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The Adventure Summit Produced by Five Rivers MetroParks and Wright State University, February 14 & 15, 2020
What is The Adventure Summit?
Presentations Schedule
Climbing Wall Schedule
Fitness Studio Schedule
Competitions Schedule
Music Schedule
Educational Sessions
Beer Tastings
Party with the Pros
Used Gear Sales
Summit Soiree
The Adventure Summit is a joint production of Five Rivers MetroParks and Wright State University.
The Adventure Summit is an event celebrating the spirit of outdoor adventure by showcasing the vibrant lifestyle and culture of human powered endeavors through inspiration, education, and experience.
The Adventure Summit is the area’s premier outdoor adventure exposition that will focus attention on Dayton as the Outdoor Adventure Capital of the Midwest. The event is free and open to outdoor enthusiasts of all ages and interest levels.
The Adventure Summit will serve the adventure market from skill clinics and hands-on trainings from some of the world’s leading experts to showcasing local places to play and locals who have played around the world. The Adventure Summit is committed to providing something for everyone from the armchair adventurer to the hard core enthusiast.
On behalf of Five Rivers MetroParks and Wright State University we would like to thank all who support The Adventure Summit. Our volunteers, media partners and event sponsors are crucial to the continued success of The Adventure Summit. We hope to see you on a return visit to The Adventure Capital of the Midwest: Dayton, OH.
The Evolution of the Adventure Summit
The Adventure Summit has built a strong foundation and continues to evolve. In response to the popularity of the speaker series, a special Adventure Summit Speakers Series will rotate biennially with the traditional Adventure Summit weekend format.
2011 marked the debut of The Adventure Speaker Series featuring presentations throughout the winter culminating with a keynote presentation by a nationally known personality.
The Adventure Summit weekend format known today will rotate every other year with even more excitement with the expo, competitions, pool, climbing, and fitness programming, and of course dozens of local adventurers and featured personality’s inspiring new audiences.
Evolution breakdown
2011 – Adventure Speaker Series
2012 – Adventure Summit
History of World-Class Outdoor Personalities
2006 – Andy Politz, expedition member of the team that found the body of George Mallory on Mt. Everest
2007 – Eric Jackson, owner of Jackson Kayaks and world champion kayaker
2007 – Craig Luebben, author and renowned climber
2008 – Jonny Mosely, U.S. Olympic gold medal skier and entertainer
2009 – Ann Bancroft, Polar explorer and first woman to cross the ice of the North and South Poles
2010 – Charlie Engle, Ultra Endurance Athlete and Humanist. Led an expedition running 4500 miles in 111 days across the Sahara Desert
2010 – Andrew Skurka, Long Distance Hiker and Backpacker
2010 – Jon Dorn, Editor in Chief of Backpacker Magazine
2011 – Speaker Series, Alison Gannett, Champion free-skier and mountain biker, climate specialist and farmer
2012 – Gary Fisher, Founding father of mountain biking
2012 – Gregg Treinish and Deia Schlosberg, Andes Trekkers and 2008 National Geographic Adventurers of the year
2013 – Speaker Series, Majka Burhardt, Climber and Author
2014 – Dave Cornthwaite, Expedition 1000, 25 journeys over 1,000 miles
2014 – Jon Turk, Expedition Kayaker
2016 – Amy Purdy, Paralympic medalist snow boarder, founder of Adaptive Action Sports, and Dancing with the Stars finalist
2016 – Luke “Strider” Jordan, Long distance backpacker and North Country Trail thru-hiker
2017 – Speaker Series- Jordan Hart, Biking the Underground Railroad, Todd Soprych, Bikepacking the Great Divide, Chuck and Beth Hewett, Backpacking the Buckeye Trail, Chad Ingle and Jeremy Cox, Paddling the Great Miami
2018 – Jordan Romero, the youngest to summit all seven summit and hold the record for being the youngest to summit Mount Everest
2018 – Susan Conrad, solo kayaked the Inside Passage
2018 – Dale “Grey Beard” Sanders, oldest to have thru-hiked the Appalachian Trail in one calendar year at age 82.
Something New Every Year
2006 – 1ST year of the event. Featured Andy Politz. Event took place on a week night.
2007 – Expanded to multi-day, weekend event. Added expo, more than 50 educational sessions and “party with the pros” event.
2008 – Record crowds of more than 5,000 visitors. Competitions added to the schedule including a bouldering comp, snowboard rail jam and kayak championship. Beer tastings and live acoustic music in the expo also highlighted the weekend.
2009 – Created “The Making of an Outdoor Woman” theme for the weekend, highlighted by the visit of legendary polar explorer, Ann Bancroft. Ann gave a memorable keynote program and participated in a roundtable discussion that inspired both men and women of all ages at the Summit.
2010 – Added a opening night with a free screening of the documentary “Running the Sahara” starring our keynote speaker Charlie Engle. Charlie Engle is an ultra endurance runner and humanitarian. His talents were on full display with an inspiring keynote program and spirited Discover America question and answer session. Other featured personalities included Jon Dorn, Backpacker Magazine and Andrew Skurka, professional backpacker and adventurer. The family camping experience was added to incorporate adventurers of all ages.
2011 – Launch of the Adventure Speaker Series
2012 – Canoe Battleship, mountain biking program track, indoor duathlon
2014 – Kayak Polo, college student program tracks and pool party, Reel Paddling Film Festival, Indoor Triathlon
2015 – Highlight of local adventurers
2016 – The Adventure Summit celebrates 10 years!
2018 – Three featured presenters adventuring from the youngest to the oldest and everywhere in between.
About Five Rivers MetroParks
Five Rivers MetroParks focuses on three areas – conservation, recreation and education – as part of its role as steward of Greater Dayton’s public lands. Established in 1963 through the efforts of forward-thinking citizens concerned about preserving green space and natural areas, Five Rivers MetroParks has grown to a nationally renowned park system composed of natural area parks, gardens, sensitive river corridors, urban parks, and a network of recreation trails. Educational programs and recreational opportunities are offered year-round for all ages. And, diverse natural habitats are being protected and cared for today to assure their existence in the future. The Outdoor Recreation Department is committed to creating access through innovative outdoor recreation programming, events and facilities such as MoMBA, the Twin Valley Backpacking Trail, Mad River Run Whitewater Park and the Englewood Disc Golf Course.
To learn more about; Five Rivers MetroParks, visit metroparks.org or call (937) 275-PARK (7275).
To learn more about Five Rivers MetroParks’ outdoor recreation initiative, visit our Outdoor Recreation page.
About Wright State University
Wright State University is the proud partner of The Adventure Summit and is located at 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway. Named after the world-famous Wright brothers, Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio,continues their spirit of innovation. The university serves nearly 17,000 students, offering more than 100 undergraduates and 50 Ph.D., graduate, and professional degrees in addition to a full service outdoor resource center offering outdoor recreation opportunities, team building, and equipment rental.
To learn more about Wright State University, visit www.wright.edu
To learn more about the WSU Outdoor Resource Center, visit www.wright.edu/crec and navigate to the outdoor rec program information.
Contact: Erin Sherrets
Graduate Assistant, Outdoor Resource Center
sherrets.3@wright.edu
Copyright © 2019 Five Rivers MetroParks and Wright State University. All Rights Reserved
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Streetbeat
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Home Lifestyle Features The ‘Rocky’ road through Pierce
The ‘Rocky’ road through Pierce
Rosa Ortega
Before Darroch “Rocky” Young was president, Pierce College was at its lowest enrollment. He was able to raise Pierce’s registration by over 7,000 students, from below 13,000 to over 20,000.
He is still remembered as the man who made Pierce what it is now, long after he stepped down as president.
“Rocky is like a folk hero here…he set in motion changes that still continues today,” said Robert Garber, former Pierce president.
Young was president of Pierce College from 1999 to 2004. During his tenure, he helped change Pierce’s system, image and reputation.
According to Young’s list of major challenges in 1999, student enrollment dropped from 24,000 students to less than 13,000. Students from local schools were enrolling at community colleges like Moorpark and Santa Monica because Pierce’s reputation and appearance was up to par. Other problems included lack of up-to-date technology, financial issues, negative stereotypes and more.
Young said turning Pierce around was tough, but it wasn’t an accomplishment he did all by himself. Faculty and the community contributed to fixing Pierce’s problems.
Former Director of Marketing and Public Relations Mike Cornner said the turnaround was nothing short of astonishing.
“We’re calling it ‘Miracle on Winnetka,'” Cornner said. “We’re the comeback kids.”
Young said the improvements made to the campus helped boost morale.
“It became a college in which it was fun to come to work and where we felt our potential was limitless. The people within the college had gone from hoping Pierce would recover to believing we could be a great college,” Young said. “People had changed from wanting the transformation to happen to helping make it happen. It was at that point that I realized there would be no stopping us.”
Cornner said he worked closely with Young to improve Pierce’s image. They put together a professional focus group to figure out students’ opinions about Pierce, target specific problems and accommodate student needs to make Pierce the college that students would enroll in to further their education.
Cornner said Young made incredible improvements at Pierce and his personality makes him memorable.
“He was a really approachable guy, a very good listener and he liked to solve problems. He liked puzzles, and Pierce was certainly that type of place,” Cornner said. “I worked in education for 35 years, and he was the finest administrator I ever met.”
Young said being the president of Pierce and an LACCD chancellor were very different experiences as a leader. He said that being president helped strengthen his leadership skills and allowed for institutional and personal leadership, which helped him create trusting relationships with the people he worked with, whereas his position as a chancellor didn’t allow him to build personal relationships with his colleagues.
Professor of communication studies Barbara Anderson said Young was the President when she joined Pierce. She said the sentiment at the time regarding Young’s presidency was a positive one.
“I just remember when we got hired, faculty were saying to me and the other newly hired faculty ‘you came at a wonderful time,’” Anderson said.
Anderson said Young was a social president and had a combination of qualities that made him unique. She said Young’s leadership consisted of respect and equality.
“He used positive thinking and looking for the good in the college as a way to motivate folks to make the college better,” Anderson said. “I do appreciate that so much.”
According to the Honorees page on the Pierce College website, the LACCD Board of Trustees honored Young by naming the park near the Center for Sciences in his honor. He was also presented with a bronze plaque at the Faculty Gala that same day.
The first line of the plaque reads, “Rocky Young Park is dedicated June 8, 2011 in honor of a true leader who renewed the spirit of Pierce College.”
Although the plaque has not been installed in the park, Anderson said it’s in the list of construction projects at Pierce.
Young is now retired and lives partially in Washington and Southern California, but said he continues to do occasional jobs for other community colleges.
Young said he hasn’t been to Pierce since 2014, but looks forward to visiting soon.
“I need to come by and see the new bond projects, and I am particularly looking forward to the renovation and dedication of Rocky Young Park. I will certainly be there for that event,” Young said.
Brenda Anderson
Robert Garber
Rocky Young
Rocky Young Park
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Yee haven’t seen anyone like her
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BRIEF: Head baseball coach gets big opportunity January 9, 2020
One small act is all it takes December 25, 2019
BRIEF: Acting athletic director appointed December 20, 2019
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Underground station, existing between 1846 and now
Underground station · Richmond · TW9 ·
Richmond lies on a meander of the River Thames, with a view protected by a specific Act of Parliament.
Richmond was founded following Henry VII's building of Richmond Palace in the 16th century, from which the town derives its name. (The Palace itself was named after Henry's earldom of Richmond, North Yorkshire.) During this era the town and palace were particularly associated with Elizabeth I, who spent her last days here. During the 18th century Richmond Bridge was completed and many Georgian terraces were built, particularly around Richmond Green and on Richmond Hill. These remain well preserved and many have listed building architectural or heritage status. The opening of the railway station in 1846 was a significant event in the absorption of the town into a rapidly expanding London.
Richmond was formerly part of the ancient parish of Kingston upon Thames in the county of Surrey. In 1890 the town became a municipal borough, which was later extended to include Kew, Ham, Petersham and part of Mortlake (North Sheen). The municipal borough was abolished in 1965 when, as a result of local government reorganisation, Richmond was transferred from Surrey to Greater London.
Beyond the grounds of the old palace, Richmond remained mostly agricultural land until the 18th century. White Lodge, in the middle of what is now Richmond Park, was built as a hunting lodge for George II and during this period the number of large houses in their own grounds – such as Asgill House and Pembroke Lodge – increased significantly. These were followed by the building of further important houses including Downe House, Wick House and The Wick on Richmond Hill, as this area became an increasingly fashionable place to live. Richmond Bridge was completed in 1777 to replace a ferry crossing that connected Richmond town centre on the east bank with its neighbouring district of East Twickenham. Today, this, together with the well-preserved Georgian terraces that surround Richmond Green and line Richmond Hill to its crest, now has listed building status.
As Richmond continued to prosper and expand during the 19th century, much luxurious housing was built on the streets that line Richmond Hill, as well as shops in the town centre to serve the increasing population. In July 1892 the Corporation formed a joint-stock company, the Richmond (Surrey) Electric Light and Power Company, and this wired the town for electricity by around 1896.
The Richmond and West End Railway (R&WER) opened the first station at Richmond on 27 July 1846, as the terminus of its line from Clapham Junction, on a site to the south of the present through platforms, which later became a goods yard and where a multi-storey car park now stands. The Windsor, Staines and South Western Railway (WS&SWR) extended the line westward, resiting the station to the west side of The Quadrant, on the extended tracks and slightly west of the present through platforms. Both the R&WER and WS&SWR were subsidiary companies of the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR).
On 1 June 1877, the District Railway linked its then terminus at Hammersmith to the nearby L&SWR tracks east of the present Ravenscourt Park station. The District Railway began running trains over the L&SWR tracks to Richmond.
User unknown/public domain
THE STREETS OF RICHMOND
Abercorn Mews, TW10 Abercorn Mews is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Albany Close, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Albany Passage, TW10 Albany Passage is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Albert Road, TW10 Albert Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Alexandra Road, TW9 Alexandra Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Alton Road, TW9 Alton Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Arlington Close, TW1 Arlington Close is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Arlington Court, TW1 Arlington Court is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Arlington Road, TW1 Arlington Road is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Arosa Road, TW1 Arosa Road is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Audley Road, TW10 Audley Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Austin Close, TW1 Austin Close is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Aynescombe Path, SW14 Aynescombe Path is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Bardolph Road, TW9 Bardolph Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Barnfield Avenue, TW10 Barnfield Avenue is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Barnfield Gardens, TW10 Barnfield Gardens is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Baronsfield Road, TW1 Baronsfield Road is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Beatrice Road, TW10 Beatrice Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Beaufort Road, TW1 Beaufort Road is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Beaumont Avenue, TW9 Beaumont Avenue is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Beechcroft Road, SW14 Beechcroft Road is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Beresford Avenue, TW1 Beresford Avenue is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Berwyn Road, TW10 Berwyn Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Bexhill Road, SW14 Bexhill Road is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Boathouse Walk, TW9 Boathouse Walk is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Brewer’s Lane, TW9 Brewer’s Lane is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Bridge Street, TW9 Bridge Street is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Broadhurst Close, TW10 Broadhurst Close is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Cambrian Road, TW10 Cambrian Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Cambridge Park Court, TW1 Cambridge Park Court is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Cambridge Park, TW1 Cambridge Park is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Cambridge Road, TW1 Cambridge Road is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Cardigan Road, TW10 Cardigan Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Carlton Road, SW14 Carlton Road is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Carrington Road, TW10 Carrington Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Carrington Road, TW9 Carrington Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Castlegate, TW9 Castlegate is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Catherine Drive, TW9 Catherine Drive is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Cedar Terrace, TW9 Cedar Terrace is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Chertsey Court, SW14 Chertsey Court is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Chester Avenue, TW10 Chester Avenue is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Chestnut Mews, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Chisholm Road, TW10 Chisholm Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Chislehurst Road, TW10 Chislehurst Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Chiswick Bridge, SW14 Chiswick Bridge is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Christchurch Road, SW14 Christchurch Road is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Church Road, TW10 Church Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Church Road, TW9 Church Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Claremont Road, TW1 Claremont Road is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Clevedon Road, TW1 Clevedon Road is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Clevedon Road, TW10 Clevedon Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Clifford Avenue, TW9 Clifford Avenue is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Colston Road, SW14 Colston Road is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Community Centre, TW1 Community Centre is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Connaught Avenue, SW14 Connaught Avenue is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Coval Gardens, SW14 Coval Gardens is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Coval Lane, SW14 Coval Lane is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Coval Passage, SW14 Coval Passage is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Coval Road, SW14 Coval Road is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Cresswell Road, TW1 Cresswell Road is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Crofton Terrace, TW9 Crofton Terrace is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Cromwell Place, SW14 Cromwell Place is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Dan Mason Drive, SW13 Dan Mason Drive is a road in the SW13 postcode area
Dan Mason Drive, W4 Dan Mason Drive is a road in the W4 postcode area
Deanhill Road, SW14 Deanhill Road is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Dee Road, TW9 Dee Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Denbigh Gardens, TW10 Denbigh Gardens is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Denton Road, TW1 Denton Road is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Derby Road, SW14 Derby Road is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Dorchester Mews, TW1 Dorchester Mews is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Drummonds Place, TW9 Drummonds Place is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Ducks Walk, TW1 Ducks Walk is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Dukes Avenue, TW10 Dukes Avenue is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Duncan Road, TW9 This is a street in the TW9 postcode area
Dunstable Road, TW9 Dunstable Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Dynevor Road, TW10 Dynevor Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Earl Road, SW14 Earl Road is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Eastbourne Gardens, SW14 Eastbourne Gardens is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Ellerker Gardens, TW10 Ellerker Gardens is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Ellesmere Road, TW1 Ellesmere Road is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Elm Road, SW14 Elm Road is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Ennerdale Road, TW9 Ennerdale Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Eton Street, TW9 Eton Street is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Evelyn Gardens, TW9 Evelyn Gardens is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Evelyn Road, TW9 Evelyn Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Eversfield Road, TW9 Eversfield Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Fair Views, TW1 Fair Views is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Fairlawns, E4 Fairlawns is one of the streets of London in the E4 postal area.
Fairlawns, TW1 Fairlawns is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Farrer Court, TW1 Farrer Court is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Ferry Lane, TW9 Ferry Lane is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Fife Road, SW14 Fife Road is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Firs Avenue, SW14 Firs Avenue is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Fitzwilliam Avenue, TW9 Fitzwilliam Avenue is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Floyer Close, TW10 Floyer Close is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Friars Lane, TW9 Friars Lane is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Friars Stile Road, TW10 Friars Stile Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Gainsborough Road, TW9 Gainsborough Road is named after Thomas Gainsborough, the artist buried in St Anne’s Church, Kew.
George Street, TW9 George Street is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Gibson Mews, TW1 Gibson Mews is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Gordon Road, TW9 Gordon Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Graemesdyke Avenue, SW14 Graemesdyke Avenue is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Grand Parade, SW14 Grand Parade is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Grena Gardens, TW9 Grena Gardens is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Grena Road, TW9 Grena Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Greville Road, TW10 Greville Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Grosvenor Avenue, TW10 Grosvenor Avenue is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Grosvenor Road, TW10 Grosvenor Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Grove Road, TW10 Grove Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Halford Road, TW10 Halford Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Hampton Works, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Hanson Close, SW14 Hanson Close is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Haversham Close, TW1 Haversham Close is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Hill Rise, TW10 Hill Rise is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Hill Street, TW9 Hill Street is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Hobart Place, TW10 Hobart Place is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Holmesdale Avenue, SW14 Holmesdale Avenue is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Houblon Road, TW10 Houblon Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Jocelyn Road, TW9 Jocelyn Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Kelvin Drive, TW1 Kelvin Drive is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Kew Foot Road, TW9 Kew Foot Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Kew Road, TW9 Kew Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
King George Square, TW10 King George Square is a road in the TW10 postcode area
King Street, TW9 King Street is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Kings Road, TW1 Kings Road is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Kings Road, TW10 Kings Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Kingsway, SW14 Kingsway is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Lancaster Cottages, TW10 Lancaster Cottages is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Lancaster Park, TW10 Lancaster Park is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Langdale Close, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Langdon Place, SW14 Langdon Place is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Larkfield Road, TW9 Larkfield Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Latchmere Close, TW10 Latchmere Close is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Latchmere Lane, TW10 Latchmere Lane is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Leinster Avenue, SW14 Leinster Avenue is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Lewis Road, TW10 Lewis Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Lichfield Gardens, TW9 Lichfield Gardens is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Lion Gate Gardens, TW9 Lion Gate Gardens is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Little St. Leonards, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Longfield Drive, SW14 Longfield Drive is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Lower Grove Road, TW10 Lower Grove Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Lower Mortlake Road, TW9 Lower Mortlake Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Lower Richmond Road, SW14 Lower Richmond Road is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Lower Richmond Road, TW9 Lower Richmond Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Magna Square, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Maguire Drive, TW10 Maguire Drive is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Manor Gardens, TW9 Manor Gardens is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Manor Park, TW9 Manor Park is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Manor Road, TW9 Manor Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Marchmont Road, TW10 Marchmont Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Marlborough Road, TW10 Marlborough Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Martindale, SW14 Martindale is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Meadowside, TW1 Meadowside is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Medcroft Gardens, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Michels Row, TW9 Michels Row is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Model Cottages, SW14 Model Cottages is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Monroe Drive, SW14 Monroe Drive is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Montague Road, TW10 Montague Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Montpelier Row, TW1 Montpelier Row is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Moore Close, SW14 Moore Close is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Morley Road, TW1 Morley Road is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Mortlake Road, TW9 Mortlake Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Mount Ararat Road, TW10 Mount Ararat Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Nightingale Lane, TW10 Nightingale Lane is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Observatory Road, SW14 Observatory Road is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Old Deer Park Gardens, TW9 Old Deer Park Gardens is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Old Palace Lane, TW9 Old Palace Lane is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Old Palace Yard, TW9 Old Palace Yard is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Onslow Avenue, TW10 Onslow Avenue is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Onslow Road, TW10 Onslow Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Ormond Road, TW10 The Earls of Ormond owned the land on which the road was later built.
Ormonde Road, SW14 Ormonde Road is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Oxenhouse Lane, TW9 Oxenhouse Lane is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Pagoda Avenue, TW9 Pagoda Avenue is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Pagoda Vista, TW9 Pagoda Vista is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Palmers Road, SW14 Palmers Road is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Palmerston Road, SW14 Palmerston Road is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Paradise Road, TW9 Paradise Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Park Hill, TW10 Park Hill is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Park House Gardens, TW1 Park House Gardens is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Park Road, TW1 Park Road is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Park Road, TW10 Park Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Parklands Close, SW14 Parklands Close is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Parkshot, TW9 Parkshot is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Parliament Mews, SW14 Parliament Mews is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Patten Alley, TW10 Patten Alley is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Peldon Court, TW9 Peldon Court is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Pembroke Villas, TW9 Pembroke Villas is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Penrhyn Crescent, SW14 Penrhyn Crescent is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Percival Road, SW14 Percival Road is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Poplar Court Parade, TW1 Poplar Court Parade is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Portland Terrace, TW9 Portland Terrace is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Powers Court, TW1 Powers Court is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Preston Place, TW10 Preston Place is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Princes Road, TW10 Princes Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Priory Road, TW9 Priory Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Pyrland Road, TW10 This is a street in the TW10 postcode area
Queen’s Ride, TW10 Queen’s Ride is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Queens Court, TW10 Queens Court is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Queens Crescent, TW10 Queens Crescent is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Queens Road, TW10 Queens Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Raleigh Road, TW9 Raleigh Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Ravensbourne Road, TW1 Ravensbourne Road is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Red Lion Street, TW9 Red Lion Street is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Reid Court, SW14 Reid Court is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Retreat Road, TW9 Retreat Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Rhizotron, TW9 Rhizotron is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Richmond Bridge Mansions, TW1 Richmond Bridge Mansions is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Richmond Hill, TW10 Richmond Hill is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Richmond Upon Thames, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Riverdale Gardens, TW1 Riverdale Gardens is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Riverdale Road, TW1 Riverdale Road is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Riverside, TW9 Riverside is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Rosamond Villas, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Rosedale Road, TW9 Rosedale Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Rosemary Gardens, SW14 Rosemary Gardens is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Rosemary Lane, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Rosemary Terrace, SW14 Rosemary Terrace is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Rosemont Road, TW10 Rosemont Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Rosslyn Road, TW1 Rosslyn Road is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Royston Road, TW10 Royston Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Rutland Close, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Ryde Place, TW1 Ryde Place is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Saint Leonards Court, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Saint Leonards Road, SW14 This is a street in the SW14 postcode area
Salisbury Road, TW9 Salisbury Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Sandycombe Road, TW9 Sandycombe Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Sandycoombe Road, TW1 Sandycoombe Road is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Selwyn Avenue, TW9 Selwyn Avenue - named for William Selwyn who owned, and lived near, the land on which the road was later built
Shaftesbury Road, TW9 Shaftesbury Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Shalstone Road, SW14 Shalstone Road is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Sheen Common, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Sheen Gate Gardens, SW14 Sheen Gate Gardens is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Sheen Lane, SW14 Sheen Lane is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Sheen Park, TW9 Sheen Park is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Sheen Road, TW10 Sheen Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Sheen Road, TW9 Sheen Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Sheen Wood, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Ship Lane, SW14 Ship Lane is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Spencer Gardens, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Spring Grove Road, TW10 Spring Grove Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
St George’s Road, TW9 St George’s Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
St Johns Grove, TW9 St Johns Grove is a road in the TW9 postcode area
St Johns Road, TW9 St Johns Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
St Leonards Road, SW14 St Leonards Road is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
St Stephens Passage, TW1 St Stephens Passage is a road in the TW1 postcode area
St. Leonards Road, SW14 St. Leonards Road is a road in the SW14 postcode area
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St. Paul’s Road, TW9 St. Paul’s Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Stanley Road, SW14 Stanley Road is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Stanley Road, TW10 Stanley Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Stanmore Gardens, TW9 Stanmore Gardens is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Stanmore Road, TW9 Stanmore Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Star and Garter Hill, TW10 Star and Garter Hill is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Street Leonards Road, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Sydney Road, TW9 Sydney Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
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Temple Road, TW9 Temple Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Temple Sheen Road, SW14 Temple Sheen Road is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Temple Sheen, SW14 Temple Sheen is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Temple Shen Road, SW14 Temple Shen Road is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Templesheen Road, SW14 Templesheen Road is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Terrace Lane, TW10 Terrace Lane is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Terrace Walk, TW10 Terrace Walk is a road in the TW10 postcode area
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Thames Bank, SW14 Thames Bank is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Thames Path, TW10 Thames Path is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Thamesside Centre, TW9 Thamesside Centre is a road in the TW9 postcode area
The Avenue, TW9 The Avenue is a road in the TW9 postcode area
The Barons, TW1 The Barons is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
The Byeway, SW14 The Byeway is a road in the SW14 postcode area
The Green, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
The Green, TW9 The Green is a road in the TW9 postcode area
The Mall, SW14 The Mall is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
The Quadrant, TW9 The Quadrant is a road in the TW9 postcode area
The Tamsin Trail, SW14 The Tamsin Trail is a road in the SW14 postcode area
The Vineyard, TW10 The Vineyard is a road in the TW10 postcode area
The Wardrobe, TW9 The Wardrobe is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Thornton Road, SW14 Thornton Road is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Tower Rise, TW9 Tower Rise is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Townshend Road, TW9 Townshend Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Townshend Terrace, TW9 Townshend Terrace is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Twickenham Bridge, TW9 Twickenham Bridge is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Twickenham Road, TW7 Twickenham Road is one of the streets in the Twickenham postal district.
Twickenham Road, TW9 Twickenham Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Uplands Close, SW14 Uplands Close is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Upper Richmond Road W, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Upper Richmond Road West, TW10 Upper Richmond Road West is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Upper Richmond Road Westreet, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Upper Richmond Road, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Varsity Row, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Victoria Place, TW9 Victoria Place is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Wadham Mews, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Waldeck Road, SW14 Waldeck Road is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Waldeck Terrace, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Walpole Avenue, TW9 Walpole Avenue is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Warming Close, E5 Warming Close is a road in the E5 postcode area
Warren Avenue, TW10 Warren Avenue is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Water Lane, TW9 Water Lane is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Watney Cottages, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
Watney Road, SW14 Watney Road is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Well Lane, SW14 Well Lane is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Wellside Gardens, SW14 A street within the SW14 postcode
West Sheen Vale, TW9 West Sheen Vale is a road in the TW9 postcode area
West Temple Sheen, SW14 West Temple Sheen is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Westhay Gardens, SW14 Westhay Gardens is a road in the SW14 postcode area
Whittaker Avenue, TW9 Whittaker Avenue was named for John Whittaker Ellis.
Williams Lane, SW14 Williams Lane is one of the streets of London in the SW14 postal area.
Willoughby Road, TW1 Willoughby Road is a road in the TW1 postcode area
Windham Road, TW9 Windham Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Windsor Road, TW9 Windsor Road is a road in the TW9 postcode area
Winter Box Walk, TW10 Winter Box Walk is a road in the TW10 postcode area
Winter Box Walk, TW9 Winter Box Walk is a road in the TW9 postcode area
York Road, TW10 York Road is a road in the TW10 postcode area
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allmediascotland...Your key to the media > Media Releases > Leading Artist Jeff Rowland Reigns Over Peebles
Leading Artist Jeff Rowland Reigns Over Peebles
By raffhack in · September 17, 2007 · No comments
Leading Borders art gallery, breeze, (correct) is putting Peebles in the spotlight with the latest visit of a leading British artist.
Jeff Rowland’s distinctive work is sought after by collectors and he intends using his appearance at breeze on Saturday 22 September to paint a Peebles street scene.
The artist’s work usually focuses on atmospheric rain-soaked streets but good weather will not prove a deterrent.
Jeff said: “When it rains I feel the need to get out there and sketch and to look at how rain can bounce off the ground and car roofs, the reflection from car lights and street lights.”
Potential subjects for the artist include the historic High Street area and the parish church and he is following the advice of comedian Billy Connelly as he prepares to paint live at the gallery.
He said: “As part of the working process, I am always inspired to experience what I am about to paint.
“I remember Billy Connelly saying that he hated songs about Scotland that were written by men in London, men who had never even seen the Highlands. In other words, if you are going to do something creative, get to the very heart of it first.”
breeze owner Bob Corsie said he was delighted to maintain the gallery’s growing reputation for attracting visiting artists of the highest calibre.
He said: “Jeff is quite famous in the art world and his reputation for producing high quality collectable work is growing at a tremendous rate.
“We’re really excited that he is going to paint a Peebles scene live in the gallery. For anyone who lives in Peebles or knows the town well this will prove to be a very powerful draw and we expect a lot of interest.”
A private viewing for invited collectors takes place from 10am to noon and Jeff will start painting at 1pm. The gallery will also be displaying a collection of Jeff’s limited edition prints and originals and the Peebles painting will go on sale on completion.
Note to Editors:
Jeff Rowland will be at breeze Art Gallery on Saturday 22 September. To attend the private viewing contact the gallery on 01721 721684 or email gallery@breeze-home.co.uk Jeff will be painting live in the gallery from 1pm.
Contact: Stephen Rafferty
Email: moreinfo@surepr.co.uk
Website: http://www.surepr.co.uk
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Uighur exile in Turkey describes cruelty of Chinese camp | DW News
In what is the largest internment of minorities since World War II, more than one million ethnic Uighur Muslims are locked up in specially constructed prisons located in China’s north-western region of Xinjiang. The Chinese government has consistently claimed the camps are voluntary re-education centers to counter extremism. But recently leaked documents, known as the “China Cables,” tell a very different story. They show the camps are run as high security prisons and that inmates face torture and abuse. In recent years, thousands of Uighurs have fled into exile. DW correspondent Julia Hahn met a woman now living in Istanbul in Turkey who says she was trapped in a Chinese detention center for more than a year.
#Uighurs #ChinaCables #Turkey
Reporters granted a rare look at restoration of Paris’s Notre-Dame Cathedral
Thousands protest in New Delhi over ‘anti-Muslim’ citizenship law
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Tag Archives: Southeast
Microsoft to invest in Southeast Asian ride-hailing firm Grab
October 9, 2018 12:01 am|Comments (0)
SINGAPORE (Reuters) – Microsoft Corp is investing in Southeast Asian ride-hailing firm Grab as part of a partnership that the two companies said will allow them to collaborate on technology projects, including big data and artificial intelligence.
FILE PHOTO: A man walks past a Grab office in Singapore March 26, 2018. REUTERS/Edgar Su/File Photo
The companies did not disclose the deal value.
Grab had earlier said it planned to raise roughly $ 3 billion by year-end, of which it has already raised $ 2 billion.
Last week, Reuters reported that existing backer SoftBank Group Corp was closing in on a deal to invest about $ 500 million in Grab as part of the funding round.
Sources told Reuters that Grab is likely to tap strategic and financial firms for the remainder of the funding.
Before Tuesday’s deal, it raised $ 2 billion in 2018, led by Toyota Motor Corp and financial firms, including Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen’s Vulcan Capital.
Singapore-headquartered Grab has taken its ride-hailing business to 235 cities in eight countries in Southeast Asia in the past six years.
It is looking to transform itself into a leading consumer technology group, offering services such as food and parcel deliveries, electronic money transfers, micro-loans and mobile payments, besides ride-hailing.
Grab will work with Microsoft to explore mobile facial recognition, image recognition and computer vision technologies to improve the pick-up experience, the companies said in a statement on Tuesday.
For example, passengers will be able to take a photo of their current location and have it translated into an actual address for the driver.
Other areas of the five year-agreement include Grab adopting Microsoft’s Azure as its preferred cloud platform and using it for data analytics and fraud detection services.
Southeast Asia, home to some 640 million people, is shaping up as a battleground for global technology giants such as Alibaba, Tencent Holdings Ltd, JD.com, Alphabet Inc’s Google and SoftBank, particularly in ride-hailing, online payments and e-commerce.
Competition for Grab is heating up with Indonesian rival Go-Jek also expanding in the region.
Reporting by Aradhana Aravindan; Editing by Stephen Coates
Posted in: Cloud Computing|Tags: Asian, Firm, Grab, invest, Microsoft, ridehailing, Southeast
Platform Strategies Serve Go-Jek And Line Well In Southeast Asia
June 23, 2018 6:12 am|Comments (0)
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Rebecca Fannin , Contributor Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own.
Silicon Dragon
TechSauce panelists
Platformization is a term in technology that I haven’t heard used much, at least not until I came to Bangkok to speak at a TechSauce event focused on the growing opportunity in Southeast Asia.
I moderated a panel with a group of platform innovators from the region — Go-Jek and Line — with brands that cross many vertical sectors from gaming and chat to ride-hailing and shopping.
These two companies have expanded far beyond their core service. And that makes sense to keep their users coming back for more from their brands no matter the service, said my panelists Ajey Gore, CTO of Go-Jek and Ariya Banomyong.
It’s also a defensive move. If they don’t extend to new areas, someone else. That someone else could very well be the Chinese tech giants who see Southeast Asia as the next opportunity. With a market size of 665 million and a culture that is more similar to China than western markets, China’s largest technology companies are entering the region, snapping up shares in the region’s rid-sharing and payment upstarts such as Go-Jek, Grab, Ola and Paytm.
So it can amount to a strategy of building a moat around your business to ward off rivals. It’s survival of the fittest, explained Go-Jek exec Gore.
This platform is well played by Go-Jek and Line, which can simplify the name of their services with Go and Line, just like Alibaba has done with so many of its offerings such as AliPay, AliCloud, AliHealth and so on.
How do startups fare in an environment where so much of the action is centered on these platform players?
Grace Xia, a venture investor with Jungle Ventures and former Tencent executive, says that startups aren’t cut out. They can become innovation pipelines to these platform companies. That could even lead to an acquisition by the biggies, which certainly is not unheard of in this fast-emerging tech innovative region.
Rebecca A. Fannin is founder/editor of news, events and research group Silicon Dragon. She is an author of three books on innovation and venture trends, and is a public speaker.
Posted in: Cloud Computing|Tags: Asia, GoJek, Line, Platform, Serve, Southeast, Strategies, We’ll
Toyota to invest $1 billion in Southeast Asian ride-hailing firm Grab
SINGAPORE (Reuters) – Toyota Motor Corp has agreed to invest $ 1 billion in Southeast Asian ride-hailing firm Grab as a lead investor in the company’s ongoing financing round, which was launched after it bought the regional business of Uber Technologies Inc [UBER.UL].
FILE PHOTO: A logo of Toyota Motor Corp is seen at the company’s showroom in Tokyo, Japan June 14, 2016. REUTERS/Toru Hanai/File Photo
The investment by Toyota is the largest-ever by an automaker in the global ride-hailing sector, the six-year old start-up said in a statement on Wednesday.
It is also the latest collaboration between a global vehicle maker and a technology firm as ride-hailing companies dominate the fast-growing field of mobility services, raising the risk of a future where car ownership declines in favor of such services.
Japan’s SoftBank Group Corp last month announced it would invest $ 2.25 billion in the Cruise autonomous vehicle unit of General Motors Co, while Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV and Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC [TAMOJL.UL] have agreed to supply vehicles for Alphabet Inc’s self-driving car subsidiary Waymo.
Toyota’s investment will allow Grab, which counts peer Didi and Japan’s SoftBank Group Corp as investors, to further expand its range of online to offline services, such as food delivery and digital payments, deeper into the region.
Grab will be valued at just over $ 10 billion after Toyota’s investment, said a person familiar with the matter.
A Toyota executive will be appointed to Grab’s board of directors and a dedicated Toyota team member will be seconded to Grab as an executive officer, the ride-hailing firm said.
Wednesday’s announcement deepens Toyota’s partnership with Grab, following an earlier, undisclosed investment by the automaker’s trading arm last year.
Toyota has installed its driving recorder devices in some vehicles operated by Grab, using the collected data stored in its mobility services platform to analyze driving patterns and develop vehicle services.
The automaker on Wednesday said by deepening the partnership, it hoped to achieve connectivity for Grab’s rental car fleet across Southeast Asia and offer financing, insurance and maintenance services to drivers based on data collected on its platform.
“Going forward, together with Grab, we will develop services that are more attractive, safe and secure for our customers in Southeast Asia,” Toyota executive Shigeki Tomoyama said in a statement.
Data collected from the recorders could also help Toyota in its own development of next-generation mobility services, including a self-driving electric vehicle it plans to develop for companies to use for tasks such as ride hailing, package delivery and mobile shops.
South Korea’s Hyundai Motor Co and Japan’s Honda Motor Co Ltd have also previously funded Grab, which said it has achieved run-rate revenue of over $ 1 billion. The company’s app has been downloaded onto over 100 million mobile devices and the firm logs over 6 million rides per day.
Earlier this year, Uber exchanged its Southeast Asian operations for 27.5 percent of Singapore-headquartered grab, ending a battle between the two for regional dominance.
Southeast Asia, home to about 640 million people, is a major arena for tech firms offering services from digital payments and ride-hailing to e-commerce.
Last month, Indonesian ride-hailing and online payment firm Go-Jek said it would enter Vietnam, Thailand, Singapore and the Philippines in the next few months, investing $ 500 million in its international push.
Reporting by Aradhana Aravindan in SINGAPORE and Naomi Tajitsu in TOKYO; Editing by Himani Sarkar and Christopher Cushing
Posted in: Cloud Computing|Tags: Asian, Billion, Firm, Grab, invest, ridehailing, Southeast, Toyota
JD.com widens Southeast Asia presence by investing in Vietnam's Tiki.vn
January 16, 2018 6:00 am|Comments (0)
BEIJING (Reuters) – Chinese online retailer JD.com Inc has made an investment in Vietnamese e-commerce firm Tiki.vn, expanding its Southeast Asia business amid growing competition in the region from Alibaba Group Holding Ltd and Amazon.com Inc.
JD.com co-led the financing with Vietnamese entertainment and social media firm VNG Corp, which is an existing investor, China’s second-biggest e-commerce firm behind Alibaba said in a statement on Tuesday.
The firm did not disclose the size of the funding but said that JD.com will become one of Tiki’s largest shareholders alongside VNG following the deal.
Vietnamese media had reported in November that the round was worth roughly 1 trillion dong ($ 44.04 million). JD.com declined to give a dollar number for the investment, when contacted by Reuters.
“With JD’s expertise in leveraging social media for e-commerce, Tiki.vn’s partnership with VNG in social network and mobile payments is a natural fit,” Winston Cheng, president of JD.com’s international business, said in the statement.
Vietnam is the latest focal point in JD.com’s strategic push into Southeast Asia, where Alibaba and Amazon have also made significant investments in the past year.
JD.com will tap Tiki.vn’s warehousing and delivery system, as well as its technology and payments capabilities.
Tiki.vn and VNG’s tie-up has similarities to the partnership between JD.com Inc and internet giant Tencent Holdings Ltd, which is an investor in JD.com and Asia’s largest tech firm by market cap.
JD.com leverages data and payments from Tencent’s WeChat, China’s most popular social media app, and will seek to build similar capabilities with VNG and Tiki.vn, Cheng told Reuters.
While Southeast Asia’s e-commerce market is still nascent compared to the China‘s, improvement in internet services and an increase in mobile-based payments have attracted large international e-commerce firms to the region.
Alibaba has invested heavily in payment and e-commerce ventures in Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia. U.S. retailer Amazon also launched its subscription-based Prime service in Singapore last month in a bid to challenge Alibaba-backed online retailer Lazada Group in Southeast Asia.
JD.com launched a local online retail business in Indonesia two years ago, and now claims to be the country’ largest retailer by revenue. It also formed a $ 500 million e-commerce venture with Thai retailer Central Group.
Besides VNG, Tiki.vn’s previous investors include Seedcom, Sumitomo Corp and CyberAgent Ventures.
($ 1 = 22,709.0000 dong)
Reporting by Cate Cadell; Editing by Edwina Gibbs and Muralikumar Anantharaman
Posted in: Cloud Computing|Tags: Asia, Investing, JD.com, Presence, Southeast, Tiki.vn, Vietnam's, widens
Consumer goods firms harness online data to tap Southeast Asia e-commerce boom
October 23, 2017 12:00 am|Comments (0)
SINGAPORE/BANGKOK (Reuters) – When diaper maker DSG International (Thailand) wants to know what its customers are thinking, it often turns to Lazada, an e-commerce firm majority-owned by Alibaba Group Holding (BABA.N).
FILE PHOTO: The Singapore Lazada website is seen in this illustration photo June 20, 2017. REUTERS/Thomas White/Illustration/File Photo
“From (their) data, we know mothers sometimes browse at night, so we can offer flash sales when we know customers are browsing,” says Ambrose Chan, the Thai company’s CEO.
Southeast Asia is the world’s fastest-growing internet market, home to 600 million consumers from Vietnam to Indonesia via Singapore, many of them tech- and social media-savvy. They are rapidly spending more time and money online. A Nielsen study in 2015 estimated Southeast Asia’s middle-class will hit 400 million by 2020, doubling from 2012.
Gross merchandise value of ecommerce in Southeast Asia will balloon to $ 65.5 billion by 2021, from $ 14.3 billion last year, predicts consultancy Frost & Sullivan.
Research firm Euromonitor forecasts internet retailing in Indonesia, for example, will more than double to $ 6.2 billion by 2021, and Thailand will increase 85 percent to $ 2.8 billion.
(For a graphic on Southeast Asia internet sales click reut.rs/2l3qULe)
Consumer goods firms, such as Unilever (UNc.AS) and Japanese cosmetics firm Shiseido (4911.T), say the e-commerce boom allows them to push deeper into markets that can otherwise be difficult to understand and tough to penetrate due to poor retail networks and infrastructure.
“Data from Lazada has been used to position certain products where consumer preferences are different. For example, Thai customers like to buy diapers in special cartons, while Malaysians prefer multiple packs,” says Chan.
To reach more customers and get a better handle on their online behavior, consumer goods companies are forging partnerships with e-commerce firms like Lazada and fashion website Zalora.
POWERFUL, INSIGHTFUL
A customer who clicked on a 50 milliliter product may instead buy a smaller 30 ml product, said Pranay Mehra, vice president, digital and e-commerce at Shiseido Asia Pacific, noting that data and online selling experience can help firms bundle offers, decide on packaging and distribution, and influence where to set up a physical presence.
“This data is very powerful and very insightful, if used properly,” Mehra added.
Unilever, whose products range from Hellmann’s mayonnaise to Dove soap, said it is seeing more demand from rural consumers in developing markets like Indonesia and Vietnam.
RedMart’s President Vikram Rupani poses at their fulfillment centre in Singapore September 22, 2017. Picture taken September 22, 2017. REUTERS/Edgar Su
“With all our e-commerce partners, we’re using data to help us find innovative solutions to unlock key barriers of high cost delivery and poor credit card penetration in remote areas,” said Anusha Babbar, e-commerce director at Unilever Southeast Asia and Australasia.
The conglomerate, which works with the likes of Singapore online grocer RedMart, Indonesia’s Blibli and Vietnam’s Tiki, said it introduced its St Ives skincare brand on Lazada after seeing a trend towards natural products and shopper search data.
DATA AND LOGISTICS
“Traditional retailers will struggle to see customer behavior,” said Lazada Thailand’s CEO, Alessandro Piscini. “We can tell if a customer is pregnant from their search behavior.”
Slideshow (10 Images)
Lazada, he said, plans to use data science to help its merchants customize offers for specific customer groups based on age, gender and other preferences.
Zalora, which sells clothing and accessories online in markets including Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia, said it was working on ad-hoc projects with some brands to help them understand their customers based on data.
Lazada and Zalora are among the few e-commerce platforms that operate in multiple Southeast Asian countries. But the region is becoming a new battleground as Amazon (AMZN.O) and JD.com (JD.O) make beachheads in Singapore and Thailand.
Lazada Thailand will focus on partnering with fast-moving consumer goods companies to maintain its lead, Piscini said, and is expanding its logistics footprint across a region that has poor roads, clogged cities and thousands of often remote islands.
To be sure, online still contributes a tiny portion to consumer goods companies’ sales, but some local firms are going beyond partnerships and investing in their own e-commerce capabilities.
Thailand’s top consumer goods manufacturer Saha Group (SPI.BK) (SPC.BK) has seen online sales of some of its brands rise tenfold since it began a partnership with Lazada in June, but online still represents just 1-2 percent of total sales.
Saha is using e-commerce data to customize offerings.
“We now make real-time offerings to customers. Before, promotions would be seasonal,” Chairman Boonsithi Chokwatana told Reuters.
The company, whose products include instant noodles, toothpaste and laundry detergent, is investing 2 billion baht ($ 60 million) in logistics to support its e-commerce ambitions, including a 21-storey warehouse and a big data team, he said.
Reporting by Aradhana Aravindan in SINGAPORE and Chayut Setboonsarng in BANGKOJK; Editing by Ian Geoghegan
Posted in: Cloud Computing|Tags: Asia, boom, Consumer, Data, ECommerce, firms, goods, harness, Online, Southeast
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Celebrity Article, Biography and Net Worth
Home » Celebrities » Orla Chennaoui Wiki, Age, Husband, Sky Sports
Orla Chennaoui Wiki, Age, Husband, Sky Sports
Published On: 03 Feb, 2019
Husband/Spouse
Children/Kids
2 (Son & Daughter)
University of Rennes, Queen's University Belfast
Karen (Sister), Cathal & Oran (Brothers)
Sports are the most celebrated events in the world, and Orla Chennaoui, who serves as the Sports presenter at Sky Sports News makes the people more convenient to know about sports with her presentation about the updates of sports. The world sports has been global information which is presented by the sports presenters like Orla Chennaoui.
Orla, who left the base of her study (LLB) aside, pursued her career in the broadcasting field which took her to the paradise of success and immense fortune.
Relationship With Husband; Has Two Daughters
Orla Chennaoui relishes the healthy and sound bond with her husband, Mourad, a native French man born in Morocco. There are not many updates about their relationship, and she has not mentioned the date of their wedding and further information, but the couple seems to have savored the married relationship for over a half-decade.
Explore This: Esther Povitsky Boyfriend, Married, Height, Net Worth
She shares two children with her partner. Orla welcomed her first daughter in 2015 and was blessed with the next baby in 2019.
Orla Chennaoui with her beautiful daughter (Photo: Orla's Instagram)
As of now, Orla enjoys the quality time with her husband, Mourad, and her son and daughter while residing in London, the United Kingdom. She also never misses updating about her family on social networking sites and portrays her love, care, and harness proving the versatile relationship.
Apart from that, Orla spends her free time with her parents celebrating the festive family occasions.
Do Not Miss: Chase Morrill Wiki, Age, Wife, Net Worth
Know About Orla's Net Worth And Salary
The professional career as a journalist is the primary source of the net worth of Orla Chennaoui who serves as TV sports presenter at Sky Sports News. As per PayScale, the mean salary of the journalist is $39,490 per year. Therefore, Orla might have accumulated a considerable amount of fortune and wealth through her career as a journalist presenting the Sports News through Sky Sports News.
Orla joined Sky Sports News in 2010 and credited the channel as Title Cycling Presenter and Correspondent. In nine years of service in Sky Sports, she covered the cycling competitions including nine Tours de France, two Giros d'Italia, two Tours Down Under, the annual Tour of Britain, several road World Championships, as well as the London track World Championships.
Orla also enrolled in a short-term job as a compere in Rouleur Magazine in 2016 where she served three-day on Rouleur Classic luxury bike show and also hosted on-stage Q&A. After a month, she moved to The Cycling Podcast as Podcast co-host and worked for a month. Currently, she organizes several sports shows and also covers the live sports.
You Also Need To See This: Alexis Randock Wiki, Age, Boyfriend, Net Worth
Short Bio And Wiki
Orla Chennaoui was born in Ireland, and she celebrates her birthday on 13th of November every year. She has concealed the year of her birth, so her age is still unrevealed. She has sexy legs with adorable height and body measurements.
After the high school, she joined the University of Rennes and earned the degree of LLB with French. Furthermore, she is also the graduate of Queen's University Belfast from where she garnered the degree of LLB with French.
#Journalist #Reporter #sports presenter #Sky Sports News
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Alumni Panels this FRIDAY, OCTOBER 20TH
In Honor of WMUC's 70th Anniversary and Homecoming Weekend, we will be hosting two panels this FRIDAY, OCTOBER 20TH in ROOM 0147 TAWES. A number of WMUC alumni will be talking about careers in broadcasting and their experiences in the industry. All are welcome to attend one or both of the panels; the first is from 1:30-3pm and the second is 3:15-4:50pm.
Panel #1 (1:30-3pm): Making Your Career In Broadcasting
Lisa Baden, WTOP Radio Traffic Reporter
Bob Duckman, Veteran Washington Area Radio Personality currently with WNAV, Annapolis
Max Cacas, Reporter, Capital News Connection, Washington, D.C.
Pat Anastasi, MSNBC.com, Washington Producer
Panel #2 (3:15-4:30pm): Using Broadcasting As A Stepping Stone To Other Opportunities
Vinnie Bruce, Associate Producer, Triple X ESPN Radio
Janet Bass, Media Rep, American Federation of Teachers
Carl Nathe, Public Relations, University of Kentucky
Adele Abrams, Attorney
Carson (Mix 107.3) lecture, Wednesday, 10/18
Hey guys, another station event coming up soon is going to be held on Wednesday. Carson, the afternoon DJ at Mix 107.3 (your source for the best hits of the 80's, 90's, and today!), will be giving a lecture at the station on writing for radio, as well as offer advice on how to start a career in the radio industry. It should be really interesting; it will start at 8 pm, and last approximately one hour.
Brazilian Girls Listening Party, Tuesday 10/17
WMUC Radio and Universal Music Group will be hosting a Brazilian Girls listening party on Tuesday, giving you a sneak peek at their most recent record, Talk To La Bomb. Make sure you bring your dancin' shoes to the station at 7 pm. There will be prizes and other sweet stuff from Universal Music Group given away.
Art Alexakis from Everclear + Jonny Lives!, October 13
Hey guys, breaking news from WMUC - Art Alexakis, lead singer of Everclear, and up-and-coming modern rock group Jonny Lives! will be performing on-air acoustic sets and giving interviews on WMUC tomorrow morning and afternoon. Jonny Lives! will be performing around 11 AM, followed by an interview; Alexakis will be performing and interviewed closer to 12:30 PM. Everclear and Jonny Lives! will be playing Friday night at the Santa Fe Cafe in College Park that night.
Or, of course, you could attend WMUC Fest, happening that evening as well. Either way, College Park will be ready to party.
WMUC Fest - Friday, October 13
Thanks to Andrew Nichols for the flyer.
WMUC has its general meetings on Monday's at 7:30pm at the station which is located above the South Campus Dining Hall. Join us this monday and ever monday to get involved with WMUC.
Open House, September 20 and 21
Just a reminder for those of you who don't know:
WMUC's OPEN HOUSE will be held on September 20th and 21st at 7pm. This is your chance to show you're a better DJ then all the current ones we have. Not sure if the spotlight is for you? Then get involved with engineering live shows, recording music, being a part of the street team, reviewing new CDs, doing sports broadcast, battling giant robots and so much more.
WMUC-FM
3130 South Campus Dining Hall
www.wmucradio.com
Tonight (14 September) @ WMUC!
Pattern Is Movement, Metal Hearts, Kinda Panda - 9/5
On Tuesday, September 5, College Park will be treated to a musical performance by Hometapes Records math-rock group Pattern is Movement, on tour from Philadelphia. Playing with them are Baltimore's Metal Hearts, and WMUC's own Kinda Panda.
As always, the show is at the WMUC studio, atop the South Campus Dining Hall. Starts at 8 pm, and a $5 donation to the bands is requested.
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AskTheScientist.org
Associated with Collins Academy and Caddo Lake Institute
Associated with Collins Academy
Giant Salvinia – Blog
Information – Reports
Paddlefish – Blog
Pollinators & Gardens
“Salvinia Molesta” is the scientific name of the invasive plant taking over the waterway. Scientist, Lee Eisenberg has agreed to answer questions and give accurate information in his spare time. Mr. Eisenberg is raising a weevil that helps control the Salvinia in Caddo Lake.
The Scientist answering most questions here, will be Lee Eisenberg.
What kind of plant is giant salvinia, and where did it come from?
It is an invasive water fern, native to southern Brasil. It is also found in Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina.
How did it get here?
Giant salvinia was brought in as an ornamental plant for aquariums and water gardens. After escaping from cultivation, it has mostly been spread between water bodies by people with boats. A small piece of giant salvinia wedged on a trailer can-and often does-cause an infestation in a new water body.
What makes giant salvinia so harmful to water bodies?
Giant salvinia out competes native plants and forms a floating mat (up to three feet thick) that can prevent oxygen from entering the water. It also blocks sunlight to aquatic plants and photosynthesizing microbes that make up a large part of the food chain. Nor can carbon dioxide get out of the water (at least not efficiently), so water quality is quickly degraded. Wildlife habitat is destroyed and recreational activities greatly reduced. Local economies suffer as a result.
What makes giant salvinia so hard to control?
First of all, it only takes a very small piece of salvinia to start an infestation. A ramet, which consists of two leaves joined to a root, can survive and reproduce. Giant salvinia can grow very rapidly. It has been demonstrated experimentally that, under ideal (lab) conditions, a single ramet of giant salvinia could grow enough to cover 40 sq. miles of water in three months (Creagh, 1991). Ramets can easily break off of a mat, drift with the wind and waves, and start a new infestation.
How can we eradicate giant salvinia?
In order to do so, you would have to kill every last ramet- a nearly impossible task, considering its growth rate and the inaccessible backwater areas that it often infests. Management is a much more realistic goal.
Why can’t we just spray giant salvinia with herbicides and get rid of it?
Herbicides can kill a lot of salvinia in a short time in open water. However, regrowth takes place rapidly, and there are hundreds, if not thousands of acres of cypress groves and other inaccessible areas that the spray boats can’t reach. Even if you did manage to kill every last ramet in a water body, it only would take one ramet on an incoming boat trailer to re-infest a lake. It doesn’t take long for giant salvinia, with its’ exponential growth rate, to form a floating mat and cause big problems.
What other control methods are there?
Besides chemical control (herbicides) there are three control methods used for aquatic weeds are: mechanical, drawdowns and biological.
– Mechanical control (or harvesting) simply isn’t fast or efficient enough, although it may be of value in a farm pond or tank. In a natural water body, with cypress groves and mud flats, etc., mechanical harvesting leaves too much of the salvinia population intact.
-Drawdowns dry up much of a water body, and plants that are stranded on land dehydrate. However, it isn’t usually possible to kill all the salvinia by this method, so it re-infests the water body when flooded.
Unfortunately, a substantial amount of salvinia can be washed out when the floodgates are open, which can infest backwaters downstream.
-Biological control, using a tiny weevil, was developed by Australian scientists in the early 1980’s after chemical control efforts failed to stop the spread of giant salvinia. It has been employed successfully in about 15 countries since then, mostly in the tropics.
How can a tiny bug control such a rapidly growing weed?
It’s not the size of the weevil, but the numbers. A salvinia population can grow exponentially, but so can the weevil population. Females laid about 200 eggs in my lab study, so I’m estimating that, under natural condition, they can lay about half that many (100). So the number of weevils can jump up into the millions in a matter of months. The way the weevil population feeds is very destructive to the plant. Adults feed on buds and leaves, while the larvae bore in the rhizome. Also, there are two feeding stages: larvae and adult.
What kind of bug is a weevil?
A weevil is a type of beetle. Weevils are a very large group that feed on a wide variety of plants, but most of them feed on one or a small group of closely related plants. The boll weevil, for instance, only feeds on cotton.
Does the weevil eat anything else, like lettuce or raspberries? What if the weevils eat all the salvinia? Will they then start to attack other plants or crops?
The weevil only eats salvinia, and would starve if there was none available. This was demonstrated repeatedly during the testing required to import an “exotic” insect for use as a biological control agent. As part of this testing, weevils were given plants from 70 different families to feed on, but they were unable to survive or reproduce on anything except giant salvinia. The salvinia weevil has never been shown to do any harm to crops or other plants anywhere in the world. It has been used for biological control of giant salvinia for over 30 years. Biological control agents are not introduced casually. They undergo rigorous testing to be sure they are specific and effective.
But these kind of things always seem to go wrong and create more problems, don’t they?
Quite the opposite, actually. The vast majority of biocontrol agents that are released are effective and harmless to other organisms. And that is all the more impressive, given that biocontrol is often used as a last resort against a pest that can’t be controlled with chemicals.
But the love bug was brought in to fight the pine beetle, and look what a pest it turned out to be!
This is a very common urban legend (and we all know those don’t belong in the country!), but there is no truth to it. The love bug is native-it’s been here a lot longer than people- and it has nothing to do with the pine beetle. The adults that you seem swarming don’t even feed. They have a very short adult life. They reproduce and die shortly afterward, which is very common among insects.
My friend said the weevil could mutate, grow much larger, and then decide to attack crops or even people. Is that true?
Your friend watches the Sci Fi channel a lot, I’d like to bet. Most insects are small because the way their exoskeleton is constructed can be very strong on a small scale. It wouldn’t work at all on a larger scale. Insects don’t have any bones.
Has the salvinia weevil been used successfully in the U. S?
The weevil has been used very successfully in southern Louisiana by researchers from Louisiana State University, who developed a way to raise the bugs in ponds.
Paddlefish Festival 2017
http://www.askthescientist.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Paddlefish-2017-Jefferson-mp4.mp4
Honey from bee hive
Sounds of Bees
https://youtu.be/ZCrcEjeAl_E
Bees in active hive.
https://youtu.be/ox5b2K2msWs
News Feeds on Bees
Pesticide Report Released by the NYS Beekeeper Tech Team October 16, 2017
The NYS Beekeeper Tech Team has just released their 2016 pesticide residue report. 60 beekeepers participated in the project. Across the state, 198 colonies were sampled and analyzed for 41 different pesticides.
Emma Kate Mullen
Seeking Participants for the 2017 New York State Varroa Study May 18, 2017
The Dyce Lab for Honey Bee Studies at Cornell is working to assess honey bee health across New York State. We can improve bee health, but we need your help! We’re looking for beekeepers across NYS to participate in the 2017 New York State Varroa Survey.
Bees face heavy pesticide peril from drawn-out sources April 23, 2017
Honeybees - employed to pollinate crops during the blooming season - encounter danger due to lingering and wandering pesticides, according to an analysis of the bee’s own food.
NYS Beekeeper Tech Team April 12, 2017
The NYS Beekeeper Tech Team is an interdisciplinary group that works directly with beekeepers to improve honey bee health, reduce colony losses, and increase profitability of the beekeeping industry. In 2016, the NYS Beekeeper Tech Team worked with 30 beekeepers throughout northern, central, and western New York. These results are now available.
Set strawberry alarm clock for post-apple bloom March 31, 2017
Growers who time their strawberries to bloom just after apples do can reap a better harvest, according to new research.
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Weird Mask
Genre Fiction Zine
Space:1959
Penialation
PulpFicLitPod
Tarzan of the Apes Chapter 1 by Edgar Rice Burroughs
By WeirdMask Edgar Rice Burroughs, Serials, Tarzan
I HAD this story from one who had no business to tell it to me, or to any other. I may credit the seductive influence of an old vintage upon the narrator for the beginning of it, and my own skeptical incredulity during the days that followed for the balance of the strange tale.
When my convivial host discovered that he had told me so much, and that I was prone to doubtfulness, his foolish pride assumed the task the old vintage had commenced, and so he unearthed written evidence in the form of musty manuscript, and dry official records of the British Colonial Office to support many of the salient features of his remarkable narrative.
I do not say the story is true, for I did not witness the happenings which it portrays, but the fact that in the telling of it to you I have taken fictitious names for the principal characters quite sufficiently evidences the sincerity of my own belief that it may be true.
The yellow, mildewed pages of the diary of a man long dead, and the records of the Colonial Office dovetail perfectly with the narrative of my convivial host, and so I give you the story as I painstakingly pieced it out from these several various agencies.
If you do not find it credible you will at least be as one with me in acknowledging that it is unique, remarkable, and interesting.
From the records of the Colonial Office and from the dead man’s diary we learn that a certain young English nobleman, whom we shall call John Clayton, Lord Greystoke, was commissioned to make a peculiarly delicate investigation of conditions in a British West Coast African Colony from whose simple native inhabitants another European power was known to be recruiting soldiers for its native army, which it used solely for the forcible collection of rubber and ivory from the savage tribes along the Congo and the Aruwimi.
The natives of the British Colony complained that many of their young men were enticed away through the medium of fair and glowing promises, but that few if any ever returned to their families.
The Englishmen in Africa went even further; saying that these poor blacks were held in virtual slavery, since when their terms of enlistmentexpired their ignorance was imposed upon by their white officers, and they were told that they had yet several years to serve.
And so the Colonial Office appointed John Clayton to a new post in British West Africa, but his confidential instructions centered on a thorough investigation of the unfair treatment of black British subjects by the officers of a friendly European power. Why he was sent, is, however, of little moment to this story, for he never made an investigation, nor, in fact, did he ever reach his destination.
Clayton was the type of Englishman that one likes best to associate with the noblest monuments of historic achievement upon a thousand victorious battle fields—a strong, virile man—mentally, morally, and physically.
In stature he was above the average height; his eyes were gray, his features regular and strong; his carriage that of perfect, robust health influenced by his years of army training. Political ambition had caused him to seek transference from the army to the Colonial Office and so we find him, still young, intrusted with a delicate and important commission in the service of the Queen.
When he received this appointment he was both elated and appalled. The preferment seemed to him in the nature of a well merited reward for painstaking and intelligent service, and as a stepping stone to posts of greater importance and responsibility; but, on the other hand, he had been married to the Hon. Alice Rutherford for scarce a three months, and it was the thought of taking this fair young girl into the dangers and isolation of tropical Africa that dismayed and appalled him.
For her sake he would have refused the appointment; but she would not have it so. Instead she insisted that he accept, and, indeed, take her with him.
There were mothers and brothers and sisters, and aunts and cousins to express various opinions on the subject, but as to what they severally advised history is silent.
We know only that on a bright May morning in 1888, John, Lord Greystoke, and Lady Alice sailed from Dover on their way to Africa.
A month later they arrived at Freetown where they chartered a small sailing vessel, the Fuwalda, which was to bear them to their final destination.
And here John, Lord Greystoke, and Lady Alice, his wife, vanished from the eyes and from the knowledge of men.
Two months after they weighed anchor and cleared from the port of Freetown a half dozen British war vessels were scouring the south Atlantic for trace of them or their little vessel, and it was almost immediately that the wreckage was found upon the shores of St. Helena which convinced the world that the Fuwalda had gone down with all on board, and hence the search was stopped ere it had scarce begun; though hope lingered in longing hearts for many years.
The Fuwalda, a barkantine of about one hundred tons, was a vessel of the type often seen in coastwise trade in the far southern Atlantic, their crews composed of the offscourings of the sea—unhanged murderers and cutthroats of every race and every nation.
The Fuwalda was no exception to the rule. Her officers were swarthy bullies, hating and hated by their crew. The captain, while a competent seaman, was a brute in his treatment of his men. He knew, or at least he used, but two arguments in his dealings with them—a belaying pin and a revolver—nor is it likely that the motley aggregation he signed would have understood aught else.
So it was that from the second day out from Freetown John Clayton and his young wife witnessed scenes upon the deck of the Fuwalda such as they had believed were never enacted outside the covers of printed stories of the sea.
It was on the morning of the second day that the first link was forged of what was destined to form a chain of circumstances ending in a life for one then unborn such as has probably never been paralleled in the history of man.
Two sailors were washing down the decks of the Fuwalda, the first mate was on duty, and the captain had stopped to speak with John Clayton and Lady Alice.
The men were working backwards toward the little party who were facing away from the sailors. Closer and closer they came, until one of them was directly behind the captain. In another moment he would have passed by and this strange narrative had never been recorded.
But just that instant the officer turned to leave Lord and Lady Greystoke, and, as he did so, tripped against the sailor and sprawled headlong upon the deck, overturning the water-pail so that he was drenched in its dirty contents.
For an instant the scene was ludicrous; but only for an instant. With a volley of awful oaths, his face suffused with the scarlet of mortification and rage, the captain regained his feet, and with a terrific blow felled the sailor to the deck.
The man was small and rather old, so that the brutality of the act was thus accentuated. The other seaman, however, was neither old nor small—a huge bear of a man, with fierce black mustachios, and a great bull neck set between massive shoulders.
As he saw his mate go down he crouched, and, with a low snarl, sprang upon the captain crushing him to his knees with a single mighty blow.
From scarlet the officer s face went white, for this was mutiny; and mutiny he had met and subdued before in his brutal career. Without waiting to rise he whipped a revolver from his pocket, firing point blank at the great mountain of muscle towering before him; but, quick as he was, John Clayton was almost as quick, so that the bullet which was intended for the sailor’s heart lodged in the sailor’s leg instead, for Lord Greystoke had struck down the captain’s arm as he had seen the weapon flash in the sun.
Words passed between Clayton and the captain, the former making it plain that he was disgusted with the brutality displayed toward the crew, nor would he countenance anything further of the kind while he and Lady Greystoke remained passengers.
The captain was on the point of making an angry reply, but, thinking better of it, turned on his heel and black and scowling, strode aft.
He did not care to antagonize an English official, for the Queen’s mighty arm wielded a punitive instrument which he could appreciate, and which he feared—England’s far reaching navy.
The two sailors picked themselves up, the older man assisting his wounded comrade to rise. The big fellow, who was known among his mates as Black Michael, tried his leg gingerly, and, finding that it bore his weight, turned to Clayton with a word of gruff thanks.
Though the fellow’s tone was surly, his words were evidently well meant. Ere he had scarce finished his little speech he had turned and was limping off toward the forecastle with the very apparent intention of forestalling any further conversation.
They did not see him again for several days, nor did the captain vouchsafe them more than the surliest of grunts when he was forced to speak to them.
They messed in his cabin, as they had before the unfortunate occurrence; but the captain was careful to see that his duties never permitted him to eat at the same time.
The other officers were coarse, illiterate fellows, but little above the villainous crew they bullied, and were only too glad to avoid social intercourse with the polished English noble and his lady, so that the Claytons were left very much to themselves.
This in itself accorded perfectly with their desires, but it also rather isolated them from the life of the little ship so that they were unable to keep in touch with the daily happenings which were to culminate so soon in bloody tragedy.
There was in the whole atmosphere of the craft that undefinable something which presages disaster. Outwardly, to the knowledge of the Claytons, all went on as before upon the little vessel, but that there was an undertow leading them toward some unknown danger both felt, though they did not speak of it to each other.
On the second day after the wounding of Black Michael, Clayton came on deck just in time to see the limp body of one of the crew being carried below by four of his fellows while the first mate, a heavy belaying pin in his hand, stood glowering at the little party of sullen sailors.
Clayton asked no questions—he did not need to—and the following day, as the great lines of a British battle-ship grew out of the distant horizon, he half determined to demand that he and Lady Alice be put aboard her, for his fears were steadily increasing that nothing but harm could result from remaining on the lowering, sullen Fuwalda.
Toward noon they were within speaking distance of the British vessel, but when Clayton had about decided to ask the captain to put them aboard her, the obvious ridiculousness of such a request became suddenly apparent. What reason could he give the officer commanding her majesty’s ship for desiring to go back in the direction from which he had just come!
Faith, what if he told them that two insubordinate seamen had been roughly handled by their officers. They would but laugh in their sleeves and attribute his reason for wishing to leave the ship to but one thing—cowardice.
John Clayton, Lord Greystoke, did not ask to be transferred to the British man-of-war, and late in the afternoon he saw her upper works fade below the far horizon, but not before he learned that which confirmed his greatest fears, and caused him to curse the false pride which had restrained him from seeking safety for his young wife a few short hours before, when safety was within reach—a safety which was now gone forever.
It was mid-afternoon that brought the little old sailor, who had been felled by the captain a few days before, to where Clayton and his wife stood by the ship’s side watching the ever diminishing outlines of the great battle-ship. The old fellow was polishing brasses, and as he came edging along until close to Clayton he said, in an undertone:
“‘Ell’s to pay, sir, on this ‘ere craft, an’ mark my word for it, sir. ‘Ell’s to pay.”
“What do you mean, my good fellow?” asked Clayton.
“Wy, hasn’t ye seen wats goin’ on? Hasn’t ye ‘eard that devil’s spawn of a capting an’ ‘is mates knockin the bloomin’ lights outen ‘arf the crew?
“Two busted ‘eads yeste’day, an’ three today. Black Michael’s as good as new agin an’ ‘e’s not the bully to stand fer it, not ‘e; an’ mark my word for it, sir.”
“You mean, my man, that the crew contemplates mutiny?” asked Clayton.
“Mutiny!” exclaimed the old fellow. “Mutiny! They means murder, sir, an mark my word for it, sir.”
“Hit’s comin’, sir; hit’s comin’ but I’m not a-sayin’ wen, an’ I’ve said too damned much now, but ye was a good sort t’other day an’ I thought it no more’n right to warn ye. But keep a still tongue in yer ‘ead an’ when ye hear shootin’ git below an’ stay there.
“That’s all, only keep a still tongue in yer ‘ead, or they’ll put a pill between yer ribs, an’ mark my word for it, sir,” and the old fellow went on with his polishing, which carried him away from where the Claytons were standing.
