stucco masks on its principal pyramid, the Edificio de los Mascarones (Mask Building). The masks are about six-feet tall, set vertically in the wide staircases at the main pyramid, called Edificio de las Estelas (Building of the Stelae). Originally thought to represent the Mayan sun god, they're considered to be composites of Kohunlich's rulers and important warriors. The Kohunlich Mayan ruins were built and occupied during the classic period by various Mayan groups.
Bacalar Lagoon
The small ruins at Oxtankah is a heavenly place. Enjoy this relaxing destination with beautiful views, especially its famous lagoon of seven colors at the edge. There's also rich cuisine and the Museum of Piracy. Founded by sailors, Chetumal is a city divided between the ocean and the jungle, where the colors contrast and combine with the Caribbean exuberance. The city is much more than a pretty landscape. It's a Mexico resort area where you can participate in every activity imaginable, like nature walks, water sports, swimming, snorkeling, sports fishing and diving. Plus, enjoy its delicious cuisine, from a city full of history and folklore.
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Eclipse Phase Movie Site Launches
As the official source for information regarding the development and eventual production of a feature film based on Eclipse Phase, More Nachos Entertainment is pleased to announce that EclipsePhaseMovie.com is now online.
Fans of the role-playing game and those anticipating the film, may now find updates on the script and production status – and soon read blog entries from the producers and writers as well as casting choices. A forum is dedicated to discussing everything about the film and game. Additional areas are dedicated to the roleplaying game, about the production staff and more features to come.
There is also now a dedicated Twitter feed: @EclipsePhasePic
Eclipse Phase is set in the future, but in a time that is closer than we want to believe. Earth has been destroyed and humanity stands on the cusp of a new age where humankind has merged with technology. This new transhumanity has colonized Mars and the solar system, though it remains divided between repressive hypercorp-backed regimes and techno-anarchist strongholds. Biotechnology allows humans to repair or replace their bodies, while artificial intelligence has grown to staggering levels with cognitive science and nanotechnology, making uploading the human mind possible. Transferring the mind digitally across great distances is now the preferred means of travel.
More Nachos Entertainment acquired the rights to the critically acclaimed role-playing game Eclipse Phase in July 2009. Game veterans Rob Boyle and Davidson Cole are actively developing the feature film script with the first draft expected to be complete in early 2010.
More Nachos Entertainment (MNE) officially launched in June of 2009 with its acquisition of Eclipse Phase.
MNE was founded by Stephen Marinaccio, film maker and gamer who has worked on over 45 feature film and television projects. MNE aims to bring great films to the screen, engaging video games to the masses and well told stories to the Los Angeles stage.
More Nachos Entertainment is based in Los Angeles, California. For more information visit www.morenachos.com.
Eclipse Phase RPG now available from Catalyst Game Labs
Tags | catalyst, eclipse phase, sci-fi-movies
One Response to “Eclipse Phase Movie Site Launches”
Eyeball says:
It seems the Eclipse Phase movie site is down. Archive.org has no record of it. Anyone get a look at it before it disappeared?
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Archive season’s
All time player appearances
All time goalscorers
Milestones: appearances
Milestones: goals
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Attendances: Highest home attendance by club
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HattersMatters
Danny Gregson
Player position
Central Defender
Stockport County career
Vs. North Ferriby United
Vanarama Conference North
9th August 2014 (view match)
Last appearance:
Vs. Colwyn Bay
1st January 2015 (view match)
Number of season's with the club:
Total appearances:
Total goals:
2014/15 Signed from Weston Super Mare
2015/16 Joined Stalybridge Celtic
Stats by season
2014/15 22 4 1 4 0
Games played by Danny Gregson
09/08/2014 North Ferriby United (H) L 1 - 0 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
12/08/2014 Guiseley (A) L 3 - 0 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
16/08/2014 Tamworth (A) W 1 - 0 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
23/08/2014 Bradford Park Avenue (H) W 3 - 1 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
25/08/2014 Stalybridge Celtic (A) L 3 - 2 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
30/08/2014 Lowestoft Town (H) W 3 - 0 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
06/09/2014 Hednesford Town (A) D 1 - 1 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
13/09/2014 Boston United (H) W 3 - 2 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
16/09/2014 Worcester City (H) W 2 - 0 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
20/09/2014 Solihull Moors (A) D 2 - 2 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
04/10/2014 Gloucester City (H) W 5 - 3 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
07/10/2014 Oxford City (A) L 2 - 1 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
11/10/2014 Ilkeston (H) W 1 - 0 FA Cup (3rd Qual.) (View info)
18/10/2014 Leamington (A) W 2 - 0 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
25/10/2014 Chester (H) L 4 - 2 FA Cup (4th Qual.) (View info)
01/11/2014 Harrogate Town (A) L 2 - 1 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
15/11/2014 Hednesford Town (H) W 3 - 0 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
18/11/2014 Chorley (A) L 3 - 0 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
22/11/2014 AFC Fylde (A) D 0 - 0 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
29/11/2014 Colwyn Bay (H) W 2 - 1 FA Trophy (3rd Qual.) (View info)
02/12/2014 AFC Fylde (H) D 0 - 0 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
06/12/2014 Guiseley (H) L 3 - 0 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
13/12/2014 Ramsbottom United (A) W 3 - 0 FA Trophy (Rd 1) (View info)
20/12/2014 North Ferriby United (A) D 1 - 1 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
26/12/2014 Colwyn Bay (H) D 1 - 1 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
01/01/2015 Colwyn Bay (A) W 2 - 1 Vanarama Conference North (View info)
09/08/14 North Ferriby United (H) L 1 - 0
12/08/14 Guiseley (A) L 3 - 0
16/08/14 Tamworth (A) W 1 - 0
23/08/14 Bradford Park Avenue (H) W 3 - 1
25/08/14 Stalybridge Celtic (A) L 3 - 2
30/08/14 Lowestoft Town (H) W 3 - 0
06/09/14 Hednesford Town (A) D 1 - 1
13/09/14 Boston United (H) W 3 - 2
16/09/14 Worcester City (H) W 2 - 0
20/09/14 Solihull Moors (A) D 2 - 2
04/10/14 Gloucester City (H) W 5 - 3
07/10/14 Oxford City (A) L 2 - 1
11/10/14 Ilkeston (H) W 1 - 0
18/10/14 Leamington (A) W 2 - 0
25/10/14 Chester (H) L 4 - 2
01/11/14 Harrogate Town (A) L 2 - 1
15/11/14 Hednesford Town (H) W 3 - 0
18/11/14 Chorley (A) L 3 - 0
22/11/14 AFC Fylde (A) D 0 - 0
29/11/14 Colwyn Bay (H) W 2 - 1
02/12/14 AFC Fylde (H) D 0 - 0
06/12/14 Guiseley (H) L 3 - 0
13/12/14 Ramsbottom United (A) W 3 - 0
20/12/14 North Ferriby United (A) D 1 - 1
26/12/14 Colwyn Bay (H) D 1 - 1
01/01/15 Colwyn Bay (A) W 2 - 1
© 1999 - 2020 HattersMatters
Stockport County News 24/7
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Electronically programmable calculator with memory package
In an electronically programmable calculator with a memory package, a plurality of memory packages are detachably loaded into a housing. Program data is written in at least one of the plurality of memory packages, and variable data is written in at least one other thereof. The contents of each memory package is always maintained by a built-in battery. The memory packages can be replaced with other memory packages, as needed.
Ogawa, Kiyoshi (Tokyo, JP)
Casio Computer Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP)
710/13, 711/115, 712/E9.007
G06F9/24; G06F15/02; (IPC1-7): G06F12/02
364/709, 364/710, 364/706, 364/200MSFile
4516218 Memory system with single command selective sequential accessing of predetermined pluralities of data locations 1985-05-07 Hamilton 364/900
4455618 Programmable calculator 1984-06-19 Walden et al. 364/900
4091446 Desk top electronic computer with a removably mounted ROM 1978-05-23 Demonte et al. 364/706
4063221 Programmable calculator 1977-12-13 Watson et al. 364/200
3839630 PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATOR EMPLOYING ALGEBRAIC LANGUAGE 1974-10-01 Olander, Jr. et al. 364/709
EP0121381 1984-10-10 Memory identification apparatus.
DE2939461A1 1981-04-09
GB2101370A 1983-01-12
Hewlett, Packard HP-41C, No. 5952-9712, 4/81, pp. 1-13.
MALZAHN, DAVID H
HOLTZ, HOLTZ & VOLEK PC (630 Ninth Avenue Suite 1010, NEW YORK, NY, 10036-3744, US)
1. An electronic programmable calculator comprising:
a plurality of memory package means, each containing at least one memory chip and with each including means for storing one of program data and variable data;
housing means containing a plurality of electronic components of said calculator and having an insertion portion adapted for accommodating said plurality of memory package means;
data processing means provided in said housing means for performing at least an arithmetic operation and connected to said plurality of memory package means inserted in said housing means;
input means provided in said housing means and connected to said data processing means for inputting said program data and variable data into said plurality of memory package means inserted in said housing means;
first memory means for storing data related to memory capacity of at least one of said plurality of package means inserted in said housing means;
second memory means for storing data which indicates memory capacity of another of said plurality of memory package means inserted in said housing means to replace said one of said plurality of memory package means;
calculating means for calculating a difference between the dat stored in said first memory means and the data stored in said second memory means;
means for renewing absolute address data of said another of the plurality of memory package means inserted in said housing means in accordance with said difference calculated by said calculating means.
2. A calculator according to claim 1, whrein each of said plurality of memory package means has a card-like shape and comprises a random-access memory as a memory element, and a power supply means for backing up said memory element.
3. A calculator according to claim 1, wherein said data processing means further includes:
detecting means for detecting whether or not a memory package means is inserted in said housing means; and
alarm means for generating an alarm according to the detection result of said detecting means.
4. A calculator according to claim 3, wherein said data processing means further includes check means for checking, when said detecting means detects that memory package means is inserted in said housing means, whether or not a storing state in said memory package means is normal;
whereby said alarm means generates an alarm according to the check result of said check means.
5. A calculator according to claim 4, wherein said memory package means includes a data area adapted for storing said program and variable data, and an administration area adapted for storing an address which indicates an end of location in said data area storing said program and variable data; and
said check means includes search means for searching for an address which indicates an end of location in said data area storing said program and variable data, and means for comparing said address searched by said searching means with said address stored in said administration area.
6. A calculator according to claim 1, wherein said data processing means includes:
first selection means for selecting at least one memory package means from said plurality of memory package means loaded into said housing means for storing the program data as a first group;
second selection means for selecting at least one other memory package means, for storing the variable data as a second group; and
writing means for writing each of said program and variable data input by said output means into said respective memory package means selected by one of said first and second selection means.
7. A calculator according to claim 6, wherein said first selection means includes first addressing means for addressing the memory package means of said first group sequentially from an upper address; and
said second selection means includes a second addressing means for addressing the memory package means of said second group sequentially from a lower address.
8. A calculator according to claim 7, which further includes judging means for judging whether or not setting of said program data stored in said memory package means of said first group and said variable data stored in said memory package means of said second group is correct,
and wherein said judging means includes:
first latch means for storing an address which indicates an end of location in said memory package means of said first group storing said program data;
second latch means for storing an address which indicates an end of location in said memory package means of said second group storing said variable data; and
comparing means for comparing an address stored in said first latch means with an address stored in said second latch means;
whereby an alarm means generates an alarm according to the judgment result of said judging means.
The present invention relates to an electronically programmable calculator with a memory package comprising a load/unload mechanism for a plurality of memory packages.
An electronically programmable calculator with a memory package and a load/unload mechanism for a plurality of memory packages, e.g., RAM cards or RAM packages is conventionally known. In this calculator, all the addresses of respective memory areas of the plurality of memory packages loaded into the mechanism are considered as a continuous, single address area, and a program or variable data can be written in the address area.
With an electronically programmable calculator of this type, in the program data setting mode, continuous absolute addresses are assigned to all the memory areas of a plurality of, e.g., loaded RAM cards which are considered as a single address area. For this reason, once a program or variable data is written in the memory area, the calculator can only be used with the RAM card which define the continuously determined data, and cannot be used with RAM cards of different memory capacities. More specifically, for example, one of a pair of RAM cards each having a capacity of 4 kB cannot be replaced with a RAM card having a smaller capacity of 1 kB or 2 kB.
Even though it is determined that the memory content of the memory package is partially erased, the abnormal portion cannot be detected. Therefore, unless all the data, such as a stored program or variable data, is cleared, the calculator cannot be switched to the execution mode, resulting in a time-consuming and ineffective operation.
In calculators requiring no specific type of operator, even though the memory packages are not loaded or are mis-loaded, a means for signalling a malfunction is not provided as in the above case, resulting in inconvenience. In addition, since the calculator cannot be switched to the execution mode, it lacks reliability. For this reason, strong demand has arisen for development of a mechanism for checking if the memory packages are correctly loaded or storage contents are normal.
The present invention has been made in consideration of the above situation, and has as its object to provide an electronically programmable calculator with a memory package wherein a plurality of memory packages having different capacities can be desirably replaced, and storing states in the memory packages can be easily checked so as to clearly signal an abnormality.
In order to achieve the above object, there is provided a electronically programmable calculator with a memory package, comprising: a plurality of memory package means; housing means from which said plurality of memory package means are independently detachable; data processing means electrically connected to said plurality of memory package means loaded into said housing means; and input means, connected to said data processing means, for inputting program and variable data in said plurality of memory package means; said data processing means including at least select means for selecting at least one memory package of said plurality of memory package means for storing the program data and at least one other memory package thereof for storing the variable data, and means for storing the program and variable data input by said input means into the memory package selected by said select means. With this arrangement, the electronically programmable calculator with a memory package can replace memory packages of different capacities, and a range of possible combinations of memory packages can be widened. In addition, a memory package of a desired capacity can be selected in correspondence to the memory area used, thus effectively utilizing the memory packages. Furthermore, the loading and storing states of the memory packages can be clearly signaled to the operator, and detection of an abnormality can be easily and quickly performed, thus reducing the work load of the operator.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an electronically programmable calculator with a memory package according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a state wherein two memory packages are loaded in a housing of the electronic program calculator of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing an example wherein data set in one of the two memory packages shown in FIG. 2 is processed so as to be replaceable with various programs set in the other memory package;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing an example wherein one program set in one of the two memory packages shown in FIG. 2 is processed so as to be replaceable with a number of data set in the other memory package;
FIG. 5 is a block circuit diagram showing a main part of a circuit configuration according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b) are respectively memory RAM cards before and after replacement according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a flow chart for explaining the operation of the circuit, shown in FIG. 5;
FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b) are a block cirrcuit diagram of another embodiment of the present invention in which an abnormality check circuit is added to the circuit shown in FIG. 5;
FIG. 9 is a memory map of a memory package shown in FIG. 8;
FIGS. 10(a), 10(b), 11 and 12 are processing flow charts for explaining the check operation of the circuit shown in FIG. 8; and
FIG. 13 shows display states on a display unit for displaying an abnormality detection result.
DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF THE REFERRED EMBODIMENT
An embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 shows a state wherein a pair of, e.g., RAM cards 2 and 3 are loaded in a housing 1 of an electronically programmable calculator with a memory package according to the embodiment of the present invention. The housing 1 is provided with a digit key unit 4, a character key unit 5 and a display unit 6. The calculator uses the pair of RAM cards as shown in FIGS. 2 to 4.
FIG. 2 shows an example in which program data is stored in one RAM card 2 and variable data is stored in the other RAM card 3. These RAM cards 2 and 3 are loaded in different slots A and B of the housing 1.
Referring to FIG. 3, a plurality of replaceable RAM cards for storing, e.g., an input program, a total program, a sort program, a search program or the like are used as one RAM card 2. The other RAM card 3 stores particular sales data. Sales analysis of the particular sales data can be performed in accordance with the above programs.
Referring to FIG. 4, one RAM card 2 stores a record program. On the other hand, a plurality of replaceable RAM cards for respectively storing data of the records of first-, second-, third-grade students are loaded as one RAM card 3. In this manner, a number of data can be processed with respect to a single particular program.
The configuration of the electronically programmable calculator having a memory package structure into which the RAM cards 2 and 3 as described above can be loaded will be described hereinafter with reference to FIG. 5.
Referring to FIG. 5, reference numeral 10 denotes a CPU for performing overall control of the calculator. The CPU 10 executes processing in accordance with a set program of the RAM card loaded in a RAM card load/unload mechanism (to be described later) under the control of a microprogram. In this embodiment, the CPU 10 has a specific firmware mechanism for performing a checking operation of the RAM cards (to be described later) and a rewriting operation thereof when the calculator is powered (in the initialization control mode).
Reference numeral 11 denotes an address bus for transferring address data to the RAM cards; and 12, a data bus for tranferring read/write data.
Reference numeral 13 denotes a latch, having a selective output function, for latching data on data lines 21 and 22 (DA/DB) in response to a control signal (ck1) from the CPU 10 and for selectively generating data (DA) or (DB) in response to a control signal (a) from the CPU 10. Note that when the control signal (a) is "1", the latch 13 generates the data (DA) received through the data line 21, and when "0", it generates the data (DB) received through the data line 22.
Reference numeral 14 denotes a latch for latching data on the data line 22 in response to a control signal (ck2) from the CPU 10.
Reference numeral 15 denotes an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) for receiving data from the latches 13 and 14 as calculated data so as to perform a calculation in accordance with a control signal (s) from the CPU 10. It should be noted that the ALU is switched to the subtraction mode when the control signal (s) is "1", and to the addition mode when it is "0".
Reference numeral 16 denotes a data buffer for accumulating output data from the ALU 15. When the buffer 16 receives a "1" control signal (b) from the CPU 10, it generates data. Reference numeral 17 denotes a bidirectional data buffer for accumulating data on the data bus 12 or the data line 22. The output direction of the buffer 17 is switched by a control signal (c) from the CPU 10. In this embodiment, when the control signal (c) is "1", the buffer 17 generates data on the data bus 12, and when "0", it generates data on the data line 22.
Reference numeral 18 denotes a connector unit for loading/unloading RAM cards as a load/unload mechanism for memory packages. In this case, the connector unit 18 comprises connectors CA and CB for connecting a pair of RAM cards. Each of the connectors CA and CB comprises data and address terminals TD and TA and a terminal TC for supplying a chip enable signal (CE) and a read/write signal (R/W).
Reference numerals 19 and 20 denote card-like memory packages respectively each having as a memory element a RAM (random-access memory) which is backed up by a power supply therein (to be referred to as a RAM card hereinafter). The RAM cards have different capacities, e.g., 4 kB (A), 2 kB (B), 1 kB (C) and can be used at the same time. The RAM cards 19 and 20 are connected to the connectors CA and CB of the connector unit 18 and are selectively designated by the chip enable signal CE. Reference numeral 81 denotes a key input unit.
FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b) are views for explaining the above embodiment. FIG. 6(a) shows a memory map when the 4-kB memory packs 19A and 20A are respectively loaded into the connectors CA and CB of the connector unit 18. FIG. 6(b) shows a memory map when the 2-kB memory pack 19B is loaded into the connector CA and the 4-kB memory pack 20A is loaded into the connector CB. When the RAM cards 19 and 20 are connected to the connectors CA and CB of the connector unit 18, one, e.g., the card 19, is used as a program card in which program data is written, and the other, i.e., the card 20, is used as a variable data card in which variable data is written. FIG. 7 shows the operation flow of memory check processing executed under the control of the CPU 10 when the calculator is powered.
Operation of the calculator according to the embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 5 to 7. In this case, an example will be described wherein the program card, i.e., the memory pack 19A of the program and data cards set by using the 4-kB memory packs 19A and 20A is replaced with the 2-kB memory pack l9B. FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b) specifically show this example. FIG. 6(a) shows address assigning and storing states of the program and data cards constituted by the 4-kB memory packs 19A and 20A. Reference symbol Abs-Add denotes absolute addresses continuously assigned to the respective cards. A hatched portion of the RAM card 19A (program card) is an area in which a program is already written, and that of the memory pack 20A (data card) is an area in which data is already written. Reference symbol ENDAdr denotes an end address of all the memory areas (in this case, 7999); AB, a variable name; "5500", a corresponding absolute address (i.e., the variable name AB ="1234"). A rewriting operation will be described hereinafter when the memory pack 19A, as the program card of a pair of program and data cards, is replaced with the 2-kB memory pack 19B shown in FIG. 6(b).
When the calculator is powered, the capacities of the RAM cards loaded to the connector unit 18 are respectively checked under the control of the fixed microprogram of the CPU 10. In this case, since only 4-kB, 2-kB and 1-kB memory packs can be used, the capacities are checked by reading/writing data while adding addresses in units of 1 kB. Various capacity checking operations can be used. However, in this case, the capacity checking operation in units of 1 kB is performed in the order of addresses 0, 999, 1000, 1999, 2000, 2999, . . . . End address data representing the capacity determined by this checking operation is latched in the latch 13 (step S1 of FIG. 7). The 2-kB memory pack 19B is loaded into the connector CA as the program card in place of the memory pack 19A, and the memory pack 20A which has been combined with the RAM card 19A is loaded into the connector CB as the data card. Thus, the overall capacity of the calculator is 6 kB, and therefore, data "5999" representing the end address thereof is latched by the latch 13.
Next, data representing the end address (END-Adr) of the RAM card combination stored at a specific address of the RAM card 20A before replacement is read out and is latched by the latch 14 (step S2 of FIG. 7). In this case, the previous capacity is 8 kB, and therefore, data "7999" representing the end address thereof is latched by the latch 14.
A difference between the current and previous capacities is obtained by comparing the data (the end address data "5999" corresonding to the current capacity) latched in the latch 13 and the data (the end address data "7999" corresponding to the previous capacity). The CPU 10 supplies a "0" control signal (a) so that the data "5999" accumulated in the latch 13 is supplied to the ALU 15 together with the data "7999" accumulated in the latch 14. Then, the CPU 10 supplies a "1" control signal (s) so as to obtain a difference between the current and previous capacities. In this case, -"2000" is obtained as the difference between the capacities. The difference data obtained from this calculation is latched by the latch 13 in accordance with the control signal (ck1) from the CPU 10 (step S3 of FIG. 7).
The CPU 10 reads the absolute address areas of the RAM card 20A loaded into the connector CB, and the readout absolute address data is latched by the latch 14. After transferring read address data on the address bus 11, the CPU 10 supplies the "0" control signals (b) and (c) and generates the control signal (ck2), thereby latching the absolute address data read out from the RAM card 20A in the latch 14 through the data buffer 17 (step S4 of FIG. 7).
The CPU 10 supplies the "0" control signals (a) and (s) so as to switch the ALU 15 to the addition mode. The CPU 10 causes the ALU 15 to correct the absolute address stored in the latch 14 with the difference data of the capacities stored in the latch 13. The corrected absolute data is stored in the data buffer 16 (step S5 of FIG. 7).
Furthermore, the CPU 10 generates the "1" control signal (b) and "0" control signal (c) so as to generate the corrected absolute address data stored in the data buffer 16 on the data bus 12. Simultaneously, the CPU 10 supplies the read/write signal (R/W) representing a write mode and the same address data as that in the read mode so as to rewrite the corrected absolute address to the read address of the RAM card 20A (step S6 of FIG. 7). For example, as shown in FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b), the absolute address of the variable name AB="1234" is rewritten from "5500" to "3500".
In this manner, when one absolute address is written, it is checked if the absolute address to be written is present (step S7 of FIG. 7). The above processing is repeated until no absolute addresses to be written are present, i.e., all the absolute addresses of the memory pack 20A are rewritten.
As described above, when the calculator is powered, the capacities of the memory packs 19 and 20 loaded into the connector unit 18 are checked and rewriting processing of the absolute addresses is performed in accordance with a change in the capacities. For this reason, RAM cards of different capacities can be desirably combined, and a desirable card can be selected in accordance with the setting of the data amount, thereby effectively using RAM cards. Since the rewriting operation of absolute addresses is performed when the calculator is powered, address assignment can be performed using the absolute addresses when a calculation is performed. Therefore, calculation speed is not adversely influenced.
Another embodiment in which a circuit for detecting an abnormality is added to the electronic program calculator shown in FIG. 1 according to the above embodiment will be described with rererence to FIG. 8(a) and 8(b).
Note that the same reference numerals as in FIG. 1 denote the same parts in FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b), and a detailed description thereof is omitted.
Referring to FIG. 8(b), reference numeral 80 denotes an internal RAM of the CPU 10. Reference symbols A, B, C and D denote registers for internal processing subjected to the checking operation of the RAM cards; and F1, F2 and F3, flip-flops. In this case, the RAM card 19 is used as the program card, and the RAM card 20 is used as the data card. Reference numeral 81 denotes a key input unit; 82, a character display unit; and 83, a display decoder. Reference symbols D1, D2 and D3 denote flip-flops for controlling the abnormality display corresponding to the flip-flops F1, F2 and F3. Reference numeral 84 denotes an OR circuit for obtaining a detection signal representing the presence/absence of the RAM card abnormality display from the outputs from the flip-flops D1, D2 and D3; 85, an AND circuit for generating a gate control signal (CG1) in response to a abnormality display timing signal (S) from the CPU 10 and an output signal from the OR circuit 84; and 86, an inverter for obtaining an inverted output signal of the AND circuit 86, e.g., an inverted gate control signal (CG2). Reference numeral 87 denotes a transfer gate circuit which is inserted in a normal display data transfer path 88 and is enabled by the gate control signal of "1" level (CG2="1") from the inverter 86. Reference numeral 90 denotes a transfer gate circuit which is inserted in an abnormality display data transfer path 89 between the flip-flops D1, D2 and D3 and the display decoder 83, and is enabled by the gate control signal of "1" level (CG1="1"), representing an abnormal state, from the AND circuit 85. An output from the AND circuit 85 is supplied to the CPU 10 so that the calculator is switched to the execution mode after performing abnormality display. That is, the output from the circuit 85 is supplied to the CPU 10 as a determination signal (P) for checking if the calculator can be switched to the execution mode.
FIG. 9 shows memory maps of the RAM cards 19 and 20 as the program and data cards loaded into a memory package load/unload mechanism (CN). In FIG. 9, reference symbol PA denotes a program administration area; PRO, a program area; DATA, a data area; DA, a data administration area; PRO-BOTT, a program bottom shown by the program administration area PA; and DATA-BOTT, a data bottom shown by the data administation area DA.
FIGS. 10 to 13 show processing flows in the RAM card checking mode in the above embodiment.
FIGS. 13(a) to 13(e) show display states on the display unit 82 in the RAM card checking mode in the above embodiment.
Operation of the above embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 8 to 11. When the calculator is powered, the CPU 10 executes the following memory check processing under the control of the internal fixed microprogram thereof:
(1) After resetting ("0") the flip-flops D1, D2 and D3 for controlling the abnormality display in response to a power-on signal, the CPU 10 checks if the RAM cards are loaded (steps S1, S2 of FIG. 10).
(2) Loading of the RAM cards is detected by actually reading/writing data. First, the CPU 10 reads out data in area Top-Adr of the RAM card, and sets the readout data in the register A in the internal RAM 80 (step A1 of FIG. 11).
(3) The CPU 10 inverts the data in the register A in the RAM 80, and writes the inverted data in the RAM card again (step A2 of FIG. 11).
(4) The CPU 10 reads out the data written in Top-Adr in (3) again, and inverts the data so as to set it in the register B in the RAM 80 (steps A3, A4 of FIG. 11).
(5) The CPU 10 compares a content of the register A and that of the register B, and when they coincide, i.e., "A=B", the CPU 10 determines that the RAM card is loaded (in the correct loading state), and when they do not coincide, i.e., "A≠B", it determines that no RAM card is loaded (the RAM card is incorrectly loaded) (step A5 of FIG. 11).
(6) If YES in step A5, the CPU 10 writes the content of the register B (Top-Adr) in the RAM card 19 again, and writes "0" in the flip-flop Fl in the RAM 80 (steps A6, A7 of FIG. 11).
On the other hand, if NO in step A5, the CPU 10 writes "1" in the flip-flop F1 (step A8 of FIG. 11).
(7) When the flip-flop F1 is "0" representing that the RAM card is loaded (F1="0"), the flow is shifted to a check flow of the RAM card shown in FIG. 12 (steps S3, S4 of FIG. 10).
On the other hand, when the flip-flop F1 is "1" representing that the RAM card is not loaded (F1="1"), the CPU 10 writes "1" in the flip-flop D1 so as to generate the abnormality display timing signal (S="1") (steps S5, S6 of FIG. 10).
In this case, the gate control signal (CG1="1") for abnormality display is generated from the AND gate 85, thereby enabling the transfer gate circuit 90. Thus, 3-bit abnormality display data ("100") generated from the flip-flops Dl, D2 and D3 is supplied to the display decoder 83 through the data transfer path 89, thus displaying an abnormality display message in accordance with the decoder output on the display unit 82 (step S7 of FIG. 10).