“Deuced cheerful outlook, Alice,” said Clayton.
“You should warn the captain at once, John. Possibly the trouble may yet be averted,” she said.
“I suppose I should, but yet from purely selfish motives I am almost prompted to ‘keep a still tongue in my ‘ead.’ Whatever they do now they will spare us in recognition of my stand for this fellow Black Michael, but should they find that I had betrayed them there would be no mercy shown us, Alice.”
“You have but one duty, John, and that lies in the interest of vested authority. If you do not warn the captain you are as much a party to whatever follows as though you had helped to plot and carry it out with your own head and hands.”
“You do not understand, dear,” replied Clayton. “It is of you I am thinking—there lies my first duty. The captain has brought this condition upon himself, so why then should I risk subjecting my wife to unthinkable horrors in probably futile attempt to save him from his own brutal folly? You have no conception, dear, of what would follow were this pack of cutthroats to gain control of the Fuwalda.”
“Duty is duty, my husband, and no amount of sophistries may change it. I would be a poor wife for an English lord were I to be responsible for his shirking a plain duty. I realize the danger which must follow, but I can face it with you—face it much more bravely than I could face the dishonor of always knowing that you might have averted a tragedy had you not neglected your duty.”
“Have it as you will then, Alice,” he answered, smiling. “Maybe we are borrowing trouble. While I do not like the looks of things on board this ship, they may not be so bad after all, for it is possible that the ‘Ancient Mariner’ was but voicing the desires of his wicked old heart rather than speaking of real facts.
“Mutiny on the high sea may have been common a hundred years ago, but in this good year 1888 it is the least likely of happenings.
“But there goes the captain to his cabin now. If I am going to warn him I might as well get the beastly job over for I have little stomach to talk with the brute at all.”
So saying he strolled carelessly in the direction of the companionway through which the captain had passed, and a moment later was knocking at his door.
“Come in,” growled the deep tones of that surly officer.
And when Clayton had entered, and closed the door behind him:
“I have come to report the gist of a conversation I heard today, because I feel that, while there may be nothing to it, it is as well that you be forearmed. In short, the men contemplate mutiny and murder.”
“It s a lie!” roared the captain. “And if you have been interfering again with the discipline of this ship, or meddling in affairs that don’t concern you you can take the consequences, and be damned. I don’t care whether you are an English lord or not. I’m captain of this here ship, and from now on you keep your meddling nose out of my business.”
As he reached this peroration, the captain had worked himself up to such a frenzy of rage that he was fairly purple of face, and shrieked the last words at the top of his voice; emphasizing his remarks by a loud thumping of the table with one huge fist, shaking the other in Clayton’s face.
Greystoke never turned a hair, but stood eyeing the excited man with level gaze.
“Captain Billings,” he drawled finally, “if you will pardon my candor, I might remark that you are something of an ass, don’t you know.”
Whereupon he turned and left the cabin with the same indifferent ease that was habitual with him, and which was more surely calculated to raise the ire of a man of Billings’s class than a torrent of invective.
So, whereas the captain might easily have been brought to regret his hasty speech had Clayton attempted to conciliate him, his temper was now irrevocably set in the mold in which Clayton had left it, and the last chance of their working together for their common good and preservation of life was gone.
“Well, Alice,” said Clayton, as he rejoined his wife, “if I had saved my breath I should likewise have saved myself a bit of a calling. The fellow proved most ungrateful. Fairly jumped at me like a mad dog.
“He and his blasted old ship may go hang, for aught I care; and until we are safe off the thing I shall spend my energies in looking after our own welfare. And I rather fancy the first step to that end should be to go to our cabin and look over my revolvers. I am sorry now that we packed the larger guns and the ammunition with the stuff below.”
They found their quarters in a bad state of disorder. Clothing from their open boxes and bags strewed the little apartment, and even their beds had been torn to pieces.
“Evidently someone was more anxious about our belongings than we,” said Clayton. “By jove, I wonder what the bounder was after. Let’s have a look around, Alice, and see what’s missing.”
A thorough search revealed the fact that nothing had been taken but Clayton’s two revolvers and the small supply of ammunition he had saved out for them.
“Those are the very things I most wish they had left us,” said Clayton, “and the fact that they wished for them and them alone is the most sinister circumstance of all that have transpired to endanger us since we set foot on this miserable hulk.”
“What are we to do, John?” asked his wife. “I shall not urge you to go again to the captain for I cannot see you affronted further. Possibly our best chance for salvation lies in maintaining a neutral position.
“If the officers are able to prevent a mutiny, we have nothing to fear, while if the mutineers are victorious our one slim hope lies in not having attempted to thwart or antagonize them.”
“Right you are, Alice. We’ll keep in the middle of the road.”
As they fell to in an effort to straighten up their cabin, Clayton and his wife simultaneously noticed the corner of a piece of paper protruding from beneath the door of their quarters. As Clayton stooped to reach for it he was amazed to see it move further into the room, and then he realized that it was being pushed inward by someone from without.
Quickly and silently he stepped toward the door, but, as he reached for the knob to throw it open, his wife’s hand fell upon his wrist.
“No, John,” she whispered. “They do not wish to be seen, and so we cannot afford to see them. Do not forget that we are keeping the middle of the road.”
Clayton smiled and dropped his hand to his side. Thus they stood watching the little bit of white paper until it finally remained at rest upon the floor just inside the door.
Then Clayton stooped and picked it up. It was a bit of grimy, white paper roughly folded into a ragged square. Opening it they found a crude message printed in uncouth letters, with many evidences of an unaccustomed task.
Translated, it was a warning to the Claytons to refrain from reporting the loss of the revolvers, or from repeating what the old sailor had told them—to refrain on pain of death.
“I rather imagine we’ll be good,” said Clayton with a rueful smile. “About all we can do is to sit tight and wait for whatever may come.”
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THE RIFFS_Little Girl
Group from Brooklyn formed by L to R;Louey Laguori,Joe LoCicero,Jimmy Nisi,Richard Giavelli and Carmine DeSena.
In 1958, Joe LoCicero originated and sang lead in a group entitled "The Creations", who wrote and recorded "Wake Up In The Morning" and "Strolling Through The Park" on the Pinecrest Label from Philadelphia. The original group members consisted of Richie Giovelli, Carmine DeSena, Louie Ligouri and Vinny Tilotta. They later recorded an old standard, "My Heart Belongs To Only You" on Jamie Label in 1961, produced by musical director Carl Ferci.
In 1963, The Creations changed their name to "The Riffs" under the management of writer and producer, Phil Spina(who sang with The Velvet Keys,see in this blog), and new member Jimmy Nisi who replaced Vinny Tilotta. Their recordings included, "Little Girl", "Why Are The Nights So Cold", "Where There Is A Will There Is Away", "Storm", and "Tell Tale Friends", recorded on New York Labels, Sunny, Old Town and Crystal Ball. Later on, they released an LP, "The Riffs Now & Then", which featured all original Riff recordings.
-Little girl / Why Are The Nights So Cold.Sunny Records-1964.
-Tell Tale Friends / Why Are The Nights So Cold.Old Town-1965.
-Storm / Where There's A Will.Crystal Ball Records-1978.
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Payday loans. The Ontario liberals sought the public’s opinion on new regulations for payday loan companies. So we told them to scrap their minimum wage and legislate a living wage; and to authorize an institution to provide small, low interest loans. Our submission on payday loans is on our website. Just click here.
Under Ontario’s new Putting Consumers First Act the Province will deliver very weak changes to payday loan regulations. It will reduce interest charges on a $100-dollar loan by a whopping 3 points to 18% (from 21%) for a 14-day loan. They will also give you more time to pay it back and oblige you to wait longer before you can get another loan. This amounts to no real change at all and it gives the usury industry the colour of right. Neo-liberal incremental change doesn’t do the job.
It is vitally important to keep up the call for a living wage because, with the hint of a Basic Guaranteed Income (ON will start a pilot project soon), comes the temptation to let the government pay to eliminate poverty. In other words, BIG will become a public subsidy for private profit.
Electoral Reform. My submission had one main purpose: to prevent Mr Miller from claiming that everyone in this riding wanted to keep first past the post. That was the result he obtained from his own ‘consultation’ – a one-hour phone-in ‘town hall.’ No one on that call said they wanted change, but then no one with contrary opinions and who dialled in got a chance to speak. In two subsequent public meetings (one in Paisley and another in Owen Sound) all but one person said they did not want to keep first past the post. Most opted for proportional representation of some sort. You can view the submission to the federal government’s Committee on Electoral Reform on our website, or click here.
Karen Gventer (our Secretary) who was also waiting to be heard during Mr Miller’s ‘town hall’ wrote the media about that consultation which helped prompt a rather weak public response from the MP. Her letter was an important signal to the media that Mr Miller’s view does not always reflect his constituency. Letters to the editor help. The next time something outrages you, write a letter and send a copy to us at team@bgos-ndp.ca.
Affordable Housing. We responded to another federal consultation, this one on the future of public housing. There are a lot of good people with a great deal of expertise among BGOS NDP members and we tapped a couple for this exercise. Jacquie Schwan is a former Executive Director of Supportive Housing for Toronto and then Grey-Bruce. Gord Lawson, a contractor and home builder in the Bruce Peninsula, has a passion for inexpensive, but environmentally sound housing. And myself, a former member of the Board of Directors for Main-Gerrard Co-op in Toronto.
We pooled our combined 70 years of housing experience to come up with 7 recommendations. In a nutshell we argued for sustained funding from all levels of government and that governments should build co-op housing in fairly dense areas (eg, Hanover, Owen Sound, Meaford) but small, energy-efficient single units in rural areas. You can access our 14-page submission from the www.gos-ndp.ca website or by clicking here.
Trans-Pacific Partnership. The federal government held a long public consultation on this trade agreement. Our submission to the House Committee on International Trade focussed on Chapters 18 and 26 of the TPP – Intellectual Property (IP) and Investor State Dispute Settlement provisions. We agree with Jim Balsillie, the creator of the Blackberry, that Canada is not prepared to take innovative ideas into an international marketplace. We also discovered that Canada has not fared well in trade disputes and we give some examples of that.
We are not anti-trade; but we do want to maintain Canadian sovereignty from the threat of corporate trade suits. And we do not see any real economic advantage in the TPP. Our conclusion:
Given that our manufacturing sector remains sluggish in spite of our low dollar and the US recovery, this pivot [from trade agreements to building our own innovative economy] becomes even more important if the current government wants to get its own population back into well-paying jobs.
The first step in this process would be to refuse to ratify the Trans-Pacific Partnership. The second step would be for the federal government to create an ecosystem in which Canadian innovation can mature and bear fruit.
Check out our evidence and reasoning by clicking here.
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Circus life : performing and laboring under America's big top shows, 1830-1920
Childress, Micah D.
Knoxville, Tennessee : University of Tennessee Press, 2018
The nineteenth century saw the American circus move from a reviled and rejected form of entertainment to the “Greatest Show on Earth.” Circus Life by Micah D. Childress looks at this transition from the perspective of the people who owned and worked in circuses and how they responded to the new incentives that rapid industrialization made possible.
The circus has long been a subject of fascination for many, as evidenced by the millions of Americans that have attended circus performances over many decades since 1870, when the circus established itself as a truly unique entertainment enterprise. Yet the few analyses of the circus that do exist have only examined the circus as its own closed microcosm—the “circus family.” Circus Life, on the other hand, places circus employees in the larger context of the history of US workers and corporate America. Focusing on the circus as a business-entertainment venture, Childress pushes the scholarship on circuses to new depths, examining the performers, managers, and laborers’ lives and how the circus evolved as it grew in popularity over time. Beginning with circuses in the antebellum era, Childress examines changes in circuses as gender balances shifted, industrialization influenced the nature of shows, and customers and crowds became increasingly more middle-class.
As a study in sport and social history, Childress’s account demonstrates how the itinerant nature of the circus drew specific types of workers and performers, and how the circus was internally in constant upheaval due to the changing profile of its patrons and a changing economy. [editor summary]
The circus has long been a subject of fascination for many, as evidenced by the millions of ...
Cote : 791.309 73 C5369c 2018
Ex. 1 — disponible
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Philip Astley and the horsemen who invented the circus (1768-1814)
Jando, Dominique ; Binder, Paul
CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2018
In this fascinating and carefully researched book, Dominique Jando tells us when, why and how the former sergeant-major of a British Hussars regiment created the most universal form of entertainment, the Circus. It was not a chance occurrence: the place, the times and the social context, all led to this pivotal moment. Philip Astley became England's greatest showman, but if he was indeed a visionary, he was not a lone experimentalist: immediately, other equestrians followed his example and participated in the development and expansion of the circus in Europe and the Americas. This is the story, too, of these extraordinary and colorful pioneers who were Astley's contemporaries, whether pupils, competitors or colleagues: Charles Hughes, John Bill Ricketts, Philip Lailson, Antonio Franconi and a few others-including Astley's own son, John Conway Astley. Relying in large part on their contemporaries' testimony, Dominique Jando places these pioneers back in their historical and social context, as well as in the often-overlooked context of the nascent show business of the late eighteenth century-principally in Great Britain, but also in Europe and in America. [editor summary]
In this fascinating and carefully researched book, Dominique Jando tells us when, why and how the former sergeant-major of a British Hussars regiment created the most universal form of entertainment, the Circus. It was not a chance occurrence: the place, the times and the social context, all led to this pivotal moment. Philip Astley became England's greatest showman, but if he was indeed a visionary, he was not a lone experimentalist: i...
Cote : 791.309 2 A855p 2018
Big top typewriter : my inside adventures through the world of circus
Hammarstrom, David Lewis
Kentucky, États-Unis : CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017
Step right up to a rare and rollicking adventure through over half a century of circus history, as told by someone who lived through it all – and has a nagging habit of telling the truth. He is David Lewis Hammarstrom, first published at age 14, who promises you an eye-opening excursion into the ways and wonders of a world forever on the brink of extinction that yet somehow manages to reinvent itself over and over again. Levity seasons the parade: In wry response to a reviewer complaining that one of his books lacked distinctive circus atmosphere, the author sent him a special Smell Edition, containing fresh elephant dung off circus lots. Only one of many amusing anecdotes guaranteed to entertain you. So, have yourself a center ring seat, and read all about it in Big Top Typewriter! [editor summary]
Step right up to a rare and rollicking adventure through over half a century of circus history, as told by someone who lived through it all – and has a nagging habit of telling the truth. He is David Lewis Hammarstrom, first published at age 14, who promises you an eye-opening excursion into the ways and wonders of a world forever on the brink of extinction that yet somehow manages to reinvent itself over and over again. Levity seasons the ...
Cote : 791.309 2 H2243b 2017
The Routledge circus studies reader
Tait, Peta ; Lavers, Katie
New York : Routledge , 2016
The Routledge Circus Studies Reader offers an absorbing critical introduction to this diverse and emerging field. It brings together the work of over 30 scholars in this discipline, including Janet Davis, Helen Stoddart and Peta Tait, to highlight and address the field’s key historical, critical and theoretical issues. It is organised into three accessible sections, Perspectives, Precedents and Presents, which approach historical aspects, current issues, and the future of circus performance.
The chapters, grouped together into 13 theme-based sub-sections, provide a clear entry point into the field and emphasise the diversity of approaches available to students and scholars of circus studies. Classic accounts of performance, including pieces by Philippe Petit and Friedrich Nietzsche, are included alongside more recent scholarship in the field.
Edited by two scholars whose work is strongly connected to the dynamic world of performance, The Routledge Circus Studies Reader is an essential teaching and study resource for the emerging discipline of circus studies. It also provides a stimulating introduction to the field for lovers of circus. [editor summary]
The Routledge Circus Studies Reader offers an absorbing critical introduction to this diverse and emerging field. It brings together the work of over 30 scholars in this discipline, including Janet Davis, Helen Stoddart and Peta Tait, to highlight and address the field’s key historical, critical and theoretical issues. It is organised into three accessible sections, Perspectives, Precedents and Presents, which approach historical aspects, ...
Cote : 791.301 T135r 2016
The education of a circus clown
Carlyon, David
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Palgrave Macmillan, 2016
Through an autoethnographic examination of his own experiences in clowning, David Carlyon offers a close reading of the education of a professional circus clown.
Cote : 791.330 71 C286e 2016
Beneath the big top : a social history of the circus in Britain
Ward, Steve
Barnsley (UK) : Pen & Sword History, 2014
Beneath the Big Top is a social history of the circus, from its ancient roots to the rise of the 'modern' tented travelling shows. A performer and founder of a circus group, Steve Ward draws on eye-witness accounts and contemporary interviews to explore the triumphs and disasters of the circus world. He reveals the stories beneath the big top during the golden age of the circus and the lives of circus folk, which were equally colourful outside the ring : - Pablo Fanque, Britain's first black circus proprietor; - The Chipperfield dynasty, who started out in 1684 on the frozen Thames; - Katie Sandwina, world's strongest woman and part time crime-fighter; - The Sylvain brothers, who fell in love with the same woman in the ring [editor summary]
Beneath the Big Top is a social history of the circus, from its ancient roots to the rise of the 'modern' tented travelling shows. A performer and founder of a circus group, Steve Ward draws on eye-witness accounts and contemporary interviews to explore the triumphs and disasters of the circus world. He reveals the stories beneath the big top during the golden age of the circus and the lives of circus folk, which were equally colourful outside ...
Cote : 791.309 42 W2561b 2014
Emmett Kelly : the greatest clown on earth
McManus, Donald
Kirksville, Missouri : Truman State University Press, 2014
In the early 1900s, the circus was one of the most popular forms of entertainment in America, and one of the most popular circus acts was the clown. White-faced clowns in bright costumes made adults and children laugh with their silly antics. When the Great Depression caused many Americans to lose their jobs, Emmett Kelly decided to be a different type of clown—a sad-faced clown who reminded people of their struggles, but still made them laugh. His clown character, Weary Willie, inspired people to keep going during hard times. Because his clown character made people laugh and helped them with their troubles, Emmett Kelly became the most famous clown in the world. [editor summary]
In the early 1900s, the circus was one of the most popular forms of entertainment in America, and one of the most popular circus acts was the clown. White-faced clowns in bright costumes made adults and children laugh with their silly antics. When the Great Depression caused many Americans to lose their jobs, Emmett Kelly decided to be a different type of clown—a sad-faced clown who reminded people of their struggles, but still made them laugh. ...
Cote : 791.330 92 K2957e 2014
The greatest shows on earth
Simon, Linda
London : Reaktion Books, 2014
Traveling back to the circus’s early days, Linda Simon takes us to eighteenth-century hippodromes in Great Britain and intimate one-ring circuses in nineteenth-century Paris, where Toulouse-Lautrec and Picasso became enchanted with aerialists and clowns. She introduces us to P. T. Barnum, James Bailey, and the enterprising Ringling Brothers and reveals how they created the golden age of American circuses. Moving forward to the whimsical Circus Oz in Australia and to New York City’s Big Apple Circus and the grand spectacle of Cirque du Soleil, she shows how the circus has transformed in recent years. At the center of the story are the people—trick riders and tightrope walkers, sword swallowers and animal trainers, contortionists and clowns—that created the sensational, raucous, and sometimes titillating world of the circus. [editor summary]
Traveling back to the circus’s early days, Linda Simon takes us to eighteenth-century hippodromes in Great Britain and intimate one-ring circuses in nineteenth-century Paris, where Toulouse-Lautrec and Picasso became enchanted with aerialists and clowns. She introduces us to P. T. Barnum, James Bailey, and the enterprising Ringling Brothers and reveals how they created the golden age of American circuses. Moving forward to the whimsical Circus ...
Cote : 791.309 S5941g 2014
Circus museum : the John and Mable Ringling Museum of art
Walk, Deborah ; Lemmer-Posey, Jennifer ; Dahlinger, Fred Jr.
London : Scala Arts, 2014
The Ringling Circus Museum in Sarasota, Florida, was the first institution of its kind in the country to document the rich history of the American circus. It was established in 1948 to honor the memory of circus impresario John Ringling, who moved the winter quarters of the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey show to Sarasota in 1927. This new addition to the Scala 'Art Spaces' series illustrates the museum's development over time and highlights many of its most popular artifacts. [editor summary]
The Ringling Circus Museum in Sarasota, Florida, was the first institution of its kind in the country to document the rich history of the American circus. It was established in 1948 to honor the memory of circus impresario John Ringling, who moved the winter quarters of the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey show to Sarasota in 1927. This new addition to the Scala 'Art Spaces' series illustrates the museum's development over time and highlights ...
Cote : 791.307 473 W1771c 2014
Never quote the weather to a sea lion : and other uncommon tales from the founder of the Big Apple Circus
Binder, Paul
Bloomington, IN : AuthorHouse, 2013
This book is a celebration of Paul Binder’s life in and around the circus. Drawing on thirty-five years with the show he created, the Big Apple Circus’ founder and founding Artistic Director invites us inside the fence every kid peers through for an intimate look at the uncommon life of circus artists, their animal partners, and the roustabouts who spend their days in a world that is both close-knit and international, high-minded and low comedy, death-defying and ludicrous. [editor summary]
This book is a celebration of Paul Binder’s life in and around the circus. Drawing on thirty-five years with the show he created, the Big Apple Circus’ founder and founding Artistic Director invites us inside the fence every kid peers through for an intimate look at the uncommon life of circus artists, their animal partners, and the roustabouts who spend their days in a world that is both close-knit and international, high-minded and low comedy, ...
Cote : 791.309 227 3 B6122n 2013
Accessible à la Bibliothèque de l’ÉNC [15]
Accessible en ligne [13]
Livres [150]
Programmes de spectacles [77]
Articles de périodiques [43]
Dossiers documentaires [17]
Enregistrements vidéo [17]
Livres rares et anciens [11]
Études, guides et rapports [8]
Mémoires et thèses [3]
Articles de livres [1]
Catalogues d'expositions [1]
Maquettes de costumes [1]
Numéros de revues [1]
J Afficher plus
Compagnies de cirque - États-Unis [174]
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus [compagnie de cirque] [71]
Histoire des arts du cirque - États-Unis [57]
Histoire du cirque - États-Unis [48]
Big Apple Circus [compagnie de cirque] [44]
Cirque traditionnel - États-Unis [42]
Barnum, Phineas Taylor [directeur de cirque] [27]
Arts du cirque - États-Unis [26]
Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth [spectacle de cirque] [19]
Clyde Beatty-Cole Bros. Circus [compagnie de cirque] [19]
Histoire du cirque [18]
Artistes de cirque - États-Unis - Biographies [12]
Histoire des arts du cirque - 20e siècle [12]
Artistes de cirque - États-Unis [11]
Astley, Philip [écuyer, propriétaire de cirque] [10]
Cirque au cinéma [10]
Cole Bros. Circus [compagnie de cirque] [10]
Photographies de cirque [10]
Propriétaires de cirque - États-Unis - Biographies [10]
Biographie [9]
Cirque du Soleil [compagnie de cirque] [9]
Cirque traditionnel [9]
Exhibitions de phénomènes [9]
Histoire des arts du cirque - Québec (Province) [9]
Histoire du cirque - États-Unis - 20e siècle [9]
Ricketts, John Bill (1769-1800) [9]
Ringling Brothers Circus [compagnie de cirque] [9]
Histoire des arts du cirque [8]
Histoire des arts du cirque - États-Unis - 19e siècle [8]
Pickle Family Circus [compagnie de cirque] [8]
Spectacles de cirque - Critiques et interprétations [8]
Arts du cirque - Philosophie et théorie [7]
Histoire des arts du cirque - Canada [7]
Artistes de cirque - Biographies [6]
Circus Flora [organsime de cirque] [6]
Femmes artistes de cirque [6]
Fêtes foraines [6]
Histoire des arts du cirque - 18e siècle [6]
Rice, Dan [clown] [6]
Affiches de spectacles de cirque [5]
Arts du cirque - Critiques et interprétations [5]
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show [5]
Cirque Éloize [compagnie de cirque] [5]
Ducrow, Andrew [5]
Histoire des arts du cirque - Angleterre [5]
Histoire des arts du cirque - Europe [5]
Histoire des arts du cirque - France [5]
Numéro à sensation [5]
Animaux de cirque [4]
Artiste de cirque - États-Unis - Biographie [4]
Artiste de Sideshow - États-Unis - Biographie [4]
Cirques - États-Unis [4]
Dan Rice Great Show [spectacle de cirque] [4]
Esthétique des arts du cirque [4]
Histoire de l'acrobatie aérienne [4]
Kelly Miller Circus [compagnie de cirque] [4]
Les 7 doigts de la main [compagnie de cirque] [4]
Musique de cirque [4]
Pepin and Breschard [compagnie de cirque] [4]
Représentation de la femme dans les arts du cirque [4]
Universoul Circus [compagnie de cirque] [4]
Art clownesque - Histoire [3]
Artistes de cirque - Photographies [3]
Arts du cirque - France [3]
Arts du cirque - Québec (Province) [3]
Astley's Amphitheatre [bâtiment de cirque] [3]
Birdhouse Factory [spectacle de cirque] [3]
Cabinet de curiosité [3]
Circus Oz [compagnie de cirque] [3]
Circus Smirkus [école de cirque] [3]
Circus World Museum in Baraboo [3]
Cirque - Illustrations, images, etc. [3]
Cirque Mecanics [compagnie de cirque] [3]
Clowns - Biographies [3]
Clowns - États-Unis [3]
Diplômés de l'École nationale de cirque [3]
Dressage [3]
Dresseurs - Biographies [3]
École nationale de cirque [3]
Études sur le genre [3]
Fêtes foraines - États-Unis [3]
Films documentaire sur les arts du cirque [3]
Films documentaires [3]
Grandma meets Mummenschanz [spectacle de cirque] [3]
Great Circus Parade [événement de cirque] [3]
Hagenbeck - Wallace Circus [compagnie de cirque] [3]
Histoire de l'acrobatie équestre [3]
Histoire de l'art clownesque [3]
Histoire de la jonglerie [3]
Histoire des arts du cirque - Mexique [3]
Histoire des Sideshow - États-Unis [3]
James Anthony Bailey [directeur de cirque] [3]
Jazzmatazz [spectacle de cirque] [3]
Malformations [3]
Nouveau cirque [3]
Publicité de cirque [3]
Représentation du corps circassien [3]
Ringling [3]
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus [37]
Big Apple Circus [31]
Binder, Paul [18]
Albrecht, Ernest J. [15]
Christensen, Michael [13]
Bradley, Bill [11]
Fries, Jerry [8]
Thayer, Stuart [8]
Jando, Dominique [7]
Barnum, Phineas Taylor [6]
Knauf, Daniel [6]
Cole Bros. Circus [5]
Dahlinger, Fred Jr. [5]
Hammarstrom, David Lewis [5]
Luthringer, Roy [5]
Slout, William Lawrence [5]
Herman, Danny [4]
Jacob, Pascal [4]
Crandall, Diehl [3]
Finelli, Judy [3]
Fox, Charles Philip [3]
Glasier, Frederick W. [3]
Lane Lutter, Justin [3]
Leroux, Louis Patrick [3]
McKennon, Joe [3]
Steben, Karybe [3]
Steben, Sarah [3]
Stencell, A. W. [3]
Walk, Deborah [3]
Apps, Jerry [2]
Atwell, Harry A. [2]
Barstow, Richard [2]
Bourdier, Raoul [2]
Carlyon, David [2]
Circus Flora [2]
Circus World Museum [2]
Cirque Mechanics [2]
Conover, Richard E. [2]
Damkjaer, Camilla [2]
Daniel, Noel [2]
Davis, Janet M [2]
Doerffler, Bart [2]
Dupéré, Geneviève [2]
Durant, Alice [2]
Durant, John [2]
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The Russian Anarchists and Dissidents in East London from 1890-1910
Added by Deborah Hedgecock
Time: January 29, 2020 from 7:30pm to 9pm
Location: Bruce Castle Museum
Street: Lordship Lane
City/Town: Tottenham
Website or Map: http://www.haringey.gov.uk/br…
Event Type: radical, history, local, evening, talk
Event Added By: Deborah Hedgecock
Latest Activity: on Monday
Join us for an evening with Clive Bloom (Emeritus Professor of English and American Studies of Middlesex University), best-selling author and publisher, as he leads us through the shadowy sub-culture of Russian anarchists and dissidents living in the East of London from 1890 to 1910.
On a freezing day in January 1909, two Jewish, Latvian anarcho-communists - Paul Hefeld and Jacob Lapidus - attempted a wages snatch in Tottenham. They failed, and in the pursuit that followed - which became the longest chase in British history - the two armed robbers killed a policeman and a child and wounded several others. This was the Tottenham Outrage, the crime that shocked Edwardian Britain.
A year goes by. The Tottenham anarchists were connected to another group of revolutionaries called 'The Flame', hiding in the East End.
They too attempted a robbery in Houndsditch in December 1910, but were rumbled. The police begin a roundup, looking also for the enigmatic 'Peter the Painter'. The roundup catches most of the gang who live in seedy rooms in the ghetto of the East End.
Three of the gang vanished but two are traced to 100 Sidney Street. The most famous gunfight in British history then ensues with Winston Churchill present.
This is the story of a lost world of immigrant politics, anarchists, Yiddish theatres, two old kosher restaurants called Cohen's and The Warsaw, where most of the meetings and plottings took place, of the long grasp of Lenin and the Bolsheviks and of an underworld where guns and molls were de rigeur and not one character in the drama (including Morris's barrister) are quite what they seem, and no one uses their real name.
Doors open 7pm.
Refreshments available.
Kindly supported by the Friends of Bruce Castle
RSVP for The Russian Anarchists and Dissidents in East London from 1890-1910 to add comments!
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Enzygo scoops prestigious growth award
18th October 2017 Kirtsy Arnold2017
Fox Valley-based Enzygo, one of the UK’s fastest growing multi-disciplinary environmental consultancies, has scooped the ‘Business Growth Award’ at the 2017 Barnsely and Rotherham Business Awards. The Awards evening, organised by the Barnsley and Rotherham Chamber of Commerce and held at Magna, Rotherham, on Friday, 13th October 2017, is one of the region’s most prestigious…
Cannon Hall Farm crowned ‘Best of the Best’
The origins of the 2017 Barnsley and Rotherham Business of the Year were first laid more than four centuries ago. Cannon Hall Farm was singled out for praise amongst judges for the way in which owner Roger Nicholson drew on his lifelong commitment and passion for farming, stared adversity in the eye and made 2016…
South Yorkshire’s Best Honoured
Businesses across the region were recognised at the annual Barnsley and Rotherham Business Awards on Friday, 13th October, held in Rotherham. This year’s awards saw 14 businesses, charities and individuals honoured at the prestigious awards ceremony, as they battled against a shortlist of 5 in each category. Cannon Hall Farm, located near Barnsley, was crowned…
Business Awards shortlist announced
18th September 2017 Kirtsy Arnold2017
South Yorkshire businesses and individuals will battle for honours at the Barnsley and Rotherham Business Awards ceremony, taking place on Friday, 13th October at Magna, Rotherham. This year a record number of entries were received, with 128 submissions across all categories, with just 60 being shortlisted for the 12 categories on offer. In addition to…
Extra time for Businesses to apply for Awards
30th August 2017 Kirtsy Arnold2017
Businesses have additional time to submit their applications for the 2017 Barnsley and Rotherham Business Awards. Due to the proximity of the Bank Holiday and following numerous requests, businesses and individuals now have until Friday, 8th September to submit their nominations for the award categories. The awards, in association with RNN Group, will recognise the…
Barnsley and Rotherham Business Awards sign up top local radio presenter
7th August 2017 Kirtsy Arnold2017
Barnsley & Rotherham Chamber of Commerce has made its first summer signing after securing the support of well-known local radio personality Andy Giddings who will host the 2017 Barnsley and Rotherham Business Awards. After presiding of the event in 2016, the popular broadcaster who is perhaps best known locally as being the host of BBC…
Business Awards now open to ‘S’ postcode
6th June 2017 Kirtsy Arnold2017
Barnsley and Rotherham Business Awards, in association with RNN Group, have officially opened for entry and businesses have until Friday 1st September to submit entries. The awards are open to organisations of all sizes in all industries with an ‘S’ postcode (within the Sheffield City Region) and all members of Barnsley & Rotherham Chamber of Commerce,…
2017 Barnsley and Rotherham Business Awards Launched
12th May 2017 Kirtsy Arnold2017
Businesses from across South Yorkshire are being given a chance to share their success over the past twelve months at the 2017 Barnsley and Rotherham business awards which have been officially launched this week. To mark the launch of the awards, Barnsley & Rotherham Chamber has teamed up with RNN Group, which is responsible for…
Business Awards deliver a night to remember for South Yorkshire’s business community 21st October 2019
Shortlist announced for Barnsley and Rotherham Business Awards 16th September 2019
Extra time for business awards applications 29th August 2019
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PROSUR
Ilhan Omar Accused Jews of Dual Loyalties. Such Bigotry Dates Back to the Time of Esther.
Rep. Ilhan Omar, D-Minn., launched into yet another anti-Semitic tirade last week, declaring to a packed audience, “I want to talk about the political influence in this country that says it is OK to push for allegiance to a foreign country [Israel].”
Days later, she doubled down, asserting on Twitter that she “should not be expected to have allegiance/pledge support to a foreign country in order to serve my country in Congress or serve on committee.”
Our democracy is built on debate, Congresswoman! I should not be expected to have allegiance/pledge support to a foreign country in order to serve my country in Congress or serve on committee. The people of the 5th elected me to serve their interest. I am sure we agree on that! https://t.co/gglAS4FVJW
— Ilhan Omar (@IlhanMN) March 3, 2019
In those statements, Omar accused Jewish Americans of holding dual loyalties. There’s no other way to read it.
This accusation is an age-old slur that goes back millennia. The vizier of ancient Persia, Haman, once used a similar line to stoke fear and hatred of the Jewish people 2,400 years ago as he plotted against their very existence across the empire.
As recounted in the Book of Esther, Haman warned King Ahasuerus: “There is a certain people [the Jews] scattered abroad and dispersed among the people in all the provinces of thy kingdom; and their laws are diverse from all people; neither keep they the king’s laws: therefore it is not for the king’s profit to suffer them.” (Esther 3:8)
The attempt by anti-Semites to manipulate political leadership and national opinion against the Jewish people continues. How appalling that this kindred spirit of Haman now stirs within the U.S. Congress.
The issue here is not the hurt feelings of Jewish Americans or the offensiveness of Omar’s comments. Of far greater concern is the twisted view of the world that her words suggest she holds. As the founder of Christianity once said, “Out of the abundance of the heart, the mouth speaks.”
Her words are just a symptom. The more disconcerting problem is what she believes. And her powerful position as a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee enables her to normalize this anti-Semitism, spread falsehoods, and influence our international relations.
Omar’s extremist views have been known for the better part of a decade, dating back to her time in the Minnesota Legislature. Jarringly, she was one of just two members of the Minnesota House to oppose legislation limiting life insurance payments to the beneficiaries of those who died in the furtherance of terrorism.
During Israel’s 2012 war against U.S.-designated terrorist group Hamas, Omar tweeted: “Israel has hypnotized the world, may Allah awaken the people and help them see the evil doings of Israel.”
Last year, she referred to the Jewish state on Twitter as the “apartheid Israeli regime.”
Drawing attention to the apartheid Israeli regime is far from hating Jews. You are a hateful sad man, I pray to Allah you get the help you need and find happiness. https://t.co/SvEXjlxlEN
— Ilhan Omar (@IlhanMN) May 31, 2018
After winning election in November, Omar’s campaign clearly identified her as a supporter of the so-called BDS movement against Israel. The acronym stands for boycott, divestment, and sanctions.
Last month, she suggested in a now-deleted tweet that Jewish Americans were buying the support of politicians for Israel: “It’s all about the Benjamins baby.”
In the story of Esther, King Ahasuerus’ heart became fortified against Haman’s slander when reminded of an act of loyalty by Mordecai, a Jewish leader, who overheard and warned of a plot against his life. Mordecai’s niece—Queen Esther—boldly exposed to the king the details of Haman’s ultimate aims. Deliverance sprang forth through these heroic acts.
Just as in Persia in 356 BCE, Jews play an important role in American civic life in 2019. Their commitment to their faith and tradition, and support for extended family in Israel, does not conflict with their patriotism and allegiance to the United States—the last best hope of man on earth.
Hamans exist in every generation. In a democratic society, private citizens should confront this evil by speaking truth.
In the case at hand, congressional leaders have additional options at their disposal. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi can remove Omar from the Foreign Affairs Committee, her House colleagues can censure her, and her constituents can protest.
Her bigoted remarks seek to cast doubt on the patriotism of Jewish Americans, and her warped views diminish the security of the entire free world.
Later this month, Jews will celebrate the annual Purim festival to commemorate the survival of the Jewish people against the evil plots of Haman. His ghost should not be haunting the halls of Congress.
rce:Heritage Foundation
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Export Expertise
Exploring pizza cheese potential in a more competitive world
Merle McNeil
Merle McNeil is director, market research and analysis, U.S. Dairy Export Council. She contributes this column exclusively for Cheese Market News®.
Last week, at Key Banc Capital Markets presentations in Boston and New York, pizza powerhouse Papa John’s International said it expects to add 130-200 international stores annually for the “next several years.” It already operates more than 1,500 units in 41 nations outside the United States and calls the international market a “significant growth opportunity for many years to come.”
Pizza chains bigger and smaller alike, U.S.- and foreign-based, espouse similarly optimistic views of overseas pizza demand growth, each with its own multi-nation expansion plan. The pizza sector is one reason why despite a prolonged global dairy market imbalance and the dawn of an era of intensified export competition, we not only expect a return to stronger overall dairy trade growth but also view the United States as well positioned to secure a hefty slice of the pie.
• Lingering oversupply
Let’s take a step back for a moment. For over a year, the industry has had to deal with the aftermath of the European Union’s decision to remove milk production quotas, a plateau in Chinese dairy imports, reduced purchasing power in oil-producing nations, the Russian trade embargo, and a stronger dollar, among other headwinds to export growth. The combination has sharply intensified global competition among a handful of large exporters aggressively seeking buyers to take up abundant supplies.
We have seen the fallout in U.S. cheese exports. After rising more than six-fold from 2004 to 2014, U.S. cheese shipments fell 14 percent to 698 million pounds in 2015 and were down 22 percent through the first four months of this year.
While those tougher competitive conditions appear likely to hold through the near-term, USDEC’s recent market report, “U.S. Dairy Export Prospects: Looking out to 2020,” determines strong global cheese trade opportunities also will persist over the midterm. The report conservatively projects a compound annual growth rate of 3.2 percent in international cheese trade from 2014-2020, resulting in demand for an additional 1 billion pounds of cheese exports per year.
Now, a new USDEC research study delves specifically into one of the key sectors that will help drive that growth: Pizza. The study analyzes the pizza sector in 23 nations, finding that rising demand will increase their overall pizza cheese consumption by 220 million pounds from 2015-2020 — a compound annual growth rate of nearly 6 percent.
When you hear stories like Papa John’s it’s easy to understand why. Emerging markets and certain developed countries alike present fertile ground for pizza chain growth. Just look at per capita consumption.
Estimated U.S. per capita consumption of cheese on pizza is more than 8 pounds per year. Even in Japan — the most advanced pizza market USDEC analyzed from both an economic and pizza penetration standpoint — annual per capita pizza cheese consumption is only 4.9 pounds. Most other nations in the study ranged from a quarter-pound to 3 pounds.
In addition, most of the 23 nations analyzed in the report are largely or fully dependent on imports to meet their pizza cheese needs — a situation that will not change for years, if ever.
• Advantages and disadvantages
U.S. cheesemakers are a natural to play in this market. No other major nation in the world consumes more pizza than the United States. We are pizza experts, increasingly recognized for our strong pizza focus, ample capacity, supply consistency and depth of pizza cheese knowledge.
There are, however, challenges to capitalize on the world’s growing appetite for pizza. U.S. suppliers currently face a pricing challenge to maximize pizza cheese export growth, as suppliers from Oceania and the EU are pricing very aggressively in the face of the global oversupply. Given longer-term market trends and the economics of dairy trade, U.S. prices are bound to grow more competitive, but they are hindering U.S. growth at present.
And despite our pizza expertise, growing the business, particularly during a period of heightened competition, requires acute attention to customer needs. The 23 nations USDEC analyzed present a long and varied list of pizza cheese preferences, from color to stretch to sodium content to halal certification. And most would welcome innovation assistance, particularly with up-and-coming pizza trends, like artisan pizza and “healthier” pizzas that better align with growing consumer wellness concerns.
U.S. suppliers who continue to immerse themselves in the markets, learn the varying preferences, produce to the preferred specifications and build supplier relationships will have a better shot at sales now and be better positioned when prices turn more favorable.
U.S. cheesemakers are not starting from scratch. They are already holding their own in the market despite the intensely competitive circumstances. Last year when overall U.S. cheese exports declined, U.S. shipments of grated cheese (most of which is used on pizza) rose 19 percent. This year, with U.S. cheese exports down again, grated cheese sales continue to grow, up 6 percent through April. Grated cheese does not capture the universe of all pizza cheese, but U.S. performance there is a good sign.
Pizza cheese demand is there. The demand is unquestionable. It is up to U.S. suppliers now to capitalize on it.
Note: The U.S. Dairy Export Council is primarily supported by Dairy Management Inc. through the producer checkoff that builds on collaborative industry partnerships with processors, trading companies and others to build global demand for U.S. dairy products.
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Home / Culture / Film and TV
Stars spotted at film academy exam
(chinadaily.com.cn) Updated: 2016-02-16 12:35 Comments
Guan Xiaotong waiting in line for exams at the Beijing Film Academy, Feb 16, 2016. [Photo/IC]
"I have been relying on my intuition in acting, I think professional training would be good for me," she said.
The performing arts major has always been a hit at art universities. This year, the competition has been fiercer, as the planned number of students for recruitment has shrunk while registration is on the rise.
As reported, only 45 candidates will be chosen from the 7,631 registers, or one out of 175.
The universities have also raised the bar in looking for eligible candidates. The Beijing Film Academy, for example, said that other than the usual two rounds of tests, this year there will be three.
Top art colleges in China include the Beijing Film Academy, Central Academy of Drama and Shanghai Theatre Academy.
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KNOWLEDGE HOME
KKR TO LAUNCH LARGEST INFRA FUND
KKR is going to launch its three largest funds, one of which will be dedicated to infrastructure, in the next six to 18 months as the firm looks to scale its business, Scott C. Nuttall, co-president and co-COO of KKR, said during an earnings call on 25 July.
KKR held a USD 7.4bn final close for its third dedicated infrastructure fund, KKR Global Infrastructure Investors III, in September 2018.
Fund III, in partnership with BlackRock Infrastructure, recently completed the USD 4bn acquisition of a 40% stake in Abu Dhabi National Oil Company’s crude oil pipeline. The two parties each took a 20% stake.
Fund III has an investment period from 2018 to 2024. It has USD 6.24bn of uncalled capital and has invested a total USD 905.7m as of 2Q19.
The company declined further comment on the new fund.
The USD 3.04bn KKR Global Infrastructure Investors II, with an investment period from 2014 to 2018, has invested USD 3.01bn. The fund recorded a gross return of 13% in the last 12 months.
The USD 1.04bn Fund I is now fully invested and divesting as well, according to Inframation Deals.
The flagship Energy Income & Growth Fund is flat over the last 12 months compared to a 36% decline in S&P's Oil and Gas E&P Select Index.
KKR currently manages a total of USD 13bn of infrastructure assets comprising 5% of its total asset. It is now fundraising for infrastructure in Asia.
GPIF UPS INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT BY NEARLY 50%
IFM CHIEF SAYS FUND MANAGER CONSOLIDATION COMING
BLACKROCK RECEIVES BIDS FOR LOS RAMONES MEXICAN PIPELINE
EUROPEAN ENERGY STORAGE GIANT UP FOR SALE
Belt and Road set for more private sector finaning
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Battlegame Book Series #4 of 20: Galactic War (Vol. 3) – Invasion Earth!
Narration from a Scottish redhead...
When I was a little boy I had one of the five volumes in the Usborne Battlegame Book series by Andrew McNeil. It was called Fighting Ships (#5) and it was published in the UK in 1975. It was chock full of pictures and helpful information on the inside, and contained four complete wargames (with pieces, rules and gameboards in the book) that could help your imagination travel anywhere in time and space. This year, I decided to (re)collect and (re)play the entire series. And we've been playing ever since...
For the second half of our recent double-header, we moved on to Volume 3 of the series, Galactic War. To say that this book, not being devoted to a particular period of military history, is an aberrration among the Battlegame Books would be quite an understatement. The first half is a brief overview of basic astronomy and cosmology and a history of the space program circa 1975. (For the record, my single favorite part of the book is how it describes the amazing success of the Skylab program in the present tense.) As there has not actually been any galactic war though of which we are aware (at least at the time of press), the second half of the book delves into the purely speculative "someone thinks this might be something that could happen someday" digression, including the four wargames, which are pure matinee sci-fi schlock at its best.
Invasion Earth! is no exception and is definitely chock full of wtf-itude. The scenario revolves around an attempt by an amphibious alien race called the Ganoids (Dastardly Donny here, largely due to the physical resemblance) to conquer the Earth by planting enough breeding pods into the Pacific Ocean to spawn and overwhelm the puny humans. As you do.
The other player (me here) takes on the role of Earth's woefully underfunded and undermanned Pacific Command, charged with the task of eliminating enough of the breeding pods as they are seeded to prevent the Ganoid invasion from achieving critical mass.
The first Ganoid craft lands off the coast of Peru
The earth forces consist of essentially four fleets: two slow-moving submarines, a much faster aircraft squadron and a middling attack hydrofoil. In addition, the Pacific Command controls three one-shot orbital missle satellites which "scroll" across the top of the board each turn.
By contrast, the Ganoid player controls six "beacon" space ships, with no real movement capacity to speak of. Each turn, one ship may be landed anywhere on the board as desired. The following turn, that craft generates a spawning craft, while another beacon ship may be landed elsewhere. On the third turn, the spawning craft is submerged beneath the ocean depths, and the beacon ship may depart to anywhere else on the board. The object of the game is for the Ganoid player to get 10 craft submerged successfuly (or 8 submerged in a contiguous group, which is far more unlikely to happen), at which point humanity is overwhelmed by dripping aliens clawing up the beaches, dogs and cats start living together and... well, you get the idea.
A submarine fleet takes out a submerged breeding pod near Vancouver, while a Ganoid beacon ship considers its next move
If at any point before the spawning craft is successfully submerged, that square is attacked by the Earth hydrofoil or aircraft, everything within the square is destroyed. (This obviously dictates the primary Ganoid strategy, which is to spread out landing sites at the edges of the board, to delay humanity's response in best hopes to get as many pods underwater as possible.) Once submerged, neither the hydrofoil nor the aircraft may make an attack on a spawning craft, but it is then exposed to submarine fleet attack. Of course the two submarines move with such agonizing slowness, they are of limited usefulness and lethality, depending on where the Ganoids manage to effect their landings.
Finally, the three orbital missle satellites (or OMS's) are the Earth player's one major ace in the hole. They track across the top of the board by one space per turn, and at a certain point each may be used to "nuke" a square in the column beneath from orbit. Everything within that square is destroyed (whether submerged or not), and that OMS is then removed from the board. You get three shots only. Make them count.
The Final Positions
As we commenced the game, my initial strategy was to attack the beacon ships directly as they landed, thinking I could quickly end the game by taking out these six units asap. Donny was quite adept at spreading my forces out across the board though, and it quickly became very unfeasible for me to reach enough of the beacons before they took off for other parts. As a strategem for victory, it proved unlikely to be effective.
After a brief re-assessment, I began to concentrate on the spawning craft instead. The Ganoid player has a supply of 16, and realizing the impossibility of him submerging 8 in a contiguous grouping before being attacked by my aircraft, it became a matter of simple math. If I could destroy 7 of the spawners, Donny would be entirely unable to meet his victory conditions.
I think I already had destroyed one grouping in mid-spawn by this point, and subtracting the three nuke hits I expected when my OSMs were lined up where I wanted them to be, this meant I had to take out just three more of the pods with my mobile units. It was honestly touch and go there for a while... Ultimately though, my subs were able to reach just enough of alien landing sites to tip the balance towards the defenders and victory was mine.
Here is how Invasion Earth! fared in our scoring:
Donny Brian
Quick to lean 3 3
The rules themselves were simply stated but took a good while for us to wrap our heads around, such as the alien forces having no attack value or movement speed. We were repeatedly confused by the human units having their attack value printed on the unit (instead of the speed), and the differentiation between which units could attack aliens on the surface or submerged was not immediately clear.
Cool factor 5 4
I was particularly fond of the OMS mechanic. An interestying variant would be if the satellite attacked everything in the row beneath, not just one square in the row. (On the first read-through of the rules, that was actually my interpretation of their attack capability.)
Replayability 4 4
This game does not just lend itself to replayability, it demands it. We both felt it took us most of the game to get our bearings in terms of how it worked, and that it would require additional plays to fully get the hang of.
Balance 3 3
It was hard for us to sense any particular slant during our game, but the tips and suggestions included on the rules page suggest making the game harder for the Ganoid player after a few plays by adding OMSs, which definitely implies a biad towards the alien side in the base game.
Overall 3.625
Some pages of Volume 3: Galactic War
Posted by madgael at 4:47 AM No comments:
Labels: aliens, Andrew McNeil, battlegame, Battlegame Book, Galactic War, gametest, Invasion Earth, scifi, wargame
The CVG Podcast and Rhythm & Blues Revue - Episode #009: What Is And What Should Never Be!
My poor head...
Episode Nine of The Chippewa Valley Geek Podcast and Rhythm & Blues Revue is complete and can be found here or on iTunes and Stitcher.
It's the start of Season Two, and you're getting a veritable cannonade about canon in this episode!
0:02:06 The Up Front: On race and re-casting canon
0:12:25 The Interview: Tom Foss of The Fortress of Soliloquy explains the point of canon, lets us know where it goes horribly wrong, and takes on the Geek-del Test!
0:56:12 Payin' some bills
1:01:26 The Roundtable: Wherein Donny and Mike heap their scorn on canon, then decide they're kind of OK with it after all, and then go and choose the wrong cannon!
1:45:31 The Community Calendar
1:52:05 Bonus Track: Sagan the Blues!
Sweet Monkey Jesus, do we have some Show Notes and Links this time!
Make sure to complete The Chippewa Valley Geek 2014 Reader & Listener Poll
Felicia Day's "high school essay" on race and casting
Don't get these guys mixed up...
Doctor Who and The Talons of Weng-Chiang!
Dungeons and Dragons: The Movie - Oh the humanity...
The Hitchhiker's Guide movie (Now is a good time to panic.)
Hey kids, it's Kate Mara!
Kevin Spacey and the worst Cockney accent ever...
Shira Brie came first.
Jupiter's Legacy! by Mark Millar and Frank Quitely (It gets brutal...)
The Return of Donna Troy! by Phil Jemenez
Daredevil! by Mark Waid
Wolverine & The X-Men! by Jason Aaron
If you liked the first 150 pages of the Silmarillion, you'll love DC's 52, by Johns / Morrison / Waid / Rucka.
Spider-Man: One More Day
Spider-Man: Brand New Day
Grant Morrison is a genius, pure and simple.
Check out his amazing interviews w/ Kev Smith on Fatman on Batman here, here and here!
Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight
All-New X-Men! by Brian Michael Bendis
Amazing Fantasy # 15! by Lee / Ditko
The Death of Superman! by Dan Jurgens and a bunch of people
Tom Foss's Walking with Superman blog project. It's pretty farking clever.
The 8th Doctor Audio Adventures
The Night of the Doctor: Mini Episode featuring #8
Garth Ennis' The Punisher
Star Trek: Into Darkness - frickin' kids these days...
It's A Bird, It's a Plane, It's Superman: The Superman Musical
Jaime Reyes and the Blue Beetle
Wally West
Daredevil <-- Find a decent Kingpin here...
Miles Morales and Ultimate Spider-Man
Superman: Birthright! by Mark Waid
All-Star Superman! by Grant Morrison
Superman: Red Son! by Mark Millar
Supergirl: The Director's Cut
Tom Foss is at The Fortress of Soliloquy and on Twitter at @dowding_tom. I think.
Cannon: Season One w/ William Conrad
Cannon by Wally Wood
Rock me baby like a Wagon Wheel...
A few words from the Furyondy Chamber of Commerce.
Wolfgang Baur is here. (He didn't really do any of the stuff I said he did. He's a nice guy. Really.)
Memorize the Wookiiepedia and learn about Billy Bob!
You should read some Patrick O'Brian!
Master & Commander
Because she's there...
Rat Queens: Sass and Sorcery
Donny's Horror Reboots:
The Star Wars RPG Mike meant.
Don't forget the Forgotten Realms!
Ed Greenwood!
The One Ring!
Traveller, baby!
Mutants and Masterminds!
Call of Cthulhu - Core Book
Mecatol Rex from afar and up close and personal
Captain Kirk's Cannon!
Captain Kirk's Cannon, Recreated!
Pachabel's Canon
Dyan Cannon, 1978...
Hint: the correct answer is -not- to always own a cannon
The origin story of Monster Mike
(Someone is owed some life story rights I think...)
The Geek's main Amazon link!
Remember you can get your own copies of the bonus tracks out at Bandcamp!
Sorry, no Monthly Marathon this time out. I'm playing binge-watch-catch-up on a few series right now and will need any bonus free time to start work on the next few eps of the podcast. Feel free to view amongst yourselves.
PC Stinger: Quelidan the Magnificent
This month's stinger is by an Eladrin Wizard contributed by our special guest Mr. Tom Foss. Check out his character sheet here...
- "Moroccan Guimbri Lute", obtained via Freesound.org via a Creative Commons 0 license. The original file can be found here.
It's no "Heaven and Hell", but nevertheless, special thanks for helping to inspire this episode's bonus track go out to Carl Sagan, Ann Druyan, and Neil deGrasse Tyson.
"Imagination will often carry us to worlds that never were, but without it we go nowhere." - Carl Sagan
Posted by madgael at 9:10 PM 2 comments:
Labels: cannon, canon, carl sagan, comics, dastardly donny, felicia day, kate mara, monster mike, Podcast, race, reboot, Rhythm & Blues Revue, superman, tom foss, x-men
Introducing the 2014 edition of the Chippewa Valley Geek Annual Reader / Listener Poll!
Please help start our second year off with a bang by taking a few minutes to fill out the 2014 Chippewa Valley Geek Annual Reader / Listener Poll! It's right here.
It's a great chance to give some feedback on the blog and the podcast and let us more about your wants and needs.
Everybody's doin' it. You don't want to be left out, do you?
I didn't think so.
You want to be cool. I want you to be cool.
Consider clicking on the link and giving a few minutes of feedback and stories about you. Then you'll be cool.
Labels: Listener Poll
Haiku Movie Review! X-Men Days of Future Past
Predictable some,
but otherwise quite good. (Hey
kids! Rebar!) B+
Labels: bryan singer, Haiku, hugh jackman, ian mckellan, james macavoy, magneto professor x, michale fassbender, movie, patrick stewart, review, time travel, wolverine, x-men
Monster Mike's Geek Reads: Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card
Ender's Game.
No doubt you boycotted the film and you are probably ready to scream foul invective at me for giving that blankety-blank homophobe Orson Scott Card a nickel in royalties for the privilege of reviewing his book. So before we go any further in this review, let's clear the air:
I stole this book.
We here at the Chippewa Valley Geek hold no truck with homophobia, racism, sexism, or any other sort of -ism. Geeks come in all shapes, sizes, and colors. We recognize that geeks share their geeky love as The Force moves them, and we think that's awesome. However, my purpose here is not to critique Mr. Card and the repugnance of his publicly stated views, but instead to review this important and influential work of science fiction that he wrote nearly forty years ago on its own merits. So take some deep breaths, throw a few karate chops at the stuffed Pikachu next to you, and recite the Green Lantern Corps Oath until your mind reaches a Zen-like state of calm. Then read on.
The story takes place in a hypothetical future where humankind has overpopulated the earth, space travel is becoming commonplace, and we have begun to get serious about expanding to other planets. However, about eighty years prior, humankind was attacked by an utterly alien species known as The Buggers. The first Bugger war forced all of the disparate human governments and cultures to unite and took all of humanity's resources and courage under the leadership of the legendary hero Mazer Rackham to drive the mythical beasties back to wherever they came from.
Eighty years later, Earth finds itself politically divided and desperately seeking the next Mazer Rackham to defend them from the inevitable second invasion. Enter Andrew "Ender" Wiggin and thousands of other children like him that are identified for their intelligence and potential at a very young age and are sent to Battle School. Ender is a "third" - an outcast third child on a world with a rigid two child per couple policy. His older siblings Valentine and Peter are every bit as bright as Ender, but are deemed unsuitable: his sister Valentine is too compassionate, and his brother Peter is too cruel.
The bulk of the story is about Ender's development as he progresses through Battle School and eventually moves on to Command School. Battle school looks rather like a four-year long game of organized team laser tag in zero gravity, and Ender quickly proves to be brilliant at both the tactics and strategy of this game. His keen observation, intelligence, and judicious ability to be violent in the right amount at the right times see him through all the challenges that the school can throw at him. Since many chapters of the book are prefaced with a private dialogue between Colonel Graff and Major Imbu - the manipulative leaders of the Battle School - discussing Ender's progress and latest challenges, the reader gets insight into the invisible hands pulling the levers in Ender's world. And in the remainder of the narrative, a lot of the action takes place inside of Ender's head. This gives the reader a clear view of the thought processes of the world's next great tactical and strategic genius.
By the time Ender is ten, he is moved to command school, representing the step up from leading a squad to commanding the strategy of a large group of squads. Though the games grow increasingly intense, Ender also gains a mentor. And I don't want to say too much more about the plot of the book beyond this point, because there are a few great twists at the end that should not be spoiled. You'll just have to read it for yourself.
So what we have here is a story about the personal growth and development of one exceptional individual in a military society with the horrible bug alien space menace serving as the threat that lurks just over the horizon right up until the very end of the book. In this sense, Ender's game very strongly mirrors Starship Troopers. The writing is gripping, and the book is hard to put down. At the same time, I could not help but feel a certain queasiness with the ironclad moral justification for every immoral action in the book. For example, at several points in the book, Ender is forced to defend himself violently and does so, never learning that he actually killed his assailant. The operators of the battle school are given complete moral justification for what amounts to psychological torture of children. At the end of the book, Ender has to make choices with staggering moral consequences justified by his ignorance of what he is truly doing. And the reader is left squirming uncomfortably, hoping that everything works out all right in the end. Reading this book may leave you feeling rather squicky when it's all done. Yet I also think this kind of boundary-pushing is exactly what science fiction is for.
out of 5.
Labels: book review, enders game, geek reads, monster mike, orson scott card, science, scifi
Battlegame Book Series #4 of 20: Galactic War (Vol...
Introducing the 2014 edition of the Chippewa Valle...
Monster Mike's Geek Reads: Ender's Game by Orson ...
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Overview of Architectural History and Criticism
Classroom and distance learning programs are available in Architectural History and Criticism at accredited colleges and universities. Interior architecture as well as environmental and landscape architectural history and building design are covered in the degree programs. Additionally, the impact that architecture has on philosophy, culture and political structures is also examined. Some Architectural History and Criticism college and university courses have been offered for more than 40 years. Types of undergraduate and graduate degrees you can get after you enroll in the programs include a Bachelor of Arts in Architectural History and Criticism, Master of Arts in Architectural History and Criticism and/or a Doctorate of Arts in Architectural History and Criticism.
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Curriculum for undergraduate and graduate Architectural History and Criticism programs are established by individual colleges and universities. However, courses generally associated with the degree programs include:
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Benefits of Completing Architectural History and Criticism Programs
After you graduate with Architectural History and Criticism degrees you can get hired to work as a city visitors’ bureau director or travel/tourism director. Other jobs Architectural History and Criticism degrees prepare you to work at include civil engineer, urban planner and commercial or industrial designer. You may work indoors as well as outdoors after you’re hired. Types of buildings you can design and/or study are worship centers, office buildings, apartments and airport terminals. You can use your degree to teach architectural programs at postsecondary schools or you can use skills you gain in college to start your own architectural business. Specific skills associated with completing Architectural History and Criticism degrees include creative expression, design, organizational and planning skills. You also gain interdisciplinary tools and critical thinking skills when you take the programs.
Job Opportunities in Architectural History and Criticism Students
Architecture jobs are expected to grow by 16 percent. This growth rate is faster than average from 2008 through 2018 compared to other job occupations according to the United States Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Furthermore, as of May 2008 the median annual salary architects earned was $70,320. The middle 50 percent of architects earned between $53,480 and $91,870.
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Winners of the Welland Rose Festival & Visual Arts Art Exhibitions
Posted Jun 26th, 2019 in Arts & Crafts, Festivals and Events, Culture, welland
The Welland Rose Festival & the Visual Artists of Welland partnered to present a Youth Art Exhibition June 8th and 9th, and the annual Adult Art Exhibition June 10th to 16th.
The NEW Youth Art Exhibition provided young upcoming artists in Niagara Region the opportunity to feel what it’s like to present their artistic talents to their community, as well as see first-hand how an exhibition works, and gained a few tips in the process. The Youth competition showcased 8 artists aged 13 – 17 years old, with a total of 22 pieces and all the participating artists were very talented. The judges had a hard task but after 1.5 hours of deliberation the results were in. WINNERS: Jessica Thomas won first prize of $150 Michaels’ Gift Card; Elaine Nahli won second prize of $100 Michaels’ Gift Card; and third place Madeline Dalzell won a $75 Michaels’ Gift Card. Ethan Busch also sold a painting! Congratulations to all who entered, you should be proud of your work! We look forward to an even bigger and better Youth event in 2020.
The Adult Art Exhibition showcased 37 artists aged 18 years and older, from the Niagara Region. The Adult Show was a resounding success with over 1000 votes cast for personal choice in the artists. Our WINNERS: first prize of $1000 went to Mark Ricker; Divino Mucciante won second place - $500; and Lori Sokoloski placed third - $250. In addition, 10 pieces of art sold!
The Visual Artists of Welland would like to thank the following for their wonderful sponsorship for prizes: Peak Performers Realty (Stephen Canjar) who provided the Michaels Gift Card prizes for the youth participants; Seaway Mall for providing first prize of $1000 in the Adult Show; and the Welland Rose Festival for providing second ($500) and third ($250) prizes in the Adult Show. Also thank you to the City of Welland, TorStar (Welland Tribune and Niagara This Week), Debi Katsmar of Connecting Niagara/Niagara Prowl, all the artists, volunteers, social media shares and anyone else who helped in any way to make these shows a success. The Awards Presentations for both Youth & Adult Shows were held Sunday, June 23, at Merritt Park Amphitheatre during the Downtown Extravaganza.
Pamela Duncan, Visual Artists of Welland: 905-327-6174 /
Deedee Alexandre, Visual Artists of Welland: 905-732-4782
Connecting Niagara does just that. They put me in touch with key representatives in the area that understood what I was trying to achieve. Together we achieved so much more.
- John B.
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Apr. 11, 2016 | 03:31 PM (Last updated: April 11, 2016 | 05:12 PM)
Pirates abduct six Turkish crew off Nigeria: navy
An armed Somali pirate along the coastline while a cargo ship is seen anchored just off the shore. MOHAMED DAHIR / AFP
Chris Ezekobe
Muhammadu Buhari
Dirk Steffen
Deniz News Agency
Pirates have attacked a Turkish cargo ship off the coast of Nigeria, kidnapping six crew members in a region increasingly hit by piracy in recent years, the Nigerian navy said Monday.
The pirates attacked the vessel in the dead of night while it was steaming through the oil-rich Niger Delta, added the spokesman.
At the end of 2015, pirates kidnapped and later released crew members from Lithuania, Ukraine and Poland in separate attacks in the area, increasingly a piracy hot spot.
The Control Risks consultancy in February told reporters in Lagos there had been 24 cases of "piracy and armed robbery at sea" since the turn of the year – double the number in the final two months of 2015 .
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Jan. 05, 2016 | 08:25 AM (Last updated: January 05, 2016 | 09:10 AM)
Missing Hong Kong bookseller's wife drops police report
Posters of books about China's politics including some featuring Chinese President Xi Jinping (C) are seen displayed in the staircase leading to a bookshop in Hong Kong on January 4, 2016. AFP PHOTO / Philippe Lopez
Lee Bo
William Nee
Mighty Current
Joakim Edvardsson
Swedish Foreign Ministry
Central News Agency
The mystery surrounding five missing Hong Kong booksellers known for titles banned in mainland China deepened after one purportedly wrote to say he was fine and helping with an investigation, prompting his wife to drop a missing person's report.
Hong Kong police said late Monday that Lee Bo's wife canceled the report, but that they would continue investigating the other cases.
Lee's disappearance has triggered speculation that Chinese security agents entered Hong Kong to abduct and spirit him to the mainland.
Taiwan's Central News Agency first reported late Monday on Lee's handwritten faxed letter, which was then circulated by Chinese-language media in Hong Kong.
However, Hong Kong lawmakers and human rights activists were skeptical that the letter proved Lee was safe.
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For Amy Stone, Longer Races Lead to Even Sweeter Finishes
August 8, 2016 /0 Comments/in Diz Runs With /by Denny
Amy Stone has gone all in on everything endurance-sports, and she’s joining me for a few easy miles today.
Amy Stone, Prepping for IM Boulder
Amy likes the long events, whether that’s a marathon or an ironman.
While the half marathon is easily the most common answer to the opening question on the show because of the fact that they are easier to train for without hijacking the rest of your life, Amy went the opposite direction with her answer.
Because marathon training and/or ironman training does require so much commitment, she loves those longer distance races because of the payoff/sense of accomplishment she gets when she crosses the finish lines of those difficult events.
Getting Into the Endurance Game
After finishing college and moving to Miami, Amy found herself participating in a Fitness 101 class hosted by a local running store. It didn’t take long for the owner of the store to convince her to switch from Fitness 101 to a first time half marathon training group.
After completing her first half marathon, which wasn’t even an official race, she transitioned into a training group for first time marathoners.
She ran her first marathon at Walt Disney World in 2000, and hasn’t looked back.
Going Beyond Running
After a couple of years of running, Amy’s brother talked her into expanding her horizons and trying triathlons.
She signed up for a series of summer triathlons in the Miami area, and she was quickly hooked.
Amy Stone, Transitioning to the Bike
As she’s gotten into completing more and longer triathlons, Amy has had to switch her focus on how she’s doing during a race. As road runners, it’s easy to focus on time and pace goals but in triathlons there are so many moving parts at play that being focused solely on a time goal can be recipe for disaster.
Upping the Game
After getting into triathlons, Amy’s brother once again talked her into going to the next level.
He planted the seed of trying an ironman, and even though Amy was resistant she went along with it.
Apparently sibling pressure is just as difficult to ignore as peer pressure!
Amy Stone at the Finish of IM Boulder
In this case, the peer pressure was a good thing as the ironman is now Amy’s favorite triathlon distance!
The Mile After Mile Podcast
The Mile After Mile Podcast, Hosted by Amy Stone
Amy had been listening to podcasts for awhile, and in late 2015 she decided to take the leap and give podcasting a shot.
So she did it!
As Amy fell deeper and deeper into the endurance rabbit hole, she learned of more and more “everyday athletes” that were doing amazing things in the endurance sport world. She reached out to a few people, and when they readily agreed to chat with her for the show she made it happen.
If you need another podcast to add to your rotation, I’d definitely encourage you to check out the Mile After Mile podcast on whatever your podcast listening app of choice may be.
One of the episodes that Amy highlighted was with a man that has run a marathon in all 50 states, and ran his first one at 60 years of age!
In #running & #triathlon, the longer the distance the greater the finish line payoff for @bcamysaysso! Click To Tweet
If you’d like to connect further with Amy, make sure you visit her website and check out her podcast. Also, feel free to find her on Twitter, Instagram, and/or Facebook!
As Always, I’d Love to Know What Stood Out to You From this Episode! Let Me Know Your Takeaway in the Comments Below!
Want to Support the Continued Growth & Production of the Show?
Check out the support page for ideas and suggestions of ways you can help me grow the show. And remember, not all support involves money. Some of the best ways you can show your support are 100% free.
Never miss another episode of the Diz Runs With podcast by subscribing to the show, and for my fellow Apple fans out there, it’s never been easier now that the podcast app is native on the new operating system. iPhone/iPod/iPad users click here. Android users click here. SoundCloud users click here.
Please Give Me Some Feedback!
Take the 6 question listener survey to help me shape the future of this podcast.
Register for a Free Race Training Plan
Every month, I’m giving away a FREE training plan for the race of your choice. For details/information, and to sign up, just click here.
There’s always room for more members of the tribe! Both the Facebook group and the email group provide opportunities that can’t be found anywhere else. The Facebook group is still small, but it is a great way to connect with fellow runners and foster community amongst like minded individuals. The email group is THE way to stay up to date about future guests on the show, as well as getting some other freebies and offers that aren’t available to anyone else. If you’ve got questions about either/both, just let me know!
Tags: #runchat, Amy Stone, Conversation, Denny Krahe, Diz Runs, Interview, Ironman, Marathon, Mile After Mile, Podcast, Run, Runner, Runners, Running, Triathlon
https://i0.wp.com/www.dizruns.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/unnamed-e1470678434358.jpg?fit=300%2C400 400 300 Denny http://www.dizruns.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Logo-Trans.png Denny2016-08-08 14:09:512016-08-08 14:09:51For Amy Stone, Longer Races Lead to Even Sweeter Finishes
Listener Q&A: August 2018
Mirna Valerio Proves that Badass Runners Come in All Shapes and Sizes
QT: Stick to the Plan; Don't Worry About What Others are Doing!
Amanda Love is Making Positive Changes in Her Community
Join Me at the Connect Run Club Virtual Running Summit
Derrick Lytle Loves Being in Nature: Whether He's Running or Working
Megan Biller is THE Expert on Running & Walt Disney World!
Diz Runs With Preview Episode
Andrea Golden Has Fallen Head Over Heels in Love with Running Wendy Rivard Keeps Finding New Ways to Keep Running Fun
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Gremlyns
While most will say the bane of the sky ways is the pirates that soar through them with no concern for the well being of their fellow travelers with their large guns and pension to rob others.
I find the gremlyns who build hives in the underbelly of ships far more dangerous.
Gremlyns which in size compares to a cat or a very large rat, are an urbanized breed having adapted to infest and live on ships. Due to this they are wide spread menace, as their destructive nature and ingenuity has caused many a ship to crash. One would think that destroying their own home is counter productive but it is in fact part of their natural life cycle and is natures way of keeping this vermin in check.
In truth, a single gremlyn can be useful. They tinker with this and that, making their nest, which is often in the relay room of a ship, purr like a kitten. Most pirate ships I believe are infested due to their stealth in the air, yet being swift and having their engines at full throttle. It is when several of this breed sneak aboard the real problems begin. When a hive forms, all of the gremlyns will begin to nest and modify their environment. Like a pot with too many cooks, the outcome is often fatal for the human crew on the ship.
How they get onto the ship is always an interesting study to watch. Most gremlyns begin their life on the ground in a smoldering pile of wood and chard remains of it's mothers former home. There is something about the impact and the flash of heat that causes the eggs to hatch. Without these two elements one can have eggs stored safely for decades, as females like chickens will just lay eggs on a rather regular bases. However, I am getting ahead of myself so lets return to the newly hatched gremlyns.
As I have stated, most gremlyns begin life on the ground. They are a member of the goblin family and share many of the goblin's identifying traits. two fingers, and a short tail they use to balance. They also have a third digit that is prehensile allowing it to use tools. They are born the color of the sky the day and time their were laid by their broodmare. Giving them a large range of colors making them hard to classify by just a glance. They grow quickly to their adult size within a week depending on their diet, which as a freshly hatched pup can range from insects, mammals, and inorganic objects such as shoes. They are not picky eaters.
Once they are fully grown, they start to crave the air in high altitudes. I have theorized it is needed for their breeding cycle. Most of the clutch will begin to seek higher ground, climbing up trees, buildings if any are near by. But the clever ones, the ones that will someday get on a ship and complete it's life cycle, are the real danger. They are dangerous because they are tinkers, and will begin to build themselves a set of wings to reach their lofty goal. Having spent several years watching a gremlyn do this, I can only image that the story of Icarus was inspired by watching these creatures try over and over again to fly. The one I was watching actually ripped off the wings of a flighted faerie and tried to flap its arms to gain lift with the wings tightly held in hand. This was it's first attempts of many, of the months I began to bring wine and a snuff box with me to observe it's progress as it was very entertaining and much more heart lighting then an evening at the theater with my husband.
It was after I had left my pocket watch on accident during one of my day studies that the gremlyn made progress and used it to motion the wings it made. Like a bumble bee, not aware that something of it's gurth should ever hover off ground it drifted slowly up and latched itself to a passing ship over head. I caught the name of the ship with my lens, and recorded it to compare to the crash records of ships at a later date.
once the Gremlyn reaches it's goal (some of the gremlyns will infest other means of transportation, but will not reproduce without the high altitude for egg laying) it will begin to explore and familiarize itself with the ship. Only 2 areas of the ship will be it's overall goals, the gully and the engine room (or relay room if it is a newer model of ship) Food and home.
As I have stated the gremlyn will mess with the engine, to insure it has the perfect nest. The engine will cease to over heat, it will run smooth and quietly. Some ship engineers will not kill the vermin if it is making their job easier and more profitable. I have even heard of gremlyns becoming so familiar with the engineers presence that they will eat out of the humans hand without fear and only rarely eating a finger.
Eventually however all good things come to an end, and another gremlyn with make it on board either by flying up themselves, ship hopping during a raid, or rarely when at port.. If the ship crew is fortunate it will be of the same sex as the first vermin and only minor problems will begin to arise in the mechanics of the ship. Sooner or later a member of the opposite sex will gain access to the ship and breeding will begin.
I believe gremlyns are the true reason sailors fear women upon their ship and feel it is ill luck. As their luck will change once the female goblin is aboard. They like the males tinker, more so then the male goblin in their nesting drives. The female gremlyn gains a chill easier then their male counter parts and will work to increase the temperature of the nest, the males with get too warm and lower it back to an "acceptable" range. I also feel this might be the females attempt to obtain hatching temperature for her eggs. In a course of a year, all the tinkering with the engine has it's toll on the ship and if not taken care of promptly and the gremlyns removed the ship will crash. Allowing the eggs of the nest to hatch and begin the cycle again.
Help by adopting a Goblin!
Our friends at Goblin road, the provider of mud goblins and nose goblins has put out a request for aid that I felt was of the upmonst important to pass on.
Not a goblin babe!
Their son was born 2 months earlier then he should of been. Both the mother and son are doing well, but this early surprize has caused these self employed goblin harvesters to not be able to attend FaerieWorlds and World of Faeries, leaving them with an abundance of goblins only matched by the pay note of the medical services.
Adopt a Goblin!
It is requested to those who can to visit their Etsy site or store front to adopt a goblin from them. All sales before Aug. 30th will receive free shipping. For more information on how to help these wonderful and brilliant people please visit : http://www.goblinroad.com/jdassist
Thank you to everyone in advance for your help.
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What is FeedKind?
FeedKind Aqua
FeedKind Pet
FeedKind Terra
Get FeedKind
CALYSTA ANNOUNCES $30 MILLION INVESTMENT FROM BP VENTURES TO IMPROVE GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
Leading alternative protein producer Calysta today announced a $30 million investment from BP Ventures to support a worldwide rollout of Calysta’s FeedKind® protein, which can help improve global food security, one of the greatest challenges facing the world today.
The investment will help Calysta expand production of its sustainable single-cell protein, which is produced through a proprietary, commercially-validated gas fermentation process using naturally occurring, non-GM microbes with the unique ability to use methane as their energy source. Through extensive customer trials around the world, FeedKind protein has been demonstrated to be an effective, safe and nutritious feed ingredient.
“Welcoming BP as a partner is a tremendous step forward for FeedKind protein and the best indicator yet that Calysta’s solution to food insecurity in a resource-constrained world can and will achieve global scale,” said Alan Shaw, Ph.D., Calysta President and CEO.
“The problems facing our food production supply chains have never been more clear, with increasing evidence that land and water scarcity are key challenges to meeting future demand for protein. FeedKind makes more from less, producing feed for livestock, fish and pets while making smarter use of our resources.
“We look forward to working closely with BP as we prepare to deliver this product to the world. Calysta will benefit from BP’s operational excellence and focus on safety when deploying multiple production plants.”
The investment agreement will also see BP and Calysta establish a strategic partnership around gas and power supply.
Meghan Sharp, Managing Director, BP Ventures added: “We are really excited to be working with the team at Calysta, bringing them into the BP Ventures family as we seek new commercial opportunities for our gas business. Their technology complements our core business while providing opportunities for sustainable products for tomorrow.”
Calysta’s patented, state-of-the-art fermentation process uses no arable land and very little water, and does not compete with the human food chain, meaning more food can be produced with less resources. In aquaculture, Calysta’s initial market opportunity, FeedKind is seen as a key enabler for growth by reducing reliance on conventional sources of proteins.
As the global population grows from 7 billion in 2010 to a projected 9.8 billion in 2050, and incomes grow across the developing world, overall food demand is on course to increase by more than 50 percent, and demand for animal-based foods by nearly 70 percent. FeedKind protein can help achieve a sustainable food future by meeting the growing demands for food while avoiding deforestation and allowing the restoration of abandoned and unproductive land.
FeedKind is already being produced from the company’s Market Introduction Facility (MIF) in Teesside, England to support market development activities with leading animal nutrition companies around the world.
Contact us for samples
© 2020 Calysta, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Wampler, Stephanie: "“I taste a liquor never brewed”: 150 Years of Riddled Reverie"
“I taste a liquor never brewed”: 150 Years of Riddled Reverie
Stephanie Wampler, Haywood Community College
Like many others in the 19th century, Emily Dickinson loved riddles—“Tell all the truth, but tell it slant—Success in Circuit lies”—and she often used riddles to describe natural things such as a snake in the grass or a hummingbird or woodpecker.
Most of her riddles are acknowledged as such, but there is one poem typically considered to be a nature poem, that, under close examination, reveals itself as a riddle: “I taste a liquor never brewed.” Since its publication in 1861, most readers have assumed that the speaker is Dickinson herself, drunk on the delights of spring, and critical analysis has focused on that interpretation. Not everyone has agreed, however, and in the past 150 years, readers and scholars have occasionally argued that the speaker is not Dickinson but other things such as a hummingbird, a bee, or a daisy.
Although all these interpretations have merit, none of them quite makes sense of all the stanzas of the poem—especially the last stanza, and none of them really makes a reader think, “Ah-ha! That’s it! Of course! How did I miss that!”
But there is one theory that does, that makes sense of all the stanzas of the poem, its publication history, and the actual history of New England in 1860 and 1861. In this theory, the poem is a riddle, and the speaker is a specific and well-known world traveler familiar with the lands and wines of Europe as well as New England. The story of that theory is the heart of my presentation: “I taste a liquor never brewed: 150 Years of Riddled Reverie.”
‹ Walsh, Catherine: "Patterning Imagination, Creative Underpinnings and Juxtapositions of Voice in Dickinson’s Poetry" up Werner, Marta: "'Their period for Dawn –': Housing Dickinson’s Late Work" ›
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Home / Introductions to both Fossil and Recent Plant Taxa / Fungi
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Seed Plants in General
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! Fungal Wood Decay: Evidence from the Fossil Record@
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! Paleovegetation Reconstructions@
Picture Search@
Reinhard Agerer, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, and Gerhard Rambold, Universität Bayreuth, Germany: DEEMY. An expert information system with descriptions and images for the characterization and determination of ectomycorrhizae - structures formed by fungi and the roots of forest trees. Go to: Character listing, morphology, mycorrhizal system, morphology mycorrhizal system ramification presence-type.
Anonymus (?, see also here): Leavingbio.net. This website will guide you through the main topics of Biology. Go to: Fungi.
P. Baldrian (2017): Forest microbiome: diversity, complexity and dynamics. Free access, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 41: 109�130.
Phil Berardelli, Science now: The Fungus That Ate the World.
Website outdated, download a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
! M.L. Berbee and J.W. Taylor (2010): Dating the molecular clock in fungi � how close are we? In PDF, Fungal Biology Reviews, 24: 1-24.
The Museum of Paleontology (UCMP), University of California at Berkeley: Introduction to the Fungi, and Fungi: Fossil Record.
M.I. Bidartondo et al. (2011): The dawn of symbiosis between plants and fungi. In PDF, Biology Letters. See also here.
! Meredith Blackwell, Rytas Vilgalys & John W. Taylor, Tree of Life Web Project (a collaborative effort of biologists from around the world): Fungi.
! J.E. Blair (2009): Fungi. PDF file, In: S.B. Hedges and S. Kumar (eds.): The Timetree of Life (see here).
P. Bonfante and A. Genre (2010): Mechanisms underlying beneficial plant - fungus interactions in mycorrhizal symbiosis. PDF file, Nature Communications.
! C. Kevin Boyce et al. (2007): Devonian landscape heterogeneity recorded by a giant fungus. PDF file, Geology, 35: 399-402.
! Mark C. Brundrett (2002): Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants. PDF file, New Phytologist, 154: 275-304.
Mark Brundrett , CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products: The Mycorrhiza Site. Introduction to mycorrhizal associations, structure and development or roots and mycorrhizas. Chiefly information about Australian plants and fungi. See also:
The older webpage.
Books and cited references.
and Text books on mycorrhizas.
These expired links are available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
! F.M. Cardillo & T.S. Samuels, Department of Biology, Manhattan College and the College of Mt. St. Vincent: WHITTAKER FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM (1978) Plant Classification. Chapters include: KINGDOM III - Fungi
Michael Clayton, Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison: Instructional Technology (BotIT). Some image collections. Go to: Fungi Collection Tom Volk.
! Michael Clayton, Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison: Instructional Technology (BotIT). Some image collections. Excellent! Go to:
DEEMY Characterization and DEtermination of EctoMYcorrhizae (by Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Dept. Biologie I � Systematische Mykologie). DEEMY is a research database (including images) for identifying and characterizing ectomycorrhizae fungus-plant interactions.
Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc.: Scientific stock photography library. Light microscope pictures and electron microscopy images featuring science and biomedical microscopy photos. Go to Fungi.
! D.L. Dilcher (1965): Epiphyllous Fungi From Eocene Deposits in Western Tennessee, U.S.A. PDF file (38.5 MB!) Palaeontographica Bd. B. 116:1-54.
N. Dotzler et al. (2011): Sphenophyllum (Sphenophyllales) leaves colonized by fungi from the Upper Pennsylvanian Grand-Croix cherts of central France. Zitteliana 51. Go to PDF page 3.
! N.L. Dotzler (2009): Microbial life in the late Paleozoic: new discoveries from the Early Devonian and Carboniferous. In PDF, Thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
! D.C. Eastwood et al. (2011): The plant cell wall�decomposing machinery underlies the functional diversity of forest fungi. In PDF, Science 333. See also here. Supporting Online Material can be found here.
K. Fackler and M. Schwanninger (2012): How spectroscopy and microspectroscopy of degraded wood contribute to understand fungal wood decay. In PDF, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 96: 587-599.
M.J. Farabee, Estrella Mountain Community College Center, Avondale, Arizona: On-Line Biology Book. Introductory biology lecture notes. Go to:
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: FUNGI.
F.A.A. Feijen et al. (2018): Evolutionary dynamics of mycorrhizal symbiosis in land plant diversification. In PDF, Scientific reports.
! K.J. Field and S. Pressel (2018): Unity in diversity: structural and functional insights into the ancient partnerships between plants and fungi. In PDF, New Phytologist. See also here
K.J. Field et al. (2015): Symbiotic options for the conquest of land. In PDF, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 30: 477-486. See also here.
! J. García Massini et al. (2012): First report of fungi and fungus-like organisms from Mesozoic hot springs. In PDF, Palaios, 27: 55�62.
! P.R. Hardoim et al. (2015): The hidden world within plants: ecological and evolutionary considerations for defining functioning of microbial endophytes. In PDF, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. See also here.
C.J. Harper et al. (2018): Fungal sporulation in a Permian plant fragment from Antarctica. In PDF, Bulletin of Geosciences, 93: 13�26. Czech Geological Survey, Prague.
C.J. Harper et al. (2017): Fungal decay in Permian Glossopteridalean stem and root wood from Antarctica. Abstract, IAWA Journal, 38: 29-48. See also here (in PDF).
C.J. Harper et al. (2015): Fungi associated with Glossopteris (Glossopteridales) leaves from the Permian of Antarctica. In PDF, Zitteliana.
Carla J. Harper (2015), Ameghiniana 52: Review of Fossil Fungi. Thomas N. Taylor, Michael Krings, Edith L. Taylor. 2015, 382 p. Academic Press, London, UK.
S.W. Heads et al. (2017): The oldest fossil mushroom. PLoS ONE, 12: e0178327.
! D. Hibbett et al. (2016): Climate, decay, and the death of the coal forests. Current Biology, 26: R563-R567: See also here (in PDF).
Please note Figure 1: Characteristics of fungal wood degradation.
! D.S. Hibbett et al. (2007): A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. PDF file (1 MB), Mycological Research 111: 509-547.
S. Hongsanan et al. (2016): The evolution of fungal epiphytes. In PDF, Mycosphere, 7: 1690�1712.
! G. Janusz et al. (2017): Lignin degradation: microorganisms, enzymes involved, genomes analysis and evolution. Free access, FEMS Microbiol Rev., 41: 941�962.
"... For many years, white rot fungi were suggested to be the most efficient wood degraders. However, recent data suggest that Nature may have an alternative solution�brown rot fungi, which are capable of depolymerizing holocellulose and extensively modifying lignin. ..."
Olivia Judson, The New York Times (June 24, 2010): Bubbles, Bread and Beer. Prototaxites in the media. With references.
R.K. Kar et al. (2003): Occurrence of fossil-wood rotters (polyporales) from the Lameta Formation (Maastrichtian), India. In PDF, Current Science.
R.K. Kar et al., Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany and Department of Botany, Lucknow University, India: Occurrence of fossil-wood rotters (polyporales) from the Lameta Formation (Maastrichtian), India. PDF file, slow download! Current Science vol. 85, no. 1, 2003 (published by the Current Science Association in collaboration with the Indian Academy of Sciences).
Kazinform, Astana, Kazakhstan: Towering mystery fossil was a 'shroom with a view. About the enigmatic taxa Prototaxites. See also here, and there.
K.-P. Kelber, Würzburg (2007): Die Erhaltung und paläobiologische Bedeutung der fossilen Hölzer aus dem süddeutschen Keuper (Trias, Ladinium bis Rhätium).- In German. PDF file, 33 MB! pp. 37-100; In: Schüßler, H. & Simon, T. (eds.): Aus Holz wird Stein.
! A permineralized fungal fossil from the Triassic is shown in fig. 20 (PDF page 35).
! Bryce Kendrick (Author of the book/CD-ROM "The Fifth Kingdom": All About Fungi. A compact mycological encyclopedia, including online images of mushrooms, mycorrhizas, medical mycology, yeasts, lichens, food spoilage, fermented foods, plant diseases, symbioses with animals, and edible, poisonous, and hallucinogenic fungi. Don´t miss the FUNGI FAQ's.
Hans Kerp, Forschungsstelle für Paläobotanik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany: The Rhynie Chert and its Flora, Fungi and non-vascular Plants and Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae.
A.A. Klymiuk and B.A. Sikes (2019): Suppression of root-endogenous fungi in persistently inundated Typha roots. Free access, Mycologia. See also:
ScienceDaily (2019): Fungi living in cattail roots could improve our picture of ancient ecoystems.
A.A. Klymiuk (2018): Microbiological insights into ecology and taphonomy of prehistoric wetlands. In PDF, Dissertation, University of Alberta. See also here.
A.A. Klymiuk (2015): Paleomycology of the Princeton Chert. III. Dictyosporic microfungi, Monodictysporites princetonensis gen. et sp. nov., associated with decayed rhizomes of an Eocene semi-aquatic fern. Abstract, Mycologia, 108: 882-890.
J. Kowal et al. (2018): From rhizoids to roots? Experimental evidence of mutualism between liverworts and ascomycete fungi. In PDF, Annals Of Botany, 121: 221-227. See also here.
M. Krings et al. (2017): Fungi in a Psaronius root mantle from the Rotliegend (Asselian, Lower Permian/Cisuralian) of Thuringia, Germany. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 239: 4�30. See also here (in PDF).
M. Krings et al. (2012): Fossil fungi with suggested affinities to the Endogonaceae from the Middle Triassic of Antarctica. In PDF, Mycologia, 104: 835-844. See also here.
M. Krings and T.N. Taylor (2012): Microfossils with possible affinities to the zygomycetous fungi in a Carboniferous cordaitalean ovule. In PDF, Zitteliana A 52, 3-7.
! M. Krings et al. (2012): Fungal Endophytes as a Driving Force in Land Plant Evolution: Evidence from the Fossil Record. In PDF; D. Southworth (ed.): Biocomplexity of Plant-Fungal Interactions (John Wiley & Sons).
M. Krings et al. (2011): The fossil record of the Peronosporomycetes (Oomycota). In PDF, Mycologia, 103: 445-457.
M. Krings et al. (2011): Fungal sporocarps from the Carboniferous: An unusual specimen of Traquairia. In PDF, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 168: 1-6.
M. Krings et al. (2011): Fungal remains in cordaite (Cordaitales) leaves from the Upper Pennsylvanian of central France- PDF file, Bulletin of Geosciences 86.
M. Krings et al. (2010): Microfungi from the upper Visean (Mississippian) of central France: Structure and development of the sporocarp Mycocarpon cinctum nov. sp. PDF file, Zitteliana, A, 50.
! M. Krings et al. (2010): A fungal community in plant tissue from the Lower Coal Measures (Langsettian, Lower Pennsylvanian) of Great Britain. PDF file, Bulletin of Geosciences, 85.
! M. Krings et al. (2007): Fungal endophytes in a 400-million-yr-old land plant: infection pathways, spatial distribution, and host responses. Free Access, New Phytologist, 174: 648�657.
! M. Krings, LMU München: Mikroorganismen aus den Cherts von Esnost und Combres/Lay (Unterkarbon, Frankreich) sowie Rhynie (Unterdevon, Schottland). Scientific project report (in German).
K. J. Lang, Fachgebiet Pathologie der Waldbäume, Technische Universität München (TUM): Gehölzkrankheiten in Wort und Bild, and Fäuleerreger in Wort und Bild (in German).
! Libri Fungorum (supported by CABI Bioscience, CBS and Landcare Research). This project is coordinated by the Index Fungorum Partnership with the aim of providing a digital archive for books, journals, thesauri, indexes and other publication important to systematic mycology (fungi and fungal analogues, including yeasts, lichens, myxomycetes, downy mildews, and all their allies). Navigate from here.
! Biological Sciences, Ohio State University, Lima: Plant Biology at OSU Lima. Go to:
Kingdom Fungi.
Anatomical characteristics.
Ruta B. Limaye et al. (2007): Non-pollen palynomorphs as potential palaeoenvironmental indicators in the Late Quaternary sediments of the west coast of India. PDF file, CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 92, NO. 10.
! C.C. Loron et al. (2019): Early fungi from the Proterozoic era in Arctic Canada. The complimentary shared article; Nature, 570: 232�235. See also here and there (in German).
C.C. Loron et al. (2019): Early fungi from the Proterozoic era in Arctic Canada. Abstract, Nature, 570: 232�235. See also here (in PDF), and there (review, in German).
! D.W. Malloch et al. (1980): Ecological and evolutionary significance of mycorrhizal symbioses in vascular plants (a review). In PDF, PNAS, 77.
! F.M. Martin et al. (2017): Ancestral alliances: Plant mutualistic symbioses with fungi and bacteria. In PDF, Science, 356. See also here.
J.L. García Massini, Department of Geological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas: A Possible Endoparasitic Chytridiomycete Fungus from the Permian of Antarctica. Paleontologia Electronica 2007, 10 (3).
Martin C. Mathes, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA: General Botany. This course is designed to give the students a broad background in the traditional subject matter of botany. This includes topics on organisms in the plant kingdom as well as organisms not in the plant kingdom but which affect the growth ecology or evolution of plants (e.g., selected bacteria, fungi, and selected protists).
! B.J.W. Mills et al. (2017): Nutrient acquisition by symbiotic fungi governs Palaeozoic climate transition. Open access, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 373.
M. Moskal-del Hoyo et al. (2010): Preservation of fungi in archaeological charcoal. PDF file, Journal of Archaeological Science, 37: 2106-2116.
L.G. Nagy et al. (2011): Understanding the Evolutionary Processes of Fungal Fruiting Bodies: Correlated Evolution and Divergence Times in the Psathyrellaceae. Syst. Biol., 60: 303-317.
! M.P. Nelsen et al. (2016): Delayed fungal evolution did not cause the Paleozoic peak in coal production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113: 2442-2447. See also here.
Offwell Woodland and Wildlife Trust, Honiton, Devon, UK: The Importance of Fungi. The fascinating world of fungi.
G. Poinar (2019): Associations between Fossil Beetles and Other Organisms. Free access, Geosciences, 9.
Note figure 22: The platypodine, Palaeotylus femoralis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae) covered with mycelium, conidiophores and conidia of the ambrosia fungus, Paleoambrosia entomophila (Ophiostomatales: Ophiostomataceae) in Burmese amber.
Note figure 27: Ptilodactylid (Coleoptera: Ptilodactylidae) beetle with attached pollinarium (arrow) of Annulites mexicana (Angiospermae: Orchidaceae) in Mexican amber.
G. Poinar (2014): Evolutionary history of terrestrial pathogens and endoparasites as revealed in fossils and subfossils. In PDF, Advances in Biology. See also here (abstract).
Silvia Pressel et al. (2010): Fungal symbioses in bryophytes: New insights in the Twenty First Century. PDF file, Phytotaxa, 9: 238-253. See also here (open access).
W.R. Rimington et al. (2018): Ancient plants with ancient fungi: liverworts associate with early-diverging arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Proc. R. Soc. B, 285: 20181600. See also here.
E.M. Roberts et al. (2016): Oligocene Termite Nests with In Situ Fungus Gardens from the Rukwa Rift Basin, Tanzania, Support a Paleogene African Origin for Insect Agriculture. PLoS ONE, 11.
A. Salt (2018): Plants and Fungi: An ancient partnership. Botany One.
A.R. Schmidt et al. (2014): Amber fossils of sooty moulds. In PDF, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 200: 53-64.
Alexander R. Schmidt et al.: Carnivorous Fungi from Cretaceous Amber. PDF file, Science, 2007: 1743.
A.B. Schwendemann et al. (2011): Morphological and functional stasis in mycorrhizal root nodules as exhibited by a Triassic conifer. In PDF.
A.B. Schwendemann et al. (2009): Combresomyces cornifer from the Triassic of Antarctica: Evolutionary stasis in the Peronosporomycetes. In PDF, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 154: 1-5.
Peter v. Sengbusch, Botanik Online: Wechselwirkungen zwischen Pflanzen und Pilzen; Evolution parasitischer und symbiotischer Beziehungen zwischen ihnen (in German).
M.-A. Selosse et al. (2015): Plants, fungi and oomycetes: a 400-million year affair that shapes the biosphere. New Phytologist. 10th New Phytologist Workshop on the "Origin and evolution of plants and their interactions with fungi", London, UK, September 2014.
M.A. Selosse and C. Strullu-Derrien (2015): Origins of the terrestrial flora: A symbiosis with fungi? In PDF, BIO Web of Conferences, 4.
! M.-A. Selosse and F. Rousset (2011): The Plant-Fungal Marketplace. In PDF, Science.
B.J. Slater et al. (2014): A high-latitude Gondwanan lagerstätte: The Permian permineralised peat biota of the Prince Charles Mountains, Antarctica. In PDF, Gondwana Research. On PDF page 16: Reconstruction of the Lambert Graben Middle Permian Alluvial valley palaeoecosystem, With bracket fungus on a fallen log in the foreground.
B.J. Slater (2014): Cryptic diversity of a Glossopteris forest: the Permian Prince Charles Mountains Floras, Antarctica. In PDF, Ph.D. thesis, University of Birmingham. See also here.
B.J. Slater et al. (2013): Peronosporomycetes (Oomycota) from a Middle Permian Permineralised Peat within the Bainmedart Coal Measures, Prince Charles Mountains, Antarctica.
Smithsonian Science: Fungi still visible in wood charcoal centuries after burning.
M. Speranza et al. (2010): Traditional and new microscopy techniques applied to the study of microscopic fungi included in amber. PDF file, In: A. Méndez-Vilas and J. Díaz (eds.): Microscopy: Science, Technology, Applications and Education. Scanning electron microscopy in backscattered electron mode, with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy microanalysis.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
Hans Steur, Ellecom, The Netherlands: Hans´ Paleobotany Pages. Plant life from the Silurian to the Cretaceous. Go to:
Prototaxites, a huge, 400 million years old, fungus? Or an enormous lichen?
! C. Strullu-Derrien et al. (2018): The origin and evolution of mycorrhizal symbioses: from palaeomycology to phylogenomics. In PDF, New Phytologist. See also here.
! C. Strullu-Derrien et al. (2016): Origins of the mycorrhizal symbioses. PDF file, In: F Martin (ed.): Molecular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, John Wiley & Sons.
C. Strullu-Derrien et al. (2015): Fungal colonization of the rooting system of the early land plant Asteroxylon mackiei from the 407-Myr-old Rhynie Chert (Scotland, UK). In PDF, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 179: 201�213. See also here.
C. Strullu-Derrien et al. (2011): Evidence of parasitic Oomycetes (Peronosporomycetes) infecting the stem cortex of the Carboniferous seed fern Lyginopteris oldhamia. IN PDF, Proc. R. Soc. B, 278: 675-680.
L.H. Tanner and S.G. Lucas (2013): Degraded wood in the Upper Triassic Petrified Forest Formation (Chinle Group), northern Arizona: Differentiating fungal rot from arthropod boring. In PDF, p. 582-588; in: Tanner, L.H., Spielmann, J.A. and Lucas, S.G. (eds.): The Triassic System. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 61.
! T.N. Taylor et al. (2015): Fungal Diversity in the Fossil Record. In PDF, see also here (abstract).
T.N. Taylor et al. (2011): The advantage of thin section preparations over acetate peels in the study of late Paleozoic fungi and other microorganisms. Abstract, Palaios. See also here.
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! T.N. Taylor et al. (2004): Fungi from the Rhynie Chert: A view from the dark side. In PDF, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 94: 457-473.
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T.N. Taylor and J.M. Osborn (1992): The Role of Wood in Understanding Saprophytism in the Fossil Record. PDF file.
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Fungi helped destroy forests during mass extinction 250 million years ago. By Robert Sanders, UC Berkely News Center, August 5, 2011.
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PG Fellowship in Diabetes from CMC Vellore
Certificate Course in Diabetes from MV Diabetes, Chennai
PG Program in Cardiology, Diabetology , Rheumatology from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
PG Program in Diabetology from Boston University
PG Program in Gastroenterology from American College of Gastroenterology
Pharma Solution
About the Course Course Outcomes Eligibility Program Component Fees ☰
Sharpen your clinical skills
to manage cardiac
symptoms better
Certificate Programme in Advanced Clinical
Cardiology from Asian Heart institute
CALL ME MAIL ME
Duration & Format
1-year offline course
India: US$ 150 + USD 93 (Shipping Charges). Within India: INR 10,000/-
Dr. Ramakanta Panda
Practicing Physician
6 Modules + 2 video Lectures
+ Final Online Exam
Sample Course Preview
(Text module)
Print Registration Form
The consistent increase in number of Cardiac patients has become a rising concern amongst clinicians worldwide. The World Health Organisation's statistics indicate that of about 17 million premature deaths (under the age of 70) due to noncommunicable diseases in 2015, 37% were caused by cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Of these, 82% patients belonged to low- and middle-income countries.
Continuous and rapid evolution of Cardiology along with rise in patients with CVDs mandate that constant skill upgradation by clinicians like you. We bring to you the Certificate Programme in Clinical Cardiology - Advanced from the Asian Heart Institute.
This course covers non-invasive cardiology in a concise and a practical manner. Incorporating the latest developments in the world of cardiology, it equips participants with actionable knowledge that can enrich their current practice of medicine. The course also provides handy information of commonly used pharmacotherapeutics in cardiology.
Learn to interpret cardiac investigations and their apt use with this advanced programme backed by the Asian Heart Institute. Access comprehensive information on drugs used in cardiology, as well as the diagnosis and management of commonly encountered cardiac disorders. Sharpen your clinical skills to manage cardiac symptoms better.
Gain comprehensive knowledge of common CVDs and acquire mastery over management of health care services at different institutional levels
Interpret investigations with deeper logical and clinical correlation along with their judicious application
Engage in non-invasive cardiology practice with enhanced competence and confidence
Be equipped to provide immediate treatment for coronary artery disease, other vascular diseases, and cardiovascular disorders (before referring the patients to specialists)
Extend the scope of your practice and your reputation. Arm yourself with knowledge of risk factors to ably provide preventive cardiology and cardiac rehabilitation services.
M.B.B.S/ M.D (Medicine)
Six (06) modules - Each module contains a 40 page monograph
Two (02) video lectures (CDs) - CDs contain lecture recording covering three (03) module contents
One final online exam
Participants must receive a minimum score of 70% to be eligible for the Certificate of Completion. Only up to three attempts allowed to pass the tests
Outside India: US$ 150 + USD 93 (Shipping Charges)
Within India: INR 10,000/-
About Asian Heart Institute
Asian Heart Institute (AHI) has been set up with an aim to provide world-class cardiac care in India. Since 2002, AHI has completed over 30,000 angioplasties and 20,000 heart surgeries at a staggering success rate of 99.4%, which is among the highest in the world. AHI is India's highest accredited hospital by Joint Commission International (JCI), National Integrated Accreditation for Healthcare Organizations (NIAHO), and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been rated best cardiac hospital in India in 2014 by Times Healthcare Achievers Award . AHI has been adjudged 'India's Best Private Cardiac Care' two years in a row in The WEEK-Hansa Research. It has a been ranked amongst the top 10 world's best hospitals for medical tourists by Medical Travel Quality Alliance (MTQUA), and also in top 5 cardiac hospitals in India by Indiatimes.com.
For over a decade, AHI has been an active contributor to the well-being of close to 300,000 patient. AHI was set up with a holistic approach to heart care based on ethics, quality care and the best of professionals backed by competitive prices. It prides itself on quality in terms of design, patient care, medical, paramedical, general staff and infrastructure facilities. The hospital has a patient-centric design with stress on safety and comfort of patients. All patient areas have been designed to minimise the risk of infection. Patients declared 'inoperable' have been successfully treated at AHI, with over 3,000-odd extremely complex surgeries. These breakthroughs have not only saved the lives of such patients, but have also opened the doors of hope for millions like them in the world..
AHI is one of the few centres in the world doing nearly 100% of bypass surgeries on a beating heart and close to 90% getting total arterial grafting, probably, the highest in the world. It is a pioneer in robotic surgery in Mumbai and Western India. The da Vinci Si Robotic Surgical System in use is one of the very first in the Asia-Pacific region. AHI has now entered its second decade of providing world-class cardiac care to its patients. Honest opinions, highly capable, experienced and dedicated professionals, best-in-class systems, processes, practices and a strict no-tolerance policy to compromises have turned AHI into a model healthcare institution, globally.
Vice Chairman and Managing Director
of Asian Heart Institute
Dr. Ramakanta Panda is the Vice Chairman and Managing Director of Asian Heart Institute, Mumbai. He has performed more than 20,000 operations including 1,000 redo-operations and over 3,000 complex, high-risk operations. He has pioneered many techniques including total arterial grafting, operating on severely impaired heart and redo-operations. He is considered one of the safest heart surgeons in the world with an operative mortality of less than 0.5% for last nine years. He did a complex redo-bypass surgery on Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh. He has been awarded the 3rd highest national award, Padmabhushan. He is also awarded as one of the highest tax-paying professionals in the country by the Government of India. He has been conferred with Doctorate in Science by his alma mater Utkal university and Utkal Ratna by Utkal Sahitya Samaj.
Postgraduate Course in Advanced Diabetes
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A typical Chinese way of up to 10 years, Booking.com
In May 2010, the international plaza DE feng (hereinafter referred to as the "DE feng"), the completion of the wharf, belonging to Hong Kong by Kohn Pedersen Fox architects' works of commercial real estate, in the international luxury brands to outshine each other, yi yi is unripe brightness, nanjing west road, attracted the multinational companies to the points.
Booking.com is one of them.The entry into the Chinese market in 2010 international OTA, decisively in 2011 to move out of huaihai road, Ryan will come to wheelock square.International first-line brand, the commercial atmosphere of the multinational, diversity, refinement, and in and out of the white collars, everything here is in from as far away as Europe's Booking.com wants to establish in the Chinese market positioning: outbound tourism accommodation reservation for the best platform.
Race in 2011, is China's OTA field of a new beginning, BAT accelerate penetration.This year, baidu holding go, huge traffic import has contributed to go on the flight search reservation momentum;Tencent has invested in elong and with cheng, hotel and ticket booking field competition spark have wiped out.Compared to see, "big brother" ctrip seem moderate.
The change of market competition is in the making, has begun to release of the Chinese tourism market potential.The success of the 2010 world expo and the Asian games held into the outbreak of the inbound window.Figures show that in 2010, 2011, Chinese outbound passengers 5738 and 70.25 million, respectively, year-on-year growth of more than 20%, is nearly 10 years (2009-2018) to the growth of the peak;In 2010, 2011, tourism is respectively 134 million, 135 million.
International OTA brands are keen smell the breath, have come to China for gold, Booking.com come early or late.As early as in 2004, the company enters through holding elong, China holdings to increase again in 2011 by the acquirer human elong, its to network (TripAdvisor's Chinese website, later renamed the cat way eagle) has officially opened in 2009.And growing company, in 2011 completed the B round, distance to China there are a few years time.
After nearly 10 years, Booking.com is not in China show a great ambition and invasive, the price wars in OTA bayonet see blood also see its shadow.However, Booking.com Priceline group parent company (today's Booking Holdings group) three times investment ctrip, also before and after the Meituan and drabs, in order to strengthen the presence in the Chinese market.
Today, when people mention Booking.com, still rarely use it Chinese bean guest to call it.
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Spotify Enhanching Its ¡Viva Latino! Playlist with Exclusive, Original Content from Daddy Yankee & More
Home » Tecnología » Spotify Enhanching Its ¡Viva Latino! Playlist with Exclusive, Original Content from Daddy Yankee & More
15 Nov 2017 | Tecnología
Spotify is upping it’s Latin Music game…
Spotify’s ¡Viva Latino! Playlist, which launched in 2014, has been connecting music lovers with some of the most established voices en el mundo Latino and giving a platform to emerging acts, all the while bridging cultural gaps regardless of language or origin.
But Spotify knows there’s more to music than just the finished product, and there’s more to an artist than what we hear on a single track. That’s why Spotify is upping the ante every Friday with a constantly refreshing playlist that brings fans even closer to their favorite Latin artists like J Balvin, Shakira or Daddy Yankee.
Starting this week, the new ¡Viva Latino! feed comes equipped with exclusive, original content, including videos from artists of all genres, behind-the-scenes tracks, and more.
According to Rocio Guerrero, head of global cultures at Spotify, the new enhanced playlist is poised to change the game, giving fans unparalleled access to the movers and shakers making a name for Latin music around the world.
“It’s a new playlist that we believe will take Latin culture to the next level. I don’t think there’s anything like it. It will have its own identity, original music videos and cover stories. We are relaunching [Viva Latino] with original music videos and audios. Every week we are going to have editorial content.”
Spotify isn’t stopping at behind-the-scenes exclusives, video premieres and original editorial content. They’re simultaneously introducing ¡Viva Latino! A Spotify Original Podcast, where every two weeks Latin music’s megastars contextualize their latest global hits charting on the Viva Latino playlist. The podcast is scheduled to feature luminaries like Jennifer Lopez, Jesse & Joy, Becky G, Bad Bunny, Carlos Vives and Bomba Estéreo, among many others.
Guerrero looks no further than this year in Latin music as an indicator of the genre’s promising future in pop culture.
“The recent successes of Latin artists such as Luis Fonsi, Daddy Yankee and J Balvin have shown us that music today knows no geographic boundary or language. Latin music has truly become a universal language. We want to not only celebrate, but continue to foster that growth by bringing fans one step closer to their favorite Latin artists, while giving emerging artists a platform to reach new ears.”
To get things started properly, Spotify has recruited some of the biggest names in music to help celebrate their first week:
11/14: Daddy Yankee ft. Bad Bunny “Vuelve”
11/15: Bomba Estereo “Química”
11/16: J Balvin “Mi Gente”
11/17: Luis Fonsi’s new single featuring Demi Lovato.
11/18: Carlos Vives “Nuestro Secreto”
11/19: Anittas new single “Downtown” featuring J Balvin.
The new ¡Viva Latino! is available in the U.S. and Latin America on both mobile (iOS & Android) and desktop for free and premium users. Check it out here.
Tags: Bad Bunny, Becky G, Bomba Estereo, Carlos Vives, Daddy Yankee, Demi Lovato, J Balvin, Jennifer Lopez, Jesse & Joy, Luis Fonsi, Rocio Guerrero, Shakira, Spotify, ¡Viva Latino!
Jan 13, 20 • Estilo
Jennifer Lopez: The Face of Versace’s Spring/Summer 2020 Campaign
It’s the print that keeps on giving for Jennifer Lopez… The 50-year-old Puerto Rican superstar is teaming up with Versace to revive one of her most epic looks. Over the...
Shakira Releases New Single “Me Gusta,” Featuring Anuel AA
Shakira is sharing her like… The 42-year-old Colombian superstar, who’ll be performing in the Super Bowl halftime show next month, has released a new single, “Me Gusta,” featuring Anuel...
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The maturation mechanism of γ-glutamyl transpeptidases: Insights from the crystal structure of a precursor mimic of the enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis and from site-directed mutagenesis studies
Impact factor: 5.476, Impact factor a 5 anni: 5.725
Url: https://www2.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84948453364&partnerID=40&md5=6569aec1c5036717080cf6d0ed6aa37a
Parole chiave: Autoprocessing, Single-Point Mutation, X-Ray Crystallography, γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase, γ-Gt Precursor, Alanine, Bacterial Enzyme, Carbonyl Derivative, Enzyme Precursor, Gamma Glutamyltransferase, Hydroxyl Group, Threonine, Article, Bacillus Licheniformis, Controlled Study, Crystal Structure, Enzyme Activity, Enzyme Mechanism, Enzyme Structure, Hydrogen Bond, Nonhuman, Nucleophilicity, Priority Journal, Site Directed Mutagenesis, X Ray Crystallography,
*** IBB - CNR ***
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, Naples, Italy
Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone, 16, Naples, Italy
Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City, Taiwan
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γ-Glutamyl transpeptidases (γ-GTs) are members of N-terminal nucleophile hydrolase superfamily. They are synthetized as single-chain precursors, which are then cleaved to form mature enzymes. Basic aspects of autocatalytic processing of these pro-enzymes are still unknown. Here we describe the X-ray structure of the precursor mimic of Bacillus licheniformis γ-GT (BlGT), obtained by mutating catalytically important threonine to alanine (T399A-BlGT), and report results of autoprocessing of mutants of His401, Thr415, Thr417, Glu419 and Arg571. Data suggest that Thr417 is in a competent position to activate the catalytic threonine (Thr399) for nucleophilic attack of the scissile peptide bond and that Thr415 plays a major role in assisting the process. On the basis of these new structural results, a possible mechanism of autoprocessing is proposed. This mechanism, which guesses the existence of a six-membered transition state involving one carbonyl and two hydroxyl groups, is in agreement with all the available experimental data collected on γ-GTs from different species and with our new Ala-scanning mutagenesis data. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Langella E, Alterio V, D'Ambrosio K, Cadoni R, Winum JY, Supuran CT, Monti SM, De Simone G, Di Fiore A
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* Structure, stability and aggregation propensity of a Ribonuclease A-Onconase chimera (92 visite)
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* Protein Metalation by Anticancer Metallodrugs: A Joint ESI MS and XRD Investigative Strategy (103 visite)
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Vullo D, Supuran CT, Scozzafava A, De Simone G, Monti SM, Alterio V, Carta F
* Kinetic and X-ray crystallographic investigations of substituted 2-thio-6-oxo-1, 6-dihydropyrimidine-benzenesulfonamides acting as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (115 visite)
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* A product of RpfB and RipA joint enzymatic action promotes the resuscitation of dormant mycobacteria (232 visite)
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De Simone G, Di Fiore A, Capasso C, Supuran CT
* The zinc coordination pattern in the eta-carbonic anhydrase from Plasmodium falciparum is different from all other carbonic anhydrase genetic families (276 visite)
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* Differential thermodynamic behaviours of the extra-cellular regions of two Ser/Thr PrkC kinases revealed by calorimetric studies (154 visite)
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* Inhibition studies of bacterial, fungal and protozoan β-class carbonic anhydrases with Schiff bases incorporating sulfonamide moieties (182 visite)
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Messori L, Marzo T, Merlino A
* Interactions of carboplatin and oxaliplatin with proteins: Insights from X-ray structures and mass spectrometry studies of their ribonuclease A adducts (138 visite)
D'Ambrosio K, Lopez M, Dathan NA, Ouahrani-bettache S, Köhler S, Ascione G, Monti SM, Winum JY, De Simone G
* Structural basis for the rational design of new anti-Brucella agents: The crystal structure of the C366S mutant of l-histidinol dehydrogenase from Brucella suis (195 visite)
Biochimie (ISSN: 0300-9084, 1638-6183, 0300-9084linking), 2014 Feb; 97(1): 114-120.
Chi M-C, Lo Y-H, Chen Y-Y, Lin L-L, Merlino A
* γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase architecture: Effect of extra sequence deletion on autoprocessing, structure and stability of the protein from Bacillus licheniformis (167 visite)
Bba-Gen Subjects (ISSN: 0925-4439, 0006-3002, 1570-9639), 2014; 1844(12): 2290-2297.
Lin L-L, Chen Y-Y, Chi M-C, Merlino A
* Low resolution X-ray structure of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis: Opened active site cleft and a cluster of acid residues potentially involved in the recognition of a metal ion (167 visite)
Bba-Gen Subjects (ISSN: 0925-4439, 0006-3002, 1570-9639), 2014; 1844(9): 1523-1529.
Alterio V, Pan P, Parkkila S, Buonanno M, Supuran CT, Monti SM, De Simone G
* The Structural Comparison Between Membrane-Associated Human Carbonic Anhydrases Provides Insights Into Drug Design Of Selective Inhibitors (170 visite)
Biopolymers (ISSN: 0006-3525, 0006-6352, 0006-3525print), 2014; 101(7): 769-778.
Ronda L, Merlino A, Bettati S, Verde C, Balsamo A, Mazzarella L, Mozzarelli A, Vergara A
* Role of tertiary structures on the Root effect in fish hemoglobins (194 visite)
Bba-Gen Subjects (ISSN: 1570-9639, 0006-3002, 0925-4439), 2013 Sep; 1834(9): 1885-1893.
De Simone G, Alterio V, Supuran CT
* Exploiting the hydrophobic and hydrophilic binding sites for designing carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (214 visite)
Expert Opin Drug Discov (ISSN: 1746-0441), 2013 Jul; 8(7): 793-810.
De Simone G, Supuran CT
* (In)organic anions as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (191 visite)
Pica A, Russo Krauss I, Castellano I, Rossi M, La Cara F, Graziano G, Sica F, Merlino A
* Exploring The Unfolding Mechanism Of Gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidases: The Case Of The Thermophilic Enzyme From Geobacillus Thermodenitrificans (197 visite)
Russo Krauss I, Sica F, Mattia CA, Merlino A
* Increasing the X-ray diffraction power of protein crystals by dehydration: the case of bovine serum albumin and a survey of literature data (180 visite)
Int J Mol Sc (ISSN: 1422-0067, 1661-6596, 1422-0067electronic), 2012 Mar; 13(3): 3782-3800.
Esposito L, Ruggiero A, Masullo M, Ruocco MR, Lamberti A, Arcari P, Zagari A, Vitagliano L
* Crystallographic and spectroscopic characterizations of Sulfolobus solfataricus TrxA1 provide insights into the determinants of thioredoxin fold stability (159 visite)
J Struct Biol (ISSN: 1047-8477), 2012 Feb; 177(2): 506-512.
Castellano I, Merlino A
* γ-glutamyltranspeptidases: Sequence, structure, biochemical properties, and biotechnological applications (149 visite)
Cell Mol Life Sci (ISSN: 1420-682x), 2012; 69(20): 3381-3394.
Squeglia F, Marchetti R, Ruggiero A, Lanzetta R, Marasco D, Dworkin J, Petoukhov M, Molinaro A, Berisio R, Silipo A
* Chemical basis of peptidoglycan discrimination by PrkC, a key kinase involved in bacterial resuscitation from dormancy (174 visite)
J Am Chem Soc (ISSN: 0002-7863, 0002-2786, 1520-5126), 2011 Dec 28; 133(51): 20676-20679.
Merlino A, Russo Krauss I, Albino A, Pica A, Vergara A, Masullo M, De Vendittis E, Sica F
* Improving Protein Crystal Quality by the Without-Oil Microbatch Method: Crystallization and Preliminary X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Glutathione Synthetase from Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis (219 visite)
Int J Mol Sc (ISSN: 1422-0067, 1661-6596, 1422-0067electronic), 2011 Sep; 12(9): 6312-6319.
Ruggiero A, Squeglia F, Marasco D, Marchetti R, Molinaro A, Berisio R
* X-ray structural studies of the entire extracellular region of the serine/threonine kinase PrkC from Staphylococcus aureus (163 visite)
Biochem J (ISSN: 0264-6021, 1470-8728electronic, 0264-6021linking), 2011 Apr 1; 435(1): 33-41.
Castellano I, Di Salle A, Merlino A, Rossi M, La Cara F
* Gene cloning and protein expression of γ-glutamyltranspeptidases from Thermus thermophilus and Deinococcus radiodurans: Comparison of molecular and structural properties with mesophilic counterparts (136 visite)
Extremophiles (ISSN: 1431-0651, 1433-4909, 1433-4909electronic), 2011; 15(2): 259-270.
Merlino A, Russo Krauss I, Castellano I, De Vendittis E, Rossi B, Conte M, Vergara A, Sica F
* Structure and flexibility in cold-adapted iron superoxide dismutases: The case of the enzyme isolated from Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis (203 visite)
J Struct Biol (ISSN: 1047-8477), 2010 Dec; 172(3): 343-352.
Ruggiero A, Marasco D, Squeglia F, Soldini S, Pedone E, Pedone C, Berisio R
* Structure and functional regulation of RipA, a mycobacterial enzyme essential for daughter cell separation (163 visite)
Structure (ISSN: 0969-2126, 1878-4186), 2010 Sep 8; 18(9): 1184-1190.
Di Fiore A, Monti SM, Innocenti A, Winum J-Y, De Simone G, Supuran CT
* Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Crystallographic and solution binding studies for the interaction of a boron-containing aromatic sulfamide with mammalian isoforms I-XV (137 visite)
Bioorg Med Chem Lett Bioorganic And Medicinal Chemistry Letters (ISSN: 0960-894x), 2010 Jun 15; 20(12): 3601-3605.
* Carbonic anhydrase IX: Biochemical and crystallographic characterization of a novel antitumor target (190 visite)
Bba-Gen Subjects (ISSN: 1570-9639, 0006-3002, 0925-4439), 2010 Feb; 1804(2): 404-409.
Guler OO, De Simone G, Supuran CT
* Drug design studies of the novel antitumor targets carbonic anhydrase IX and XII (253 visite)
Merlino A, Vitagliano L, Howes BD, Verde C, Di Prisco G, Smulevich G, Sica F, Vergara A
* Combined Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Analysis of Trematomus bernacchii Hemoglobin Highlights Analogies and Differences in the Peculiar Oxidation Pathway of Antarctic Fish Hemoglobins (185 visite)
Biopolymers (ISSN: 0006-3525, 0006-6352, 0006-3525print), 2009 Dec; 91(12): 1117-1125.
Ruggiero A, Masullo M, Marasco D, Ruocco MR, Grimaldi P, Arcari P, Zagari A, Vitagliano L
* The dimeric structure of Sulfolobus solfataricus thioredoxin A2 and the basis of its thermostability (143 visite)
Proteins (ISSN: 0887-3585, 1097-0134, 1097-0134electronic), 2009 Dec; 77(4): 1004-1008.
Bellia F, Calabrese V, Guarino F, Cavallaro M, Cornelius C, De Pinto V, Rizzarelli E
* Carnosinase levels in aging brain: redox state induction and cellular stress response (183 visite)
Wekselman I, Davidovich C, Agmon I, Zimmerman E, Rozenberg H, Bashan A, Berisio R, Yonath A
* Ribosome's mode of function: Myths, facts and recent results (161 visite)
J Pept Sci (ISSN: 1075-2617, 1099-1387, 1075-2617print), 2009 Mar; 15(3): 122-130.
Limauro D, Saviano M, Galdi I, Rossi M, Bartolucci S, Pedone E
* Sulfolobus solfataricus protein disulphide oxidoreductase: insight into the roles of its redox sites (108 visite)
Protein Engineering Design & Selection (ISSN: 1741-0126), 2009 Jan; 22(1): 19-26.
Alterio V, Di Fiore A, D'Ambrosio K, Supuran CT, De Simone G
* X-Ray Crystallography of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors and Its Importance in Drug Design (160 visite)
Drug Des Of Zinc Enzyme Inhibitors (ISSN: 9780-4702, 9780-470275009), 2009; N/D: 73-138.
Merlino A, Sica F, Mazzarella L, Zagari A, Vergara A
* Correlation between Raman and X-ray crystallography data of (Pro-Pro-Gly)(10) (155 visite)
Biophys Chem (ISSN: 0301-4622, 0301-4622linking), 2008 Sep; 137(1): 24-27.
Prato S, Vitale RM, Contursi P, Lipps G, Saviano M, Rossi M, Bartolucci S
* Molecular modeling and functional characterization of the monomeric primase-polymerase domain from the Sulfolobus solfataricus plasmid pIT3 (175 visite)
Febs J (ISSN: 1742-464x), 2008; 275(17): 4389-4402.
Alterio V, De Simone G, Monti SM, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT
* Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Inhibition of human, bacterial, and archaeal isozymes with benzene-1, 3-disulfonamides-Solution and crystallographic studies (164 visite)
Bioorg Med Chem Lett Bioorganic And Medicinal Chemistry Letters (ISSN: 0960-894x), 2007 Sep 1; 17(15): 4201-4207.
Di Fiore A, Scozzafava A, Winum JY, Montero JL, Pedone C, Supuran CT, De Simone G
* Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: binding of an antiglaucoma glycosyl-sulfanilamide derivative to human isoform II and its consequences for the drug design of enzyme inhibitors incorporating sugar moieties (185 visite)
Bioorg Med Chem Lett Bioorganic And Medicinal Chemistry Letters (ISSN: 0960-894x), 2007 Mar 15; 17(6): 1726-1731.
Menchise V, De Simone G, Di Fiore A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT
* Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: X-ray crystallographic studies for the binding of 5-amino-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide and 5-(4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluorophenylsulfonamido)1, 3, 4-thiadiazole-2-sulfon amide to human isoform II (143 visite)
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (ISSN: 0960-894x), 2006 Dec 15; 16(24): 6204-6208.
Di Fiore A, Pedone C, D'Ambrosio K, Scozzafava A, De Simone G, Supuran CT
* Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Valdecoxib binds to a different active site region of the human isoform II as compared to the structurally related cyclooxygenase II 'selective' inhibitor celecoxib (160 visite)
Bioorg Med Chem Lett Bioorganic And Medicinal Chemistry Letters (ISSN: 0960-894x), 2006 Jan 15; 16(2): 437-442.
Pedone E, Saviano M, Bartolucci S, Rossi M, Ausili A, Scire A, Bertoli E, Tanfani F
* Temperature-, SDS-, and pH-induced conformational changes in protein disulfide oxidoreductase from the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: A dynamic simulation and fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study (130 visite)
J Proteome Res (ISSN: 1535-3893), 2005 Nov; 4(6): 1972-1980.
Esposito L, Bruno I, Sica F, Raia CA, Giordano A, Rossi M, Mazzarella L, Zagari A
* Crystal structure of a ternary complex of the alcohol dehydrogenase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (171 visite)
Biochemistry (ISSN: 0006-2960, 1520-4995, 1520-4995electronic), 2003 Dec 16; 42(49): 14397-14407.
Esposito L, Sica F, Raia CA, Giordano A, Rossi M, Mazzarella L, Zagari A
* Crystal Structure Of The Alcohol Dehydrogenase From The Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus Solfataricus At 1. 85 Angstrom Resolution (163 visite)
J Mol Biol (ISSN: 0022-2836, 1089-8638, 1089-8638electronic), 2002 Apr 26; 318(2): 463-477.
Esposito L, Vitagliano L, Zagari A, Mazzarella L
Pyramidalization of backbone carbonyl carbon atoms in proteins (174 visite)
Protein Sci (ISSN: 0961-8368, 1469-896xelectronic), 2000 Oct; 9(10): 2038-2042.
47 Records (47 escludendo Abstract e Conferenze).
Impact factor totale: 179.086 (179.086 escludendo Abstract e Conferenze).
Impact factor a 5 anni totale: 167.613 (167.613 escludendo Abstract e Conferenze).
Ultima modifica di Gennaro Angrisano in data Thursday 12 May 2016, 13:21:16
134 visite. Ultima visita in data Friday 17 January 2020, 5:09:18
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Places of interest12 December 2019
The TărtăriaTablets – artefacts discovered in Transylvania, carved with signs that might represent the oldest writing in the world
In 1961, at Tărtăria, a group of archeologists led by Nicolae Vlassa made an epochal discovery, that would arise a lot of attention, but also controversies from Romanian and foreign researchers: three clay tablets inscribed with signs and symbols that seem to be older than the Sumerian inscribing
The TărtăriaTablets
Together with ”The Tărtăria Tablets”, that were unearthed from a Neolithic tomb, there have been also discovered: 26 terracotta figurines, 3 alabaster figurines, a shell bracelet and the bones of a 55 years old woman who would have been a shaman of the those times judging by the worship objects found around the skeleton.
The woman was called The Tărtăria Mylady by Marco Merlini, director of “Prehistory Knowledge Project” and member of ”World Rock Art Academy” in Rome. The attention of the researchers was especially caught by the three clay tablets. Two of them (one having round shape and one with rectangular shape) are drilled and are inscribed with signs separated by lines. The third tablet is inscribed with some kind of pictographic writing, resembling the Sumerian writing – inscriptions that were found at Djemer-Nasr, KisandUruk, dated around 3300 B.C.
The German researcher, Harald Haarmann, gives an approximate age for “TheTărtăria Tablets”, as being around year 5300 B.C., that would seem that the signs inscribed on them would represent the oldest form of writing in the world. The pictograms from the third tablet represents a person, a goat and a tree.
The experts from the Science Academy in Russia, have considered that the tablets would represent a writing system that was part of a strong culture into the Balkan area. In their opinion, the text enumerates six totems, which being read in a circle, counter-clockwise, represents a Proto-Sumerian text written in the honour of the God Saue. However, there does not exist an academic common opinion regarding the interpretation of the pictograms, which leaves space for different interpretations.
Marco Merlini also concluded that these tablets would confirm the hypothesis about the existence of a prehistorical writing spread in the Balkan-Carpathians Area. The Tărtăria Tablets are exhibited at Transylvania History National Museum in Cluj.
Elena Radu
The most popular vegan restaurants in Bucharest that can satisfy the tastes of those wishing vegetarian, natural, healthy and nourishing foods
The Firijba village in Vâlcea County, one of the oldest villages in the country, attracts tourists for its picturesque, naturalness and ancestral load
Corbii de Piatră (The Stone Ravens) Monastery –a rupestrian ensemble full of history and mystery, a unique place in Romania
Biofresh - the only restaurant with an exclusive vegetarian and Raw Vegan menu in Timisoara
The Tea House of the Queen Mary, at the foot of the Bran Castle, a real attraction for tourists
Roşia Montană - waiting to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list
The Romanian traditional wine, old and new varieties: „Tămâioasă Românească”
The traditional Romanian wine, old and new varieties: Băbească Neagră, a simple and honest wine, unadulterated by experiments
Manasia Estate – a seventeenth century manor, a historical monument, a unique architectural jewel of Bărăgan
Breb, the fairy tales village of Maramureş, rich in tradition, considered one of the most beautiful villages in Romania
Read the latest Places of interest
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Thomas Cook holidaymakers will not be left stranded, British Foreign Secretary says
Tour operator Thomas Cook is seeking £200 million in extra funding as it attempts to prevent a collapse. Picture by Tim Goode/PA Wire
Dominic Raab who has said holidaymakers will not be left stranded abroad if tour operator Thomas Cook collapses. Picture by Victoria Jones/PA Wire
HOLIDAYMAKERS will not be left stranded abroad if tour operator Thomas Cook collapses, the British Foreign Secretary has said.
Dominic Raab assured the firm's worried customers that contingency planning is in place in the event the business cannot be saved.
His comments came as guests at a hotel in Tunisia reported being locked in by security guards, as staff demanded extra money for fear the hotel will not be paid by the holiday company.
And a union leader said employees are working for the firm while not knowing if they have a job or will even get paid for this month.
Thomas Cook Group chief executive Dr Peter Fankhauser yesterday remained tight-lipped as he emerged from a day-long meeting after negotiating with creditors in a final bid to save the firm.
He would not comment on whether a deal had been reached or if the firm would consider approaching the government for a taxpayer-funded bailout.
The travel company is at risk of falling into administration unless it finds £200 million in extra funds.
It was feared the collapse would leave up to 150,000 UK holidaymakers stranded.
But Mr Raab told the BBC's Andrew Marr Show yesterday: "I can reassure people that in the worst case scenario, the contingency planning is there to avoid people being stranded".
Thomas Cook reassured worried customers on Sunday that their flights continue to operate as normal and all their package holidays are Atol-protected.
But many, including wedding parties, were left in limbo, not knowing whether their holidays will still go ahead.
Thomas Cook also said it would not be sending any more tourists to the Les Orangers beach resort in the town of Hammamet, near Tunis, after complaints the hotel was refusing to let guests leave while demanding extra money.
Paul Dunn from Cullybackey, Co Antrim is among the holidaymakers currently at the resort.
"They locked the gates then, a short time after that, stopped our wi-fi," he told BBC NI.
"Then about 200 people started to gather. Two poor reps from Thomas Cook came in to try and sort it. The place was very tense."
Dominic Rabb
23 September, 2019 01:00 News
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Healthy Living/Wellness
Amazon Go: Is The Futuristic Store Feasible For The Present?
By Adie Pie , Dec 06, 2016 02:05 AM EST
In the race to take the world to the future, Amazon might just be winning. Its latest project, aptly called Amazon Go, will rely on various pieces of technology that will leave a store without cashiers. Theoretically, consumers will be able to enter the store, grab their items and go with a quick swipe of their smartphones.
As The Verge describes, the debut store is a 1800-square-foot retail space in Seattle - the company's hometown -- that allows individuals to take items directly off the shelves and walk out with the same. The charge is virtually made to the individual's Amazon account while walking out. Of course, the technology behind the story is much more complicated than that just that.
Amazon Go works by using computer vision and sensors to detect what items are being taken out of the store by specific individuals. Upon entering the space, individuals need to scan their account code and the sensors then follow and determine what items someone is taking with them. After getting everything that is needed, persons will simply walk out of the store and the items' prices will automatically be deducted from one's Amazon account.
The store will reportedly be stocked just like every standard grocery. Items for sale will range from pre-packed items to ready-to-eat meals. It will also have fresh offerings such as bread and milk. Meal kits, which allow individuals to cook dinners for two, will be part of the roster as well.
The benefits for consumers are obvious at this point. The elimination of cashiers - while it may not be the most economical choice - does decrease the time spent in lines, paying in cash, waiting for change being bagged. It is even better than self-checking machines or fast checkouts. Furthermore, the system will allow Amazon to learn more about each individual customer. By virtually following an individual around a store and seeing what they are or are not interested in, Amazon can correctly recommend items that actually will important or interesting.
The concept is simple enough and there is no doubt that Amazon has the intelligence and know-how to see Amazon Go through. But as Computer World notes, there are questions to be answered in this particular space. One of the more obvious ones is how the store will stop thieves from taking advantage of the store. Physical thieves included, but there is also the threat of hackers. It is unclear how much security Amazon has to fight against these types of risks.
The publication also questions how fast Amazon technology is in terms of determining an item being picked up and returned. Computer vision is a wonderful piece of technology, but will it be able to spot a fast shopper in dire need of a simple can of soda, who whizzes past the entrance, through the aisles and back out in mere minutes? There are definite doubts which is exactly why Amazon is taking its time in examining its latest project.
Amazon Go is currently not available to the public yet. Its flagship store in Seattle is still undergoing beta testing with the help of Amazon employees. However, it is expected to be open to the public by early 2017.
TAG Amazon Go, Amazon, internet of things
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UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice
Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, Dharam Ghai and Frédéric Lapeyre
Distribution: Global
Format: Paperback 4 figures, 1 index
Other formats available:
A Choice Outstanding Academic Title for 2005
UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice is at once a history of the ideas and realities of international development, from the classical economists to the recent emphasis on human rights, and a history of the UN’s role in shaping and implementing development paradigms over the last half century. The authors, all prominent in the field of development studies, argue that the UN’s founding document, the UN Charter, is infused with the human values and human concerns that are at the center of the UN’s thinking on economic and human development today. In the intervening period, the authors show how the UN’s approach to development evolved from mainstream areas of economic development to include issues of employment, poverty reduction, fairer distribution of the benefits of growth, equality of men and women, child development, social justice, and environmental sustainability.
Richard Jolly is Senior Research Fellow at the CUNY Graduate Center, where he is co-director of the United Nations Intellectual History Project.
Louis Emmerij is Senior Research Fellow at the CUNY Graduate Center, where he is co-director of the United Nations Intellectual History Project.
Dharam Ghai is Advisor to the International Labour Organization.
Frédéric Lapeyre is Professor at the Institute of Development Studies, Catholic University of Louvain, and a member of the United Nations Intellectual History Project.
“At once a history of the ideas and realities of international development-from the classical economists to the recent emphasis on human rights-and a history of the UN's role in shaping and implementing development paradigms over the last half century.”
“Well organized and well written, this book will be essential reading in international organization or economic development courses. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Public, academic, upper-division undergraduate and up, and professional library collections.January 2005”
— Choice
Write a review on this title.
List of Boxes, Tables, and Figures
Foreword by Louis Emmerij, Richard Jolly, and Thomas G. Weiss
Preface and Acknowledgments
Part I. Values and History
1. Has There Been Progress? Values and Criteria for UN History
2. The History of Development Thinking from Adam Smith to John Maynard Keynes
Part II. Ideas and Action
3. The 1940s and 1950s: The Foundations of UN Development Thinking and Practice
4. The 1960s: The UN Development Decade—Mobilizing for Development
5. The 1970s: Equity in Development
6. The 1980s: Losing Control and Marginalizing the Poorest
7. The 1990s: Rediscovering a Human Vision
8. Building the Human Foundations
9. Structural and Sectoral Change
Part III. Outcomes and the Future
10. The Record of Performance
11. UN Contributions and Missed Opportunities
12. Lessons for the Future: Development Thinking and the UN's Future
Appendix: ILO Special Topics
About the UN Intellectual History Project
About IU Press
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Judith H. Dobrzynski
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"Her Paris: Women in the Age of Impressionism" Recognizes Talent 150 Years On
Women were deeply involved in the heyday of 19th-century French art—even though they were excluded from many opportunities
by Judith H. Dobrzynski
http://www.judithdobrzynski.com/20521/her-paris-women-in-the-age-of-impressionism
You can see additional paintings in the exhibition at the Wall Street Journal link above.
In cultural histories of late 19th-century Paris, artists from Van Gogh to Munch to Whistler converge on its academies, salons, galleries and cafes, joining with their French confreres to make it the undisputed art capital of the world. But as "Her Paris: Women Artists in the Age of Impressionism" illustrates, many women—though largely unaccounted for—were also part of that extraordinary mix.
Organized by independent French curator Laurence Madeline, "Her Paris" presents works made between 1850 and 1900 by 37 women from 11 countries. Beautifully installed at the Denver Art Museum, it begins with a few blown-up period photographs, including one of male artists with a nude model, and an 1878 quote from the journal of Ukrainian artist Marie Bashkirtseff, who was turned away from the Ecole des Beaux Arts: "It is enough to make one cry with rage....Why cannot I go and study there?"
"Ernesta"
Nevertheless, she persisted. So did others. Setting the scene in the first gallery, Bashkirtseff's "In the Studio" (1881) depicts in academic style more than a dozen women at work with a clothed model at the Académie Julian, one of the few studios that did teach females, but in separate classes after protests halted mixed ones.
Her picture is surrounded by portraits and self-portraits by others, a few set on easel-like structures that help transport visitors to that era. These paintings, such as Anna Elizabeth Klumpke's gleaming " Rosa Bonheur " (1898), an artist whose work appears later in the exhibit, and Mina Carlson-Bredberg's backlighted "Self-Portrait" (1889) at her easel, testify not only to the talents of their creators but also to their seriousness. They were not making watercolor bouquets to demonstrate feminine skills; they were artists, venturing where women rarely went and at times knowingly endangering their marriage prospects.
Displayed thematically, the works in "Her Paris" portray women's everyday lives—pouring tea, reading or, as in Anna Ancher's luminous "Young Woman Arranging Flowers" (c. 1885), at other chores; the rituals and results of dressing to reflect social position; motherhood and children; and the passage of young girls into adulthood—all subjects, incidentally, taken up by contemporary male artists—as well as landscapes and history, the highest category in the academic hierarchy.
Ms. Madeline said she chose works that could not be immediately identified as being created by a woman, and mostly she has. But perhaps it is no surprise that the most affecting paintings here deal with childhood, a high point of the exhibition. Several achieve a tenderness that seems, to me, to betray a woman's touch. Among them are two decidedly different looks at nursing mothers: Elizabeth Nourse's realistic and romantic "A Mother" (1888) and Paula Modersohn-Becker's modernist "Nursing Mother in Front of Birch Forest" (1905). Two of Mary Cassatt's well-known works, "Children Playing on the Beach" (1884) and "Spring: Margot Standing in a Garden" (1900), show why she, unusually, was accepted by her male peers.
The undoubted star of this section is Cecilia Beaux's dazzling "Ernesta (Child With Nurse)" (1894). The painting, of a self-possessed, rosy-cheeked toddler dressed in white, refers back to Velazquez's Infanta and also, with its daring cropping of the nurse at her waist and an empty floor in the foreground, appears fresh, innovative, modern. Two other beautiful paintings here by Beaux underscore that she should be better known.
"The Meeting"
Yet these artists also acquit themselves well elsewhere, including at history paintings, contrary to expectations of the time. Because women could not study nude models—essential to learning the human anatomy that makes for fine history painting—some hesitated to try. But just take a look at Annie Louisa Swynnerton's life-size, full-frontal nude "Mater Triumphalis" (1892); it is bold, sensuous and brilliant. Lady Elizabeth Butler excelled at realistic military scenes like "Balaclava" (1876). And Bashkirtseff's sensational "The Meeting" (1884)—if more a genre scene—captures the dynamics of six young working-class boys eyeing an unidentified object in the hands of the eldest, some with suspicion, one with a smirk. At the right edge in the background, a little girl walks away, excluded.
As for landscapes, the dozen here reveal that Scandinavians were particularly strong. Kitty Kielland's moody sunset, "Stokkanannet" (1890), Harriet Backer's melancholy "Autumn at Stralsjoen" (1894) and Helene Schjerfbeck's stark "The Door" (1884) are among the standouts.
As this exhibition opened, DAM museum director Christoph Heinrich sheepishly admitted that he did not know many of these artists beforehand. That's not necessarily his fault. As Ms. Madeline researched and conceived the show, she discovered that many museums had stashed these paintings in storage, rarely if ever putting them on view. Some did not know where paintings she requested were. Still other works were neglected, in too poor condition to be lent.
Yet a few of these artists ( Marie Petiet and Ellen Thesleff, for example), having recently been rediscovered, are now difficult to borrow because they are too popular. "Her Paris" tells us that more of these artists deserve that second, and even third, look.
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'Monet's Waterloo Bridge" Series: Review
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Tag: NTSB
NTSB Final Report: Perryville, MO
Posted by jhadmin
On July 1, 2017, about 2036 central daylight time, an Airbus Helicopters Deutschland, MBB-BK 117 B-2, N238BK, helicopter, landed hard and rolled over during an emergency landing to a field near Perryville, Missouri. The pilot, three crew members, and a passenger received minor injuries, and the helicopter sustained substantial damage. The helicopter was owned and operated by Air Methods Corporation, doing business as Kids Flight, as a 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 135 medical flight. Visual meteorological conditions (dusk) prevailed at the time of the accident, and a company visual flight rules flight plan was filed. The flight originated from the St. Francis Medical Center (MO50), Cape Girardeau, Missouri, about 2019 and was en route to the St. Louis Children's Hospital (2MU1), St. Louis, Missouri.
Tags: MO NTSB Perryville
Helicopter Association International Welcomes Addition of Graham and Chapman to NTSB Board
Alexandria, Va. (Dec. 30, 2019) – Helicopter Association International (HAI) is pleased to congratulate the Honorable Michael Graham and Tom Chapman, whom the U.S. Senate confirmed Dec. 19 as members of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).