Fig. 13(a) shows the abnormality display message of no RAM card displayed on the display unit 82 in this case.
(8) The checking operation of the RAM card when the RAM card is loaded (F1="0") is performed as follows. After setting "0" in the flip-flop F1 of the RAM 80, the RAM card 19 is checked. In other words, an address of the program bottom (PRO-BOTT) of the RAM card 19 as the program card is searched, and the searched address is set in the register A in the RAM 80 (step B1, B2, B3 of FIG. 12).
(9) The bottom address (BOTTOM Adr) is read out from the program administration area (PA) of the RAM card 19 and is stored in the register B in the RAM 80 (step B4 of FIG. 12).
(10) The contents of the registers A and B are compared with each other, and when they coincide (A=B), it is determined that the program card, i.e., the RAM card 19 is normal, and the flow advances to the checking flow of the data card (steps B5, B7 of FIG. 12).
On the other hand, when the content of the register A does not coincide with that of the register B(A≠B), "1" is set in the flip-flop F2 in the RAM 80 so as to internally display an abnormality of the program portion, and thereafter the flow advances to the data card checking flow (steps B6, B7 of FIG. 12).
(11) The checking operation of the data card is performed in such a manner that an address of the data bottom (DATA-BOTT) of the RAM card 20 as the data card is searched and the address is set in the register C in the RAM 80 (steps B7, B8 of FIG. 12).
(12) The bottom address (BOTTOM Adr) is read out from the data administration area (DA) of the RAM card 20 and is set in the register D in the RAM 80 (step B9 of FIG. 12).
(13) The contents of the registers C and D are compared with each other, and when they coincide (C=D), it is determined that the data card, i.e., the RAM card 20 is normal. Then, the contents of the registers A and C are compared with each other, and it is checked if the program bottom is larger than the data bottom, that is, if the setting of the program and data is abnormal. When normal, i.e., "A<C", the checking operation of the RAM cards ends (steps B10, B12 of FIG. 12).
When the content of the register C does not coincide with that of the register D (C≠D), it is determined that the data card, i.e., the RAM card 20 is abnormal. "1" is set in the flip-flop F3 in the RAM 80 and thereafter the comparison between the registers A and C is performed (steps B10, B11, B12, . . . of FIG. 12).
From the comparison between the registers A and C, when "A>C" is established, i.e., it is determined that the program and data are abnormally set, the flip-flops F2 and F3 in the RAM 80 are set at "1", and the checking operation of the RAM cards ends (steps B12, B13 of FIG. 12).
(14) When the above-mentioned checking operation shown in Fig., 12 of the RAM cards ends, the flow shifts to the display processing of the checked contents.
It is checked if the content of the flip-flop F2 is so, and if "1", "1" is written in the flip-flop D2 for controlling abnormality display (steps S8, S9 of FIG. 10).
(15) It is checked if the content of the flip-flop F3 in the RAM 80 is so and if "1", "1" is written in the flip-flop D3 (steps S10, S11 of FIG. 10).
(16) Thereafter, the abnormality display timing signal (S="1") is generated (step S12 of FIG. 10).
The signal (S="1") is supplied to the AND circuit 85 together with the output signal from the OR circuit 84 receiving the outputs from the flip-flops D1, D2 and D3, and the output from the AND circuit 85 is supplied to the CPU 10 as the determination signal (P) and is also supplied to the gate circuits 87 and 90 as the gate control signal (CG1 or CG2) so as to selectively enable one of them.
(17) When the determination signal (P) which is received immediately after generating the signal (S="1") is "0", the CPU 10 determines that the loaded RAM cards 19 and 20 are normal, and generates display data representing that execution of the processing can start on the normal display data transfer path 88. In this case, since the gate control signal (CG2) is "1"40 (CG="1") and the transfer gate circuit 88 is enabled, the display data generated by the CPU 10 is supplied to the display decoder 83. In accordance with the decoder output, the display unit 82 displays a display message representing that the execution mode can start (steps S13, S22 of FIG. 10).
FIG. 13(e) shows the display message displayed on the display unit 82 in this case.
When at least one of the flip-flops D1, D2 and D3 generates the "1" signal, the gate control signal (CG1="1") for abnormality display is generated from the AND circuit 85, thereby enabling the transfer gate circuit 90. Thus, the 3-bit check display data generated from the flip-flops D1, D2 and D3 is supplied to the display decoder 83 through the data transfer path 89, and the check display is performed on the display unit 82 in accordance with the decoder output (steps S13, S14 of FIG. 10).
When the 3-bit check display data received by the display decoder 83 is "010" (D1 and D3="0"D2="1"), the message shown in FIG. 13(c) representing abnormality of the program portion and asking if it can be cleared is produced. When the data is "001" (D1 and D2="0", D3="1"), the message shown in FIG. 13(d) representing the abnormality of the variable data portion and asking if it can be cleared is produced. When the data is "011" (D1="0", D2 and D3="1"), the message shown in FIG. 13(b) representing abnormality of both the program and data portions and asking if they can be cleared is produced.
(18) When a specific key input (Y) designating clearing is made from the key input unit 81 in accordance with the display content, if the flip-flop F2 in the RAM 80 is "1", the data area of the RAM card 20 is cleared, and if the flip-flop F3 is "1", the program area of the RAM card 19 is cleared. When both the flip-flops F2 and F3 are "1", both the data and program areas are cleared (steps S15, S16, . . . S22 of FIG. 10).
After clearing the memory, the display message shown in FIG. 13(e) representing that the execution mode can start is displayed (step S22 of FIG. 10).
Note that in the above embodiment, when the calculator is powered, the checking operation of the RAM cards is automatically performed. However, the present invention is not limited to this. For example, the checking operation can be manually performed when a specific key is operated.
The check mechanisms for the loading state of the RAM cards and those for the program and variable data portions are not limited to the above embodiment, but can be any configuration which can check the states of the respective portions.
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Use of organophosphorus compounds for the therapeutic and prophylactic treatment of infections
Use of organophosphorus compounds of general Formula (I) 1
for the therapeutic and prophylactic treatment of infections in humans and animals caused by viruses, fungi and parasites.
Jomaa, Hassan (Giessen, DE)
JOMAA HASSAN
A61K31/662; A01N57/00; A61K31/00; A61K31/66; A61K31/661; A61P31/00; A61P31/04; A61P31/12; A61P33/02; A61P33/06; (IPC1-7): A61K31/66
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HUI, SAN MING R
POLSINELLI PC ((DE OFFICE) 1000 Louisiana Street Fifty-Third Floor, HOUSTON, TX, 77002, US)
1. Use of organophosphorus compounds of the general formula (I) 5 in which r1 and r2 are the same or different and are selected from the group which consists of hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted hydroxyalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkinyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted acyl, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclic radical, halogen, OX1 and OX2, wherein X1 and X2 may be the same or different and are selected from the group which consists of hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted: hydroxyalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkinyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted acyl, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclic radical, A is selected from the group which consists of an alkylene radical, an alkenylene radical and a hydroxyalkylene radical, R3 and R4 are selected independently from the group which consists of hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted hydroxyalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted acyl, substituted and unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkinyl, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclic radical, halogen, OX3 and OX4, R3 and R4 are selected independently from the group which consists of hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted C1-26-alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted hydroxy-C1-26-alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted acyl, substituted and unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C1-26-alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C1-26-alkinyl, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclic radical, halogen, OX3 and OX4, wherein X3 and X4 are selected independently from the group which consists of hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted C1-26-alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted hydroxyl-C1-26-alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C126- alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C126-alkinyl, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclic radical, a silyl, a cation of an organic and inorganic base, in particular a metal of the first, second or third main group of the periodic system, ammonium, substituted ammonium and ammonium compounds which derive from ethylene diamine or amino acids, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and salts of esters or else compounds which upon application provide the compounds to be used according to the invention as metabolic products or decomposition products in order to produce a pharmaceutical composition for therapeutic and prophylactic treatment of infections in humans and animals caused by parasites, fungi and viruses.
2. Use according to claim 1, characterised in that the organophosphorus compounds correspond to Formula (II), 6 wherein, X1 is selected from the group which consists of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic radical.
3. Use according to claim 2, characterised in that R2 is an acyl radical, preferably an alkanoyl radical and particularly preferably a formyl or acetyl radical.
4. Use according to one of the preceding claims, R3 and R4 are selected independently from the group which consists of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, OX3 and OX4, wherein X3 and X4 are selected independently from the group which consists of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, methyl and ethyl.
5. Use according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that between the phosphorus atom and the nitrogen atom A forms a chain of three carbon atoms, preferably a propylene, propenylene or hydroxypropylene chain.
6. Use according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that R4 represents OX4 and X4 is selected from the group which consists of hydrogen, ammonium and metals of the first and second main group of the periodic system, preferably sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium, ammonium compounds which derive from ethylenediamine or amino acids, preferably ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N,N-dibenzylethylenediamine and arginine.
7. Use according to one of the preceding claims for the treatment of infections which are caused by viruses selected from the group which consists of viruses of the genus parvoviridae, in particular parvo viruses, dependo viruses, denso viruses, viruses of the adenoviridae genus, in particular adeno viruses, mastadeno viruses, aviadeno viruses, viruses of the genus papovaviridae, in particular papova viruses, in particular papilloma viruses (so called wart viruses), polyoma viruses, in particular JC-virus, BK-virus and miopapova viruses, viruses of the genus herpesviridae, in particular herpes simplex viruses, of the varicella-zoster viruses, human cytomegalo virus, Epstein-Barr viruses, human herpes virus 6, human herpes virus 7, human herpes virus 8, viruses of the genus poxviridae, in particular pox viruses, orthopox, parapox, molluscum contagiosum virus, avipox viruses, capripox viruses, leporipox viruses, primary hepatotropic viruses, in particular hepatitis viruses, such as hepatitis A viruses, hepatitis B viruses, hepatitis C viruses, hepatitis D viruses, hepatitis E viruses, hepatitis F viruses, hepatitis G viruses, hepadna viruses, in particular all hepatitis viruses, such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D viruses, viruses of the genus picornaviridae, in particular picorna viruses, all entero viruses, all polio viruses, all coxsackie viruses, all echo viruses, all rhino viruses, hepatitis A virus, aphtho viruses, viruses of the genus calciviridae, in particular hepatitis E viruses, viruses of the genus reoviridae, in particular reo viruses, orbi viruses, rota viruses, viruses of the genus togaviridae, in particular toga viruses, alpha viruses, rubi viruses,.pestiviruses, rubella virus, viruses of the genus flaviviridae, in particular flavi viruses, ESME virus, hepatitis C virus, viruses of the genus orthomyxoviridae, in particular influenza viruses, viruses of the genus paramyxoviridae, in particular paramyxo viruses, morbilli virus, pneumo virus, measles virus, mumps virus, viruses of the genus rhabdoviridae, in particular rhabdo viruses, rabies virus, lyssa virus, viscula stomatitis virus, viruses of the genus coronaviridae, in particular corona viruses, viruses of the genus bunyaviridae, in particular bunya viruses, nairo virus, phlebo virus, uuku virus, hanta virus, hantaan virus, viruses of the genus arenaviridae, in particular arena viruses, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, viruses of the genus retroviridae, in particular retro viruses, all HTL viruses, human T-cell leukaemia virus, oncorna viruses, spuma viruses, lenti viruses, all HI viruses, viruses of the genus filoviridae in particular Marburg and Ebola virus, slow viruses, prions, oncoviruses and leukaemia viruses.
8. Use according to one of the preceding claims for the prevention and treatment of infections caused by unicellular parasites namely pathogens of malaria, sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, toxoplasmosis, amoebic dysentery, leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, pneumocystosis, balantidiasis, cryptosporidiasis, sarcocystosis, acanthamebiasis, naegleriasis, coccidiosis, giardiasis and lambliosis.
9. Use according to one of claims 1 to 8 in a pharmaceutical preparation which has an active content of at least one organophosphorus compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
10. Use according to claim 9, characterised in that the pharmaceutical preparation has at least one further pharmaceutical active ingredient, in particular sulphonamide, sulfadoxine, artemisinin, atovaquon, quinine, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, mefloquine, halofantrine, pyrimethamine, armesin, tetracyclines, doxycycline, proguanil, metronidazole, praziquantel, niclosamide, mebendazol, pyrantel, tiabendazol, diethylcarbazine, piperazine, pyrivinum, metrifonate, oxamni-quine, bithionol or suramin.
11. Use according to claim 10, characterised by one or more components of the group which consists of benzyl penicillin (Penicillin G), phenoxy penicillins, isoxazolyl penicillins, amino penicillins, ampicillin, amoxicillin, bacampicillin, carboxy penicillin, ticarcillin, temocillin, acyalamino pencillins, azlocillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, apalcillin, mecillinam, cephalosporins, cefazolin group, cefuroxime group, cefoxitin group, cefoxitin, cefotetan, cefmetazole, latamoxef, flomoxef, cefotaxime group, cefozidime, ceftazidime groups, ceftazidime, cefpirom, cefepim, other cephalosporins, cefsulodine, cefoperazone, oralcephalosporins of the cefalexine group, laracarbef, cefprozil, new oralcephalosporins with expanded spectrum, cefixime, cefpodoxim proxetil, cefuroxime axetil, cefetamet, cefotiam hexetil, cefdinir, ceftibutene, other β-lactam antibiotics, carbapenem, imipenem/cilastatin, meropenem, biapenem, aztreonam, β-lactamase inhibitors, calvulanic acid/ amoxicillin, calvulanic acid/ticarcillin, sulbactam/ampicillin, tazobactam/piperacillin, tetracyclines, oxytetracycline, roli-tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, chloramphenicol, amino-glycosides, gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, amikacin, spectinomyxin, macrolides, erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, azithromycin, dirithromycin, spiramycin, josamycin, lincosamides, clindamycin, fusidic acid, glycopeptide antibiotics, vancomycin, tecoplanin, pristinamycin derivates, fosfomycin, antimicrobial folic acid antagonists, sulphonamides, co-trimoxazole, trimethoprim, other diaminopyrimidine-sulphonamide combinations, nitrofurans, nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone, Gyrase inhibitors (quinolones), norflaxacin, ciproflaxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, enoxacin, fleroxacin, pefloxacin, lomefloxacin, Bay Y3118, nitroimidazoles, antimycobacterial agents, isoniazid, rifampicin, rifabutin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide,. streptomycin, capreomycin, prothionamide, terizidon, dapsone, clofazimine, topical antibiotics, bacitracin, tyrothricin, polymyxins, neomycin, kanamycin, paromomycin, mupirocin, antiviral agents, acyclovir, ganciclovir, azidothymidine, didanosin, zalcitabin, thiacytidine, stavudine, ribavirin, idoxuridine, trifluridine, foscarnet, amantadine, interferons, tibol derivatives, proteinase inhibitors, antifungal agents, polyenes, amphotericin B, nystatin, natamycin, azoles, azoles for septic treatment, miconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, UK-109.496, azoles for topical application, clotrimazole, econazole, isoconazole, oxiconazole, bifonazole, flucytosine, griseofulvin, ciclopiroxolamine, tolnaftate, naftifine, terbinafine, amorolfine, anthraquinones, betulinic acid, semianthraquinones, xanthones, napthtoquinones, aryaminoalcohols, quinine, quini-dines, mefloquine, halofantrine, chloroquine, amodiaquine, acridine, benzonaphthyridine, mepacrine, pyronaridine, dapsone, sulphonamide, sulfadoxine, sulfalenes, trimethoprim, proguanil, chlorproguanil, diaminopyrimidine, pyrimethamine, primaquine, aminoquinolines, WR 238,605, tetracycline, doxycyline, clinda-mycin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin, lOb arte mether, arte ether, arte sunate, atovaquon, suramin, melarsoprol, nifurtimox, stibogluconate-sodium, pentamidine, amphotericin B, metronidazole, clioquinol, mebendazole, niclosamide, praziquantel, pyrantel, tiabendazole, diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, bithionol, oxamniquine, metri-fonate, piperazine, embonate.
[0001] The invention relates to the use of organophosphorus compounds and their salts, esters and amides for the therapeutic and prophylactic treatment of infections which are caused by viruses, fungi and parasites in humans and animals. According to the invention the organophosphorus compounds comprise phosphonic acid derivatives, phosphinoyl derivates and phosphinic acid derivatives.
[0002] The suitability of aminohydrocarbyl phosphonic acid derivates and some of their esters and salts for use in pharmaceutical compositions is already known. Up until now however only their antimicrobial efficacy against bacteria in humans and animals and against fungi in plants has been described (DE 27 33 658 A1, U.S. Pat. No. 4,143,135, U.S. Pat. No. 4,182,758 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,206,156, U.S. Pat. No. 4,994,447, U.S. Pat. No. 4,888,330, U.S. Pat. No. 4,210,635, U.S. Pat. No. 3,955,958, U.S. Pat. No. 4,196,193, U.S. Pat. No. 4,268,503, U.S. Pat. No. 4,330,529, U.S. Pat. No. 5,189,030, U.S. Pat. No. 3,764,677, U.S. Pat. No. 3,764,676). Furthermore substances from this group have been described as herbicides (U.S. Pat. No. 4,693,742, U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,602, U.S. Pat. No. 4,131,448, U.S. Pat. No. 3,977,860, U.S. Pat. No. 4,062,669), as algaecides (U.S. Pat. No. 3 887 353), as means for regulating plant growth (U.S. Pat. No. 4,127,401, U.S. Pat. No. 4,120,688, U.S. Pat. No. 3,961,934, U.S. Pat. No. 4,431,438, U.S. Pat. No. 3,853,530, U.S. Pat. No. 4,205,977, U.S. Pat. No. 4,025,332, U.S. Pat. No. 3,894,861) and as reagents in dye production (U.S. Pat. No. 4,051,175). In DE 27 33 658 A1 the use of aminohydrocarbyl phosphonic acid derivatives for the treatment of bacterial diseases has been described. Whilst the document speaks of a microbial efficacy against pathogenic microorganisms in the introduction to the description, from the overall context however it is clear that the invention relates exclusively to bacteria. Thus on page 16, second paragraph “antimicrobial efficacy” is defined as “antibacterial efficacy”.
[0003] There is a serious need for the provision of preparations to enhance the treatment of humans and animals and the protection of plants, which preparations not only possess a strong efficacy but in contrast to other pharmaceutical compositions and plant protective agents, contain reduced side effects and therefore represent a lower risk to health for humans.
[0004] The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a substance which fulfils the conditions given above in the case of infections caused by viruses, fungi and parasites in humans and animals.
[0005] This object is achieved in a completely surprising manner by the group of substances defined in claim 1. This group of substances demonstrates an anti-infectious effect against viruses, fungi and unicellular and multicellular parasites. In the context of this invention the strictly scientific definition of parasites is to be used. This means that unicellular parasites are understood to mean protozoa exclusively.
[0006] The organophosphorus compounds used according.to the invention correspond to the general Formula (I): 2
[0007] in which R1 and R2 are the same or different and are selected from the group which consists of hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted hydroxyalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkinyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted acyl, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclic radical, halogen, OX1 and OX2, wherein X1 and X2 can be the same or different and are selected from the group which consists of hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted hydroxyalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkinyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted acyl, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclic radicals,
[0008] A is selected from the group which consists of an alkylene radical, an alkenylene radical and a hydroxyalkylene radical,
[0009] R3 and R4 are selected independently from the group which consists of hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted C1-26-alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted hydroxy-C1-26-alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted acyl, substituted and unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C1-26-alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C1-26-alkinyl, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclic radical, halogen, OX3 and OX4,
[0010] wherein X3 and X4 are selected independently from the group which consists of hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted C1-26- alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted hydroxyl-C1-26 -alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C1-26- alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted Cl1-26-alkinyl, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclic radical, a silyl, a cation of an organic and inorganic base, in particular a metal of the first, second or third main group of the periodic system, ammonium, substituted ammonium and ammonium compounds which derive from ethylene diamine or amino acids,
[0011] and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and amides and salts of esters.
[0012] Phosphonic acid derivatives are particularly preferred.
[0013] In particular compounds which contain the following Formula (II) are suitable: 3
[0014] wherein,
[0015] X1 is selected from the group which consists of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclic radical;
[0016] R2, R3, R4 and A contain the same meaning as in Formula (I).
[0017] A is particularly preferably a chain of three carbon atoms which bind the nitrogen atom to the phosphorus atom.
[0018] Compounds of Formula (II) are particularly preferred in which R2=acyl, in particular an acetyl, R3=hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, R4=hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or OX4 with X4=hydrogen, sodium, potassium, methyl, ethyl, X1=H and A=alkylene, alkenylene or hydroxyalkylene. Particularly good results are achieved with R2=formyl or acetyl and A=propylene, propenylene or hydroxypropylene.
[0019] Furthermore compounds are particularly preferred in which R3 is an alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkinyl, or alkenyl group with 16 or 18 carbon atoms or OX3, wherein X3 is an alkyl, alkinyl, hydroxyalkyl or alkenyl group with 16 or 18 carbon atoms, R4 is an alkyl, alkinyl, hydroxyalkyl or alkenyl group with 16 or 18 carbon atoms or OX4, wherein X4 is an alkyl, alkinyl, hydroxyalkyl or alkenyl group with 16 or 18 carbon atoms.
[0020] Special features of the above definitions and suitable examples thereof are given below:
[0021] “Acyl” is a substituent which originates from an acid such as from an organic carboxylic acid, carbonic acid, carbamic acid or the thioacid or imidic acid corresponding to the individually present acids, or from an organic sulphonic acid, wherein these acids comprise in each case aliphatic, aromatic and/or heterocyclic groups in the molecule and carbamoyl or carbamimidoyl.
[0022] Suitable examples of these acyl groups will be given below.
[0023] Acyl radicals originating from an aliphatic acid are designated as aliphatic acyl groups and include:
[0024] Alkanoyl (for example formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, valeryl, isovaleryl, pivaloyl etc.);
[0025] Alkenoyl (for example acryloyl, methacryloyl, crotonoyl etc.);
[0026] Alkylthioalkanoyl (for example methylthioacetyl, ethylthioacetyl etc.);
[0027] Alkane sulphfonyl (for example mesyl, ethane sulphonyl, propane sulphonyl etc.);
[0028] Alkoxycarbonyl (for example methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, isobutoxycarbonyl etc.);
[0029] Alkylcarbamoyl (for example methylcarbamoyl etc.);
[0030] (N-alkyl)-thiocarbamoyl (for example (N-methyl)-thiocarbamoyl etc.);
[0031] Alkylcarbamimidoyl (for example methylcarbamimidoyl etc.);
[0032] Oxalo;
[0033] Alkoxalyl (for example methoxalyl, ethoxalyl, propoxalyl etc.).
[0034] In the above examples of aliphatic acyl groups the aliphatic hydrocarbon part, in particular the alkyl group and the alkane radical can optionally contain one or more suitable substituents such as amino, halogen (for example fluorine, chlorine, bromine etc.), hydroxy, hydroxyimino, carboxy, alkoxy (for example methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy etc.), alkoxycarbonyl, acylamino (for example benzyloxycarbonylamino etc.), acyloxy (for example acetoxy, benzoyloxy etc.) and the like. Preferred aliphatic acyl radicals with such substitutes are for example alkanoyls substituted with amino, carboxy, amino and carboxy, halogen, acylamino or the like.
[0035] Acyl resides originate from an acid with substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups, wherein the aryl group can comprise phenyl, toluyl, xylyl, naphthyl, and the like are designated as aromatic acyl radicals. Suitable examples are given below:
[0036] Aroyl (for example benzoyl, toluoyl, xyloyl, naphthoyl, phthaloyl etc.);
[0037] Aralkanoyl (for example phenylacetyl etc.);
[0038] Aralkenoyl (for example cinnamoyl etc.);
[0039] Aryloxyalkanoyl (for example phenoxyacetyl etc.);
[0040] Arylthioalkanoyl (for example phenylthioacetyl etc.);
[0041] Arylaminoalkanoyl (for example N-phenylglycyl, etc.);
[0042] Arene sulphonyl (for example benzene sulphonyl, tosyl toluene sulphonyl, naphthalene sulphonyl etc.);
[0043] Aryloxycarbonyl (for example phenoxycarbonyl, naphthyl-oxycarbonyl etc.);
[0044] Aralkoxycarbonyl (for example benzyloxycarbonyl etc.);
[0045] Arylcarbamoyl (for example phenylcarbamoyl, naphthylcarbamoyl etc.);
[0046] Arylglyoxyloyl (for example phenylglyoxyloyl etc.).
[0047] In the above-mentioned examples of aromatic acyl radicals the aromatic hydrocarbon part. (in particular the aryl radical) and/or the aliphatic hydrocarbon part (in particular the alkane radical) can optionally contain one or more suitable substituents such as those which were already mentioned as suitable substituents for the alkyl group and the alkane radical. In particular and as an example of preferred aromatic acyl radicals with particular substituents, aroyl substituted by halogen and hydroxy or by halogen and acyloxy and aralkanoyl substituted by hydroxy, hydroxyimino, dihalogenalkanoyloxyimino are mentioned as well as
[0048] Arylthiocarbamoyl (for example phenylthiocarbamoyl etc.);
[0049] Arylcarbamimidoyl (for example phenylcarbamimidoyl etc.).
[0050] A heterocyclic acyl radical is understood to be an acyl radical which originates from an acid with hererocyclic group. These include:
[0051] Heterocyclic carbonyl, in which the heterocyclic radical is an aromatic or aliphatic 5 to 6 membered heterocycle with at least one heteroatom from the group nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur (for example thiophenyl, furoyl, pyrrolcarbonyl, nicotinoyl etc.);
[0052] Heterocyclic alkanoyl in which the heterocyclic radical is 5 to 6 membered and has at least one heteroatom from the group nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur (for example thiophenylacetyl, furylacetyl, imidazolylpropionyl, tetrazolylacetyl, 2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-methoxyiminoacetyl etc.) and the like.
[0053] In the above examples of heterocyclic acyl radicals the heterocycles and/or the aliphatic hydrocarbon part can optionally contain one or more suitable substituents, such as the same as those which were mentioned as suitable for alkyl and alkane groups.
[0054] “Alkyl” is a straight- or branched-chain alkyl radical with up to 9 carbon atoms, unless defined otherwise, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, hexyl and the like.
[0055] “Hydroxylalkyl” is a straight- or branched-chain alkyl radical with up to 9 carbon atoms, unless defined otherwise, which contains at least one hydroxyl group, preferably one or two hydroxyl groups.
[0056] “Alkenyl” includes straight- or branched-chain alkenyl groups with up to 9 carbon atoms, unless defined otherwise, such as, for example, vinyl, propenyl, (for example 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl), 1-methylpropenyl, 2-methylpropenyl, butenyl, 2-ethylpropenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl.
[0057] “Alkinyl” includes straight- or branched-chain alkinyl groups with up to 9 carbon atoms, unless defined otherwise.
[0058] Cycloalkyl preferably represents an optionally substituted C3 to C7 cycloalkyl. Alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl, alkoxy (for example methoxy, ethoxy etc.), halogen (for example fluorine, chlorine, bromine etc.), nitrc and the like are inter alia suitable as possible substituents.
[0059] Aryl is an aromatic hydrocarbon radical such as phenyl naphthyl etc., which can optionally contain one or more suitable substituents such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl, alkoxy (for example methoxy, ethoxy etc.), halogen (for example fluorine, chlorine, bromine etc.), nitro and the like.
[0060] “Aralkyl” includes mono-, di-, triphenylalkyls such as benzyl, phenethyl, benzhydryl, trityl and the like, wherein the aromatic part can optionally contain one or more suitable substituents such as alkoxy (for example methoxy, ethoxy etc.), halogen (for example fluorine, chlorine, bromine etc.), nitro and the like.
[0061] “Alkylene” includes straight- or branched-chain alkylene groups which contain up to 9 carbon atoms and can be reproduced by the Formula
—(CnH2n)—
[0062] in which n is an integer from 1 to 9, such as methylene, ethylene, trimethylene, methylethylene, tetramethylene, 1-methyltrimethylene, 2-ethylethylene, pentamethylene, 2-methyltetramethylene, isopropylethylene, hexamethylene, and the like. Preferred alkylene radicals contain up to 4 carbon atoms and radicals with 3 carbon atoms such as, for example, trimethylene are particularly preferred. The hydrogen atoms can be replaced by other substituents such as, for example, halogen radicals.
[0063] “Alkenylene” includes straight- or branched-chain alkenylene groups with up to 9 carbon atoms which can be reproduced by the Formula
—(CH2H2n−2)—
[0064] in which n is an integer from 2 to 9, such as, for example, vinylene, propenylene (for example 1-propenylene, 2-propenylene), 1-methylpropenylene, 2-methylpropenylene, butenylene, 2-ethylpropenylene, pentenylene, hexenylene and the like. The alkenylene radical can particularly preferably contain up to 5 carbon atoms and in particular 3 carbon atoms such as, for example, 1-propenylene. The hydrogen atoms can be replaced by other substituents such as, for example, halogen radicals.