Tags: HAI Michael Graham NTSB Tom Chapman US Senate
NTSB Final Report: Smethport, PA
The pilot of the helicopter was conducting a power line construction flight. The power lines were supported by a series of structures made of either wood (dual-pole, H-frame) or steel (single pole). A static line was affixed to the top of the structures above the power lines. The purpose of the flight was to remove the static line from the wheeled, pulley device (dolly) that temporarily secured the static line and permanently secure the static line to the structures. One lineman completed the task from the skid of the hovering helicopter, and another lineman inside the helicopter passed tools and equipment back and forth to the lineman on the skid. The accident occurred when the crew (the pilot and the two linemen) were working on the second structure, which was constructed of wood. During work on that structure, the helicopter hovered facing westbound adjacent to the wooden structure with the pilot, both linemen, and the structure on the helicopter's left side. The static line sloped upward aft of the helicopter toward the uphill structure and downward and to the right toward the downhill structure.
Tags: NTSB PA Smethport
NTSB Preliminary Report: Sardis, GA
On September 17, 2019, about 1230 eastern daylight time, a Robinson R44, N827JE, operated by Rowland Air Chem LLC, was substantially damaged during a forced landing near Sardis, Georgia. The commercial pilot was seriously injured. The aerial application flight was conducted under the provisions of Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 137. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed and no flight plan was filed for the local flight that departing a staging area in Sardis, Georgia, about 1220.
Tags: GA NTSB Sardis
NTSB Preliminary Report: Montrose, CO
On August 20, 2019, about 1030 mountain daylight time, a Bell 47G-3B-1, N1170W, lost engine power during aerial application near Montrose, Colorado. The commercial pilot was seriously injured, and the helicopter sustained substantial damage to the tail boom and fuselage. The helicopter was registered to and operated by Olathe Spray Service, Inc., Olathe, Colorado, as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 137 aerial application flight. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the accident site and at the time of the accident, and no visual flight rules flight plan had been filed for the local flight.
Tags: CO Montrose NTSB
NTSB Preliminary Report: North Las Vegas, NV
On August 27, 2019, about 1716 Pacific daylight time, a Bell 47G-4A helicopter, N6064H, collided with a fuel support trailer and rolled onto its left side at North Las Vegas airport, North Las Vegas, Nevada. The private pilot and pilot-rated-passenger were not injured. The helicopter received substantial damage to the main rotor, tail rotor, and fuselage. The helicopter was registered to the pilot who was operating it as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 personal flight. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the airport at the time of the accident, and no flight plan was filed for the local flight.
Tags: North Las Vegas NTSB NV
NTSB Preliminary Report: WALKERTON, IN
On September 9, 2019, about 1330 eastern daylight time, a Bell 206 helicopter, N19TV, was substantially damaged during a forced landing near Walkerton, Indiana. The commercial pilot was not injured. The helicopter was registered to and operated by Abbett Farms LLC under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 137 as an aerial application flight. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed for the flight which operated without a flight plan.
Tags: IN NTSB WALKERTON
NTSB Final Report: Pomeroy, WA
On January 27, 2018, about 1534 Pacific Standard time, a Hughes 369D helicopter, N369TH, was substantially damaged when it impacted terrain about 10 miles northwest of Pomeroy, Washington. The commercial pilot and one crewmember were seriously injured, and the second crewmember was fatally injured. The helicopter was registered to McCall Helicopters Inc, and was being operated by Kiwi Air, doing business as Hells Canyon Helicopters, as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 flight. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed, and no flight plan was filed for the wildlife capture flight that originated from a nearby staging area.
Tags: NTSB Pomeroy WA
NTSB Preliminary Report: Oakridge, OR
On April 26, 2019, about 0700 Pacific daylight time, a Bell 206B, N206JH, struck trees during a forced landing in Oakridge, Oregon. The commercial pilot was not injured, and the helicopter sustained substantial damage. The helicopter was registered to and operated by Wilbur Ellis Company under the provisions of Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 137 as an agricultural aerial application flight. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed, and no flight plan had been filed. The local flight departed from a remote landing spot in Oakridge at 0642.
Tags: NTSB Oakridge OR
NTSB Factual Report: Juneau, AK
The helicopter pilot reported that, on the second landing on a "ridge/saddle," while dropping off passengers for recreational skiing. The tail rotor contacted a higher spot of snow-covered terrain.
Tags: AK Juneau NTSB
NTSB Final Report: Fort Lauderdale, FL
The helicopter was departing from a rooftop helipad, and the flight instructor noticed that, during the initial climb, as the helicopter crossed over the rooftop edge, the low rotor rpm horn and light activated. The helicopter then began to descend. The flight instructor lowered the collective and attempted twice to increase the throttle, but his actions did not stop the descent. Subsequently, he performed an autorotation to a street below the helipad and landed hard, resulting in substantial damage to the tail rotor and tailboom.
Tags: FL Fort Lauderdale NTSB
NTSB Preliminary Report Released: Belen, NM
On January 11, 2019, about 1440 mountain standard time, a Bell 47G-2 helicopter, N3755Z, collided with terrain while maneuvering near Belen, New Mexico. The pilot and passenger were not injured, and the helicopter was substantially damaged. The helicopter was owned by the pilot and operated under Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 91 as a personal flight without a flight plan. Day visual meteorological conditions prevailed for the local flight that departed Belen Regional Airport (BRG), near Belen, New Mexico, about 1400.
Tags: Belen NM NTSB
NTSB Final Report Released: Electra, TX
The commercial pilot was flying his company's helicopter during a low-altitude cattle herding flight. A witness saw the helicopter maneuvering over power lines; it subsequently descended in a nose-low attitude to ground contact and was consumed by postcrash fire. Both the power lines above the helicopter wreckage and the helicopter itself exhibited damage consistent with in-flight contact with the lines. An onscene examination of the wreckage did not reveal any preimpact anomalies that would have precluded normal operation of the helicopter.
Tags: Electra NTSB TX
NTSB Preliminary Report Released: Granada Hills, CA
On September 15, 2018, about 1233 Pacific daylight time, a Schweizer 300CBi helicopter, N2128T, sustained substantial damage when it landed hard following a partial power landing on a golf course in Granada Hills, California. The flight instructor and the student pilot were uninjured. The helicopter was registered to Charlie Papa, LLC., and operated by Group 3 Aviation, Inc., under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91, as an instructional flight. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed and no flight plan was filed for the flight that originated from Van Nuys Airport (VNY), Van Nuys, California, about 1215 and was destined for the Piru, California area.
Tags: CA Granada Hills NTSB
NTSB Preliminary Report Released: Westminster, MD
On September 30, 2018, at 1735 eastern daylight time, a Robinson R44 II helicopter, N440SH, operated by Charm City Helicopters, was substantially damaged during a loss of control on the ground following a precautionary landing atop the Longwell Parking Garage Structure in Westminster, Maryland. The commercial pilot was not injured, and there were no ground injuries. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed, and no flight plan was filed for the flight to reposition the helicopter atop the parking garage. The flight was conducted under the provisions of Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91.
Tags: MD NTSB Westminster
NTSB Final Report Released: San Antonio, TX
The National Transportation Safety Board determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The pilot's decision to relinquish the helicopter flight controls to a non-rated passenger during a 3 ft hover.
Tags: NTSB San Antonio TX
Categories: HeliNews Headlines
NTSB Issues Urgent Safety Recommendation to Prohibit Flights that Use Unsafe Harness Systems
WASHINGTON (March 19, 2018) ¬— The National Transportation Safety Board Monday called on the Federal Aviation Administration to prohibit commercial flights that use passenger harness systems that do not allow for easy release during emergencies.
Tags: FAA NTSB Passenger Harness Systems
NTSB Report Released: Islamorada, FL
On December 15, 2017, about 0650 eastern standard time, a Sikorsky S76A, N911FK, operated by Global Sky Air Charter Corporation, was substantially damaged by an engine compartment fire after landing near Islamorada, Florida. The airline transport pilot was not injured. The flight was operated in accordance with Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 135 as an on-demand air medical flight. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed, and a company visual flight rules flight plan was filed for the flight that departed The Florida Keys Marathon International Airport (MTH), Marathon, Florida at 0637.
Tags: FL Islamorada NTSB
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Home > Latest Market News > Tenders for Jalan Bunga Rampai, Irwell Bank...
News: Tenders for Jalan Bunga Rampai, Irwell Bank Road sites awarded
Wee Hur Development and CDL were the highest bidders for the GLS sites. Photo: Irwell Bank Road site.
The tenders for two residential Government Land Sales (GLS) sites at Jalan Bunga Rampai and Irwell Bank Road have been awarded the highest bidders, announced the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) on Tuesday (14 January).
Location of Jalan Bunga Rampai site. Photo: URA
Attracting nine bids, the 4,666.6 sq m (50,230 sq ft) site at Jalan Bunga Rampai was awarded to Wee Hur Development, which submitted the top bid of $93.39 million. It has a maximum gross floor area of 9,800 sq m and can yield about 115 housing units.
Meanwhile, the 12,786.5 sq m (137,659 sq ft) site at Irwell Bank Road, which received seven bids, was awarded to City Developments (CDL) after it placed the highest bid of $583.89 million. It has a gross floor area of 35,809 sq m (385,444 sq ft) and can hold around 445 residential units.
Both sites were offered 99-year leases, with the tender for the Jalan Bunga Rampai launched on 29 August 2019, while that for Irwell Bank Road on 31 October 2019.
The tenders all closed on 9 January.
RELATED STORY: What’s New In The URA Master Plan 2019? [Part I Of II]
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Music Review from THE STRAITS TIMES: Chinese pianist Ji Liu highlights the yin and yang of piano music in latest album
Piano sensation Liu Ji's fourth album on the Classic FM label (distributed by Decca) has two of the five Chinese elements as the theme: fire and water.PHOTO: CLASSIC FM
Review by Dr. Chang Tou Liang
Take a seat, Lang Lang and Li Yundi, as the latest Chinese piano sensation is Liu Ji, or Ji Liu as he is known in London where he is based.
His fourth album on the Classic FM label (distributed by Decca) has two of the five Chinese elements as the theme: fire and water.
The usual suspects of musical impressionism are here - represented by Debussy's Reflections On The Water (from Images Book 1), the preludes The Engulfed Cathedral and Fireworks, and Ravel's Jeux D'Eau (Fountains) and Une Barque Sur L'Ocean (A Boat In The Sea), where he is at his fluid and incandescent best.
To serve populist tastes, there is Ludovico Einaudi's Le Onde (The Waves), Manuel de Falla's Ritual Fire Dance and Ode To The Yellow River from the infamous Yellow River Concerto.
The last was a transcription by Liu himself, as are two movements from Saint-Saens' Carnival Of The Animals (Aquarium And The Swan) and Rachmaninov's song Floods Of Spring, which sound very idiomatic. Guido Agosti's transcription of three movements from Stravinsky's The Firebird is the big virtuoso work that is guaranteed to bring down the house.
Alexander Scriabin's Second Sonata (or Sonata-Fantasy) in G sharp minor seems like a curious choice. However, its two diametrically contrasted movements sound like a vivid musical portrayal of water and fire respectively, even if the Russian had not intended it so.
The yin and yang of piano music has seldom been better illuminated in these scintillating performances.
For further information, please visit: https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/music-review-chinese-pianist-ji-liu-highlights-the-yin-and-yang-of-piano-music-in
Ji Liu is Appointed as Head of Performance at KIPC 2019
Ji Liu is proud to announce the release of his new album ...
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Posts Tagged ‘Nanny State’
No democracy on the honour system
Posted on 21:47, September 14th, 2010 by Lew
This morning I posited a conspiracy theory that the government would use the temporary deregulation measures undertaken in response to the Canterbury earthquake to progress another tranche of wide-ranging reforms to the resource management regime and building and construction industries after the 2011 election.
Absurdly, if the Canterbury Earthquake Response and Recovery Bill is passed without very extensive amendments of the sort proposed by the Greens and voted down by both major parties (it’s going through all three stages right now), then all that and much, much more could happen this week, no election required, and without any review by the courts. The executive powers granted to the relevant Minister (that’s Gerry Brownlee) in this bill are so sweeping as to permit him to do almost literally anything as long as it has something to do with quake recovery — amend or suspend almost any piece of legislation, overturn any electoral decision — really, Dean Knight, Graeme Edgeler and Andrew Geddis (themselves no wide-eyed conspiracy nuts) are just three of the constitutional law experts who are boggling at the possibilities; Idiot/Savant is also much more than usually incandescent, and Gordon Campbell pulls few punches, either. Geddis says the law gives him “a case of the screaming collywobbles”. How’s that for a technical term. Their argument — contra government speakers such as Nick Smith — is that, because there is no real oversight to test whether actions taken are “reasonably necessary or expedient for the purpose of the Act”, the bill’s scope is not strictly limited in black-letter law to those matters, nor indeed to the region impacted by the quake, and the minister and his commission basically enjoy immunity. These are sweeping powers such as those which might be accorded an executive head of state in a command-government situation such as a major war.
Not would happen, mind. I don’t think anyone genuinely thinks Gerry Brownlee will decriminalise murder, approve mining across all schedule 4 land, enact wartime conscription or overrule the results of the forthcoming Supercity election. I don’t. But the point is (assuming Dean Knight knows what he’s talking about) that Brownlee can. Or will be able to tomorrow, until April 2012, which astute readers will note is a good half-year after the next general election must be held. There are no real checks or balances, much of the actions taken under this legislation are able to be taken in secret, and actions taken will not — at least on paper — be subject to judicial review. This means that we are relying on Gerry Brownlee to not be evil. But democracy doesn’t work on the honour system. It can’t. It doesn’t work on the basis that you give a government power in the hope that they use it legitimately; you give it power on the basis that you have the authority and ability to wrest it back from them if they misuse it, and on the assumption they will misuse it. The honour system is fine for bouquets being sold at the cemetery gates. It’s no basis upon which to run a country.
As I’ve often argued here and elsewhere, what sets liberal democracy, with all its failings, apart from authoritarian systems is the ability for the electorate to transfer power by the exercise of these sorts of checks and balances. Under orthodox authoritarian socialism for examplem — more or less the only form of socialism ever fully implemented on a nationwide scale, in the USSR and China, for instance — the transitional dictatorship is empowered with the sole authority and means to put down any such counter-revolution as might endanger the transition to genuine communism; and because of this, the dictatorship enjoys impunity. It has no reason to work in the interests of the people it purports to serve, inevitably becoming inefficient, corrupt and brutal. (Thus, the problem with socialism is authoritariansm which accompanies it, not so much the economic aspects, but that isn’t my point here).
The Canterbury Earthquake Response and Recovery Bill, of all the ridiculous things, brings into being the potential for just such a regime in New Zealand, and we can only hope it is not used to that effect. It is a colossal, hypervigilant overreach. And if any ill comes from this, Labour — and even the Greens and the māori party — will bear as much responsibility as National; they are all supporting it out of “unity”.
Where now are those who railed against the Electoral Finance Act, who speculated darkly that Helen Clark might not relinquish power after the election, or might suspend the operation of the free press; who shrieked about the Section 59 repeal; against ‘Nanny State’ and the illusory Stalinism of lightbulbs and shower heads, drink-drive limits and alcohol purchase ages and compulsory student union membership? Here the papers are being signed to dismantle robust constitutional democracy right under our very noses, and there’s barely a whimper.
(Updated to add Lyndon Hood’s fantastic image of Brownlee VIII, link to Campbell’s article, and tidy the post up a bit.)
Tags: 2011 general election, Andrew Geddis, Canterbury, Canterbury Earthquake Response and Recovery Act, Dean Knight, earthquake, Electoral Finance Act, Gerry Brownlee, Gordon Campbell, Graeme Edgeler, Greens, Helen Clark, Labour, Local government, Lyndon Hood, Maori Party, Māori electoral seats, Nanny State, National, Nick Smith, Resource Management Act, socialism, Stalinism, Supercity
Posted in Authoritarianism, Democracy, Parliament, Social change | 20 Comments | Read More »
Posted on 23:08, July 8th, 2010 by Lew
Tim Watkin usually writes good sense, but with the latest post on gun control it’s clear he just doesn’t know his subject. Toughening gun control in NZ is basically a hiding to nothing, both in policy and in symbolic terms. It’s pointless for three main reasons:
We already have pretty sane firearm laws and gun culture which regulate legitimate gun owners, and constrain the sorts of weapons most useful to criminals;
As a country, we own a lot of guns, and they’re important to our way of life and identity, and this importance is the subject of bipartisan political consensus;
We have very low rates of gun-related crime already, and any regulation which would be effective would be very costly, both in financial and political terms.
Just to preface this: I own a hunting rifle, and as a bit of a propaganda geek I’ve paid close attention to gun control as a matter of symbolic politics (alongside abortion, it’s a leading “touchstone” rhetorical issue in US domestic politics). I’ve been watching the way NZ is beginning to develop a (rather amateurish, but effective enough to not be laughable) US-modeled gun-ownership lobby with interest as well. But I’m not one of those “don’t tread on me” gun nuts who thinks bringing a loaded assault rifle to a town hall meeting is a core part of the democratic process. Owning a firearm is useful, but it’s not an absolute right — rather one which must be weighed against other consequences, including those which stem from arming communities. But I object to knee-jerk policy proposals which misoverestimate the problem, won’t solve it in any case, and will come at considerable cost.
What problem?
The most significant objection I have to Tim’s analysis is that he assumes gun crime is a serious enough problem to warrant harsh regulatory consideration; and seems to think that tackling it like the government has “tackled” knife crime is a sensible approach. I reckon both are suspect assumptions.
According to a UN survey from 2000 (the most recent I can easily access), 13% of our homicides (including attempts) were committed with a firearm, at an annual rate of 0.18 per hundred thousand population. That is a rate slightly higher than the UK (0.12 per hundred thousand, with much more strict firearm laws); just over half the rate of Australia (0.31, also with much more strict firearm laws, including a hugely expensive buyback programme undertaken in 1996 with the intention of solving the problem). I don’t think things have changed all that much; in 2009, the year of Jan Molenaar, the figure was 15% of our recorded murders (incl. attempts). You can use the Statistics NZ tools to get data here. You can also compare a bunch of countries’ rates here, but be sure to read the disclaimer. The bottom line is that we have extremely low gun crime rates by world standards, especially given that we have very high gun ownership rates. By far the highest proportion of gun-related deaths in NZ are suicides — I don’t have the numbers to hand but I recall it being above 70%. That’s a consideration, since suicides are usually committed with weapons of opportunity, and a firearm is particularly effective. But this is not the argument being made.
Knives are a much more serious problem, accounting for about twice as many homicides in NZ, and “other weapons” and “manual” which I assume includes unarmed homicides are also generally more common than firearm murders. The government has seen fit to “crack down” on knife crime by trying to prevent youths’ access to knives at the retail level using a voluntary code of practice. This is pure security theatre. Everyone credible knows it won’t make a blind bit of difference because kids don’t go and buy a knife from a shop, they just take one from the kitchen drawer or the toolbox in the garage. Firearms are already much more heavily regulated than this, and as a consequence people wanting one but who lack a license don’t roll into Hunting & Fishing and buy one — they get them illegally because we have no idea how many there are or who owns them (more on this later). So the comparison between guns and knives, while tempting, is bogus. Knife crime is much more serious than firearm crime, much less-heavily regulated, and the trivial additional regulation proposed won’t change anything — but it also won’t cost anything.
What guns?
Part of the reason gun crime is such a minor problem in NZ is due to our history and culture with guns, and in particular the fact that “personal defence” has never been a justification for firearm ownership. Tim also gets this wrong: citing “personal defence” as a reason for needing a firearms license will mean you get denied one, especially if you’re trying to apply for a restricted weapons license (which is the example he uses).
Excluding the post-settlement period, firearms in NZ have generally been conceptualised in law and culture as tools rather than weapons — for hunting, sport shooting, or the defence of the realm. Most in existence today are .22 calibre rabbit guns, or bolt-action ex-infantry rifles from the first and second world wars, passed down from father to son, or modern firearms based on near-identical designs, or shotguns designed for gamebird hunting. Partly due to length, partly due to action design and calibre, these are pretty useless for self-defence except for the appearance of threat and as clubs. By the same token, they are far from ideal for offensive use. Part of the reason criminals are rarely armed with firearms is because they are nearly impossible to conceal (which makes carrying or using them a riskier proposition than, say, a knife), and if sawn off below the regulation length of 30 inches, they are still not very convenient, and give police instant cause for book-throwing if discovered.
There are relatively few pistols or assault rifles in NZ, and those which are owned are very tightly controlled, with extremely high standards required of the owners. The NZ Police apparently operate a “sinking lid” policy on restricted weapons: to gain permission to import or produce one, you need to destroy another. This has driven the market price of such weapons through the roof, putting them out of the reach even of many legitimate collectors; although it must be said that the distinction between a “military-style” semi-auto and any other semi-auto is largely (not entirely) cosmetic, and one is no less deadly than the other. As the rather grim saying goes, the seven-round magazine restriction on an ordinary semi-auto centrefire rifle just means that if you want to kill more than eight people, you’ll need to reload.
Firearm licenses, especially those for restricted weapons like military-style semi-automatics and pistols, are issued at the discretion of an Arms Officer on the basis of the applicant being of “fit and proper” character. The threat of losing the license acts as a firm constraint on legitimate gun owners’ behaviour, with most hunters, collectors, etc. living in fear of having their license revoked. This constraint comes into force, for example, when deciding whether to keep a firearm for self-defence purposes in a country where most potential assailants, burglars, etc. are not themselves armed: if you happen to use it as such, you must then explain to your arms officer how come you had it handy, rather than locked up in its safe, with the bolt and ammunition separated. Most people comply to avoid this inconvenience, and because they know that the chances of a family member actually meeting a life-or-death situation are much higher with a loaded firearm lying around than otherwise.
In general (and again, I don’t have the figures to hand) the vast majority of gun crime in NZ is committed by people without a legal right to own or use a firearm in the first place (being not “fit and proper”). Jan Molenaar was just such a person, so using him as an exemplar of all that is wrong with the system is a bit misleading. It’s certainly an indictment on police procedure following the last shake-up of gun laws. Probably the biggest failure in our gun licensing regime is the lack of a registration system for specific firearms. It’s expensive, time-consuming and bureaucratic but would have been of some use had it been implemented when suggested by the Thorp report, even if just to draw a clear demarcation line between compliant and non-compliant owners. I think that horse has bolted now.
As for the matter of private internet sales of arms and ammunition — Tim clearly hasn’t used Trade Me for this purpose. It’s considerably more robust than any comparable method other than a brick-and-mortar shop (and many B&M shops use the same methods to sell nationwide). Anyone can view restricted auctions, but to bid or ask a question you need to enter your firearm license number. Repeated failure to do so (or entering made-up numbers) gets you blacklisted. If buying otherwise than by a face-to-face meeting, you are required to complete a form designated by the Police for this very purpose, and have it counter-signed by your local Arms Officer, who sights your license. The first step (needing to enter your number) prevents anyone without access to a license even bidding or making contact with a seller. This is probably the most effective safety mechanism in the system.
These are policy and cultural reasons which explain why trying to crack down on gun ownership in NZ is likely to be pointless. But Tim’s post was largely about the political aspects of the issue: the tension between the imperative to be Tough On Crime and the danger of getting tarred with the Nanny State brush. In symbolic terms, I reckon gun control is a loser for both of the major parties because, unlike the knife measure which is empty theatre, any meaningful changes to the gun ownership regime will come at a considerable costs. One important consideration with this is that in NZ (and Australia), unlike in the USA, gun control is seen as a matter of bipartisan consensus, with both National and Labour generally occupying the middle ground (and ACT and the Greens taking up the flanks). This means there’s little or no partisan advantage to be gained by either side.
The first of these costs is purely financial. A registration, licensing audit, inspection-reclassification or buyback scheme to remove firearms (or certain firearms) from circulation (or from the hands of those not “fit and proper”) is hugely expensive. The Australian Federal Government raised a special tax for the purpose and spent hundreds of millions of dollars on its buyback scheme, and even given the dramatic reduction in gun crime rates which resulted, it was generally seen to be wide-open for rorting. In New Zealand, with a much lower baseline level of gun crime, much less money and much more pressing law and order policy issues, this simply wouldn’t fly. Quite apart from the money, the drain on already-stretched police time would make a mockery of the government’s pledge to deliver resources to the front lines and away from the “bureaucrats”. And for all of that, it would still predominantly capture guns possessed by licensed owners: the “good guys” who, of all people, should retain their gun-owning privileges.
The second, and probably weightier cost is about the NZ identity. As I’ve argued before, wild places matter to us in identity terms. While most New Zealanders don’t own firearms, and never will, many more than the 250,000 who do like to think of themselves as potential outdoorsfolk who might go and shoot a possum and do their bit to save the rata. I don’t want to overstate this, though. Gun owners and hunters are viewed with considerable ambivalence by the general public, and with some cause. The gun lobby doesn’t do itself or the more reasonable branches of the sporting community any favours, and to a large extent they’re thought of in similar terms to Jan Molenaar and the various flavours of SHTF nutters.
But Nanny State also comes into this. Tim suggests that Labour couldn’t afford to do this for fear of strengthening the narrative established by the last term of the Clark government (I agree), but that National might just be able to get away with it. I disagree. Half of National’s support base are farmers or rural/semi-rural men of above-average income who are generally law-abiding and consider themselves responsible citizens in partnership with the authorities — of the view that the government “works for us”, rather than the view that the government is an agent of their oppression. (There are exceptions to this last, but mostly they vote for ACT and are thus irrelevant to this calculus.) This is almost exactly the same demographic which wants to be able to take care of his own rabbit problem and hunkers down in a cold maimai before dawn on the first weekend of winter for a laugh, and they greatly value the illusion that doing so is an inalienable right akin to that laid down by the Second Amendment. They tolerate (often with considerable reluctance) the existing licensing regime partly as a pragmatic solution to the social problem of crime, and partly because it accords them the status of being officially deemed “fit and proper”. But they will not tolerate further incursions on these privileges, and it is this demographic whom the gun lobby, with its US-imported “armed society is a polite society” rhetoric, is targeting using the present hysteria about violent crime as a springboard. These are the guys who already feel under threat from policies like the ETS, which prevents them from buying the V8, forcing them to settle for the V6.
This demographic might be the sort of people who could be persuaded to support tighter restrictions if there were a strong crime-reduction case to be made for it. But since there’s so little to gain, and since the existing regime is already at the margins of what is acceptable, National rouses these sleeping dogs and permits their radicalisation at its peril.
Tags: Australia, Crime, firearms, homicide, identity, Jan Molenaar, Labour, Nanny State, National, Police, Pundit, security theatre, Statistics NZ, Suicide, symbolic politics, Tim Watkin, Trade Me
Posted in Blogosphere, Crime | 22 Comments | Read More »
Let it burn
Posted on 09:59, March 5th, 2010 by Lew
At the head of a large army [Po-ts’ai] was besieging Ch’ang-she, which was held by Huang-fu Sung. The garrison was very small, and a general feeling of nervousness pervaded the ranks; so Huang-fu Sung called his officers together and said: “In war, there are various indirect methods of attack, and numbers do not count for everything. Now the rebels have pitched their camp in the midst of thick grass which will easily burn when the wind blows. If we set fire to it at night, they will be thrown into panic, and we can make a sortie and attack them on all sides at once, thus emulating the achievement of T’ien Tan.” That same evening, a strong breeze sprang up; so Huang-fu Sung instructed his soldiers to bind reeds together into torches and mount guard on the city walls, after which he sent out a band of daring men, who stealthily made their way through the lines and started the fire with loud shouts and yells. Simultaneously, a glare of light shot up from the city walls, and Huang-fu Sung, sounding his drums, led a rapid charge, which threw the rebels into confusion and put them to headlong flight.
— Sun Tzu, The Art of War, XII.9(4)
I can’t agree less with Grant Robertson’s, response to David Garrett’s latest bit of madness. He says he “doesn’t want to give further oxygen” to Garrett’s “extreme and appalling” views, but that’s exactly what they need: oxygen. At present both Rodney Hide and John Key probably want to forget the fact that Garrett is the ACT party’s Law and Order spokesperson, and that consequently there are no such things as his “personal views” on these topics which are separable from those of the party — he is the ACT party’s mouthpiece on such matters, and the government’s ally. We, the people who elected him and permitted Hide to assign him that role, are entitled to take these views seriously, examine them in the context of other things he has said and done, and the opposition’s job is to prevent anyone from forgetting what this man stands for, and how far his definition of “reasonable” is from that of the wider public. From now until he’s ejected from parliament, Garrett should not be able to show his face to the public without a graphic reminder of the fact that he think homosexuality is morally equivalent to paedophilia; that he favours policy (now implemented) which means more prisoners will suffer rape as a consequence of their punishment; and that he thinks poor brown parents should be sterilised. He must be required to either defend his views robustly, or forced to issue yet another humiliating public apology; and both ACT and the government must be required to defend their association with him, or forced to dissociate, demote or publicly censure him.
The instinct for the opposition to deny a topic like this the spotlight only makes political sense when the opposition is vulnerable on the issue; when they fear it could result in a populist backlash against them. Even then, the principles at stake mean a very strong backlash would be required to justify restraint on simple pragmatic grounds. There is no prospect of such a backlash in this case: as Grant says, the statement is “extreme and appalling”. Does Grant think his own sense of what is extreme and appalling differs so much from that of the electorate that they will not agree with him? The worst possible course of action for ACT and the government is to allow this topic to remain at the top of the political agenda for as long as possible. Failing to even try to keep it there shows a lack of political nerve on the part of the opposition; a continuation of the failed strategy employed prior to the election, which Key won in no small part because the very people who should be fighting against him bolstered his public image as a mild, simple, non-threatening chap. Genuine threats must be neither mocked or minimised; the “extreme and appalling” should not be laughed off or left unchallenged. This is the sort of weak-kneed liberal wimpishness and lack of rectitude which leads many voters to mistrust parties on the left, and cleave to parties and leaders whose convictions are firm and forthrightly held. The good and the just does not speak for itself, much as we might wish it would. It requires champions to stand for it, and evil truimphs when those champions fail to stand and fight.
To do so is not the “dirty” personalisation of politics: the character and views of a man who sits on the Law and Order select committee, and in the future could conceivably hold a warrant for Justice, Corrections or Police are perfectly legitimate matters for political debate, which speak both to his ability to represent the interests of New Zealanders and to the quality of the processes and people which allowed him to attain such a position.
The Garrett Solution, as I’ve argued elsewhere, contradicts almost everything the small-government right claims to stand for. After a decade of howling about “Nanny State in the bedroom” and “social engineering” we now see that their erstwhile objections to both these things were not principled, as they claimed, but were in fact just objections on the merits. Social engineering is wrong, they say, unless it’s at the genetic level. It’s also not new: this sort of thing was enthusiastically embraced during the last government by the more unhinged members of the extreme right, and now it has gone mainstream.
The topic of eugenics is the strongest symbolic matter introduced to the political sphere by any participant this term; it is a topic on which the right can only lose, and introduced by someone who is already vulnerable. The grass is high around the government’s camp, the fire is set by one of their own: now, if they are to gain an advantage, the opposition must fan the flames and beat the drums.
Tags: Act, Crime, David Garrett, eugenics, Grant Robertson, John Key, Labour, Law and Order Select Committee, Nanny State, National, open government, political strategy, Punishment, Rodney Hide, social engineering, sterilisation, Sun Tzu, symbolic politics, The Art of War
Posted in Blogosphere, Crime, Parliament, Propaganda, War | 7 Comments | Read More »
SLOPS
Posted on 13:17, May 3rd, 2009 by Lew
Having been reminded of this excellent neologism by Dolan at Just Left, it’s occurred to me that a similar affliction can be seen among the denizens of the NZ blogosphere.
Now, there are certain wings of that ‘sphere which are well-known for their wingnuttery and general tendency to fly off the handle, and those I won’t dwell upon. But in the past week or so I’ve seen a couple of examples from sources of which I’d expect a bit more.
First, and most egregious, Tim Selwyn’s rabid attack on Christopher Pryde, the NZ lawyer who has taken the post of Fijian Attorney-General. I can’t excerpt most of it, but here’s one of the politer sections:
He deserves to be summarily executed and/or tortured in the same way other victims of the military have under the aegis of his protection – that is the fate he courts. Let that day come soon.
Perhaps Tim’s purpose is to try and finesse a gag lawsuit. Not to criticise the fundamental point Tim is making – that Pryde is an opportunistic illegal-dictatorship-supporting hack, a discredit to his profession and his country – but the degree of invective here is simply over the top. The point would have been better made in more measured tones; as it stands, the personal attacks detract from the real reasons for condemning him, and make Pryde look like the victim of a character assassination attempt.
Second, The Standard’s response to the offensive and moronic smear ‘Nanny State’ with an even more offensive and moronic smear, the ‘Stepfather State’ characterised as distant, violent, self-indulgent and misogynistic, which originated in a comment on Colin Espiner’s blog:
Stepfather State’s taken over.
Our new parent likes to keep his distance…he usually comes home after work at the office…but only for a quick bite to eat…he ignores the kids, yells at the Mrs and kicks the dog on the way out to the club to meet his business mates for a few bevvies…most nights he gets to ogle/grope the pole dancer…and then drives home a “bit p!ssed” (it’s his right you know)…then a quick grope with either the Mrs or himself and a zzzzzz…
This resulted in the commentariat falling over themselves to invent yet more offensive and moronic characterisations in a bizarre competition to see which side could be more bigoted. Worst offender, the usually-sensible vto:
Or a bit like the smaller step-brother, the maori party.
“Our new bro likes to get in your face…he has no work but comes home pissed…but only for some eggs…he ignores the bitch, yells at the other bitch and kicks the kids on the way back to the pub to meet his mates still more bevvies and some P…most nights he gets to ogle/grope the fat slag behind the bar…and then smashes some innocent person walking home, gets picked up by the pigs and ends up with his mates in the klink… no gropes of his missus now so has to play with himself, which comes naturally to him being a labour voter”
Tags: Christopher Pryde, Fiji, Just Left, Nanny State, Stepfather State, The Standard, Tim Selwyn, Tumeke!
Posted in Blogosphere, Democracy | 10 Comments | Read More »
Postscript: Citizenship Granted.
Miscalculation, escalation and the law of unintended consequences.
Seasons Greetings and Happy New Year.
Cloaking hate speech and fake news in the right to free expression.
The cost of a range clearance.
A coward’s ploy.
An age of protest.
The rot at the top (2).
The end of small “d” democracy?
The rot at the top.
The coming resource war.
The fallacy of the proximity argument.
The Hong Kong protests as a mass collective action problem.
A question of focus.
Media Link: on the second tranche of gun control reforms, and the registry
Pablo on Postscript: Citizenship Granted.
Sanctuary on Postscript: Citizenship Granted.
Tom Hunter on Postscript: Citizenship Granted.
Rodrigo Álvarez V on Postscript: Citizenship Granted.
peterlepaysan on Miscalculation, escalation and the law of unintended consequences.
Phil S on Postscript: Citizenship Granted.
peterlepaysan on Postscript: Citizenship Granted.
Gorkem on Miscalculation, escalation and the law of unintended consequences.
Psycho Milt on Postscript: Citizenship Granted.
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Kari Polanyi Levitt
Emerita Professor of Economics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
The Legacy of Karl Polanyi
Kari Polanyi-Levitt, interviewed by Michael Brie and Claus Thomasberger
Excerpt from Capitalism in Transformation: Movements and Countermovements in the 21st Century. November 2019. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Publication of “On Transformations: Past, Present, and Future?
Kari Polanyi Levitt published a paper entitled “On Transformations: Past, Present and Future?” in the journal Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie.
Opening Plenary at The Great Transition
On May 17 2018, Kari Levitt-Polanyi contributed to the opening plenary of The Great Transition in Montreal, entitled How does the economy dominates our lives?
Gala event of the International Karl P0lanyi Society
On May 8 2018, Kari Polanyi Levitt gave an opening address to the gala event announcement of the establishment of the International Karl P0lanyi Society (IKPS).
Life Achievement Award
On May 7 2018, the City of Vienna awarded Kari Polanyi Levitt awarded her the Gold Cross for her life’s achievement. The event was co-sponsored by the Austrian Foundation for Development Research.
Kari Polanyi Levitt with Dr. Renate Brauner, deputy Mayor
Kari at 95
Kari Levitt Polanyi 95th birthday was celebrated with friends and family at the old house in Ste-Anne de Bellevue on June 17, 2018. Kari wishes to thank Tom and Claude Aimée who hosted the event and the many friends who sent messages of greetings.
Celebrating 70 years of UWI and the life and work of Sir Arthur Lewis, January 23, 2018
On the Mona Campus of the University of the West Indies (UWI), the Vice-Chancellor will host a Forum themed “Economic Transformation with Social Growth: Arthur Lewis’s Contribution.” At the St-Augustine Campus, the Sir Arthur Lewis Institute for Social and Economic Studies (SALISES) will host a one-day symposium on the life and work Sir Arthur Lewis. It is appropriate that the 70th anniversary year of the UWI should begin with a celebration of Sir Arthur Lewis who served as its first West Indian Principal and Vice Chancellor. Professor Levitt will be a visiting professor in residence on the St-Augustine Campus at the Faculty of Social Sciences, from January 22nd to April 8th 2018.
Kari Polanyi Levitt gave the fifth Sir Arthur Lewis Memorial Lecture, at the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, St Lucia, on November 8, 2000:
Previous speakers in this series addressed the celebrated contribution of Sir Arthur Lewis to intellectual and public life in the Caribbean - as scholar, teacher, administrator and role model to a remarkably creative generation of West Indian economists. In his inaugural address, Rex Nettleford, reminded us that this eminent economist and Nobel Laureate was, in the final analysis, a great educator and guru to his people both in the Caribbean and the Third World who perceived their future and any hope of redemption to rest firmly on the exercise of their intellect and their imagination. (Read more…)
“A man of Red Vienna” and “A child from Red Vienna”
Robert Kutner review of Gareth Dale biography of Karl Polanyi “A Life on the Left” was featured in the December issue of the New York Review of books as the Man from Red Vienna. By coincidence, an article in the Austrian cultural tabloid the Falter portrayed Kari Polanyi Levitt as the Ein Kind des Roten Wien (a child of Red Vienna).
Interview published in Global Dialogue
The interview of Kari Polanyi Levitt by Michael Burawoy realized on January 13, 2017, is now available online.
A conference room named after Kari Polanyi Levitt
(Vienna, Austria)
On November 13, 2017, the Economic, Labor and Statistics Department (MA23) of the City of Vienna has named a conference room after Mrs. Kari Polanyi Levitt.
The Head of the Department, Clemens Himpele, shows Mrs. Polanyi Levitt the conference room.
Polanyi on the 21st century (Seoul, Korea)
Kari Polanyi Levitt will give the Keynote address at the 14th International Karl Polanyi Conference in Seoul, October 12-14, 2017.
Reconocimiento Ifigenia Martínez
Kari Polanyi Levitt was awarded the prestigious “Ifigenia Martínez” recognition.
De la gran transformación a la gran financiarización
Kari Polanyi Levitt’s 2013 book ”From the Great Transformation to the Great Financialization” has been translated in Spanish.
Re-launch: New World Quarterly
The online edition of the New World Quarterly journal was launched on June 23, 2017.
Interview with Michael Burawoy in Linz (Austria)
Kari Polanyi Levitt gave an interview to Michael Burawoy during Conference “A Great Transformation? Global Perspectives on Contemporary Capitalisms” in Linz (Austria), on January 13, 2017.
53 Responses to What’s New?
HELLO i’m lenny rock musican nice to meet you ( influence by canadian rock musican by Bryan Adams ) Will u ( could u ) investing me ?
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In maths, it is not attainable to “work outside the square” until one is competent with all the
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Kobi Inbar says:
Dear Prof. Polanyi Levitt,
My name is Kobi (Jacob) Inbar and I’m a faculty member at the Department of Economics and Business Management at Ariel University, Israel. I have been reading and studying Karl Polanyi for the last several years now and find myself fascinated by his forward-looking and prophetic work.
While at the same time, I was surprised to find out how little is known about Karl Polanyi’s work (not to say ignorance) among my colleagues in the university, let alone among the students. My surprise was even bigger when I found out that there is no exist a Hebrew version of “The Great Transformation”!!
I participated recently at the 3rd Polanyi Seminar held in Roskilde University in Denmark, in collaboration with EMES and you Institute. I had the chance to meet Prof. Marguerite Mendell and discuss this with her. She mentioned that to the best of her knowledge, a Hebrew translation is on its way already. First, if this is true, I’m glad to hear that. I would very much appreciate it if you could let me know how holds the rights for the Hebrew translation has so that I’ll be able to contact him/her, and when do you think it is expected to be published (by whom; under which publisher). I would very much like to recommend it to my students as well as for our university library.
I very much thank you in advance and would be happy to be in touch and exchange thoughts and ideas.
I’m using this platform to convey my message to you since I could not find your direct e-mail address. Would appreciate it very much if you would accept to share it with me so that we could use e-mails instead.
With my best and warmest regards,
Kobi Inbar
Department of Economics and Business Management,
Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities,
Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel.
Gustavo de Lara Kurz says:
Hello Kari I am Gustavo de Lara Kurz son of your friend TRUDE KURZ I am in the process of migrating to Toronto where I have 2 children and 4 grandchildren, I am going back to Toronto in March 2019 and I hope to get in touch with you. Greetings Gustavo de Lara Kurz
glarakurz@yahoo.com
Aurelien Pere says:
Dear Ms Polanyi,
I dont know your work yet, but i have been to a university in france in toulouse where the teachers and the teachings claim to belong to a polanyi approach.
I have been to benin a few years ago.
I want to read your father’s last book “Dahomey and the slave trade”. It’s been a long time i want to read it but sometimes it requires time, effort, courage and dedication just to reach to a book..
Though I am outraged that it is not published more widely and only amazon is selling it. What a shame!
I would like to know if you know an electronic version i could buy, or a paper version that is not more than 100$ on amazon?
I dont have your email, i am sorry to contact you through this comment on your website.
John Eidinow says:
Dear Professor Polanyi Levitt
I’m writing a biography of Tess Simpson and have read your very interesting interview with Irene Grant online.
May I take advantage of this comment box to ask if you then interviewed Tess, and, if so, the interview is available to read?
John Eidinow
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Katy Jon Went
Bio – Profile, Background, CV, Synopsis
Tag Archives: White
Diversity & Equality, Feminism & Gender, LGBTIQ, Politics & Economics
Gender, LGBTQ, BME, Disability – MPs Diversity in General Election 2017
11th June 2017 Katy Leave a comment
Representation in UK Parliament
Just how representative of the UK population as a whole were prospective parliamentary candidates and elected MPs in terms of gender, sexuality, disability, religion and colour/race/ethnicity? 97 new MPs joined the house, and Ken Clarke MP was re-elected as its oldest member and Father of the House. It is well known that, hitherto, the UK had the most LGB ‘out’ Parliament in the world, but not the most gender balanced, how has that changed after Theresa May‘s snap general election?
Gender | LGBT+ | BAME | Disability | Religion | Education | Summary
Gender: Female MPs compared to Male MPs
2017 sees 208 female Members of Parliament, up from 191 in 2015 (196 after by-elections). There were many seats where both the main candidates standing were female. 29% of candidates were women, 32% of those elected were – both records for the UK but not the world.
We were 46th in the world tables, we are now 39th. Guess who is first? Rwanda with 61% women, second is Bolivia with 53%. All others are less than 50%. Sweden (#6), Finland (#9), and Norway (#12=) are the top European nations, all Scandinavian. The first Western European nation is Spain at 14th and Belgium at 19th. Germany is 22nd but France 63rd! At this rate, 2062 would see gender balance in the UK Parliament.
Labour fielded 40% women, the Green Party 35% (statistically, of course, 100% of their MPs are female!), UKIP had 13%. Of those elected, there is wide variation among the political parties. Labour have 45% (119) and their leader in Scotland but never England (except as caretaker). Meanwhile, there are just 21% (67) among Conservative MPs despite a history of two Prime Ministers and their leader in Scotland.
Interesting that the DUP, the Conservatives in Scotland, and the Tories in England and Wales are all led by right-wing women, one of whom is anti-gay, another is gay, and another shifted to same-sex equality (through persuasion by a female LibDem MP) after a prior voting and campaigning record against it. Being a woman, it seems, is little impediment to political power in the UK. Indeed, add in Plaid Cymru, SNP, and for two weeks, even UKIP, only Labour (England and Wales) and LibDems haven’t been led by a woman.
Being female is no guarantee that one will hold pro-equality, pro-LGBT views. We now have a triumvirate of female-led parties forming a “confidence and supply” alliance to keep the Tories in power that may be in breach of the Good Friday Agreement.
LGBTIQ Sexuality & Gender Identity
With 45 openly LGB MPs (19 Tory, 19 Labour, 7 SNP) that’s also a record and 6 up from 2015 – at 6.9% that’s close to the supposed 6% openly LGB numbers in the population (much higher among young people, of course). None among the 12 LibDems, though their female MPs balance at 4 out of 12 is somewhat restored.
Seven Trans and two Non-Binary candidates stood (just 4 in 2015, so, more than doubling) but none were elected, several have stood in council elections before. Eddie Izzard continues to hint that he may stand as an MP.
UK LGB MPs are the highest proportion anywhere in the world. We have the most rainbow Parliament – quite an affront to the homophobic DUP with whom 19 LGB Tory MPs may now have to do electoral business with.
Since 4.5% of the people standing for election (147/3304) were openly LGBTQ, it means that LGB candidates are up to 1.5x more likely to win. Tories and Labour had 7% LGBT candidates, SNP 17% and 20% of their elected MPs, despite reduced numbers. Surprisingly, only 2% of Greens (same as UKIP!) and 4% of LibDems were. White gay men outweigh any other LGBTQ demographic 5x and are the most likely to be elected. Curiously almost zero LGBT candidates stood in Greater East Anglia! There’s an opening for me yet 😉
Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic MPs
Of the 147 LGBTQ candidates, just one was BME, in 2015 that was two – both shamefully low, though we don’t know the number of non-out candidates. However, 51 BME MPs were elected on 8 June – an increase of 10. At 7.8% this is just over half of the 14% general population representation.
Britain also elected its first MP of Palestinian heritage as Layla Moran for the LibDems “overturned a Conservative majority of almost 10,000 votes to win the Oxford West and Abingdon. Moran won the closely contested election by only 816, gaining 26,252 votes.”
Just four openly physically disabled MPs were elected, 0.6% of Parliament, compared with 16% of the UK. Mental health is so stigmatised, one wonders if it were possible for someone to be ‘out’ with a diagnosed long term condition and an MP, other than depression and anxiety that affect 1-in-4 of us, and undoubtedly affect MPs similarly. It would be great to see a bipolar MP, to show it is possible to manage a bipolar life.
The new Parliament sees the UK’s first female Sikh MP, Preet Gill and its first turbaned male Sikh, Tanmanjeet Dhesi. Both are Labour MPs. In the past we’ve had 5 Sikh MPs in the last 15 years but never wearing a turban in the House of Commons.
In the wake of the Manchester concert bombing, it is perhaps significant that the city elected its first Muslim MP, Afzal Khan – who was also ten years ago their youngest and first British Pakistani and Muslim, Mayor of Manchester.
It shouldn’t matter, but it is interesting nonetheless with accusations that the Tories were run by the Eton and Bullingdon Club set, and even many who stood as Labour leader being Oxbridge educated.
The Sutton Trust believes that 51% of MPs were educated in comprehensive schools, and just 29% at public schools (ie privately educated). It is still disproportionately biased to private education, therefore.
In conclusion, our LGB representation continues to be the highest in the world, across the three largest parties – but not elsewhere, and close to the assumed proportion of the general population. Several Trans, Non-Binary and similar, stood but at 9 out of 3300, they are about 10x underrepresented in standing, and to date unelectable; are they being stood as no-risk candidates in unelectable areas, that’s an analysis I’ve not done yet. On gender, we are getting there slowly, but ranking 39th in the world is a poor result, albeit an improved one. Realistically with parenting issues, 45% of Parliament would be a good showing for women, rather than the 32% we have. BME and disability remain woefully underrepresented. How a Tory deal with the DUP, who are anti-diversity on just about every count, can be squared with Parliament and the electorate’s ever-progressive diversity, remains to be seen.
Afzal KhanAsianBAMEBipolarBlackBMEConservativeDisabilityDiversityDUPEqualityEthnicityFemaleGayGenderGender BalanceGeneral Election 2017Good Friday AgreementGreenHouse of CommonsLabourLayla MoranLGBLGBTIQLGBTQLibDemMPsMuslimNon-BinaryParliamentPoliticsPopulationPreet GillRaceReligionRuth DavidsonRwandaSexualitySikhSNPTanmanjeet DhesiTheresa MayToryTransUKUKIPWhiteWomen
Comedy & Humour, Feminism & Gender, Human Rights, Television
BBC Bring Back Jeremy Clarkson? He is back but on Amazon Prime 2016
11th March 2015 Katy Leave a comment
STOP PRESS: Jeremy Clarkson and Top Gear team to return
But on Amazon Prime online video streaming in 2016 not the BBC. Meanwhile Top Gear will return to the BBC but with a different team. The schadenfreude is palpable as the BBC reports on their own loss of a profitable though oft inappropriate franchise.
In an Amazon statement, Jeremy Clarkson said:
“I feel like I’ve climbed out of a biplane and into a spaceship.”
Richard Hammond quipped:
“Amazon? Oh yes. I have already been there. I got bitten by a bullet ant.”
James May saw the perhaps double irony:
“We have become part of the new age of smart TV. Ironic, isn’t it?”
BBC suspends Top Gear’s Jeremy Clarkson amid mass Change.org petition
Whatever the “fracas” and nature of petulant millionaire star twat Jeremy Clarkson‘s “interaction” with a BBC producer, there’s nothing like a Top Gear fiasco (one of many over the years) to get the nation raging along with over 1 million signatories on a Change.org petition delivered this week by self-propelled big gun, aka tank (probably the slowest vehicle to appear in relation to Top Gear), to BBC HQ. It is just such a shame that this is what energises us and not more significant world matters.
Discover the top 5 really important petitions on Change.org to get behind instead and a bonus tribute petition for Terry Pratchett!
Has Jeremy Clarkson quit or not? Yes | No
Clarkson hinted that he was on the way out and had no fear, now that the internal inquiry is over – though not published, in berating his BBC bosses with a f*** laden foul-mouthed tirade at their idiocy at potentially ruining the Top Gear formula.
Diverse Top Gear Replacements
Suggestions to replace him have included Sue Perkins, Julian Clary, and Alan Partridge. Whilst they are all comedians, at least Perkins would not be sexist (towards women at least), neither she nor Clary would be homophobic, and any of Partridge’s foreign jokes would be obvious parody and satire. Other comedians who’ve appeared in the Star in a Reasonably Priced Car race around the Top Gear test track have included Eddie Izzard, Omid Djalili, and Sanjeev Bhaskar – all of whom would counter the alleged racism of the show.
Having Ellen MacArthur, Jennifer Saunders, or Jodie Kidd, on as the fastest women on the track would prove it doesn’t need 3 blokey blokes to present it – although that is the formula to date, and a politically correct presenter team would be as bad as the minimum female comedienne to be included on all panel shows which smacks of tokenism and harms female comedians standing in their own right.
Top Gear Matters to the BBC
Forget the impending General Election, Islamic State, Boko Haram, austerity crisis, the real serious issues of the day are the state of England cricket team – actually, that is pretty bad – and Clarkson’s latest open mouth (insert foot, boot, and massive car) bad boy laddish humour, allegedly watched by an audience almost equally split between men and women (60:40).
Jeremy Clarkson via Twitter
Top Gear, Clarkson, and his 4.63m twitter followers, are the BBC’s greatest export (yes, bigger than Doctor Who), greatest that is in financial rather than cultural terms. Bedder 6, as the anonymous company is called, helps to draw in £150m a year for BBC Worldwide from Top Gear from 150-350m viewers across 170 countries and spin-offs.
Top Gear’s Political Incorrectness
In the last 3 years Top Gear and Clarkson have scaled new heights of profitability and popularity – apparently it is 30x more likely to be tweeted about by Ukip voters -and yet, simultaneously, ploughed new depths of political incorrectness.
Just this week it was announced that in December Top Gear had somehow been cleared by the BBC of using “pikey” in a derogatory manner, to the utter dismay of representatives of Traveller communities.
The show is often no-holds-barred macho-masculine pub banter comedy that has comprised insults around race, nationality, sex, and disability. Just read some of Clarkson’s own attempts to be positive about women and yet explain the lack of female representation on the show itself:
“if one presenter on a show is a blonde-haired, blue-eyed heterosexual boy, the other must be a black Muslim lesbian. Chalk and cheese, they reckon, works. But here we have Top Gear setting new records after six years using cheese and cheese. It confuses them… Unlike furious thin-lipped feminists, I tend not to draw distinctions between men and women, apart from in bed where you really do need to spot the differences. At work, girls are just people.”
Conservative MP Maria Miller, has offered support for Clarkson, despite her being a former Disability, Women and Equality Minister. Speaking to BBC Radio 4’s The World at One, she said:
“The BBC needs to be better at managing its talent … there are other organisations that have to deal with larger-than-life characters…[he] is…a legend, not just in this country, but around the world.”
Jeremy Clarkson big screen 2006 via flickr Ben Metcalfe
Legends, however, are extinct people, like the dinosaurs, something that Clarkson himself, in his column in The Sun, admits to being.
“The fact is that you can sign as many petitions as you like and call on the support of politicians from all sides, but the day must come when you have to wave goodbye to the big monsters and move on… I think it’s fair to say that nature made a mistake when it invented the dinosaur. It was too big, too violent. So one day, all the dinosaurs died and now, many years later, no one mourns their passing. These big, imposing creatures have no place in a world which has moved on.”
Does this mean that Clarkson should go the way of the dinosaurs and gas-guzzling cars? That a petition to reinstate him is as pointless as one to bring back Terry Pratchett – however, wonderful a tribute to the latter author?
Change.org Petition to #BringBackClarkson
Change.org public petitions for change
A record making petition on Change.org had accelerated to nearly 600,000 signatures in barely a day (now over 1,112,000), easily eclipsing more political or ethical campaigns such as the pardon for 49,000 gay men prosecuted in the UK for acts now considered legal. The site’s popularity is such that I could not even get on to it to check the count at 10pm Wednesday night, as it was down with an “Error 502 Bad Gateway” , unless that was some political ploy due to the embarrassment of its success. Well it’s back now, seemingly the site is crashing under Clarkson’s popularity, and advocating the “Freedom to fracas” and with comments including:
“I pay my TV license to ensure that irreverent people can express themselves. If you become boarding [sic] and politically correct, you may disappear BBC.” and “A minority of over sensitive people should not ruin one of Britons [sic] favourite shows.”
I wouldn’t call allegedly hitting a producer over a lack of hot food and xenophobically referencing his Irish nationality, an act of irreverence nor suspending someone for that act, “over sensitive”. That the two most popular comments both had spelling mistakes should not lead anyone to any stereotypical conclusion. They were probably texting whilst driving their fast cars!
BBC Public Service Priorities
As a public service broadcaster with essentially a tax or compulsory licence fee, the BBC’s priorities should not be mere entertainment or subsidised insults.
It is remarkable that the trending twitterati are more interested in #BringBackClarkson than the all but forgotten #BringBackOurGirls. Viewers are more interested in bringing back fast cars and coarse humour than in rescuing Boko Haram kidnapped girls in Nigeria, ending FGM, freeing imprisoned journalists or teen suicides – campaigns that are now in the shadow of “a bit of a knob”, as co-presenter James May describes Jeremy Clarkson. Multiple petitions calling on the BBC to sack him have also launched, although you can be sure they won’t race to half-a-million signatures so fast, they’ve barely reached a 1000.
Be the Change.org Petitions to get behind
Some campaigns have reached a million signatures, but never so fast. For instance, a million people worldwide signed to save Meriam Ibrahim, the Sudanese woman sentenced to death for apostasy. Nearly as many called for the release of Iranian woman, Ghoncheh Ghavami, jailed for attending a volleyball match.
“You must be the change you wish to see in the world.” – Mahatma Gandhi
Bring Back Our Girls Change.org
HuffPost has drawn up a list of better campaigns to get behind, though not the most important ones it could have got behind, perhaps. Why not:
Bring Back Our Girls (1.1m signatures)
Save Asia Bibi (485k signatures)
Stop Forced Conversion Therapy – Leelah’s Law (347k signatures)
End and Educate about FGM (234k signatures)
Free Raif Badawi (45k signatures)
And as a bonus, what about:
Bring Back Terry Pratchett (29,800 signatures)
“Change will not come if we wait for some other person or some other time. We are the ones we’ve been waiting for. We are the change that we seek.” – Barack Obama
The limits of Satire, Comedy & Humour
In my past I’ve enjoyed Top Gear, some of the banter and car challenges, but I’ve squirmed at the sexist racist humour Humour is one thing, the question is whether it’s actually deeply held bigotry disguised as humour, or an ever-so clever parody of “UKIP white van man racism” – which will no doubt be seen as offensive to white van men. The thing about satire and parody is that they often fail, as with Comedy Central’s Colbert Report on race and trans issues, when delivered by people in the majority who’ve not experienced prejudice, whereas the Kumars making fun of being Indian is.
What makes the parody both unlikely and unbelievable is that either Clarkson is a bigot or he maintains the persona off-screen as well. To Clarkson, even his suspension is just another joke, despite knowing he was on his last warning.
I’ve done stand-up comedy myself, and made it a rule to only insult and offend myself, not others – although I can’t stop some still choosing to take offence.
Top Gear‘s humour is pub or front room banter, the kind you use when you think nobody is watching – but there are tens, if not hundreds, of millions that are.
And this is the “British values” we should be so proud of exporting? I’m all for freedom of speech, but allegedly hitting your employer’s staff, insulting other nations, and expecting to not only get away with it but get paid millions for it?
Whilst the infraction was off-air, it is no less abusive of workplace colleagues and bullying, despite it not being part of an aired programme. According to The Mirror, he called Oisin Tymon:
“a “lazy, Irish c***” before splitting his lip with a punch that left the 36-year-old with blood running down his face and needing treatment in A&E, the BBC investigation will be told.”
Hitting is not humour, and nor was it his first public punch up. If the rest of the show is very clever parody like Alan Partridge or Comedy Central, then it does not work. It is very hard to successfully satire racism, sexism, ableism and homophobia, all of which have appeared on Top Gear. All the more so when it fuels the white male entitlement patriarchy rather than challenges it.
Whilst James McDermott thinks it’s harmless fun:
“Top Gear is an escapist post modern light comedy entertainment show; the vital ingredients being Clarkson, May, Hammond and cars will keep it on the Beeb for a while to come.”
Apart from what may be a short-lived 2011 prediction of its long-term longevity, I beg to differ. Their lives on and off the screen are making stereotypical jokes, setting chauvinist poor role models, and should not be the BBC’s best export. The fact that it is popular in human rights violating China and Putin’s Russia should not be a cause for celebration if it encourages their sexism, xenophobia, and homophobia, rather than challenges it.
“If you don’t like something, change it. If you can’t change it, change your attitude.” – Maya Angelou
Jeremy Clarkson – change your attitude, everyone else sign some petitions and be the change! If we are evolved at all, it is time the politically incorrect (such a polite term for sexist racist ableist homophobes) dinosaurs died out.
AblesimAmazon PrimeBarack ObamaBBCBe the changeBringBackOurGirlsCarsChange.orgComedyComedy CentralDinosaurEntitlement PatriarchyGhoncheh GhavamiHomophobiaHumourJeremy ClarksonJeremy Clarkson quitsMachoMahatma GandhiMaleMaria MillerMasculineMaya AngelouMeriam IbrahimOisin TymonParodyPetitionPolitical IncorrectnessQuotesRacismSatireSexismTerry PratchettTop GearUKIPWhiteWomen
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Happy New Year – From TwentyTeens to Twenties, a Decade of Change (part II)
Happy New Year – From Teens to Twenties, a Decade of Change (part I)
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Lies, Damned Lies, and General Election Statistics. Is the Truth out there?
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Times New Keeferton Keef shows no signs of lethality or psychosis
5Jan/092
and the tide was way out
Irving and I went to visit Spidey and Janna in South Austin. They live in a nice house with a huge backyard. Just beyond their back fence, there is a set of railroad tracks.
On New Years' Eve, Irving and Spidey and Janna and Bill and a bunch of other people walked down the rails to a spot where the tracks run across a small bridge above a gully. It is fun to throw rocks off the bridge in the dark and hear them clatter against the larger rocks and dry ground below. While they were throwing rocks, another group (perhaps already in their cups) was setting off fireworks in the area beneath the bridge. These were beyond your run-of-the-mill bottle rockets and spinners; they were the type of fireworks that require a mini-cannon to set off correctly. As this party did not have a mini-cannon, they were just throwing the fireworks into the creekbed and watching them explode and shower the surroundings with light.
The fireworks were beautiful, according to all reports. Big bursts of exploding blue and red.
Occasionally, the fireworks would start a small fire amongst the dry brush in the creekbed. The celebrators would then run down into the dark and stomp out the fire. This happened more than once, and each time tragedy was averted. Irving says, when he tells this part of the story, "I thought to myself, 'they're going to start a bigger fire and they won't be able to put it out.' I mean, they didn't even have any wet gunny sacks or anything." All celebrators were in a bit of a wild and crazy mood, and everyone was cheering the amateur pyrotechnics on.
Then a bush caught fire. "It was a prickly and thorny bush," recounted a different witness. "I almost jumped into it to try to stomp it out, but I realized that it was full of stickers." The flames reached a height of between five and twelve feet, depending on the person you ask. The fire was out of control.
Everyone fled. On the way out, someone called 911. The fire department showed up and extinguished the fire.
We went back yesterday to see how bad the damage was. It was not bad at all: the bush that had caught fire was above some rocks and the damage was contained to about a ten-foot-by-ten-foot patch of gravel. We threw some rocks into the gully and walked gingerly across widely-spaced railroad ties while looking down into the wild expanse below, at the accumulated garbage and detritus. There was a shopping cart on its back, off-kilter and stretched into an unusable tangle of wires. There were piles of beer cans, some with what looked like pull-tabs. There was lots of graffiti. It was cold. A train whistle blew, lonely in the silence. "That train whistle is relevant to us," Irving said.
For about twenty, maybe thirty feet on either side of the railroad bridge, the ground slopes off at about a 90-100 degree angle away from the tracks. We ran off the bridge and threw ourselves onto a pile of gravel buttressed by a huge chunk of lumber about eight feet from the tracks. The train came up behind us incredibly fast. We all lay against the lumber with our knees up against our chins as the train blew past us. It was going fast, it was very close to us (because, as one forgets, train cars are wider than the tracks themselves, usually by a good foot or two on either side), and it kept going for a really long time.
Filed under: Uncategorized Leave a comment
haroo
January 21st, 2009 - 10:48
The title combined with the story reminds me of this crazy thing some people do- They go down into an estuary when the tide is out and run out into the tide flat along the base of steep banks/cliffs that you can’t get up. When timed “correctly” you are forced to run back as fast as you ran out in order not to be drowned by the incoming tide. In some estuaries the speed and height of the tide is magnified many times by the narrowing of the estuary and the contribution of the river water to the total volume… Some dude got into trouble awhile back for doing this and causing concerned folk who saw him running back with the tide at his heals to call the rescue service. He said he was really annoyed at being rescued and that people should mind their own business. He was training for some long-distance race.
More than a bit scary, I’m glad you all escaped with your lives and limbs!
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31-3-'19
Numbers drawn were 7, 18,19, 29 There was no winner.
€30 winners were Mary Moloney (The Lough), John Madden, Eamon Moloney (Barleyfield), Peter Dineen, M&A.
Jackpot for next weekend will be €5,400 and the draw takes place in the Amber Bar.
Numbers drawn were 16,26,28,30. There was no winner.
€30 winners were John Paul Hayes (Maulmane), Martin Lehane, John McCarthy (Maryboro), Margaret Desmond, P&M Quinlan.
The jackpot for next weekend will be €5,200 and the draw takes place in The Kilbrittain Inn.
Numbers drawn were 17, 22, 26, 31. There was no winner.
€30 went to Kieran Madden, Padraig Brennan, Timmy O'Leary, Joan Sexton, Trish Byrne.
Jackpot for next draw will be €5,000 and takes place in The Kilbrittain Inn.
Numbers drawn were 2, 5, 16, 20. there was no winner.
€30 winners were Cian & Sam, Liz O'Brien, Tadgh O'Mahony, Kieran Madden, Deni & Mgt Madden.
next Jackpot will be €4,800 and the draw takes place in The Kilbrittain Inn on Monday 18th
The numbers drawn were 17, 20, 26, 27. There was no winner.
€30 winners were Ann Harrington, Pat & Kay Lawton, Mary Hayes (Maulmane), G&K&C&M&E&Co, Peggy O'Brien.
Next Jackpot will be €4,600 and the draw will be in The Kilbrittain Inn.
The numbers drawn were 6, 14, 21, 26. There was no winner.
€30 winners were Nigel quinlan, Noel & Stephanie Butler, Nigel Quinlan, Nina & Aya Healy, Catherine O'Mahony. Next Jackpot will be €4,400 and the draw will take place in The Kilbrittain Inn for March
The numbers drawn were 1,11,14,16. There was no winner.
€30 winners were Oisin O'Regan, Kevin Quinn, Raymond O'Leary, Imelda O'Mahony, Paul Crowley.
Next Jackpot will be €4,200 and the draw will take place in The Amber Bar.
The numbers drawn were 1, 7, 21, 28. There was no winner.
€30 winners were Alisa, Pepe Perez, Catherine O'Mahony, Darragh Healy, Jason O'Brien.
Next Jackpot will be €4,000 and the draw takes place in The Amber Bar.
The numbers drawn were 12,20,24,31 There was no winner.
€30 went to John Madden, Catriona O'Neill, Esther Sheehy, John Madden, Eabha Kingston.
At the latest Club meeting on 29th January, the decision to change the number of consolation prizes was revised. From 1st February, the number of consolation prizes will return to 5 and will be of €30 each.
27-1-2019 The Kilbrittain Inn
The numbers drawn were 8,22,25,32. There was no winner
€40 went to Mary Brennan, Diane & Emmet Quinlan, M&A, Robbie & Edel.
Next Jackpot will be €3,600 and the draw will be in The Amber Bar for February.
The numbers drawn were 22,24,28,30. There was no winner.
€40 went to Owen Sexton,. Donal Desmond, John Madden, Liam Ryan
Next Jackpot will be €3,400.
Numbers drawn were 1,4,15,17.There was no winner
€40 went to 0863698583, Sean O'Connor, Adrian Kearney, Mgt O'Connell.
6-1-2019 The Kilbrittain Inn
€40 winners were Jim O'Mahony, Mary P O'Brien, Martin Lehane, Kieran Madden.
At a well attended club meeting on 13th December 2018, It was decided to reduce the number of consolation prizes from five to four. It was also decided to eliminate consolation prizes on a draw that provides a jackpot winner in line with most other club lotto's (After all they are 'consolation' prizes in the event the jackpot is not won!)
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Method for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate and a timepiece comprising a mold structure for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate and a timepiece train wheel support plate formed of the same
To provide a method for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate, which allow the formation of a horizontal hole without using a hydraulic core, and molds for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate, as well as timepiece train wheel support plate formed by the molds and a timepiece having the timepiece train wheel support plate. A method for forming a bottom board involves moving a pair of molds having a plurality of protrusions closer to an opposite surface, fitting end portions of the plurality of protrusions on one mold of the pair of molds among end portions of a plurality of protrusions on the other mold, and filling void spaces formed by the pair of molds with molding material to form a timepiece train wheel support plate having a horizontal hole corresponding to a series of the end portions of the plurality of protrusions on the pair of molds, the series of the end portions being fit to one another.
Ono, Tamotsu (Chiba-shi, JP)
Shino, Yuichi (Chiba-shi, JP)
G04B1/00
20070153638 Motion sensor-triggered personalized message celebration device July, 2007 Lebbing
20080049557 Common drive device for date/am/pm display February, 2008 Yang
20070286028 Radio Watch December, 2007 Meltzer et al.
20090222130 Docking station for mounting and programming multifunction timer device and method September, 2009 Morse
20060092769 Clock display with circular timing elements May, 2006 Demas
20070140067 Timepiece with sound generator June, 2007 Greubel et al.
20030123330 Event timer having an adaptive interval for toilet training for children July, 2003 Carter et al.
20060028920 Solar battery timepiece dial plate and timepiece February, 2006 Kojima et al.
20080084319 Wakefulness & alertness test device April, 2008 Fan
20090103400 CASE FOR WRISTWATCH April, 2009 Grandperret
20090219787 TIMER FOR BRUSHING TEETH September, 2009 Ortega
MISKA, VIT W
BRUCE L. ADAMS, ESQ. (SUITE 1231 17 BATTERY PLACE, NEW YORK, NY, 10004, US)
1. A method for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate comprising the steps of: moving a pair of molds having a plurality of protrusions closer to an opposite surface; fitting end portions of the plurality of protrusions on one of the pair of molds among end portions of a plurality of protrusions on the other mold; and filling a void space formed by the pair of molds with molding material to form a timepiece train wheel support plate having a horizontal hole corresponding to a series of the end portions of the plurality of protrusions on the pair of molds, the series of the end portions being fit to one another.
2. A mold structure for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate by the method according to claim 1.
3. A mold structure for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate comprising: first and second molds relatively movable between a mold-clamping position and a mold-separating position, said first mold comprising a plurality of protrusions having an end portion extending parallel from a surface facing the second mold toward the second mold and said second mold comprising a plurality of protrusions having an end portion extending parallel from a surface facing the first mold toward the first mold and, when set in the mold-clamping position, fit among end portions of adjacent protrusions of the plurality of protrusions on the first mold; in the mold-clamping position, the end portions of the plurality of protrusions of the first and second molds, being fit to one another, defines a shaft-like void space formation portion extending continuously in a direction intersectional to a direction in which the end portions extend.
4. A mold structure according to claim 3, wherein at least one of the plurality of protrusions on one of the first and second molds has a different height from a height of the other protrusions.
5. A mold structure according to claim 3, wherein the plurality of protrusions on one of the first and second molds, the surface of a recess between at least a set of adjacent protrusions has a different height from a height of the surface of a recess between other sets of adjacent protrusions.
6. A mold structure according to claim 3, wherein the plurality of protrusions on one of the first and second molds, the surface of a recess between at least a set of adjacent protrusions has a surface portion with a different height.
7. A mold structure according to claim 3, wherein one of the first and second molds has a small protrusion that comes into contact with the middle of an end face of an end portion of one of the plurality of protrusions on the other mold.
8. A mold structure according to claim 5, wherein the protrusions on the first and second molds extend vertically with respect to a timepiece train wheel support plate to be formed.
9. A mold structure according to claim 5, wherein a void space formed by the shaft-like void space formation portion is a winding stem insertion aperture.
10. A timepiece train wheel support plate open on a side thereof and having a slotted hole extending in a direction in which the plate extends from the side comprising: a first set of a plurality of hole provision walls spaced in a longitudinal direction of the hole on one side in a thickness direction of the plate to define the slotted hole; and a second set of a plurality of hole provision walls spaced in a longitudinal direction of the hole on the other side of the plate on the other side in a thickness direction of the hole; wherein on the one side in the thickness direction of the plate, portions facing the second set of individual hole provision walls in a thickness direction are a first gap between the first set of hole provision walls; and wherein on the other side in the thickness direction of the plate, portions facing the first set of individual hole provision walls in a thickness direction are a second gap between the second set of hole provision walls.
11. A timepiece train wheel support plate according to claim 10, wherein on the one side in the thickness direction of the plate, portions facing the second sets with respect to at least a portion of gaps are gaps between the first set of hole provision walls.
12. A timepiece comprising a timepiece train wheel support plate according to claim 10.
The present invention relates to a method for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate like a bottom board having a hole (horizontal hole) extending in a direction in which the plate extends, a mold structure for forming a timepiece train wheel support plat, a timepiece train wheel support plate formed of the same and a timepiece having the support plate.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A wrist watch having a bottom board including a hole through which a winding stem is inserted in the form of a hole portion open on a perimeter (side surface) and extending from the opening in a direction in which the bottom board extends is well known (for example, Patent Documents 1 and 2 and the like).
The core and bottom board of this type of a conventional wristwatch has a configuration as shown in FIG. 5, for example. In other words, as partially shown in a cross-sectional view of FIG. 5, a wristwatch 101 has a bottom board 110 that working with a train wheel bridge 102 to support a time train wheel 103 inside an external case (not shown). The bottom board 110 includes a winding stem insertion aperture 120 in which a winding stem 130 is attached. In this example, the winding stem insertion aperture 120 is a through hole since a minute wheel is directly engaged with a clutch wheel. However, as shown in Patent Documents 1 and 2, a void space for a winding stem insertion may take the form of a bottomed hole with a wall deep in the end.
The winding stem 130 has an intermediate-diameter rectangular column portion 131, a large-diameter cylindrical portion 132, an intermediate-diameter abacus-bead-shaped portion 133, and a large-diameter shaft portion 134 on the base end portion. The winding stem 130 also has a small-diameter connecting shaft portion 137 between the rectangular column portion 131 and the large-diameter cylindrical portion 132. The winding stem 130 also has small-diameter portions 136a and 136b on both sides of the abacus-bead-shaped portion 133. The shaft portion 134 on the base end portion has a locking jaw portion 138 in the middle. The shaft portion 134 also includes a shaft portion 134a located deeper than the locking jaw portion 138 and a shaft portion 134b for mounting a crown, located more external (on the base end portion side) than the locking jaw portion 138.
The winding stem insertion aperture 120 has large-diameter cylindrical hole portions 121 and 122 on the entry side, through which the jaw portion 138 of the shaft portion 134 on the base end portion side and deeper shaft portion 134a of the winding stem 130 can slide in the X1 or X2 direction and go out or come in. The winding stem insertion aperture 120 has a deeper large-diameter cylindrical hole portion 123, through which the large-diameter cylindrical portion 132 can slide in the X1 and X2 directions. The large-diameter cylindrical hole portions 121 on the entry side is open on one side 111a of the external surface 111 of the bottom board 110. A cylindrical hole portions 123 located deeper is open on a deeper side surface 112a of the wall 112 of the bottom board 110. Note that the bottom board 110 has a recess 113 for housing a clutch wheel in a position along the deeper side surface 112a of the wall 112, which recess extends from the front side of the bottom board 110 to the back side in a thickness direction Z. The bottom of the recess 113 for housing a clutch wheel is nearly semi-cylindrical (the cross section is nearly semicircular). The bottom board 110 also has a wall 114 behind the recess 113 for housing a clutch wheel, from which the rectangular column portion 131 located at the tip of the winding stem 130 can protrude in the X2 direction along a surface 114a. The bottom board 110 also has a spring housing hole portion 115 that extends in a thickness direction Z at small-diameter portions 136a and 136b on both sides of the abacus-bead-shaped portion 133 of the winding stem 130.
A clutch wheel 150 is arranged in the recess 113 for housing a clutch wheel. The clutch wheel 150 has an intermediate-diameter rectangular column portion 151 with a cross-section shape complementary to the rectangular column portion 131 of the winding stem 130. The clutch wheel 150 also has a intermediate-diameter cylindrical hole portions 152, which is located on the tip side of the cylindrical hole portions 151 and shaped to circumscribe the rectangular column portion 131. In addition, the clutch wheel 150 has a large-diameter cylindrical hole portions 153 on the base end portion side and a gear portion 154 located deeper. When the winding stem 130 is set in a hand-turning position drawn out in the X1 direction as shown in FIG. 5, the cylindrical hole portions 151 of the clutch wheel 150 is just fit into the rectangular column portion 131 of the winding stem 130. The clutch wheel 150 then turns in response to the turning of the winding stem 130 around the central axis A. Meanwhile, if the winding stem 130 is pushed in the X2 direction into a usual hand-moving position, the cylindrical hole portions 151 of the clutch wheel 150 is loosely fit into the small-diameter shaft portion 137. The cylindrical hole portions 152 then circumscribes the rectangular column portion 131 of the winding stem 130, thus fitting the clutch wheel 150 into the winding stem 130. The clutch wheel 150 is therefore rotatable around the central axis A with respect to the winding stem 130.
The gear portion 154 of the clutch wheel 150 is engaged with a gear portion 163 of a minute wheel 160 rotatably supported by shaft portion 161 and 162 through the bearing portion 114b of the wall 114 of the bottom board 110 and the bearing portion 102a of the train wheel bridge 102. The gear portion 163 of the minute wheel 160 is engaged with a cannon pinion portion of a minute wheel not shown. A cannon pinion portion 164 protruding in the Z2 direction to the back side of the bottom board 110 is engaged with the gear portion of a cylindrical wheel (hour wheel) not shown.
A spring portion 166, which constitutes part of an positive battery terminal 165 supported by the train wheel bridge 102, is engaged with the small-diameter portion 136b or 136a of the winding stem 130 at an opening 168 in a bent end portion 167. When the winding stem 130 is moved in and out in the X1 and X2 directions, the spring portion 166 permits the winding stem 130 to move in and out in the X1 and X2 directions while elastically pressing the abacus-bead-shaped portion 133 and the spring portion 166 is elastically fit into the other small-diameter portion 136a or 136b. In this way, a feel of click is produced and the winding stem 130 is held in a stable way in the position of interest. Note that a reference numeral 169 is a cylindrical-wheel retainer.
As described above, in an electronic timepiece 101, the bottom board 110 as a train wheel supporting plate is composed of a roughly tabular body and extends along a single plane (X-Y plane, in this case). The winding stem 130 extends from the outer peripheral portion 111a of the bottom board 110 to the central portion in a direction along the plane in which the bottom board 110 extends. Under this condition, it is essential that with the winding stem 130 supported by the bottom board 110, the winding stem 130 should be directly or indirectly engaged with timepiece components 150, 160, 165 and the like such as train wheels supported directly or indirectly by the bottom board 110. Therefore, in a conventional electronic timepiece 101, an insertion aperture (or a hole) 120 for an the winding stem 130 is always provided along the intermediate portion of the bottom board 110 in the thickness direction Z from the outer peripheral portion 111a of the bottom board 110 to the central portion of the bottom board 110, although there is some difference depending on the types and arrangement of timepiece parts required.
To form the bottom board 110 having a winding stem insertion aperture 120 described above through molding, a pair of molds placed closer to or away from each other in the direction of the front and back of the bottom board 11 is essential. It is also essential that an elongated pin-shaped hydraulic core or slide core should be used, which is inserted in a direction at a right angle to the thickness direction. It is difficult to avoid a complicated configuration and higher molding costs as a whole. Particularly in small and precise machines such as wristwatches, hydraulic cores and/or slide cores are inevitably narrow (for example, 1 mm or so wide) and require handling precautions as well.
The inventor earnestly studied and developed means for minimizing molding costs of bottom boards as described above.
As a result, the inventor has determined that a train wheel support plate like a bottom board can be formed without using a hydraulic or slide core.
<Patent Document 1> JP-UM-A-1-44492 (Microfilm)
<Patent Document 2> Specification for Japanese Utility Model No. 2596992
The present invention considers the points described above. An object of the investigation is to provide a method for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate, which allows a horizontal hole to be formed without using a hydraulic core, a mold for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate, a timepiece train wheel support plate formed by the mold, and a timepiece having the timepiece train wheel support plate.
To achieve the aforementioned object, a method for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate according to the present invention comprises the steps of moving a pair of molds having a plurality of protrusions closer to an opposite surface fitting end portions of the plurality of protrusions on one of the pair of molds among end portions of a plurality of protrusions on the other mold and filling a void space formed by the pair of molds with molding material to form a timepiece train wheel support plate having a horizontal hole corresponding to a series of the end portions of the plurality of protrusions on the pair of molds, the series of the end portions being fit to one another.
In the method for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate according to the investigation, a horizontal hole can be formed by means of a series of end portions fit into a plurality of protrusions on a pair of molds. This eliminates the need for a hydraulic core for the formation of the horizontal hole. In other words, in the method for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate according to the investigation, a timepiece train wheel support plate having a horizontal hole can be formed by simply moving a pair of mold closer to or away from each other. Therefore, a timepiece train wheel support plate can be formed easily. Besides, the number of molds can be minimized and molds having amore complicated configuration can be avoided. Therefore, costs required for molds and for forming timepiece train wheel support plates can also be minimized.
Note that a train wheel bridge or other receiving materials may be used as a timepiece train wheel support plate instead of a typical bottom board. A horizontal hole is typically a through hole in the winding stem. In some cases, however, the horizontal hole may be a hole into which other rod- or pin-shaped bodies will be inserted. The horizontal hole may be a bottomed hole (blind hole) with the bottom closed or a through hole with the bottom open. In addition, the horizontal hole typically extends in a right-angle direction in the thickness direction of the timepiece train wheel support plate. In some cases, however, the horizontal hole may be inclined slightly. Note that the horizontal hole typically has a plurality of portions each having a different size of a cross section. The horizontal hole may, if desired, have the same size and shape of a whole cross section in the longitudinal direction. The horizontal hole typically has a wall surface that circumscribes a pin-shaped body inserted into the horizontal hole, in which case, the horizontal hole may have a quadrangular such as rectangular, polygonal, circular, or elliptical cross section.
To attain the aforementioned object, a mold structure for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate according to the investigation comprises first and second molds relatively movable between a mold-clamping position and a mold-separating position, the first mold comprising a plurality of protrusions having an end portion extending parallel from a surface facing the second mold toward the second mold and the second mold comprising a plurality of protrusions having an end portion extending parallel from a surface facing the first mold toward the first mold and, when set in the mold-clamping position, fit among end portions of adjacent protrusions of the plurality of protrusions on the first mold, characterized in that in the mold-clamping position, the end portions of the plurality of protrusions of the first and second molds, being fit to one another, defines a shaft-like void space formation portion extending continuously in a direction intersectional to a direction in which the end portions extend.
The mold structure for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate according to the investigation comprises first and second molds relatively movable between a mold-clamping position and a mold-separating position, and in the mold-clamping position, the end portions of the plurality of protrusions of the first and second molds, being fit to one another, defines a shaft-like void space formation portion extending continuously in a direction intersectional to a direction in which the end portions extend. This eliminates the need for a horizontal core otherwise used to forming a shaft-shaped void space (i.e., a horizontal hole) extending continuously in a direction intersectional to a direction in which the end portions extend, which are formed by a shaft-like void space formation portion. In other words, in the mold structure for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate according to the investigation, a timepiece train wheel support plate having a shaft-shaped void space (a horizontal hole) can be formed by simply moving a pair of molds relatively between the mold-clamping position and the mold-separating position.
Therefore, a timepiece train wheel support plate can be formed easily. Besides, the number of molds can be minimized and molds having a more complicated configuration can be avoided. Therefore, costs required for molds can also be minimized.
In the mold structure for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate according to the invention, the first mold comprises a plurality of protrusions having an end portion extending parallel from a surface facing the second mold toward the second mold. The second mold comprises a plurality of protrusions having an end extending parallel from a surface facing the first mold toward the first mold and, when set in the mold-clamping position, fit among end portions of adjacent protrusions of the plurality of protrusions on the first mold. Therefore, in the mold-clamping position, a protrusion forming surface (a recess or the bottom of the void space) of each of the first and second molds and avoid space in the mold structure formed between the base end portion of an adjacent protrusion in the mold and the end surface of a protrusion on the other mold provide a wall (part of a peripheral wall) defining a shaft-shaped void space.
The configuration and shape of the timepiece train wheel support plate and the shaft-shaped void space (horizontal hole) thereof are as described in the description of a method for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate.
In the mold structure for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate according to the present invention, at least one of the plurality of protrusions on one of the first and second molds typically has a different height from a height of the other protrusions. In the above case, a shaft-shaped void spaces of different sizes can be formed depending on longitudinal portions. However, all of these shaft-shaped void spaces may have the same height. Of the plurality of protrusions on the other mold, at least one protrusion may also have a height different from those of other protrusions.
In the mold structure for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate according to the present invention, of the plurality of protrusions on one of the first and second molds, the surface of a recess between at least a set of adjacent protrusions typically has a different height from a height of the surface of a recess between other sets of adjacent protrusions. In the above case, timepiece train wheel support plates having different geometries can be formed depending on longitudinal portions of the shaft-shaped void spaces. However, all of these timepiece train wheel support plates may have the same height. Note that of the plurality of protrusions on the other mold, the surface of a recess between at least a set of adjacent protrusions has a different height from a height of the surface of a recess between other sets of adjacent protrusions.
In the mold structure for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate according to the present invention, of the plurality of protrusions on one of the first and second molds, the surface of a recess between at least a set of adjacent protrusions has a surface portion with a different height. In this case, timepiece train wheel support plates having different geometries can also be formed depending on longitudinal portions of the shaft-shaped void spaces. However, all surfaces of a recess may be located on one plane. It can be considered that of the plurality of protrusions on-one of the first and second molds, at least one protrusion has a surface portion with a different height in stead of that a recess has a surface portion with a different height. In this case, of the plurality of protrusions on the other mold, the surface of a recess between at least a set of adjacent protrusions may also have a surface portion with a different height.
In the mold structure for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate according to the present invention, one of the first and second molds may have a small protrusion that comes into contact with the middle of a end face of an end portion of one of the plurality of protrusions on the other mold.
In the above case, the position for clamping the first and second molds can be defined accurately with the contact. Besides, a wall extending in one lateral direction can be formed as a wall (portion of a peripheral wall) for defining a shaft-shaped void space.
Note that the other mold may also have a small protrusion that comes into contact with the middle of a end face of an end portion of one of the plurality of protrusions on other mold.
In the mold structure for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate according to the present invention, the protrusions of the first and second molds typically extend substantially vertical to a train wheel support plate that should be formed. In other words, the side surface of the protrusion typically extends parallel to a direction in which a pair of molds are moved closer to and away from each other. The base end portion may have part or all of a portion that will be narrower closer to the tip portion, if desired. Note that a pair of molds may be moved closer to and away from each other through a turning around one axis, if desired, although typically a pair of molds are linearly moved closer to and away from each other. In the above case, every protrusion has a concentric cylindrical surface.
To attain the aforementioned object, the timepiece train wheel support plate according to the present invention is a timepiece train wheel support plate open on a side thereof and having a slotted hole extending in a direction in which the plate extends from the side; said plate characterized by comprising, a first set of a plurality of hole provision walls spaced in a longitudinal direction of the hole on one side in a thickness direction of the plate to define the slotted hole, and a second set of a plurality of hole provision walls spaced in a longitudinal direction of the hole on the other side of the plate on the other side in a thickness direction of the hole, characterized in that on the one side in the thickness direction of the plate, portions facing the second set of individual hole provision walls in a thickness direction are a first gap between the first set of hole provision walls, and characterized in that on the other side in the thickness direction of the plate, portions facing the first set of individual hole provision walls in a thickness' direction are a second gap between the second set of hole provision walls.
In the timepiece train wheel support plate according to the invention, hole provision walls for defining a slotted hole extending in a direction in which the timepiece train wheel support plate are provided not on both sides of the hole but one side as viewed in the thickness direction of the plate. Therefore, a timepiece train wheel support plate having the hole can be formed by means of a pair of molds that are moved closer to and away from each other in the thickness direction.
In the timepiece train wheel support plate according to the invention, typically, on the one side in the thickness direction of the plate, portions facing the second sets with respect to at least a portion of intervals are gaps between the first set of hole provision walls. In the above case, a recess or gap can be formed, which is intersectional to the slotted hole in the thickness direction. Needless to say, it may be considered that on the other side in the thickness direction of the plate, portions facing the first sets with respect to at least a portion of intervals are gaps between the second set of hole provision walls.
In the timepiece train wheel support plate according to the invention, on the one side in the thickness direction of the plate, portions facing the second sets with respect to the gaps between the second set of hole provision walls are gaps between the first set of hole provision walls, if desired. On the other side in the thickness direction of the plate, portions facing the second sets with respect to the gaps between the second set of hole provision walls are the second set of hole provision walls.
In the above case, a timepiece part such as a winding stem that is inserted through and extending through the hole can be held by the hole provision wall on any side in the thickness direction.
A timepiece train wheel support plate as described above is typically used in a small timepiece such as a wristwatch. The timepiece may be an electronic timepiece that is driven by a battery and a quartz-crystal oscillator or a mechanical timepiece.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
A preferred form of the present invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1A is an explanatory diagram of part of a mold structure and an electronic timepiece according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional diagram partially showing the winding stem in a usual hand-moving position in terms of an electronic timepiece having a bottom board 10 formed using the mold structure shown in FIG. 1A (The cross section of the bottom board is in a position corresponding to the cross section of the mold structure);
FIG. 2 is a perspective explanatory diagram showing part of the bottom board of FIG. 1B formed using the mold structure of FIG. 1A;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional explanatory diagram similar to FIG. 1B concerning a winding stem in a hand-turning position in terms of the electronic timepiece of FIG. 1B;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional explanatory diagram similar to FIG. 3 for showing a difference between the bottom board 10 of the electronic timepiece of FIG. 3 and the bottom board 10 of the electronic timepiece of FIG. 5 in shape (construction) with the winding stem in a hand-turning position; and
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional diagram similar to FIG. 3 concerning the winding stem in a hand-turning position in terms of a conventional electronic timepiece.
An preferred embodiment of the present invention will described below with reference to the accompanied drawings.
Before the description of a method for forming a bottom board as a method for forming a timepiece train wheel support plate according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention and mold structure for forming a time piece train wheel support plate, a bottom board as a timepiece train wheel support plate according to a preferred embodiment of the invention and an electronic timepiece having the same will be described, which has a configuration suitable for formation by the method and the mold structure.
FIGS. 1B and 3 show portions of an electronic timepiece 1 having a bottom board 10 as a timepiece train wheel support plate according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The electronic timepiece 1 has the same configuration as the conventional electronic timepiece 101 shown in FIG. 5, except that there is a difference in construction or shape between bottom board 10 and a bottom board 110.
In other words, as partially shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1B, the electronic timepiece 1 in the form of a wristwatch has a bottom board 10 that cooperates with a train wheel bridge 2 and the like to support a timepiece train wheel 3 inside an external case (not shown). The bottom board 10 has a winding stem insertion aperture 20 in which a winding stem 30 is attached.
The winding stem 30, like the winding stem 130, has an intermediate-diameter rectangular column portion 31, a large-diameter cylindrical portion 32, an intermediate-diameter abacus-bead-shaped portion 33, and a large-diameter shaft portion 34 on the base end portion. The winding stem 30 also has a small-diameter connecting shaft portion 37 between the rectangular column portion 31 and the large-diameter cylindrical portion 32. The winding stem 30 also has small-diameter portions 36a and 36b on both sides of the abacus-bead-shaped portion 33. The shaft portion 34 on the base end portion has a locking jaw portion 38 in the middle. The shaft portion 34 also includes a shaft portion 34a located deeper than the locking jaw portion 38 and a shaft portion 34b for mounting a crown, located more external (on the base-end portion side) than the locking jaw portion 38. In this example, the large-diameter shaft portion 34 has a larger diameter than a large-diameter cylindrical portion 32. However, the shaft portion 34 has the same diameter as the large-diameter cylindrical portion 32. The abacus-bead-shaped portion 33 may have the same diameter as at least one of the shaft portion 34 and the cylindrical portion 32. The small-diameter connecting shaft portion 37 may not be provided if the frustum-shaped portion 32a, for example, is provided behind the large-diameter cylindrical portion 32.
The winding stem insertion aperture 20 extending in the X direction is in the form of a hole as viewed in the X2 direction from an opening 11a in the hole 20 in an outside surface 11 of the bottom board 10. As described below in detail, however, a type of a peripheral wall that entirely surrounds the entire periphery of the hole 20 does not exist and part of the peripheral wall is always missing in any position in the X direction if the hole is viewed in the cross section vertical to the X direction.
The winding stem insertion aperture 20 has a kind of hole-shaped portion 21 defined by peripheral surface portions 21f, 21r on the front and back sides on the entry side, through which the jaw portion 38 of the large-diameter shaft portion 34 on the base end portion side of the winding stem 30 can slide in the X1 or X2 direction and go out or come in. The winding stem insertion aperture 20 also has a kind of hole-shaped portion 22 defined by peripheral surface portions 22f, 22r on the front and back sides on the intermediate side, through which the deeper shaft portion 34a of the large-diameter shaft portion 34 on the base end portion side can slide in the X1 or X2 direction and go out or come in. The winding stem insertion aperture 20 also has a kind of hole-shaped portion 23 defined by peripheral surface portions 23f, 23r on the front and back sides on a deeper side, through which the large-diameter cylindrical portion 32 can slide in the X1 or X2 direction and go out or come in. The peripheral surface portions 21f, 21r on the front and back sides on the entry side, peripheral surface portions 22f, 22r on the front and back sides on the intermediate side, and peripheral surface portions 23f, 23r on the front and back sides on a deeper side are located different X-directional extension ranges Xb, Xc, Xd, Xe, Xg, and Xh, respectively.
As can be seen from the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1B and the perspective view of FIG. 2, the front-side peripheral surface portion 21f includes planar side planes 21f2 and 21f3 extending along a Z-X plane at a right angle to the front-side plane 21f1, in addition to a planar front-side plane 21f1 extending along a X-Y plane. Therefore, the circular jaw portion 38 of the winding stem 30 circumscribes a cylindrical plane of a square defined by four planes 21f1, 21f2, 21f3, and 21r at the outer peripheral surface and slidably supported by the four planes 21f1, 21f2, 21f3, and 21r in the X1 and X2 directions.
In other words, in this example, the four planes 21f1, 21f2, 21f3, and 21r together define a square that circumscribes a circle made by the cross section of the circular jaw portion 38, when viewed (projected) in the X direction. However, the front-side plane 21f and the back-side plane 21r can define a polygon, a circle or other closed curves that circumscribe the circle of the circular jaw portion 38. Each of the front-side plane 21f and the back-side plane 21r may be of a different shape if the front-side plane 21f extends in the Z2 direction or is of the same shape or the back-side plane 21r extends in the Z1 direction or is of the same shape.
In addition, the side plane portions 21f2 and 21f3, in this example, extend along the range Xa since the side plane portions 21f2 and 21f3 together constitute part of the front-side plane portion 21f. However, the side plane portions 21f2 and 21f3 may extend within part of the range Xa.
Note that one or both or part of the side plane portion 21f2 and 21f3 may constitute part of the back-side plane portion 21r instead of the front-side plane portion 21f1. If this happens, the whole or part of side plane portion 21f2 and 21f3 extend in the X direction in the range Xb, but extends in the X direction in the same range as the back-side plane portion 21r or part of the range.
Similarly, the front-side peripheral surface portion 22f on the intermediate side includes planar side plane portions 22f2 and 22f3 extending along a Z-X plane at a right angle to the front-side plane portion 22f1, in addition to a planar front-side plane 22f1 extending along a X-Y plane. Therefore, the shaft portion 34a of the large-diameter shaft portion 34 on the base end side of the winding stem 30 circumscribes a cylindrical plane of a square defined by four planes 22f1, 22f2, 22f3, and 22r at the outer peripheral surface and slidably supported by the four planes. Therefore, the circular jaw portion 38 of the winding stem 30 circumscribes a cylindrical plane of a square defined by four planes 22f1, 22f2, 22f3, and 22r at the outer peripheral surface and slidably supported by the four planes 22f1, 22f2, 22f3, and 22r in the X1 and X2 directions. Note that the above description and changeability about the planes 21f and 21r is completely true of the planes 22f and 22r.
In addition, the front-side peripheral surface portion 23f on the deeper side includes planar side plane portions 23f2 and 23f3 extending along a Z-X plane at a right angle to the front-side plane portion 23f1, in addition to a planar front-side plane 23f1 extending along a X-Y plane. The large-diameter cylindrical portion 32 of the winding stem 30 circumscribes a cylindrical plane of a square defined by four planes 23f1, 23f2, 23f3, and 23r at the outer peripheral surface and slidably supported by the four planes 23f1, 23f2, 23f3, and 23r in the X1 and X2 directions. The above description and changeability about the planes 21f and 21r is also completely true of the planes 23f and 23r.
The hole portions 21 on the entry side is open on one side 111a of the external surface 11 of the bottom board 10. A hole portions 23 located deeper is open on deeper side surfaces 12fa and 12ra of the walls 12f and 12r of the bottom board 110 providing surfaces 23f and 23r defining the hole portions 23. Note that the bottom board 10 has a recess 13 for housing a clutch wheel in a position along the deeper side surface 12fa of the wall 12f, which recess extends from the front side of the bottom board 10 to the back side in a thickness direction Z. As can be seen from FIG. 2, the bottom 13a of the recess 13 for housing a clutch wheel is semi-cylindrical (the cross section is nearly semicircular) has a opening 13b in the middle.
The bottom board 10 also has a wall 14 behind the recess 13 for housing a clutch wheel, from which the rectangular column portion 31 located at the tip of the winding stem 30 can protrude in the X2 direction along a surface 14a. The bottom board 10 also has a spring housing hole portion 15 at small-diameter portions 36a and 36b on both sides of the abacus-bead-shaped portion 33 of the winding stem 30. For the spring housing hole portion 15, rough X-directional ranges Xe, Xf, and Xg are defined by the side surfaces 16fa and 12fb of walls 16f and 12f having surfaces 22f and 23f, respectively. In addition, these ranges are defined as a X-directional region or range Xf by the side surfaces 16ra and 12rb of walls 16r and 12r having surfaces 22r and 23r, respectively.
Note that in FIG. 2, a reference numeral 10s refers to a pin portion for positioning fixing the bottom board 10 on the train wheel bridge 2 by means of thermal coaking. A reference numeral 10t refers to a area where a quartz-crystal can (not shown) constituting an oscillator is arranged.
For the winding stem insertion aperture 20 in the above confirmation, the surfaces 21f and 21r of the hole portions 21 located in the X-directional region or ranges Xb and Xc are defined by the walls 17f and 17r of the bottom board 10. As can be seen from FIG. 1B and the like, the bottom board 10 further has a wall 18r on the back side Z2 of the winding stem 30 on the X1 side of the X-directional region or range Xb.
The bottom board 10 defined as described above is different from the bottom board 110 of the conventional electronic timepiece 101 shown in FIG. 5, as shown in FIG. 4. In FIG. 4, the portion of the wall that the bottom board 110 has but the bottom board 10 does not have (the portion of the wall that the bottom board 10 lacks) is indicated by the imaginary line. The portion of the wall that the bottom board 110 does not have but the bottom board 10 has is indicated by the broken line.
In other words, the bottom board 10, unlike the bottom board 110, lacks the back-side wall Wr1 in the region Xb where the wall 17f exists, which region is indicated as a void space or a gap Hr1. The bottom board 10, unlike the bottom board 110, also lacks the back-side wall Wr2 in the region Xd where the wall 16f exists, which region is indicated as a void space or a gap Hr2. The bottom board 10, unlike the bottom board 110, further lacks the back-side wall Wr3 in the region Xh where the wall 12f exists, which region is indicated as a void space or a gap Hr3.
In addition, the bottom board 10, unlike the bottom board 110, also lacks the back-side wall Wr1 in the region Xc where the wall 17r exists, which region is indicated as a void space or a gap Hfl. The bottom board 10, unlike the bottom board 110, also lacks the back-side walls Wf2 and Wf3 in the regions Xe and Xg where the walls 16r and 12r exist, which region is indicated as void spaces or gaps Hf2 and Hf3.
In the above configuration, the walls 17f, 16f, and 12f together constitutes one set of hole provision walls while the walls 17r, 16r, and 12r together constitutes the other set of hole provision walls.
Note that the bottom board 10 is slightly different from the bottom board 110 in shape of the back-side walls in the regions Xe and Xg and the like in order to secure the strength of and maintain the shape of the walls 16r and 12r of the bottom board 10, for example. In some cases, however, the bottom board 10 may have the same shape and the like of the portion of interest as the bottom board 110.
A clutch wheel 50 is arranged in the recess 13 for housing a clutch wheel. The clutch wheel 50 has a intermediate-diameter rectangular column hole portion 51 with a cross-section shape complementary to the rectangular column portion 31 of the winding stem 30. The clutch wheel 50 also has a intermediate-diameter cylindrical hole portions 52, which is located on the tip side of the cylindrical hole portions 51 and shaped to circumscribe the rectangular column portion 31. In addition, the clutch wheel 50 has a large-diameter cylindrical hole portions 53 on the base end portion side and a gear portion 54 located deeper. When the winding stem 30 is set in a hand-turning position P1 drawn out in the X1 direction as shown in FIG. 3, the cylindrical hole portions 51 of the clutch wheel 50 is just fit into the rectangular column portion 31 of the winding stem 30. The clutch wheel 50 then turns in response to the turning of the winding stem 30 around the central axis A. Meanwhile, if the winding stem 30 is pushed in the X2 direction into a usual hand-moving position P0 as shown in FIG. 1B, the cylindrical hole portions 51 of the clutch wheel 50 is loosely fit into the small-diameter shaft portion 37. The cylindrical hole portions 52 then circumscribes the rectangular column portion 31 of the winding stem 30, thus fitting the clutch wheel 50 into the winding stem 30. The clutch wheel 50 is therefore rotatable around the central axis A with respect to the winding stem 30.
The gear portion 54 of the clutch wheel 50 is engaged with a gear portion 63 of a minute wheel 60 rotatably supported by shaft portion 61 and 62 through the bearing portion 14b of the wall 14 of the bottom board 10 and the bearing portion 2a of the train wheel bridge 2. The gear portion 63 of the minute wheel 60 is engaged with a cannon pinion portion of a minute wheel not shown. A cannon pinion portion 64 protruding in the Z2 direction to the back side of the bottom board 10 is engaged with the gear portion of a cylindrical wheel (hour wheel) not shown.
A spring portion 66, which constitutes part of an positive battery terminal 65 supported by the train wheel bridge 2, is engaged with the small-diameter portion 36b or 36a of the winding stem 30 at an opening 68 by a bent end portion 67. More specifically, in this example, the spring portion 66 uses a back-sidewall 68a that forms the opening 68 and gives the winding stem 30 an elastic biasing force that will pull up the engagement portion of the winding stem 30 in the Z1 direction. When the winding stem 30 is moved in and out in the X1 and X2 directions, the spring portion 66 permits the winding stem 30 to move in and out in the X1 and X2 directions while elastically pulling up and biasing the abacus-bead-shaped portion 33 in the Z1 direction. The spring portion 66 is then elastically fit into the other small-diameter portion 36a or 36b. In this way, a feel of click is produced and the winding stem 30 is held in a stable way in the position of interest. Note that a reference numeral 69 is a cylindrical-wheel retainer.
In the electronic timepiece 1 configured as described above, the bottom board 10, unlike the conventional bottom board 110, lacks walls in the recesses Hr1, Hr2, Hr3, Hf1, and Hf2 in the periphery of the winding stem insertion aperture 20.
However, the winding stem 30 is guided in the X1 and X2 direction in the bottom board 10 as in the bottom board 110.
In other words, if the winding stem 30 is in the usual hand-moving position P0 as shown in FIG. 1B, the jaw portion 38 is supported by the walls 17f and 17r and the cylindrical portion 34a is supported by the walls 16f and 16r. The cylindrical portion 32 is supported by the wall 12f and the rectangular column portion 31 is supported by the wall 14. The bottom board 10 can therefore support the winding stem 30 in a stable way. With the winding stem 30 in the position P0, the spring portion 66 pulls up the circular jaw portion 38 and cylindrical portions 34a and 32 in the Z1 direction. This gives the winding stem 30 a biasing force or causes these portions to be pressed against the wall surfaces 21f, 22f, and 23f of the walls 17f, 16f, and 12f. Thus, the winding stem 30 can be supported by the walls 17f, 16f and 12f in a stable way.
Meanwhile, if the winding stem 30 is in the hand-turning position P1 as shown in FIG. 3, the jaw portion 38 is supported by the wall 17f and the cylindrical portion 34a is supported by the walls 16f. The cylindrical portion 32 is supported by the walls 12f and 12r. Note that even with the winding stem 30 in the position 1, the spring portion 66 slightly pulls up the winding stem 30 in the Z1 direction and presses the jaw portion 38 and the cylindrical portions 34a and 32 against the wall surfaces 21f, 22f, and 23f of the walls 17f, 16f, and 12f. Thus, the winding stem 30 can be supported by the walls 17f, 16f, and 12f in a stable way.
If, in addition, the winding stem 30 is pulled out of the usual hand-moving position P0 into the hand-turning position P1 in the X1 direction, the wall 17r stops supporting the jaw portion 38 and the wall 16r stops supporting the cylindrical portion 34a at some time while the winding stem 30 is being pulled out. However, the wall 12r then starts supporting the cylindrical portion 32 and the winding stem 30 can be supported by the bottom board 10 in a stable way. Note that a range over which the front and back walls 17f, 17r, 16f, 16r, 12f, and 12r extend in the X direction is set to prevent the loss of support by all of the back-side walls 17r, 16r, and 12r while the winding stem 30 is pulled out in the X1 direction. If desired, the front- and back-side walls 17f, 17r, 16f, 16r, 12f, and 12r may be further divided for force distribution over the front and back to prevent the imbalanced support of the winding stem 30 when in the position P0 or P1 or otherwise. When, for example, the winding stem 30 is in the hand-turning position P1, the wall surface 18ra of the wall 18r (refer to FIG. 3) may be set so that the cylindrical jaw portion 38 may be supported by the wall 18r.
Note that even if the winding stem 30 is displaced from the position P0 to the position P1 as described above, the spring portion 66 pulls up the winding stem 30 in the Z1 direction and presses the jaw portion 38 and the cylindrical portions 34a and 32 against the wall surfaces 21f, 22f, and 23f of the walls 17f, 16f, and 12f. Thus, the winding stem 30 can be supported by the walls 17f, 16f, and 12f in a stable way. Particularly if the winding stem 30 is displaced from the position P0 to the position P1, the abacus-bead-shaped portion 33 passes by the opening 68 by the spring portion 66. The wall 68a that is associated with the opening 68 then exerts a stronger biasing force on the winding stem 30 in the Z1 direction. This cause the portions 38, 34a, and 32 of the winding stem 30 to be pressed against the wall surfaces 21f, 22f, and 23f of the walls 17f, 16f, and 12f with a stronger force. Thus, the winding stem 30 can be supported in a stable way.
Even when the winding stem 30 is pushed from the hand-turning position P1 into the usual hand-moving position P0, the front and back walls 17f, 17r, 16f, 16r, 12f, and 12r similarly support the winding stem 30. The spring portion 66 then presses the winding stem 30 against the wall surfaces 21f, 22f, and 23f of the walls 17f, 16f, and 12f. Thus, the winding stem 30 is supported in a stable way.
In the electronic timepiece 1, the winding stem insertion aperture 20 is a through hole since the minute wheel is engaged directly with the clutch wheel. However, the void space for winding stem insertion may take the form of a bottom hole having a wall at a deeper end portion, as shown in Patent Documents 1 and 2.
A mold structure and method for forming a bottom board 10 for the electronic timepiece 1 configured as described above, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, will be described below with reference to FIG. 1A.
A mold structure 5 according to the present invention is composed of a lower mold 70 and an upper mold 80. Note that FIG. 1A shows only those portions of the molds that are related to the portion between wall 12f and the wall 18r of the bottom board 10 shown in FIG. 1B.
The lower mold 70 is left at rest on and fixed to the base (not shown). The upper mold 80 is movable in a vertical direction Z with respect to the lower mold 70. Needless to say, the upper mold 80 may be fixed and the lower mold 70 may be movable in the Z direction or both of the lower mold 70 and the upper mold 80 may be movable in the Z direction. The mold is movable typically in the vertical direction. The mold may be relatively movable in an oblique or horizontal direction. In any case, a pair of molds 70 and 80 are moved closer to and away from each other in the Z direction as shown in FIG. 1B and the like.
In this example, the lower mold 70 has a bottom wall portion 72 on the bottom surface 71. The lower mold 70 also has parallel protrusions 74, 75, and 76 of different height, which protrude from the Z1-side surface 73 of the bottom wall portion 72 in the Z1 direction and a small protrusion 77 that protrudes in the Z1 direction between the protrusions 75 and 76. The protrusions 74, 75, 77, and 76 have widths Xb, Xd, Xf, and Xh, respectively. Gaps 78c, 78e, and 78g having sizes Xc, Xe, and Xg are formed between the protrusions 74, 75, and 77 and adjacent protrusions 75, 77, and 76, respectively. A surface 73 of the lower mold 70 has surface portions 73c, 73e, and 73g at different heights at the gaps 78c, 78e, and 78e, respectively. The surface portion 73c is further composed of surface portions 73c1 and 73c2 of different height. The surface portion 73e is also compose of surface portions 73e1 and 73e2 of different height. The surface portion 73g is also compose of surface portions 73g1 and 73g2 of different height. The protrusion 74 has an end surface 73f composed of an inclined top surface portion 74f1 and a flat top surface portion 74f2. The protrusions 75, 76, and 77 have flat top surface portions 75f, 76f, and 77f, respectively Meanwhile, the upper mold 80 has a top wall 82 under a top surface 81. The upper mold 80 also has parallel protrusions, 84, 85, 86, and 87 of different height, which protrude from the Z2-side surface 83 of the top wall 82 in the Z2 direction. The protrusions 85 and 86 have a width Xc and width (Xe+Xf+Xg), respectively. Gaps 88b and 88d having sizes Xb and Xd are formed between protrusions 84 and 85 and adjacent protrusions 85 and 86, respectively. There is also a recess 88h having a width Xh on the X2 side of the protrusion 86. A surface 83 of the upper mold 80 has surface portions 83b, 83d, and 83h at different heights at the gaps 88b and 88d and the recess 88h, respectively. The surface portion 83b is further composed of surface portions 83b1 and 83b2 of different height. The protrusions 84 and 85 have flat bottom surface portions 84r and 85r, respectively. The protrusion 86 has bottom surface portions 86r1 and 86r2 of different height. The bottom surface portion 86r1 has a width-Xe and the bottom surface portions 86r2 has a width (Xf+Xg).
The bottom board 10 is formed as described below using the mold structure 5 having the lower mold 70 and the upper mold 80, which is configured as described above.
The upper mold 80 is initially at a mold-separating position Q1 located upward in the Z1 direction with respect to the lower mold 70 in the formed of a fixed mold, as shown by the imaginary line in FIG. 1A. At the mold-separating position Q1, all of the protrusions 84, 85, 87, and 87 on the upper mold 80 is completely separate from the corresponding recesses 78a, 78c, and 78j as well as the portion 78eg (recesses 78e and 78g) between the protrusions 75 and 76 on the lower mold 70. The protrusions 74, 75, and 76 on the lower mold 70 are completely separate from the corresponding recesses 88b, 88d, and 88h on the upper mold 80.
During a forming process, the upper mold 80 is pushed down to the mold-clamping position Q2 indicated by the solid line in the Z2 direction. With the translation and lowering of the upper mold 80 in the Z2 direction, the end portions 84a, 85a, 87a, and 86a of the protrusions 84, 85, 87, and 86 on the upper mold 80 are just fit into the corresponding recesses 78a, 78c, 78j, and 78eg (78e and 78g) on the lower mold 70. The end portions 74a, 75a, and 76a of the protrusions 74, 75, and 76 on the lower mold 70 are then just fit into the corresponding recesses 88b, 88d, and 88h on the upper mold 80. The end surface 86r2 of the protrusion 86 on the upper mold 80 then comes into contact with the end surface 77f of the protrusion 77 on the lower mold 70. The upper end of the inclined end surface 74f1 of the protrusion 74 on the lower mold 70 then comes into contact with the protruding bottom surface portion 83b1 of the recess 88b in the upper mold 80. The upper mold 80 then stops lowering in the Z2 direction, thus completing the mold clamping process.
With the molds clamped as described above, the end portions 84a, 74a, 85a, 75a, 86a, 76a, and 87a of the upper mold 80 and lower mold 70 of the mold structure S are arranged continuously in the X direction, thus forming recesses 91r, 92f, 92r, 93f, 93r, 94r, and 94f deeper than these end portions. Under the above-mentioned condition, a series of end portions arranged in a row in the X direction, 84a, 74a, 85a, 75a, 86a, 76a, and 87a, together serve as a shaft-shaped void space formation portion and occupy a region corresponding to the winding stem insertion aperture 20, which is a shaft-shaped void space or horizontal hole. A void space 91r is formed by the surface 73a of the recess 78a in the lower mold 70, a side surface of the protrusion 74 on the lower mold 70, and the end surface 84r of the protrusion 84 in the upper mold 80. The void space 91r has a shape complementary to the shape of the wall 18r of the bottom board 10. Avoid space 92f is formed by a side surfaces of the protrusions 84 and 85 in the upper mold 80, the surface 83b of the recess 88b on the upper mold 80, and the end surface 74f of the protrusion 74 on the lower mold 70. The 92f has a shape complementary to the shape of the wall 17f of the bottom board 10. A void space 92r is formed by the side surfaces of the protrusions 74 and 75 on the lower mold 70, the surface 73c of the recess 78c in the lower mold 70, and the end surface 85r of the protrusion 85 in the upper mold 80. The void space 92r has a shape complementary to the shape of the wall 17r of the bottom board 10. A void space 93f is formed by the side surfaces of the protrusions 85 and 86 in the upper mold 80, the surface 83d of the recess 88d on the upper mold 80, and the end surface 75f of the protrusion 75 on the lower mold 70. The 93f has a shape complementary to the shape of the wall 16f of the bottom board 10. A void space 93r is formed by the side surfaces of the protrusions 75 and 77 on the lower mold 70, the surface 73e of the recess 78e in the lower mold 70, and the end surface portion 86r1 of the protrusion 86 in the upper mold 80. The void space 93r has a shape complementary to the shape of the wall 16r of the bottom board 10. A void space 94r is formed by the side surfaces of the protrusions 77 and 76 on the lower mold 70, the surface 73g of the recess 78g in the lower mold 70, and the end surface portion 86r2 of the protrusion 86 in the upper mold 80. The void space 94r has a shape complementary to the shape of the wall 12r of the bottom board 10. A void space 94f is formed by the side surfaces of the protrusions 86 and 87 in the upper mold 80, the surface 83h of the recess 88h on the upper mold 80, and the end surface 76f of the protrusion 76 on the lower mold 70. The 94f has a shape complementary to the shape of the wall 12f of the bottom board 10.
When the upper mold 80 reaches the mold-clamping position Q2 and the mold clamping process is terminated, molding resin material is introduced from a molding material introduction hole (not shown). The material is introduced to and fills the recesses 91r, 92f, 92r, 93f, 93r, 94r and 94f, thus completing the formation of the bottom board 10.
After the solidification or hardening of the molding resin material, the upper mold 80 is pulled up in the Z1 direction, thus starting mold opening. The upper mold 80 is returned to a mold-opening position Q1 and the bottom board 10 formed is removed from the mold. Typically, the upper and lower molds 80, 70 are so configured as to cause the bottom board 10 to be lifted up in the Z1 direction together with the upper mold 80 when the molds are opened before being pushed with a pin and the like to separate the bottom board 10 from the mold 80. If desired, however, these molds may be so configured as to cause the bottom board 10 formed to be left together with the lower mold 70 at the time of mold opening. In the above case, these molds may be so configured as to cause the bottom board 10 to be pushed up with a pin and the like in the Z1 direction and separated from the lower mold 70 after the upper mold 80 is opened in the Z2 direction. The bottom board 10 formed has walls 18r, 17f, 17r, 16f, 16r, 12r, and 12f, which correspond to the recesses 91r, 92f, 92r, 93f, 93r, 94r, and 94f in terms of shape.
The mold structure 5 does not require a hydraulic core for forming a winding stem 30 insertion aperture 20 in the bottom board 10. This allows a reduction in complexity of the construction of the mold structure 5 itself and the construction of an opening/closing control mechanism for mold structure 5. Therefore, costs required can be reduced. After all, the total cost required for the manufacture of a bottom board 10 can be reduced. In addition, the mold structure 5 according to the invention has an simpler construction and does not require an elongated hydraulic core for forming the winding stem insertion aperture 20. Therefore, the mold structure 5 is less likely to be damaged, thus making it possible for the mold structure 5 to form highly accurate bottom boards 10 for a long time.
Note that the mold structure 5 typically has no hydraulic cores. If desired, however, a hydraulic core not shown may be used to form a horizontal hole other than the winding stem insertion aperture (or hole).
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Methods and Compositions for Antagonism of RAGE
Antibodies that bind specifically to receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and RAGE-binding fragments thereof are disclosed. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising such anti-RAGE antibodies and RAGE-binding antibody fragments thereof, and their use for treatment of RAGE related diseases.
Clancy, Brian (Ashland, MA, US)
Pittman, Debra (Windham, NH, US)
Tan, Xiang-yang (Reading, MA, US)
Tchistiakova, Lioudmila (Andover, MA, US)
Sreekumar, Kodangattil R. (Plainsboro, NJ, US)
Paulsen, Janet Elizabeth (Londonderry, NH, US)
Widom, Angela (Acton, MA, US)
Piche-nicholas, Nicole (Waltham, MA, US)
Sun, Ying (Maynard, MA, US)
Wyeth (Madison, NJ, US)
424/133.1
530/387.1, 530/387.3, 530/387.9, 536/23.1, 424/130.1
A61K39/395; A61P7/12; A61P19/02; C07H21/04; C07K16/28
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WEN, SHARON X
Pfizer Inc. (Attn:Legal Patent Department, Chief IP Counsel 235 East 42nd Street, NEW YORK, NY, 10017, US)
We claim:
1. An antibody that binds specifically to RAGE and: (a) competes for binding to RAGE with an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4; (b) binds to an epitope of RAGE that is bound by an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4; (c) comprises one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of a light chain or heavy chain of an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4; or (d) is a RAGE-binding fragment of an antibody according to (a), (b) or (c).
2. The antibody of claim 1, comprising a light chain variable region comprising at least two of the CDRs of a light chain variable region of an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4.
3. The antibody of claim 2, comprising a light chain variable region comprising three CDRs of a light chain variable region of an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4.
4. The antibody of claim 1, comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising at least two of the CDRs of a heavy chain variable region of an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4.
5. The antibody of claim 4, comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising three CDRs of a light chain variable region of an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4.
6. The antibody of claim 1, comprising a light chain variable region comprising three CDRs of a light chain variable region of an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4; and a heavy chain variable region comprising three CDRs of a heavy chain variable region of an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4.
7. The antibody of claim 1, comprising light and heavy chain variable regions which comprise three CDRs of a light chain variable region and three CDRs of a heavy chain variable region, respectively, of an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4.
8. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody binds to human RAGE with a dissociation constant (Kd) in the range of from at least about 1×10−7 M to about 1×10−10 M.
9. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody binds to the V domain of human RAGE.
10. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody binds specifically to RAGE-expressing cells in vitro.
11. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody binds specifically to RAGE-expressing cells in vivo.
12. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody binds to RAGE and inhibits the binding of a RAGE binding partner (RAGE-BP) to the RAGE.
13. An antibody that binds specifically to RAGE, and (a) comprises a light chain variable region selected from the group consisting of: XT-H1_VL (SEQ ID NO: 19), XT-H2_VL (SEQ ID NO: 22), XT-H3_VL (SEQ ID NO: 25), XT-H5_VL (SEQ ID NO: 23), XT-H7_VL (SEQ ID NO: 27), and XT-M4_VL (SEQ ID NO: 17), or (b) comprises a light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 27, and SEQ ID NO: 17; or (c) is a RAGE-binding fragment of an antibody according to (a) or (b).
14. An antibody that binds specifically to RAGE and, (a) comprises a heavy chain variable region selected from the group consisting of: IXT-H1_VH (SEQ ID NO: 18), XT-H2_VH (SEQ ID NO: 21), XT-H3_VH (SEQ ID NO: 24), XT-H5_VH (SEQ ID NO: 20), XT-H7_VH (SEQ ID NO: 26), and XT-M4_VH (SEQ ID NO: 16), or (b) comprises a heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 26, and SEQ ID NO: 16; or (c) is a RAGE-binding fragment of an antibody according to (a) or (b).
15. The antibody of claim 13, which (a) further comprises a heavy chain variable region selected from the group consisting of: XT-H1_VH (SEQ ID NO: 18), XT-H2_VH (SEQ ID NO: 21), XT-H3_VH (SEQ ID NO: 24), XT-H5_VH (SEQ ID NO: 20), XT-H7_VH (SEQ ID NO: 26), and XT-M4_VH (SEQ ID NO: 16), or (b) further comprises a heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 26, and SEQ ID NO: 16; or (c) is a RAGE-binding fragment of an antibody according to (a) or (b).
16. The antibody of claim 1, comprising light and heavy chain variable regions having amino acid sequences of the light and heavy chain variable regions, respectively, of an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4.
17. The antibody of claim 1, which is selected from the group consisting of a chimeric antibody, a humanized antibody, a human antibody, a single chain antibody, a tetrameric antibody, a tetravalent antibody, a multispecific antibody, a domain-specific antibody, a domain-deleted antibody, a fusion protein, an Fab fragment, an Fab′ fragment, an F(ab′)2 fragment, an Fv fragment, an ScFv fragment, an Fd fragment, a single domain antibody, and a dAb fragment.
18. The antibody of claim 1, comprising at least one mutation of an amino acid in a light or heavy chain variable region that removes a glycosylation site.
19. A chimeric antibody, or a RAGE-binding fragment thereof, comprising a light chain variable region amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the XT-M4 light chain variable region amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 17), and a heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the XT-M4 heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 16), and further comprising constant regions derived from human constant regions.
20. A chimeric antibody, or a RAGE-binding fragment thereof, comprising a light chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of the XT-M4 light chain variable region (SEQ ID NO: 17), a heavy chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of the XT-M4 heavy chain variable region sequence (SEQ ID NO: 16), a human kappa light chain constant region and a human IgG1 heavy chain constant region.
21. A humanized antibody, or a RAGE-binding fragment thereof, that comprises at least one humanized light chain variable region that is at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence of a humanized light chain variable region selected from the group consisting of: XT-H2_hVL_V2.0 (SEQ ID NO:32), XT-H2_hVL_V3.0 (SEQ ID NO: 33), XT-H2_hVL_V4.0 (SEQ ID NO: 34), XT-H2_hVL_V4.1 (SEQ ID NO: 35), XT-M4_hVL_V2.4 (SEQ ID NO:39), XT-M4_hVL_V2.5 (SEQ ID NO: 40), XT-M4_hVL_V2.6 (SEQ ID NO: 41), XT-M4_hVL_V2.7 (SEQ ID NO: 42), XT-M4_hVL_V2.8 (SEQ ID NO: 43), XT-M4_hVL_V2.9 (SEQ ID NO: 44), XT-M4_hVL_V2.10 (SEQ ID NO: 45), XT-M4_hVL_V2.11 (SEQ ID NO: 46), XT-M4_hVL_V2.12 (SEQ ID NO: 47), XT-M4_hVL_V2.13 (SEQ ID NO: 48), and XT-M4_hVL_V2.14 (SEQ ID NO: 49).
22. A humanized antibody, or a RAGE-binding fragment thereof, comprising humanized heavy chain variable region that is at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence of a humanized heavy chain variable region selected from the group consisting of: XT-H2_hVH_V2.0 (SEQ ID NO: 28), XT-H2_hVH_V2.7 (SEQ ID NO: 29), XT-H2_hVH_V4 (SEQ ID NO: 30), XT-H2_hVH_V4.1 (SEQ ID NO: 31), XT-M4_hVH_V1.0 (SEQ ID NO: 36), XT-M4_hVH_V1.1 (SEQ ID NO: 37), and XT-M4_hVH_V2.0 (SEQ ID NO: 38).
23. The humanized antibody or fragment thereof of claim 21, further comprising a humanized heavy chain variable region that is at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence of a humanized heavy chain variable region selected from the group consisting of: XT-H2_hVH_V2.0 (SEQ ID NO: 28), XT-H2_hVH_V2.7 (SEQ ID NO: 29), XT-H2_hVH_V4 (SEQ ID NO: 30), XT-H2_hVH_V4.1 (SEQ ID NO: 31), XT-M4_hVH_V1.0 (SEQ ID NO: 36), XT-M4_hVH_V1.1 (SEQ ID NO: 37), and XT-M4_hVH_V2.0 (SEQ ID NO: 38).
24. A humanized antibody that binds specifically to RAGE, or a RAGE-binding fragment thereof, which antibody is a humanized XT-M4 antibody.
25. A humanized antibody that binds specifically to RAGE, or a RAGE-binding fragment thereof, which antibody is a humanized XT-H2 antibody.
26. An antibody that binds specifically to RAGE and blocks the binding of a RAGE body partner, which antibody has CDRs having at least 8 of the following characteristics; a. amino acid sequence Y-X-M (Y32; X33; M34) in VH CDR1, where X is preferentially W or N; b. amino acid sequence I-N-X-S (I51; N52; X53 and S54) in VH CDR2, where X is P or N; c. amino acid at position 58 in CDR2 of VH is Threonine; d. amino acid at position 60 in CDR2 of VH is Tyrosine; e. amino acid at position 103 in CDR3 of VH is Threonine; f. one or more Tyrosine residues in CDR3 of VH; g. positively charged residue (Arg or Lys) at position 24 in CDR1 of VL; h. hydrophilic residue (Thr or Ser) at position 26 in CDR1 of VL; i. small residue Ser or Ala at the position 25 in CDR1 of VL; j. negatively charged residue (Asp or Glu) at position 33 in CDR1 of VL; k. aromatic residue (Phe or Tyr or Trp) at position 37 in CDR1 of VL; l. hydrophilic residue (Ser or Thr) at position 57 in CDR2 of VL; m. P-X-T sequence at the end of CDR3 of VL where X could be hydrophobic residue Leu or Trp; wherein amino acid position is as shown in the light and heavy chain amino acid sequences in SEQ ID NO:22 and SEQ ID NO:16, respectively.
27. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an anti-RAGE antibody variable region selected from the group consisting of: XT-H1_VL (SEQ ID NO: 19), XT-H2_VL (SEQ ID NO: 22), XT-H3_VL (SEQ ID NO: 25), XT-H5_VL (SEQ ID NO: 23), XT-H7_VL (SEQ ID NO: 27), XT-M4_VL (SEQ ID NO: 17), XT-H1_VH (SEQ ID NO: 18), XT-H2_VH (SEQ ID NO: 21), XT-H3_VH (SEQ ID NO: 24), XT-H5_VH (SEQ ID NO: 20), XT-H7_VH (SEQ ID NO: 26), and XT-M4_VH (SEQ ID NO: 16).
28. An isolated nucleic acid that specifically hybridizes to a nucleic acid having a nucleotide sequence that is the complement of a nucleotide sequence encoding an anti-RAGE antibody variable region selected from the group consisting of: XT-H1_VL (SEQ ID NO: 19), XT-H2_VL (SEQ ID NO: 22), XT-H3_VL (SEQ ID NO: 25), XT-H5_VL (SEQ ID NO: 23), XT-H7_VL (SEQ ID NO: 27), XT-M4_VL (SEQ ID NO: 17), XT-H1_VH (SEQ ID NO: 18), XT-H2_VH (SEQ ID NO: 21), XT-H3_VH (SEQ ID NO: 24), XT-H5_VH (SEQ ID NO: 20), XT-H7_VH (SEQ ID NO: 26), and XT-M4_VH (SEQ ID NO: 16), under stringent hybridization conditions.
29. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an anti-RAGE antibody variable region selected from the group consisting of: XT-H2_hVL_V2.0 (SEQ ID NO:32), XT-H2_hVL_V3.0 (SEQ ID NO: 33), XT-H2_hVL_V4.0 (SEQ ID NO: 34), XT-H2_hVL_V4.1 (SEQ ID NO: 35), XT-M4_hVL_V2.4 (SEQ ID NO:39), XT-M4_hVL_V2.5 (SEQ ID NO: 40), XT-M4_hVL_V2.6 (SEQ ID NO: 41), XT-M4_hVL_V2.7 (SEQ ID NO: 42), XT-M4_hVL_V2.8 (SEQ ID NO: 43), XT-M4_hVL_V2.9 (SEQ ID NO: 44), XT-M4_hVL_V2.10 (SEQ ID NO: 45), XT-M4_hVL_V2.11 (SEQ ID NO: 46), XT-M4_hVL_V2.12 (SEQ ID NO: 47), XT-M4_hVL_V2.13 (SEQ ID NO: 48), and XT-M4_hVL_V2.14 (SEQ ID NO: 49), XT-H2_hVH_V2.0 (SEQ ID NO: 28), XT-H2_hVH_V2.7 (SEQ ID NO: 29), XT-H2_hVH_V4 (SEQ ID NO: 30), XT-H2_hVH_V4.1 (SEQ ID NO: 31), XT-M4_hVH_V1.0 (SEQ ID NO: 36), XT-M4_hVH_V1.1 (SEQ ID NO: 37), and XT-M4_hVH_V2.0 (SEQ ID NO: 38).
30. An isolated nucleic acid that specifically hybridizes to a nucleic acid having a nucleotide sequence that is the complement of a nucleotide sequence encoding an anti-RAGE antibody variable region selected from the group consisting of: XT-H2_hVL_V2.0 (SEQ ID NO:32), XT-H2_hVL_V3.0 (SEQ ID NO: 33), XT-H2_hVL_V4.0 (SEQ ID NO: 34), XT-H2_hVL_V4.1 (SEQ ID NO: 35), XT-M4_hVL_V2.4 (SEQ ID NO:39), XT-M4_hVL_V2.5 (SEQ ID NO: 40), XT-M4_hVL_V2.6 (SEQ ID NO: 41), XT-M4_hVL_V2.7 (SEQ ID NO: 42), XT-M4_hVL_V2.8 (SEQ ID NO: 43), XT-M4_hVL_V2.9 (SEQ ID NO: 44), XT-M4_hVL_V2.10 (SEQ ID NO: 45), XT-M4_hVL_V2.11 (SEQ ID NO: 46), XT-M4_hVL_V2.12 (SEQ ID NO: 47), XT-M4_hVL_V2.13 (SEQ ID NO: 48), and XT-M4_hVL_V2.14 (SEQ ID NO: 49), XT-H2_hVH_V2.0 (SEQ ID NO: 28), XT-H2_hVH_V2.7 (SEQ ID NO: 29), XT-H2_hVH_V4 (SEQ ID NO: 30), XT-H2_hVH_V4.1 (SEQ ID NO: 31), XT-M4_hVH_V1.0 (SEQ ID NO: 36), XT-M4_hVH_V1.1 (SEQ ID NO: 37), and XT-M4_hVH_V2.0 (SEQ ID NO: 38), under stringent hybridization conditions.
31. An isolated nucleic acid comprising (a) a nucleotide sequence encoding RAGE of baboon, monkey or rabbit having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, and SEQ ID NO: 13; (b) a nucleic acid that specifically hybridizes to the complement of (a): or (c) a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to a nucleotide sequence encoding RAGE of baboon, monkey or rabbit selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, and SEQ ID NO: 12, when the query coverage is 100%;
32. A method of treating a subject having a RAGE-related disease or disorder comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of antibody that: (a) competes for binding to RAGE with an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4; (b) binds to an epitope of RAGE that is bound by an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4; (c) comprises one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of a light chain or heavy chain of an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4; or (d) is a RAGE-binding fragment of an antibody according to (a), (b) or (c).
33. The method of claim 32, wherein the RAGE-related disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of sepsis, septic shock, listeriosis, inflammatory diseases, cancers, arthritis, Crohn's disease, chronic acute inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, erectile dysfunction, diabetes, complications of diabetes, vasculitis, nephropathies, retinopathies, and neuropathies.
34. The method of claim 32, comprising administering the antibody or RAGE-binding fragment thereof in combination with one or more agents useful in the treatment of the RAGE-related disease or disorder that is to be treated.
35. The method of claim 34, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of: anti-inflammatory agents, antioxidants, β-blockers, antiplatelet agents, ACE inhibitors, lipid-lowering agents, anti-angiogenic agents, and chemotherapeutics.
36. A method of treating sepsis or septic shock in a human subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a chimeric or humanized anti-RAGE antibody that comprises constant regions derived from human constant regions, and: (a) competes for binding to RAGE with an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4; (b) binds to an epitope of RAGE that is bound by an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4; (c) comprises one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRS) of a light chain or heavy chain of an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4; or (d) is a RAGE-binding fragment of an antibody according to (a), (b) or (c).
37. A method of treating sepsis or septic shock in a human subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a chimeric anti-RAGE antibody, or a RAGE-binding fragment thereof that comprises: a light chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of the XT-M4 light chain variable region (SEQ ID NO: 17), a heavy chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of the XT-M4 heavy chain variable region sequence (SEQ ID NO: 16), a human kappa light chain constant region and a human IgG1 heavy chain constant region.
38. A method of treating systemic listeriosis in a human subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a chimeric or humanized anti-RAGE antibody that comprises constant regions derived from human constant regions, and: (a) competes for binding to RAGE with an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4; (b) binds to an epitope of RAGE that is bound by an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4; (c) comprises one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of a light chain or heavy chain of an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4; or (d) is a RAGE-binding fragment of an antibody according to (a), (b) or (c).
39. A method of treating listeriosis in a human subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a chimeric anti-RAGE antibody, or a RAGE-binding fragment thereof, comprising a light chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of the XT-M4 light chain variable region (SEQ ID NO: 17), a heavy chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of the XT-M4 heavy chain variable region sequence (SEQ ID NO: 16), a human kappa light chain constant region and a human IgG1 heavy chain constant region.
40. A method of inhibiting the binding of a RAGE binding partner (RAGE-BP) the RAGE in a mammalian subject, administering to the subject an inhibitory amount of a chimeric or humanized anti-RAGE antibody that comprises constant regions derived from human constant regions, and: (a) competes for binding to RAGE with an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4; (b) binds to an epitope of RAGE that is bound by an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4; (c) comprises one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of a light chain or heavy chain of an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4; or (d) is a RAGE-binding fragment of an antibody according to (a), (b) or (c).
41. The antibody of claim 1, which antibody binds specifically to soluble RAGE (sRAGE).
42. The antibody of claim 41, which antibody binds specifically to sRAGE selected from the group consisting of murine sRAGE and human sRAGE.
43. The antibody of claim 42 which antibody binds specifically to sRAGE with a dissociation constant (Kd) in the range of from about 1×10−9 M to about 5×10−9 M.
Priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/895,303, filed Mar. 16, 2007, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/784,575, filed Mar. 21, 2006, the contents of both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The present invention generally relates to antibodies and fragments thereof that bind specifically to a receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), to methods in which such antibodies and fragments thereof are administered to human patients and non-human mammals to treat or prevent RAGE-related diseases and disorders.
The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is a multi-ligand cell surface member of the immunoglobulin super-family. RAGE consists of an extracellular domain, a single membrane-spanning domain, and a cytosolic tail. The extracellular domain of the receptor consists of one V-type immunoglobulin domain followed by two C-type immunoglobulin domains. RAGE also exists in a soluble form (sRAGE). RAGE is expressed by many cell types, e.g., endothelial and smooth muscle cells, macrophages and lymphocytes, in many different tissues, including lung, heart, kidney, skeletal muscle and brain. Expression is increased in chronic inflammatory states such as rheumatoid arthritis and diabetic nephropathy. Although its physiologic function is unclear, it is involved in the inflammatory response and may have a role in diverse developmental processes, including myoblast differentiation and neural development.
RAGE is an unusual pattern-recognition receptor that binds several different classes of endogenous molecules leading to various cellular responses, including cytokine secretion, increased cellular oxidant stress, neurite outgrowth and cell migration. The ligands of RAGE include advanced glycation end products (AGE's), which form in prolonged hyperglycemic states. However, AGE's may be only incidental, pathogenic ligands. In addition to AGES, known ligands of RAGE include proteins having β-sheet fibrils that are characteristic of amyloid deposits and pro-inflammatory mediators, including Sloo/calgranulins (e.g., S100A12, S100B, S100A8-A9), serum amyloid (SAA) (fibrillar form), beta-Amyloid protein (Aβ), and high mobility group box-1 chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1, also known as amphoterin). HMGB-1 has been shown to be a late mediator of lethality in two models of murine sepsis, and interaction between RAGE and ligands such as HMGB1 is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis and other inflammatory diseases.
A number of significant human disorders are associated with an increased production of ligands for RAGE or with increased production of RAGE itself. Consistently effective therapeutics are not available for many of these disorders. These disorders include, for example, many chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis and intestinal bowel disease, cancers, diabetes and diabetic nephropathy, amyloidoses, cardiovascular diseases and sepsis. It would be beneficial to have safe and effective treatments for such RAGE-related disorders.
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) to infection, and remains a profound outcome in even previously normal patients. Sepsis is defined by the presence of at least 2 of the 4 clinical signs: hypo- or hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperventilation, or abnormal leukogram. Sepsis with one organ dysfunction/failure is defined as severe sepsis, and severe sepsis with intractable hypotension is septic shock. Additional types of sepsis include septicemia and neonatal sepsis. More than 2 million cases of sepsis occur each year in the U.S., Europe, and Japan, with estimated annual costs of $17 billion and mortality rates ranging from 20-50%. In patients surviving sepsis, the intensive care unit (ICU) stay is extended on average by 65% compared to ICU patients not experiencing sepsis.
Despite recent market entries and continually improving hospital care, sepsis remains a significant unmet medical need. Treatment of septic patients is time and resource intensive. Newer agents, including the introduction of XIGRIS®, have a modest effect on outcomes. The syndrome continues to exhibit a 20-50% mortality rate. Safe and well-tolerated therapeutic agents that could reduce the progression from early sepsis to severe sepsis or septic shock, and thereby improve survival, could provide a break-through in sepsis therapy.
The present invention provides new immunological reagents, in particular, therapeutic antibody reagents that bind to RAGE, for the prevention and treatment of RAGE-related diseases and disorders, e.g., sepsis, diabetes and diabetes-associated pathologies, cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
Representative antibodies of the invention include antibodies that specifically bind RAGE (i.e., anti-RAGE antibodies), which compete for binding to RAGE with an XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, or XT-M4 antibody, or which bind to an epitope of RAGE bound by an XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, or XT-M4 antibody. Additional representative anti-RAGE antibodies of the invention may comprise one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of a light chain or heavy chain of an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4. Still further provided are RAGE-binding fragments of the foregoing antibodies. The anti-RAGE antibodies of the invention may block the binding of a RAGE body partner.
For example, an anti-RAGE antibody of the invention may comprise (a) a light chain variable region of XT-H1_VL (SEQ ID NO: 19), XT-H2_VL (SEQ ID NO: 22), XT-H3_VL (SEQ ID NO: 25), XT-H5_VL (SEQ ID NO: 23), XT-H7_VL (SEQ ID NO: 27), or XT-M4_VL (SEQ ID NO: 17); (b) a light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 27, or SEQ ID NO: 17; or (c) a RAGE-binding fragment of an antibody according to (a) or (b). As another example, an anti-RAGE antibody of the invention may comprise (a) a heavy chain variable region of IXT-H1_VH (SEQ ID NO: 18), XT-H2_VH (SEQ ID NO: 21), XT-H3_VH (SEQ ID NO: 24), XT-H5_VH (SEQ ID NO: 20), XT-H7_VH (SEQ ID NO: 26), or XT-M4_VH (SEQ ID NO: 16); (b) a heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 26, or SEQ ID NO: 16; or (c) a RAGE-binding fragment of an antibody according to (a) or (b).
The present invention further provides anti-RAGE antibodies having any one of the above-noted light chain variable regions and any one of the above-noted heavy chain variable regions. For example, an anti-RAGE antibody of the invention may be a chimeric antibody, or a RAGE-binding fragment thereof, having a light chain variable region amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the XT-M4 light chain variable region amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 17), a heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the XT-M4 heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 16), and constant regions derived from human constant regions, such as an antibody having a light chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of the XT-M4 light chain variable region (SEQ ID NO: 17), a heavy chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of the XT-M4 heavy chain variable region sequence (SEQ ID NO: 16), a human kappa light chain constant region, and a human IgG1 heavy chain constant region.
Additional representative anti-RAGE antibodies of the invention include humanized antibodies, for example, and antibody having a humanized light chain variable region that is at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence XT-H2_hVL_V2.0 (SEQ ID NO:32), XT-H2_hVL_V3.0 (SEQ ID NO: 33), XT-H2_hVL_V4.0 (SEQ ID NO: 34), XT-H2_hVL_V4.1 (SEQ ID NO: 35), XT-M4_hVL_V2.4 (SEQ ID NO:39), XT-M4_hVL_V2.5 (SEQ ID NO: 40), XT-M4_hVL_V2.6 (SEQ ID NO: 41), XT-M4_hVL_V2.7 (SEQ ID NO: 42), XT-M4_hVL_V2.8 (SEQ ID NO: 43), XT-M4_hVL_V2.9 (SEQ ID NO: 44), XT-M4_hVL_V2.10 (SEQ ID NO: 45), XT-M4_hVL_V2.11 (SEQ ID NO: 46), XT-M4_hVL_V2.12 (SEQ ID NO: 47), XT-M4_hVL_V2.13 (SEQ ID NO: 48), or XT-M4_hVL_V2.14 (SEQ ID NO: 49). As another example, a humanized anti-RAGE antibody may comprise a humanized heavy chain variable region that is at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence of XT-H2_hVH_V2.0 (SEQ ID NO: 28), XT-H2_hVH_V2.7 (SEQ ID NO: 29), XT-H2_hVH_V4 (SEQ ID NO: 30), XT-H2_hVH_V4.1 (SEQ ID NO: 31), XT-M4_hVH_V1.0 (SEQ ID NO: 36), XT-M4_hVH_V1.1 (SEQ ID NO: 37), or XT-M4_hVH_V2.0 (SEQ ID NO: 38). Humanized antibodies can be semi-human (i.e., wherein only one of the light chain and heavy chain variable regions is humanized), or fully humanized (i.e., wherein both light chain and heavy chain variable regions are humanized). Additional representative humanized anti-RAGE antibodies disclosed herein include a humanized XT-M4 antibody and a humanized XT-H2 antibody.