[0065] “Hydroxyalkylene” can include straight- or branched-chain alkylene radicals which contain up to 9 carbon atoms, wherein at least one selected carbon atom is substituted by a hydroxy group. These radicals can be reproduced by the Formula
—(CnH2n−z)(OH)z—
[0066] in which n is an integer from 1 to 9 and z is an integer, to which 1≦z≦n applies. Suitable examples of such hydroxyalkylene groups include hydroxymethylene, hydroxyethylene (for example 1-hydroxyethylene and 2-hydroxyethylene), hydroxytrimethylene (for example 1-hydroxytrimethylene, 2-hydroxytrimethylene and 3-hydroxytrimethylene), hydroxy-tetramethylene (for example 2-hydroxytetramethylene), 2-hydroxy-2-methyltrimethylene, hydroxypentamethylene (for example 2-hydroxypentamethylene), hydroxyhexamethylene (for example 2-hydroxyhexamethylene) and the like. A lower hydroxyalkylene with up to 4 carbon atoms is particularly preferred and in particular one with 3 carbon atoms such as, for example, 2-hydroxytrimethylene. The hydrogen atoms can be replaced by other substituents such as, for example, halogen radicals.
[0067] The radicals X3 and X4 can preferably be selected such that esters form on the phosphinic group or phosphonic group. Suitable examples of such esters in accordance with the Formulae (I) and (II) include alkyl esters (for example methyl ester, ethyl ester, propyl ester, isopropyl ester, butyl ester, isobutyl ester, hexyl ester, hexadecanyl ester, octadecanyl ester etc.);
[0068] Aralkyl esters (benzyl ester, phenethyl ester, benzohydryl ester, trityl ester etc.);
[0069] Aryl esters (for example phenyl ester, tolyl ester, naphthyl ester etc.);
[0070] Aroylalkyl esters (for example phenacyl ester etc.); and silyl esters (for example from trialkylhalogensilyl, dialkyldihalogensilyl, alkyltrihalogensilyl, dialkylaryl-halogensilyl, trialkoxyhalogensilyl, dialkylaralkylhalogensilyl, dialkoxydihalogensilyl, trialkoxyhalogensilyl etc.) and the like.
[0071] With the above esters the alkane and/or arene part can contain at least one suitable substituent as desired such as halogen, alkoxy, hydroxy, nitro or the like.
[0072] X3 and X4 are preferably a metal from the first, second or third main group of the periodic system, ammonium, substituted ammonium or ammonium compounds which derive from ethylenediamine or amino acids. In other words the salt compounds of organophosphorus compounds are formed with organic or inorganic bases (for example sodium salt, potassium salt, calcium salt, aluminium salt, ammonium salt, magnesium salt, triethylamine salt, ethanolamine salt, dicyclohexylamine salt, ethylenediamine salt, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine salt etc.) and salts with amino acids (for example arginine salt, aspartic acid salt, glutamic acid salt etc.) and the like.
[0073] The compounds used according to the invention in accordance with the Formulae (I) or (II) can be present in their protonised form as ammonium salt of organic or inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, methane sulphonic acid, p-toluene sulphonic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, benzoic acid etc.
[0074] The compounds used according to the invention of Formulas (I) or (II) permit for example the emergence of spatial isomers for groups containing double bonds or chiral groups R1, R2, R3, R4, x1, X2, X3, X4 or A. The use of compounds according to the invention consists of all spatial isomers both as pure substances and in the form of their mixtures.
[0075] The organophosphorus compounds are suitable in particular for the therapeutic and prophylactic treatment of infections in humans and animals which are caused by viruses, unicellular and multicellular parasites and fungi.
[0076] The compounds are effective against unicellular parasites (protozoa), in particular against pathogens of malaria and sleeping sickness as well as Chagas' disease, toxoplasmosis, amoebic dysentery, leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, pneumocystosis, balantidiasis, cryptosporidiasis, sarcocystosis, acanthamebiasis, naegleriasis, coccidiosis, giardiasis and lambliosis.
[0077] They are therefore particularly suitable as malaria prophylactics and as prophylactics for sleeping sickness as well as Chagas' disease, toxoplasmosis, amoebic dysentery, leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, pneumocystosis, balantidiasis, cryptosporidiasis, sarcocystosis, acanthamebiasis, naegleriasis, coccidiosis, giardiasis and lambliosis.
[0078] Combinations with an antibiotic can also be used to treat the above-mentioned diseases. Isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazineamide, streptomycin, protionamide and dapsone are particularly suitable for combination with other anti-infectives for the treatment of tuberculosis.
[0079] The agents according to the invention can furthermore be used in particular in infections with the following viruses:
[0080] Parvoviridae: parvo viruses, dependo viruses, denso viruses, Adenoviridae: adeno viruses, mastadeno viruses, aviadeno viruses,
[0081] Papovaviridae: papova viruses, in particular papilloma viruses (so called wart viruses), polyoma viruses,. in particular JC virus, BK virus and miopapova viruses,
[0082] Herpesviridae: all herpes viruses, in particular herpes simplex viruses, varicella-zoster viruses, human cytomegalo virus, Epstein-Barr viruses, all human herpes viruses, human herpes virus 6, human herpes virus 7, human herpes virus 8, Poxviridae: pox viruses, orthopox, parapox, molluscum contagiosum virus, avipox viruses, capripox viruses, leporipox viruses, all primary hepatotropic viruses, hepatitis viruses: hepatitis A viruses, hepatitis B viruses, hepatitis C viruses, hepatitis D viruses, hepatitis E viruses, hepatitis F viruses, hepatitis G viruses,
[0083] Hepadna viruses: all hepatitis viruses, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D viruses,
[0084] Picornaviridae: picorna viruses, all entero viruses, all polio viruses, all coxsackie viruses, all echo viruses, all rhino viruses, hepatitis A virus, aphtho viruses,
[0085] Calciviridae: hepatitis E viruses,
[0086] Reoviridae: reo viruses, orbi viruses, rota viruses, Togaviridae: toga viruses, alpha viruses, rubi viruses, pestiviruses, rubella virus,
[0087] Flaviviridae: flavi viruses, ESME virus, hepatitis C virus,
[0088] Orthomyxoviridae: all influenza viruses,
[0089] Paramyxoviridae: paramyxo viruses, morbilli virus, pneumo virus, measles virus, mumps virus
[0090] Rhabdoviridae: rhabdo viruses, rabies virus, lyssa virus, viscula stomatitis virus,
[0091] Coronaviridae: corona viruses,
[0092] Bunyaviridae: bunya viruses, nairo virus, phlebo virus, uuku virus, hanta virus, hantaan virus,
[0093] Arenaviridae: arena viruses, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus,
[0094] Retroviridae: retro viruses, all HTL viruses, human T-cell leukaemia virus, oncorna viruses, spuma viruses, lenti viruses, all HI viruses,
[0095] Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola virus,
[0096] Slow virus infections, prions,
[0097] Oncoviruses and leukaemia viruses.
[0098] The organophosphorus compounds used according to the invention are therefore suitable for fighting the following viral infections:
[0099] Eradication of papilloma viruses to prevent tumours, in particular tumours in the sexual organs caused by papilloma viruses in humans, eradication of JC viruses and BK viruses, eradication of herpes viruses, eradication of human herpes viruses 8 for the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma, eradication of cytomegalo viruses before transplants, eradication of Epstein-Barr viruses before transplants and to prevent tumours associated with Epstein-Barr viruses, eradication of hepatitis viruses for the treatment of chronic liver diseases and for the prevention of tumours of the liver and cirrhosis of the liver, eradication of coxsackie viruses in patients with cardiomyopathy, eradication of coxsackie viruses in diabetes mellitus patients, eradication of immune system debilitating viruses in humans and animals, treatment of secondary infections in AIDS patients, treatment of inflammations of viral origin of the respiratory tract (larynx papillomas, hyperplasias, rhinitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonias), of the sensory organs (keratoconjunctivitis), of the nervous system (poliomyelitis, meningoencephalitis, encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis SSPE, progessive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, lymphocytic choriomeningitis), of the gastro-intestinal tract (stomatitis, gingivostomatitis, oesophagitis, gastritis, gastroenteritis, diarrhoea-causing diseases), of the liver and gall bladder system (hepatitis, cholangitis, hepatocellular carcinoma), of the lymphatic tissue (mononucleosis, lymphadenitis), of the haematopoetic system, of the sexual organs (mumpsorchitis), of the skin (warts, dermatitis, herpes labialis, heat rash, herpes zoster, shingles), of the mucous membranes (papillomas, conjunctiva papillomas, hyperplasias, dysplasias), of the heart/blood vessel system (arteritis, myocarditis, endocarditis, pericarditis), of the kidney/urinary tract system, of the sexual organs (anogenital lesions, warts, genital warts, acute condylomas, displasias, papillomas, cervix dysplasias, condylomata acuminata, epidermodysplasia verruci formis), of the organs_of motion (myositis, myalgias), treatment of foot and mouth diseases in cloven-hoofed animals, of Colorado tick fever, of Dengue syndrome, of haemorrhagic fever, of early summer meningoencephalitis (ESME) and of yellow fever.
[0100] The described compounds, i.e. the organophosphorus compounds according to Formulae (I) and (II) and esters and amides thereof on the phosphinic group or phosphonic group and salts thereof have a strongly cytotoxic efficacy against unicellular and multicellular parasites, in particular against pathogens of malaria and sleeping sickness. Accordingly the compounds used according to the invention can be used for the treatment of infectious diseases which are caused by viruses, parasites and fungi in humans and animals. The compounds are also suitable for use in the prevention of diseases which are caused by viruses, parasites and fungi, in particular as malaria prophylactics and as sleeping sickness prophylactics.
[0101] The organophosphorus compounds used according to the invention, which generally include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, amides, esters, a salt of such an ester or else compounds which upon application provide the compounds used according to the invention as metabolic products or decomposition products, also called “prodrugs”, can all prepared for administration like known anti-infectious agents in any suitable manner (mixed with a non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carrier).
[0102] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds include salts which form the compounds used according to the invention of Formulae (I) and (II) in their protonised form as an ammonium salt of inorganic or organic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, citric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, p-toluene sulphonic acid.
[0103] Salts which are formed by suitable selection of X3 and X4 such as sodium salt, potassium salt, calcium salt, ammonium salt, ethanolamine salt, triethylamine salt, dicylcohexylamine salt and salts of an amino acid such as arginine salt, aspartic acid salt, glutamine acid salt are particularly suitable pharmaceutically.
[0104] The activity of substances is determined in a test system. This system is based on the measuring of the inhibition of growth of parasites, viruses, fungi or plants in vitro. To this end, test procedures are used, some of which are known to the person skilled in the art.
[0105] To determine the anti-malaria activity, for example, the inhibition of the growth of malaria parasites in blood cultures is determined.
[0106] The determining of antiviral activity is based on inhibition of the formation of viral elements in cell cultures.
[0107] The determining of fungicidal activity is based on the inhibition of the growth of fungi on culture media and in liquid cultures.
[0108] Some of the microorganisms which should be investigated can only be investigated in animal models. In this case we will use the corresponding models.
[0109] Substances which demonstrate an efficacy in the in vitro measuring systems will be further investigated in in vivo models.
[0110] The anti-parasitic, antiviral or fungicide activity will be further evaluated in the appropriate animal models.
[0111] The pharmaceutically effective preparations can be prepared in the form of pharmaceutical preparations in dispensing units. This means that the preparation can be present in the form of individual parts, for example tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, suppositories and ampoules, the active ingredient content of which corresponds to a fraction or a multiple of a single dose. The dispensing units can, for example, contain 1, 2, 3 or 4 single doses or ½, ⅓ or ¼ of a single dose. A single dose preferably contains the quantity of active ingredient which is administered during one application and which usually corresponds to a whole, a half or a third or a quarter of a daily dose.
[0112] Non-toxic, inert pharmaceutically suitable excipients are understood to mean solid, semi-solid or liquid diluents, fillers and formulation auxiliary agents of all kinds.
[0113] Tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, granules, suppositories, solutions, suspensions and emulsions, pastes, ointments, gels, creams, lotions, powders and sprays are mentioned as suitable pharmaceutical preparations. Tablets, dragees, capsules, pills and granules can contain in addition to the conventional excipients, the active ingredient or active ingredients such as (a) fillers and diluents, for example starches, lactose, cane sugar, glucose, mannitol and silicic acid, (b) binders, for example carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatines, polyvinylpyrrolidone, (c) moisture-retaining agents, for example glycerol, (d) dispersing agents, for example agar-agar, calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate, (e) solution retarders, for example paraffin and (f) resorption accelerators, for example quaternary ammonium compounds, (g) wetting agents, for example cetyl alcohol, glycerol monostearate, (h) adsorption agents, for example kaolin and betonite and (i) lubricants, for example talcum, calcium and magnesium stearate and solid polyethylene glycols or mixtures of the substances listed under (a) to (i).
[0114] The tablets, dragees, capsules, pills and granular materials can be provided with the conventional coatings and casings optionally containing opaquing agents and can also be put together so that they release the active ingredient or active ingredients only or preferably in a specific part of the intestinal tract optionally with sustain release, wherein polymer substances and waxes for example can be used as embedding compounds.
[0115] The active ingredient or active ingredients can optionally also be present in microencapsulated form with one or more of the above-mentioned excipients.
[0116] In addition to the active ingredient or active ingredients suppositories can also contain the conventional water soluble or water insoluble excipients, for example polyethylene glycols, fats, for example cocoa fat and higher esters (for example C14-alcohol with C16-fatty acid) or mixtures of these substances.
[0117] In addition to the active ingredient or active ingredients, ointments, pastes, creams and gels can contain the conventional excipients, for example animal and vegetable fats, wakes, paraffins, starches, .tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide or mixtures of these substances.
[0118] In addition to the active ingredient or active ingredients, powders and sprays can contain the conventional excipients, for example lactose, talc, silicic,acid, aluminium hydroxide, calcium silicate, and polyamide powder or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain the conventional blowing agents, for example chlorofluorohydrocarbons.
[0119] In addition to the active ingredient or active ingredients, solutions and emulsions can contain the conventional excipients. such as solvents, solubilisers and emulsifiers, for example water, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethyl formamide, oils, in particular cotton seed oil, peanut oil, corn oil, olive oil, castor oil and sesame oil, glycerol, glycerol formal, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan or mixtures of these substances.
[0120] The solutions and emulsions can also be present in sterile and blood isotonic form for parenteral application.
[0121] In addition to the active ingredient or active ingredients, suspensions can contain conventional excipients such as liquid diluents, for example water, ethyl alcohol, propylene glycol, suspending agents, for example ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminium metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth or mixtures of these substances.
[0122] The above-mentioned formulations can also contain dyes, preservatives and odour and flavour improving additives, for example peppermint oil and eucalyptus oil and sweeteners, for example saccharine.
[0123] The agents of Formulae (I) and (II) should be present in the above-listed pharmaceutical preparations preferably in a concentration of approximately 0.1 to 99.5% by weight, preferably of approximately 0.5 to 95% by weight of the total mixture.
[0124] In addition to the compounds of Formulae (I) and (II) the pharmaceutical preparations can also contain further pharmaceutical agents.
[0125] The compounds can be used with hitherto described substances with antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic properties. Compounds which have already found application in treatment or are still being used belong to this group. Substances. which are listed in the Red List or in Simon/Stille, Antibiotika-Therapie in Klinik und Praxis, 9th Edition 1998 Schattauer Verlag or under
[0126] http:/www.customs.treas.gv/imp-exp/rulings/harmoniz/hrml29.html
[0127] on the Internet are particularly suitable for this purpose. In particular derivatives with penicillins, benzyl penicillin (Penicillin G), phenoxy penicillins, isoxazolyl penicillins, amino penicillins, ampicillin, amoxicillin, bacampicillin, carboxy penicillin, ticarcillin, temocillin, acyalamino pencillins, azlocillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, apalcillin, mecillinam, cephalosporins, cefazolin group, cefuroxime group, cefoxitin group, cefoxitin, cefotetan, cefmetazole, latamoxef, flomoxef, cefotaxime group, cefozidime, ceftazidime group, ceftazidime, cefpirom, cefepim, other cephalosporins, cefsulodine, cefoperazone, oralcephalosporins of the cefalexine group, loracarbef, cefprozil, new oralcephalosporins with expanded spectrum, cefixime, cefpodoxim-proxetil, cefuroxime-axetil, cefetamet, cefotiam hexetil, cefdinir, ceftibutene, other β-lactam antibiotics, carbapenem, imipenem/cilastatin, meropenem, biapenem, aztreonam, β-lactamase inhibitors, calvulanic acid/amoxicillin, clavulan c acid/ticarcillin, sulbactam/ampicillin, tazobactam/piperecillin, tetracyclines, oxytetracycline, rolitetracycline, doxyc line, minocycline, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, gentamic , tobra netilmicin, amikacin, spectinomyxin, macrolides clarithromycin, roxithromycin, azithromycin, di mycin, spiramycin, josamycin, lincosamides, clindamyc , fusidic acid glycopeptide antibiotics, vancomycin, tecoplanin, pristina in derivates, fosfomycin, antimicrobial folic acid antagonist sulphonamides, co-trimoxazole, trimethoprim, other diaminopyrimidine-sulphonamide combinations, nitrofurans, nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone, Gyrase inhibitors (quinolones), norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, enoxacin, fleroxacin, pefloxacin, lomefloxacin, Bay Y3118, nitroimidazoles, antimycobacterial agents, isoniazid, rifampicin, rifabutin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, streptomycin, capreomycin, prothionamide, terizidon, dapsone, clofazimine, topical antibiotics, bacitracin, tyrothricin, polymyxins, neomycin, kanamycin, paromomycin, mupirocin, antiviral agents, acyclovir, ganciclovir, azidothymidine, didanosin, zalcitabin, thiacytidine, stavudine, ribavirin, idoxuridine, trifluridine, foscarnet, amantadine, interferons, tibol derivatives, proteinase inhibitors, antifungal agents, polyenes, amphotericin B, nystatin, natamycin, azoles, azoles for septic treatment, miconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, UK-109.496, azoles for topical application, clotrimazole, econazole, isoconazole, oxiconazole, bifonazole, flucytosine, griseofulvin, ciclopiroxolamine, tolnaftate, naftifine, terbinafine, amorolfine, anthraquinones, betulinic acid, semianthraquinones, xanthones, napthtoquinones, aryaminoalcohols, quinine, quinidines, mefloquine, halofantrine, chloroquine, amodiaquine, acridine, benzonaphthyridine, mepacrine, pyronaridine, dapsone, sulphonamide, sulfadoxine, sulfalenes, trimethoprim, proguanil, chlorproguanil, diaminopyrimidine, pyrimethamine, primaquine, aminoquinolines, WR 238,605, tetracycline, doxycyline, clindamycin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin, 10b arte mether, arte ether, arte sunate, atovaquon, suramin, melarsoprol, nifurtimox, stibogluconate-sodium, pentamidine, amphotericin B, metronidazole, clioquinol, mebendazole, niclosamide, praziquantel, pyrantel, tiabendazole, diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, bithionol, oxamniquine, metrifonate, piperazine, embonate can be [used].
[0128] The organophosphorus compounds can furthermore be present in the pharmaceutical preparations in combination with sulphonamide, sulfadoxin, artemisinine, atovaquon, quinine, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, mefloquine, halofantrine, pyrimethamine, armesin, tetracyclines, doxycycline, proguanil, metronidazole, praziquantel, niclosamide, mebendazole, pyrantel, tiabendazole, diethylecarbamazine, piperazine, pyrivinum, metrifonate, oxamniquine, bithionol or suramin or several of these substances.
[0129] The above-listed pharmaceutical preparations are produced in the conventional manner by known methods, for example by mixing the active ingredient or active ingredients with the excipient or excipients.
[0130] The above-mentioned preparations can be used in humans and animals either orally, rectally, parenterally, (intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously), intracisternally, intra-vaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (powder, ointment, drops) and for the treatment of infections in cavities, orifices. Suitable preparations are injection solutions, solutions and suspensions for oral treatment, gels, infusions, emulsions, ointments or drops. Ophthalmological and dermatological formulations, silver and other salts, eardrops, eye ointments, powders or solutions can be used for topical treatment. With animals the absorption can occur via the food or drinking water in suitable formulations. Furthermore gels, powders, tablets, sustain release tablets, premixes, concentrates, granules, pellets, tablets, boli, capsules, aerosols, sprays, inhalers can be used with humans and animals. The compounds used according to the invention can furthermore be incorporated into other carrier materials such as, for example, plastics materials (plastics chains for topical treatment), collagen or bone cement.
[0131] In general it has proved advantageous both in human and veterinary medicine to administer the active ingredient or active ingredients of Formulae (I) and (II) in total quantities of approximately 0.05 to approximately 600, preferably 0.5 to 200 mg/kg body weight every 24 hours, optionally in the form of several individual doses in order to achieve the desired results. An individual dose contains the active ingredient or active ingredients preferably in quantities from approximately 1 to approximately 200, in particular 1 to 60 mg/kg body weight. It may however be necessary to deviate from the above-mentioned dosages and this is dependent on the nature and the body weight of the patient to be treated, the nature and the severity of the disease, the nature of the preparation and the application of the pharmaceutical composition as well as the time scale or interval within which the administration takes place.
[0132] Thus in some cases it may be sufficient to get by with less than the above-mentioned quantity of active ingredient whilst in other cases the above-stated quantity of active ingredient must be exceeded. The person skilled in the art can determine the optimum dosage and method of application of the active ingredient required in each case by virtue of their expert knowledge.
[0133] The compounds according to the invention can be given in the conventional concentrations and preparations to animals together with the feedstuff or the feedstuff preparations or with the drinking water.
[0134] Test of the Efficacy of Substances Against Malaria in vivo
[0135] The various derivatives were tested by the modified Peters' test. The substances were applied here in a quarter of the median lethal dose (LD50). In the test batch ten mice were infected with Plasmodium vinckeii, the pathogen of mouse malaria. After confirmation of the infection by blood testing four mice were treated. Six mice, which were not treated, served as a control group. The treatment with 1,000 mg/kg/d, 3-(N-formyl-N-hydroxylamino)-propylphosphonic acid monosodium salt over 3 days led to a destruction of the parasites in the mice's blood. After just one day the treated group was free of living parasites. The control mice had to be killed on day 5 after infection with parasitaemia of >80%. The treated mice were still free from parasites 8 weeks after the treatment had stopped. Further experiments showed an efficacy of 50 mg/kg/d 3-(N-formyl-N-hydroxylamino)-propylphosphonic acid monosodium salt in mice with a parasitaemia of 80%. These mice were also free of living parasites after 1 day.
[0136] Protection from Malaria in a Test with Infected Mice
[0137] The efficacy of compounds in vivo against malaria was tested using male mice weighing 20 to 25 g (BALB/c-strain). Four mice were treated intraperitoneally with 50 mg/kg .3-(N-formyl-N-hydroxylamino)-propylphosphonic acid monosodium salt one day before infection. The mice were then infected with Plasmodium vinckeii. Mice which were not pretreated with the substance served as a control group. No infection could be detected in the treated mice, whilst the control mice were killed after 5 days with a parasitaemia of 80%. The treated mice were still free of parasites 8 weeks after infection.
[0138] In vitro Cytotoxicity Against Malaria Parasites
[0139] On the Principle of IC50 Determination According to Vial et al (the Concentration at Which the Vitality of Parasites is Reduced by a Half)
[0140] To determine the IC50 value according to Vial et al malaria parasites are initially cultivated for a complete 48 hour cycle in the presence of inhibitors, in the subsequent 24 hours the survival rate is measured by [3H]-hypoxanthine insertion.
[0141] Carrying Out the Test
[0142] A dilution series of 3-(N-formyl-N-hydroxylamino)-propylphosphonic acid monosodium salt is placed in 20 μl aliquots concentrated by 10 on a microtitre plate. Then 180 μl parasite suspension in culture medium is added to each well. Asynchronous cultures with a parasitaemia of approximately 0.4% and 2% haematocrite are used. The microtitre plates are subsequently incubated for 48 hours. Then 30 μl [3H]-hypoxanthine are added to each well. After 24 hours of incubation the cells were harvested and the incorporated radioactivity was measured. In FIG. 1 the results with the strains HB3 and Dd2 are shown with known resistances against other malaria pharmaceutical compositions. In both strains there is a IC50 value of approximately 100 μg/l. The resistances of these strains are:
[0143] Plasmodium falciparum HB3 (Honduras) is resistant to pyrimethamine.
[0144] Plasmodium falciparum Dd2 (Indo-China) is resistant to cloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, cycloguanil and sulfadoxine.
[0145] No cross resistances with antimalarial agents were found.
[0146] Preparation of 3-Bromopropylphosphonic Acid Diethylester
[0147] 471 g (238 ml, 2.33 mol) 1,3-dibromopropane and 77.6 g (81 ml, 0.467 mol) triethylphosphite were introduced into a 500 ml flask and heated for 30 minutes to 155-160° C. 20 ml ethyl bromide (boiling point: 40° C.) were distilled off under normal pressure via a reflux condenser and a distilling apparatus. Concentration of the solution under vacuum (8 torr (1.07·103 Pa)) resulted in 380 g (191 ml, 1.863 mol) 1.3 dibromopropane (surplus educt). 88.1 g (0.34 mol) could be distilled as a colourless liquid (boiling point: 96° C., 0.1 torr (13.33 Pa)) from the remaining yellow oil. This corresponds to a yield of 73%. (Hewitt, Teese, Aust.J.Chem. 1984, 37, 205-10 U.S. Pat. No. 4,206,156).
[0148] 1H-NMR (CDCl3) γ=4.08 (quintet, J=7 Hz, 4H), 1.33 (t, J=7 Hz, 6H)
[0149] 13C-NMR (CDCL3) γ=61.2 (OCH2CH3), 33.10 (J=18, 3 Hz), 25.6 (J=4, 4 Hz), 24.14 (J=120, 6 Hz) 16.04 (OCH2CH3)
[0150] Preparation of 3-(N-Hydroxyamino)-Propylphosphonic Acid Diethylester
[0151] Firstly 32.0 g (0.8 mol) of sodium hydroxide dissolved in 75 ml water then 75 ml methanol, and finally 25.5 g (0.098 mol) 3-bromopropyl phosphonic acid diethylester were added drop by drop to a solution of 55.6 g (0.8 mol) hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 100 ml water with cooling with ice. This led to a clouding of the solution. After 3 hours stirring at a temperature of 40 to 45° C. methanol was removed under reduced pressure, the resulting aqueous solution was saturated with NaHCO3 (pH=8), shaken out three times with 60 ml toluene in each case (the toluene phase was discarded) and then shaken out with chloroform (1 x with 90 ml, 2 x with 50 ml in each case). The slightly yellowy chloroform phase was dried over MgSO4. After filtering of the dehydrating agent the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. 15.43 g (0.0728 mol) 3-(N-hydroxyamino)-propylphosphonic acid diethylester were obtained as an almost colourless oil. This corresponds to a yield of 74.3% (DE-A-27 33 658).
[0152] 1H-NMR (CDCl3) γ=5.94 (wide s, 2H), 4.13 (quintet, J=7 Hz, 4H) 2.90 (t, J=7 Hz, 2H) 1.5-2.2 (m, 4H), 1.33 (t, J=7 Hz, 6H)
[0153] 13C-NMR (CDCL3) γ=61.23 (OCH2CH3), 53.34 (NCH2, J=15, 9 Hz), 22.75 (J=141, 9 Hz), 19.77 Hz, 16.08 (OCH2CH3)
[0154] Preparation of 3-(N-Hydroxyamino)-Propylphosphonic Acid
[0155] 12.9 g (0.0608 mol) 3-(N-hydroxylamino)-propylphosphonic acid diethylester and 130 ml concentrated HCl were heated for 6 hours under reflux (oil bath temperature: 150° C.) . The resulting yellow/orange solution is concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining oil is taken up in 30 ml water, stirred with 3 spoonfuls of activated carbon for 30 minutes, filtered out from the activated carbon and the colourless solution is concentrated in the entire diaphragm pump vacuum. After take-up in 30 ml water a pH of 4.0 to 4.5 is adjusted with approximately 4.7 g (0.056 mol) NaHCO3 (from pH=1.5 the product precipitates). Suction filtering of the white solid resulted in 5.83 g 3-(hydroxyamino)-propylphosphonic acid (melting point: 160° C., decomposition). This corresponds to a yield of 61.8%. (DE-A-27 33 658, Öhler Synthesis 1995, 539-543).