Still further provided are anti-RAGE antibodies having CDRs with at least 8 of the following characteristics: (a) amino acid sequence Y-X-M (Y32; X33; M34) in VH CDR1, where X is preferentially W or N; (b) amino acid sequence I-N-X-S (I51; N52; X53 and S54) in VH CDR2, where X is P or N; (c) amino acid at position 58 in CDR2 of VH is Threonine; (d) amino acid at position 60 in CDR2 of VH is Tyrosine; (e) amino acid at position 103 in CDR3 of VH is Threonine; (f) one or more Tyrosine residues in CDR3 of VH; (g) positively charged residue (Arg or Lys) at position 24 in CDR1 of VL; (h) hydrophilic residue (Thr or Ser) at position 26 in CDR1 of VL; (i) small residue Ser or Ala at the position 25 in CDR1 of VL; (j) negatively charged residue (Asp or Glu) at position 33 in CDR1 of VL; (k) aromatic residue (Phe or Tyr or Trp) at position 37 in CDR1 of VL; (I) hydrophilic residue (Ser or Thr) at position 57 in CDR2 of VL; (m) P-X-T sequence at the end of CDR3 of VL where X could be hydrophobic residue Leu or Trp; wherein amino acid position is as shown in the light and heavy chain amino acid sequences in SEQ ID NO:22 and SEQ ID NO:16, respectively.
Also provided are isolated nucleic acids encoding any of the disclosed anti-RAGE antibodies or antibody variable regions, and isolated nucleic acids that specifically hybridize to a nucleic acid having a nucleotide sequence that is the complement of a nucleotide sequence encoding any of the disclosed anti-RAGE antibodies or antibody variable regions under stringent hybridization conditions.
Isolated nucleic acids of the invention further include (a) nucleic acids encoding a RAGE protein of baboon, monkey or rabbit having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, and SEQ ID NO: 13; nucleic acids that specifically hybridize to the complement of (a); and (c) nucleic acids having a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to a nucleotide sequence encoding RAGE of baboon, monkey or rabbit selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, and SEQ ID NO: 12, when the query coverage is 100%.
The invention also includes methods for preventing or treating RAGE-related disease or disorder of a subject having such a disease or disorder, that comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-RAGE antibody or a RAGE-binding fragment thereof of the invention.
The invention includes a method for preventing or treating a RAGE-related disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of sepsis, septic shock, including conditions such as community-acquired pneumonia, which result in sepsis or septic shock, listeriosis, inflammatory diseases, cancers, arthritis, Crohn's disease, chronic acute inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, erectile dysfunction, diabetes, complications of diabetes, vasculitis, nephropathies, retinopathies, and neuropathies. Such a method of the invention can comprise administering a composition comprising an anti-RAGE antibody or RAGE-binding fragment thereof of the invention in combination with one or more agents useful in the treatment of the RAGE-related disease or disorder that is to be treated. Such agents of the invention include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, antioxidants, β-blockers, antiplatelet agents, ACE inhibitors, lipid-lowering agents, anti-angiogenic agents, and chemotherapeutics.
The invention provides a method for treating sepsis, septic shock, or listeriosis (e.g., systemic listeriosis) in a human subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a chimeric anti-RAGE antibody, or a RAGE-binding fragment thereof that comprises a light chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of the XT-M4 light chain variable region (SEQ ID NO: 17), a heavy chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of the XT-M4 heavy chain variable region sequence (SEQ ID NO: 16), a human kappa light chain constant region, and a human IgG1 heavy chain constant region.
FIGS. 1A-1C show aligned amino acid sequences of RAGE of mouse, rat, rabbit (2 isoforms), baboon, cynomolgus monkey, and human (SEQ ID NOs: 3, 14, 11, 13, 7, 9, 1).
FIG. 2 is a graph of data from direct binding ELISA that demonstrate binding of XT-H2 to hRAGE with EC50 of 90 pM and binding of XT-M4 to hRAGE-Fc with EC50 of 300 pM.
FIG. 3 is a graph of data from direct binding ELISA analysis that demonstrate binding of antibodies XT-M4 and XT-H2 to the hRAGE V-domain-Fc of with EC50 of 100 pM.
FIG. 4 is graph of data from ligand competition ELISA binding assays showing the ability of XT-H2 and XT-M4 to block the binding of HMG1 to hRAGE-Fc.
FIG. 5 is a graph of data from antibody competition ELISA binding assays showing that XT-H2 and XT-M4 share a similar epitope and bind to overlapping sites on human RAGE.
FIG. 6 shows aligned amino acid sequences of the heavy chain variable regions of murine anti-RAGE antibodies XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5 and XT-H7, and of rat anti-RAGE antibody XT-M4 (SEQ ID NOs: 18, 21, 24, 20, 26, 16).
FIG. 7 shows aligned amino acid sequences of the light chain variable regions of murine anti-RAGE antibodies XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5 and XT-H7, and of rat anti-RAGE antibody XT-M4 (SEQ ID NOs: 19, 22, 25, 23, 27, 17).
FIG. 8 shows the nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding baboon RAGE (SEQ ID NO: 6).
FIG. 9 shows the nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding cynomolgus monkey RAGE (SEQ ID NO: 8).
FIG. 10 shows the nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding rabbit RAGE isoform 1 (SEQ ID NO: 10).
FIGS. 12A-12E show the nucleotide sequence of cloned baboon genomic DNA encoding baboon RAGE (clone 18.2) (SEQ ID NO: 15).
FIG. 13 presents four graphs showing the abilities of chimeric XT-M4 antibody and rat antibody XT-M4 to block the binding of RAGE ligands HMGB1, amyloid β 1-42 peptide, S100-A, and S100-B to hRAGE-Fc, as determined by competition ELISA binding assay.
FIG. 14 presents graphs showing the ability of chimeric XT-M4 to compete for binding to hRAGE-Fc with antibodies XT-M4 and XT-H2, as determined by antibody competition ELISA binding assay.
FIG. 15 depicts IHC-staining of lung tissues of cynomologus monkey, rabbit, and baboon, showing that the XT-M4 binds to endogenous cell-surface RAGE in these tissues. Control samples are CHO cells expressing hRAGE contacted by XT-M4, NGBCHO cells that do not express RAGE, and CHO cells expressing hRAGE contacted by a control IgG antibody.
FIG. 16 shows that the rat antibody XT-M4 binds to RAGE in normal human lung and lung of a human with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
FIG. 17 shows amino acid sequences of humanized murine XT-H2 HV region.
FIG. 18 shows amino acid sequences of humanized murine XT-H2 HL region.
FIG. 19 shows amino acid sequences of humanized rat XT-M4 HV region.
FIGS. 20A-20B show amino acid sequences of humanized rat XT-H2 HL region.
FIG. 21 depicts expression vectors used to produce humanized light and heavy chain polypeptides.
FIG. 22 shows ED50 values for the binding of humanized XT-H2 antibodies to human RAGE-Fc as determined by competition ELISA.
FIG. 23 shows kinetic rate constants (ka and kd) and association and dissociation constants (Ka and Kd) for binding of XT-M4 and humanized antibodies XT-M4-V10, XT-M4-V11, and XT-M4-V14 to hRAGE-SA, as determined by BIACORE™ binding assay.
FIG. 24 shows kinetic rate constants (ka and kd) and association and dissociation constants (Ka and Kd) for binding of XT-M4 and humanized antibodies XT-M4-V10, XT-M4-V11, and XT-M4-V14 to mRAGE-SA, as determined by BIACORE™ binding assay.
FIG. 25 shows the nucleotide sequence of a murine XT-H2 VL-VH ScFv construct (SEQ ID NO:51).
FIG. 26 shows the nucleotide sequence of a murine XT-H2 VH-VL ScFv construct (SEQ ID NO: 52).
FIG. 27 shows the nucleotide sequence of a rat XT-M4 VL-VH ScFv construct (SEQ ID NO: 54).
FIG. 28 shows the nucleotide sequence of a rat XT-M4 VH-VL ScFv construct (SEQ ID NO: 53).
FIG. 29 is a graph of ELISA data showing binding to human RAGE-Fc by ScFv constructs of the XT-H2 and XT-M4 anti-RAGE antibodies in either the VL/VH or VHNL configuration.
FIG. 30 is a graph of ELISA data showing binding to human RAGE-Fc and BSA by ScFv constructs of the XT-H2 and XT-M4 anti-RAGE antibodies in the VLNH or VHNL configuration expressed as soluble protein in Escherichia coli. ActRIIb is a non-binding protein expressed from the same vector as a negative control.
FIG. 31 schematically represents the use of PCR to introduce spiked mutations into a CDR of XT-M4.
FIG. 32 shows the nucleotide sequence of the C terminal end of the XT-M4 VL-VH ScFv construct (SEQ ID NO: 56). VH-CDR3 is underlined. Also shown are two spiking oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOs: 57-58) with a number at each mutation site that identifies the spiking ratio used for mutation at that site. The nucleotide compositions of the spiking ratios corresponding to the numbers are also identified.
FIG. 33 schematically represents the ribosome display vector pWRIL-3. “T7” denotes T7 promotor, “RBS” is the ribosome binding site, “spacer polypeptide” is a spacer polypeptide connecting the folded protein to the ribosome, “Flag-tag” is Flag epitope tag for protein detection.
FIG. 34 schematically represents the phage display vector pWRIL-1.
FIG. 35 schematically represents the combinatorial assembly of VL and VH spiked libraries using the Fab display vector pWRIL-6.
FIG. 36 is a graph of antibody competition ELISA data show increased affinity of the XT-M4 antibody for hRAGE following mutation that removes the glycosylation site at position 52.
FIG. 37 is a survival plot showing a survival advantage following CLP for homozygous and heterozygous RAGE knockout mice and for mice given anti-RAGE antibody compared to wild-type control animals.
FIG. 38 is a graph showing tissue colony counts for enteric bacteria following CLP.
FIG. 39 is a survival plot showing the effects of two different doses of anti-RAGE antibody on the survival of mice following CLP.
FIG. 40 is a survival plot showing the effects of delaying a single dose of anti-RAGE antibody for up to 36 hours following CLP.
FIG. 41 shows levels of L. monocytogenes isolated from liver and spleen of infected homozygous and heterozygous RAGE knockout mice and infected mice given anti-RAGE mAb compared to wild-type control animals.
FIG. 42 is a graph showing serum levels of interferon γ of infected homozygous and heterozygous RAGE knockout mice and infected mice given anti-RAGE antibody compared to wild-type control animals.
FIG. 43 is a survival plot showing a survival advantage following CLP for homozygous and heterozygous RAGE knockout mice compared to wild-type control animals.
FIG. 44 is a survival plot showing a survival advantage following CLP for mice given a single injection of anti-RAGE antibody compared to wild-type control animals.
FIG. 45 is a survival plot showing the effects of delaying a single dose of anti-RAGE antibody for 6 or 12 hours following CLP.
FIG. 46 is a graph showing that mice given anti-RAGE antibody have improved pathology scores compared to control animals.
FIG. 47 is a survival plot showing survival following CLP of mice given anti-RAGE antibody in combination with an antibiotic.
FIG. 48 is a survival plot showing survival following CLP of mice given antibiotic alone.
FIG. 50 is a graph showing L. monocytogenes in liver and spleen of infected homozygous and heterozygous RAGE knockout mice and mice given anti-RAGE antibody.
FIG. 51 is a graph showing serum concentration of chimeric XT-M4 following a single iv administration to mice.
FIG. 52 shows that the chimeric XT-M4 antibody is protective in a CLP model.
FIG. 53 shows that the chimeric XT-M4 antibody is protective in a CLP model up to 24 hours post surgery.
Anti-RAGE Antibodies
The present invention provides antibodies that bind specifically to RAGE, including soluble RAGE and endogenous secretory RAGE, as described herein. Representative anti-RAGE antibodies may comprise at least one of the antibody variable region amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 16-49.
The anti-RAGE antibodies of the invention include antibodies that bind specifically to RAGE and have an amino acid sequence that is identical or substantially identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 16-49. An amino acid sequence of an anti-RAGE antibody that is substantially identical is one that has at least 85%, 85%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 16-49.
Included in the anti-RAGE antibodies of the invention is an antibody that binds specifically to RAGE, and (a) comprises a light chain variable region selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 19, 22, 25, 23, 27 and 17, or (b) comprises a light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19, 22, 25, 23, 27 and 17, or is a RAGE-binding fragment of an antibody according to (a) or (b).
Also Included in the anti-RAGE antibodies of the invention is an antibody that binds specifically to RAGE, and (a) comprises a heavy chain variable region selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 18, 21, 24, 20, 26, and 16, or (b) comprises a heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18, 21, 24, 20, 26, and 16, or is a RAGE-binding fragment of an antibody according to (a) or (b).
Included in the invention is an anti-RAGE antibody that binds specifically to RAGE and:
(a) competes for binding to RAGE with an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4;
(b) binds to an epitope of RAGE that is bound by an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4;
(c) comprises one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of a light chain or heavy chain of an antibody selected from the group consisting of XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5, XT-H7, and XT-M4; or
(d) is a RAGE-binding fragment of an antibody according to (a), (b) or (c).
The invention includes anti-RAGE antibodies that bind specifically to RAGE-expressing cells in vitro and in vivo, and antibodies that bind to human RAGE with a dissociation constant (Kd) in the range of from at least about 1×10−7 M to about 1×10−10 M. Also Included are anti-RAGE antibodies of the invention that bind specifically to the V domain of human RAGE, and anti-RAGE antibodies that block the binding of RAGE to a RAGE binding partner (RAGE-BP).
Also included in the invention is an antibody that binds specifically to RAGE and blocks the binding of RAGE to a RAGE-binding partner, e.g. a ligands such as HMGB1, AGE, Aβ, SAA, S100, amphoterin, S100P, S100A (including S100A8 and S100A9), S100A4, CRP, β2-integrin, Mac-1, and p150,95, and has CDRs having 4 or more of the following characteristics (position numbering is with respect to amino acid positions as shown for the VH and VL sequences in FIGS. 6 and 7):
1. Amino acid sequence Y-X-M (Y32; X33; M34) in VH CDR1, where X is preferentially W or N;
2. Amino acid sequence I-N-X-S (I51; N52; X53 and S54) in VH CDR2, where X is P or N;
3. Amino acid at position 58 in CDR2 of VH is Threonine;
4. Amino acid at position 60 in CDR2 of VH is Tyrosine;
5. Amino acid at position 103 in CDR3 of VH is Threonine;
6. One or more Tyrosine residues in CDR3 of VH;
7. Positively charged residue (Arg or Lys) at position 24 in CDR1 of VL;
8. Hydrophilic residue (Thr or Ser) at position 26 in CDR1 of VL;
9. Small residue Ser or Ala at the position 25 in CDR1 of VL;
10. Negatively charged residue (Asp or Glu) at position 33 in CDR1 of VL;
11. Aromatic residue (Phe or Tyr or Trp) at position 37 in CDR1 of VL;
12. Hydrophilic residue (Ser or Thr) at position 57 in CDR2 of VL;
13. P-X-T sequence at the end of CDR3 of VL where X could be hydrophobic residue Leu or Trp.
Anti-RAGE antibodies of the invention include antibodies that bind specifically to the V domain of human RAGE and block the binding of RAGE to its ligands, and have CDRs having 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or all 13 characteristics.
The anti-RAGE antibodies of the invention include an anti-RAGE antibody as described above, or a RAGE-binding fragment which is selected from the group consisting of a chimeric antibody, a humanized antibody, a single chain antibody, a tetrameric antibody, a tetravalent antibody, a multispecific antibody, a domain-specific antibody, a domain-deleted antibody, a fusion protein, an Fab fragment, an Fab′ fragment, an F(ab′)2 fragment, an Fv fragment, an ScFv fragment, an Fd fragment, a single domain antibody, a dAb fragment, and an Fc fusion protein (i.e., an antigen binding domain fused to an immunoglobulin constant region). These antibodies can be coupled with a cytotoxic agent, a radiotherapeutic agent, or a detectable label.
For example, an ScFv antibody (SEQ ID NO: 63) comprising the VH and VL domains of the rat XT-M4 antibody has been prepared and shown by cell-based ELISA analysis to have binding affinities for RAGE of baboon, mouse, rabbit, and human comparable to those of the chimeric and wild-type XT-M4 antibodies.
Antibodies of the present invention are further intended to include heteroconjugates, bispecific, single-chain, and chimeric and humanized molecules having affinity for one of the subject polypeptides, conferred by at least one CDR region of the antibody.
Antibodies of the invention that specifically bind to RAGE also include variants of any of the antibodies described herein, which may be readily prepared using known molecular biology and cloning techniques. See, e.g., U.S. Published Patent Application. Nos. 2003/0118592, 2003/0133939, 2004/0058445, 2005/0136049, 2005/0175614, 2005/0180970, 2005/0186216, 2005/0202012, 2005/0202023, 2005/0202028, 2005/0202534, and 2005/0238646, and related patent family members thereof, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. For example, a variant antibody of the invention may also comprise a binding domain-immunoglobulin fusion protein that includes a binding domain polypeptide (e.g., scFv) that is fused or otherwise connected to an immunoglobulin hinge or hinge-acting region polypeptide, which in turn is fused or otherwise connected to a region comprising one or more native or engineered constant regions from an immunoglobulin heavy chain, other than CH1, for example, the CH2 and CH3 regions of IgG and IgA, or the CH3 and CH4 regions of IgE (see e.g., U.S. 2005/0136049 by Ledbetter, J. et al., which is incorporated by reference, for a more complete description). The binding domain-immunoglobulin fusion protein can further include a region that includes a native or engineered immunoglobulin heavy chain CH2 constant region polypeptide (or CH3 in the case of a construct derived in whole or in part from IgE) that is fused or otherwise connected to the hinge region polypeptide and a native or engineered immunoglobulin heavy chain CH3 constant region polypeptide (or CH4 in the case of a construct derived in whole or in part from IgE) that is fused or otherwise connected to the CH2 constant region polypeptide (or CH3 in the case of a construct derived in whole or in part from IgE). Typically, such binding domain-immunoglobulin fusion proteins are capable of at least one immunological activity, for example, specific binding to RAGE, inhibition of interaction between RAGE and a RAGE binding partner, induction of antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, induction of complement fixation, etc.
Antibodies of the invention may also comprise a label attached thereto and able to be detected, (e.g. the label can be a radioisotope, fluorescent compound, enzyme or enzyme co-factor).
RAGE Polypeptides
The invention also provides isolated RAGE proteins of baboon, cynomologus monkey and rabbit, having the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 9, 11, or 13, and further includes RAGE proteins having an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to an amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 9, 11, or 13, in that it is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9% identical in amino acid sequence to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 9, 11, or 13.
Also included in the invention are methods for producing the anti-RAGE antibodies and RAGE-binding fragments thereof of the invention by any means known in the art.
Also Included in the invention is a purified preparation of monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to one or more epitopes of the RAGE amino acid sequence as set forth in any SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 7, 9, 11, or 13.
For convenience, certain terms employed in the specification, examples, and appended claims are collected here. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more than one element.
The term “or” is used herein to mean, and is used interchangeably with, the term “and/or,” unless context clearly indicates otherwise.
An “isolated” or “purified” polypeptide or protein, e.g., an “isolated antibody,” is purified to a state beyond that in which it exists in nature. For example, the “isolated” or “purified” polypeptide or protein, e.g., an “isolated antibody,” can be substantially free of cellular material or other contaminating proteins from the cell or tissue source from which the protein is derived, or substantially free from chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. The preparation of antibody protein having less than about 50% of non-antibody protein (also referred to herein as a “contaminating protein”), or of chemical precursors, is considered to be “substantially free.” 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% and more preferably 5% (by dry weight), of non-antibody protein, or of chemical precursors is considered to be substantially free. When the antibody protein or biologically active portion thereof is recombinantly produced, it is also preferably substantially free of culture medium, i.e., culture medium represents less than about 30%, preferably less than about 20%, more preferably less than about 10%, and most preferably less than about 5% of the volume or mass of the protein preparation. Proteins or polypeptides referred to herein as “recombinant” are proteins or polypeptides produced by the expression of recombinant nucleic acids.
The term “antibody” is used interchangeably with the term “immunoglobulin” herein, and includes intact antibodies, fragments of antibodies, e.g., Fab, F(ab′)2 fragments, and intact antibodies and fragments that have been mutated either in their constant and/or variable region (e.g., mutations to produce chimeric, partially humanized, or fully humanized antibodies, as well as to produce antibodies with a desired trait, e.g., enhanced IL 13 binding and/or reduced FcR binding). The term “fragment” refers to a part or portion of an antibody or antibody chain comprising fewer amino acid residues than an intact or complete antibody or antibody chain. Fragments can be obtained via chemical or enzymatic treatment of an intact or complete antibody or antibody chain. Fragments can also be obtained by recombinant means. Exemplary fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fabc, Fd, dAb, and scFv and/or Fv fragments. The term “antigen-binding fragment” refers to a polypeptide fragment of an immunoglobulin or antibody that binds antigen or competes with intact antibody (i.e., with the intact antibody from which they were derived) for antigen binding (i.e., specific binding). As such these antibodies or fragments thereof are included in the scope of the invention, provided that the antibody or fragment binds specifically to RAGE, and neutralizes or inhibits one or more RAGE-associated activities (e.g., inhibits binding of RAGE binding partners (RAGE-BPs) to RAGE).
The antibody includes a molecular structure comprised of four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as HCVR or VH) and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3. Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as LCVR or VL) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL. The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR). Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
It is intended that the term “antibody” encompass any Ig class or any Ig subclass (e.g. the IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 subclassess of IgG) obtained from any source (e.g., humans and non-human primates, and in rodents, lagomorphs, caprines, bovines, equines, ovines, etc.).
The term “Ig class” or “immunoglobulin class”, as used herein, refers to the five classes of immunoglobulin that have been identified in humans and higher mammals, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. The term “Ig subclass” refers to the two subclasses of IgM (H and L), three subclasses of IgA (IgA1, IgA2, and secretory IgA), and four subclasses of IgG (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that have been identified in humans and higher mammals. The antibodies can exist in monomeric or polymeric form; for example, IgM antibodies exist in pentameric form, and IgA antibodies exist in monomeric, dimeric or multimeric form.
The term “IgG subclass” refers to the four subclasses of immunoglobulin class IgG—IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 that have been identified in humans and higher mammals by the γ heavy chains of the immunoglobulins, Y1-Y4, respectively.
The term “single-chain immunoglobulin” or “single-chain antibody” (used interchangeably herein) refers to a protein having a two-polypeptide chain structure consisting of a heavy and a light chain, said chains being stabilized, for example, by interchain peptide linkers, which has the ability to specifically bind antigen. The term “domain” refers to a globular region of a heavy or light chain polypeptide comprising peptide loops (e.g., comprising 3 to 4 peptide loops) stabilized, for example, by beta.-pleated sheet and/or intrachain disulfide bond. Domains are further referred to herein as “constant” or “variable”, based on the relative lack of sequence variation within the domains of various class members in the case of a “constant” domain, or the significant variation within the domains of various class members in the case of a “variable” domain. Antibody or polypeptide “domains” are often referred to interchangeably in the art as antibody or polypeptide “regions”. The “constant” domains of an antibody light chain are referred to interchangeably as “light chain constant regions”, “light chain constant domains”, “CL” regions or “CL” domains. The “constant” domains of an antibody heavy chain are referred to interchangeably as “heavy chain constant regions”, “heavy chain constant domains”, “CH” regions or “CH” domains). The “variable” domains of an antibody light chain are referred to interchangeably as “light chain variable regions”, “light chain variable domains”, “VL” regions or “VL” domains). The “variable” domains of an antibody heavy chain are referred to interchangeably as “heavy chain constant regions”, “heavy chain constant domains”, “VH” regions or “VH” domains).
The term “region” can also refer to a part or portion of an antibody chain or antibody chain domain (e.g., a part or portion of a heavy or light chain or a part or portion of a constant or variable domain, as defined herein), as well as more discrete parts or portions of said chains or domains. For example, light and heavy chains or light and heavy chain variable domains include “complementarity determining regions” or “CDRs” interspersed among “framework regions” or “FRs”, as defined herein.
The term “conformation” refers to the tertiary structure of a protein or polypeptide (e.g., an antibody, antibody chain, domain or region thereof). For example, the phrase “light (or heavy) chain conformation” refers to the tertiary structure of a light (or heavy) chain variable region, and the phrase “antibody conformation” or “antibody fragment conformation” refers to the tertiary structure of an antibody or fragment thereof.
“Specific binding” of an antibody means that the antibody exhibits appreciable affinity for a particular antigen or epitope and, generally, does not exhibit significant crossreactivity. The term “anti-RAGE antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody that binds specifically to a RAGE. The antibody may exhibit no crossreactivity (e.g., does not crossreact with non-RAGE peptides or with remote epitopes on RAGE. “Appreciable” binding includes binding with an affinity of at least 106, 107, 108, 109 M−1, or 1010 M−1. Antibodies with affinities greater than 107 M−1 or 108 M−1 typically bind with correspondingly greater specificity. Values intermediate of those set forth herein are also intended to be within the scope of the present invention and antibodies of the invention bind to RAGE with a range of affinities, for example, 106 to 1010 M−1, or 107 to 1010 M−1, or 108 to 1010 M−1. An antibody that “does not exhibit significant crossreactivity” is one that will not appreciably bind to an entity other than its target (e.g., a different epitope or a different molecule). For example, an antibody that specifically binds to RAGE will appreciably bind RAGE but will not significantly react with non-RAGE proteins or peptides. An antibody specific for a particular epitope will, for example, not significantly crossreact with remote epitopes on the same protein or peptide. Specific binding can be determined according to any art-recognized means for determining such binding. Preferably, specific binding is determined according to Scatchard analysis and/or competitive binding assays.
As used herein, the term “affinity” refers to the strength of the binding of a single antigen-combining site with an antigenic determinant. Affinity depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups, etc. Antibody affinity can be measured by equilibrium dialysis or by the kinetic BIACORE™ method. The BIACORE™ method relies on the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which occurs when surface plasmon waves are excited at a metal/liquid interface. Light is directed at, and reflected from, the side of the surface not in contact with sample, and SPR causes a reduction in the reflected light intensity at a specific combination of angle and wavelength. Bimolecular binding events cause changes in the refractive index at the surface layer, which are detected as changes in the SPR signal.
The dissociation constant, Kd, and the association constant, Ka, are quantitative measures of affinity. At equilibrium, free antigen (Ag) and free antibody (Ab) are in equilibrium with antigen-antibody complex (Ag-Ab), and the rate constants, ka and kd, quantitate the rates of the individual reactions:
At equilibrium, ka [Ab][Ag]=kd [Ag−Ab]. The dissociation constant, Kd, is given by: Kd=kd/ka=[Ag][Ab]/[Ag−Ab]. Kd has units of concentration, most typically M, mM, μM, nM, pM, etc. When comparing antibody affinities expressed as Kd, having greater affinity for RAGE is indicated by a lower value. The association constant, Ka, is given by: Ka=ka/kd=[Ag−Ab]/[Ag][Ab]. Ka has units of inverse concentration, most typically M−1, mM−1, μM−1, nM−1, pM−1, etc. As used herein, the term “avidity” refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes. Anti-RAGE antibodies may be characterized in terms of the Kd for their binding to a RAGE protein, as binding “with a dissociation constant (Kd) in the range of from about (lower Kd value) to about (upper Kd value).” In this context, the term “about” is intended to mean the indicated Kd value ±20%; i.e., Kd of about 1=Kd in the range of from 0.8 to 1.2.
As used herein, the term “monoclonal antibody” refers to an antibody derived from a clonal population of antibody-producing cells (e.g., B lymphocytes or B cells) which is homogeneous in structure and antigen specificity. The term “polyclonal antibody” refers to a plurality of antibodies originating from different clonal populations of antibody-producing cells which are heterogeneous in their structure and epitope specificity but which recognize a common antigen. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies may exist within bodily fluids, as crude preparations, or may be purified, as described herein.
The term “binding portion” of an antibody (or “antibody portion”) includes one or more complete domains, e.g., a pair of complete domains, as well as fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to RAGE. It has been shown that the binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody. Binding fragments are produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of intact immunoglobulins. Binding fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fabc, Fd, dAb, Fv, single chains, single-chain antibodies, e.g., scFv, and single domain antibodies (Muyldermans et al., 2001, 26:230-5), and an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR). Fab fragment is a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains. F(ab′)2 fragment is a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region. Fd fragment consists of the VH and CH1 domains, and Fv fragment consists of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody. A dAb fragment consists of a VH domain (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341:544-546). While the two domains of the Fv fragment, VL and VH, are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the VL and VH regions pair to form monovalent molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv) (Bird et al., 1988, Science 242:423-426). Such single chain antibodies are also intended to be encompassed within the term “binding portion” of an antibody. Other forms of single chain antibodies, such as diabodies are also encompassed. Diabodies are bivalent, bispecific antibodies in which VH and VL domains are expressed on a single polypeptide chain, but using a linker that is too short to allow for pairing between the two domains on the same chain, thereby forcing the domains to pair with complementary domains of another chain and creating two antigen binding sites (see e.g., Holliger, et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-6448). An antibody or binding portion thereof also may be part of a larger immunoadhesion molecules formed by covalent or non-covalent association of the antibody or antibody portion with one or more other proteins or peptides. Examples of such immunoadhesion molecules include use of the streptavidin core region to make a tetrameric scFv molecule (Kipriyanov, S. M., et al. (1995) Human Antibodies and Hybridomas 6:93-101) and use of a cysteine residue, a marker peptide and a C-terminal polyhistidine tag to make bivalent and biotinylated scFv molecules (Kipriyanov, S. M., et al. (1994) Mol. Immunol. 31:1047-1058). Binding fragments such as Fab and F(ab′)2 fragments, can be prepared from whole antibodies using conventional techniques, such as papain or pepsin digestion, respectively, of whole antibodies. Moreover, antibodies, antibody portions and immunoadhesion molecules can be obtained using standard recombinant DNA techniques, as described herein and as known in the art. Other than “bispecific” or “bifunctional” antibodies, an antibody is understood to have each of its binding sites identical. A “bispecific” or “bifunctional antibody” is an artificial hybrid antibody having two different heavy/light chain pairs and two different binding sites. A bispecific antibody can also include two antigen binding regions with an intervening constant region. Bispecific antibodies can be produced by a variety of methods including fusion of hybridomas or linking of Fab′ fragments. See, e.g., Songsivilai et al., Clin. Exp. Immunol. 79:315-321, 1990.; Kostelny et al., 1992, J. Immunol. 148, 1547-1553.
The term “backmutation” refers to a process in which some or all of the somatically mutated amino acids of a human antibody are replaced with the corresponding germline residues from a homologous germine antibody sequence. The heavy and light chain sequences of the human antibody of the invention are aligned separately with the germline sequences in the VBASE database to identify the sequences with the highest homology. Differences in the human antibody of the invention are returned to the germline sequence by mutating defined nucleotide positions encoding such different amino acid. The role of each amino acid thus identified as candidate for backmutation should be investigated for a direct or indirect role in antigen binding and any amino acid found after mutation to affect any desirable characteristic of the human antibody should not be included in the final human antibody; as an example, activity enhancing amino acids identified by the selective mutagenesis approach will not be subject to backmutation. To minimize the number of amino acids subject to backmutation those amino acid positions found to be different from the closest germline sequence but identical to the corresponding amino acid in a second germline sequence can remain, provided that the second germline sequence is identical and colinear to the sequence of the human antibody of the invention for at least 10, preferably 12 amino acids, on both sides of the amino acid in question. Backmutation may occur at any stage of antibody optimization; preferably, backmutation occurs directly before or after the selective mutagenesis approach. More preferably, backmutation occurs directly before the selective mutagenesis approach.
Intact antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are typically tetrameric glycosylated proteins composed of two light (L) chains of approximately 25 kDa each and two heavy (H) chains of approximately 50 kDa each. Two types of light chain, termed lambda and kappa, are found in antibodies. Depending on the amino acid sequence of the constant domain of heavy chains, immunoglobulins can be assigned to five major classes: A, D, E, G, and M, and several of these may be further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2. Each light chain is composed of an N terminal variable (V) domain (VL) and a constant (C) domain (CL). Each heavy chain is composed of an N terminal V domain (VH), three or four C domains (CHs), and a hinge region. The CH domain most proximal to VH is designated as CH1. The VH and VL domains consist of four regions of relatively conserved sequences called framework regions (FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4), which form a scaffold for three regions of hypervariable sequences (complementarity determining regions, CDRs). The CDRs contain most of the residues responsible for specific interactions of the antibody with the antigen. CDRs are referred to as CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3. Accordingly, CDR constituents on the heavy chain are referred to as H1, H2, and H3, while CDR constituents on the light chain are referred to as L1, L2, and L3. CDR3 is the greatest source of molecular diversity within the antibody-binding site. H3, for example, can be as short as two amino acid residues or greater than 26 amino acids. The subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations of different classes of immunoglobulins are well known in the art. For a review of the antibody structure, see Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, eds. Harlow et al., 1988. One of skill in the art will recognize that each subunit structure, e.g., a CH, VH, CL, VL, CDR, FR structure, comprises active fragments, e.g., the portion of the VH, VL, or CDR subunit that binds to the antigen, i.e., the binding fragment, or, e.g., the portion of the CH subunit that binds to and/or activates, e.g., an Fc receptor and/or complement.
Antibody diversity is created by the use of multiple germline genes encoding variable regions and a variety of somatic events. The somatic events include recombination of variable gene segments with diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segments to make a complete VH region, and the recombination of variable and joining gene segments to make a complete VL region. The recombination process itself is imprecise, resulting in the loss or addition of amino acids at the V(D)J junctions. These mechanisms of diversity occur in the developing B-cell prior to antigen exposure. After antigenic stimulation, the expressed antibody genes in B-cells undergo somatic mutation. Based on the estimated number of germline gene segments, the random recombination of these segments, and random VH-VL pairing, up to 1.6×107 different antibodies could be produced (Fundamental Immunology, 3rd ed. (1993), ed. Paul, Raven Press, New York, N.Y.). When other processes that contribute to antibody diversity (such as somatic mutation) are taken into account, it is thought that upwards of 1×1010 different antibodies could be generated (Immunoglobulin Genes, 2nd ed. (1995), eds. Jonio et al., Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.). Because of the many processes involved in generating antibody diversity, it is unlikely that independently derived monoclonal antibodies with the same antigen specificity will have identical amino acid sequences.
The term “dimerizing polypeptide” or “dimerizing domain” includes any polypeptide that forms a diner (or higher order complex, such as a trimer, tetramer, etc.) with another polypeptide. Optionally, the dimerizing polypeptide associates with other, identical dimerizing polypeptides, thereby forming homomultimers. An IgG Fc element is an example of a dimerizing domain that tends to form homomultimers. Optionally, the dimerizing polypeptide associates with other different dimerizing polypeptides, thereby forming heteromultimers. The Jun leucine zipper domain forms a dimer with the Fos leucine zipper domain, and is therefore an example of a dimerizing domain that tends to form heteromultimers. Dimerizing domains may form 25 both hetero- and homomultimers.
The term “human antibody” includes antibodies having variable and constant regions corresponding to human germline immunoglobulin sequences as described by Kabat et al. (See Kabat, et al. (1991) Sequences of proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242). The human antibodies of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo), for example in the CDRs and in particular CDR3. The mutations preferably are introduced using the “selective mutagenesis approach” described herein. The human antibody can have at least one position replaced with an amino acid residue, e.g., an activity enhancing amino acid residue, which is not encoded by the human germline immunoglobulin sequence. The human antibody can have up to twenty positions replaced with amino acid residues that are not part of the human germline immunoglobulin sequence. Further, up to ten, up to five, up to three or up to two positions are replaced. These replacements may fall within the CDR regions as described in detail below. However, the term “human antibody”, as used herein, is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences.
The phrase “recombinant human antibody” includes human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as antibodies expressed using a recombinant expression vector transfected into a host cell (described further in Section II, below), antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library (described further in Section III, below), antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes (see e.g., Taylor, L. D., et al. (1992) Nucl. Acids Res. 20:6287-6295) or antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involves splicing of human immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences. Such recombinant human antibodies have variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences (See Kabat, E. A., et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242). However, such recombinant human antibodies may be subjected to in vitro mutagenesis (or, when an animal transgenic for human Ig sequences is used, in vivo somatic mutagenesis) and thus the amino acid sequences of the VH and VL regions of the recombinant antibodies are sequences that, while derived from and related to human germline VH and VL sequences, may not naturally exist within the human antibody germline repertoire in vivo. In certain embodiments, however, such recombinant antibodies may be the result of selective mutagenesis approach or backmutation or both.
An “isolated antibody” includes an antibody that is substantially free of other antibodies having different antigenic specificities (e.g., an isolated antibody that specifically binds RAGE is substantially free of antibodies that specifically bind RAGE other than hRAGE). An isolated antibody that specifically binds RAGE may bind RAGE molecules from other species. Moreover, an isolated antibody may be substantially free of other cellular material and/or chemicals.
A “neutralizing antibody” (or an “antibody that neutralized RAGE activity”) includes an antibody whose binding to hRAGE results in modulation of the biological activity of hRAGE. This modulation of the biological activity of hRAGE can be assessed by measuring one or more indicators of hRAGE biological activity, such as inhibition of receptor binding in a human RAGE receptor binding assay (see, e.g., Examples 6 and 7). These indicators of hRAGE biological activity can be assessed by one or more of several standard in vitro or in vivo assays known in the art (see, e.g., Examples 6 and 7).
“Humanized” forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are chimeric antibodies that contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. For the most part, humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a hypervariable region of the recipient are replaced by residues from a hypervariable region of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity. In some instances, FR residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues. Furthermore, humanized antibodies may comprise residues that are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications are made to further refine antibody performance. In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence. The humanized antibody optionally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin. For further details, see Jones et al., Nature 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323-329 (1988); and Presta, Curr. Op. Struct. Biol. 2:593-596 (1992).
The term “activity” includes activities such as the binding specificity/affinity of an antibody for an antigen, for example, an anti-hRAGE antibody that binds to RAGE and/or the neutralizing potency of an antibody, for example, an anti-hRAGE antibody whose binding to hRAGE inhibits the biological activity of RAGE, e.g., inhibition of receptor binding in a human RAGE receptor binding assay.
An “expression construct” is any recombinant nucleic acid that includes an expressible nucleic acid and regulatory elements sufficient to mediate expression of the expressible nucleic acid protein or polypeptide in a suitable host cell.
The terms “fusion protein” and “chimeric protein” are interchangeable and refer to a protein or polypeptide that has an amino acid sequence having portions corresponding to amino acid sequences from two or more proteins. The sequences from two or more proteins may be full or partial (i.e., fragments) of the proteins. Fusion proteins may also have linking regions of amino acids between the portions corresponding to those of the proteins. Such fusion proteins may be prepared by recombinant methods, wherein the corresponding nucleic acids are joined through treatment with nucleases and ligases and incorporated into an expression vector. Preparation of Fusion Proteins is Generally Understood by Those Having Ordinary Skill in the art.
The term “nucleic acid” refers to polynucleotides such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and, where appropriate, ribonucleic acid (RNA). The term should also be understood to include, as equivalents, analogs of either RNA or DNA made from nucleotide analogs, and, as applicable to the embodiment being described, single (sense or antisense) and double-stranded polynucleotides.
The term “percent identical” or “percent identity” refers to sequence identity between two amino acid sequences or between two nucleotide sequences. Percent identity can be determined by comparing a position in each sequence that may be aligned for purposes of comparison. Expression as a percentage of identity refers to a function of the number of identical amino acids or nucleic acids at positions shared by the compared sequences. Various alignment algorithms and/or programs may be used, including FASTA, BLAST, or ENTREZ. FASTA and BLAST are available as a part of the GCG sequence analysis package (University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.), and can be used with, e.g. default settings. ENTREZ is available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. The percent identity of two sequences may be determined by the GCG program with a gap weight of 1, e.g. each amino acid gap is weighted as if it were a single amino acid or nucleotide mismatch between the two sequences.
Other techniques for alignment are described in Methods in Enzymology, vol. 266: Computer Methods for Macromolecular Sequence Analysis (1996), ed. Doolittle, Academic Press, Inc., a division of Harcourt Brace & Co., San Diego, Calif., USA. Preferably, an alignment program that permits gaps in the sequence is utilized to align the sequences. The Smith-Waterman is one type of algorithm that permits gaps in sequence alignments. See Meth. Mol. Viols. 70: 173-187 (1997). Also, the GAP I program using the Needlenan and Wunsch alignment method can be utilized to align sequences. An alternative search strategy uses MPSRCH software, which runs on a MASPAR computer. MPSRCH uses a Smith-Waterman algorithm to score sequences 5 on a massively parallel computer. This approach improves the ability to pick up distantly related matches, and is especially tolerant of small gaps and nucleotide sequence errors. Nucleic acid-encoded amino acid sequences can be used to search both protein: and DNA databases.
The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein.
A “RAGE” protein is a “Receptor for Advanded Glycation End Products,” as known in the art. Representative RAGE proteins are set forth in FIGS. 1A-1C. RAGE proteins include soluble RAGE (sRAGE) and endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE). Endogenous secretory RAGE is a RAGE splice variant that is released outside of the cells, where it is capable of binding AGE ligands and neutralizing AGE actions. See e.g., Koyama et al., ATVE, 2005; 25:2587-2593. Inverse association has been observed between human plasma esRAGE and several components of metabolic syndrome (BMI, insulin resistance, BP, hypertriglyceridemia and IGT). Plasma esRAGE levels have also been inversely associated with carotid and femoral atherosclerosis (quantitated by ultrasound) in subjects with or without diabetes. Moreover, plasma esRAGE levels are significantly lower in nondiabetic patients with angiographically proved coronary artery disease than age-matched healthy control.
A “Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Ligand Binding Element” or “RAGE-LBE” (also referred to herein as “RAGE-Fc” and “RAGE-strep”) includes any extracellular portion of a transmembrane RAGE polypeptide and fragments thereof that retain the ability to bind a RAGE ligand. This term also encompasses polypeptides having at least 85% identity, preferably at least 90% identity or more preferably at least 95% identity with a RAGE polypeptide, for example, the human or murine polypeptide to which a RAGE ligand or RAGE-BP will bind.
A “Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Binding Partner” or “RAGE-BP” includes any substance (e.g., polypeptide, small molecule, carbohydrate structure, etc.) that binds in a physiological setting to an extracellular portion of a RAGE protein (a receptor polypeptide such as, e.g., RAGE or RAGE-LBE).
“RAGE-related disorders” or “RAGE-associated disorders” include any disorder in which an affected cell or tissue exhibits an increase or decrease in the expression and/or activity of RAGE or one or more RAGE ligands. RAGE-related disorders also include any disorder that is treatable (i.e., one or more symptom may be eliminated or ameliorated) by a decrease in RAGE function (including, for example, administration of an agent that disrupts RAGE:RAGE-BP interactions).
“V-domain of RAGE” refers to the immunoglobulin-like variable domain as shown in FIG. 5 of Neeper, et al, “Cloning and expression of RAGE: a cell surface receptor for advanced glycosylation end products of proteins,” J. Biol. Chem. 267:14998-15004 (1992), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The V-domain includes amino acids from position 1 to position 120 as shown in SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:3.
The human cDNA of RAGE is 1406 base pairs and encodes a mature protein of 404 amino acids. See FIG. 3 of Neeper et al. 1992.
The term “recombinant nucleic acid” includes any nucleic acid comprising at least two sequences that are not present together in nature. A recombinant nucleic acid may be generated in vitro, for example by using the methods of molecular biology, or in vivo, for example by insertion of a nucleic acid at a novel chromosomal location by homologous or non-homologous recombination.
The term “treating” with regard to a subject, refers to improving at least one symptom of the subject's disease or disorder. Treating can be curing the disease or condition or improving it.
The term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of vector is an episome, i.e., a nucleic acid capable of extra-chromosomal replication. Another type of vector is an integrative vector that is designed to recombine with the genetic material of a host cell. Vectors may be both autonomously replicating and integrative, and the properties of a vector may differ depending on the cellular context (i.e., a vector may be autonomously replicating in one host cell type and purely integrative in another host cell type). Vectors capable of directing the expression of expressible nucleic acids to which they are operatively linked are referred to herein as “expression vectors.”
“Specifically immunoreactive” refers to the preferential binding of compounds [an antibody] to a particular peptide sequence, when an antibody interacts with a specific peptide sequence.
The phrase “effective amount” as used herein means that amount of one or more agent, material, or composition comprising one or more agents of the present invention that is effective for producing some desired effect in an animal. It is recognized that when an agent is being used to achieve a therapeutic effect, the actual dose which comprises the “effective amount” will vary depending on a number of conditions including the particular condition being treated, the severity of the disease, the size and health of the patient, the route of administration, etc. A skilled medical practitioner can readily determine the appropriate dose using methods well known in the medical arts.
The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject agents from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline, (18) Ringer's solution, (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) phosphate buffer solutions; and (21) other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations.
Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies
A mammal, such as a mouse, a rat, a hamster or rabbit can be immunized with the full length protein or fragments thereof, or the cDNA encoding the full length protein or a fragment thereof an immunogenic form of the peptide. Techniques for conferring immunogenicity on a protein or peptide include conjugation to carriers or other techniques well known in the art. An immunogenic portion of a polypeptide can be administered in the presence of adjuvant. The progress of immunization can be monitored by detection of antibody titers in plasma or serum. Standard ELISA or other immunoassays can be used with the immunogen as antigen to assess the levels of antibodies.
Following immunization of an animal with an antigenic preparation of the subject polypeptides, antisera can be obtained and, if desired, polyclonal antibodies isolated from the serum. To produce monoclonal antibodies, antibody-producing cells (lymphocytes) can be harvested from an immunized animal and fused by standard somatic cell fusion procedures with immortalizing cells such as myeloma cells to yield hybridoma cells. Such techniques are well known in the art, and include, for example, the hybridoma technique (originally developed by Kohler and Milstein, (1975) Nature, 256: 495-497), the human B cell hybridoma technique (Kozbar et al. (1983) Immunology Today, 4: 72), and the EBV-hybridoma technique to produce human monoclonal antibodies (Cole et al., (1985) Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc. pp. 77-96). Hybridoma cells can be screened immunochemically for production of antibodies specifically reactive with an epitope of the RAGE polypeptide and monoclonal antibodies isolated from a culture comprising such hybridoma cells.
Humanization
Chimeric antibodies comprise sequences from at least two different species. As one example, recombinant cloning techniques may be used to include variable regions, which contain the antigen-binding sites, from a non-human antibody (i.e., an antibody prepared in a non-human species immunized with the antigen) and constant regions derived from a human immunoglobulin.
Humanized antibodies are a type of chimeric antibody wherein variable region residues responsible for antigen binding (i.e., residues of a complementarity determining region, abbreviated complementarity determining region, or any other residues that participate in antigen binding) are derived from a non-human species, while the remaining variable region residues (i.e., residues of the framework regions) and constant regions are derived, at least in part, from human antibody sequences. A subset of framework region residues and constant region residues of a humanized antibody may be derived from non-human sources. Variable regions of a humanized antibody are also described as humanized (i.e., a humanized light or heavy chain variable region). The non-human species is typically that used for immunization with antigen, such as mouse, rat, rabbit, non-human primate, or other non-human mammalian species. Humanized antibodies are typically less immunogenic than traditional chimeric antibodies and show improved stability following administration to humans. See e.g., Benincosa et al. (2000) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 292:810-6; Kalofonos et al. (1994) Eur. J. Cancer 30A:1842-50; Subramanian et al. (1998) Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 17:110-5.
Complementarity determining regions (CDRs) are residues of antibody variable regions that participate in antigen binding. Several numbering systems for identifying CDRs are in common use. The Kabat definition is based on sequence variability, and the Chothia definition is based on the location of the structural loop regions. The AbM definition is a compromise between the Kabat and Chothia approaches. The CDRs of the light chain variable region are bounded by the residues at positions 24 and 34 (CDR1-L), 50 and 56 (CDR2-L), and 89 and 97 (CDR3-L) according to the Kabat, Chothia, or AbM algorithm. According to the Kabat definition, the CDRs of the heavy chain variable region are bounded by the residues at positions 31 and 35B (CDR1-H), 50 and 65 (CDR2-H), and 95 and 102 (CDR3-H) (numbering according to Kabat). According to the Chothia definition, the CDRs of the heavy chain variable region are bounded by the residues at positions 26 and 32 (CDR1-H), 52 and 56 (CDR2-H), and 95 and 102 (CDR3-H) (numbering according to Chothia). According to the AbM definition, the CDRs of the heavy chain variable region are bounded by the residues at positions 26 and 35B (CDR1-H), 50 and 58 (CDR2-H), and 95 and 102 (CDR3-H) (numbering according to Kabat). See Martin et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 9268-9272; Martin et al. (1991) Methods Enzymol. 203: 121-153; Pedersen et al. (1992) Immunomethods 1: 126; and Rees et al. (1996) In Sternberg M. J. E. (ed.), Protein Structure Prediction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 141-172.
As used herein, the term “CDR” refer to CDRs as defined either by Kabat or by Chothia; moreover, a humanized antibody variable of the invention may be constructed to comprise one or more CDRs as defined by Kabat, and to also comprise one or more CDRs as defined by Chothia.
Specificity determining regions (SDRs) are residues within CDRs that directly interact with antigen. The SDRs correspond to hypervariable residues. See (Padlan et al. (1995) FASEB J. 9: 133-139).
Framework residues are those residues of antibody variable regions other than hypervariable or CDR residues. Framework residues may be derived from a naturally occurring human antibody, such as a human framework that is substantially similar to a framework region of the an anti-RAGE antibody of the invention. Artificial framework sequences that represent a consensus among individual sequences may also be used. When selecting a framework region for humanization, sequences that are widely represented in humans may be preferred over less populous sequences. Additional mutations of the human framework acceptor sequences may be made to restore murine residues believed to be involved in antigen contacts and/or residues involved in the structural integrity of the antigen-binding site, or to improve antibody expression. A peptide structure prediction may be used to analyze the humanized variable heavy and light region sequences to identify and avoid post-translational protein modification sites introduced by the humanization design.
Humanized antibodies may be prepared using any one of a variety of methods including veneering, grafting of complementarity determining regions (CDRs), grafting of abbreviated CDRs, grafting of specificity determining regions (SDRs), and Frankenstein assembly, as described below. Humanized antibodies also include superhumanized antibodies, in which one or more changes have been introduced in the CDRs. For example, human residues may be substituted for non-human residues in the CDRs. These general approaches may be combined with standard mutagenesis and synthesis techniques to produce an anti-RAGE antibody of any desired sequence.
Veneering is based on the concept of reducing potentially immunogenic amino acid sequences in a rodent or other non-human antibody by resurfacing the solvent accessible exterior of the antibody with human amino acid sequences. Thus, veneered antibodies appear less foreign to human cells than the unmodified non-human antibody. See Padlan (1991) Mol. Immunol. 28:489-98. A non-human antibody is veneered by identifying exposed exterior framework region residues in the non-human antibody, which are different from those at the same positions in framework regions of a human antibody, and replacement of the identified residues with amino acids that typically occupy these same positions in human antibodies.
Grafting of CDRs is performed by replacing one or more CDRs of an acceptor antibody (e.g., a human antibody or other antibody comprising desired framework residues) with CDRs of a donor antibody (e.g., a non-human antibody). Acceptor antibodies may be selected based on similarity of framework residues between a candidate acceptor antibody and a donor antibody. For example, according to the Frankenstein approach, human framework regions are identified as having substantial sequence homology to each framework region of the relevant non-human antibody, and CDRs of the non-human antibody are grafted onto the composite of the different human framework regions. A related method also useful for preparation of antibodies of the invention is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0040606.
Grafting of abbreviated CDRs is a related approach. Abbreviated CDRs include the specificity-determining residues and adjacent amino acids, including those at positions 27d-34, 50-55 and 89-96 in the light chain, and at positions 31-35b, 50-58, and 95-101 in the heavy chain (numbering convention of (Kabat et al. (1987)). See (Padlan et al. (1995) FASEB J. 9: 133-9). Grafting of specificity-determining residues (SDRs) is premised on the understanding that the binding specificity and affinity of an antibody combining site is determined by the most highly variable residues within each of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs). Analysis of the three-dimensional structures of antibody-antigen complexes, combined with analysis of the available amino acid sequence data may be used to model sequence variability based on structural dissimilarity of amino acid residues that occur at each position within the CDR. SDRs are identified as minimally immunogenic polypeptide sequences consisting of contact residues. See Padlan et al. (1995) FASEB J. 9: 133-139.
Acceptor frameworks for grafting of CDRs or abbreviated CDRs may be further modified to introduce desired residues. For example, acceptor frameworks may comprise a heavy chain variable region of a human sub-group I consensus sequence, optionally with non-human donor residues at one or more of positions 1, 28, 48, 67, 69, 71, and 93. As another example, a human acceptor framework may comprise a light chain variable region of a human sub-group I consensus sequence, optionally with non-human donor residues at one or more of positions 2, 3, 4, 37, 38, 45 and 60. Following grafting, additional changes may be made in the donor and/or acceptor sequences to optimize antibody binding and functionality. See e.g., PCT International Publication No. WO 91/09967.
Human frameworks of a heavy chain variable region that may be used to prepare humanized anti-RAGE antibodies include framework residues of DP-75, DP54, DP-54 FW VH 3 JH4, DP-54 VH3 3-07, DP-8 (VH1-2), DP-25, VI-2b and VI-3 (VH1-03), DP-15 and V1-8 (VH1-08), DP-14 and V1-18 (VH1-18), DP-5 and V1-24P (VH1-24), DP-4 (VH1-45), DP-7 (VH1-46), DP-10, DA-6 and YAC-7 (VH1-69), DP-88 (VH1-e), DP-3, and DA-8 (VH1-f).
Human frameworks of a light chain variable region that may be used to prepare humanized anti-RAGE antibodies include framework residues of human germ line clone DPK24, DPK-12, DPK-9 Vk1, DPK-9 Jk4, DPK9 Vk1 02, and germ line clone subgroups VκIII and VκI. The following mutations of a DPK24 germ line may increase antibody expression: F10S, T45K, 163S, Y67S, F73L, and T77S.
Representative humanized anti-RAGE antibodies of the invention include antibodies having one or more CDRs of a variable region amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:16-27. For example, humanized anti-RAGE antibodies may comprise two or more CDRs selected from CDRs of a heavy chain variable region of any one of SEQ ID NOs:16, 18, 21, 24, 20, and 26, or a light chain variable region of any one of SEQ ID NOs:17, 19, 22, 25, 23, and 27. Humanized anti-RAGE antibodies may also comprise a heavy chain comprising a variable region having two or three CDRs of any one of SEQ ID NOs:16, 18, 21, 24, 20, and 26, and a light chain comprising a variable region having two or three CDRs of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 17, 19, 22, 25, 23, and 27.
Humanized anti-RAGE antibodies of the invention may be constructed wherein the variable region of a first chain (i.e., the light chain variable region or the heavy chain variable region) is humanized, and wherein the variable region of the second chain is not humanized (i.e., a variable region of an antibody produced in a non-human species). These antibodies are a type of humanized antibody referred to as semi-humanized antibodies.
The constant regions of chimeric and humanized anti-RAGE antibodies may be derived from constant regions of any one of IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM, and any isotypes thereof (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 isotypes of IgG). The amino acid sequences of many antibody constant regions are known. The choice of a human isotype and modification of particular amino acids in the isotype may enhance or eliminate activation of host defense mechanisms and alter antibody biodistribution. See (Reff et al. (2002) Cancer Control 9: 152-66). For cloning of sequences encoding immunoglobulin constant regions, intronic sequences may be deleted.
Chimeric and humanized anti-RAGE antibodies may be constructed using standard techniques known in the art. For example, variable regions may be prepared by annealing together overlapping oligonucleotides encoding the variable regions and ligating them into an expression vector containing a human antibody constant region. See e.g., Harlow & Lane (1988) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,196,265; 4,946,778; 5,091,513; 5,132,405; 5,260,203; 5,677,427; 5,892,019; 5,985,279; 6,054,561. Tetravalent antibodies (H4L4) comprising two intact tetrameric antibodies, including homodimers and heterodimers, may be prepared, for example, as described in PCT International Publication No. WO 02/096948. Antibody dimers may also be prepared via introduction of cysteine residue(s) in the antibody constant region, which promote interchain disulfide bond formation, by use of heterobifunctional cross-linkers (Wolff et al. (1993) Cancer Res. 53: 2560-5), or by recombinant production to include a dual constant region (Stevenson et al. (1989) Anticancer Drug Des. 3: 219-30). Antigen-binding fragments of antibodies of the invention may be prepared, for example, by expression of truncated antibody sequences, or by post-translation digestion of full-length antibodies.
Variants of anti-RAGE antibodies of the invention may be readily prepared to include various changes, substitutions, insertions, and deletions. For example, antibody sequences may be optimized for codon usage in the cell type used for antibody expression. To increase the serum half life of the antibody, a salvage receptor binding epitope may be incorporated, if not present already, into the antibody heavy chain sequence. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,277. Additional modifications to enhance antibody stability include modification of IgG4 to replace the serine at residue 241 with proline. See Angal et al. (1993) Mol. Immunol. 30: 105-108. Other useful changes include substitutions as required to optimize efficiency in conjugating the antibody with a drug. For example, an antibody may be modified at its carboxyl terminus to include amino acids for drug attachment, for example one or more cysteine residues may be added. The constant regions may be modified to introduce sites for binding of carbohydrates or other moieties.
Additional antibody variants include glycosylation isoforms that result in improved functional properties. For example, modification of Fc glycosylation can result in altered effector functions, e.g., increased binding to Fc gamma receptors and improved ADCC and/or could decreased C1q binding and CDC (e.g., changing of Fc oligosaccharides from complex form to high-mannose or hybrid type may decrease C1q binding and CDC (see, e.g., Kanda et al., Glycobiology, 2007:17:104-118)). Modification can be done by bioengineering bacteria, yeast, plant cells, insect cells, and mammalian cells; it can also be done by manipulating protein or natural product glycosylation pathways in genetically engineered organisms. Glycosylation can also be altered by exploiting the liberality with which sugar-attaching enzymes (glycosyltransferases) tolerate a wide range of different substrates. Finally, one of skill in the art can glycosylate proteins and natural products through a variety of chemical approaches: with small molecules, enzymes, protein ligation, metabolic bioengineering, or total synthesis. Examples of suitable small molecule inhibitors of N-glycan processing include, Castanospermine (CS), Kifunensine (KF), Deoxymannojirimycin (DMJ), Swainsonine (Sw), Monensin (Mn).
Variants of anti-RAGE antibodies of the invention may be produced using standard recombinant techniques, including site-directed mutagenesis, or recombination cloning. A diversified repertoire of anti-RAGE antibodies may be prepared via gene arrangement and gene conversion methods in transgenic non-human animals (U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0017534), which are then tested for relevant activities using functional assays. In particular embodiments of the invention, variants are obtained using an affinity maturation protocol for mutating CDRs (Yang et al. (1995) J. Mol. Biol. 254: 392-403), chain shuffling (Marks et al. (1992) Biotechnology (NY) 10: 779-783), use of mutator strains of E. coli (Low et al. (1996) J. Mol. Biol. 260: 359-368), DNA shuffling (Patten et al. (1997) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 8: 724-733), phage display (Thompson et al. (1996) J. Mol. Biol. 256: 77-88), and sexual PCR (Crameri et al. (1998) Nature 391: 288-291). For immunotherapy applications, relevant functional assays include specific binding to human RAGE antigen, antibody internalization, and targeting to a tumor site(s) when administered to a tumor-bearing animal, as described herein below.
The present invention further provides cells and cell lines expressing anti-RAGE antibodies of the invention. Representative host cells include mammalian and human cells, such as CHO cells, HEK-293 cells, HeLa cells, CV-1 cells, and COS cells. Methods for generating a stable cell line following transformation of a heterologous construct into a host cell are known in the art. Representative non-mammalian host cells include insect cells (Potter et al. (1993) Int. Rev. Immunol. 10(2-3):103-112). Antibodies may also be produced in transgenic animals (Houdebine (2002) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 13(6):625-629) and transgenic plants (Schillberg et al. (2003) Cell Mol. Life Sci. 60(3):433-45).
As discussed above, monoclonal, chimeric and humanized antibodies, which have been modified by, e.g., deleting, adding, or substituting other portions of the antibody, e.g., the constant region, are also within the scope of the invention. For example, an antibody can be modified as follows: (i) by deleting the constant region; (ii) by replacing the constant region with another constant region, e.g., a constant region meant to increase half-life, stability or affinity of the antibody, or a constant region from another species or antibody class; or (iii) by modifying one or more amino acids in the constant region to alter, for example, the number of glycosylation sites, effector cell function, Fc receptor (FcR) binding, complement fixation, among others.
Methods for altering an antibody constant region are known in the art. Antibodies with altered function, e.g. altered affinity for an effector ligand, such as FcR on a cell, or the C1 component of complement can be produced by replacing at least one amino acid residue in the constant portion of the antibody with a different residue (see e.g., EP 388,151 A1, U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,821 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,260, the contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference). Similar type of alterations could be described which if applied to the murine, or other species immunoglobulin would reduce or eliminate these functions.
For example, it is possible to alter the affinity of an Fc region of an antibody (e.g., an IgG, such as a human IgG) for an FcR (e.g., FcγR1), or for C1q binding by replacing the specified residue(s) with a residue(s) having an appropriate functionality on its side chain, or by introducing a charged functional group, such as glutamate or aspartate, or perhaps an aromatic non-polar residue such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan or alanine (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,821).
The antibody or binding fragment thereof may be conjugated with a cytotoxin, a therapeutic agent, or a radioactive metal ion. In one embodiment, the protein that is conjugated is an antibody or fragment thereof. A cytotoxin or cytotoxic agent includes any agent that is detrimental to cells. Non-limiting examples include, calicheamicin, taxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, puromycin, and analogs, or homologs thereof. Therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, and 5-fluorouracil decarbazine), alkylating agents (e.g., mechlorethamine, thioepa chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine (BSNU) and lomustine (CCNU), cyclothosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol, streptozotocin, mitomycin C, and cis-dichlorodiamine platinum (II) (DDP), cisplatin), anthracyclines (e.g., daunorubicin and doxorubicin), antibiotics (e.g., dactinomycin, bleomycin, mithramycin, and anthramycin), and anti-mitotic agents (e.g., vincristine and vinblastine). Techniques for conjugating such moieties to proteins are well known in the art.
Alternatively, it is now possible to produce transgenic animals (e.g., mice) that are capable, upon immunization, of producing a full repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production. For example, it has been described that the homogeneous deletion of the antibody heavy-chain joining region (JM) gene in chimeric and germ-line mutant mice results in complete inhibition of endogenous antibody production. Transfer of the human germ-line immunoglobulin gene array in such germ-line mutant mice will result in the production of human antibodies upon antigen challenge. See, e.g., Jackobovits et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:2551 (1993); Jakobovits et al., Nature, 362:255-258 (1993); Bruggermann et al., Year in Immune, 7:33 (1983); and Duchosal et al. Nature 355:258 (1992). Human antibodies can also be derived from phage-display libraries (Hoogenboom et al., J. Mol. Biol. 227:381 (1991); Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581-597 (1991); Vaughan et al. Nature Biotech 14:309 (1996)).
In certain embodiments, antibodies of the present invention can be administered in combination with other agents as part of a combinatorial therapy. For example, in the case of inflammatory conditions, the subject antibodies can be administered in combination with one or more other agents useful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases or conditions. In the case of cardiovascular disease conditions, and particularly those arising from atherosclerotic plaques, which are thought to have a substantial inflammatory component, the subject antibodies can be administered in combination with one or more other agents useful in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In the case of cancer, the subject antibodies can be administered in combination with one or more anti-angiogenic factors, chemotherapeutics, or as an adjuvant to radiotherapy. It is further envisioned that the administration of the subject antibodies will serve as part of a cancer treatment regimen that may combine many different cancer therapeutic agents. In the case of IBD, the subject antibodies can be administered with one or more anti-inflammatory agents, and may additionally be combined with a modified dietary regimen.
Methods for Inhibiting an Interaction Between a RAGE-LBE and a RAGE-BP
The invention includes methods for inhibiting the interaction between RAGE and a RAGE-BP, or modulating RAGE activity. Preferably, such methods are used for treating RAGE-associated disorders.
Such methods may comprise administering an antibody raised to RAGE as disclosed herein. Such methods comprise administering an antibody that binds specifically to one or more epitopes of a RAGE protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, or SEQ ID NO:13. In yet another embodiment, such methods comprise administering a compound that inhibits the binding of RAGE to one or more RAGE-BPs. Exemplary methods of identifying such compounds are discussed below.
In certain embodiments, the interaction is inhibited in vitro, such as in a reaction mixture comprising purified proteins, cells, biological samples, tissues, artificial tissues, etc. In certain embodiments, the interaction is inhibited in vivo, for example, by administering an antibody that binds to RAGE or a RAGE-binding fragment thereof. The antibody or fragment thereof bind to RAGE and inhibit binding of a RAGE-BP.
The invention includes methods for preventing or treating a RAGE related disorder by inhibiting the interaction between RAGE and a RAGE-BP, or modulating RAGE activity. Such methods include administering an antibody to RAGE in an amount effective to inhibit the interaction and for a time sufficient to prevent or treat said disorder.
Nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides and polymers thereof in single-stranded, double-stranded, or triplexed form. Unless specifically limited, nucleic acids may contain known analogues of natural nucleotides that have similar properties as the reference natural nucleic acid. Nucleic acids include genes, cDNAs, mRNAs, and cRNAs. Nucleic acids may be synthesized, or may be derived from any biological source, including any organism.
Representative nucleic acids of the invention comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding RAGE shown in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 8, 10, 12, corresponding to disclosed cDNAs encoding RAGE of baboon, cynomologus monkey, and rabbit, or shown in SEQ ID NO: 15, corresponding to a genomic DNA sequence encoding baboon RAGE. Nucleic acids of the invention also comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding any of the antibody variable region amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 16-49.
Nucleic acids of the invention may also comprise a nucleotide sequence that is substantially identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 8, 10, 12, and 15, including nucleotide sequences that are at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 8, 10, 12, and 15.
Nucleic acids of the invention may also comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding a RAGE protein having an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to any of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 9, 11, and 13, including nucleotide sequences that are at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9% identical to any one of in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 9, 11, and 13.
Nucleic acids of the invention may also comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding an anti-RAGE antibody variable region having an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to any of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 16-49, including a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 16-49.
Sequences are compared for maximum correspondence using a sequence comparison algorithm using the full-length variable region encoding sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 16-49, a nucleotide sequence encoding a full length variable region having any one of the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 16-49 as the query sequence, as described herein below, or by visual inspection.
Substantially identical sequences may be polymorphic sequences, i.e., alternative sequences or alleles in a population. An allelic difference may be as small as one base pair. Substantially identical sequences may also comprise mutagenized sequences, including sequences comprising silent mutations. A mutation may comprise one or more residue changes, a deletion of one or more residues, or an insertion of one or more additional residues.
Substantially identical nucleic acids are also identified as nucleic acids that hybridize specifically to or hybridize substantially to the full length of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 8, 10, 12, or 15, or to the full length of any nucleotide sequence encoding a RAGE amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 9, 11, and 13, or encoding an antibody variable region amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOs: 16-49, under stringent conditions. In the context of nucleic acid hybridization, two nucleic acid sequences being compared may be designated a probe and a target. A probe is a reference nucleic acid molecule, and a target is a test nucleic acid molecule, often found within a heterogeneous population of nucleic acid molecules. A target sequence is synonymous with a test sequence.
For hybridization studies, useful probes are complementary to or mimic at least about 14 to 40 nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. Preferably, probes comprise 14 to 20 nucleotides, or even longer where desired, such as 30, 40, 50, 60, 100, 200, 300, or 500 nucleotides or up to the full length of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 8, 10, 12, or 15, or to the full length of any nucleotide sequence encoding a RAGE amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 9, 11, and 13, or encoding an antibody variable region amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOs: 16-49. Such fragments may be readily prepared, for example, by chemical synthesis of the fragment, by application of nucleic acid amplification technology, or by introducing selected sequences into recombinant vectors for recombinant production.
Specific hybridization refers to the binding, duplexing, or hybridizing of a molecule only to a particular nucleotide sequence under stringent conditions when that sequence is present in a complex nucleic acid mixture (e.g., total cellular DNA or RNA). Specific hybridization may accommodate mismatches between the probe and the target sequence depending on the stringency of the hybridization conditions.
Stringent hybridization conditions and stringent hybridization wash conditions in the context of nucleic acid hybridization experiments such as Southern and Northern blot analysis are both sequence- and environment-dependent. Longer sequences hybridize specifically at higher temperatures. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen (1993) Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes, part I chapter 2, Elsevier, New York, N.Y. Generally, highly stringent hybridization and wash conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. Typically, under stringent conditions a probe will hybridize specifically to its target subsequence, but to no other sequences.
The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. Very stringent conditions are selected to be equal to the Tm for a particular probe. An example of stringent hybridization conditions for Southern or Northern Blot analysis of complementary nucleic acids having more than about 100 complementary residues is overnight hybridization in 50% formamide with 1 mg of heparin at 42° C. An example of highly stringent wash conditions is 15 minutes in 0.1×SSC at 65° C. An example of stringent wash conditions is 15 minutes in 0.2×SSC buffer at 65° C. See Sambrook et al., eds (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., for a description of SSC buffer. Often, a high stringency wash is preceded by a low stringency wash to remove background probe signal. An example of medium stringency wash conditions for a duplex of more than about 100 nucleotides, is 15 minutes in 1×SSC at 45° C. An example of low stringency wash for a duplex of more than about 100 nucleotides, is 15 minutes in 4× to 6×SSC at 40° C. For short probes (e.g., about 10 to 50 nucleotides), stringent conditions typically involve salt concentrations of less than about 1M Na+ ion, typically about 0.01 to 1M Na+ ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0-8.3, and the temperature is typically at least about 30° C. Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. In general, a signal to noise ratio of 2-fold (or higher) than that observed for an unrelated probe in the particular hybridization assay indicates detection of a specific hybridization.
The following are examples of hybridization and wash conditions that may be used to identify nucleotide sequences that are substantially identical to reference nucleotide sequences of the present invention: a probe nucleotide sequence preferably hybridizes to a target nucleotide sequence in 7% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), 0.5M NaPO4, 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. followed by washing in 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C.; more preferably, a probe and target sequence hybridize in 7% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), 0.5M NaPO4, 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. followed by washing in 1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C.; more preferably, a probe and target sequence hybridize in 7% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), 0.5M NaPO4, 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. followed by washing in 0.5×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C.; more preferably, a probe and target sequence hybridize in 7% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), 0.5M NaPO4, 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. followed by washing in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C.; more preferably, a probe and target sequence hybridize in 7% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), 0.5M NaPO4, 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. followed by washing in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C.
A further indication that two nucleic acid sequences are substantially identical is that proteins encoded by the nucleic acids are substantially identical, share an overall three-dimensional structure, or are biologically functional equivalents. These terms are defined further herein below. Nucleic acid molecules that do not hybridize to each other under stringent conditions are still substantially identical if the corresponding proteins are substantially identical. This may occur, for example, when two nucleotide sequences comprise conservatively substituted variants as permitted by the genetic code.
Conservatively substituted variants are nucleic acid sequences having degenerate codon substitutions wherein the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and/or deoxyinosine residues. See Batzer et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19:5081; Ohtsuka et al. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260:2605-2608; and Rossolini et al. (1994) Mol. Cell Probes 8:91-98.
Nucleic acids of the invention also comprise nucleic acids complementary to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 8, 10, 12, or 15, or nucleotide sequences encoding a RAGE amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 9, 11, and 13, or encoding an antibody variable region amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOs: 16-49, and complementary sequences thereof. Complementary sequences are two nucleotide sequences that comprise antiparallel nucleotide sequences capable of pairing with one another upon formation of hydrogen bonds between base pairs. As used herein, the term complementary sequences means nucleotide sequences which are substantially complementary, as may be assessed by the same nucleotide comparison methods set forth below, or is defined as being capable of hybridizing to the nucleic acid segment in question under relatively stringent conditions such as those described herein. A particular example of a complementary nucleic acid segment is an antisense oligonucleotide.
A subsequence is a sequence of nucleic acids that comprises a part of a longer nucleic acid sequence. An exemplary subsequence is a probe, described herein above, or a primer. The term primer as used herein refers to a contiguous sequence comprising about 8 or more deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides, preferably 10-20 nucleotides, and more preferably 20-30 nucleotides of a selected nucleic acid molecule. The primers of the invention encompass oligonucleotides of sufficient length and appropriate sequence so as to provide initiation of polymerization on a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention.
An elongated sequence comprises additional nucleotides (or other analogous molecules) incorporated into the nucleic acid. For example, a polymerase (e.g., a DNA polymerase) may add sequences at the 3′ terminus of the nucleic acid molecule. In addition, the nucleotide sequence may be combined with other DNA sequences, such as promoters, promoter regions, enhancers, polyadenylation signals, intronic sequences, additional restriction enzyme sites, multiple cloning sites, and other coding segments. Thus, the invention also provides vectors comprising the disclosed nucleic acids, including vectors for recombinant expression, wherein a nucleic acid of the invention is operatively linked to a functional promoter. When operatively linked to a nucleic acid, a promoter is in functional combination with the nucleic acid such that the transcription of the nucleic acid is controlled and regulated by the promoter region. Vectors refer to nucleic acids capable of replication in a host cell, such as plasmids, cosmids, and viral vectors.
Nucleic acids of the present invention may be cloned, synthesized, altered, mutagenized, or combinations thereof. Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used to isolate nucleic acids are known in the art. Site-specific mutagenesis to create base pair changes, deletions, or small insertions is also known in the art. See e.g., Sambrook et al. (eds.) (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Silhavy et al. (1984) Experiments with Gene Fusions. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Glover & Hames (1995) DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach, 2nd ed. IRL Press at Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York; Ausubel (ed.) (1995) Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 3rd ed. Wiley, New York.
The invention relates to and includes methods of treating RAGE-related or RAGE-associated disorders. RAGE-related disorders may be characterized generally as including any disorder in which an affected cell exhibits elevated expression of RAGE or one or more RAGE ligands. RAGE-related disorders may also be characterized as any disorder that is treatable (i.e., one or more symptoms may be eliminated or ameliorated) by a decrease in RAGE function. For example, RAGE function can be decreased by administration of an agent that disrupts the interaction between RAGE and a RAGE-BP, such as an antibody to RAGE.
The increased expression of RAGE is associated with several pathological states, such as diabetic vasculopathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and other disorders, including immune/inflammatory reactions of blood vessel walls and sepsis. RAGE ligands are produced in tissue affected with many inflammatory disorders, including arthritis (such as rheumatoid arthritis). In diabetic tissues, the production of RAGE is thought to be caused by the overproduction of advanced glycation endproducts. This results in oxidative stress and endothelial cell dysfunction that leads to vascular disease in diabetics.
The invention includes a method of treating inflammation and diseases or conditions characterized by activation of the inflammatory cytokine cascade in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of an anti-RAGE antibody or a RAGE-binding fragment thereof and/or a composition (e.g., pharmaceutical composition) comprising an anti-RAGE antibody or a RAGE-binding fragment thereof. For example, the S100/calgranulins have been shown to comprise a family of closely related calcium-binding polypeptides characterized by two EF-hand regions linked by a connecting peptide (e.g., see Schafer et al., 1996, TIBS, 21:134-140; Zimmer et al., 1995, Brain Res. Bull., 37:417-429; Rammes et al., 1997, J. Biol. Chem., 272:9496-9502; Lugering et al., 1995, Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 25:659-664). Although they lack signal peptides, it has long been known that S100/calgranulins gain access to the extracellular space, especially at sites of chronic immune/inflammatory responses, as in cystic fibrosis and rheumatoid arthritis. RAGE is a receptor for many members of the S100/calgranulin family, mediating their proinflammatory effects on cells such as lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes. Also, studies on delayed-type hypersensitivity response, colitis in IL-10 null mice, collagen-induced arthritis, and experimental autoimmune encephalitis models suggest that RAGE-ligand interaction (presumably with S-100/calgranulins) has a proximal role in the inflammatory cascade. An inflammatory condition that is suitable for the methods of treatment described herein can be one in which the inflammatory cytokine cascade is activated.
The inflammatory cytokine cascade may cause a systemic reaction, as occurs with septic shock. The anti-RAGE antibodies and RAGE-binding fragments thereof of the invention can be used to treat sepsis, septic shock, and systemic listeriosis. Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to infection, and is associated with organ dysfunction, hypoperfusion, or hypotension. In septic shock, a severe form of sepsis, hypotension is induced despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Listeriosis is a serious infection caused by eating food contaminated with the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. RAGE has been shown to mediate the lethal effects of septic shock (Liliensek et al., 2004, 113:11641-50). Sepsis has a complex physiology, defined by systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction, including abnormalities in body temperature; cardiovascular parameters and leukocyte count; elevated liver enzymes and altered cerebral function. The response in sepsis is to an infection or stimulus that becomes amplified and dysregulated. The murine CLP model of sepsis results in a polymicrobial infection, with abdominal abscess and bacteremia, and recreates the hemodynamic and metabolic phases observed in human disease. Experimental results obtained with the murine CLP model of sepsis described herein show that RAGE plays an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. The data also demonstrates that administration of an anti-RAGE antibody that binds specifically to RAGE at the time of surgery, as well as up to 36 hours after the surgery, provides significant therapeutic protection to the mice, as evidenced by increased survival and improved pathology scores. Antibodies used for the treatment of sepsis, listeriosis, and other RAGE-related diseases can be antibodies that bind to the V domain of RAGE and prevent a RAGE ligand or binding partner from binding to the RAGE protein.
The inflammatory condition that is treated or prevented by the antibodies and methods of the invention may be mediated by a localized inflammatory cytokine cascade, as in rheumatoid arthritis. Nonlimiting examples of inflammatory conditions that can be usefully treated using anti-RAGE antibodies and RAGE-binding fragments thereof and/or compositions of the present invention include, e.g., diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract and associated tissues (such as ileus, appendicitis, peptic, gastric and duodenal ulcers, peritonitis, pancreatitis, ulcerative, pseudomembranous, acute and ischemic colitis, diverticulitis, epiglottitis, achalasia, cholangitis, cholecystitis, coeliac disease, hepatitis, Crohn's disease, enteritis, and Whipple's disease); systemic or local inflammatory diseases and conditions (such as asthma, allergy, anaphylactic shock, immune complex disease, organ ischemia, reperfusion injury, organ necrosis, hay fever, sepsis, septicemia, endotoxic shock, cachexia, hyperpyrexia, eosinophilic granuloma, granulomatosis, and sarcoidosis); diseases involving the urogenital system and associated tissues (such as septic abortion, epididymitis, vaginitis, prostatitis, and urethritis); diseases involving the respiratory system and associated tissues (such as bronchitis, emphysema, rhinitis, cystic fibrosis, pneumonitis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, pneumoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, alvealitis, bronchiolitis, pharyngitis, pleurisy, and sinusitis); diseases arising from infection by various viruses (such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and herpes), bacteria (such as disseminated bacteremia, Dengue fever), fingi (such as candidiasis) and protozoal and multicellular parasites (such as malaria, filariasis, amebiasis, and hydatid cysts); dermatological diseases and conditions of the skin (such as burns, dermatitis, dermatomyositis, sunburn, urticaria warts, and wheals); diseases involving the cardiovascular system and associated tissues (such as stenosis, restenosis, vasulitis, angiitis, endocarditis, arteritis, atherosclerosis, thrombophlebitis, pericarditis, congestive heart failure, myocarditis, myocardial ischemia, periarteritis nodosa, and rheumatic fever); diseases involving the central or peripheral nervous system and associated tissues (such as meningitis, encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, cerebral infarction, cerebral embolism, Guillame-Barre syndrome, neuritis, neuralgia, spinal cord injury, paralysis, and uveitis); diseases of the bones, joints, muscles and connective tissues (such as the various arthritides and arthralgias, osteomyelitis, fasciitis, Paget's disease, gout, periodontal disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and synovitis); other autoimmune and inflammatory disorders (such as myasthenia gravis, thryoiditis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Goodpasture's syndrome, Behcets's syndrome, allograft rejection, graft-versus-host disease, Type I diabetes, ankylosing spondylitis, Berger's disease, and Retier's syndrome); as well as various cancers, tumors and proliferative disorders (such as Hodgkins disease); and, in any case the inflammatory or immune host response to any primary disease.
Anti-RAGE antibodies and RAGE-binding fragments thereof of the invention can be used to treat cancer. Tumor cells evince an increased expression of a RAGE ligand, particularly amphoterin, a high mobility group I nonhistone chromosomal DNA binding protein (Rauvala et al., J. Biol. Chem., 262:16625-16635 (1987); Parkikinen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 268:19726-19738 (1993)) which has been shown to interact with RAGE. Amphoterin promotes neurite outgrowth, as well as serving as a surface for assembly of protease complexes in the fibrinolytic system (also known to contribute to cell mobility). indicating that cancers are also a RAGE-related disorder. The oxidative effects and other aspects of chronic inflammation also have a contributory effect to the genesis of certain tumors. For example, In addition, a local tumor growth inhibitory effect of blocking RAGE has been observed in a primary tumor model (C6 glioma), the Lewis lung metastasis model (Taguchi et al., 2000, Nature 405:354-360), and spontaneously arising papillomas in mice expressing the v-Ha-ras transgene (Leder et al., 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 87:9178-9182).
Antibodies or binding fragments thereof of the invention can be used to treat or prevent diabetes, complications of diabetes, and pathological conditions associated with diabetes. It has been shown that nonenzymatic glycoxidation of macromolecules ultimately resulting in the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) is enhanced at sites of inflammation, in renal failure, in the presence of hyperglycemia and other conditions associated with systemic or local oxidant stress (Dyer et al., J. Clin. Invest., 91:2463-2469 (1993); Reddy et al., Biochem., 34:10872-10878 (1995); Dyer et al., J. Biol. Chem., 266:11654-11660 (1991); Degenhardt et al., Cell Mol. Biol., 44:1139-1145 (1998)). Accumulation of AGEs in the vasculature can occur focally, as in the joint amyloid composed of AGE-β2-microglobulin found in patients with dialysis-related amyloidosis (Miyata et al., J. Clin. Invest., 92:1243-1252 (1993); Miyata et al., J. Clin. Invest., 98:1088-1094 (1996)), or generally, as exemplified by the vasculature and tissues of patients with diabetes (Schmidt et al., Nature Med., 1:1002-1004 (1995)). The progressive accumulation of AGEs over time in patients with diabetes suggests that endogenous clearance mechanisms are not able to function effectively at sites of AGE deposition. Such accumulated AGEs have the capacity to alter cellular properties by a number of mechanisms. Although RAGE is expressed at low levels in normal tissues and vasculature, in an environment where the receptor's ligands accumulate, it has been shown that RAGE becomes upregulated (Li et al., J. Biol. Chem., 272:16498-16506 (1997); Li et al., J. Biol. Chem., 273:30870-30878 (1998); Tanaka et al., J. Biol. Chem., 275:25781-25790 (2000)). RAGE expression is increased in endothelium, smooth muscle cells and infiltrating mononuclear phagocytes in diabetic vasculature. Also, studies in cell culture have demonstrated that AGE-RAGE interaction caused changes in cellular properties important in vascular homeostasis.
Anti-RAGE antibodies or binding fragments thereof can also be used to treat erectile dysfunction. RAGE activation produces oxidants via an NADH oxidase-like enzyme, therefore suppressing the circulation of nitric oxide, which is the principle stimulator of cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation that results in penile erection. By inhibiting the activation of RAGE signaling pathways, generation of oxidants is attenuated.
Antibodies or binding fragments thereof of the invention can be used to treat or prevent atherosclerosis. It has been shown that ischemic heart disease is particularly high in patients with diabetes (Robertson, et al., Lab Invest, 18:538-551 (1968); Kannel et al., J. Am. Med. Assoc., 241:2035-2038 (1979); Kannel et al., Diab. Care, 2:120-126 (1979)). In addition, studies have shown that atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes is more accelerated and extensive than in patients not suffering from diabetes (see e.g. Wailer et at., Am. J. Med. 69:498-506 (1980); Crall et. al., Am. J. Med. 64:221-230 (1978); Hamby et. al., Chest. 2:251-257 (1976); and Pyorala et al., Diaib. Metab. Rev., 3:463-524 (1987)). Although the reasons for accelerated atherosclerosis in the setting of diabetes are many, it his been shown that reduction of AGEs can reduce plaque formation.
Accordingly, the list of RAGE-related disorders that may be treated or prevented with an inventive composition include: acute inflammatory diseases (such as sepsis), shock (e.g., septic shock, hemorrhagic shock), chronic inflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis, osteoarthritis, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, lupus, systemic lupus nephritis, and inflammatory lupus nephritis, and other autoimmune diseases), cardiovascular diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis, stroke, fragile plaque disorder, angina and restenosis), diabetes (and particularly cardiovascular diseases in diabetics), complications of diabetes, erectile dysfunction, cancers (e.g., lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, human pancreatic cancer, renal cell carcinoma melanoma), vasculitis and other vasculitis syndromes such as necrotizing vasculitides, nephropathies, retinopathies, and neuropathies.
The invention provides for the administration of anti-RAGE antibodies and RAGE-binding fragments in vivo. The subject antibodies may be administered as pharmaceutical compositions, and may also be administered with one or more additional agents. The administration of the subject antibodies can be part of a therapeutic regimen to treat a particular condition. Conditions that can be treated by administration of either the antibodies alone, or by administration of the subject antibodies in combination with other agents, include RAGE-associated disorders. By way of example, RAGE-associated disorders include, but are not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, vasculitis and other vasculitis syndromes such as necrotizing vasculitides, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, complications of diabetes such as diabetic retinopathy, autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis and lupus. RAGE-associated disorders further include acute inflammatory diseases (e.g., sepsis), chronic inflammatory diseases, and other conditions that are aggravated by inflammation (i.e., the symptoms of which may be ameliorated by decreasing inflammation).
Methods of administration of the antibody based compositions can be by any of a number of methods well known in the art. These methods include local or systemic administration and further include intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, oral, and intranasal routes of administration, including use of a nebulizer and inhalation. In addition, it may be desirable to introduce the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention into the central nervous system by any suitable route, including intraventricular and intrathecal injection. Intraventricular injection may be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir. Methods of introduction may also be provided by rechargeable or biodegradable devices, e.g., depots. Furthermore, it is contemplated that administration may occur by coating a device, implant, stent, or prosthetic.
For example, cartilage severely damaged by conditions of the joints such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis can be replaced, in whole or in part, by various prosthetics. A variety of suitable transplantable materials exist including those based on collagen-glycosaminoglycan templates (Stone et al. (1990) Clin. Orthop. Relat. Red. 252: 129), isolated chondrocytes (Grande et al. (1989) J Orthop Res 7: 208; and Taligawa et al. (1987) Bone Miner 2: 449), and chondrocytes attached to natural or synthetic polymers (Walitani et al. (1989) J Bone Jt Surg 71B: 74; Vacanti et al. (1991) Plast Reconstr Surg 88: 753; von Schroeder et al. (1991) J Biomed Mater Res 25:329; Freed et al. (1993) J Biomed Mater Res 27: 11; and the Vacanti et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,138). For example, chondrocytes can be grown in culture on biodegradable, biocompatible highly porous scaffolds formed from polymers such as polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, agarose gel, or other polymers that degrade over time as a function of hydrolysis of the polymer backbone into innocuous monomers. The matrices are designed to allow adequate nutrient and gas exchange to the cells until engraftment occurs. The cells can be cultured in vitro until adequate cell volume and density has developed for the cells to be implanted. One advantage of the matrices is that they can be cast or molded into a desired shape on an individual basis, so that the final product closely resembles the patient's own ear or nose (by way of example), or flexible matrices can be used which allow for manipulation at the time of implantation, as in a joint.
These and other implants and prosthetics can be treated with and used to administer the subject antibodies or binding fragments thereof. For example, a composition including the antibody or binding fragment can be applied to or coated on the implant or prosthetic. In this way, the antibodies or fragments thereof can be administered directly to the specific affected tissue (e.g., to the damaged joint).
The subject antibodies can be administered as part of a combinatorial therapy with other agents. Combination therapy refers to any form of administration in combination of two or more different therapeutic compounds such that the second compound is administered while the previously administered therapeutic compound is still effective in the body (e.g., the two compounds are simultaneously effective in the patient, which may include synergistic effects of the two compounds). For example, the different therapeutic compounds can be administered either in the same formulation or in a separate formulation, either concomitantly or sequentially. Thus, an individual who receives such treatment can have a combined (conjoint) effect of different therapeutic compounds.
For example, in the case of inflammatory conditions, the subject antibodies can be administered in combination with one or more other agents useful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases or conditions. Agents useful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, anti-inflammatory agents, or antiphlogistics. Antiphlogistics include, for example, glucocorticoids, such as cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, fluorcortolone, triamcinolone, methylprednisolone, prednylidene, paramethasone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, beclomethasone, fluprednylidene, desoxymethasone, fluocinolone, flunethasone, diflucortolone, clocortolone, clobetasol and fluocortin butyl ester; immunosuppressive agents such as anti-TNF agents (e.g., etanercept, infliximab) and IL-1 inhibitors; penicillamine; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which encompass anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic drugs such as salicyclic acid, celecoxib, difunisal and from substituted phenylacetic acid salts or 2phenylpropionic acid salts, such as alclofenac, ibutenac, ibuprofen, clindanac, fenclorac, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, indoprofen, fenclofenac, diclofenac, flurbiprofen, piprofen, naproxen, benoxaprofen, carprofen and cicloprofen; oxican derivatives, such as piroxican; anthranilic acid derivatives, such as mefenamic acid, flufenamic acid, tolfenamic acid and meclofenamic acid, anilino-substituted nicotinic acid derivatives, such as the fenamates miflumic acid, clonixin and flunixin; heteroarylacetic acids wherein heteroaryl is a 2-indol-3-yl or pyrrol-2-yl group, such as indomethacin, oxmetacin, intrazol, acemetazin, cinmetacin, zomepirac, tolmetin, colpirac and tiaprofenic acid; idenylacetic acid of the sulindac type; analgesically active heteroaryloxyacetic acids, such as benzadac; phenylbutazone; etodolac; nabunetone; and disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate, gold salts, hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, ciclosporin, azathioprine, and leflunomide.
Other therapeutics useful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases or conditions include antioxidants. Antioxidants may be natural or synthetic. Antioxidants are, for example, superoxide dismutase (SOD), 21-aminosteroids/aminochromans, vitamin C or E, etc. Many other antioxidants are well known to those of skill in the art.
The subject antibodies may serve as part of a treatment regimen for an inflammatory condition, which may combine many different anti-inflammatory agents. For example, the subject antibodies may be administered in combination with one or more of an NSAID, DMARD, or immunosuppressant. In one embodiment of the application, the subject antibodies or fragments thereof may be administered in combination with methotrexate. In another embodiment, the subject subject antibodies may be administered in combination with a TNF-α inhibitor.
In the case of cardiovascular disease conditions, and particularly those arising from atherosclerotic plaques, which are thought to have a substantial inflammatory component, the subject antibodies can be administered in combination with one or more other agents useful in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Agents useful in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases include, but are not limited to, β-blockers such as carvedilol, metoprolol, bucindolol, bisoprolol, atenolol, propranolol, nadolol, timolol, pindolol, and labetalol; antiplatelet agents such as aspirin and ticlopidine; inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) such as captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, benazopril, fosinopril, quinapril, ramipril, spirapril, and moexipril; and lipid-lowering agents such as mevastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin.
In the case of cancer, the subject antibodies can be administered in combination with one or more anti-angiogenic factors, chemotherapeutics, or as an adjuvant to radiotherapy. It is further envisioned that the administration of the subject antibodies will serve as part of a cancer treatment regimen, which may combine many different cancer therapeutic agents. Antibodies or binding fragments thereof may be linked or coupled to a cytotoxin or radiotherapeutics to kill cancer cells expressing RAGE. Such antibodies or fragments thereof may be administered to a patient such that the antibody will bind to cancer cells expressing RAGE. In the case of IBD, the subject antibodies can be administered with one or more anti-inflammatory agents, and may additionally be combined with a modified dietary regimen.
For the treatment of sepsis and sepsis-related disorders or conditions such as septic shock, as well as for the treatment of systemic listeriosis, anti-RAGE antibodies of the invention can be administered in combination with other agents and therapeutic regimens to treat sepsis and sepsis-related disorders or conditions, or to treat systemic listeriosis. For example, sepsis or listeriosis can be treated by administering the subject antibodies in combination with antibiotics and/or other pharmaceutical compositions that are the standard of care for the particular symptoms and state of the patient.
In one aspect, the present invention also provides a method for inhibiting the interaction of an AGE with RAGE in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound identified by the methods of the invention. A therapeutically effective amount is an amount that is capable of preventing interaction of AGE/RAGE in a subject. Accordingly, the amount will vary with the subject being treated. Administration of the compound may be hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly or a single event. For example, the effective amount of the compound may comprise from about 1 μg/kg body weight to about 100 mg/kg body weight. In one embodiment, the effective amount of the compound comprises from about 1 μg/kg body weight to about 50 mg/kg body weight. In a further embodiment, the effective amount of the compound comprises from about 10 μg/kg body weight to about 10 mg/kg body weight. The actual effective amount will be established by dose/response assays using methods standard in the art (Johnson et al., Diabetes. 42:1179, (1993)). Thus, as is known to those in the art, the effective amount will depend on bioavailability, bioactivity, and biodegradability of the compound.
For example, the anti-RAGE antibodies and compositions of the invention are administered to a patient in need thereof in an amount sufficient to inhibit release of proinflammatory cytokine from a cell and/or to treat an inflammatory condition. The invention includes inhibiting release of a proinflammatory cytokine by at least 10%, 20%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 80%, 90%, or 95%, as assessed using methods described herein or other methods known in the art.
In an embodiment, the subject is an animal. In an embodiment, the subject is a human. In an embodiment, the subject is suffering from an AGE-related disease such as diabetes, amyloidoses, renal failure, aging, or inflammation. In another embodiment, the subject comprises an individual with Alzheimer's disease. In an alternative embodiment, the subject comprises an individual with cancer. In yet another embodiment, the subject comprises an individual with systemic lupus erythmetosis, or inflammatory lupus nephritis.
The subject antibodies or binding fragments thereof can be administered in a dose of from about 1 μg/kg body weight to about 100 mg/kg body weight. In one embodiment, the effective amount of the compound comprises from about 1 μg/kg body weight to about 50 mg/kg body weight. The length frequency of treatment will depend upon inter alia the particular disease state as well as the state of the patient.
Biomarkers that measure sepsis disease activity, such as CRP, IL-6, pro-calcitonin, pro-adrenomedullin, and coagulation parameters (D-dimer, PAI-1 levels, protein-C, fibrinogen) can be monitored to characterize subjects with regard to disease state and potential and actual response to treatment with ant-RAGE antibodies of the invention.
In addition, soluble RAGE (sRAGE) is found in plasma as either a secreted form or a cleaved form from the cell membrane. An assay for measuring plasma levels of sRAGE has been developed and can also be used to characterize the subjects. Since the antibodies of the invention binds to sRAGE, the presence of sRAGE in the patient's plasma may influence the pharmacodynamics of treatment with antibodies of the invention, if the sRAGE is present in concentrations close to the concentrations of the antibody.
Drug Screening Assays
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides assays for identifying test antibodies that inhibit the binding of a RAGE-BP (e.g., HMGB1, AGE, Aβ, SAA, S100, amphoterin, S100P, S100A, S100A4, A100A8, S100A9, CRP, β2-integrin, Mac-1, and p150,95) to a receptor polypeptide (e.g., RAGE or RAGE-LBE, as described above).
In certain embodiments, the assays detect test antibodies that modulate the signaling activities of the RAGE receptor induced by a RAGE-BP selected from the group consisting of HMGB1, AGE, Aβ, SAA, S100, amphoterin, S100P, S100A, S100A4, A100A8, S100A9, CRP, β2-integrin, Mac-1, and p150,95. Such signaling activities include, but are not limited to, binding to other cellular components, activating enzymes such as mitogen-activated protein kineses (MAPKs), activating NF-κB transcriptional activity, and the like.
The above-noted RAGE binding proteins are relevant to signaling pathways involved in cell growth and proliferation, including cancerous cell growth. For example, S100P is a member of the S100 family of calcium binding proteins (>20 members) and is a 95 amino acid protein first isolated from placenta. S100P is expressed and secreted by >90% of all pancreatic tumors and expression increases with progression of pancreatic cancer. S100P is also expressed in lung, breast, prostate and colon cancer, expression in colon cell lines is correlated with resistance to chemotherapy and in lung cancer, high expression of S100P indicates poor prognosis. Gene transfer or extra-cellular addition of S100P increases tumor cell proliferation, motility, invasion and survival of cells in vitro and tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, while silencing of S100P expression results in a decrease of proliferation and metastasis. The only known receptor for S100P is RAGE, expression of which has been correlated with the invasion and metastasis of gastric carcinoma and glioma. Inhibitors of RAGE abrogate the effects of S100P-RAGE interaction on cell signaling, proliferation and survival and an inhibitory protein derived from amphoterin acts as an antagonist for the S100P-RAGE interaction. Anti-RAGE antibodies and the expression of dominant negative RAGE inhibit the effects of S100P.
A variety of assay formats will suffice and, in light of the present disclosure, those not expressly described herein will nevertheless be comprehended by one of ordinary skill in the art. Assay formats which approximate such conditions as formation of protein complexes, enzymatic activity, may be generated in many different forms, and include assays based on cell-free systems, e.g., purified proteins or cell lysates, as well as cell-based assays which utilize intact cells. Simple binding assays can be used to detect compounds that inhibit the interaction between a RAGE BP (e.g., HMGB1, AGE, Aβ, SAA, S100, amphoterin, S100P, S100A, S100A4, A100A8, S100A9, CRP, β2-integrin, Mac-1, and p150,95) and a receptor polypeptide (e.g., RAGE or RAGE-LBE). Compounds to be tested can be produced, for example, by bacteria, yeast or other organisms (e.g., natural products), produced chemically (e.g., small molecules, including peptidonimetics), or produced recombinantly.
In many embodiments, a cell is manipulated after incubation with a candidate compound and assayed for signaling activities of the RAGE receptor induced by a RAGE-BP (e.g., HMGB1, AGE, Aβ, SAM, S100, amphoterin, S100P, S100A, S100A4, A100A8, S100A9, CRP, β2-integrin, Mac-1, and p150,95). In certain embodiments, bioassays for such activities may include NF-κB activity assays (e.g., NF-κB luciferase or GFP reporter gene assays).
Exemplary NF-κB luciferase or GFP reporter gene assays may be carried out as described by Shona et al. (2002) FEBS Letters. 515: 119-126. Briefly, cells expressing RAGE receptor or a variant thereof are transfected with an NF-κB-luciferase reporter gene. The transfected cells are then incubated with a candidate compound. Subsequently, NF-κB-stimulated luciferase activity is measured in cells treated with the compound or without the compound. Alternatively, cells can be transfected with an NF-κB-GFP reporter gene (Stratagene). The transfected cells are then incubated with a candidate compound. Subsequently, NF-κB-stimulated gene activity are monitored by measuring GFP expression with a fluorescence/visible light microscope set-up or by FACS analysis.
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides reconstituted protein so preparations including a receptor polypeptide (e.g., RAGE or RAGE-LBE), and one or more RAGE-BPs (e.g., HMGB1, AGE, Aβ, SAM, S100, amphoterin, S100P, S100A, S100A4, A100A8, S100A9, CRP, β2-integrin, Mac-1, and p150,95). Assays of the present invention include labeled in vitro protein-protein binding assays, immunoassays for protein binding, and the like. The purified protein may also be used for determination of three-dimensional crystal structure, which can be used for modeling intermolecular interactions. The purified antibody may also be used for determination of three-dimensional crystal structure, which can be used for modeling intermolecular interactions.
In certain embodiments of the present assays, a RAGE-BP polypeptide (e.g., HMGB1, AGE, Aβ, SAA, S100, amphoterin, S100P, S100A, S100A4, A100A8, S100A9, CRP, β2-integrin, Mac-1, and p150,95) or a receptor polypeptide (e.g., RAGE) can be endogenous to the cell selected to support the assays. Alternatively, a RAGE-BP polypeptide or a receptor polypeptide (e.g., RAGE or RAGE-LBE) can be derived from exogenous sources. For instance, polypeptides can be introduced into the cell by recombinant techniques (such as through the use of an expression vector), as well as by microinjecting the polypeptide itself or mRNA encoding the polypeptide.
In further embodiments of the assays, a complex between a RAGE-BP and a receptor polypeptide can be generated in whole cells, taking advantage of cell culture techniques to support the subject assays. For example, as described below, a complex can be constituted in a eukaryotic cell culture system, including mammalian and yeast cells. Advantages to generating the subject assays in an intact cell include the ability to detect compounds that are functional in an environment more closely analogous to that for therapeutic use of the compounds. Furthermore, certain of the in vivo embodiments of the assay, such as examples given below, are amenable to high through-put analysis of candidate compounds.
In certain in vitro embodiments of the present assay, a reconstituted complex comprises a reconstituted mixture of at least semi-purified proteins. By semi-purified, it is meant that the proteins utilized in the reconstituted mixture have been previously separated from other cellular proteins. For instance, in contrast to cell lysates, proteins involved in the complex formation are present in the mixture to at least 50% purity relative to all other proteins in the mixture, in one embodiment are present at 90-95% purity, and in a further embodiment are present at 95-99% purity. In certain embodiments of the subject method, the reconstituted protein mixture is derived by mixing highly purified proteins such that the reconstituted mixture substantially lacks other proteins (such as of cellular origin) that might interfere with or otherwise alter the ability to measure the complex assembly and/or disassembly.
In certain embodiments, assaying in the presence and absence of a candidate compound, can be accomplished in any vessel suitable for containing the reactants. Examples include microtitre plates, test tubes and micro-centrifuge tubes.
In certain embodiments, drug screening assays can be generated which detect test antibodies on the basis of their ability to interfere with assembly, stability or function of a complex between a RAGE-BP (e.g., HMGB1, AGE, Aβ, SAA, S100, amphoterin, S100P, S100A, S100A4, A100A8, S100A9, CRP, β2-integrin, Mac-1, and p150,95) and a receptor polypeptide (e.g., RAGE or RAGE-LBE). In an exemplary binding assay, the compound of interest is contacted with a mixture comprising a RAGE-LBE polypeptide and a RAGE-BP such as HMGB1, AGE, Aβ, SAA, S100, amphoterin, S100P, S100A, S100A4, A100A8, S100A9, CRP, β2-integrin, Mac-1, and p150,95. Detection and quantification of the complex provide a means for determining the compound's efficacy at inhibiting interaction between the two components of the complex. The efficacy of the compound can be assessed by generating dose response curves from data obtained using various concentrations of the test antibody. Moreover, a control assay can also be performed to provide a baseline for comparison. In the control assay, the formation of complexes is quantitated in the absence of the test antibody.
In certain embodiments, association between the two polypeptides in a complex (e.g., a RAGE-BP and a receptor polypeptide), may be detected by a variety of techniques, many of which are effectively described above. For instance, modulation in the formation of complexes can be quantitated using, for example, detectably labeled proteins (e.g., radiolabeled, fluorescently labeled, or enzymatically labeled), by immunoassay, by two-hybrid assay, or by chromatographic detection. Surface plasmon resonance systems, such as those available from Biacore International AB (Uppsala, Sweden), may also be used to detect protein-protein interaction.
In certain embodiments, one polypeptide in a complex comprising a RAGE BP and a receptor polypeptide, can be immobilized to facilitate separation of the complex from uncomplexed forms of the other polypeptide, as well as to accommodate automation of the assay. In an illustrative embodiment, an antibody can be provided which adds a domain that permits the antibody to be bound to an insoluble matrix. For example, an antibody can be absorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo.) or glutathione derivatized microtitre plates, or directly or indirectly attached to magnetic beads, which are then combined with a potential interacting protein (e.g., an 35S-labeled S100 polypeptide, or other labeled RAGE-BP), and the test antibody are incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation. Following incubation, the beads are washed to remove any unbound interacting antibody, and the matrix bead-bound radiolabel determined directly (e.g., beads placed in scintillant), or in the supernatant after the complexes are dissociated, e.g., when microtitre plate is used. Alternatively, after washing away unbound antibody, the complexes can be dissociated frown the matrix, separated by SDS-PAGE gel, and the level of interacting polypeptide found in the matrix-bound fraction quantitated from the gel using standard electrophoretic techniques.
In another embodiment, a two-hybrid assay (also referred to as an interaction trap assay) can be used for detecting the interaction of two polypeptides in the complex of RAGE-LBE and RAGE-BP (see also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,317; Zervos et al. (1993) Cell 72: 223-232; Madura et al. (1993) J Biol Chem 268: 12046-12054; Bartel et al. (1993) Biotechniques 14: 920-924; and Iwabuchi et al. (1993) Oncogene 8: 1693-1696), and for subsequently detecting test antibodies which inhibit binding between a RAGE-LBE and a RAGE-BP polypeptide. This assay includes providing a host cell, for example, a yeast cell (preferred), a mammalian cell or a bacterial cell type. The host cell contains a reporter gene having a binding site for the DNA-binding domain of a transcriptional activator used in the bait protein, such that the reporter gene expresses a detectable gene product when the gene is transcriptionally activated. A first chimeric gene is provided which is capable of being expressed in the host cell, and encodes a “bait” polypeptide. A second chimeric gene is also provided which is capable of being expressed in the host cell, and encodes the “fish” polypeptide. In one embodiment, both the first and the second chimeric genes are introduced into the host cell in the form of plasmids. Preferably, however, the first chimeric gene is present in a chromosome of the host cell and the second chimeric gene is introduced into the host cell as part of a plasmid.
In certain embodiments, the invention provides a two-hybrid assay to identify test antibodies that inhibit the binding of a RAGE-BP polypeptide (e.g., HMGB1, AGE, Aβ, SAA, S100, amphoterin, S100P, S100A, S100A4, A100A8, S100A9, CRP, β2-integrin, Mac-1, and p150,95) and a receptor polypeptide (e.g., RAGE or RAGE-LBE). To illustrate, a “bait” polypeptide comprising a receptor polypeptide and a “fish” polypeptide comprising a RAGE-BP polypeptide (such as HMGB1, AGE, Aβ, SAM, S100, amphoterin, S100P, S100A, S100A4, A100A8, S100A9, CRP, β2-integrin, Mac-1, and p150,95), are introduced in the host cell. In one embodiment, the bait comprises the V-domain of human or murine RAGE, or a sequence with 80 to 99% identity to the V-domain of human or murine RAGE that can still bind RAGE-BP. Cells are subjected to conditions under which the bait and fish polypeptides are expressed in sufficient quantity for the reporter gene to be activated.
The interaction of the two fusion polypeptides results in a detectable signal produced by the expression of the reporter gene. Accordingly, the level of interaction between the two polypeptides in the presence of a test antibody and in the absence of the test antibody can be evaluated by detecting the level of expression of the reporter gene in each case. Various reporter constructs may be used in accord with the methods of the invention and include, for example, reporter genes which produce such detectable signals as selected front the group consisting of an enzymatic signal, a fluorescent signal, a phosphorescent signal and drug resistance.
In many drug screening programs that test libraries of compounds and natural extracts, high throughput assays are desirable in order to maximize the number of compounds surveyed in a given period of time. Assays of the present invention which are performed in cell-free systems, such as may be developed with purified or semi-purified proteins or with lysates, are often preferred as “primary” screens in that they can be generated to permit rapid development and relatively easy detection of an alteration in a molecular target which is mediated by a test antibody. Moreover, the effects of cellular toxicity and/or bioavailability of the test antibody can be generally ignored in the in vitro system, the assay instead being focused primarily on the effect of the drug on the molecular target as may be manifest in an alteration of binding affinity with other proteins or changes in enzymatic properties of the molecular target.
In certain embodiments, a complex formation between a RAGE-BP and a receptor may be assessed by immunoprecipitation and analysis of co-immunoprecipitated proteins or affinity purification and analysis of co-purified proteins. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-based assays may also be used to determine such complex formation. Fluorescent molecules having the proper emission and excitation spectra that are brought into close proximity with one another can exhibit FRET. The fluorescent molecules are chosen such that the emission spectrum of one of the molecules (the donor molecule) overlaps with the excitation spectrum of the other molecule (the acceptor molecule). The donor molecule is excited by light of appropriate intensity within the donor's excitation spectrum. The donor then emits the absorbed energy as fluorescent light. The fluorescent energy it produces is quenched by the acceptor molecule. FRET can be manifested as a reduction in the intensity of the fluorescent signal from the donor, reduction in the lifetime of its excited state, and/or re-emission of fluorescent light at the longer wavelengths (lower energies) characteristic of the acceptor. When the fluorescent proteins physically separate, FRET effects are diminished or eliminated (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,200).
The occurrence of FRET also causes the fluorescence lifetime of the donor fluorescent moiety to decrease. This change in fluorescence lifetime can be measured using a technique termed fluorescence lifetime imaging technology (FLIM) (Verveer et al. (2000) Science 290: 1567-1570, Squire et al. (1999) J: Microsc. 193: 36; Verveer et al. (2000) Biophys. J. 78: 2127). Global analysis techniques for analyzing FLIM data have been developed. These algorithms use the understanding that the donor fluorescent moiety exists in only a limited number of states each with a distinct fluorescence lifetime. Quantitative maps of each state can be generated on a pixel-by-pixel basis.
To perform FRET-based assays, a RAGE-BP polypeptide (e.g., HMGB1, AGE, Aβ, SAA, S100, amphoterin, SLOOP, S100A, S100A4, A100A8, S100A9, CRP, β2-integrin, Mac-1, and p150,95) and a receptor polypeptide (e.g., RAGE or RAGE-LBE) are both fluorescently labeled. Suitable fluorescent labels are well known in the art. Examples are provided below, but suitable fluorescent labels not specifically discussed are also available to those of skill in the art and may be used. Fluorescent labeling may be accomplished by expressing a polypeptide as a polypeptide with a fluorescent protein, for example fluorescent proteins isolated from jellyfish, corals and other coelenterates. Exemplary fluorescent proteins include the many variants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) of Aequoria victoria. Variants may be brighter, dimmer, or have different excitation and/or emission spectra. Certain variants are altered such that they no longer appear green, and may appear blue, cyan, yellow or red (termed BFP, CFP, YFP, and REP, respectively). Fluorescent proteins may be stably attached to polypeptides through a variety of covalent and noncovalent linkages, including, for example, peptide bonds (e.g., expression as a fusion protein), chemical cross-linking and biotin-streptavidin coupling. For examples of fluorescent proteins, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,625,048, 5,777,079, 6,066,476, and 6,124,128, Prasher et al. (1992) Gene, 111: 229-233; Reign et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 91: 12501-04; Ward et al. (1982) Photochem. Photobiol., 35: 803-808; Levine et al. (1982) Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 72B: 77-g5; Tersikh et al. (2000) Science 290: 1585-88.
FRET-based assays may be used in cell-based assays and in cell-free assays. FRET-based assays are amenable to high-throughput screening methods including Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting and fluorescent scanning of microtiter arrays.
In general, where a screening assay is a binding assay (whether protein-protein binding, compound-protein binding, etc.), one or more of the molecules may be coupled or linked to a label, where the label can directly or indirectly provide a detectable signal. Various labels include radioisotopes, fluorescers, chemiluminescers, enzymes, specific binding molecules, particles, e.g., magnetic particles, and the like. Specific binding molecules include pairs, such as biotin and streptavidin, digoxin and antidigoxin, etc. For the specific binding members, the complementary member would normally be labeled with a molecule that provides for detection, in accordance with known procedures.
A variety of other reagents may be included in the screening assay. These include reagents like salts, neutral proteins, e.g., albumin, detergents, etc that are used to facilitate optimal protein-protein binding and/or reduce nonspecific or battleground interactions. Reagents that improve the efficiency of the assay, such as protease inhibitors, nuclease inhibitors, anti-microbial compounds, etc. may be used. The mixture of components are added in any order that provides for the requisite binding. Incubations are performed at any suitable temperature, typically between 4° C. and 40° C. Incubation periods are selected for optimum activity, but may also be optimized to facilitate rapid high-throughput screening.
In certain embodiments, the invention provides complex-independent assays. Such assays comprise identifying a test antibody that is a candidate inhibitor of the binding of a RAGE-BP to a receptor polypeptide (e.g., RAGE or RAGE-LBE).
In an exemplary embodiment, a compound that binds to a receptor polypeptide may be identified by using an receptor RAGE-LBE polypeptide. In an illustrative embodiment, a RAGE-LBE can be provided which adds an additional domain that permits the protein to be bound to an insoluble matrix. For example, a RAGE-LBE fused with a GST protein can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo.) or glutathione derivatized microtitre plates, which are then combined with a potential labeled binding compound and incubated under conditions conducive to binding. Following incubation, the beads are washed to remove any unbound compound, and the matrix bead-bound label determined directly, or in the supernatant after the bound compound is dissociated.
In certain embodiments, a label can directly or indirectly provide a detectable signal. Various labels include radioisotopes, fluorescers, chemiluminescers, enzymes, specific binding molecules, particles, e.g., magnetic particles, and the like. Specific binding molecules include pairs, such as biotin and streptavidin, digoxin and antidigoxin etc. For the specific binding members, the complementary member would normally be labeled with a molecule that provides for detection, in accordance with known procedures. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise forming the mixture in vitro. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise cell-based assays by forming the mixture in vivo. In certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting a cell that expresses a receptor polypeptide (e.g., RAGE or RAGE-LBE) or a variant thereof with the test antibody.
In certain embodiments, assays are based on cell-free systems, e.g., purified proteins or cell lysates, as well as cell-based assays that utilize intact cells. Simple binding assays can be used to detect compounds that interact with the receptor polypeptide. Compounds to be tested can be produced, for example, by bacteria, yeast or other organisms (e.g., natural products), produced chemically (e.g., small molecules, including peptidomimetics), or produced recombinantly.
Optionally, test antibodies identified from these assays may be used to treat RAGE-associated disorders.
The subject proteins or nucleic acids of the present invention are most preferably administered in the form of appropriate compositions. As appropriate compositions there may be cited all compositions usually employed for systemically or locally administering drugs. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier should be substantially inert, so as not to act with the active component. Suitable inert carriers include water, alcohol, polyethylene glycol, mineral oil or petroleum gel, propylene glycol, phosphate buffer saline (PBS), baceriostatic water for injection (BWFI), sterile water for injection (SWFI), and the like. Said pharmaceutical preparations (including the subject antibodies or nucleic acids encoding the subject antibodies) may be formulated for administration in any convenient way for use in human or veterinary medicine.
Thus, another aspect of the present invention provides pharmaceutically acceptable compositions comprising an effective amount of an antibody, formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (additives) and/or diluents. As described in detail below, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be specially formulated for administration in solid or liquid form, including those adapted for the following: (1) oral administration, for example, drenches (aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions), tablets, boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to the tongue; (2) parenteral administration, for example, by subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection as, for example, a sterile solution or suspension; (3) topical application, for example, as a cream, ointment or spray applied to the skin; or (4) intravaginally or intrarectally, for example, as a pessary, cream or foam. However, in certain embodiments the subject agents may be simply dissolved or suspended in sterile water. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparation is non-pyrogenic, i.e., does not elevate the body temperature of a patient. Parenteral administration, in particular subcutaneous and intravenous injection, is the preferred route of administration.
In certain embodiments, one or more agents may contain a basic functional group, such as amino or alkylamino, and are, therefore, capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable acids. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” in this respect, refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or by separately reacting a purified compound of the invention in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed. Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like. (See, for example, Berge et al. (1977) “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J. Pharm. Sci. 66: 1-19).
The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the agents include the conventional nontoxic salts or quaternary ammonium salts of the compounds, e.g., from non-toxic organic or inorganic acids. For example, such conventional nontoxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, palmitic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicyclic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isothionic, and the like.
In other cases, the one or more agents may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases. These salts can likewise be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically acceptable organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine. Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like. Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine and the like. (see, for example, Berge et al., supra)
Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.
Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like, (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palpitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like, and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric s acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
Formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginal and/or parenteral administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated, the particular mode of administration, etc. The amount of active ingredient that can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound that produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range frown about 1 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 5 percent to about 70 percent, most preferably from about 10 percent to about 30 percent.
Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association an agent with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association an agent of the present invention with liquid carriers, or timely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient. A compound of the present invention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.
In solid dosage forms of the invention for oral administration (capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules and the like), the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; and (10) coloring agents. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
The tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, such as dragees, capsules, pills and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions that can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use. These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. The active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.
Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.
Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the invention with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the agents.
Formulations of the present invention which are suitable for vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. The active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants that may be required.
The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.
Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound of the present invention to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the agents in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the agents across the slain. The rate of such flux can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.
Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, solutions and the like, are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more compounds of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.
Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers that may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents that delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of an agent, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the agent from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the agent then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered agent is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the agent in an oil vehicle.
Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of agent to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of agent release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the agent in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissue.
When the compounds of the present invention are administered as pharmaceuticals, to humans and animals, they can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5 to 90%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Apart from the above-described compositions, use may be made of covers, e.g., plasters, bandages, dressings, gauze pads and the like, containing an appropriate amount of a therapeutic. As described in detail above, therapeutic compositions may be administered/delivered on stems, devices, prosthetics, and implants.
The tissue sample for analysis is typically blood, plasma, serum, mucous fluid or cerebrospinal fluid from the patient. The sample is analyzed, for example, for levels or profiles of antibodies to RAGE peptide, e.g., levels or profiles of humanized antibodies. ELISA methods of detecting antibodies specific to RAGE are described in the Examples.
The antibody profile following passive immunization typically shows an immediate peak in antibody concentration followed by an exponential decay. Without a further dosage, the decay approaches pretreatment levels within a period of days to months depending on the half-life of the antibody administered.
In some methods, a baseline measurement of antibody to RAGE in the patient is made before administration, a second measurement is made soon thereafter to determine the peak antibody level, and one or more further measurements are made at intervals to monitor decay of antibody levels. When the level of antibody has declined to baseline or a predetermined percentage of the peak less baseline (e.g., 50%, 25% or 10%), administration of a further dosage of antibody is administered. In some methods, peak or subsequent measured levels less background are compared with reference levels previously determined to constitute a beneficial prophylactic or therapeutic treatment regime in other patients. If the measured antibody level is significantly less than a reference level (e.g., less than the mean minus one standard deviation of the reference value in population of patients benefiting from treatment) administration of an additional dosage of antibody is indicated.
The invention now being generally described, it will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples, which are included merely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the invention.
Preparation of RAGE Constructs
The amino acid sequences of murine RAGE (mRAGE, Genbank accession no. NP—031451; SEQ ID NO: 3) and human RAGE (hRAGE, Genbank accession no. NP—00127.1; SEQ ID NO: 1) are shown in FIG. 1A-1C. Full length cDNAs encoding mRAGE (accession no. NM—007425.1; SEQ ID NO: 4) and hRAGE (accession no. NM—001136; SEQ ID NO: 2) were inserted into the Adori1-2 expression vector, which comprises a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter driving expression of the cDNA sequences, and contains adenovirus elements for virus generation. A human RAGE-Fc fusion protein formed by appending amino acids 1-344 of human RAGE to the Fc domain of human IgG was prepared by expressing a DNA construct encoding the fusion protein in cultured cells using the Adori expression vector. A human RAGE V-region-Fc fusion protein formed by appending amino acids 1-118 of human RAGE to the Fc domain of human IgG was similarly prepared. Human and murine RAGE-strep tag fusion proteins formed by appending a streptavidin (strep) tag sequence (WSHPQFEK) (SEQ ID NO: 5) to amino acids 1-344 of human or murine RAGE, respectively, were prepared by expressing DNA constructs encoding the RAGE-strep tag fusion proteins, also using Adori expression vectors. All constructs were verified by extensive restriction digest analyses and by sequence analyses of cDNA inserts within the plasmids
Recombinant adenovirus (Ad5 E1a/E3 deleted) expressing the full-length RAGE, hRAGE-Fc, and hRAGE V-domain-Fc were generated by homologous recombination in a human embryonic kidney cell line 293 (HEK293) (ATCC, Rockland Md.). Recombinant adenovirus virus was isolated and subsequently amplified in HEK293 cells. The virus was released from infected HEK293 cells by three cycles of freeze thawing. The virus was further purified by two cesium chloride centrifugation gradients and dialyzed against phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.2 at 4° C. Following dialysis, glycerol was added to a concentration of 10% and the virus was stored at −80° C. until use. Viral constructs were characterized for infectivity (plaque forming units on 293 cells), PCR analysis of the virus, sequence analysis of the coding region, expression of the transgene, and endotoxin measurements.
Adori expression vectors containing DNA encoding human RAGE-Fc, human RAGE-V region-Fc, and human and murine RAGE-strep tag fusion proteins were stably transfected into Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells using lipofectin (Invitrogen). Stable transfectants were selected in 20 nM and 50 nM methotrexate. Conditioned media were harvested from individual clones and analyzed with the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting to confirm RAGE expression. (Kaufman, R. J., 1990, Methods in Enzymology, 185:537-66; Kaufman, R. J., 1990, Methods in Enzymology, 185:487-511; Pittman, D. D. et al., 1993, Methods in Enzymology, 222: 236-237).
CHO or transduced HEK 293 cells expressing soluble RAGE fusion proteins were cultured to harvest conditioned medium for protein purification. Proteins were purified with the use of indicated affinity-tag methods. Purified proteins were subjected to reducing and non-reducing SDS-PAGE, visualized by Coomassie Blue staining (Current Protocols in Protein Sciences, Wiley Interscience), and shown to be of the expected molecular weights.
Generation of Murine Anti-RAGE Monoclonal Antibodies
6-8 week old female BALB/c mice (Charles River, Andover, Mass.) were immunized subcutaneously with the use of a GeneGun device (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.). The pAdori expression vector containing cDNA encoding full-length human RAGE was pre-absorbed onto colloidal gold particles (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.) before subcutaneous administration. Mice were immunized with 3 ug of vector twice per week, for two weeks. Mice were bled one week after the last immunization and antibody titers were evaluated. The mouse with highest RAGE-antibody titer received one additional injection of 10 μg of recombinant human RAGE-strep protein three days before cell fusion.
Splenocytes were fused with mouse myeloma cells P3X63Ag8.653 (ATCC, Rockville, Md.) at a 4:1 ratio using 50% polyethylene glycol (MW 1500) (Roche Diagnostics Corp, Mannheim, Germany). After fusion, cells were seeded and cultured in 96-well plates at 1×105 cells/well in the RPMI1640 selection medium, containing 20% FBS, 5% Origen (IGEN International Inc. Gaithersburg, Md.), 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 10 mM HEPES and 1× hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.).
Generation of Rat Anti-RAGE Monoclonal Antibodies
LOU rats (Harlan, Harlan, Mass.) rats were immunized subcutaneously with the use of a GeneGun (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.). The pAdori expression vector containing cDNA encoding full-length murine RAGE was pre-absorbed onto colloidal gold particles (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.) before subcutaneous administration. Rats were immunized with 3 ug of vector once every two weeks for four times. Rats were bled one week after the last immunization and antibody titers were evaluated. The rat with highest RAGE-antibody titer received one additional injection of 10 μg of recombinant murine RAGE-strep protein three days before cell fusion.
Splenocytes were fused with mouse myeloma cells P3X63Ag8.653 (ATCC, Rockville, Md.) at a 4:1 ratio using 50% polyethylene glycol (MW 1500) (Roche Diagnostics Corp, Mannheim, Germany). After fusion, cells were seeded and cultured in 96-well plates at 1×105 cells/well in the RPMI1640 selection medium, containing 20% FBS, 5% Origen (IGEN International Inc. Gaithersburg Md.), 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 10 mM HEPES and 1× hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.).
Hybridoma Screening
Panels of rat anti-murine RAGE and murine anti-human RAGE mAbs were generated by cDNA immunization using the GeneGun, and the Adori expression plasmids expressing the full-length coding region of murine or human RAGE. Hybridoma supernatants were screened for binding to recombinant human or murine RAGE-Fc by ELISA and by FACS analysis on human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) transiently expressing RAGE. Positive supernatants were further tested for their ability to neutralize RAGE binding to the ligand HMGB1. Seven rat monoclonal antibodies (XT-M series) and seven mouse monoclonal antibodies (XT-H series) were identified. Selected hybridomas were subcloned four times by serial dilution and once by FACS sorting. Conditioned media were harvested from the stable hybridoma cultures and immunoglobulins were purified using Protein A antibody purification columns (Millipore Billerica, Mass.). The Ig class of each mAb was determined with a mouse mAb isotyping kit or rat mAb isotyping kit as indicated (IsoStrip; Boehringer Mannheim Corp.). The isotypes of the selected rat and mouse monoclonal antibodies are set forth in Table 1 (below).
Rat monoclonal Murine monoclonal
anti-muRAGE antibodies anti-huRAGE antibodies
Hybridoma Hybridoma
clones Mabs Ig isotypes clones Mabs Ig isotypes
1mRAGEP3/1* XT-M1 Rat IgG2a, k 1hRAGEP3/6* XT-H1 Mouse IgG1, k
1mRAGEP3/7 XT-M2 Rat IgG2b, k 1hRAGEP3/16* XT-H2 Mouse IgG1, k
1mRAGEP3/8 XT-M3 Rat IgG2a, k 1hRAGEP3/18 XT-H3 Mouse IgG1, k
1mRAGEP3/10* XT-M4 Rat IgG2b, k 1hRAGEP3/48 XT-H4 Mouse IgG1, k
1mRAGEP3/15 XT-M5 Rat IgG2a, k 1hRAGEP3/55* XT-H5 Mouse IgG1, k
1mRAGEP3/16 XT-M6 Rat IgG2b, k 1hRAGEP3/65 XT-H6 Mouse IgG1, k
FACS Analysis
Human 293 cells were infected with the human and murine RAGE adenovirus. Infected cells were suspended in PBS containing 1% BSA at a density of 4×104 cells/ml. Cells were incubated with 100 ul of sample (diluted immune sera, hybridoma supernatants or purified antibodies) for 30 min at 4° C. After washing, cells were incubated with PE-labeled goat, anti-mouse, IgG, F(ab′)2 (DAKO Corporation GlostrupDenmark) for 30 min at 4° C. in the dark. Cell-associated fluorescence signals were measured by a FACScan flow cytofluorometer (Becton Dickinson) using 5000 cells per treatment. Propidium iodide was used to identify dead cells, which were excluded from the analysis. The seven murine monoclonal antibodies XT-H1 to XT-H7 and the seven rat monoclonal antibodies XT-M1 to XT-M7 were shown by FACS analysis to bind to cell-surface hRAGE (Table 2).
ELISA Binding Assay
Antibodies were purified from hybridoma supernatants using standard procedures. Purified antibodies were evaluated for binding to soluble forms of RAGE with the use of ELISA. Ninety-six well plates (Corning, Corning, N.Y.) were coated with 100 ul of recombinant human RAGE-Fc or recombinant human RAGE V-region-Fc (1 μg/ml) and incubated overnight at 4° C. After washing and blocking with PBS containing 1% BSA and 0.05% Tween-20, 100 ul of sample (samples were in several forms: diluted immune serum, hybridoma supernatants, or purified antibodies, as indicated) was added and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. The plates were washed with PBS, pH 7.2 and bound anti-RAGE antibodies were detected with the use of peroxidase-conjugated goat, anti-mouse IgG (H+L) (IgG) (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) followed by incubation with the substrate TMB (BioFX Laboratories Owings Mills, Md. Laboratories). Absorbance values were determined at 450 nm in a spectrophotometer. The concentrations of monoclonal antibodies were determined with the use of peroxidase-labeled goat, anti-mouse IgG (Fcγ) (Pierce Rockford, Ill.) and a standard curve was generated by a purified, isotype-matched mouse IgG. ELISA results for the abilities of the seven murine antibodies XT-H1 to XT-H7 and the seven rat antibodies XT-M1 to XT-M7 to bind to hRAGE-Fc, hRAGE V-region-Fc, mRAGE-Fc, and mRAGE-strep, are summarized in Table 2. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, rat antibody XT-M4 and murine antibody XT-H2 both bind to human RAGE-Fc and to the V-domain of hRAGE. The EC50 values for binding of XT-M4 to human RAGE and to human RAGE V-domain were 300 pM and 100 pM, respectively. The EC50 values for binding of XT-H2 to human RAGE and human RAGE V-domain were 90 pM and 100 pM, respectively.
ELISA ELISA
FACS FACS ELISA ELISA mRAGE- hRAGE-
Mabs hRAGE-Fc mRAGE-Fc hRAGE-Fc mRAGE-Fc strep V-Fc (CM)
XT-H1 + + +++ − + −
XT-H2 + − +++ − − ++
XT-H3 + − +++ −
XT-H6 + − +++ − −
XT-H7 + − +++ − +/−
XT-M1 − + − +++ +++ +++
XT-M2 + + ++ + + +
XT-M3 + + −
XT-M5 − + −
XT-M7 + + ++ +++ +++ +++
RAGE Ligand and Antibody Competition ELISA Binding Assays
To determine whether RAGE monoclonal antibodies affect the binding of a RAGE ligand (HMGB1; Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) to RAGE, competition ELISA binding assays were performed. Ninety-six well plates were coated with 1 μg/ml of HMGB1 overnight at 4° C. Wells were washed and blocked as described above and exposed to 100 μl of pre-incubated mixtures of RAGE-Fc or TrkB-Fc (a non-specific Fc control), at 0.1 μg/ml, plus various forms of the indicated antibody preparation (dilutions of immune sera, hybridoma supernatants or purified antibodies) for 1 hour at room temperature. Plates were washed with PBS, pH 7.2 and ligand-bound recombinant human RAGE-Fc was detected with the use of peroxidase-conjugated goat, anti-human IgG (Fcγ) (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.), followed by incubation with the substrate TMB (BioFX Laboratories Owings Mills, Md. Laboratories Owings Mills, Md.). Binding of recombinant human RAGE-Fc to ligand without any antibodies or with diluted pre-immune serum was used as a control and defined as 100% binding. The abilities of the seven murine antibodies XT-H1 to XT-H7 and the seven rat antibodies XT-M1 to XT-M7 to block the binding of HMGB1 to hRAGE-Fc as determined by the competition ELISA binding assay are shown in Table 3. Table 3 also summarizes the abilities of murine antibodies XT-H1, XT-H2, and XT-H5 to block the binding to RAGE of a different ligand of hRAGE, amyloid β 1-42 peptide, and the abilities of rat antibodies XT-M1 to XT-M7 to block the binding of HMGB1 to murine RAGE-Fc, as determined by similar competition ELISA binding assays. As shown in FIG. 4, rat antibody XT-M4 and murine antibody XT-H2 both block the binding of HMGB1 to human RAGE.
RAGE ligand competition ELISA Antibody compe-
binding assays tition ELISA
hRAGE-Fc + binding assays
hRAGE-Fc + Aβ 1-42 mRAGE-Fc + ELISA hRAGE-
Mabs HMGB1 peptide HMGB1 V-Fc (CM)
XT-H1 − +
XT-H2 + +++
XT-H3 −
XT-H4 +/−
XT-M1 − − −
XT-M2 + + XT-H3 & XT-H7
XT-M3 − −
XT-M4 ++ + XT-H2 & XT-H7
A similar competition approach was used to determine the relative binding epitopes between pairs of antibodies. First, 1 μg/ml of recombinant human RAGE-Fc was coated on ninety six-well plates over night at 4° C. After washing and blocking (see above) wells were exposed to 100 μl of pre-incubated mixtures of biotinylated target antibody and dilutions of a competing antibody for 1 hour at room temperature. Bound biotinylated antibody was detected using peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin (Pierce, A similar competition approach was used to determine the relative binding epitopes between pairs of antibodies. First, 1 μg/ml of recombinant human RAGE-Fc was coated on ninety six-well plates over night at 4° C. After washing and blocking (see above) wells were exposed to 100 μl of pre-incubated mixtures of biotinylated target antibody and dilutions of a competing antibody for 1 hour at room temperature. Bound biotinylated antibody was detected using peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) followed by incubation with the substrate TMB (BioFX Laboratories Owings Mills, Md. Laboratories). Binding of biotinylated antibody to recombinant human RAGE-Fc without any competing antibodies was used as a control and defined as 100%. Results of competition ELISA binding assays analyzing the competition between rat and murine antibodies for binding to hRAGE are shown in Table 3. FIG. 5 present a graph of data from competition ELISA binding assays analyzing the competition between rat XT-M4 and antibodies XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H5, XT-M2, XT-M4, XT-M6, and XT-M7 for binding to hRAGE. The competition ELISA binding data shown in FIG. 5 demostrate that XT-M4 and XT-H2 bind to overlapping sites on human RAGE.
BIACORE™ Binding Assays of Binding of Murine and Rat Anti-RAGE Antibodies to Human and Murine RAGE-Fc
A. Binding to Human and Murine RAGE
The binding of selected murine and rat anti-RAGE antibodies to human and murine RAGE and to the V domains of human and murine RAGE was analyzed by BIACORE® direct binding assay. Assays were performed using human or murine RAGE-Fc coated on a CM5 chip at high density (2000 RU) using standard amine coupling. Solution of the anti-RAGE antibodies at two concentrations, 50 and 100 nm, were run over the immobilized RAGE-Fc proteins in duplicate. BIACORE™ technology utilizes changes in the refractive index at the surface layer upon binding of the anti-RAGE antibodies to the immobilized RAGE antigen. Binding is detected by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of laser light refracting from the surface. Results of the BIACORE™ direct binding assays are summarized in Table 4.
Rat anti-muRAGE Murine anti-huRAGE
antibodies antibodies
huRAGE- muRAGE- huRAGE- muRAGE-
Mabs Fc Fc Mabs Fc Fc
XT-M1 +++ XT-H1 +++ +/−
XT-M2 + ++ XT-H2 +++ −
XT-M3 XT-H3 + +
XT-M4 +++ +++ XT-H4 + +
XT-M5 XT-H5 ++ −
XT-M6 ++ +++ XT-H6 +++ −
The kinetic rate constants (ka and kd) and association and dissociation constants (Ka and Kd) for the binding of murine and rat anti-RAGE antibodies to human and murine RAGE were determined by BIACORE™ direct binding assay. Analysis of the signal kinetics data for on-rate and off-rate allows the discrimination between non-specific and specific interactions. Kinetic rate constants and equilibrium constants determined by the BIACORE™ direct binding assay for the binding of murine XT-H2 antibody and rat XT-M4 antibody to hRAGE-Fc are shown in Table 5.
Kinetic rate constants and equilibrium constants for binding to hRAGE-Fc
ka (1/Ms) kd (1/s) Ka (1/M) Kd (M) RMax X2
XT-H2 5.76 × 106 5.04 × 10−4 1.14 × 1010 8.76 × 10−11 55.7 2.68
XT-M4 1.16 × 106 1.16 × 10−3 1.00 × 109 9.95 × 10−10 89.9 14.3
B. Binding to the Human RAGE V-Domain
The kinetic rate constants and association and dissociation constants for the binding of murine and rat anti-RAGE antibodies to the human RAGE V-domain were also determined by BIACORE™ direct binding assay. Human RAGE V-domain-Fc was captured by anti-human Fc antibodies coated on a CM5 chip, and BIACORE™ direct binding assays of the binding of murine and rat anti-RAGE antibodies to the immobilized hRAGE V domain-Fc were performed as described above for assays of binding to full-length RAGE-Fc.
Amino Acid Sequences of Anti-RAGE Antibody Variable Regions
DNA sequences encoding the light and heavy chain variable regions of murine anti-RAGE antibodies XT-H1, XT-H2, XT-H3, XT-H5 and XT-H7, and of rat anti-RAGE antibody XT-M4 were cloned and sequenced, and the amino acid sequences of the variable regions were determined. The aligned amino acid sequences of the heavy chain variable regions of these six antibodies are shown in FIG. 6, and the aligned amino acid sequences of the light chain variable regions are shown in FIG. 7.
Isolation of Rabbit, Baboon, and Cynomologus Monkey cDNA Sequences Encoding RAGE
cDNA sequences encoding RAGE were isolated and cloned using standard reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. RNA was extracted and purified from lung tissue using Trizol (Gibco Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) via the manufacturer's protocol. mRNA was reverse transcribed to generate cDNA using TaqMan Reverse Transcription Reagent (Roche Applied Science Indianapolis, Ind.) and manufacturer's protocol. Cynomologus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and baboon (Papio cyanocephalus) RAGE sequences were amplified from cDNA using Invitrogen Taq DNA polymerase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad Calif.) and protocol and oligonucleotides (5′-GACCCTGGAAGGAAGCAGGATG (SEQ ID NO: 59) and 5′-GGATCTGTCTGTGGGCCCCTCAAGGCC) (SEQ ID NO: 60) that add SpeI and EcoRV restriction sites. PCR amplification products were digested with SpeI/EcoRV and cloned into the corresponding sites in the plasmid pAdori1-3. Rabbit RAGE was cloned using RT-PCR as described above using the oligonucleotides: 5′-ACTAGACTAGTCGGACCATGGCAGCAGGGGCAGCGGCCGGA (SEQ ID NO: 61) and 5′-ATAAGAATGCGGCCGCTAAACTATTCAGGGCTCTCCTGTACCGCTCTC (SEQ ID NO: 62) that add SpeI and NotI sites, and cloned into the corresponding sites in pAdori1-3. The nucleotide sequences of the cloned cDNA sequences encoding baboon, monkey, and two isoforms of rabbit RAGE in the resultant plasmids were determined. The nucleotide sequence encoding baboon RAGE is shown in FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO: 6), and the nucleotide sequence encoding cynomologus monkey RAGE is shown in FIG. 9 (SEQ ID NO: 8). The nucleotide sequences encoding two isoforms of rabbit RAGE are shown in FIG. 10 (SEQ ID NO:10) and FIG. 11 (SEQ ID NO:12).
Isolation of a Genomic DNA Sequence Encoding Baboon RAGE
A baboon genomic DNA sequence encoding RAGE was isolated using standard genomic cloning techniques (e.g., see Sambrook, J. et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., 1989, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). A baboon (Papio cyanocephalus) Lambda genomic library (Stratagene, La Jolla, C) in the Lambda DASH II vector was screened using 32P random primed human RAGE cDNA. Positive phage plaques were isolated and subjected to two additional rounds of screening to obtain single isolates. Lambda DNA was prepared, digested with NotI, and size fractionated to separate insert DNA from Lambda genomic arms, using common procedure. The NotI fragments were ligated into NotI-digested pBluescript SK+, and the insert was sequenced using RAGE specific primers. The clone that was obtained was designated clone 18.2. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned baboon genomic DNA encoding a baboon RAGE is shown in FIGS. 12A-12-E (SEQ ID NO: 15).
Chimeric XT-M4 Antibody
A chimeric XT-M4 was generated by fusing the light and heavy chain variable regions of rat anti-murine RAGE antibody XT-M4 to human kappa light chain and IgG1 heavy chain constant regions, respectively. To reduce the potential Fc-mediated effector activity of the antibody, chimeric mutations L234A and G237A were introduced into XT-M4 in the human IgG1 Fc region. The chimeric antibody is given molecule number XT-M4-A-1. The chimeric XT-M4 antibody contains 93.83% human amino acid sequence, and 6.18% rat amino acid sequence.
Assessing the Binding of Chimeric XT-M4 to RAGE
The abilities of chimeric antibody XT-M4 and selected rat and murine anti-RAGE antibodies to bind to human RAGE and RAGE of other species, and to block the binding of RAGE ligands was measured by ELISA and BIACORE™ binding assays.
A. Binding to Soluble Human RAGE Measured by BIACORE™ Binding Assay
The binding of chimeric antibody XT-M4, the parental rat antibody XT-M4, and murine antibodies XT-H2 and XT-H5 to soluble human RAGE (hRAGE-SA) was measured by BIACORE™ capture binding assay. The assays were performed by coating antibodies onto a CM5 BIA chip with 5000-7000 RU. Solutions of a purified soluble human streptavidin-tagged RAGE (hRAGE-SA) at concentrations of 100 nM, 50 nM, 25 nM, 12.5 nM, 6.25 nM, 3.12 nM, 1.56 nM and 0 nM were flowed over the immobilized antibodies in triplicate, and kinetic rate constants (ka and kd) and association and dissociation constants (Ka and Kd) for binding to hRAGE-SA were determined. The results are shown in Table 6.
Kinetic rate constants and equilibrium constants for binding to hRAGE-SA
XT-M4 3.78 × 106 1.86 × 10−2 2.03 × 108 4.92 × 10−9 61.5 0.563
chimeric 4.39 × 106 2.48 × 10−2 1.77 × 108 5.66 × 10−9 33.1 0.436
antibody XT-M4
XT-H2 1.10 × 106 1.16 × 10−3 9.48 × 108 1.06 × 10−9 48.1 2.7
XT-H5 1.66 × 106 4.51 × 10−3 3.69 × 108 2.71 × 10−9 24.5 0.996
The XT-M4 antibody and chimeric antibody XT-M4 bind to monomeric soluble human RAGE with similar kinetics. The affinity of chimeric XT-M4 for human soluble monomeric RAGE is approximately 5.5 nM.