[0156] 1H-NMR (CDCl3) γ=3.49 (t, J=7, 4 Hz, 2H), 2.1 (m, 2H), 1.82 (m, PCH2, 2H)
[0157] 13C-NMR (CDCL3) γ=56.26 (NCH2, J=15 Hz), 29.61 (PC, J=134 Hz), 22.37 (C-2, J=3, 8 Hz).
[0158] Preparation of 3-(N-Formylhydroxyamino)-Propylphosphonic Acid Diethylester
[0159] 1.38 (0.030 mol) formic acid were added drop by drop at room temperature to 2.04 g (0.020 mol) acetic anhydride and stirred at the same temperature. This solution was added with cooling with ice to 2.8 g (0.013 mol) 3-(N-hydroxyamino)-propylphosphonic acid diethylester dissolved in chloroform. The reaction mixture is stirred for 30 minutes at 0-5° C. and for a further 1.5 hours at room temperature. After concentration under reduced pressure until an oily residue is obtained, this oily residue is taken up in 15 ml methanol and 5 ml water, adjusted to pH=8 with 2 n NaOH and stirred for a further 1.5 hours at room temperature. Methanol is removed under reduced pressure and the resultant aqueous solution is adjusted to pH=5 with concentrated HCl. The yellow solution is extracted with chloroform (1×30 ml, 2×10 ml in each case) and the CHCl3 phases are dried over MgSO4. After concentration of the solution in the entire diaphragm pump vacuum 3 g of a yellow oil are obtained. After removal of volatile constituents in the entire diaphragm pump vacuum, chromatography on 60 g SiO2 with chloroform shows: methanol in the ratio 25:1 2.65 g product as yellow oil (DE-A-27 33 658).
[0160] 1H-NMR (CDCl3) γ=8.4 (CHO, 0.5 H), 7.94 (CHO, 0.5 H), 4.1 (quintet, 4 H), 3.68 (t, 2 H), 1.7-2.19 (m, 4 H) , 1.36 (t, J=7 Hz, 6 H)
[0161] 3C-NMR (CDCL3) γ=162.65 (CHO), 156.96 (CHO), 61.72 (OCH2CH3), 46.31 (NCH2, J=15, 9 Hz), 22.15 (PC, J=142, 0 Hz), 19.13 (C-2), 16.08 (OCH2CH3).
[0162] Preparation of 3-(N-Acetylhydroxyamino)-Propylphosphonic Acid Diethylester
[0163] 2.8 g (0.013 mol) 3,(N-hydroxyamino)-propylphosphonic acid diethylester are dissolved in 30 ml methylene chloride and added drop by drop with cooling with ice to 2.65 g (0.026 mol) acetic anhydride. The reaction mixture is stirred for 30 minutes at 0-5° C. and for a further 1.5 hours at room temperature. After concentration under reduced pressure until a yellow oily radical is achieved, this oily residue is taken up in 15 ml methanol and 5 ml water, adjusted to pH 8 with 2 n NaOH and stirred for a further 1.5 hours at room temperature. Methanol is removed under reduced pressure and the resultant solution is adjusted to pH=5 with concentrated HCl. The yellow solution is extracted repeatedly with methylene chloride (1×30 ml, 2×10 ml in each case), the combined CH2Cl2 phases are dried over MgSO4 and the solvent is removed at room temperature under reduced pressure. 3.7 g of a yellow oil are obtained which are freed from adhering volatile substances in the entire diaphragm pump vacuum. 2.78 g yellow oil remain.
[0164] 13C-NMR (CDCL3) γ=171.96 (C=O), 61.62 (OCH2CH3), 47.44 (J=15, 49 Hz), 22.13 (PC, J=141, 8 Hz), 19.3, 15.9 (OCH2CH3).
[0165] Preparation of 3-(N-Formylhydroxyamino)-Propylphosphonic Acid Monosodium Salt
[0166] 2 ml formic acid are added drop by drop to 4 ml acetamide at 0-5° C. The solution is stirred at this temperature for 10 minutes and for a further 15 minutes at room temperature, subsequently cooled to 0° C. again and 3.28 g (0.021 mol) 3-(N-hydroxyamino)-propylphosphonic acid dissolved in 6 ml formic acid are added drop by drop at 0-5° C. After 1 hour of stirring at room temperature the solution is condensed in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure, the oil is dissolved in 50 ml methanol, heated to 60° C. and mixed with 10 ml ethanol. The resulting oily separated material is separated without stirring by decanting. To precipitate white crystals the methanolic solution is mixed with a further 50 ml ethanol, boiled up and the white residue filtered out. This residue is taken up in 80 ml methanol and 100 ml ethanol are added with stirring. The mixture is stirred further.overnight at room temperature. A solid is obtained which is filtered out. (DE-A-27 33 658)
[0167] Preparation of 3-(N-Acetylhydroxyamino)-Propylphosphonic Acid Monosodium Salt
[0168] A suspension of 3.8 g (0.02 mol) 3-(N-hydroxyamino)-propylphosphonic acid is introduced into 20 ml water and 4.51 g (0.044 mol) acetic anhydride are added drop by drop at room temperature. After the solution has been stirred for 1.5 hours at room temperature a pH of 2.5 is adjusted with 0.2 n NaOH, the solution is concentrated in the entire diaphragm pump vacuum, taken up twice in 40 ml water in each case, which are again removed by concentration and the oil is washed twice with 30 ml ether in each case, taken up in 50 ml water and a pH of 6.5 is adjusted with 1.6 g NaHCO3. After removal of volatile constituents under vacuum, 20 ml n-butanol are added to remove the residual water and are also removed under reduced pressure. The oil is boiled up twice with isopropanol, the isopropanol phase is discarded and the remaining glassy resin is pulverlsed with a spatula to a yellow solid (5.65 g). In order to recrystallise it, it is taken up in only a little methanol, filtered from the undissolved component and acetone is added dropwise to the filtrate. A first filtering results in 1 g product with a melting point of 175° C. Recrystallisation as described above is carried out again for further purification. (DE-A-27 33 658)
[0169] Preparation of Antiparasitically Effective Agents
[0170] Preparation for injections:
[0171] (1) The required quantity of sterile antiparasitically effective agent, 3-(N-formyl-N-hydroxylamino)-propylphosphonic acid monosodium salt was divided into phials or ampoules which then contained 500 mg active ingredient. The phials were hermetically sealed to exclude bacteria. For injections 2 ml sterile water were added to the phials in each case and the content was administered.
[0172] In substantially the same manner as described under (1) further injectable preparations of the antiparasitically effective agent were prepared as described below:
[0173] (2) 250 mg 3-(N-formyl-N-hydroxylamino)-propylphosphonic acid monosodium salt were used as active ingredient for the injections.
[0174] (3) 250 mg 3-(N-formyl-N-hydroxylamino)-trans-1-propenyl-phosphonic acid monosodium salt were used as active ingredient for the injections.
[0175] (4) 500 mg 3-(N-acetyl-N-hydroxylamino)-2-hydroxypropyl-phosphonic acid monosodium salt were used as active ingredient for the injections.
[0176] (5) 250 mg 3-(N-formyl-N-hydroxylamino)-2-hydroxypropyl-phosphonic acid monopotassium salt were used as active ingredient for the injections.
[0177] Preparation of tablets:
[0178] A suitable tablet recipe is formed by the following mixture: 1
3-(N-formyl-N-hydroxylamino)-propylphosphonic 200 mg
acid monosodium salt
Mannitol 400 mg
Starch 50 mg
Magnesium stearate 10 mg
[0179] Preparation of capsules: 2
acid monopotassium salt
[0180] The present components were mixed and then introduced into a hard gelatine capsule in the conventional manner.
[0181] Preparation of an oily suspension: 3
3-(N-acetyl-N-hydroxylamino)-propylphosphonic 200 mg
Lanette-Wax SX ® 50 mg
Soft paraffin 100 mg
Brilliant blue FCF 25 mg
[0182] The above components were mixed with liquid paraffin for a total quantity of 3 g to achieve an infusion preparation.
[0183] Examples of Methods of Synthesis for Substances with the Following Structure: 4 where R1=R2=C18H37 12
where R1=H or Na+and R2=C18H37 13
[0184] 3-(N-Formyl-N-Hydroxylamino)-Propylphosphonic Acid Dioctadecyl-Ester 12
[0185] 1 equivalent fosmidomycin (FR-31564) and 6 equivalents tris(octadecyl)-orthoformic acid were heated under reduced pressure and vigorous stirring for 2 hours under reflux. Then methanol and formic acid octadecylester were distilled off—also under reduced pressure—wherein the temperature must be kept below the decomposition temperature of the product. Further volatile secondary products are removed in the oil pump vacuum in order finally to obtain 12 as a highly viscous oil. (On the carrying out of the procedure cf.: D. A. Nicholson, W. A. Cilley, O. T. Quimby, J Org Chem. 1970, 35, 3149-50)
[0186] The monoesters can be provided starting from both fosmidomycin and di-octadecylester 12.
[0187] 3-(N-Formyl-N-Hydroxylamino)-Propylphosphonic Acid Monooctadecyl-Ester 13
[0188] First proposal:
[0189] 0.21 mmol fosmidomycin (phopsphonic acid) and 0.2 mmol n-octadecanol are dissolved in 1-2 ml dry pyridine and 0.67 mmol trichloracetonitrile is added dropwise thereto. The reaction mixture is heated for 16 hours to 80° C. and then condensed under vacuum. After take up in water (for the diaphragm filtering of undissolved components) the solution is condensed again under reduced pressure and the product is chromatographed onto silica gel with ethyl acetate, ethanol and water as eluent. The product 13 is produced in this case as a viscous rubber-like to glass-like compound.
[0190] (On the carrying out of the procedure cf.: G. B. Brookes, D. Edwards, J. D. I. Hatto, T. C. Smale, R. Southgate, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 7999-814)
[0191] Second proposal:
[0192] 0.2 mmol of the diester 3-(N-formyl-N-hydroxylamino)-propylphosphonic acid dioctadecylester 13 dissolved in ethanol is added to 1 equivalent KOH (ethanolic solution) and boiled for 10 hours under reflux. Owing to the introduction of CO2, potassium salts can precipitate as carbonates and can be removed by filtration. The filtrate is condensed to dryness, the oil is dried over P2O5 washed with petrol ether and the product can finally be recrystallised from absolute ethanol by the addition of isopropanol.
[0193] (On the carrying out of the procedure cf.: V. Jagodic, Chem Ber 1960, 93, 2308-13)
[0194] 3-(N-Formyl-N-Hydroxylamino)-Propylphosphonic Acid Monohexadecyl-Ester 14
[0195] 14 can be synthesised in the same way as 13.
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MACHINE-READABLE CODE FORMAT
Disclosed is a machine readable cord of a set of printed markings, wherein each printed marking of the set has a predetermined height on a substrate and represents a predetermined date value, wherein printed markings having a same predetermined height represent a same data value, and wherein printed markings representing different data values have different heights. Also disclosed is a system for embedding and recovering information on a substrate, including an image forming device containing at least one marking material, wherein the image forming device receives data, corresponding to the information, for forming machine readable code in accordance with claim 1 on an image receiving substrate, and forms an image including the machine readable code on the image receiving substrate with the at least one marking material, and a document reading device comprising a reader that detects the differences in height among the different printed markings of the machine readable code.
Iftime, Gabriel (Mississauga, CA)
Kazmaier, Peter M. (Mississauga, CA)
Smith, Paul F. (Oakville, CA)
Wagner, Christopher A. (Etobicoke, CA)
Mahabadi, Hadi K. (Mississauga, CA)
Norsten, Tyler B. (Oakville, CA)
XEROX CORPORATION (Stamford, CT, US)
G06K19/06; B31F1/07
20070018000 Foldable cradle January, 2007 Jeun et al.
20080228503 AUTOMATED COMPATIBILITY CHECKING FOR HARDWARE/SOFTWARE PURCHASES AT TIME OF PURCHASE September, 2008 Buchheit
20080121710 SECURITY FEATURE RFID CARD May, 2008 Haddock
20020060244 Account settlement system and account settlement method for call sales May, 2002 Tsumura et al.
20070108289 Bar code scanner and method of manufacturing a bar code scanner May, 2007 Richardson
20070114272 Dispenser for monetary items May, 2007 Bleck et al.
20100059596 MANUFACTURE OF LABELS WITH RFID TRANSPONDERS March, 2010 Achhammer
20090055317 Method and System of Distributing and Activating Storage Value Cards February, 2009 Andalib et al.
20070205286 Portable multiple bar and other code display September, 2007 Verona
20080257957 System and method for personalized e-commerce and information communications October, 2008 Steinecker
20080290155 PAYMENT SYSTEM AND METHODS November, 2008 Randazza et al.
LE, THIEN MINH
OLIFF PLC (P.O. BOX 320850, ALEXANDRIA, VA, 22320-4850, US)
1. Machine readable code comprising a set of printed markings, wherein each printed marking of the set has a predetermined print height on a substrate and represents a predetermined data value, wherein the set of printed markings includes printed markings representing different data values and having different print heights.
2. Machine readable code according to claim 1, wherein printed markings having a same predetermined height have a height that is within ±1 μm of each other.
3. Machine readable code according to claim 2, wherein the code is a bar code.
4. Machine readable code according to claim 3, wherein the set of printed markings includes two to ten printed markings of different predetermined print heights.
5. Machine readable code according to claim 3, wherein the set includes ten different printed markings of different predetermined print heights, and wherein each of the ten different printed markings represents a different one of the data values selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8 and 9.
6. Machine readable code according to claim 5, wherein the different predetermined print heights for each of the different printed markings differ from each other by from about 3 μm to about 25 μm.
7. Machine readable code according to claim 2, wherein the code is binary code based.
8. Machine readable code according to claim 7, wherein the set of printed markings includes two printed markings of different predetermined print heights.
9. Machine readable code according to claim 8, wherein the different predetermined print heights for each of the two different printed markings differ from each other by from about 3 μm to about 25 μm.
10. Machine readable code according to claim 1, wherein the printed markings have an average width or diameter of from about 10 μm to about 1,000 μm.
11. Machine readable code according to claim 1, wherein the machine readable code is comprised of four different printed markings, wherein each of the printed markings is a glyph and each of the four symbols represents a different data value selected from the group consisting of 00, 01, 10 and 11, and wherein each of the four printed glyph markings is a different one of a first printed glyph having an elongated along axis tilted at an angle of plus about 45° with respect to a horizontal axis and having a first predetermined print height; a second printed glyph having an elongated along axis tilted at an angle of plus about 45° with respect to a horizontal axis and having a second predetermined print height different from the first predetermined height; a third printed glyph having an elongated along axis tilted at an angle of minus about 45° with respect to a horizontal axis and having the first predetermined print height, the second predetermined print height or a third predetermined print height different from the first and the second predetermined print heights; and a fourth printed glyph having an elongated along axis tilted at an angle of minus about 45° with respect to a horizontal axis and having a predetermined print height different from the third printed glyph.
12. A substrate having machine readable code thereon, wherein the code comprises a set of printed markings, wherein each printed marking of the set has a predetermined height on a substrate and represents a predetermined data value, wherein printed markings having a same predetermined height represent a same data value, and wherein printed markings representing different data values have different heights.
13. The substrate according to claim 12, wherein the substrate comprises paper, cardboard or plastic.
14. The substrate according to claim 12, wherein the printed markings are formed from substantially colorless ink or toner.
15. A system for embedding and recovering information on a substrate, comprising: an image forming device containing at least one marking material, wherein the image forming device receives data, corresponding to the information, for forming machine readable code in accordance with claim 1 on an image receiving substrate, and forms an image including the machine readable code on the image receiving substrate with the at least one marking material; and a document reading device comprising a reader that detects the differences in height among the different printed markings of the machine readable code.
16. The system according to claim 15, wherein the system further includes a processor that converts information to the data for forming the machine readable code, which data is received by the image forming device.
17. The system according to claim 15, wherein the system further includes a processor that converts data regarding the differences in height detected by the reader to recover the information.
18. The system according to claim 15, wherein the image forming device is an ink jet device.
19. The system according to claim 18, wherein the ink jet device contains one or more ink jet marking materials, wherein one of the one or more marking materials is a substantially colorless ink jet marking material.
20. A method of embedding information on a substrate, comprising: converting the information to machine readable code, wherein the code comprises a set of intended printed markings, wherein each intended printed marking of the set has a predetermined height on a substrate and represents a predetermined data value, wherein intended printed markings having a same predetermined height represent a same data value, and wherein intended printed markings representing different data values have different heights; and writing the machine readable code on the substrate such that each of the intended printed markings is formed as a printed marking with the predetermined height.
21. The method according to claim 20, wherein printed markings having a same predetermined height have a height that is within ±1 μm of each other.
22. The method according to claim 20, wherein the printed markings are written with a substantially colorless marking material.
23. The method according to claim 20, wherein the different predetermined heights for each of the different printed markings differ from each other by from about 3 μm to about 25 μm.
Described herein is a process and code system for embedding information on an object such as paper, cardboard, plastic and the like. The process and code system are based on the use of printed markings formed to have different heights, which difference in heights can be detected by a reading device. The printed markings of different heights represent different data values, thereby allowing information to be encoded and embedded in a printed image or document. The process and code thus permit information to be covertly embedded in a document or image, and does not allow for the information to be readily duplicated by present office equipment such as copies and scanners.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,905,755 describes a security document or other device including a substrate (2), a smooth highly reflective layer (1) applied thereto and having a reflectivity of at least 60 gloss units, and a raised printed image (3) applied to said reflective layer by a printing process such as the gravure process, the raised printed image having a height of at least 10 microns and being printed using a translucent ink having a large value of 85 to 95 as measured on an XL 211 Hazegard haze measuring instrument, which render it substantially transparent or translucent while causing scattering of the light reflectance and transmittance in at least a partially specular manner. See the Abstract. The printed image is only viewable at specific angles.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,044,386 describes a method for applying surface modifications in at least two patterns that differ in spectral emissivity by known amounts. The patterns form an information-encoding sequence of transitions of differential emissivity along a scan path over the patterns, that encodes a set of information. This information is decoded by a scanner sensitive to emissivity in the given portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, and sensitive to transitions in emissivity of the known amounts, when scanned along the scan path, combined with knowledge of the expected emissivity values of the patterns. This provides secure informational marking of articles and documents, including mail. The patterns may be visible, or hidden, but the emissivity values are not duplicated by standard office equipment, so authenticity of the patterns can be determined using the special emissivity scanner. FIG. 2 is a sectional view of part of a surface with areas of varying spectral emissivity created by varying surface texture or roughness, for example by embossing.
U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0018874 describes security documents (e.g. passports, currency, event tickets, and the like) are encoded to convey machine-readable multi-bit binary information (e.g., a digital watermark), usually in a manner not alerting human viewers that such information is present. The documents can be provided with overt or subliminal calibration patterns. When a document incorporating such a pattern is scanned (e.g. by a photocopier), the pattern facilitates detection of the encoded information notwithstanding possible scaling or rotation of the scan data. The calibration pattern can serve as a carrier for the watermark information, or the watermark can be encoded independently. In one embodiment, the watermark and the calibration pattern are formed on the document by an intaglio process, with or without ink. A photocopier responsive to such markings can take predetermined action if reproduction of a security document is attempted. A passport processing station responsive to such markings can use the decoded binary data to access a database having information concerning the passport holder. Some such apparatuses detect both the watermark data and the presence of a visible structure characteristic of a security document (e.g., a printed seal of the document's issuer).
It is estimated that worldwide counterfeiting and piracy cost brand owners over $500 billion every year. As a result, document and product security is of key importance for companies to protect their products and brand against counterfeiting. With the proliferation of digital printing, there is a need to protect printed documents, and document security needs to keep step.
Previously, Xerox has developed the concept of glyphs, wherein the information is digitalized onto paper by transforming it into rods of two different orientations. Glyphs printed with single black toner, however, may be easily photocopied, subjecting the encrypted information to being replicated or recovered by forgers. There is a need for a technology which does not allow the encrypted information to be photocopied.
There is thus a constant need for new technologies, systems and processes for embedding and recovering information on an object for security and/or verification,/authentication applications. Further, there is a need for systems and processes that enable the placement of encoded information on documents, overtly or covertly, that is machine readable and not easily reproduced by office equipment such as copiers and scanners.
These and other objects may be achieved herein by providing machine readable code comprising a set of printed markings, wherein each printed marking of the set has a predetermined height on a substrate and represents a predetermined data value, wherein printed markings having a same predetermined height represent a same data value, and wherein printed markings representing different data values have different heights.
Also provided is a substrate having machine readable code thereon, wherein the code comprises a set of printed markings, wherein each printed marking of the set has a predetermined height on a substrate and represents a predetermined data value, wherein printed markings having a same predetermined height represent a same data value, and wherein printed markings representing different data values have different heights.
Also provided is a system for embedding and recovering information on a substrate, comprising an image forming device containing at least one marking material, wherein the image forming device receives data, corresponding to the information, for forming the machine readable code as indicated above on an image receiving substrate, and forms an image including the machine readable code on the image receiving substrate with the at least one marking material; and a document reading device comprising a reader that detects the differences in height among the different printed markings of the machine readable code.
In further embodiments, also provided is a method of embedding information on a substrate, comprising converting the information to machine readable code, wherein the code comprises a set of intended printed markings, wherein each intended printed marking of the set has a predetermined height on a substrate and represents a predetermined data value, wherein intended printed markings having a same predetermined height represent a same data value, and wherein intended printed markings representing different data values have different heights; and writing the machine readable code on the substrate such that each of the intended printed markings is formed as a printed marking with the predetermined height.
FIG. 1 is an example of machine readable code in bar code form in which printed marks/bars of different heights represent different data values from 0 to 9.
FIG. 2 is an example of machine readable code in binary code form in which printed marks/bars of different heights represent different data values of 0 or 1.
The code format will first be discussed. Any suitable or desired machine readable code format may be selected, including one-dimensional symbologies such as bar codes, two-dimensional symbologies such as stacked bar codes, matrix codes, codes such as PDF417, and the like. The code may be in binary form, for example encoding 0s and 1s, or can be in other forms, for example encoding each value from 0 to 9. The printed markings of the machine readable code set thus may take any suitable form, for example including rods or strips as in barcodes, dots, glyphs, and the like.
The machine readable code thus comprises a set of printed markings, wherein each printed marking of the set has a predetermined print height on a substrate and represents a predetermined data value, wherein the set of printed markings includes printed markings representing different data values and having different print heights.
Thus, encrypted information is printed on a substrate by using variable height marking material such as liquid or solid ink or toner. The different print heights can be recognized and distinguished by a reader, as will be discussed further below, and thus the different print heights can be used to encode different digital data values.
In embodiments, the different predetermined print heights for each of the different printed markings differ from each other by from about 3 μm to about 100 μm, such as from about 3 μm to about 50 μm or from about 3 μm to about 25 μm. Print height refers to, for example, the height of the printed mark as determined from the base of the substrate upon which the printed mark is formed to the top portion of the printed mark where the mark is detected and read by a reading device. The printed heights may also differ by more than 100 μm, but the height differential may become visible to the naked eye or to the touch, and the printed markings of greater heights may become subject to damage during handling as a result of being too tall. On the other hand, print height differentials of 1 μm or less may be too difficult for a reading machine to consistently accurately detect as representing different data values. Thus, in embodiments, the tolerance of a reading device may be set such that printed markings having a printed height that is within ±1 μm of each other are considered to have a same predetermined height and/or to represent a same data value.
In embodiments, the machine readable code may be written using a set of printed markings having a different height associated with each printed marking and representing different single digit numbers from 0 to 9. For example, the machine readable code may be a barcode, and the set of printed markings includes two to ten printed markings of different predetermined heights. In embodiments, the set of printed markings may include ten different printed markings of different predetermined heights, and wherein each of the ten different printed markings represents one of the data values selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
An example of such a printed marking set is partially shown in FIG. 1. In this embodiment, raised barcode is created in such a way that each number from 0 to 9 has an assigned print height as shown in FIG. 1. For example, 0 may be assigned a print height of about 8 μm, 1 a print height of about 16 microns, 3 a print height of about 24 μm, and so on up to 9.
Of course, this assigning of data values of from 0 to 9 may be used with other printed marking forms besides barcodes.
In further embodiments, binary based digital encoding may be created by having 0s and 1s made of printed markings different print heights. An example of such a printed marking set is shown in FIG. 2. In this embodiment, encrypted digital information is created using two different print heights. For example, 0s may be assigned a print height of about 10 μm and 1s assigned a print height of about 20 μm.
In embodiments, the code format may be comprised of a self-clocking glyph code as disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,128,525 and 5,168,147, the disclosures of each of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, this code comprises printed glyphs which represent 0 and 1 bits in a document encoding scheme. The glyphs are printed at a substantially uniform distance from each other, so that the center of each glyph is a substantially uniform distance from the center of adjacent glyph(s). If printed with colored inks or toners, the visual appearance of the marks, to the naked eye, may appear as a textured grayish area. These marks can be printed at very high densities of, for example, about 3,600 data bits per square inch or higher, and scanned with a 300 pixel per inch scanner. Data is encoded by the shape or the rotational orientation of the mark. Clocking can be taken from the data itself without synchronization marks external to the data. By placing a mark at each data bit position, it is easier to synchronize the reading process of the data without the use of registration marks. The number of bits that can be represented by each symbol is related to the total number of symbols in the code; when the number of bits to be represented by a symbol is “n”, the total number of glyphs possible in the code is 2n distinctive glyphs. For example, in a code wherein two distinct glyphs are possible, such as / and\, each symbol may represent one bit; for example, /=1 and \=0. In a code wherein four distinct glyphs are possible, such as /, −, \, and |, each symbol can represent two bits; for example, /=00, |=01, \−10, and −=11. In a code wherein eight distinct glyphs are possible, each symbol can represent three bits, and the like. Data can be encoded in the shape of the glyphs, the rotation of the glyphs, or in any other desired variation,
In embodiments, the glyphs are elliptical marks, and in a simple code wherein two distinct shapes are possible, the glyphs preferably are elliptical marks rotated from the vertical at either about +45° (for example, “/”) or −45° (for example “\”). The use of orthogonally-oriented marks potentially allows for a large degree of discrimination between data bit 1 and data bit 0. The marks may be inclined at about 45°, rather than being horizontal or vertical, because (a) there is less tendency for adjacent marks to touch, (b) the eye is less sensitive to diagonal lines than to vertical or horizontal lines, and (c) printing and scanning non-uniformities tend to be horizontal (banding) or vertical (photodetector array response variations). In an embodiment, the two glyphs may each be elongated multi-pixel symbols having the same number of adjacent “ON” pixels and differ from each other in their rotation from the vertical. These specific glyphs are readily discernible from each other, even in the presence of significant distortion and image degradation, because they do not tend to degrade into a common shape.
In embodiments, the different glyph markings not only have different orientations, but also different printed heights. By employing different heights for the glyph markings, an advantage is that the capacity for encrypting and storing information can be significantly increased, and that two different mechanisms for encryption are used. First is the glyph orientation (for example, left or right) discussed above. Second is the different printed heights of the glyphs, as described above. This provides for four different states that may be used as a mechanism of encrypting more information on the same surface of a substrate. With conventional same height glyphs, one uses only the first mechanism (glyph orientation), which provides only two states. The four states achievable when using printed glyphs of different heights to form the glyphs may be as follows: (1) oriented right/first height (binary code 00), (2) oriented right/different second height (binary code 01), (3) oriented left/first or second height, or a different third height (binary code 11), and (4) oriented left/second or first height, or a different fourth height (binary code 11). Thus, in embodiments, the machine readable code format comprises a set of four glyphs, wherein each glyph corresponds to a different digital value selected from the group consisting of 00, 01, 10 and 11, and wherein the four glyphs comprise one of two different orientations and one of four different heights. Stated another way, the machine readable code may be comprised of four different printed markings, wherein each of the printed markings is a glyph and each of the four symbols represents a different data value selected from the group consisting of 00, 01, 10 and 11, and wherein each of the four printed glyph markings is a different one of a first printed glyph having an elongated along axis tilted at an angle of plus about 45° with respect to a horizontal axis and having a first predetermined print height, a second printed glyph having an elongated along axis tilted at an angle of plus about 45° with respect to a horizontal axis and having a second predetermined print height different from the first predetermined height, a third printed glyph having an elongated along axis tilted at an angle of minus about 45° with respect to a horizontal axis and having the first predetermined print height, the second predetermined print height or a third predetermined print height different from the first and the second predetermined print heights, and a fourth printed glyph having an elongated along axis tilted at an angle of minus about 45° with respect to a horizontal axis and having a predetermined print height different from the third printed glyph.
The printed markings may have a very small width and/or diameter, for example limited only by the resolution of the image forming device. An average width or diameter of the printed markings may be from, for example, about 10 μm to about 1,000 μm, for example from about 1000 μm to about 100 μm or from about 40 μm to about 100 μm.
The printed markings have an advantage in that as a result of the different print heights of the markings, even when the printed markings are formed using a marking material including a visible colorant therein, the encrypted code cannot be copied or reproduced by today's office equipment such as copiers and scanners. Moreover, persons attempting to counterfeit or copy the item having the encrypted code thereon typically will not be able to discern the height differential in the printed markings. As a result, photocopied items may replicate the viewable code pattern, but will lack the height differential so that the item can be readily detected as a fake.
In addition, the printed markings may be formed using substantially colorless/clear marking materials. This adds a still further security feature in that photocopies and scans of the image will not include the security markings at all, and a forger may not even know of the existence of the security markings in the image. The reading device, however, can still detect the security markings and discern the height differentials, so that the encrypted information can be recovered. In addition, the use of substantially colorless marking materials allows for the possibility that the security markings may be located over a regular printed image, since the substantially colorless marking material will not interfere with the desired regular image.
Moreover, use of the raised printed markings, which can be of a very small size as limited only by the resolution of the image forming device used, enables a grater amount of information to be printed in a smaller region. This is also beneficial with respect to recovering encrypted information in damaged documents. That is, in recovering information from damaged documents, there is a significantly higher proportion of the document that can be recovered when compared with current encryption technology, for example because the small size of the printed markings permit a larger amount of information to be stored via encryption. Thus, the amount of duplicate information (overprotection) written into the document can be increased compared with conventional glyphs.
The printed markings may be formed on any desired image receiving substrate. Common substrates include, for example, paper, cardboard, plastic and the like.
The printed markings may be formed by any suitable process that can form images on a substrate with a desired height. For example, the raised printed markings may be formed, for example using existing ink jet printing devices and the like with appropriate multiple passing. That is, knowing the print height of the particular marking material on a given substrate formed using the image forming device, the appropriate print heights for each of the printed markings may then be readily formed with the appropriate number of print passes to achieve the required print height for each of the printed markings.
As marking materials for forming the printed markings, any marking material that is capable of forming a particular height on a substrate may be used. In this regard, solid ink marking materials are suitable for paper substrates. It may be more difficult to use liquid ink marking materials on paper substrates, as such tend to absorb into the paper substrate rather than build height thereon. However, this is not to say that liquid ink marking materials cannot be used in certain applications and/or used when height building measures are taken, for example using gellants or UV curing to prevent substantially diffusion into the paper substrate.
The marking material may either be made to not contain any visible colorant so as to be a substantially colorless marking material, or it may include visible colorants.
In addition, the marking materials may optionally contain agents that cause a change in the appearance of the ink under different condition, for example such as fluorescent agents that fluoresce under UV light conditions or photochromic agents that change in appearance under different conditions. An advantage in using such agents is that the information can be made to be invisible in ambient light, and becomes visible only upon exposure to the different condition (light and,/or temperature) at which the change in appearance occurs. A still further advantage is that the appearance change offers yet another security measure that is not readily duplicated, for example through us of existing photocopiers and scanners. The marking materials may also include a wax and/or other conventional additives such as flow aids, charge additives, drying aids, and the like.
Any conventional marking materials, inclusive of inks and toners, may be used. Examples of suitable marking materials include inks, including lithographic and flexographic inks, aqueous inks, including those suitable for use with ink jet printing processes, liquid and dry toner materials suitable for use in electrostatic imaging processes, solid hot melt inks, including those suitable for use with ink jet printing processes, and the like. As indicated above, solid inks may provide particularly desirable control and results.
Such marking materials typically comprise at least a vehicle with a colorant such as pigment, dye, mixtures of pigments, mixtures of dyes, or mixtures of pigments and dyes, therein. The colorant may be present in a colored marking material in any desired amount, for example from about 0.5 to about 75% by weight of the marking material, for example from about 1 to about 50% or from about 1 to about 25%, by weight of the marking material.
As colorants, examples may include any dye or pigment capable of being dispersed or dissolved in the vehicle. Examples of suitable pigments include, for example, PALIOCEN Violet 5100 (BASF); PALIOGEN Violet 5890 (BASF); HELIOGEN Green L8730 (BASF); LITHOL Scarlet D3700 (BASF); SUNFAST® Blue 15:4 (Sun Chemical 249-0592); HOSTAPERM Blue B2G-D (Clariant); Permanent Red P-F7RK; HOSTAPERM Violet BL (Clariant); LITHOL Scarlet 4440 (BASF); Bon Red C (Dominion Color Company); ORACET Pink RE (Ciba); PALIOGEN Red 3871 K (BASF); SUNFAST® Blue 15:3 (Sun Chemical 249-1284); PALIOGEN Red 3340 (:BASF); SUNFAST® Carbazole Violet 23 (Sun Chemical 246-1670); LITHOL Fast Scarlet L4300 (BASF); Sunbrite Yellow 17 (Sun Chemical 275-0023); HELIOGEN Blue L6900, L7020 (BASF); Sunbrite Yellow 74 (Sun Chemical 272-0558); SPECTRA PAC® C Orange 16 (Sun Chemical 276-3016); HELIOGEN Blue K6902, K6910 (BASF); SUNFAST® Magenta 122 (Sun Chemical 228-0013); HELIOGEN Blue D6840, D7080 (BASF); Sudan Blue OS (BASF); NEOPEN Blue FF4012 (BASF); PV Fast Blue B2GO1 (Clariant); IRGALITE Blue BCA (Ciba); PALIOGEN Blue 6470 (BASF); Sudan Orange G (Aldrich); Sudan Orange 220 (BASF); PALIOGEN Orange 3040 (BASF); PALIOGEN Yellow 152, 1560 (BASF); LITHOL Fast Yellow 0991 K (BASF); PALIOTOL Yellow 1840 (BASF); NOVOPERM Yellow FGL (Clariant); Lumogen Yellow D0790 (BASF); Suco-Yellow L1250 (BASF); Suco-Yellow D1355 (BASF); Suco Fast Yellow DI 355, DI 351 (BASF); HOSTAPERM Pink E 02 (Clariant); Hansa Brilliant Yellow 5GX03 (Clariant); Permanent Yellow GRL 02 (Clariant); Permanent Rubine L6B 05 (Clariant); FANAL Pink D4830 (BASF); CINQUASIA Magenta (DU PONT), PALIOGEN Black L0084 (BASF); Pigment Black K801 (BASF); and carbon blacks such as REGAL 330™ (Cabot), Carbon Black 5250, Carbon Black 5750 (Columbia Chemical), mixtures thereof and the like. Examples of suitable dyes include Usharect Blue 86 (Direct Blue 86), available from Ushanti Color; Intralite Turquoise 8GL, (Direct Blue 86), available from Classic Dyestuffs; Chemictive Brilliant Red 7BH (Reactive Red 4), available from Chemiequip; Levafix Black EB, available from Bayer; Reactron Red H8B (Reactive Red 31), available from Atlas Dye-Chem; D&C Red #28 (Acid Red 92), available from Warner-Jenkinson; Direct Brilliant Pink B, available from Global Colors; Acid Tartrazine, available from Metrochem Industries; Cartasol Yellow 6GF Clariant; Carta Blue 2GL available from Clariant; and the like. Example solvent dyes include spirit soluble dyes such as Neozapon Red 492 (BASF); Orasol Red G (Ciba); Direct Brilliant Pink B (Global Colors); Aizen Spilon Red C-BH (Hodogaya Chemical); Kayanol Red 3BL (Nippon Kayaku); Spirit Fast Yellow 3G; Aizen Spilon Yellow C-GNH (Hodogaya Chemical); Cartasol Brilliant Yellow 4GF (Clariant); Pergasol Yellow CGP (Ciba); Orasol Black RLP (Ciba); Savinyl Black RLS (Clariant); Morfast Black Conc. A (Rohm and Haas); Orasol Blue GN (Ciba); Savinyl Blue GLS (Sandoz); Luxol Fast Blue MBSN (Pylam); Sevron Blue 5GMF (Classic Dyestuffs); Basacid Blue 750 (BASF), Neozapon Black X51 [C.I. Solvent Black, C.I. 12195] (BASF), Sudan Blue 670 [C.I. 61554] (BASF), Sudan Yellow 146 [C.I. 12700] (BASF), Sudan Red 462 [C.I. 260501] (BASF), mixtures thereof and the like.
As the marking material vehicle, any ink or toner vehicle may be suitably used. For phase chance solid inks, the vehicle may be any of those described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/548,775, U.S. Pat. No. 6,906,118 and/or U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,187, each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The ink vehicle may also be radiation curable, for example any of the ink vehicles described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/548,774, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The ink vehicle may also be any toner polymer binder, for example such as a polyester or a polyacrylate and the like.
The marking material vehicle may also include a wax such as paraffins, microcrystalline waxes, polyolefin waxes such as polyethylene or polypropylene waxes, ester waxes, fatty acids and other waxy materials, fatty amide containing materials, sulfonamide materials, resinous materials made from different natural sources (tall oil rosins and rosin esters, for example), and synthetic waxes. The wax may be present in an amount of from about 5% to about 60% by weight of the marking material. Examples of suitable waxes include polypropylenes and polyethylenes commercially available from Allied Chemical and Petrolite Corporation, wax emulsions available from Michaelman Inc. and the Daniels Products Company, EPOLENE N-15™ commercially available from Eastman Chemical Products, Inc., VISCOL 550-P™, a low weight average molecular weight polypropylene available from Sanyo Kasei K. K., and similar materials. The commercially available polyethylenes selected usually possess a molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 1,500 while the commercially available polypropylenes utilized for the toner compositions of the present invention are believed to have a molecular weight of from about 4,000 to about 5,000. Examples of suitable functionalized waxes include, for example, amines, amides, imides, esters, quaternary amines, carboxylic acids or acrylic polymer emulsion, for example JONCRYL™ 74, 89, 130, 537, and 538, all available from SC Johnson Wax, chlorinated polypropylenes and polyethylenes commercially available from Allied Chemical and Petrolite Corporation and SC Johnson wax.
The printed markings can be machine read and decoded by any suitable or desired method. The reading is based on the different print heights of the printed markings. For example, the digital information is read by an electronic reader which has the capability to distinguish between the different print heights. The reader may operate, for example, by absorption, transmission or reflection spectroscopy, since different heights of the printed markings will show different optical properties. In addition, a profilometer, capable of measuring actual print heights, could be used. For glyph printed markings, bitmap images of the glyphs can be processed even when image distortion or degradation has occurred by, for example, facsimile transmission, scanning of photocopies, or the like. In certain decoders, the image processing which is performed for decoding the glyph codes first locates the glyphs in the X-Y coordinates of the bitmap image space, then constructs a table for indexing the glyphs in the spatial order in which data was encoded in them, and then analyzes the glyphs in indexed order for sequentially extracting the data values encoded therein. In other decoders, the image processing classifies the glyphs by their shapes while concurrently locating their centers in the bitmap image space, so the decoded values of the glyphs conveniently are indexed to the bitmap image space. These spatially indexed decoded data values may be sorted in accordance with the spatial template or pattern that governs their spatial ordering if it is desired to restore their serial order in the time domain.
Once the printed markings are read and decoded or translated into the digital values, appropriate software may be used to convert the values to human readable information.
The system for embedding and recovering the information on a substrate comprises an image forming device for writing the printed markings. The image forming device receives data regarding the printed markings to be formed on the substrate, and forms the printed markings corresponding to the data. The system may also include a processor that converts the information to be encrypted into the appropriate digital values and/or into the data for forming the printed markings for use by the image forming device.
As the image forming device, an ink jet device, a xerographic device or other device for forming images with a marking material may be used. Suitable methods include, but are not limited to, electrostatic printing processes such as electrophotography and ionography, wherein an electrostatic latent image is formed and developed with the fluorescent marking material, either dry or liquid; ink jet printing processes, including both continuous stream processes and drop on demand processes (including piezoelectric, thermal or bubble jet, or the like), wherein droplets of an ink containing the fluorescent material are jetted in imagewise fashion onto the desired substrate; hot melt ink jet processes, wherein an ink containing the fluorescent material is solid at room temperature and liquid at elevated temperatures and wherein the ink is heated to a temperature above its melting point and jetted onto a substrate in an imagewise fashion; conventional printing processes, including lithographic and flexographic processes; and the like. In embodiments, the image forming device is an ink jet device, for example for jetting solid inks.
Printed markings may thus be generated with an ink jet device, for example a thermal ink jet device, an acoustic ink jet device, a piezoelectric ink jet device and the like, and concurrently causing droplets of molten ink to be ejected in an imagewise pattern forming the coded printed markings onto an image receiving substrate such as paper, cardboard, plastic, transparency material and the like. The ink is typically included in a reservoir connected by any suitable feeding device to the corresponding ejecting channels of an ink jet head. In the jetting procedure, the ink jet head may be heated, by any suitable method, to the jetting temperature of the ink.
In embodiments, the image forming device may also comprise both a xerographic device and an ink jet device. For example, the image forming device may include a xerographic device and a separate ink jet device containing the marking material for forming the printed markings. The xerographic device can be used to form a reproduced image, while the ink jet device can print the encrypted information onto each document. Desirably, the ink jet device is downstream of the xerographic device in a process direction, so that the encrypted information is not overprinted by the xerographic device, but the ink jet device may also be upstream of the xerographic device.
The system further includes a reading device or reader. As discussed above, the reader may use any available technology to detect the different print heights of the printed markings. Also as noted above, the system may further include a processor that converts the detected data into digital values and/or into human readable information.
It will be appreciated that various of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Also that various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modification, variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims. Unless specifically recited in a claim, steps or components of claims should not be implied or imported from the specification or any other claims as to any particular order, number, position, size, shape, angle, color, or material.
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SENSOR AND SENSING METHOD THEREOF
A biosignal measuring sensor and a biosignal measuring method are provided. The biosignal measuring sensor includes an oscillator, a signal detection unit, and a signal processing unit. The amount of oscillation frequency shift of the oscillator is detected as intensity change of a biosignal, and a pulse signal and a respiration signal are detected from the detected biosignal. In the biosignal measuring sensor and the biosignal measuring method, a biosignal is detected in a manner of non-contact with a biosignal measuring target. Moreover, the biosignal may be detected accurately at a close range.
Yook, Jong Gwan (Seoul, KR)
Kim, Sanggyu (Seoul, KR)
Yun, Gi-ho (Gyeonggi-do, KR)
Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Yonsei University (Seoul, KR)
A61B5/0205
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CATINA, MICHAEL ANTHONY
Carter, DeLuca & Farrell LLP (576 Broad Hollow Road, MELVILLE, NY, 11747, US)
1. A biosignal measuring sensor comprising: an oscillator configured to generate oscillation frequency shift in response to a biosignal; and a signal detection unit configured to detect intensity change of the biosignal by using the degree of the oscillation frequency shift.
2. The biosignal measuring sensor of claim 1, wherein the signal detection unit comprises a filter unit configured to detect the intensity change of the biosignal with respect to a frequency by using an SAW filter.
3. The biosignal measuring sensor of claim 2, wherein the signal detection unit further comprises a power detector connected to the filter unit and configured to convert the intensity change of the biosignal with respect to a frequency into the intensity change of the biosignal with respect to time.
4. The biosignal measuring sensor of claim 3, further comprising: an analog-to-digital converter configured to convert the detected biosignal of the intensity change with respect to time into a digital signal; and a data transmitting unit configured to transmit the digital signal to a terminal.
5. The biosignal measuring sensor of claim 4, wherein the data transmitting unit is configured to transmit data through a Bluetooth, Wi-Fi or ZigBee communication network.
6. The biosignal measuring sensor of claim 1, wherein the oscillator comprises a resonator, and wherein an input impedance of the resonator varies with the biosignal.
7. The biosignal measuring sensor of claim 6, wherein the resonator comprises a planar resonator configured to generate resonance at a band from 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz.
8. The biosignal measuring sensor of claim 1, further comprising: a signal processing unit connected to the signal detection unit and configured to detect a pulse signal and a respiration signal from the detected biosignal.
9. The biosignal measuring sensor of claim 8, wherein the signal processing unit comprises: a DFT unit configured to transform the detected biosignal in a manner of discrete Fourier transform; a filter unit configured to filter an output signal of the DFT unit to detect a pulse signal and a respiration signal; and an IDFT unit configured to transform the pulse signal and the respiration signal in a manner of inverse discrete Fourier transform.
10. The biosignal measuring sensor of claim 8, further comprising: a display unit configured to output at least one of the detected pulse and respiration signals.
11. The biosignal measuring sensor of claim 10, which measures a biosignal in a non-contact manner.
12. A terminal comprising: a data receiving unit configured to receive a detected biosignal using oscillation frequency shift of an oscillator corresponding to a biosignal; a signal processing unit configured to detect a pulse signal and a respiration signal from the received biosignal; and a display unit configured to output at least one of the pulse and respiration signals.
13. A biosignal measuring method comprising: generating oscillation frequency shift of an oscillation corresponding to a biosignal; and detecting intensity change of the biosignal using the degree of the oscillation frequency shift.
14. The biosignal measuring method of claim 13, wherein generating oscillation frequency shift comprises: generating oscillation frequency shift by change in input impedance of a resonance.
15. The biosignal measuring method of claim 13, wherein generating oscillation frequency shift comprises: converting the degree of the oscillation frequency shift into intensity change of the biosignal depending on a frequency; and converting the intensity change of the biosignal depending on frequency into intensity change of the biosignal depending on time.
16. The biosignal measuring method of claim 15, further comprising: transmitting the biosignal detected as the intensity change depending on time to a terminal.
17. The biosignal measuring method of claim 15, wherein converting the degree of the oscillation frequency shift into intensity change of the biosignal depending on a frequency is performed using an SAW filter.
18. The biosignal measuring method of claim 15, wherein converting the intensity change of the biosignal depending on frequency into intensity change of the biosignal depending on time is performed using a power detector.
19. The biosignal measuring method of claim 13, further comprising: detecting a pulse signal and a respiration signal from the intensity change of the biosignal.
20. A distance measuring sensor comprising: an oscillator configured to generate oscillation frequency shift corresponding to a measuring target; a storage unit configured to store a shifted oscillation frequency value; and a distance calculator configured to determine a distance to the measuring target based on the shifted oscillation frequency value.
21. The distance measuring sensor further comprising: a database unit configured to store an oscillation frequency value of the oscillator according to the distance between the measuring target and the distance measuring sensor.
This US non-provisional patent application claims priority under 35 USC §119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2011-0049587, filed on May 25, 2011, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The exemplary embodiments of the invention concepts disclosed herein relate to a sensor and a sensing method thereof and, more particularly, to a distance measuring sensor, a biosignal measuring signal, and a biosignal measuring method.
Recently increasing interest in health leads to the rising necessity of home health care services that make it unnecessary to visit special agencies such as hospital. Accordingly, many studies have been conducted to develop biosignal measuring apparatuses that do not have time and space constraints. In addition, with the increase in number of heart-disease deaths and rapid aging of population structure, there is an increasing need for real-time monitoring of biosignals such as a respiration signal and a pulse signal.
In particular, as a demand for medical, military, and automotive applications of non-contact biosignal sensors using RF technologies increases, studies of non-contact biosignal sensors using Doppler Effect have been developed over the past decade. Various hardware systems and software have been proposed to improve performance of such non-contact biosignal sensors using Doppler Effect, which results in the conclusion that a biosignal can be detected at a measurement distance of several meters.
Embodiments of the inventive concept provide a biosignal measuring sensor, a terminal, a biosignal measuring method, and a distance measuring sensor.
According to an aspect of the inventive concept, the biosignal measuring sensor may include an oscillator configured to generate oscillation frequency shift in response to a biosignal; and a signal detection unit configured to detect intensity change of the biosignal by using the degree of the oscillation frequency shift.
In an example embodiment, the signal detection unit may include a filter unit configured to detect the intensity change of the biosignal with respect to a frequency by using an SAW filter.
In an example embodiment, the signal detection unit may further include a power detector connected to the filter unit and configured to convert the intensity change of the biosignal with respect to a frequency into the intensity change of the biosignal with respect to time.
In an example embodiment, the oscillator may include a resonator and an input impedance of the resonator may vary with the biosignal. The resonator may be a planar resonator configured to generate resonance at a band from 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz.
In an example embodiment, the biosignal measuring sensor may further include a signal processing unit connected to the signal detection unit and configured to detect a pulse signal and a respiration signal from the detected biosignal.
In an example embodiment, the signal processing unit may include a DFT unit configured to transform the detected biosignal in a manner of discrete Fourier transform; a filter unit configured to filter an output signal of the DFT unit to detect a pulse signal and a respiration signal; and an IDFT unit configured to transform the pulse signal and the respiration signal in a manner of inverse discrete Fourier transform.
In an example embodiment, the biosignal measuring sensor may further include a display unit configured to output at least one of the detected pulse and respiration signals.
In an example embodiment, the biosignal measuring sensor may further include an analog-to-digital converter configured to convert the detected biosignal of the intensity change with respect to time into a digital signal; and a data transmitting unit configured to transmit the digital signal to a terminal.
In an example embodiment, the data transmitting unit may be configured to transmit data through a Bluetooth, Wi-Fi or ZigBee communication network.
According to another aspect of the inventive concept, the terminal may include a data receiving unit configured to receive a detected biosignal using oscillation frequency shift of an oscillator corresponding to a biosignal; a signal processing unit configured to detect a pulse signal and a respiration signal from the received biosignal; and a display unit configured to output at least one of the pulse and respiration signals.
According to another aspect of the inventive concept, the biosignal measuring method may include generating oscillation frequency shift of an oscillation corresponding to a biosignal; and detecting intensity change of the biosignal using the degree of the oscillation frequency shift. Generating oscillation frequency shift may include generating oscillation frequency shift by change in input impedance of a resonance.
In an example embodiment, generating oscillation frequency shift may include converting the degree of the oscillation frequency shift into intensity change of the biosignal depending on a frequency; and converting the intensity change of the biosignal depending on frequency into intensity change of the biosignal depending on time.
In an example embodiment, converting the degree of the oscillation frequency shift into intensity change of the biosignal depending on a frequency is performed using an SAW filter.
In an example embodiment, the biosignal measuring method may further include detecting a pulse signal and a respiration signal from the intensity change of the detected biosignal.
In an example embodiment, the biosignal measuring method may further include outputting at least one of the detected pulse and respiration signals.
In the biosignal measuring sensor and the biosignal measuring method, a biosignal is measured in a non-contact manner.
In an example embodiment, the biosignal measuring method may further include transmitting the biosignal detected as the intensity change depending on time to a terminal.
According to another aspect of the inventive concept, the distance measuring sensor may include an oscillator configured to generate oscillation frequency shift corresponding to a measuring target; a storage unit configured to store a shifted oscillation frequency value; and a distance calculator configured to determine a distance to the measuring target based on the shifted oscillation frequency value.
In an example embodiment, the distance measuring sensor may further include a database unit configured to store an oscillation frequency value of the oscillator according to the distance between the measuring target and the distance measuring sensor.
The inventive concept will become more apparent in view of the attached drawings and accompanying detailed description. The embodiments depicted therein are provided by way of example, not by way of limitation. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating aspects of the inventive concept.
FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a biosignal measuring method according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
FIG. 2 illustrates a biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of an oscillator of a biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
FIG. 4 illustrates the configuration of a planar resonator of a biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
FIG. 5 is a graphic diagram illustrating an output of an oscillator of a biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
FIG. 6 is a graphic diagram illustrating oscillation frequency shift of an oscillator of a biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
FIG. 7 is a graphic diagram illustrating oscillation frequency shift depending on a distance between a biosignal detection target and a planar resonator according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
FIG. 8 is a graphic diagram illustrating an output of an SAW filter of a biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
FIG. 9 is a graphic diagram illustrating a biosignal measuring result as an output of a power detector of a biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
FIG. 10 is a graphic diagram illustrating biosignal magnitude change depending on a distance between a biosignal detection target and a planar resonator according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
FIG. 11 is a graphic diagram illustrating a result of measuring a discretely-Fourier-transformed biosignal according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
FIG. 12 is a graphic diagram illustrating a pulse signal detected by a biosignal measuring method according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
FIG. 13 is a graphic diagram of a pulse signal measured using a pressure sensor to be compared with a biosignal measuring result according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
FIG. 14 is a graphic diagram of a discretely-Fourier-transformed pulse signal measured using a pressure sensor to be compared with a biosignal measuring result according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating operations of a biosignal measuring sensor and a terminal according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
FIG. 16 illustrates the configurations of a biosignal measuring sensor and a terminal according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
FIG. 17 illustrates the configuration of a distance measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
The inventive concept is described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the inventive concept are shown. This inventive concept may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the inventive concept to those skilled in the art. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the inventive concept.
As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms used in the specification are for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and are not intended to be limiting of the invention.
It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising”, when used in the specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this inventive concept belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and/or the present specification and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
Terms “unit”, “block”, “module”, and the like may be used to indicate a unit of processing at least one function or operation. For example, such terms unit”, “block”, and “module” may mean software, or a hardware element such as ASIC or FPGA. However, such terms are not limited to software or hardware. The “unit”, “block”, and “module” may be configured to be included within an addressable storage medium or to operate one or more processors. Thus, “unit”, “block”, and “module” may include constituent elements such as software elements, Object-Oriented software elements, class elements, and task elements, processes, functions, attributes, procedures, sub-routines, segments of program code, drivers, firmware, micro code circuit, data, database, data structures, tables, arrays, and variables. Elements and functions provided within the “unit”, “block”, and “module” may be jointed to reduce the number of elements and the “unit”, “block”, and “module”, or may be additionally divided into elements and “unit”, “block”, and “module”.
In the specification, “biosignal” may be a term encompassing “respiration signal” and “pulse signal” by a heat beat and may mean any biological signals that can be detected from any living organisms. The heart beats with a regular pattern while being repeatedly contracted and dilated. The status of health may be checked by measuring such a regular pattern of heartbeat.
One embodiment of the inventive concept provides a biosignal measuring sensor and a biosignal measuring method, in which biosignal magnitude change is detected using the degree of oscillation frequency shift of an oscillator.
A biosignal measuring sensor and a biosignal measuring method according to one embodiment of the inventive concept will now be described with reference to accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a biosignal measuring method according to one embodiment of the inventive concept. As illustrated, the biosignal measuring method may include generating oscillation frequency shift of an oscillator in response to a biosignal (step S110), detecting change in the magnitude of the biosignal using the degree of the oscillation frequency shift (step S120), and detecting a respiration signal and a pulse signal (step S130).
The step S120 may include converting the degree of the oscillation frequency shift into change in the magnitude of the biosignal depending on a frequency (step S121) and converting the change in the magnitude of the biosignal depending on a frequency into change in the magnitude of the biosignal depending on time (step S122).
A biosignal measuring sensor which may be used to perform the method illustrated in FIG. 1 according to one embodiment of the inventive concept will now be described.
FIG. 2 illustrates a biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept. As illustrated, the biosignal measuring sensor may include an oscillator 100, a signal detection unit 200, a signal processing unit 300, and a display unit 400. The oscillator 100 may include a resonator 110 configured to generate resonance frequency shift. The resonator 110 may include any types of resonators and, preferably, may be a planar resonator. The signal detection unit 200 may include a filter unit 210 configured to convert the degree of the resonance frequency shift into change in the magnitude of a biosignal and a power detector 220 connected to the filter unit 210. The signal processing unit 300 may include a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) unit 310 configured to detect a respiration signal and a pulse signal from the change in the magnitude of a biosignal, a filter unit 320, and an inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) unit 330.
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of an oscillator 100 of a biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the oscillator 100 includes a planar resonator 110. A resonator circuit comprises an active circuit unit and a passive circuit unit.
In the oscillator 100, a resistor of 29 KΩ and a resistor of 100Ω may function as a DC bias circuit for setting an operating voltage of a transistor BFP20. An inductor of 100 nH may allow only a DC signal to pass therethrough while an AC signal does not flow to a DC terminal. A capacitor of 1 pF and a capacitor of 1.5 pF may allow a DC voltage to be input only to a transistor. In addition, the capacitor of 1 pF and the capacitor of 1.5 pF may minutely adjust impedance matching between a base and a collector of a transistor and a planar resonator and an oscillation frequency of an oscillator. The planar resonator 110 used as a passive circuit unit may be used as both a sensor and a feedback element satisfying oscillation conditions of an oscillator. The planar resonator 110 is connected to a portion of the base of the transistor in the oscillator. If an impedance of the transistor is adjusted, oscillation conditions of the oscillator may be satisfied at a resonance frequency of the planar resonator. In addition, emitter follower type buffer amplifiers are connected in cascade to prevent malfunction of the oscillator caused by rapid impedance change of the filter unit 210 in the signal detection unit 200 connected to the back end of the oscillator.
FIG. 4 illustrates the configuration of a planar resonator of a biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept. As illustrated, a planar resonator 110 nay have a size of 28 mm (length)×28 mm (breadth), which is a value determined in the 2.4 GHz industrial scientific medial (ISM) band. The ISM band is a frequency band that can be used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications and includes the band of 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz. ISM bands can be used freely (free of charge and without separate frequency authorization from the government). A distance between two terminals of the planar resonator may be about 18 mm in consideration of a distance between a base and a collector of a transistor in an oscillator circuit. A slot of 1 mm may be additionally provided at a portion that is 4 mm from the terminal of the planar resonator in consideration of impedance matching and coupling. A substrate made of an FR4 material (dielectric constant 4.4) may be used and has a size of 50 mm (length)×50 mm (breadth). A result of measuring the planar resonator confirmes that resonance occurs at 2.45 GHz and the planar resonator has 370 3 dB bandwidth of 370 MHz.
When the planar resonator 110 is disposed near (within 20 mm) a biosignal detection target (human body), the periodical movement of the human body caused by respiration generates an additional capacitor element between the planar resonator 110 and the biosignal detection target. The additional capacitor element induces changes of input impedance of the planar resonator 110. The change of input impedance results in oscillation frequency shift of the oscillator 100.
FIG. 5 is a graphic diagram illustrating an output of an oscillator of a biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept. An output of an oscillator was measured by applying a voltage of 5V to an oscillator circuit and using a spectrum analyzer. As illustrated in FIG. 5, the oscillator has a peak output of 4.6 dBm at 2.379 GHz.
FIG. 6 is a graphic diagram illustrating oscillation frequency shift of an oscillator of a biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept. In the upper graph in FIG. 6, ω0 represents an oscillation frequency and ω1 and ω2 represent shifted oscillation frequencies. For example, if a person inspires in the course of respiration, the oscillation frequency shift occurs in a direction of ω2. If the person expires in the course of respiration, the oscillation frequency shift occurs in a direction ω1.
FIG. 7 is a graphic diagram illustrating oscillation frequency shift depending on a distance between a biosignal detection target and a planar resonator according to one embodiment of the inventive concept. When a person did not respire under the state of 0 mm distance between a biosignal detection target and a planar resonator, oscillation frequency shift did not occur and an oscillation frequency of 2.356 GHz was measured. This may imply an initial oscillation frequency when there is no biosignal detection target. In addition, the graph in FIG. 7 may imply that as the distance between a biosignal detection target and a planar resonator increases, the initial frequency when there is no biosignal detection target shifts to an oscillation frequency. When the person respired under the state of 10 mm distance between a biosignal detection target and a planar resonator, oscillation frequency shift of thousands of kHz/mm was measured. When the person respired under the state of 20 mm distance between a biosignal detection target and a planar resonator, oscillation frequency shift of hundreds of kHz/mm was measured.
However, it may be difficult to detect oscillation frequency shift caused by subtle movement (about 1-2 mm) of a biosignal detection target (human body) at a GHz band, as a pulse signal, and convert the oscillation frequency shift into biosignal intensity change. Accordingly, as shown in the lower graph in FIG. 6, it is necessary to convert the degree of oscillation frequency shift into the biosignal intensity change using a filter.
Hereinafter, a procedure in which a signal detection unit 200 converts the degree of oscillation frequency shift into biosignal intensity change will now be described through a filter unit 210 and a power detector 220 that constitute the signal detection unit 200. The filter unit 210 may be connected to an output terminal at the right end of a buffer amplifier of an oscillator circuit.
FIG. 8 is a graphic diagram illustrating an output of an SAW filter of a biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept. As set forth above, oscillation frequency shift of about hundreds of kHz/mm occurs when a distance between a planar resonator and a detection target is less than 20 mm. A procedure of converting the degree of the oscillation frequency shift into biosignal intensity change is performed by the filter unit 210 of the signal detection unit 200.
The filter unit 210 may be implemented with a bandpass filter, a highpass filter or a lowpass filter. Preferably, the filter unit 210 may employ a surface acoustic filter. Since the SAW filter has less insertion loss at a pass band while having rapid attenuation characteristics of slope at a low band, the degree of small oscillation frequency shift may be converted into rapid biosignal intensity change. As shown in FIG. 8, the SAW filter according to one embodiment of the inventive concept may detect a biosignal intensity change of 0.1 dB per oscillation frequency shift of 100 kHz in a skirt frequency range from 2.35 GHz to 2.385 GHz. A frequency band of the skirt frequency range is 2.35 GHz to 2.385 GHz, and biosignal intensity change depending on the frequency band of the skirt frequency range is about 35 dB. Accordingly, intensity change of 0.1 dB per oscillation frequency shift of 100 kHz may be calculated. Although a lower frequency band than a pass band of the SAW filter is used, a higher frequency band than the pass band may be used according to an oscillation frequency and the degree of the oscillation frequency shift.
FIG. 9 is a graphic diagram illustrating a biosignal measuring result as an output of a power detector of a biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept. A biosignal intensity change to a frequency detected through the filter unit 210 of the signal detection unit 200 is detected as voltage intensity change of a biosignal depending on time using the power detector 220 connected to the filter unit 210. The power detector 220 may employ an RMS power detector or a peak power detector. The detected voltage intensity change of a biosignal depending on time may be amplified by an operational amplifier. The biosignal intensity change shown in FIG. 9 is the intensity change of a pulse signal whose peak value has the intensity of 0.1 mV. In general, since human body movement caused by respiration (about 5 mm) is much greater than human body movement caused by pulse (about 1-1.5 mm), pulse signal intensity change may not be detected. Accordingly, a signal processing procedure may be required to detect a pulse signal.
FIG. 10 is a graphic diagram illustrating biosignal magnitude change depending on a distance between a biosignal detection target and a planar resonator according to one embodiment of the inventive concept. As set forth above, the biosignal intensity change of about 0.1 dB per frequency shift of about 100 kHz was detected in the skirt frequency range of 2.35 GHz to 2.385 GHz through the SAW filter. In an interval where a distance between the biosignal detection target and the planar resonator is 10 mm to 20 mm, the biosignal intensity change may be converted into a voltage intensity change of about 1 mV/mm. Thus, the biosignal intensity change may be detected even with respect to subtle movement of a human body such as a pulse. Additionally, in an interval where a distance between the biosignal detection target and the planar resonator is less than 10 mm, the voltage intensity change increases more significantly. Thus, clearer biosignal intensity change may be detected with respect to the subtle movement of a human body such as a pulse signal.
Hereinafter, a procedure in which a signal processing unit 300 detects a pulse signal from detected biosignal intensity change will now be described through a DFT unit 310, a filter unit 320, and an IDFT unit 330. The signal processing unit 300 includes a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) unit 310, a filter unit 320, and an inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) unit 330. The DFT unit 310 transforms biosignal intensity change in a manner of discrete Fourier transform to detect intensity change of a pulse signal.
FIG. 11 is a graphic diagram illustrating a result of measuring a discretely-Fourier-transformed biosignal according to one embodiment of the inventive concept. The discrete Fourier transform may be used in case of obtaining a spectrum sample on frequency from signal samples on time and performed using fast Fourier transform (FFT). In contrast, inverse discrete Fourier transform may be used in case of obtaining a signal sample on time from a spectrum sample on frequency. Referring to FIG. 11, a respiration signal has a peak value at 0.45 Hz and a pulse signal has a peak value at 1.1 Hz. Accordingly, the respiration signal and the pulse signal may be separated using the fact that they have peak values at different frequencies.
The filter unit 320 includes a bandpass filter, a highpass filter, and a lowpass filter. In this embodiment, a pulse signal was filtered using a bandpass filter having a pass band of 5 Hz at 0.8 Hz. However, the pulse signal may be detected using a highpass filter having a pass band of 0.8 Hz or more. In addition, a respiration signal may be detected using a lowpass filter having a pass band of 0.8 Hz or less to be separated from the pulse signal.
FIG. 12 is a graphic diagram illustrating a pulse signal detected by a biosignal measuring method according to one embodiment of the inventive concept. The pulse signal filtered through the filter unit 320 is input to the IDFT unit 330. The IDFT unit 330 transforms the filtered pulse signal in a manner of inverse discrete Fourier transform to detect pulse signal intensity change depending on time. It will be understood that a peak value of the detected pulse signal is about 0.05 V, which is smaller than that of the respiration signal.
The pulse signal was measured using a finger pressure sensor to be compared with a result of the biosignal measuring sensor and the measuring method according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
FIG. 13 is a graphic diagram of a pulse signal measured using a pressure sensor to be compared with a biosignal measuring result according to one embodiment of the inventive concept. As compared to FIG. 12, waveforms having peak values are clearly shown. However, it will be confirmed that a graph form is similar to a pulse signal measured using a biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept. This means that as compared to a finger pressure sensor, the biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept may detect the count of the same pulse signal for a fixed measuring time.
FIG. 14 is a graphic diagram of transforming a pulse signal measured using a finger pressure sensor in a manner of discrete Fourier transform. As shown in FIG. 14, a pulse signal having a peak value at a frequency of 1.1 Hz may be confirmed. It will be confirmed that the pulse signal has a peak value at the same frequency as a pulse signal measured using a biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
A biosignal detected through the signal processing unit 300 may be output through a display unit 400. The display unit 400 includes a display panel which visually outputs at least one of detected pulse and respiration signals. The display panel may include a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display panel (PDP), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), and a cathode ray tube (CRT).
A biosignal measuring sensor according to another embodiment of the inventive concept may include a data transfer unit to transfer a detected biosignal to a terminal.
FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating operations of a biosignal measuring sensor and a terminal according to another embodiment of the inventive concept. As illustrated in FIG. 15, a biosignal measuring method according to another embodiment of the inventive concept may include generating oscillation frequency shift of an oscillator in response to a biosignal (step S510), detecting intensity change of the biosignal using the degree of the oscillation frequency shift (step S520), converting the detected biosignal into a digital signal (step S530), and transmitting the digital signal to a terminal (step S540).
The terminal according to another embodiment of the inventive concept may operate through the steps that include receiving the digital signal from a biosignal measuring sensor (step S550), converting the received digital signal into an analog signal (step S560), detecting a pulse signal and a respiration signal by a signal processing unit (step S570), and outputting the pulse signal and the respiration signal (step S580).
Now, the configurations of a biosignal measuring sensor and a terminal according to another embodiment of the inventive concept will be described in detail hereinafter to explain the step of the biosignal measuring method and the operation of the terminal.
FIG. 16 illustrates the configurations of a biosignal measuring sensor 600 and a terminal 700 according to one embodiment of the inventive concept. As illustrated in FIG. 16, the biosignal measuring sensor 600 may include an oscillator 610, a signal detection unit 620, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 630, and a data transmitting unit 640. The oscillator 610 may include a planar resonator 611. The signal detection unit 620 may include a filter unit 621 and a planar resonator 611. The signal detection unit 620 may include a filter unit 621 and a power detector 622. A terminal 700 according to another embodiment of the inventive concept may include a data receiving unit 710, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 720, a signal processing unit 730, and a display unit 740. The signal processing unit 730 may include a DFT unit 731, a filter unit 732, and an IDFT unit 733. The detailed explanation of the foregoing configurations will be omitted to avoid duplicate explanation.
The ADC 630 converts an analog signal into a binary digital signal through sampling, quantizing, and binary encoding. The ADC 630 receives an output signal of the power detector 622 and converts the received output signal into a digital signal. The output signal of the power detector 622 may be a biosignal detected as intensity change depending on time. The data transmitting unit 640 may transmit the output signal of the ADC 630 to the terminal 700 through a Bluetooth, Wi-Fi or ZigBee communication network. In addition, the data transmitting unit 640 may communicate with the terminal 700 using a band between 2.3 GHz and 2.5 GHz.
The data receiving unit 710 of the terminal 700 may receive the biosignal converted into the digital signal from the data transmitting unit 640 of the biosignal measuring sensor 600. The received digital signal is input to the DAC 720. The DAC 720 converts the digital signal into an analog signal. The analog signal may be identical to the output signal of the power detector 622 in the signal detection unit 620. The analog signal is input to the signal processing unit 730. The signal processing unit 730 detects a pulse signal and a respiration signal from the analog signal. The DFT unit 731 of the signal processing unit 730 transforms the analog signal in a manner of discrete Fourier transform. The filter unit 732 of the signal processing unit 730 may detect a pulse signal from the discretely-Fourier-transformed signal using a bandpass filter, a highpass filter or a lowpass filter. The IDFT unit 733 of the signal processing unit 730 may transform the detected pulse signal in a manner of inverse discrete Fourier transform into biosignal intensity change depending on time. The display unit 740 of the terminal 700 may include a display panel to visually output at least one of the detected pulse and respiration signals.
As described above, a biosignal measuring sensor and a terminal according to another embodiment of the inventive concept may transmit a detected biosignal to a terminal and output the biosignal through the terminal. Thus, the biosignal may be easily confirmed by a third person such as a guardian beside a biosignal detection target.
According to further another embodiment of the inventive concept, an object (human or thing) distance measuring sensor or an operation detection sensor may be provided. This may be accomplished using a biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept.
Returning to FIG. 7, when there is no object within a measuring distance of the biosignal measuring sensor, the oscillation frequency of the oscillator was measured to be 2.356 GHz. When the distance between an object and the biosignal measuring sensor is 10 mm, the oscillation frequency of the oscillator was measured to be 2.364 GHz. When the distance between an object and the biosignal measuring sensor is 20 mm, the oscillation frequency of the oscillator was measured to be 2.36 GHz. Likewise, since oscillation frequency shift of the oscillator occurs when there is an object within the measuring distance of the sensor, the biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept may be used as an operation detection sensor of the object. For example, the biosignal measuring sensor according to one embodiment of the inventive concept may be used as a movement detection sensor for security.
Now, a distance measuring sensor according to another embodiment of the inventive concept will be described in detail hereinafter.
FIG. 17 is a block diagram illustrating the configuration of a distance measuring sensor 800 according to another embodiment of the inventive concept. As illustrated in FIG. 17, the distance measuring sensor 800 may include an oscillator 810 configured to generate oscillation frequency shift of an oscillator corresponding to a measuring target, a storage unit 820 configured to a value of the shifted oscillation frequency, a distance calculator 830 configured to determine a distance to the measuring target based on the value of the shifted oscillation frequency, and a display unit 850 configured to output a distance from the sensor to the measuring target. The distance calculator 830 may further include a database (DB) unit 840 configured to store an oscillation frequency value of the oscillator according to the distance between a measuring target and a position measuring sensor.
For example, when a distance between a vehicle and a sensor is 20 mm, an oscillation frequency of an oscillator is shifted with 2.7 GHz. The oscillation frequency shift is measured and stored in the DB unit 840 after being converted into database. If the vehicle approaches the sensor to cause the oscillation frequency of the oscillator to be shifted with 2.7 GHz, the distance calculator 830 may compare the oscillation frequency shift with an oscillation frequency value stored in the DB unit 840. As a result, it may be determined that the distance between the vehicle and the sensor is 20 mm.
As set forth above, according to further another embodiment of the inventive concept, a distance measuring sensor and an operation detection sensor may be provided.
According to the embodiments of the inventive concept described above, a biosignal of a biosignal detection target can be accurately measured even when there are a number of persons within a measuring distance. In addition, a distance between a measuring target and a sensor can be accurately measured.
While the inventive concept has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventive concept as defined by the following claims.
Previous Patent: ACOUSTIC BASED COUGH DETECTION
Next Patent: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROCESSING A CYCLIC PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNAL
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Get a taste of the world
Polish blueberry pierogis, Chinese
seafood, French desserts, Italian
herb oils. What do they have in
common? They will be featured in
the Fruit and Vegetable Garden's
Demonstration Kitchen during July.
The weekends in July will show-
case four chefs preparing these
international delights.
From Sawa's Old Warsaw
Restaurant in Broadview, III., Chef
Tomasz Sliwowski will be cooking
blueberry pierogis and preparing
Polish meatballs on July 5.
Sliwowski, who just graduated
from cooking school in Poland, will
be assisted by restaurant manager
Stuart Sawa who will translate
when necessary. The secret to
Sliwowski's cooking — excellent
On July 12, Chef Miao
from the T'ang Dynasty will pre-
pare an elegant Chinese seafood
dish with fruit called T'ang
Dynasty Jade Prawns in a Bird's
Nest. Chef Miao is from Taiwan
and has been cooking for 30 years.
The T'ang Dynasty is considered by
the Zagat Chicago Restaurant
Survey as "probably the most ele-
gant Asian restaurant in town."
Carlos', known as one of
the finest restaurants in the
Chicago area, is sending us head
pastry chef Celeste Zeccola on July
19. She will prepare fruit tarts.
Last year Zeccola demonstrated
the difficult techniques needed to
make creme caramel. She
promises a "tricky tart trick" this
Vince Tyler, from Carlucci's
in Rosemont, will demonstrate his
cooking style on July 26. Tyler,
whose cuisine reflects the influ-
ence of Tuscany, Italy, will prepare
herb-infused oil and show how to
use it properly in recipes. In addi-
tion he will make a summer veg-
etable pasta salad.
rz Kris Jarantoski
Assistant Director's
Changes in Turnbull Woods
Those of you who walk through our Turnbull Woods on a regular basis cannot help but notice changes taking place in this natural conservation display area. Fifteen to twenty-five years ago, the plan for Turnbull Woods was to display vari-
ous woodland ecological communities of eastern North America, such as a northern coniferous forest, maple forest, Appalachian area and our own oak/hickory woodland. The University of Wisconsin Arboretum in Madison, Wis., has collections organized on such an ecological basis.
Our earliest staff planted native American trees, although not necessarily native to Illinois, such as eastern white pine, spruce, Carolina hemlock, umbrella magnolia, mountain laurel and rhododendron in various spots in Turnbull Woods in anticipation of further development. Meanwhile the woods have been enhanced with spring ephemeral wildflowers such as spring-beauty (Claytonia), trout-lily (Erythronium), Solomon’s seal (Polygonatuni), and many trillium to give a glorious floral show in early May.
Over the years, the Garden’s educational programs began to focus on native Chicago area flora and the ecological principles associated with it. A study by Jim Steffen, our conservation ecologist who maintains the woodland, revealed that this area was originally an oak woodland subject to fires until early settlers stopped them. Once the fires stopped, elm, ash and other fast growing trees filled in among the once stately oaks, preventing them from replicating themselves.
We have begun to burn Turnbull Woods to restore its former plant communities and have introduced herbaceous plants that would be found in an open oak woodland or savannah. The burning has reduced the number of fire-sensitive trees and shrubs which have shaded the soil for many years. As a result, plants of the original plant community have sprung up from seed lying dormant in the soil. Some areas of the woods are noticeably more open as shrubs and trees have succumbed to the fires. Our goal now is to display our local native plant community with its typical plant associations, animals, and environmental factors such as fire.
“Native plants can enhance our landscapes throughout the year*”
Over the years,' a benefactor with a special love for the woods, Helen Weigle, supported the development of three special areas in the woods: the Appalachian area, the fern loop, and the savannah flower area. These three areas, planted in 1970, 1974 and 1978 are donated in her mother’s memory. Helen Weigle’s mother was a high school botany teacher in the late thirties and forties. Helen established these areas as teaching tools to focus on specific types of plants such as ferns. Because each of these groups of plants is concentrated in one area and plants are labeled, it is easy for people to see what North American plants will thrive in the Chicago area to brighten up the landscape at particular times.
Last autumn we reviewed these three areas. In light of the fact that the Appalachian flora will not tolerate the burning now done in the woods and that our Education Department does not use it in classes, Helen Weigle has agreed to evolve this area into a spring wildflower area, a concept she has always been interested in. Many wildflowers were planted in this area last autumn but the deer browsed them off. Deer have drastically reduced the original carpets of Trillium grandiflorum and other beautiful wildflowers that covered the woodland floor. We will replant and try to work out some protection from the deer that will not destroy the aesthetics of the area. This will complement Helen Weigle’s Savannah Garden on the southwest side of the woods. The fern loop has been redefined and is being enhanced by Ginna Gardner, assistant curator, who is now in charge of this area. Ferns have not been appreciated or utilized in shady landscapes as much as they should be. People are always asking, “What can I grow in shade?” Hopefully this display will encourage greater use of these elegant plants.
These three areas of pastel spring ephemeral wildflowers, ferns with cool, green fronds all summer and the bright, warm colored savannah wildflowers that close the flowering season in late summer and autumn will focus attention on native plants that can enhance our landscapes throughout the year. ,
Get the scoop on Cook County
The Botanic Garden is the setting for County Awareness Day from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Saturday, Aug. 1. The Forest Preserve District of Cook County will host five County Awareness Days at various locations this summer, including Brookfield Zoo, Dan Ryan Woods, Randhurst Mall and Daley Center.
Visitors can walk around the Exhibition Hall as County Awareness Day showcases more than 40 different county depart-ments. Each department will have literature available and there will also be special demonstrations on the North Lawn featuring mounted police and a canine demonstration.
Special carillon concerts
With the 1992 Carillon Series underway, two special concerts are scheduled in July at the Theodore C. Butz Memorial Carillon on Evergreen Island.
The “Independence Day Concert” will be held at 7 p.m. on Monday, July 6. Wylie Crawford of The University of Chicago is the featured carillonneur.
Jingle bells in July? Once again Christmas will be celebrated in July during the carillon series. The special concert will be at 7 p.m. on Monday, July 20.
You can sing along as Mark Konewko of Chicago plays your favorite Christmas carols. Santa and his elves will hand out candy canes to get you in the spirit of Christmas.
The 1992 Carillon Series on the Theodore C. Butz Memorial Carillon will continue every Monday evening at 7 p.m. through August 24.
Annual Nielsen
Concert July 24
Chicago Horticultural Society members are invited to a free concert in the Gertrude B. Nielsen Heritage Garden at 7 p.m. on Friday, Jiily 24th.
The concert will feature students and alumni from Northwestern University’s School of Music. Refreshments will be served.
The sculpture of Carolus Linneaus will be the background for the Nielsen Concert.
Serial Information Vol. 7 (1992)
Serial Information Vol. 7 No. 7 (July 1992)
Full Text Garden Notes Get a taste of the world Polish blueberry pierogis, Chinese seafood, French desserts, Italian herb oils. What do they have in common? They will be featured in the Fruit and Vegetable Garden's Demonstration Kitchen during July. The weekends in July will show- case four chefs preparing these international delights. From Sawa's Old Warsaw Restaurant in Broadview, III., Chef Tomasz Sliwowski will be cooking blueberry pierogis and preparing Polish meatballs on July 5. Sliwowski, who just graduated from cooking school in Poland, will be assisted by restaurant manager Stuart Sawa who will translate when necessary. The secret to Sliwowski's cooking — excellent ingredients. On July 12, Chef Miao from the T'ang Dynasty will pre- pare an elegant Chinese seafood dish with fruit called T'ang Dynasty Jade Prawns in a Bird's Nest. Chef Miao is from Taiwan and has been cooking for 30 years. The T'ang Dynasty is considered by the Zagat Chicago Restaurant Survey as "probably the most ele- gant Asian restaurant in town." Carlos', known as one of the finest restaurants in the Chicago area, is sending us head pastry chef Celeste Zeccola on July 19. She will prepare fruit tarts. Last year Zeccola demonstrated the difficult techniques needed to make creme caramel. She promises a "tricky tart trick" this year. Vince Tyler, from Carlucci's in Rosemont, will demonstrate his cooking style on July 26. Tyler, whose cuisine reflects the influ- ence of Tuscany, Italy, will prepare herb-infused oil and show how to use it properly in recipes. In addi- tion he will make a summer veg- etable pasta salad. 1 rz Kris Jarantoski Assistant Director's Message Changes in Turnbull Woods Those of you who walk through our Turnbull Woods on a regular basis cannot help but notice changes taking place in this natural conservation display area. Fifteen to twenty-five years ago, the plan for Turnbull Woods was to display vari- ous woodland ecological communities of eastern North America, such as a northern coniferous forest, maple forest, Appalachian area and our own oak/hickory woodland. The University of Wisconsin Arboretum in Madison, Wis., has collections organized on such an ecological basis. Our earliest staff planted native American trees, although not necessarily native to Illinois, such as eastern white pine, spruce, Carolina hemlock, umbrella magnolia, mountain laurel and rhododendron in various spots in Turnbull Woods in anticipation of further development. Meanwhile the woods have been enhanced with spring ephemeral wildflowers such as spring-beauty (Claytonia), trout-lily (Erythronium), Solomon’s seal (Polygonatuni), and many trillium to give a glorious floral show in early May. Over the years, the Garden’s educational programs began to focus on native Chicago area flora and the ecological principles associated with it. A study by Jim Steffen, our conservation ecologist who maintains the woodland, revealed that this area was originally an oak woodland subject to fires until early settlers stopped them. Once the fires stopped, elm, ash and other fast growing trees filled in among the once stately oaks, preventing them from replicating themselves. We have begun to burn Turnbull Woods to restore its former plant communities and have introduced herbaceous plants that would be found in an open oak woodland or savannah. The burning has reduced the number of fire-sensitive trees and shrubs which have shaded the soil for many years. As a result, plants of the original plant community have sprung up from seed lying dormant in the soil. Some areas of the woods are noticeably more open as shrubs and trees have succumbed to the fires. Our goal now is to display our local native plant community with its typical plant associations, animals, and environmental factors such as fire. “Native plants can enhance our landscapes throughout the year*” Over the years,' a benefactor with a special love for the woods, Helen Weigle, supported the development of three special areas in the woods: the Appalachian area, the fern loop, and the savannah flower area. These three areas, planted in 1970, 1974 and 1978 are donated in her mother’s memory. Helen Weigle’s mother was a high school botany teacher in the late thirties and forties. Helen established these areas as teaching tools to focus on specific types of plants such as ferns. Because each of these groups of plants is concentrated in one area and plants are labeled, it is easy for people to see what North American plants will thrive in the Chicago area to brighten up the landscape at particular times. Last autumn we reviewed these three areas. In light of the fact that the Appalachian flora will not tolerate the burning now done in the woods and that our Education Department does not use it in classes, Helen Weigle has agreed to evolve this area into a spring wildflower area, a concept she has always been interested in. Many wildflowers were planted in this area last autumn but the deer browsed them off. Deer have drastically reduced the original carpets of Trillium grandiflorum and other beautiful wildflowers that covered the woodland floor. We will replant and try to work out some protection from the deer that will not destroy the aesthetics of the area. This will complement Helen Weigle’s Savannah Garden on the southwest side of the woods. The fern loop has been redefined and is being enhanced by Ginna Gardner, assistant curator, who is now in charge of this area. Ferns have not been appreciated or utilized in shady landscapes as much as they should be. People are always asking, “What can I grow in shade?” Hopefully this display will encourage greater use of these elegant plants. These three areas of pastel spring ephemeral wildflowers, ferns with cool, green fronds all summer and the bright, warm colored savannah wildflowers that close the flowering season in late summer and autumn will focus attention on native plants that can enhance our landscapes throughout the year. , Get the scoop on Cook County The Botanic Garden is the setting for County Awareness Day from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Saturday, Aug. 1. The Forest Preserve District of Cook County will host five County Awareness Days at various locations this summer, including Brookfield Zoo, Dan Ryan Woods, Randhurst Mall and Daley Center. Visitors can walk around the Exhibition Hall as County Awareness Day showcases more than 40 different county depart-ments. Each department will have literature available and there will also be special demonstrations on the North Lawn featuring mounted police and a canine demonstration. Special carillon concerts With the 1992 Carillon Series underway, two special concerts are scheduled in July at the Theodore C. Butz Memorial Carillon on Evergreen Island. The “Independence Day Concert” will be held at 7 p.m. on Monday, July 6. Wylie Crawford of The University of Chicago is the featured carillonneur. Jingle bells in July? Once again Christmas will be celebrated in July during the carillon series. The special concert will be at 7 p.m. on Monday, July 20. You can sing along as Mark Konewko of Chicago plays your favorite Christmas carols. Santa and his elves will hand out candy canes to get you in the spirit of Christmas. The 1992 Carillon Series on the Theodore C. Butz Memorial Carillon will continue every Monday evening at 7 p.m. through August 24. Annual Nielsen Concert July 24 Chicago Horticultural Society members are invited to a free concert in the Gertrude B. Nielsen Heritage Garden at 7 p.m. on Friday, Jiily 24th. The concert will feature students and alumni from Northwestern University’s School of Music. Refreshments will be served. The sculpture of Carolus Linneaus will be the background for the Nielsen Concert. J?
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Harry Potter Book Club: Prisoner of Azkaban, Chapter 7
Hello! The Harry Potter Book Club is back in session. Christie's having to post as she can—she's got enough to do to occupy any three people—but the show goes on, and all of us with it.
Before Christmas, Masha wrote about about Divination, which was fascinating, since in her pagan days, she'd actually done it:
I can (but don't, so please, don't ask!) read pretty much anything: cards, palms, fire, moles, dreams, handwriting, wax...I used to love it, until I started worrying about my soul.
Her take is thoughtful, too; hardly a case of straight-up scientific dismissal:
It's nice to know the flakes of the world (Trelawney, Lavender, Parvati) show up alongside the Type - A, rationalists in the wizarding world as well as the real world. And really, there's no better place to reveal them than in the Divination tower.. Flakes of all types love divination - until you tell them the cute-guy-from-Whole-Foods won't actually be marrying them in the next few months - and Hermione or McGonagall types loathe it..even when it's dead on.
Read it! And then come back here for boggarts and fear-facing.
Meanwhile, want something fun to procrastinate with? Figure out which Harry Potter character you are. This was a surprising and interesting result:
Maybe we should qualify that.
I may not care much about what people en masse think of me,
but I care wildly about what individual people think.
I love it when they like me as I am,
and I love liking and accepting them in return,
and I'll always love Neville Longbottom.
This Week in Reading Harry
Read: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, chapter 7
Potential Discussion Points:
Here's Hank Green comparing the public school system to Hogwarts, unfavorably, by way of cornball song.
"...and they don't put you in Hufflepuff if you're not cool
instead they sort you in the parking lot after school"
I get that second line, but the first... just WHAT ARE YOU SAYING, Hank??!!!
Say 'Everyone who isn't cool should be sorted into Hufflepuff'
Just say it.
Erm. Anyway. I'm certainly no defender of concrete boxes and mystery lunchmeat, but Hogwarts ain't a perfect school system, either. Exhibit A: Severus Snape. See below.
1. Bad teachers. Hagrid is incompetent; Trelawney is a dangerous absurdity; and Snape, for numerous reasons, should never have been put in charge of young minds.
Art by Shellvia-Blackthorn
All of these are individuals to whom Dumbledore has extended mercy: sometimes with specific reasons, but always out of the generosity of a heart that recognizes the need for second chances. This probably saved Hagrid's life, and has lent Trelawney what little dignity she possesses—and we could talk about Snape, but it would all be spoilerific at this point—but as a policy, the Hogwarts faculty as a hospital for the screwed up and screwed over is not without its problems. Students learn nothing in Hagrid's classes after the Buckbeak episode. Trelawney is reverenced by some students as an oracle, and is hated by the rest as a fraud; either way, she's doing far more harm than good.
Snape is vicious to the point of being able to inflict lasting damage on young lives. We have limited insights into his relationship with Dumbledore, but if Dumbledore ever pulled him aside and attempted to stop him bullying Neville, we at least know it didn't work. Possibly it wasn't said, however, since it would have had to come out like, "Look, I need you and you need me, but go on bullying students and I have what it takes to land you in Azkaban." Snape knows way too much to make that a good idea. But still.
Dumbledore's 'hospital for the screwed up and screwed over' has at least one almost-unqualified success, however. SPOILERS. Moving on.
Art by Callista1981
2. Professor Remus J. Lupin, D.A.D.A. The new professor's first class gives us a lot of insight—both into Lupin's character and into the art of engaging children in learning. Not a lot of professors would teach you, first thing, how to shoot a wad of gum up a poltergeist's nostril.
This class is brilliant. Lupin saves the reading and essay assignment till after he's carefully coached the class through some unforgettable experience, ensuring that he has both their attention and their respect. When Snape shames Neville in front of him, Lupin calmly displays a confidence in Neville that, as far as we know, no adult has ever given the boy. It's an immense and meaningful gift.
The result, like the gum up Peeves' nose, is a touch ethically questionable—and these are quiet hints at a SPOILERIFIC segment of Lupin's history—but is equally effective. The class laughs, and fear is conquered. It would be hard not to laugh.
3. Neville. He's had great courageous moments before, but Lupin's class is—if I recall correctly—the first opportunity he's ever had to win a fight. The fact that he's been fighting without winning for two books now is sign enough of his character; now, faced with his worst fears but having a capable teacher backing him up for the first time, he shows that his mind is perfectly up to the challenge.
Art by Melody Moore
The Wizarding world is lucky Neville is able to overcome the shame loaded on him by Snape (and Augusta Longbottom, for that matter). That's all I've got to say. For now, anyway.
4. The boggart. I don't know much about boggart mythology—I've never even read Susan Cooper's book—but the concept of a creature that takes on the appearance of a potential enemy's worst fear is fascinating. That would certainly be an effective form of self-defense. I wonder what happens when a boggart actually gets you? Does it just run you over and leave you fainting from terror? Or does it do like the Matrix and kill you with you own mind's tendency to make whatever it believes real?
Or maybe it makes like River and does it for you...
Third year at Hogwarts is probably a good age for dealing with this minor monster. Childhood fears are usually simpler than the fears of adults, as exemplified by Mrs. Weasley in book five.
At the moment I could probably confuse a boggart all by myself... but when I was first reading the books, I knew exactly what it would turn into if it crawled out of my closet: the low-head dam on the Wenatchee River. As a former whitewater raft guide and rescue tech, I know what happens when water hits a smooth, submerged obstacle like that. I know it almost invariably kills you if you get stuck in it, and I know how—I know the details. I used to have nightmares in the middle of the day about that thing.
I think I'd try to make it sprout a bunch of those agricultural sprinklers: the kind that rotate slowly for part of a circle and then speed back: "tchish, tchish, tchish, tchish, tchish, tch-tch-tch-tch-tch-tch-tch-tchish..." You know the type. I've always found them amusing.
Riddikulus!
Posted by Jenna St. Hilaire at 6:27 PM
Labels: Harry Potter, Harry Potter Book Club
I took the HP character quiz and had a hard time with the answer choices. This may be why, according to them, I'm--RON WEASLEY??? I don't think so, and I love Ron.
I took a Hunger Games character quiz and was Primrose Everdeen, despite checking the answer that I'd madly avoid bloody injuries. Still, I'd rather be Prim than anyone else in the books and she fits my caretaker personality well.
Jenna St. Hilaire January 8, 2014 at 6:55 PM
Ron, WTF?
Some of the questions WERE hard to answer. I don't think I knew most of the movies or songs.
Luna is one of a handful of people with whom I'd have been pleased. I don't have a perfect match in the books--not brain-driven enough for Hermione, adventurous enough for Harry, down-to-earth enough for Ron, or, where Luna is concerned, carefree enough. Lupin might've actually been a closer choice. But I do sympathize pretty strongly with Luna in a lot of ways, so I was okay with that.
I could see Prim for you. HP is tougher because of the caricaturish nature of the characters.
Laura January 8, 2014 at 10:55 AM
<3 <3 <3 ((((((Remus)))))) <3 <3 <3
<3 <3 <3 (((((Neville))))))) <3 <3 <3
that's about all I have to say at this time <3
also, the quiz said I was Hermione; I am ok with that.
I sympathize with all those hearts and hugs. ;)
George January 8, 2014 at 3:27 PM
But everyone knows Hufflepuffs are a bunch 'o duffers... I mean, not that I think that, but it's what everyone else says. ;)
I got Hermione on that quiz. I suppose I'm good with that.
pfffffffft.
Hermione is always a good pick. ;)
Masha January 9, 2014 at 5:00 AM
Ok..I will try to tear myself away from baking and 'sister wives' (don't judge me, I'm on a binge!) long enough respond to BOTH this and the Twilight post today!!!! I love Lupin in this book! He's so kind..
And I'm Luna too..which is better than Harry or Ron..but still, I feel a bit let down.
Let down by Luna, really? I love her!! Who did you want to be?
Sister Wives, HAHAHA! Well, who could help being curious? ;)
Christie February 14, 2014 at 7:29 PM
I have recurring nightmares of tornadoes--a product of growing up in the midwest? I think I'd give the tornado a face and make it look like a kid throwing a temper tantrum.
Jenna St. Hilaire February 14, 2014 at 11:22 PM
Hahahahaha! I love that idea!
I feel your pain, though... I had nightmares after seeing part of Twister on TV. :S
Currently Reading: The Name of the Rose
Old, Patient Calls and other stories
Currently Reading: Midnight Sun
Harry Potter Book Club: Prisoner of Azkaban, Chapt...
Discretion in Coughing and other stories
Currently Reading: The Mirror of N'de
Hardworking Strangers and other stories
"That's Where My Demons Hide": Twilight's Edward C...
Old Year, New Year
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Oregon, USA68,110
Asiu (Lost)
uploaded by: Artcirq
channel: Artcirq
Footage from Artcirq's performance of ASIU (Lost) at the 2014 edition of the Alianait Arts Festival in Iqaluit.
Asiu is Artcirq's latest show and is inspired by the traditional Inuit legend Amaqup Nunaat (The Land of Wolves) about two brothers who find themselves lost in the mysterious world of the Shadow People.
First Peoples Festival in Peril
uploaded by: Cara Di Staulo
channel: Isuma News
Is it possible for First Nations to hold a festival worthy of the name in Québec’s metropolis?
The Montreal Frist Peoples Festival asks the question a press release distriburted this morning as the Partenariat du Quartier des spectacles (the PQDS), a paramunicipal body that administers a major program in support of events in Montreal’s downtown core cultural district, decided to cut off all grants to the Festival for the year 2014.
The PQDS claims that the First Peoples Festival lacks sufficiently innovative programming. This is a surprising attack on the Montreal event that has very successfully and continually transformed itself over the years. Since it moved its activities to the Quartier des spectacles, it has offered a brand-new formula that richly highlights First Peoples culture, art and diversity.
First Peoples Festival is a First Nations’ multi-disciplinary festival, an event unique in its genre and presented yearly by the Terres en vues/Land Insights society for the last 24 years.
Last year, the festival succeeded in balancing its budget without a deficit although the very day its program was launched, June 18 2013, the PQDS announced a drastic $50 000 cut to the Festival’s budget. This year the festival was been hit with a great blow that could prove to be fatal.
The festival states that this new obstacle is a test of the commitment of city of Montreal and government stakeholders to make a place for First Nations culture in Quebec’s metropolis and to associate these with the many commemorations set for city’s 375th anniversary in 2017.
Festival organizers are demanding that those granting funds to the PQDS, the City of Montreal first and then the government of Québec, must take action without delay to reinstate a funding for First Peoples Festival within a structure that can allow it to develop and thrive.
Moreover, the festival is questioning the very way funding is delivered by the PQSD. Organizers believe that it is high time, as ethical choices, corruption and fair practices are in the spotlight in Montréal during the ongoing Charbonneau Commission, to review the governance of this paramunicipal body that oversees such important budgets.
Source: Land Insights
Live Webcast of NIRB Mary River Hearings
channel: LIVE
IsumaTV's online radio and TV coverage of the second round of Public Hearings on the Baffinland Iron Mine Mary River Environmental Review from Pond Inlet, Nunavut.
The Nunavut Impact Review Board (NIRB) is holding new public consultations to assess Baffinland’s revised Early Revenue Phase Proposal.
January 27 to 31, 2014
Starting 9 am EST, IsumaTV will stream live Inuktitut and English audio each day from the hearings.
Every evening from 8 to 10 pm EST, Zacharias Kunuk will host a live TV talk show to discuss issues raised at the hearings with community members and participants in the hearings.
INUKTITUT AUDIO FROM THE HEARINGS: www.isuma.tv/DID/radio/igloolik
ENGLISH AUDIO: www.isuma.tv/DID/Live/NIRBMaryRiverHearings/English
LIVE SHOW: www.isuma.tv/en/DID/Live/NIRBMaryRiverHearings
Both the live audio from the hearings and Kunuk’s evening show will also be broadcast by IsumaTV through local community radio channels and IsumaTV television network in Arviat, Cambridge Bay, Igloolik and Taloyoak.
Zacharias Kunuk, 867-934-8725, zkunuk@isuma.ca
Norman Cohn, 514-576-0707, cohn@isuma.ca
Land Use and Adaptation
uploaded by: UNUChannel
channel: Traditional Knowledge & Climate Science
Indigenous peoples’ resilience is rooted in traditional knowledge and their deep understanding of the land.
For indigenous peoples, resilience is rooted in traditional knowledge, as their capacity to adapt to environmental change is based first and foremost on in-depth understanding of the land.
As climate change increasingly impacts indigenous landscapes, communities are responding and adapting in unique ways.
United Nations University (2012)
Wanorazi Yumneze (Awakening Spirit)
uploaded by: Troy Stozek
channel: Cara's Picks
Documentary film about how people, wildlife and the environment are impacted by industrial developments in Alberta and Saskatchewan. More importantly, this film is about communicating the voices and concerns of Indigenous people, who are often left out of decision-making processes, yet are among those most impacted.
Directed by Troy Stozed
Inuit Cree Reconciliation
In the documentary film Inuit Cree Reconciliation (Inuit Adlait Isumagijuniqatiginiiq), Zacharias Kunuk and Neil Diamond team up to research the events and historical impacts of a 1770's war between Inuit and Cree in Northern Québec.
Following the Peace Celebration Event held at Nastapoka River in northern Québec by a small group of Inuit and Cree in the summer of 2011, Zacharias Kunuk (Inuit) and Neil Diamond (Cree) - two of Canada's most respected filmmakers - interview Inuit and Cree Elders in the side-by-side communities of Kuujjuarapik and Whapmagootsui researching an old 1770's war between the two nations and its impact on people today.
Research for the project began in 2010. Check out some of the initial interviews here.
As a parallel project to the film, the ARTCO project introduced Inuit and Cree children in the community to new media tools which were used in a multidisciplinary artistic process to explore past and present realities, to connect with others, practice collective action and create a better future.
BOOK A SCREENING, rent or buy the film from Vtape +1.416.351.1317 email wandav@vtape.org.
uploaded by: Marie-Hélène Cousineau
channel: Show me on the map: discussions on mining on Aboriginal lands
On Baffin Island, two mountains of ore will be cut down at Mary River. Some residents of Igloolik react to this development : they worry that this industrial development will destroy their environment and the marine mammals as well as their culture and hunting life style.
People Can Stand Up
Synopsis:The Inuit organizations of Nunavut have recently opened the way to uranium mining. Some Nunavut residents want to voice their concerns and created a grassroots organization to ask for a public inquiry; should Nunavut open the way to nuclear energy or not?
Filmmaker:Marie-Hélène Cousineau and Carol Kunnuk
Contact:mhcousineau [at] arnaitvideo [dot] ca
Igloolik's Experience Preview
uploaded by: nbrusch
channel: DIAMA
IsumaTV traveled to Igloolik, Nunavut (Canada) to test out IsumaTV, DIAMA and the new Inuit Culture Education site. We installed two servers in both, the Elementary and High School, to allow teachers and students to access the website at high-speed and interact with it. … Read more
Nunavut, Clyde River, Qaqqasiq Apak, August 27, 2005, Tape #1
channel: International Legal Action on Climate Change
Interview with Apak Qaqqasiq about climate change, Clyde River, Nunavut, August 27, 2005. In Inuktitut with English translation.
UnSettling
uploaded by: Gunrgie O Sullivan
channel: Cheryle
Filmmaker: Gunargie OSullivan
Filmmaker Contact:
gunnersgonna [at] yahoo [dot] com
Producer's Name: AS above
Distributor Information:
Region: BC
My Own Private Lower Post
channel: imagineNATIVE08
My Own Private Lower Post is the story of Duane Gastant' Aucoin, a two-spirited Tlingit, as he seeks to understand how his mother Vicky Bob’s trials at Lower Post Indian Residential School have influenced his life. As she shares her story, he comes to understand how he too is a survivor.… Read more
Rhonda Sussman & Connie Kidd: Genuine Truth & Reconciliation
uploaded by: Sarita Ahooja
channel: Peace and Friendship Gathering
On August 22 - 24, 2008, the Haudenosaunee Men’s Council, of the Iroquois Confederacy, hosted a Peace and Friendship gathering in Six Nations of the Grand River Territory (near Caledonia, Ontario).
CANZ
uploaded by: Stéphane Rituit
channel: Kingulliit The Next Generation Blog
Behind the scenes look as Zacharias Kunuk presents Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner to a world audience at the Cannes Film Festival in 2001.
Directed by Zacharias Kunuk
uploaded by: maia iotzova
channel: Noah Piugattuk Story
Noah's first wife Tatigaq dies. He takes for a wife a woman who is starving because her husband is not taking good care of her. Her name is also Tatigaq.
From a bow and arrow to a rifle
When Noah Piugattuk was getting very good at hunting with a bow and arrow, rifles arrived. He then learned to hunt with a rifle and made his own bullets.
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The Cuts – Bad for Ireland
Posted: November 23rd, 2011
FOR A GENERATION of emerging scholars, the whole of their adult lives has been an experience of constant public crisis.
Experience has taught them that ‘reform’ and ‘innovation’ more often than not mean cutbacks, privatisation and commodification. The latest, we learn, is the prospect of having funding for new postgraduates cut off completely.
Even if the proposal to end postgraduates’ grants is another example of the increasingly familiar ‘will they-won’t they?’ pre-Budget theatre, it demonstrates how the Government truly sees higher education: nice, worthwhile maybe, but ultimately inessential. In such a context, the progressive slide downwards by Ireland’s academic institutions in international standings is unsurprising.
Just as serious as the threat of emigration by a generation of students is the threat of losing Ireland’s prestige in the international community. In plain terms, the country cannot sell an image of an intellectual Ireland to tourists — the Ireland of James Joyce, or Elizabeth Bowen, or, yes, Michael D Higgins — while simultaneously cutting off its scholars at the knees.
Cutting postgraduate grants would be much more than a problem of presentation, however. It constitutes a part of the continuous ceding of ground to an idea poisonous to Irish universities as a whole: that they must serve private economic interests.
Such is the product of the mentality that university research exists solely to generate ideas for business. And so, at the bottom of this view of the university — as a combination job training centre and enterprise cabal — is a view of education as an industrial process, a sort of Ikea manual for putting together compliant workers.
This mentality concerns itself solely with ‘upskilling’ (which is not actually a word) and ‘transferable skills’ (which is a coded expression meaning qualities that make someone more economically valuable without wasting any time nurturing their spirit). Thus we have the true nature of this reformed university: an education that does nothing to lead the student to insight, personal or otherwise.
‘What is a university supposed to do?’
Here we run into a vital question: what is a university supposed to do? Well, support for higher education stems partly from a desire to live in a society that values learning in and of itself. Nevertheless, there is a basic relationship between the university and the public that demands our attention. There really shouldn’t be this artificial distinction between ‘pure’ academic research and the university’s obligation to the body politic. The one mission informs the other: universities ask how the world works, what must be done, how things can be changed for the better. An attack on postgraduates is an attack on the idea of the university as a public institution.
If we accept academic inquiry as a legitimate pursuit, we must accept that such inquiry requires the freedom to say things that business, politics or the public might not necessarily want to hear. The oft-heard refrain that ‘there is no alternative’ to our economic situation, for example, should be an alarming statement to postgraduate scholars of history, or international relations, or even the arts. These are researchers for whom one-dimensional answers delivered by authoritarian fiat are simply unacceptable.
Anecdotally, I do not know of any postgraduate student, including myself, who does not supplement his or her funding with some kind of paid job. And yet, postgraduates attack their subject with a missionary zeal. Few other pursuits can persuade you that poring over data in a library until three o’clock on a Saturday morning is a good idea. If postgraduates cannot find opportunities to study in Ireland, they will go elsewhere, and they will take their energies with them. Those who cannot go will be forced to abandon their education — a tremendous waste.
The argument will come back that ‘savings must be made’ in education. I must point these people to the Irish Times’s list of the hundred best-paid people in Irish education from last year: rather thin on lecturers and grant recipients, while flush with administrators, management and top brass. Such officials often seem unable to comprehend how bleak prospects appear for graduate students simply looking to apply their talents, if such talents are not set in the terms of venture capitalism.
The question, then, is how best to guide academia’s ongoing transformation in a way that does not neglect the academics. Ireland has seen, just in this past decade, how dangerous it can be for a society to close itself off from raising questions and challenging ideas. I ask Minister Quinn: how will restricting access to education, and thus shutting down thought, help matters?
Miles Link is a third-year English studies PhD student in Ireland.
Source – www.journal.ie
Image – bdunnette via Flickr
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Jenkem Magazine
OHIO WANTS TO MAKE SKITCHING ILLEGAL
February 12, 2018 / Nic Dobija-Nootens / ARTICLES
Whenever I talk to older, non-skateboarders about the fact that I, A) skate in the street and B) never wear a helmet, they show a mom-type mixture of surprise, fear, and disappointment. People who have never skated assume that skateboarding is unavoidably dangerous, like playing chicken with a train or shooting a gun into a hurricane. But as a skateboarder, that assumption rings not only completely false, but irrelevant. Worrying about getting hurt on your skateboard goes against the carefree ethos that makes skateboarding enjoyable in the first place.
So when I saw recently that a politician in Ohio proposed a bill to penalize skateboarders for skitching — holding onto a moving car while riding your board — I wanted to find out what people think this rule might achieve, and whether it has any precedence.
For some context, the anti-skitching bill, a.k.a. the Dallas Swogger Act, is named after a sixteen-year-old Ohioan who died in a skitching accident last September. While holding onto a friend’s car, Dallas fell off his board and hit his head on the ground. A few days later, he died in the hospital.
The bill intends to prevent future accidents like this by adding skateboards to the list of devices — bicycles, roller skates, toy vehicles, etc. — that Ohioans are already not allowed to ride while holding onto a moving vehicle. First time offenders, which can include the driver if they knowingly allow the skitch, would be ticketed up to $150, and repeat offenders could be charged with low-level misdemeanors.
The motivation for the Dallas Swogger Act is fine; nothing to fault about wanting to prevent death. But it’s not really designed to protect skateboarders from the most common causes of skateboarding realted injuries.
source: google news alerts
Death by skitching is indeed rare. I have a Google Alert that notifies me every time an English language headline appears with variants of the words “skateboard” and “death.” Not including Dallas Swogger, two people in the U.S. in 2017 died while skitching a car on their skateboards. The first, a 15-year-old, died in April, and the second, a 9-year-old, died in June. Both lived in California.
But in that same year, nine people in the U.S. were struck and killed by cars while riding skateboards. Clearly, the bigger danger to skateboarders isn’t them deciding to skitch. It’s drivers being inattentive and running over skateboarders. So if someone wants to stop skateboarding traffic deaths, they need to focus on the people inside the cars, not out.
The Dallas Swogger Act isn’t the first legislative response to injured kids in the news. California’s 2003 statewide helmet law, for instance, was enacted in response to a 9-year-old kid who hit his head after falling off his scooter. Granted, skateboarders shouldn’t be punished for anything involving scooters, but it’s a worthy reminder of the power of concerned citizens.
source: Rascal Rides
Helmet laws, like anti-skitching laws, are ways for non-skateboarders to feel like they can make skateboarders act more responsibly, and that logic is those laws’ biggest flaw. Compared to other wheeled thingamajigs, like scooters — which out of all toys, cause the most injuries among kids annually — or bicycles — which as of 2016, the most recent data year, were involved in over 450,000 E.R. trips while skateboards were only involved in 113,000 trips — skateboards are already statistically much safer. Tightening laws on skateboarders feels like a disingenuous attempt to curb skating’s already relatively low injury rate.
Ten years ago, researchers even studied whether or not skateboards were dangerous. Their conclusion? “Despite its negative image among the medical fraternity, the skateboard does not appear to be a dangerous sport with a low incidence and injuries encountered being not severe.”
Bottom line: policing skitching more harshly won’t make the act any safer, and any skaters who want to skitch will do so regardless of a law. A penalty isn’t likely to deter even the brokest of skaters from doing what they want. Plenty cities already make it illegal to skate on sidewalks — arguably the safest place for skateboarders outside of skateparks — and instead force skateboarders into poorly constructed roads alongside inattentive drivers. That’s dumb, and adding more anti-skating laws won’t fix it.
Skateboarders aren’t going to disappear or restrict themselves to skateparks as a result of harsher laws and fines. If the concern of local and state governments is genuinely to prevent skateboarding related injuries and deaths, what will make a difference is developing laws to keep skaters safer in the streets rather than penalize them in hope of their extinction.
Illustration: Nu-Tang
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Never felt the need to skitch.
Also never seen Busenitz skitch and he’s always going fast…
Jay Fink
This is a common thing in the US (probably other places too) in that there is this idea if one incidence of one thing happens somewhere that is bad then a law can fix it. For instance, look for real evidence of someone actually dying from poisoned candy at Halloween that was meant for distribution to a large number of kids. It has not actually ever happened. In Haverhill, MA near where I used to live they “moved halloween night” because then all of the bad people would not know about it… like they don’t read the paper? As a parent, I disagree with fun police laws. I want my kid to take risks and understand if you screw up there are consequences. Do I want that consequence to be death? Of course not. But I understand that these things are a part of life. As a skater, and actually a safe one (I am an old guy) I have way more of a chance being shot walking into the local grocery store than dying because I fucked up an Ollie. I don’t dwell on either of those :-)
moms basement
these kooks are soon gonna ban skateboarding itself for being dangerous. what a bunch of assholes
Durrrrrr!
Not true. Skateboarding is taking a risk of injuries. Every time someone buys a skateboard do they need to read on a package. DANGEROUS. PLEASE USE CAUTION WHILE USING. NO, people know that skateing is taking a chance of some sort of injurie if people are stupid enough not to take safety precautions
Then that’s there prblem as they dont have to cross country to buy a helmet and knee pads
Skating is way more dangerous than normal bike riding. I guess maybe not if its a high speed or mountain biking situation. Skitching shouldn’t be illegal. Its already bad enough that skating is basically pushed into parks or backyards because private property is “off limits”. I don’t like fucking up private property, but thats what there is. Skating only in a park would suck.
No skateboarding IS NOT more dangerous than bicycling as he stated in his article. Bikes share the road with moving vehicles, and as the statistics show, that’s where skateboarders get injured. Just making that clear :)
There may be more ER trips by bicyclists (450,000) compared to skateboards (113,000), but according to google there are 66 million cyclists in the United States and only 9 million skateboarders. So based on those numbers, 0.68% of all cyclists in the United States will be involved in an ER visit while for skateboarders that number increases to 1.3%.
Overall I totally agree the law doesn’t make any sense but I just wanted to point out the incorrect assumption on the statistics.
AN INTERVIEW WITH DUSTIN DOLLIN, THE LAST OF THE PISS DRUNX
JENKEM MIX 81: BUGGY TALLS
HANGING OUT WITH… BRYAN HERMAN
JENKEM PRESENTS: THE 3RD ANNUAL SKATEBOARDING SUPERLATIVES
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Hockey commentator Don Cherry is shown in Toronto on February 15, 2011. Cherry says he's frustrated about the lack of visible poppies being worn by new Canadians ahead of Remembrance Day. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Darren Calabrese
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Sportsnet apologizes for Don Cherry's anti-immigrant comments
Sportsnet apologizes for Don Cherry's comments
Salmaan Farooqui The Canadian Press
TORONTO - Sportsnet apologized Sunday for hockey commentator Don Cherry's televised rant about his belief that new immigrants don't wear poppies, and in turn don't support veterans — comments that sparked a swift backlash from the public, politicians and the NHL.
The station's apology was echoed by "Coach's Corner" co-host Ron MacLean in a segment that aired at the beginning of a Sunday evening broadcast, saying Cherry's remarks don't represent his own views or those of parent company Rogers Media.
"Don's discriminatory comments are offensive and they do not represent our values and what we stand for as a network," Sportsnet President Bart Yabsley said in a statement earlier Sunday. "We have spoken with Don about the severity of this issue and we sincerely apologize for these divisive remarks."
MacLean also shouldered some of the responsibility in his statement.
"Don Cherry made remarks which were hurtful, discriminatory, which were flat out wrong ... I owe you an apology, too. I sat there, did not catch it, did not respond," MacLean said.
"Last night was a really great lesson to Don and me. We were wrong, and I sincerely apologize. I wanted to thank you for calling me and Don on that last night."
A spokesman for Sportsnet declined to comment on why Cherry himself didn't make the apology.
Cherry, 85, singled out new immigrants in Toronto and Mississauga, Ont., where he lives, for not honouring Canada's veterans and dead soldiers during his weekly "Coach's Corner" segment on "Hockey Night in Canada."
"You people ... you love our way of life, you love our milk and honey, at least you can pay a couple bucks for a poppy or something like that," Cherry said.
"These guys paid for your way of life that you enjoy in Canada, these guys paid the biggest price."
Cherry did not respond to multiple phone calls seeking comment.
The National Hockey League said in a statement that Cherry's remarks were "offensive and contrary to the values we believe in."
Mississauga Mayor Bonnie Crombie called his comments "despicable."
"We're proud of diverse cultural heritage and we'll always stand up for it," she said on Twitter. "New immigrants enrich our country for the better. We're all Canadians and wear our poppies proudly."
Former Liberal MP Bob Rae also weighed in.
"Cherry's remarks were ignorant and prejudiced, and at this point in our history can't go without comment," he said.
Outrage was building online on Sunday with many on Twitter calling for Cherry to be fired.
Yet hundreds of social media users supported Cherry's comments. Some said they wanted more people to wear poppies, while others pointed fingers at immigrants.
Rumours circulated about the possibility of Cherry being cut from "Coach's Corner" earlier this year after a Toronto Sun columnist wrote that his return to the show had not been confirmed by the summer.
Cherry said at the time that he was not retiring from the decades-old show yet.
Hockey Night in Canada was a longtime CBC Saturday night staple, but the show and its games moved to Sportsnet when Rogers landed a 12-year, $5.2 billion national broadcast rights deal with the NHL that began in 2014.
The show is still broadcast on CBC in a sub-licensing deal with Rogers Media, which owns Sportsnet. But the show is run by Sportsnet and filmed in its studio in the CBC building in Toronto.
"As Rogers Sportsnet is the national rights holder for NHL Hockey in Canada, CBC has no purview over any editorial (choice of commentators or what they say) with respect to Hockey Night in Canada," CBC spokesman Chuck Thompson said in an email.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 10, 2019.
The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.
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By ICN GroupPetro Chemical, March 21, 2018
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NBA Entertainment: It’s NAS- and SAN-tastic
The NBA’s new IT infrastructure relies on NAS and custom software, with plans to move to a SAN and shared file system.
By Zachary Shess
When you strip away the three-point shots, slam dunks, and fast-paced action, the National Basketball Association (NBA) is a business. And like any business, managers are constantly looking to provide their customers with additional services that can leverage existing resources while maintaining, if not minimizing, operational costs.
Also like any successful business, savvy marketing can create demand for products. Perhaps better than any other US professional sports league, the NBA markets its star players to a global audience, which has created worldwide demand for the action.
When the NBA season opens next week, NBA Entertainment’s digital facility in Secaucus, NJ, will be buzzing with activity, with staff editing, producing, and distributing digital content globally every night. NBA Entertainment also produces NBA TV, video packages for NBA.com, voice-on-demand packages for cable partners, short packages for cell phone distribution, and customized video for online viewing on Websites worldwide. Soon NBA Entertainment will also index and serve video to the NBA Basketball Operations Group, which oversees the rules and referees of the game.
SGI designed and implemented an online digital archive for NBA Entertainment that included 15 editing suites and an SGI InfiniteStorage NAS 2000 solution serving 150 freelance editors producing nightly highlight reels.Click here to enlarge image
Not surprisingly, with all that content to manage and deliver the IT staff at NBA Entertainment wanted to ensure its overall workflow was as efficient as possible to improve the production of editing teams. Previously, each editor was assigned what amounted to a network drive for storage. These “content silos” made it difficult to share data or to re-use content for other projects.
“It was no longer practical to produce something for a single media. Today, we need to be able to have that footage accessible by all the editors for a variety of uses,” says Steve Hellmuth, senior vice president of technology at NBA Entertainment. “For any company, it’s important to be able to centralize resources-in our case, the digital archives of NBA games-and be able to leverage that content and produce more.”
With that fundamental game plan, the NBA IT team’s other primary objective was to implement a streamlined networked storage infrastructure with enough capacity and bandwidth to handle more digital content online, eliminate the content silos, and centralize access across all content editors.
As they evaluated their storage options, NBA Entertainment sought a solution specifically designed to work effectively with its huge, data-intensive video files. Because of its background in providing storage technology to broadcast entities, NBA Entertainment wanted to capitalize on SGI’s NAS, file system software, and data-migration technology customized for the broadcast video market. In choosing the SGI InfiniteStorage NAS 2000 disk array, coupled with SGI’s software, NBA Entertainment could immediately achieve its goal of pooling and networking capacity across its video-editing workstations as well as its low- and high-resolution encoders. Having the NAS server also enabled staff to incorporate and serve files from an existing StorageTek Streamline SL5000 tape library.
With the enormous size of broadcast video files, the NBA IT staff also wanted to minimize moving these big data chunks around the network and instead consolidate it in one storage pool. Using SGI’s InfiniteStorage Shared Filesystem CXFS software, IT staff will be able to help facilitate multiple editors accessing files without duplication or data movement while improving access speeds.
Data migration across tiered storage platforms was also required. With a current capacity of 20TB and plans to move to as much as 50TB in the future, it made the most economic sense for the NBA IT staff to be able to easily move data from online storage to less-expensive tape media. By utilizing SGI’s Data Migration Facility (DMF) software, NBA Entertainment can migrate game files based on policies relating to the size and age of the files, for example.
Being able to easily migrate data while maintaining quick access times had a positive trickle-down effect. Editors now have the ability to pull out specific blocks of game footage for editing without having to download an entire three-hour game. Previously, every two weeks video editors held a meeting to determine what content they would keep on disk, store on tape, or just flush from their Grass Valley video servers. Having the ability to assign content to the best-suited storage device, coupled with more pooled capacity, eliminated those meetings, freeing up IT staff time and eliminating the need to make difficult decisions about which footage to keep.
“We’ve seen a 40% increase in editing output with a 30% reduction in costs,” says NBA Entertainment’s Hellmuth. “As you consolidate storage and make the files more readily accessible, you’re able to see increases in productivity as well as cost savings.”
From Mikan to Shaq-online
Increasing capacity and implementing policy-based data migration also enabled the NBA to undertake an ambitious IT initiative to digitize and store footage of old Sony Betamax tapes of games going back to the 1950s. With an estimated 400,000 tapes in storage, Hellmuth says he’ll be excited to eventually have every game online and no longer be concerned with media maintenance and purchasing since Betamax tapes have about a 12-year lifespan.
With their NAS implemented, NBA Entertainment’s broadcast production facility is now better able to instantly capture every play of every game, categorize it, and store it for fast and easy retrieval. Future plans include developing pattern-recognition technology that enables overhead cameras to track the on-court movements of every player and then render their actions in 3D so coaches can interactively study offense and defense movements from any angle.
Eventually, the InfiniteStorage NAS array will act as a gateway with a SAN behind it. With approximately 100 video-editing machines accessing information, NBA Entertainment plans to add three SGI TP9300 disk arrays that will act as caches serving files through a 2Gbps Fibre Channel switch. The system can also be upgraded with SGI’s InfiniteStorage Shared Filesystem CXFS software to combine the benefits of NAS and SAN while providing shared file access.
Zachary Shess is a freelance journalist in northern California and was formerly an editor for InfoStor.
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Fall In Love with Africa #cover_reveal #audrey_flynn
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Home News Clean Energy
State microgrid program ups the ante
East Hampton won $100,000 in Phase I funding for a community microgrid project.
Another $8 million is up for grabs in Phase II of the NY Prize microgrid competition, officially kicked off Wednesday by Gov. Andrew Cuomo.
Following 2015’s $8.3 million Phase I, which offered relatively small $100,000 awards to help 83 winning statewide communities conduct feasibility studies on their indigenous microgrid proposals, Phase II will select eight projects with the best engineering and business plans – with awards up to $1 million each to help bring those proposals closer to fruition.
All told, the NY Prize competition is doling out a total of $40 million in funding to encourage the design and construction of microgrids – community-based, standalone energy systems that operate independently of the main grid and kick in during natural disasters or other power-outage crises.
While Phase I was focused on feasibility, Phase II is time for the long pants: the drawing and submitting of actual action plans. The contest is administered by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority and the idea, according to NYSERDA, is to incorporate renewable-energy technologies and other sustainability innovations into the localized power sources.
Good news for the dozens of community-based proposals that didn’t make the Phase I feasibility-study cut: All statewide governments, community groups, nonprofit organizations and commercial enterprises are invited to apply for Phase II awards – though all Phase II submissions, NYSERDA noted, must include “a comparable feasibility study” and “a completed benefit-cost analysis model.”
Phase I winners who don’t earn Phase II funding – and Phase I applicants who didn’t catch the state’s eye the first time around – can still independently pursue their microgrid opportunities. Projects not earning Phase II awards will still be “connected to resources at NYSERDA, the New York Power Authority, their local distribution utility and private sector companies,” according to the governor’s office, a golden opportunity to “help them advance their clean energy agenda.”
They’ll need the help, if the governor’s Reforming the Energy Vision strategy – which includes generating 50 percent of the state’s electrical power through renewable sources by 2030 – is going to fly.
“This competition will help make communities more resilient,” Cuomo said in the Phase II announcement. “By creating strong local power networks, we can help modernize our energy grid while providing clean, reliable power to New Yorkers for years to come.”
The 83 Phase I winners announced last July included 14 projects submitted by Long Island communities, the second-highest number of awarded proposals among the state’s 10 economic zones. Island communities winning Phase I feasibility-study awards included the towns of Brookhaven, East Hampton, Hempstead, Huntington, North Hempstead and Southampton; the villages of Babylon, East Rockaway, Freeport, Greenport, Port Jefferson, Rockville Centre and Southampton; and the City of Long Beach.
The Mid-Hudson region led Phase I with 23 winning proposals. New York City finished third with nine winners. All told, 147 statewide villages, towns and cities submitted Phase I proposals, according to NYSERDA, which is still analyzing and evaluating the feasibility studies submitted by the 83 Phase I winners and will make its findings public “over the coming months.”
The deadline for Phase II’s engineering and business proposals is Oct. 13. Information on submission guidelines, including a list of required documentation, is available here.
Regardless of who wins the eight Phase II million-dollar awards or claims other slices of the $40 million NY Prize pie, any competition that encourages lawmakers, business owners and nonprofit organizations to think along energy-efficiency lines is a win-win, noted Richard Kauffman, Cuomo’s energy and finance czar.
“Community microgrids will reduce costs and add more clean energy technologies like solar, wind and batteries into the electric grid,” the state’s energy and finance chairman said in a statement, adding NY Prize is “an essential component” of Cuomo’s strategy to modernize the state’s energy infrastructure.
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Home » Blog » 8 June: Time for a Change!
Theresa May’s decision to hold a snap general election on 8 June is being widely seen as an attempt to further weaken – if not outrightly dismantle – a crisis-ridden and ineffectual Labour opposition and to gain a much larger Tory majority in the House of Commons. It was also quite explicit in her 18 April speech announcing the election – see the newsfeed video clip below – that she wants that increased majority so she can eliminate any opposition in Parliament to pushing through her version of Brexit.
https://www.integratedsociopsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/May-Election-Clip.mp4
May named the House of Lords, Labour, the Liberal Democrats and the Scottish Nationalists as being the ‘enemy’. In a sense it was a little duplicitous for her to include Labour in quite the way she did. Jeremy Corbyn has been reported – eg: The Independent’s Rob Merrick – as saying Labour would vote against a final Brexit deal it didn’t approve of and Shadow Brexit Secretary Keir Starmer – as reported by The Guardian’s Rowena Mason & Anushka Asthana – has proposed that the UK could still participate in various EU structures and agencies post-Brexit. However, in general Corbyn has been broadly supportive of May’s Brexit tactics so far. He has declared Labour will not support calls for a second Brexit referendum and even cracked a 3-line whip to get his MPs to shoo through May’s Article 50 bill back in March. Given these facts, Corbyn’s historical antipathy towards the European Union (as chronicled by Business Insider UK’s Jeremy Wilson last year), his relative non-performance for Remain in the referendum campaign and the dissolute state of Labour, it would seem May has little to fear from Labour, as led by Corbyn, disrupting her headlong rush towards the Brexit ‘cliff edge’. Indeed, Corbyn’s ambivalence towards the Brexit issue, can be measured by the fact that, apart from Starmer’s 24 April statement, Labour has said little about it so far.
Rather, it seems May is more concerned about rebels in her own party. It was implicit in her election announcement but much more explicit in an interview later that day with The Sun’s Tom Newton Dunn that anti-Brexit Tories are “trying to stop us every step of the way”.
So an election that gives her an increased majority in the House of Commons not only inflicts further injury – possibly fatal – to Labour but also minimises the influence of any Tory rebels still left on the backbenches and increases the Government’s leverage against the Lords, would be a win-lose all around!
May had said repeatedly she would not call a snap general election. Additionally, she had told Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon “Now is not the time” for a second Scottish independence referendum because she doesn’t want the Government distracted from pursuing Brexit. These assertions have now been conveniently swept aside and ignored. When challenged about such statements, May either avoids answering the question directly, attacks other politicians or simply blusters that she is right. A perfect example of this is her response to Yvette Cooper’s criticisms at Prime Minister’s Questions on 19 April – see the home video clip by Rose McMahon below.
https://www.integratedsociopsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/When-you-watch-Prime-Minister-s-Question-Time-and-realise-that-the-PM-is-actu...-1376597405760568_x264.mp4
You could almost believe May had been schooled by Donald Trump in simply refusing to take on criticism and instead lying or attacking others. It shows how the RED vMEME will not be shamed but deflects the criticism by attacking others. Although strong Psychoticism is not that common in women – being associated with the male sex hormone testosterone – there is more than enough compulsion and ruthlessness in the way May works to indicate she could be high in that Dimension of Temperament, just to add to the sense of stubborn and bullish aggressiveness she also displays.
Is the election a second referendum by any other name?
May has also unequivocally stated there could not be a rerun of the EU referendum of 2016. Yet in her 18 April announcement, she makes it clear the election is about getting a larger majority so she can pursue her rush to Brexit.
So she is effectively making it a sort of referendum on Brexit. If she gets the large majority she anticipates, there is nothing to stop her rush to Brexit. If, however, the Tories are defeated or can only maintain power as a minority government, then it can be argued the electorate have voted against her version of Brexit. Depending just how many seats the Tories lose, it could even be argued the electorate have voted against Brexit full stop.
It is possible May has miscalculated severely in calling the election. The impression given is that she does not consult widely but only takes in the views of her inner circle and the extreme Brexiteers – Boris Johnson, David Davis, Liam Fox, etc – on whose patronage she depends to stay in power. This collective resistance to outside views is what Irving Janis (1972) called groupthink. As Janis noted, it has been behind many a disastrous political decision.
As widely reported at the end of April – eg: Meehran Khan in the Financial Times – the British economy has slowed considerably in the first quarter of 2017, falling from 0.7% growth to 0.3%. In large part this is attributed to reduced consumer spending, following the post-referendum collapse in the value of sterling, with prices on the rise in the shops. However, manufacturing is underperforming, in spite of the low pound making the export of finished goods that much easier. (In the globalised world we live in, the low value of the pound means importing raw materials and other components for manufacturing is that much more expensive.) Many other sectors are underperforming too. The buoyancy of the British economy in the first 6 months after the referendum confounded the doom predictors (including me!) but it may well be that the doom has merely been delayed, not cancelled.
Could this have an effect on voting intentions?
Well, at least one poll, by YouGov – reported by The Times’ Sam Coates – has reported that 45% of its sample think that leaving the EU is the wrong thing to do, compared to 43% who support Brexit. 15% of the Leavers in its sample have changed their minds. While these kinds of results have yet to be reflected in newer polls, they could be a harbinger of things to come.
The election may, after all, not go Theresa May’s way.
Memetic narratives
Soundbite politicians are masters of creating memes that may not reflect the truth accurately or even at all. Theresa May has been particularly strong in insisting that she is carrying out “the will of the British people” in pursuing Brexit. In fact, with more than 48% voting in the referendum to stay in the EU, the best May could say, if she were being accurate, would be that she was carrying out a the will of a wafer-thin majority of the 72% of the electorate who actually voted.
It has s been a near consistent narrative from the moment May announced the election that her Conservatives would win it – and almost certainly with an enlarged majority. There’s even talk of a landslide. See the front pages sampled below.
Another meme put out by the right-wing press is that Jeremy Corbyn is unelectable. The Daily Telegraph cartoon below is typical of the way the Labour leader is mocked and vilified. Yet the YouGov poll referred to above has Corbyn marginally increasing his support.
One tragic effect of some of this memetic saturation is that people who should know better start to go along with it. Tim Farron, according to Politics Home’s Jessica Wilkes, sees the election replacing Labour with the Lib Dems as Her Majesty’s Opposition. In which case, is Farron going along with the May landslide meme and ready to settle for being second in the election? For goodness sake, there is at least 48% of the electorate to chase via the Lib Dems’ anti-Brexit platform!
You can see clearly why the centre-left Tony Blair, celebrating the 20th anniversary of Labour’s 1997 landslide win, would despair of the hard-left Corbyn struggling to reach 30% in the polls when the Tories are chasing 50%. Added to which, an Opinium poll (reported by The Guardian’s Damien Gayle) suggests only 45% of Labour voters think Corbyn becoming the next prime minister is a good idea. Yet even Blair appears to have fallen victim to the May landslide meme, telling The Observer’s Andrew Rawnsley: “If the polls are right, she is going to win a big majority.”
In Scotland, of course, things are a little different. The right-wing press – eg: Simon Johnson in the Daily Telegraph – are using Nicola Sturgeon’s call for a second independence referendum to create the meme of a straight SNP vs Tories fight. The message to those Scots favouring staying in the United Kingdom is that only the Tories can save the Union; so there is no point in voting for any other party.
Can May be defeated?
Not if you swallow the May landslide meme, she can’t. If you’re the leader of a political party and that meme becomes your schema, then, the best you can hope for is to come a poor second – which is perhaps what’s happened to Tim Farron. If that’s become your schema but you would like to support Labour, only you’ve also swallowed the Corbyn-is-unelectable meme, then you might as well sit this election out; there’s nothing for you in it.
Thankfully, not everyone has swallowed the May landslide meme. 3 key figures clearly believe there is a real possibility of stopping May if both opposition leaders and voters opposed to May’s rush to the Brexit cliff edge, dare to think and do things differently.
Firstly, Caroline Lucas, co-leader of the Greens and their only MP, has called for a progressive alliance against the Tories – as widely reported by the likes of The Independent’s Jon Stone. As reported by The Guardian’s Peter Walker & Jessica Elgot, Corbyn has completely rejected the notion. Farron has nominally rejected it but less determinedly so. On the ground, it seems local party organisations may be starting to cooperate – eg: the local Lib Dems have said they not contest Lucas’ Brighton seat.
Secondly, Gina Miller, the businesswoman who battled the Government all the way to the Supreme Court to force it to seek Parliamentary approval to trigger Article 50, has launched a tactical voting initiative. As she outlines in the Sky News clip below, her crowd-funded Best for Britain will support MPs of all persuasions who will campaign against the kind of hard Brexit Theresa May seems more than ready to countenance.
https://www.integratedsociopsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Gina-Miller.mp4
Along with this, as reported by the Huffington Post’s Chris York, one Becky Snowden has created a spreadsheet – now turned into a website, Unite Against The Tories – to provide a guide to voting tactically to defeat May’s Conservatives – see the HuffPost United Kingdom video below. It seems a second tactical voting website, Vote for Europe, is being developed with the more specific aim of getting Brexit cancelled.
https://www.integratedsociopsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Viral-Spreadsheet-For-Tactical-Voting-Turned-Into-Website-M23lkVfhuvg_x264.mp4
So there is real, potent and passionate resistance to the May landslide meme. The election result does not have to be a foregone conclusion whatever the Tories, The Sun and the Daily Mail say.
Giving the electorate something to vote for
Of course, it’s one thing to encourage people to vote against what they don’t want. It’s another thing to define something the voters find desirable and will be enthusiastic about voting for.
Getting the Tories out is something a great many people, ranging from the centre to the hard left in their political views, will want. However, developing the potential for government among the opposition parties – Lucas’ progressive alliance – effectively creating a government-in-waiting is rather more problematic. This is not least because Corbyn is pro-Brexit while the Lib Dems, the Greens and the SNP are, to different degrees, anti-Brexit. Thus, while many of Corbyn’s policies could be accommodated by the other parties, there simply no way of bridging the divide over Brexit unless Corbyn changes his stance. Then there is also the vexed question of how much the SNP could be persuaded to tone down the independence rhetoric. While many doubt the economic feasibility of an independent Scotland, the withdrawal of Article 50 would, of course, remove Sturgeon’s justification for a second independence referendum.
It is tempting to think a viable and appealing progressive alliance could not be put together in the time between now and 8 June…yet the principles on which the Conservative-Lib Dem coalition of 2010 was formed were agreed in days. So this is what the Lib Dems, the Greens and the SNP must do – and quickly. Not only that but the principles they agree must be attractive to a wide range of politicians and voters. Labour MPs and activists disaffected with Corbyn must be charmed, as must those anti-Brexiteers within the Tory party. Business, mostly pro-Europe but worried by some of Labour’s more hard-left policies, must feel safe with the progressive alliance and able to go about generating wealth – requiring BLUE and ORANGE thinking. The disadvantaged of the old-fashioned white working class – the ‘excluded’, the ‘forgotten’ – who were so manipulated in the EU referendum campaign must feel that the progressive alliance can offer them hope and security – requiring PURPLE and BLUE thinking. And, of course, while the progressive alliance must promise to campaign for compromises on immigration with the EU, those migrants who are European citizens and those who are descended from Commonwealth immigrants, must be made to feel comfortable in a Britain that is for them – requiring BLUE and GREEN thinking.
So all of this will require considerable 2nd Tier thinking…but, if the UK is to rescue itself from the mess it has been manipulated into, then 2nd Tier thinking is what is needed.
The May landslide meme does not have to become a self-fulfilling prophecy. On 9 June the UK could wake up to a different kind of politics: one that really could represent all the peoples of our kingdom within the structure of the European Union.
The next big challenge after that will be, of course, to reform the EU so that it represents all its peoples – see Whither the EU..?
Tags: 2nd Tier Andrew Rawnsley Anushka Asthana Asthana Becky Snowden Best for Britain Boris Johnson BREXIT Brexiteer Business Insider UK Caroline Lucas Chris York Coates Cooper Corbyn Daily Mail Daily Telegraph Damien Gayle David Davis Davis Dimensions of Temperament Donald Trump Elgot EU European Union Farron Financial Times Fox Gayle general election Gina Miller globalisation Green Party groupthink hormone House of Commons House of Lords Huffington Post HuffPost immigration Irving Janis Janis Jeremy Corbyn Jeremy Wilson Jessica Elgot Jessica Wilkes Johnson Jon Stone Keir Starmer Khan Labour Party Liam Fox Lib Dems Liberal Democrats Lucas Mason May McMahon Meehran Khan memes Merrick Miller Newton Dunn Nicola Sturgeon Peter Walker Politics Home Psychoticism Rawnsley Rob Merrick Rose McMahon Rowena Mason Sam Coates schemas Scottish Nationalists self-fulfilling prophecy Simon Johnson Sky News Snowden SNP Starmer Stone Sturgeon testosterone The Guardian The Independent The Sun The Times Theresa May Tim Farron Tom Newton Dunn Trump Unite Against The Tories vMEMES Vote for Europe Walker Wilkes Wilson working class York Yvette Cooper
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David Burnby says
Thursday, May 4th 2017 at 11:04
An interesting analysis as ever, but far from objective. Your gloom obsession with Brexit clouds your judgement and analysis. Anything, or anyone, who suggests that Brexit is anything other than economic Armageddon is vilified. Corbyn in point of fact attended more rallies on a Remain platform than Alan Johnson who was entrusted with leading the Labour campaign, and then, having fluffed it, blamed his leader. You have swallowed the ‘Corbyn’s Anti EU’ meme based on selective soundbites where Corbyn has quite rightly (and refreshingly honestly) expressed his reservations about what is, let’s face it, a bureaucratic and corrupt financial sink hole. I feel there is a political naivety around your conclusions: you seem to make the assumption that if the majority of people vote one way or another, then the government will change which suggests no appreciation of the fundamentally undemocratic election system we have. You deride the referendum result on the basis of a mere 52% share of a 72% turnout without noting that neither Blair or Thatcher ever enjoyed much more than 25% of the support of the British electorate yet both were given unbridled power. You also fail to recognise the role of the parliamentary establishment; the Blairites who continued and expanded Thatcher’s neo-liberal agenda who are now terrified at the prospect of a conviction socialist politician with unprecedented levels of Party members’ support winning an election. I honestly don’t know if Corbyn can be triumphant against an establishment so effectively focussed on destroying him. I do agree it requires second-tier thinking to see through it yet as we know, only a tiny proportion of people are capable of it (so you tell me….). I do know that there has never been a clearer choice put before the British electorate. But that’s the trouble with democracy. You seldom get the answer you want….
Saturday, May 6th 2017 at 10:03
Thanks for this detailed comment, Dave. You’re right about many things…not least that I’m not objective when it comes to Brexit. Nothing like.
I tried to explain this in Why Brexit makes me SO ANGRY!! You know I can usually stand back from a situation and coolly analyse it. That I normally find my way around tricky situations and ‘difficult people’, using sociopsychological models…but not with this. The word ‘hate’ is very rarely in my lexicon but I sometimes feel such hatred towards Theresa May that I think, if I were in a room with her and had a gun, I really would pull the trigger!
Why so different this time? Because it’s personal and my amygdala is in a state of high panic. I genuinely am concerned that Brexit, particularly one as hard as May seems willing to countenance, will result in severe impoverishment of this country. I don’t have much finance behind me but I don’t want the little I have washed away by a crumbling economy, high unemployment and too few tax receipts to the Treasury for the State to pay my pension.
Feeling unsafe (unnerved PURPLE) by the results of, as you say, a “fundamentally undemocratic election system” (dysfunctional BLUE manipulated by the dysfunctional ORANGE of the 1% through their control of the media), which threatens my quality of life (Brexit), it’s no wonder my enraged amygdala has got my RED screaming – especially when I’m fairly psychoticist by temperament!
As for Corbyn, I’m sorry but “seven out of ten” when the other side are telling outright lies and people need to hear a simple “Vote Yes” is to damn the EU with the proverbial faint praise. That Corbyn won’t support a second referendum based on the ‘deal’, is to my twisted and panicking perspective, simply undemocratic. As a longstanding Eurosceptic, with Brexit he’s in the positon of getting some of what he’s always wanted. So why commit to a second democratic process that might not give you what you want?
As to Corbyn’s domestic policies, I’m with him (and you!) in his criticisms of the manifest unfairness of Tory policies which, in a simplistic nutshell, further enrich the rich and beggar the rest of us. The problem is that Corbyn is an old-fashioned tax-and-spend socialist who rarely, if ever, talks about how to stimulate the economy and generate the wealth he wants to redistribute. So, we’re, in some ways, in a re-run of the 1980s of Margaret Thatcher vs Michael Foot – a hard right prime minister pursuing policies detrimental to millions while a highly-principled leader of the opposition is ineffectual in making a convincing argument, either in or out of Parliament, for hard left policies. Whilst I acknowledge Corbyn is incredibly popular with Labour activists, he’s failing to take the argument to the country if yesterday’s local elections are any indicator.
I fear we are in for decades of a Tory government effectively asset-stripping what’s left of an isolated and increasingly poverty-stricken dis-United Kingdom.
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Former MN AFL-CIO Political Director to head Laborers Union member outreach, campaigns
The Laborers District Council of Minnesota and North Dakota announced today the hiring of Kris Fredson as Campaigns and Member Communications Director
Fredson previously served as the Political Director for the Minnesota AFL-CIO, the state’s largest labor federation representing more than 300,000 union members. Fredson was responsible for managing campaigns in support of Minnesota AFL-CIO-endorsed candidates and legislative priorities, such as the successful 2014 campaign to raise and index Minnesota’s minimum wage. He also served as Deputy Chief of Staff for Saint Paul Mayor Chris Coleman from 2006-2010. Prior to working for Mayor Coleman, Fredson worked as an organizer for the Service Employees International Union Local 113 and U.S. Senator Paul Wellstone's 2002 campaign.
“I look forward to hitting the ground running for the District Council and its Locals on behalf of Minnesota and North Dakota Laborers," said Fredson. “I believe the Council is well-positioned to become a more powerful voice for workers’ rights and an even stronger legislative and political powerhouse,” he said.
Fredson graduated with a bachelor’s degree in Social Studies Education and Political Science from Hamline University in 2001. Fredson was born and raised in Esko, MN and has lived in Saint Paul since 1996.
“Kris will play an integral role in helping us meet the challenges we face head on,” said Tim Mackey LDC President. “Kris has the skills and experience to help us communicate effectively with our members to ensure our message is strong and clear.” With the uncertainty of leadership at a state and federal level the need to keep unions strong has never been greater.
"Looking ahead to 2018, we need to win the Governor’s race or Minnesota will be the next Wisconsin – going in the wrong direction for working people,” said Fredson. “I believe the strength of the Council’s communications strategy, especially its electoral communications program, is critical to winning in 2018.”
Fredson says he is ready to do his part to ensure Unions in Minnesota and North Dakota remain strong.
Mackey said that Fredson will be a valuable asset to the Council as it strives to meet several challenges.
“Kris has the ability to effectively communicate our message to members and elected leaders,” said Mackey. “He is a top-notch campaign professional with a passion for preserving and protecting what Unions stand for.”
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