B. RAGE Ligand Competition ELISA Binding Assay
The abilities of chimeric antibody XT-M4 antibody and rat antibody XT-M4 to block the binding of RAGE ligands HMGB1, amyloid β 1-42 peptide, S100-A, and S100-B to hRAGE-Fc were determined by ligand competition ELISA binding assay as described in Example 7. As shown in FIG. 13, chimeric antibody XT-M4 and XT-M4 are nearly identical in their abilities to block the binding of HMGB1, amyloid β 1-42 peptide, S100-A, and S100-B to human RAGE.
C. Antibody competition ELISA binding assay
The ability of chimeric antibody XT-M4 antibody to compete with rat antibody XT-M4 and murine antibody XT-H2 in binding to hRAGE-Fc was determined by antibody competition ELISA binding assay, using biotin-linked XT-M4 and XT-H2 antibodies, in the manner described in Example 7. As shown in FIG. 14, chimeric antibody XT-M4 competes with rat antibody XT-M4 and with murine antibody XT-H2 in binding to hRAGE-Fc.
Antibody Binding to RAGE of Different Species was Measured by Cell-Based ELISA
Cell Transfection
Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (American Tissue Type Culture, Manassas, Va.) cells were plated at 5×106 cells per 10 cm2 tissue culture plate and cultured overnight at 37° C. The next day cells were transfected with RAGE expression plasmids (pAdori1-3 vector encoding mouse, human, baboon, cynomologus monkey or rabbit RAGE) using LF2000 reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad Calif.) at a 4:1 ratio of reagent to plasmid DNA using the manufacturers protocol. Cells were harvested 48 hrs post-transfection using trypsin, washed once with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), then suspended in growth media without serum at a concentration of 2×106 cells/ml.
Cell-Based ELISA
Primary antibodies at 1 μg/ml were serially diluted at 1:2 or 1:3 in PBS containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a 96-well plate. RAGE-transfected 293 cells or control parental 293 cells (50 μl) at 2×106 cells/ml in serum-free growth medium were added to U-bottom 96 well plate for a final concentration of 1×105 cells/well. The cells were centrifuged at 1600 rpm for 2 minutes. The supernatants were gently discarded by hand with a one-time swing and the plate was patted gently to loose the cell pellet. The diluted primary anti-RAGE antibodies or isotype-matching control antibodies (100 μl) in cold PBS containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) were added to the cells and incubated on ice for 1 hour. The cells were stained with 100 μl of diluted secondary anti-IgG antibody HRP conjugates (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, Ill.) on ice for 1 hour. Following each step of primary antibody and secondary antibody incubations, the cells were washed 3 times with ice-cold PBS. 100 μl of substrate TMB1 component (BIO FX, TMBW-0100-01) was added to the plate and incubated for 5-30 minutes at room temperature. The color development was stopped by adding 100 μl of 0.18M H2SO4. The cells were centrifuged and the supernatants are transferred to a fresh plate and read at 450 nm (Soft MAX pro 4.0, Molecular Devices Corporation, Sunnyvale, Calif.).
The abilities of antibodies chimeric XT-M4 and XT-M4 to bind to human & baboon RAGE as determined by cell-based ELISA are shown in FIG. 14. The EC50 values for the binding of chimeric antibody XT-M4 and XT-M4 to cell surface human, baboon, monkey, mouse & rabbit RAGE expressed by 293 cells, as determined by cell-based ELISA, are shown in Table 7.
EC50 values for binding to RAGE
determined by cell-based ELISA
chimeric XT-M4 rat XT-M4
293-murine RAGE ˜1.5 nM ˜2.2 nM
293-human RAGE ˜0.8 nM ˜0.84 nM
293-cyno monkey RAGE ˜1.66 nM ˜2.33 nM
293-baboon RAGE ˜1.25 nM ˜1.33 nM
Binding to RAGE of Different Species—Determined by Immunohistochemical Staining
The abilities of the chimeric antibody XT-M4, the rat XT-M4 antibody, and murine antibodies XT-H1, XT-H2, and XT-H5 to bind to endogenous cell surface RAGE in lung tissue of human, cynomologus monkey, baboon, and rabbit were determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of lung tissue sections.
Stably transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were engineered to express murine and human RAGE full length proteins. The murine and human RAGE cDNAs were cloned into the mammalian expression vector, linearized and transfected into CHO cells using lipofectin (methods (Kaufman, R. J., 1990, Methods in Enzymology 185:537-66; Kaufman, R. J., 1990, Methods in Enzymology 185:487-511; Pittman, D. D. et al., 1993, Methods in Enzymology 222: 236). Cells were further selected in 20 nM methotrexate and cell extracts were harvested from individual clones and analyzed by SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting to confirm expression.
Immunohistochemistry for RAGE lung tissues isolated from baboon, cynomolgus monkey, rabbit or Chinese Hamster Ovary cells over-expressing human RAGE or control CHO cells were performed using standard techniques. RAGE antibodies and rat IgG2b isotype control or mouse isotype control were used at 1-15 mg. Chimeric XT-M4, XT-M4-hVH-V2.0-2 m/hVL-V2.10, XT-M4-hVH-V2.0-2 m/hVL-V2.11, XT-M4-hVH-V2.0-2 m/hVL-V2.14 were biotinalyted and Sigma IgG1 biotinalyted control antibody at 0.2, 1, 5 and 10 μg/ml was used. Following detection with HRP and Alexa Fluor 594, Alexa Fluor 488 or anti-biotin conjugated with FITC, sections were also stained with 4′-6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI).
FIG. 15 shows that the chimeric antibody XT-M4 binds to RAGE in lung tissues of cynomologus monkey, rabbit, and baboon. Positive IHC-staining patterns are visible in the samples in which RAGE-producing cells are contacted with chimeric XT-M4, but not in samples in which either RAGE or a RAGE-binding antibody are absent. FIG. 16 shows that the rat antibody XT-M4 binds to RAGE in normal human lung and lung of a human with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The binding of rat XT-M4 antibody and murine antibodies XT-H1, XT-H2, and XT-H5 to endogenous cell surface RAGE in septic baboon lung and normal cynomologus monkey lung, as determined by IHC staining of lung tissue sections, is summarized in Table 8. CHO cells stable transfected with an expression vector that expresses DNA encoding hRAGE is used as a positive control.
Binding to RAGE in non-human primate lung - assayed by IHC
hRAGE
Baboon lung (septic) Monkey lung (normal) CHO CHO
μg/ml 1 5 10 15 5 10 15 1 1
XT-M4 +++ +++ ++++ ++++ + ++ +++ −
XT-H1 ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++ +++ +++ −
XT-H2 − − + ++ − − +++ −
XT-H5 ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ − − +++ −
mRA109 − − − − − −
rSFR − − − − − −
Molecular Modeling for Humanizing Murine Anti-Human RAGE Antibody XT-H2
Molecular Modeling of Murine Anti-Human RAGE Antibody XT-H2 HV Domain
Antibody structure templates for modeling murine XT-H2 heavy chain were selected based BLASTP search against Protein Data Bank (PDB) sequence database. Molecular model of murine XT-H2 was built based on 6 template structures, 1SY6 (anti-CD3 antibody), 1MRF (anti-RNA antibody), and 1RIH (anti-tumor antibody) using the Homology module of Insightil (Accelrys, San Diego). The structurally conserved regions (SCRs) of the templates were determined based on the Cα distance matrix for each molecule and the templates structures were superposed based on minimum RMS deviation of corresponding atoms in SCRs. Sequence of the target protein rat XT-H2 VH was aligned to the sequences of the superposed template proteins and the atomic coordinates of the SCRs were assigned to the corresponding residues of the target protein. Based on the degree of sequence similarity between the target and the templates in each of the SCRs, coordinates from different templates were used for different SCRs. Coordinates for loops and variable regions not included in the SCRs were generated by Search Loop or Generate Loop methods as implemented in the Homology module.
Briefly, the Search Loop method scans protein structures that would mimic the region between 2 SCRs by comparing the Cα distance matrix of flanking SCR residues with a pre-calculated matrix derived from protein structures that have the same number of flanking residues and an intervening peptide segment of a given length. The output of the Search Loop method was evaluated to first find a match having minimal RMS deviations and maximum sequence identity in the flanking SCR residues. Then an evaluation of sequence similarity between the potential matches and the sequence of the target loop was undertaken. The Generate Loop method generates atom coordinates de novo was used in those cases where Search Loops did not find optimal matches. Conformation of amino acid side chains was kept the same as that in the template if the amino acid residue was identical in the template and the target. However, a conformational search of rotamers was performed and the energetically most favorable conformation was retained for those residues that are not identical in the template and target. To optimize the splice junctions between two adjacent SCRs, whose coordinates were adapted from different templates, and those between SCRs and loops, the Splice Repair function of the Homology module was used. The Splice Repair sets up a molecular mechanics simulation to derive optimal bond lengths and bond angles at junctions between 2 SCRs or between SCR and a variable region. Finally the model was subjected to energy minimization using Steepest Descents algorithm until a maximum derivative of 5 kcal/(mol A) or 500 cycles and Conjugate Gradients algorithm until a maximum derivative of 5 kcal/(mol A) or 2000 cycles. Quality of the model was evaluated using ProStat/Struct_Check utility of the Homology module.
Molecular Modeling of Humanized Anti-RAGE XT-H2 HV Domain
A molecular model of the humanized (CDR grafted) anti-RAGE antibody XT-H2 heavy chain was built with Insight II following the same procedure as described for the modeling of the mouse XT H2 antibody heavy chain, except that the templates used were different. The structure templates used in this case were 1L7I (anti-Erb B2 antibody), 1FGV (anti-CD18 antibody), 1JPS (anti-tissue factor antibody) and 1N8Z (anti-Her2 antibody).
Model Analysis and Prediction of Frame Work Back Mutations-Humanization
The parental mouse antibody model was compared to the model of the CDR-grafted humanized version with respect to similarities and differences in one or more of the following features: CDR-framework contacts, potential hydrogen bonds influencing CDR conformation, and RMS deviations in various regions such as framework 1, framework 2, framework 3, framework 4 and the 3 CDRs.
The following back mutations singly and in combinations were predicted to be important for successful humanization by CDR grafting: E46Y, R72A, N77S, N74K, R67K, K76S, A23K, F68A, R38K, A40R.
Molecular Modeling for Humanizing Rat Anti-RAGE Antibody XT-M4
Molecular Modeling of Rat Anti-Murine RAGE Antibody XT-M4 HV Domain
Antibody structure templates for modeling rat XT-M4 heavy chain were selected based upon BLASTP search against Protein Data Bank (PDB) sequence database. Molecular models of rat XT-M4 were built based on 6 template structures, 1QKZ (anti-peptide antibody), 1IGT (anti-canine lymphoma monoclonal antibody), 8FAB (anti-p-azophenyl arsonate antibody), 1 MQK (anti-cytochrome C oxidase antibody), 1 HOD (anti-angiogenin antibody), and 1 MHP (anti-alpha1beta1 antibody) using the Homology module of Insightil (Accelrys, San Diego). The structurally conserved regions (SCRs) of the templates were determined based on the Cα distance matrix for each molecule and the templates structures were superposed based on minimum RMS deviation of corresponding atoms in SCRs. The sequence of the target protein rat XT-M4 VH was aligned to the sequences of the superposed template proteins and the atomic coordinates of the SCRs were assigned to the corresponding residues of the target protein. Based on the degree of sequence similarity between the target and the templates in each of the SCRs, coordinates from different templates were used for different SCRs. Coordinates for loops and variable regions not included in the SCRs were generated by Search Loop or Generate Loop methods as implemented in the Homology module.
XT-M4 Light Chain Variable Domain
Structural models for XT M4 light chain variable domain were generated with Modeler 8v2 using 1K6Q (anti-tissue factor antibody), 1WTL, 1D5B (antibody AZ-28) and 1 BOG (anti-p24 antibody) as the templates. For each target, out of the 100 initial models, one model with the lowest restraint violations, as defined by the molecular probability density function, was chosen for further optimization. For model optimization an energy minimization cascade consisting of Steepest Descent, Conjugate Gradient and Adopted Basis Newton Raphson methods was performed until an RMS gradient of 0.01 was satisfied using Charmm 27 force field (Accelrys Software Inc.) and Generalized Born implicit solvation as implemented in Discovery Studio 1.6 (Accelrys Software Inc.). During energy minimization, movement of backbone atoms was restrained using a harmonic constraint of 10 mass force.
Molecular Modeling of Humanized Anti-RAGE XT-M4 VH Domain
A molecular model of the humanized (CDR grafted) anti-RAGE XT M4 antibody heavy chain was built with Insight II following the same procedure as described for the modeling of the rat XT M4 antibody heavy chain, except that the templates used were different. The structure templates used in this case were 1 MHP (anti-alpha1beta1 antibody), 1IGT (anti-canine lymphoma monoclonal antibody), 8FAB (anti-p-azophenyl arsonate antibody), 1 MQK (anti-cytochrome C oxidase antibody) and 1 HOD (anti-angiogenin antibody).
Humanized XT-M4 Light Chain Variable Domain
A molecular model of the humanized (CDR grafted) anti-RAGE XT M4 antibody light chain was built using Modeler 8v2 following the same procedure as described for the modeling of the rat XT M4 antibody light chain, except that the templates used were different. Structure templates used in this case were 1B6D,1FGV (anti-CD18 antibody), 1UJ3 (anti-tissue factor antibody) and 1 WTL as the templates.
The parental rat antibody model was compared to the model of the CDR-grafted humanized version with respect to similarities and differences in one or more of the following features: CDR-framework contacts, potential hydrogen bonds influencing CDR conformation, RMS deviations in various regions such as framework 1, framework 2, framework 3, framework 4 and the 3 CDRs, and calculated energies of residue-residue interactions. The potential back mutation(s) identified were incorporated, singly or in combinations, into another round of models built using either Insight II or Modeler 8v2 and the models of the mutants were compared to the parental rat antibody model to evaluate the suitability of mutants in silico.
The following back mutations singly and in combinations were predicted to be important for successful humanization by CDR grafting:
Heavy chain: L114M, T113V and A88S;
Light chain: K45R, L46R, L47M, D701, G66R, T85D, Y87H, T69S, Y36F, F71Y.
Humanized Variable Regions with the CDRs of Murine XT-H2 and Rat XT-M4 Antibodies
Humanized heavy chain variable regions were prepared by grafting the CDRs of the murine XT-H2 and rat XT-M4 antibodies onto human germline framework sequences shown in Table 9, and introducing selected back mutations.
Antibody Isotype Human Germline Identity
XT-H2_VH mG1/K DP-75 VH1; 1-46 77.50%
XT-M4_VH rG2b/K DP-54 VH3; 3-07 77.50%
XT-H2_VL mG1/K DPK-12 VK2; A2 80.00%
XT-M4_VL rG2b/K DPK-9 VK1; 02 64.50%
The amino acid sequences of humanized murine XT-H2 heavy and light chain variable regions are shown in FIG. 17 (SEQ ID NOs: 28-31) and FIG. 18 (SEQ ID NOs: 32-35), respectively.
The amino acid sequences of humanized rat XT-M4 heavy and light chain variable regions are shown in FIG. 19 (SEQ ID NOs: 36-38) and FIGS. 20A-20B (SEQ ID NOs: 39-49), respectively.
Germline sequences from which the framework sequences were derived and specific backmutations in the humanized variable regions are identified in Table 10.
DNA sequences encoding the humanized variable regions were subcloned into expression vectors containing sequences encoding human immunoglobulin constant regions, and DNA sequences encoding the full-length light and heavy chains were expressed in COS cells, using standard procedures. DNAs encoding heavy chain variable regions were subcloned into a pSMED2hIgG1 m_(L234, L237)cDNA vector, producing humanized IgG1 antibody heavy chains. DNAs encoding light chain variable regions were subcloned into a pSMEN2 hkappa vector, producing humanized kappa antibody light chains. See FIG. 21.
Humanized V domain Germline Backmutations
XT-H2_hVH_V2.0 DP-75 A40R, E46Y, M48I,
R71A, and T73K
XT-H2_hVH_V2.7 DP-75
XT-H2_hVH_V4.0 DP-54 FW, VH 3, JH4
XT-H2_hVL_V2.0 DPK-12 I2V, M4L and P48S
XT-H2_hVL_V3.0 DPK-24
XT-H2_hVL_V4.0 DPK-9 Vk1
XT-H2_hVL_V4.1 DPK-9 Vk1, Jk 4
XT-M4_hVH_V1.0 DP-54, VH3; 3-07
XT-M4_hVL_V2.4 DPK-9 Vk1; 02 G66R
XT-M4_hVL_V2.5 DPK-9 Vk1; 02 D70I
XT-M4_hVL_V2.6 DPK-9 Vk1; 02 T69S
XT-M4_hVL_V2.7 DPK-9 Vk1; 02 L46R
XT-M4_hVL_V2.8 DPK-9 Vk1; 02
XT-M4_hVL_V2.9 DPK-9 Vk1; 02 F71Y
XT-M4_hVL_V2.10 DPK-9 Vk1; 02
Competition ELISA Protocol
The binding of humanized XT-H2 and XT-M4 antibodies and of chimeric XT-M4 to human RAGE-Fc was characterized by competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To generate a competitor, parental rat XT-M4 antibody was biotinylated. ELISA plates were coated overnight with 1 ug/ml human RAGE-Fc. Varying concentrations of the biotinylated XT-M4 were added in duplicate to wells (0.11-250 ng/ml), incubated, washed and detected with streptavidin-HRP. The calculated ED50 of biotinylated parental rat XT-M4 was 5 ng/ml. The IC50 of chimeric and each humanized XT-M4 antibody was calculated when competed with 12.5 ng/ml biotinylated parental XT-M4 antibody. Briefly, plates were coated overnight with 1 ug/ml human RAGE-Fc. Varying concentrations of chimeric or humanized antibodies mixed with 12.5 ng/ml biotinylated parental rat XT-M4 were added in duplicate to wells (in the range of 9 ng/ml to 20 ug/ml). Biotinylated parental rat XT-M4 antibodies were detected with streptavidin-HRP and IC50 values were calculated. The IC50 values determined for the humanized antibodies by competition ELISA analysis are shown in Table 11.
IC50 Values for Humanized XT-M4 Antibodies
IC 50 in competition
Heavy Chain Light Chain ELISA with rat XT-M4, ug/m
hVH-V1.0 hVL-V1.0 1.5-2.5
hVH-V1.0 hVL-V2.0 7.5>8.6
hVH-V1.0 hVL-V2.1 1.5-2
hVH-V1.0 hVL-V2.5 6.5>20
hVH-V1.0 hVL-V2.6 >10.9
hVH-V1.0 hVL-V2.7 4-9.5
hVH-V1.0 hVL-V2.8 >17
hVH-V1.0 hVL-V2.9 >6.8
hVH-V2.0 hVL-V2.0 10.4
hVH-V2.0 hVL-V2.1 1.1
hVH-V2.0 hVL-V2.10 0.95
hVH-V2.0 hVL-V2.11 0.15-1.05
hVH-V2.0 hVL-V2.12 2.7
hVH-V2.0 hVL-V2.10 0.3-0.4
hVH-V2.0 hVL-V2.11 0.1-0.45
ED50 values for the binding of humanized XT-H2 antibodies to human RAGE-Fc were similarly determined by competition ELISA, and are shown in FIG. 22.
Cross-Reactivity of Chimeric and Humanized XT-M4 Antibody to Other Cell Surface Receptors
Humanized XT-M4 antibodies XT-M4-hVH-V2.0-2 m/hVL-V2.10 and XT-M4-hVH-V2.0-2 m/hVL-V2.11, were tested along with chimeric XT-M4 for cross-reactivity with other RAGE-like receptors. These receptors were chosen because they are cell-surface expressed, like RAGE, and their interaction with ligand is similarly dependent on charge. Tested receptors were rhVCAM-1, rhICAM-1-Fc, rhTLR4 (C-terminal His tag), rhNCAM-1, rhB7-H1-Fc mLoxl-Fc, hLoxl-Fc and hRAGE-Fc (as a positive control). ELISA plates were coated overnight with 1 μg/ml of the listed receptor proteins. Varying concentrations of the above listed humanized and chimeric XT-M4 antibodies were added in duplicate to wells (0.03 to 20 μg/ml), incubated, washed and detected with anti-human IgG HRP. Table 12 shows the results of direct binding ELISA analysis of the binding of chimeric and humanized XT-M4 antibodies to human and mouse cell surface proteins. The data shown are OD450 values for binding detected between receptor and antibody at 20 μg/ml (highest concentration tested).
XT-M4-hVH- XT-M4-hVH-
2.0-2m/ V2.0-2m/ Chimeric
hVL-V2.10 hVL-V2.11 XT-M4
rhVCAM-1 0.010 0.012 0.004
rhlCAM-1-Fc 0.007 0.004 0.004
rhTLR4 0.001 0.003 0.000
rhNCAM-1 0.004 0.011 0.006
rhB7-H1-Fc 0.010 0.009 0.003
mLox1-Fc 0.016 0.010 0.010
hLox1-Fc 0.007 0.022 0.017
hRAGE-Fc 3.808 3.832 3.797
BIACORE™ Binding Assay of Binding to Soluble Human RAGE
The binding of chimeric antibody XT-M4 and of humanized XT-M4 antibodies to soluble human RAGE (hRAGE-SA) and soluble murine RAGE (mRAGE-SA) was measured by BIACORE™ capture binding assay. The assays were performed by coating anti-human Fc antibodies onto a CM5 BIA chip with 5000 RU (pH 5.0, 7 min.) in flow cells 1-4. Each antibody was captured by flowing at 2.0 μg/ml over the anti-Fc antibodies in flow cells 2-4 (flow cell 1 was used as a reference). Solutions of a purified soluble human streptavidin-tagged RAGE (hRAGE-SA) at concentrations of 100 nM, 50 nM, 25 nM, 12.5 nM, 6.25 nM, 3.125 nM, 1.25 nM and 0 nM were flowed over the immobilized antibodies in duplicate, with dissociation for 5 minutes, and kinetic rate constants (ka and kd) and association and dissociation constants (Ka and Kd) for binding to hRAGE-SA were determined. The results for binding of chimeric XT-M4 and humanized antibodies XT-M4-V10, XT-M4-V11, and XT-M4-V14 for binding to hRAGE-SA and mRAGE-SA are shown in FIGS. 23 and 24, respectively.
Optimization of Species Cross Reactivity of Lead Antibody XT-H2
Species cross reactivity is engineered by a process of randomly mutating the XT-H2 antibody, generating a library of protein variants and selectively enriching those molecule that have acquired mutations that result in mouse-human RAGE cross reactivity. Ribosome display (Hanes et al., 2000, Methods Enzymol., 328:404-30) and phage display (McAfferty et al., 1989, Nature, 348: 552-4) technologies are used.
Preparing ScFv Antibodies Based on Antibodies XT-H2 and HT-M4
A. ScFv Antibodies Based on XT-H2
Two ScFv constructs comprising the V regions of XT-H2 were synthesized in either the VHNL format or the VLNH format connected by means of a flexible linker of DGGGSGGGGSGGGGSS (SEQ ID NO: 50). The sequences of the ScFv constructs configured as VL-VH and VH-VL are shown in FIG. 25 (SEQ ID NO:51) and FIG. 26 (SEQ ID NO:52), respectively.
B. ScFv Antibodies Based on XT-M4
Two ScFv constructs comprising the V regions of XT-M4 were synthesized in either the VHNL format or the VLNH format connected by means of a flexible linker of DGGGSGGGGSGGGGSS (SEQ ID NO: 50). The sequences of the ScFv constructs configured as VL-VH and VH-VL are shown in FIG. 27 (SEQ ID NO:54) and FIG. 28 (SEQ ID NO: 53), respectively.
FIG. 29 shows ELISA data of in vitro transcribed and translated M4 and H2 constructs. ELISA plates coated with human RAGE-Fc (5 ug/ml) or BSA (200 ug/ml) in bicarbonate buffer overnight at 4° C., washed with PBS+tween 0.05% and blocked for 1 hour at room temperature with 2% milk powder PBS. Plates were incubated with in vitro translated ScFv for 2 hours at room temp. Plates were blocked and detection was with anti-Flag antibody (1/1000 dilution) followed by rabbit anti-mouse HRP (1/1000 dilution). The data shows that ScFv constructs of the variable regions of the XT-H2 and XT-M4 anti-RAGE antibodies in either the VLNH or VHNL configurations can produce functional folded protein that binds specifically to human RAGE. Values for Kd of the ScFv in both formats as determined by BIACORE™ are used to determine the optimum antigen concentrations for selection experiments.
C. Selection and Screening Strategy to Recovery Variants with Improved Mouse/Human RAGE Cross Reactivity
A library of variants is created by error-prone PCR (Gram et al., 1992, PNAS 89:3576-80). This mutagenesis strategy introduces random mutations over the whole length of the ScFv gene. The library is then transcribed and translated in vitro using established procedures (e.g., Hanes et al., 2000, Methods Enzymol., 328:404-30). This library is subjected to round 1 of selection on human-RAGE-Fc, the non-bound ribosomal complexes are washed away, and the antigen-bound ribosomal complexes are eluted. The RNA is recovered, converted to cDNA by RT-PCR and subjected to round 2 of selection on mouse RAGE-Fc. This alternating selection strategy preferentially enriches clones which bind to both human and mouse RAGE-Fc. The output from this selection is then put through a second 2 of error-prone PCR. The library generated is then subjected to round 3 and round selections on human-RAGE-Fc and mouse RAGE-Fc, respectively. This process is repeated as required. The output pools of RNA from each selection step are converted to cDNA and cloned into a protein expression vector pWRIL-1 to evaluate species cross reactivity of variant ScFvs. The pools of diversity are also sequenced to evaluate diversity to determine if selections are moving towards dominant clones that have species cross reactivity.
Affinity Maturation of Lead Antibody XT-M4
Improved affinity translates into a potential benefit of reduced dose or frequency of dose and/or increased potency. The affinity for hRAGE is improved by affinity maturation, using a combined process of targeted mutagenesis to the VH-CDR3 coupled to random error-prone PCR mutagenesis (Gram et al., 1992, PNAS 89:3576-80). This generates a library of antibody variants from which molecules are recovered that have an improved affinity for human-RAGE whilst maintaining species cross reactivity for mouse-RAGE-Fc. Ribosome display technology (Hanes et al, 1997, supra) and phage display technology (McAfferty et al., 1989, supra) are used.
FIG. 30 shows ELISA binding data of XT-M4 and XT-H2 ScFv constructs in pWRIL-1 in the VL-VH format, expressed as soluble protein in Escherichia coli and tested for binding on human RAGE-Fc and BSA. ActRIIb represents a non-binding protein expressed from the same vector as a negative control. ELISA plates were coated with human RAGE-Fc (5 ug/ml) or BSA (200 ug/ml) in bicarbonate buffer overnight at 4oC, washed with PBS+tween 0.05% and blocked for 1 hour at room temperature with 2% milk powder PBS. Periplasmic preparations of 20 ml E. coli cultures were performed using standard procedures. The final volume of periplasmic preparations of unpurified ScFv antibodies was 1 ml of which 50 ul was pre-incubated with anti-His antibody at 1/1000 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature in a total volume of 100 ul with 2% milk powder PBS. The cross linked periplasmic preparations were added to the ELISA plate and incubated for a further 2 hours at room temperature. The plates were washed 2 times with PBS+0.05% tween and 2 times with PBS and incubated with rabbit anti-mouse HRP at 1/1000 dilution in 2% milk powder PBS. The plates were washed as before and binding was detected using standard TMB reagents. The data shows that ScFv constructs of XT-M4 and XT-H2 antibodies in the VLNH configuration can produce functional folded soluble protein in E. coli that binds specifically to human RAGE. Starting Kd values of the ScFv in both formats as determined by BIACORE™ are used to determine the optimum antigen concentrations for affinity selections.
Selection and Screening Strategy to Recovery Variants with Improved Affinity for hRAGE-Fc while Maintaining Species Cross Reactivity
A library of variants is created by spiked mutagenesis of the VH-CDR3 of XT-M4 using PCR. FIG. 31 schematically represents how PCR is used to introduce spiked mutations into a CDR of XT-M4. (1) A spiked oligonucleotide is designed carrying a region of diversity over the length of the CDR loop and bracketed by regions of homology with the target V gene in the FR3 and FR4. (2) The oligonucleotide is used in a PCR reaction with a specific primer that anneals to the 5′ end of target V gene and is homologous to the FR1 region. FIG. 32 shows the nucleotide sequence of the C terminal end of the XT-M4 VL-VH ScFv construct (SEQ ID NO: 56). VH-CDR3 is underlined. Also shown are two spiking oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOs:57-58) with a number at each mutation site that identifies the spiking ratio used for mutation at that site. The nucleotide compositions of the spiking ratios corresponding to the numbers are also identified.
The XT-M4-VHCDR3 spiked PCR product is cloned into the ribosome display vector pWRIL-3 as a Sfi1 fragment to generate a library. This library is subjected to selection on human biotinylated RAGE using ribosome display (Hanes and Pluckthun., 2000). Biotin labelled antigen is used as this allows for solution based selection which allows for more kinetic control over the process and increases the likelihood of preferentially enriching the higher affinity clones. Selections are performed either in an equilibrium mode at a decreasing antigen concentration relative to starting affinity or in a kinetic mode where improved off rate is specifically selected for using competition with unlabelled antigen over a empirically determined time frame. The non-bound ribosomal complexes are washed away, the antigen bound ribosomal complexes are eluted, the RNA is recovered, converted to cDNA by RT-PCR and a second round of selection on biotinylated mouse-RAGE-Fc is performed to maintain species cross reactivity. The output from this selection step containing ScFv variants with mutations in the VH-CDR3 is then subjected to a cycle 2 step of mutagenesis. This mutagenesis step involves the generation of random mutations using error prone PCR. The library generated is then subjected to round 3 selections on biotinylated human-RAGE-Fc at a 10 fold lower antigen concentration. This process is repeated as required. The output pools of RNA from each selection step are converted to cDNA and cloned into a protein expression vector pWRIL-1 to rank affinity and species cross reactivity of variant ScFv's. The pools of diversity are also sequenced to evaluate diversity to determine if selections are moving towards dominant clones.
Affinity Maturation of XT-M4 Using Phage Display
The VH-CDR3 spiked library is cloned into the phage display vector pWRIL-1 shown in FIG. 34 for selection on biotinylated hRAGE. Biotin labelled antigen will be used as this format is more compatible with affinity driven selections in solution. Selections are performed either in an equilibrium mode at a decreasing antigen concentration relative to starting affinity or in a kinetic mode where improved off rate is specifically selected for using competition with unlabelled antigen over an empirically determined time frame. Standard procedures for phage display are used.
ScFv can dimerize, which complicates selection and screening procedures. Dimerized ScFv potentially shows avidity-based binding and this increased binding activity can dominate selections. Such improvements in the ability of ScFv to dimerize rather than in any intrinsic improvement in affinity have little relevance in the final therapeutic antibody, which is generally an IgG. To avoid artifacts resulting from changes in ability to dimerize, Fab antibody formats are used, as they generally do not dimerize. XT-M4 has been reformatted as a Fab antibody and cloned into a new phage display vector pWRIL-6. This vector has restriction sites that span both the VH and VL regions and do not cut frequently in human germline V genes. These restriction sites can be used for shuffling and combinatorial assembly of VL and VH repertoires. In one strategy, VH-CDR3 and VL-CDR3 spiked libraries are both combinatorially assembled in the Fab display vector as shown in FIG. 34, and are selected for improved affinity.
Physical Characterization of Chimeric Antibody XT-M4
Preliminary characterization by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/mass spectrometry (MS) peptide mapping and subunit analysis with on-line MS detection have confirmed that the amino acid sequence is as predicted from the chimeric XT-M4 DNA sequence. These MS data also indicated that the expected N-linked oligosaccharide sequence consensus site at Asn299SerThr is occupied and the two major species are complex N-linked biantennary core fucosylated glycans that contain zero or one terminal galactose residues, respectively. In addition to the expected N-linked oligosaccharide located in the Fc region of the molecule, an N-linked oligosaccharide was observed at a sequence consensus site (Asn52AsnSer) in the CDR2 region of the heavy chain of chimeric XT-M4. The extra N-linked oligosaccharide is found primarily on only one of the heavy chains and comprises approximately 38% of the molecules as determined by CEX-HPLC analysis (there may be other acidic species that cannot be differentiated by primary structure, which may contribute to the total percent acidic species). The predominant species is a core fucosylated biantennary structure with two sialic acids. The absorptivity is used to calculate the concentration by measuring A280. The theoretical absorptivity of chimeric XT-M4 was calculated to be 1.35 mL mg−1 cm−1.
The apparent molecular weight of chimeric XT-M4 as determined by non-reducing SDS-PAGE is approximately 200 kDa. The antibody migrates more slowly than expected from its sequence. This phenomenon has been observed for all recombinant antibodies analyzed to date. Under reducing conditions, chimeric XT-M4 has a single heavy chain band migrating at approximately 50 kDa and a single light chain migrating at approximately 25 kDa. There is also has an additional band that migrates just above the heavy chain band. This band was characterized by automated Edman degradation and was determined to have an NH2-terminal that corresponds to the heavy chain of chimeric XT-M4. These results, along with the increase in molecular weight observed by SDS-PAGE, indicate that the additional band is consistent with a heavy chain that has the extra N-linked oligosaccharide in the CDR2 region.
The predicted isoelectric point (pI) of chimeric XT-M4 based on the amino acid sequence is 7.2 (without COOH-terminal Lys in the heavy chain). IEF resolved chimeric XT-M4 into approximately ten bands migrating within a pI range of approximately 7.4-8.3 with one dominant band that migrates with a pI of approximately 7.8. The pI determined by capillary electrophoresis isoelectric focusing was approximately 7.7.
Analysis of development material by cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography (CEX-HPLC) provides further resolution for chimeric XT-M4 species that differ in molecular charge. The majority of the observed charge heterogeneity is most likely due to the contributions from the sialic acids that are found on the additional N-linked oligosaccharide located in CDR2 region of the heavy chain. A minor portion of the charge heterogeneity observed may be attributed to the heterogeneity of COOH-terminal lysine.
Removal of the Glycosylation Site
Mutation that converts asparagine (N) to aspartic acid (D) at position 52 (by Kabat numbering) in the heavy chain variable region of antibody XT-M4 improves the binding of the XT-M4 antibody to human RAGE as determined by ELISA analysis of direct binding to hRAGE-Fc, as shown in FIG. 36. The N52D mutation is in CDR2 of the heavy chain variable region of antibody XT-M4.
Treatment of Sepsis and Listeriosis
Anti-RAGE antibodies were shown to provide significant therapeutic benefit in a standard murine model of polymicrobial, intra-abdominal sepsis. The results also showed that RAGE expression is highly detrimental to animals challenged systemically with Listeria monocytogenes as evidenced by the marked survival benefits observed in homozygous RAGE knock-outs and heterozygotes compared with wild-type animals.
A. Materials and Methods
All reagents and chemicals were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.) unless otherwise stated. Rat monoclonal antibody XT-M4 IgG, with an affinity constant of 0.3 nM for murine dimeric RAGE, is described above. The anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) monoclonal antibody TN3.1912 is a neutralizing IgG antibody derived from hamsters with high affinity binding to murine TNF. The challenge strain of Listeria monocytogenes was purchased from American Type Cell Cultures (ATCC # 19115, Manassas, Va.). All mouse strains used in these experiments were 2-6 months old and were specific-pathogen free animals maintained under Biosafety Level 2 conditions. BALB/c (Charles River Laboratories, Inc, Wilmington, Mass.) wild-type male mice, homozygous RAGE−/− 129SvEvBrd male mice, heterozygous RAGE+/− 129SvEvBrd male mice, and wild-type 129SvEvBrd male mice (breed in house at Wyeth). The RAGE knockout mouse was designed at Wyeth Research as a gene targeted conditional knockout in 129SvEv-Brd mice in which Cre recombinase excises exons 2, 3 and 4 (Lexicon Genetics, Inc, The Woodlands, Tex.). The resulting deletion results in frame shift truncation of the RAGE protein and protein is not produced. RAGE is not essential for viability in mice. RAGE null mice have no obvious phenotype and breed normally. Mice were assessed for survival up to seven days after CLP or L. monocytogenes challenge.
Quantitative microbiology was performed from organ samples obtained at necropsy from mice following both the CLP and listeriosis experiments. Blood samples were obtained from surviving animals at the time of sacrifice, and serum was collected and immediately placed on ice for cytokine determination. Serum cytokines were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay multiplex assay using the custom-made plates and protocol provided by Meso Scale Delivery (Gaithersburg, Md.). The cytokines assayed were MCP-1, IL-1 beta, TNF alpha, Interferon γ and IL-6. Tissue samples were collected from the lung, liver, and spleen. Peritoneal fluid was obtained by ravaging the peritoneal cavity with 5 ml of sterile saline and withdrawing the fluid. The organ tissues were weighed and then pulverized to generate a suspension of tissue in TSB. Specimens were serially diluted and cultured at 37C aerobically on TSB (for gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria) and MacConkey agar (for gram-negative bacteria) to obtain quantitative bacterial counts standardized per gram of organ weight or CFU/ml peritoneal lavage fluid.
Animal tissues (lung, distal ileum) were also analyzed histologically by a pathologist blinded to the treatment assignment of each animal and scored on a defined pathology score graded from 0 (normal) to 4 (diffuse and extensive necrosis of tissue). Total lung water as a measure of pulmonary edema fluid was calculated from wet-to-dry ratios of lung tissue.
Statistical Design and Data Analysis. The primary endpoint in each experiment was survival. The animal experiments were performed using a numeric code system that blinded the investigators to the animal genotype or antibody treatment (versus serum control) until completion of the study. Numeric data are presented as mean (+/−SEM). Differences in survival were analyzed by a Kaplan-Meier survival plot and the log-rank statistic. The non-parametric one way ANOVA statistic Kruskal-Wallis (for multiple groups) or the Mann-Whitney U test (for two groups) was used to analyze differences between groups. Dunn's multiple comparisons post-test was utilized to confirm differences when analyzing comparisons involving multiple groups. A two-tailed P value of <0.05 was considered significant.
B. Cecal Ligation and Puncture Model
The CLP procedure has been described in detail previously [Echtenacher et al., 1990, J. Immunol., 145:3762-6]. Briefly, animals were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of 200 microliters of a combination of ketamine (Bedford Co. Bedford, Ohio) (9 mg/ml) and xylazine (Phoenix, St. Josephs, Mo.) (1 mg/ml). The cecum was exteriorized through a midline abdominal incision approximately 1 cm in length. The cecum was then ligated with 5.0 monofilament at a level just distal to the ileocecal junction (>90% of the cecum ligated). The ante-mesenteric side of the cecum was punctured through and through with a 23 gauge needle. A scant amount of luminal contents was then expressed through both puncture sites to assure patency. The cecum was returned to the abdominal cavity, and the fascia and skin incisions were closed with 6.0 monofilament and surgical staples, respectively. Topical 1% lidocaine and bacitracin were applied to the surgical site post-operatively. All animals received a single intramuscular injection of trovafloxacin (Pfizer, New York) at a dose of 20 mg/kg immediately post-operatively, and a standard fluid resuscitation was administered with 1.0 ml subcutaneous injection of normal saline. Test animals were then returned to their individual cages and rewarmed using heat lamps until they regained normal posture and mobility.
Anti-RAGE mAb XT-M4 at doses of 7.5 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg (or serum control) was given once intravenously to wild-type mice 30-60 minutes before CLP or at the following time intervals post-CLP: 6, 12, 24, or 36 hours. As an additional control, five animals underwent sham surgery (laparotomy with mobilization and exteriorization of the cecum but without ligation or puncture).
A. Survival of Homozygous RAGE Knock-Outs, RAGE Heterozygotes, and Wild-Type Animals after CLP.
FIG. 37 shows that there was a significant survival advantage for both homozygous RAGE knockouts (n=15) and RAGE heterozygotes (n=23) compared to wild-type control animals (n=15) (P<0.001). RAGE heterozygotes were protected from lethal polymicrobial sepsis nearly as well as the homozygous RAGE knock-outs (RAGE−/− vs. RAGE+/−, P=ns). As expected sham surgery animals (n=5) all survived. An additional group of 15 wild-type 129SvEvBrd animals were given anti-RAGE mAb 30 minutes before CLP and had a similar survival advantage as the RAGE knock-outs when compared to the wild-type, serum-treated, control animals.
FIG. 38 shows tissue colony counts for aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative enteric bacterial organisms following CLP. The tissue concentrations in liver and splenic tissues and peritoneal fluid were similar in all three groups (P=ns) but were all significantly higher than sham-operated animals (P<0.05). The homozygous RAGE knock-outs had the lowest amount of lung water compared to other groups, although this did not reach significance (wet to dry ratio: 4.8±0.2-RAGE−/− vs. 5.0±0.4-RAGE+/− vs. 5.3±0.3-wt; P=ns).
FIG. 39 shows that there was a significant difference in survival in BALB/c animals given control serum (n=15) and animals given anti-RAGE antibody (7.5 mg/kg group [n=15] or 15 mg/kg group [n=15]) 30-60 minutes before CLP. Optimal protective effects were achieved at 15 mg/kg of anti-RAGE mAb (P<0.05 vs. 7.5 mg/kg group; P<0.001 vs. serum control) and therefore this dose was employed in subsequent experiments with delayed mAb treatment following CLP. Animals given anti-RAGE antibody did not have significantly increased organ bacterial loads compared to control animals, but both groups had significantly more colony forming units (CFU)/gm of spleen and liver tissue than sham-treated control (n=5) animals. See Table 1. Histopathology of lung tissue and small bowel mucosa at necropsy examination was markedly abnormal in the serum control group while the pathological findings were significantly reduced in the anti-RAGE mAb group and the sham surgery group (Table 13).
MICROBIOLOGIC AND PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS
FOLLOWING ANTI-RAGE mAb THERAPY IN CLP
Anti-RAGE mAb
Parameter Sham Serum Control (15 mg/kg)
N 5 15 15
Aerobic Gram-negative 0.6 ± 1.5* 5643 ± 1281 4910 ± 395
Bacteria (CFU/gm)
Aerobic Gram-positive 601 ± 548* 15,616 ± 6800 11,222 ± 1873
Pathology score 0.6 ± 0.5 3.0 ± 0.9** 1.8 ± 1.1
(lung, small bowel)
Wet-to-dry ratio 4.6 ± 0.6 5.3 ± 0.5 5.1 ± 0.6
(lung tissue)
*P < .05 sham vs. other groups
**P < .005 control vs. sham or anti-RAGE mAb
FIG. 40 shows the effects of delayed administration of a single 15 mg/kg dose of anti-RAGE antibody at time intervals extended out to as long as 36 hours after CLP. The delayed monoclonal antibody treatment provided significant protection against lethality up to 24 hours after CLP (P<0.01). Delayed mAb administration up to 36 hours after CLP showed a favorable survival trend, but the differences were no longer significant compared the serum-treated control group (P=0.12). The tissue concentrations of aerobic enteric gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria did not differ between treatment groups (P=ns). The finding of a survival benefit after delayed administration of anti-RAGE antibody has important clinical implications since an intervention such as anti-RAGE antibody treatment typically cannot be given immediately after the inciting event in septic patients. These data provide support for the use of anti-RAGE mAb as a salvage therapy for patients with established severe sepsis.
C. Murine Listeriosis Challenge Model
BALB/c wild-type male mice, wild-type males, heterozygous RAGE+/−-129SvEvBrd males, and homozygous RAGE−/−-129SvEvBrd males were used in these experiments. A standard inoculum of L. monocytogenes was prepared from cultures grown 18 hours at 37° C. in trypticase soy broth (TSB) (BBL, Cockseyville, Md.). Bacteria were centrifuged at 10,000 g for 15 min at 4C and resuspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Bacterial concentrations were adjusted spectrophotometrically and checked by quantitative dilutional plate counts on trypticase soy agar plates with 5% sheep RBCs (BBL, Cockseyville, Md.). Serial dilutions ranging from 103-106 colony forming units (CFU) L. monocytogenes were administered intravenously to determine the LD50 for wild-type mice, homozygous RAGE−/− knock-outs, RAGE+/− heterozygotes, and wild-type mice given 15 mg/kg anti-RAGE mAb iv one hour before bacterial challenge. Animals were followed for 7 days after the administration of the intravenous challenge with L. monocytogenes and survivors were euthanized for tissue analysis and microbiologic study.
For the detailed differential quantitative microbiology and cytokine determinations, a standard inoculum of 104 CFU was given intraperitoneally one hour after an intravenous infusion of the anti-RAGE mAb (15 mg/kg), anti-TNF mAb (20 mg/kg), or equal volume of 1% autologous murine serum as a control. Wild-type, RAGE+/− and RAGE−/− were also studied after 48 hours from this standard inoculum (n=5/group). Animals were euthanized 48 hours after L. monocytogenes challenge and quantitative microbiology was performed from liver and spleen tissues by mincing the tissue samples and serial dilution on blood agar plates.
The LD50 for wild-type mice was (logio) 3.31±0.2 CFU, while the LD50 for heterozygous RAGE knock-outs was 5.98±0.39, and 5.10±0.47 for homozygous RAGE knock-outs. This difference of more than two orders of magnitude in LD50 from systemic listeriosis was statistically significant (P<0.01) for both the RAGE heterozygotes and homozygotes compared to wild-type mice. The single dose of XY-M4 anti-RAGE antibody also provided wild-type mice significant protection from lethal systemic listeriosis with a LD50 4.69±0.55 (P<0.05 vs. wild-type control). The level of protection against listeriosis provided by the anti-RAGE mAb was similar to that observed in RAGE−/− animals, but was not as great as that afforded RAGE+/− animals (P<0.05).
There was no statistically significant difference in quantitative level of L. monocytogenes isolated in liver and spleen tissues following a standard systemic challenge of 104 CFU among groups (n=10/group) of wild-type control animals, animals given anti-RAGE antibodies, homozygous RAGE knock-outs, or RAGE heterozygotes. See FIG. 41. However, there was a highly statistically significant increase in organ bacterial concentrations in animals given the same inoculum of L. monocytogenes following the administration of an anti-TNF antibody (P<0.001).
FIG. 42 shows serum levels of interferon γ following treatment. Cytokine determinations after Listeria challenge showed a significantly lower level of interferon γ in the homozygous RAGE knock-outs compared to control BALB/c animals. The BALB/c animals given anti-TNF mAb had a significantly higher level of interferon γ compared to BALB/c controls, whereas the animals given anti-RAGE mAb had interferon γ levels that were not statistically different than those of control animals. Similar results were observed with IL-6 (anti-TNF mAb group-459±121 pg/ml vs. control group-38±14 pg/ml; P<0.01) and MCP-1 (anti-TNF mAb-1363±480 pg/ml vs. control group 566±70 pg/ml; P<0.05). No significant differences were found in IL-6 or MCP-1 levels in RAGE deficient animals or in the anti-RAGE antibody treated group compared with the control group. Other cytokine determinations showed no significant differences.
Systemic Listeria monocytogenes challenge is a classic model for study of the innate and acquired immune response in mice. The Listeria challenge experiments show that homozygous RAGE knock-out animals and heterozygotes tolerate this infection remarkably better than do wild-type animals, indicating that the deleterious effects of RAGE are seen in an inflammatory state other than that accompanying polymicrobial sepsis. Wild-type animals given anti-RAGE mAb and RAGE knock-out animals appear to clear L. monocytogenes as well as wild-type animals. This is in contrast to animals given anti-TNF antibody in which the L. monocytogenes colony counts in tissue samples were markedly increased. Similarly, cytokine levels were increased after Listeria challenge in animals given anti-TNF mAb, but the levels were similar to those of controls in animals given anti-RAGE mAb.
These findings demonstrate that RAGE plays an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. In two separate CLP studies, a single dose (7.5 mg/kg at 1-6 hours post-CLP) of XT-M4 showed significant protection (65% survival) at day seven when compared to mice injected with 1.0% autologous mouse serum (20% survival). Two doses of XT-M4 (7 mg/kg at 6 and 12 hours post-CLP) protected about 85% of mice at day seven, compared to about 25% survival among mice that received diluted BALB/c serum. Administration of a single dose of anti-RAGE XT-M4 24 hours post CLP was also protective compared to control animals. The foregoing experiments demonstrate that RAGE plays an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis and suggests that anti-RAGE antibodies may be useful therapeutic agents for the treatment of sepsis.
Further Evaluation of Anti-RAGE Antibodies in the Murine CLP Model
The murine CLP model of sepsis results in a polymicrobial infection, with abdominal abscess and bacteremia, and recreates the hemodynamic and metabolic phases observed in human disease. In this model, the cecum is exteriorized through a midline abdominal incision approximately one centimeter in length, then ligated, and the anti-mesenteric side of the cecum is punctured through with a 23 gauge needle. The cecum is returned to the abdominal cavity, and the fascia and skin incisions are closed. The animals receive one intramuscular injection of trovafloxacin (20 mg/kg), and standard fluid resuscitation with 1.0 ml of normal saline subcutaneously. Animals were observed for 7 days after CLP, with deaths recorded as they were noted on interval checks throughout the day. As an additional control, animals underwent sham surgery consisting of a laparotomy with mobilization and exteriorization of the cecum, but without ligation or puncture. Survival outcomes are compared by Kaplan-Meier survival plots and analyzed with a non-parametric ANOVA test. The efficacy of the RAGE antibodies in prophylactic and therapeutic dosings and RAGE genetically modified mice were evaluated in the murine CLP model.
Homozygous RAGE null mice (RAGE−/−) mice showed a significant degree of protection from the lethal effects of cecal ligation and puncture, when compared to parental, wild-type mice, as shown in FIG. 43. By eight days post CLP, 80% of the RAGE−/− mice survived CLP, compared to 35% of the wild-type mice. RAGE−/+ animals behave similarly to RAGE−/− animals. As seen in the survival time analysis, the RAGE−/− animals had a significant survival advantage over the wild-type animals following CLP. These findings demonstrate that RAGE plays an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. RAGE is not essential for viability in mice.
Homozygous RAGE deleted mice have no obvious phenotype. The RAGE−/−, RAGE+/− and RAGE+/+ are on the 129SvEvBrd background strain.
The pharmacokinetic analysis of intraperitoneally (IP) administered, radiolabeled, XT-M4 (4 mg/kg) showed a T1/2 of 73 h, and a Tmax of 6 h. XT-M4 also exhibited favorable pharmacokinetics in several mouse strains. Intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg XT-M4 to male BALB/c mice exhibited a very low serum clearance and T1/2 of 4˜5 days. Intraperitioneal administration of 5 mg/kg XT-M4 to male db/db mice also showed similar pharmacokinetics.
In two separate CLP studies of male BALB/c mice, a single dose (7.5 mg/kg at 0-6 hours post-CLP of XT-M4 showed significant protection (>50% survival) from the effects of CLP, when compared to mice injected with 1.0% autologous mouse serum (15%-20% survival), at day seven. See FIGS. 44 and 45. Two doses of XT-M4 (7.5 mg/kg at 6 and 12 hours post-CLP, final dose of 15 mg/kg, (FIG. 45) protected 90% of mice at day seven post-CLP compared to 15% survival in the control group. Optimal protection was observed with 15 mg/kg of XT-M4.
Pathological Scores from Mice with a CLP are Reduced in Anti-RAGE Antibody Treated Animals
All animals surviving to day 8 were killed and underwent necropsy examination for histological evidence of organ injury, as well as pathology scoring of lung and small bowel. A defined pathology score graded from 0 (normal) to 4 (diffuse and extensive necrosis of tissue) was applied. Histopathology of lung tissue and small bowel mucosa at necropsy examination was markedly abnormal in the serum control group while the pathological findings were significantly reduced in the anti-RAGE XT-M4 treated group (15 mg/kg) and the sham surgery group. See FIG. 46. The reduction in the histopathology is consistent with the increased survival.
The tissue concentrations of aerobic enteric gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria did not differ between treatment groups. Quantitative microbiology was performed from organ samples obtained at necropsy from mice that survived following CLP. Tissue samples were collected from lung, liver, and spleen. Peritoneal fluid was obtained by lavaging the peritoneal cavity. Quantitative bacterial counts were standardized per gram of organ weight or colony forming units (CFU)/ml of peritoneal lavage fluid. Animals given XT-M4 antibody or RAGE−/− did not have significantly increased organ bacterial loads compared to control animals (p=ns) but both groups had significantly more colony forming units (CFU)/gm of spleen and liver tissue than sham-treated control (n=5) animals (p<0.05).
Anti-RAGE Antibodies are Protective in a Murine CLP Model with Antibiotics
The intravenous administration of 30 mg/kg XT-M4 in the presence or absence of antibiotics protected the animals from the lethal effects of CLP. See FIG. 47. Mice were subjected to CLP at 0 h. Mice received an intravenous injection of 30 mg/kg XT-M4 or an equal volume of 1% autologous mouse serum. All groups received a dose of trovafloxacin (20 mg/kg IM) at time 0. In addition, trovafloxacin (20 mg/kg intramuscular) given at times of 24 and 48 h, or vancomycin (20 mg/kg IP) were administered at times of 0, 12, 24, 36, and 24 h post-CLP. Injection of vanocmycin alone resulted in a decrease in survival. See FIG. 48. No additive effects were observed when vancomycin or trovafloxacin were administered.
Anti-RAGE Antibodies are Protective in a Murine CLP Model with a Delayed Administration
Kaplan-Meier survival analysis following cecal ligation and puncture in animals with delayed treatment with anti-RAGE mAb versus serum control treatment given at various time intervals after CLP (FIG. 49). A delayed intravenous administration of the XT-M4 to male BALB/c mice at a dose of 15 mg/kg at 6, 12, or 24 hours post-CLP also resulted in significant survival of the animals (N=15, Control; n=14). The delayed monoclonal antibody treatment provided significant protection against lethality up to 24 hours after CLP (p<0.01). Delayed administration up to 36 hours after CLP showed a favorable survival trend (9/15 animals surviving), but the differences were no longer significant compared the serum-treated control group (p=0.12). The tissue concentration of aerobic enteric gram negative and gram-positive bacteria did not differ between treatment groups (p=ns).
RAGE Modulation Does not Exacerbate Systemic Listeria Monocytogenes Infection
Inhibition or deletion of RAGE does not disrupt the host mechanism or clearance of microbial pathogens. The Listeria monocytogenes challenge is a well-known model for study of the innate and acquired immune response in mice. The LD50 for wild-type mice was (log 10) 3.31±0.2 CFU, while the LD50 for heterozygous RAGE+/−was 5.98±0.39, and 5.10±0.47 for homozygous RAGE−/−. This difference of more than two orders of magnitude in LD50 from systemic listeriosis was statistically significant (p<0.01) for both the RAGE heterozygotes and homozygotes compared to wild-type mice. Mice were challenged with a systemic administration of Listeria monocytogenes (104 colony forming units (CFU)) one hour after administration of antibody or control serum. Wild-type animals given anti-RAGE XT-M4 and RAGE−/− animals appear to clear L. monocytogenes as well as wild-type animals. Compared with the control group, the quantitative level (CFU/gm) of L. monocytogenes in hepatic and splenic tissue was unchanged by administration of the XT-M4 antibody (15 mg/kg) or in the RAGE null and RAGE heterozygous animals. In contrast, levels were increased with the administration of anti-TNF-α antibody (monoclonal antibody TN3.1912, 20 mg/kg). See FIG. 50. As expected, the anti-TNF monoclonal antibody significantly increased susceptibility of mice to listeriosis. Deletion or inhibition of RAGE did not exacerbate infection in this model.
In Vivo Pre-Clinical Assay of Efficacy of Chimeric Anti-RAGE Antibody
A. Pharmacokinetics (PK)
Serum concentration of chimeric antibody chimeric XT-M4 following a single IV dose of 5 mg/kg to male BALB/c mice (n=3) were evaluated for chimeric XT-M4 Serum concentration of antibody over time was measured with an IgG ELISA. The average serum exposure of the chimeric XT-M4 was (23,235 g•hr/mL) and the half-life is approximately one week (152 hours). See FIG. 51.
B. Evaluation of Protective Effect of Different Doses of Chimeric XT-M4 after CLP
Abilities of chimeric antibody XT-M4 and the parental rat XT-M4 antibody to prolong survival of male BALB/c mice following CLP were determined following dosing at 3.5 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg intravenously at the time of surgery, in comparison with serum control animals. The survival plot is shown in FIG. 52. A single intravenous dose (7.5 mg/kg at 0 hours post-CLP) of chimeric XT-M4 protected about 90% of mice at day seven post-CLP, when compared to mice injected with 1.0% autologous mouse serum (20% survival), at day seven (p<0.05). Doses of 3.5 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg of chimeric XT-M4 also provided significant protection (about 70% compared to control, p<0.05) of the mice at day seven post-CLP.
C. Evaluation of Protection Provided by Chimeric XT-M4 Given 24 Hours after CLP
Differences in survival were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival plot following cecal ligation and puncture in animals with delayed treatment (p<0.01 for both antibody-treated groups compared to the serum control group). The comparability of chimeric to the rat anti-RAGE XT-M4 when administered at a dose of 15 mg/kg intravenously 24 hours after CLP model is depicted in FIG. 53. The level of protection provided by chimeric XT-M4 in the CLP model is similar to that provided by the parental rat XT-M4 antibody when administered therapeutically 24 hours post-CLP.
The absence of RAGE protects mice from the lethal effects of CLP-induced sepsis. A single dose of XT-M4 protects mice from the lethal effects of CLP. No significant difference in tissue concentration of Listeria monocytogenes 48 hours post-systemic Listeria challenge in RAGE−/− or antibody treated mice, suggests no gross immunosuppression. The data show that replacement of the constant regions of rat antibody XT-M4 with human constant regions did not affect the binding activity of the antibody. In addition, the efficacy in the CLP model dosed prophylactically with chimeric XT-M4 showed that 90% of the animals were protected at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg. Chimeric XT-M4 and the parental XT-M4 antibody provide similar levels of protection in the CLP model when administered therapeutically 24 hours post-CLP.
All publications and patents mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication or patent was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In case of conflict, the present application, including any definitions herein, will control.
While specific embodiments of the subject invention have been discussed, the above specification is illustrative and not restrictive. Many variations of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification and the claims below. The full scope of the invention should be determined by reference to the claims, along with their full scope of equivalents, and the specification, along with such variations.
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lynnekingauthor.co.uk
Books/The Intimacy of Strangers
To Deceive Is To Love
Run To You
Angel Standing By (free read)
Flawed (free read)
The Look of Love (free read)
This was my first published Romantic/suspense, the setting, England and France. Published by TheWild Rose Press in 2008, it received three excellent reviews. I requested the rights back and have now republished with kindle as an e-book.
A pilot who is also part of an aerobatic team, Chantelle Duvall is used to taking risks. And the enigmatic David Bishop, her partner's brother, is a risk she can't resist. But as things heat up between them, Chantelle learns David isn't who he seems.
Undercover counterterrorism agent David Bishop, a.k.a., Falcon, relies on secrets and lies to keep him alive. With his final mission underway, a mission to expose a double agent who's closer than David ever suspected, love is a weakness he can't afford.
On both England and France's soil, Chantelle and David will discover a passion greater than they've ever known, but with one more betrayal still to come, will it be enough?
“Why you …” David grabbed Danny by the lapels of his jacket, nearly lifting him off the ground.
“Stop it, you two!” Chantelle screamed.
The two men stared back at each other, Danny’s top lip curling up at the edges as he sensed David’s hesitation.
Chantelle had risen off the chair, her weight balanced awkwardly on one foot, her hand reaching forward to touch David’s shoulder. For a moment, it seemed to have calmed him, but his narrow glare remained fixed on Danny’s face.
“Go on, throw a punch,” Danny taunted. “You’re just like him; you settle everything with your fists. Only you were never around to see it, were you?
“You’d believe anything she told you.”
“I was there, remember? You weren’t.”
This was no longer about the plane or the scene Danny had walked in on. This went far deeper, the two of them locked in an emotional battle from the past. All Chantelle could do was stand back and watch, fearful that one word could trigger David into striking Danny.
Danny’s gaze shifted to Chantelle as she leaned against David for support, the gesture revealing the intimacy between them.
“You surprise me. I always thought you had class the way you brushed off men who tried to get into your knickers at every opportunity. I’ve seen them hit on you at shows and in the bars afterward, but you were never interested. It even crossed my mind you might be gay. How wrong can I bloody be? He comes along and you’re dropping your knickers like all the rest and lying to me like a bloody tramp.”
There was a deadly thud as David’s fist cracked into Danny’s chin, the force sending him reeling back, Chantelle’s scream going with him.
A deathly silence followed. The force wasn’t hard enough to knock Danny off his feet, but he was staggering, blood trickling
from his lip as his hand came up to check that his jaw was still intact. Taking a white handkerchief out of his pocket, he dabbed the corner of his mouth and stared back at the blood on it.
Chantelle started hobbling towards him.
“Don’t come any nearer,” he growled hoarsely at her. “I should be thankful. I know my brother can hit much harder than that. His hands are trained to kill, isn’t that right? Or hasn’t he told you how he makes a living? Mercenaries, isn’t that what they call you lot? Only I have my own name for them: hired killers. I can see by your face you had no idea.”
“What’s wrong with you? It’s our only hope of survival. Look, we haven’t time for this. If you’re worried about the plane
hitting anyone below, don’t worry, darling, we’re on course for a mountain. The only casualty is likely to be a goat or two.” His impatience turned to anger as she continued to stare back at him defiantly.“Chantelle, it will be far safer
than bloody wing-walking ever was. I don’t understand you.”
“I told you, I’m not jumping and you can’t make me. Go, save yourself.”
David approached her. He could see in her face she was becoming panic-stricken and he had to act quickly. There was no
time for further persuasion. In one swift movement, he leapt forward, grabbed her by the arms and pulled her to him, slamming her into his chest. The straps of the parachute were around them both, binding her to him before she could fight back.
Pulling the portside loading door open, he stood on the edge, rocking on the balls of his feet and facing the inside of the
plane. He could feel Chantelle’s body trembling against his. She had ceased struggling, her face buried into his chest. The wind lashed against his back, making him wish he had packed more clothing than just the flying jacket being worn by Chantelle. The knapsack was secured across his chest and was now digging into his side.
“We’ll die together sweetheart or not at all,” he whispered into her ear.
Taking a deep breath, David rocked forward and then released his hold, launching them both back into the bitter cold
air.
REVIEW QUOTES:
“I liked this story enough to read it twice. It has the things that I like. The story is about planes, intrigue, adventure, excitement, terrorism and counter terrorism. Those things are all my favorites to read for pleasure.”
4.5 L.A.S.R REVIEWS
“This book pulled me in and kept my interest riveted to the tale from first page to last.”
Overall rating: 5 hearts
Sensuality rating: Very sensual
Reviewer: Dee Dailey
THE ROMANCE STUDIO
“Lynne King tells a story, not only spellbinding, but engaging from the first page to the last. Her descriptions of the players, the scenery, and landscape, are so vivid the reader is in awe. This action-packed suspense is exciting, and never has a dull moment.”
Reviewed by: Linda L. *****
FALLEN ANGEL REVIEWS
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A word from the Exhibition Curator
Back to the French website
From March 28th to June 22nd 2008
Working from within, Claude Closky arranges, classifies, inventories, orders, disorders and disorganises the representational and organisational systems of the world, pushing their logic to their point of collapse. A decoder of slogans, signs and messages, he utilises the modes of structuring reality (mathematical, alphabetical and temporal, among others). Superimposing them, he produces a vacuum within mechanised organisation, within interpretational and analytical frameworks.
The text about the work
Starting from an analysis of ends and means in art, Claude Closky has been examining for over twenty years now, world-systems for information, representation and organization. Pushing their internal logic to their individual collapse and annihilation, he organizes, classifieds, files aways, aligns, disaligns, and disorganizes the inside. He genuinely implements a subjective theory of information and medias which obey to two apparently contradictory movements – rhetoric and accumulation. This navigation beween two objects, the signs and the images which codify and inform our universe hold communication techniques hostage by infiltration. The clichés and other key words thus promoted are distracted and reversed to reflect upon the building of both individual and collective identity.
In a Post-Structuralist tradition, language is his favorite instrument. An heir of Oulipian, Magritte and conceptual arts, sparing signs was one of his raw materials (nomination, significant and signified …). Claude Closky even uses the strategy of systems which he questions by testing and in subtle and unrelenting descontrusction of their internal logic. He works on the descriptive and constructive potentials that language contains in a concurrent movement, exactly where the word is the subject.
Decoder of signs and messages, he grabs universal organization methods (mathematics, alphabet, temporal and others) from capitalist connections between being, having and wanting, the key words voiced by the consumer society where wealth, beauty and youth are the conditions for happiness, phrases too often repeated in the world …By superposing them, he produces a void in mechanical organization, the frameworks for interpretation and analysis. Veracity and efficacy of terms are thrown into confusion (What happens when the first 10 numbers are classed in alphabetical order?). These disturbances of information systems highlight the question of enunciation and usage (cf. Michel de Certeau). This first retrospective calls the visitor to stop and observe the art, placing themed and procedural relevancies in the forefront of this disparate universe. If Claude Closky’s work has adopted several styles from painting on the Internet to drawing, collage, photography, video or slides … his question focus has always remained the same. With this essential ability that a text has in both its written and spoken form, certain works of art, true partitions, will be transposed. From the visible to listening, the visitor becomes the listener in the heart of a display ranging from 1989-2008.
Exhibition Curator
Working from within, Claude Closky arranges, classifies, inventories, orders, disorders and disorganises the representational and organisational systems of the world, pushing their logic to their point of collapse.
A decoder of slogans, signs and messages, he utilises the modes of structuring reality (mathematical, alphabetical and temporal, among others). Superimposing them, he produces a vacuum within mechanised organisation, within interpretational and analytical frameworks. The veracity and efficacy of terms are thrown into disarray (What happens when the first ten numbers are classified in alphabetical order? When the same operation is carried out in a foreign language?).
These disruptions of information systems centre on the question of enunciation and usage. Closky works in a post-structuralist tradition and language is his preferred instrument. He is an heir to Oulipo, Magritte and Conceptual Art; his raw material is the economics of the sign (designation, signified and signifier). The underlying aim of this first retrospective is to highlight, above and beyond the formal diversity of Claude Closky’s works, the main leitmotifs, to throw into relief the thematic links and recurring processes of this teeming and polymorphic universe, which embraces painting, the Internet, collage, drawing, photographs, slide shows, videos and various publications. ‘8002-9891’ proposes a rereading of the artist’s works, retracing twenty years of endeavour.
The raw materials of the project are sound works and texts. Using as a starting point the essential capacity of a text to exist both in written and spoken form, ‘8002-9891’ proposes a rereading of the artist’s works, which are interpreted in the manner of musical scores. In the process, it calls into question the very definition of the work, producing a displacement that is highly paradoxical. Spoken and heard, the text changes, becoming the texture of the voices of others. Yet in spite of its dematerialisation, it remains the same object.
The audio equipment required for such a project must be carefully tailored to purpose. In this respect, we have made some radical choices. The exhibition space is empty and is bathed in semidarkness. The playing of each work in the headsets is guided by a system of infrared equipment positioned overhead. Alone in the midst of others, the visitor is confronted with texts and voices.
A few sound events emitted at various points throughout the space punctuate the day. The works are grouped together without any respect for chronological logic, following on from each other and responding to each other spatially. Sound replaces the visible. The visitor, who has become listener, his body and his movements are simultaneously placed at the centre of the installation and yet are governed by a form of authority. Everyone is confronted with the awareness of being a visitor. Everyone must create their own place and their own approach to the exhibition and the work.
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Cornfield poster (Living Field)
Plants of the cornfield are mostly annuals germinating at the same time as the crop and seeding before harvest. Names like corn cockle, corn marigold, cornflower, corn spurry reveal their long association with the wheats and barleys that were once collectively named ‘corn’.
These weeds adopted agriculture, sometimes thousands of years ago, and remained troublesome until the mid-1900s. Some such as the corn cockle are poisonous and had to be removed. Others, notably corn marigold or gool, have been serious weeds for centuries, at least until modern farming was able to control them.
A combination of chemical weedkillers, competitive crops at high density and demand by merchants for pure seed, has reduced these plants in the last half-century to the point where some became extinct and others very rare. And while the growing of crops needs to be efficient, the loss of cornfield plants is seen by some as a loss of heritage and perhaps more importantly a loss of cogs in the ecological machinery. Look at Van Gogh’s paintings of wheat fields to see the spatial variety and the mixing of a tall cereal with a range of other botanical shapes and forms.
Cornfield weeds in the Garden – blue cornflower, red poppy, white mayweed, yellow corn marigold, 2011 (Living Field collection)
Not all are gone. Occasionally, fields still appear covered in the indistinct blue haze of cornflower, so seed must reside in the soil in some places. Corn spurry, once a sown forage, remains one of the commonest weeds of low-input cropping, while mayweeds are still everywhere.
Wildflower specialists also sell cornfield mixtures, even including the now rare and extinct-in-the-wild species, so it is still possible to see these plants, but more likely in urban meadows or on a new roadside verge or roundabout than in a field.
Cornfield patch in the Living Field garden 2012 (Living Field)
Weeds are still a problem for growing wheat and barley, but today’s serious weeds such as cleavers, wild oat and blackgrass are more aggressive than the old ones, not as attractive and less valuable to the farmland food web. In many cases, heavy weed control just trains new weeds.
Here are some of the species.
Corn marigold Chrysanthemum segetum – the one with the all-yellow flowers in the photographs – is now rare in cereal fields but was once a noxious weed, known as gool, and some of its weedy characteristics remain, because it is the one sown cornfield species that moves around and persists in other parts of the garden. For more on gool, see Weeds and the law under ‘sources’ below.
Cornflower Centaurea cyanus, the blue flower in the photographs, is now rare in agriculture, but easy to grow in the garden, though it soon gives way to more competitive biennials and perennials. In some years, it lasts in flower for insect visitors up to the first frosts of autumn.
Cornflower and viper’s bugloss, 2011, plantings at Balruddery Farm by the Living Field (Living Field collection)
In 2011, the Living Field helped with sowing and planting around the mill pond at the Hutton Institute’s Balruddery Farm. The images above are of (upper left) viper’s bugloss spikes among grass, lower left) cornflower with oxeye daisy and (right) closer view of the flowers.
Corn spurry Spergula arvensis can easily be missed, but its finely cut leaf, small white flowers and greenish, round seed pods, often form a dense matt below cereals in low-input rotations. It was once a sown forage, and is now not a serious weed in most arable fields. It grows all over the place in the garden.
Mayweeds Of the three commoner species, scented mayweed Matricaria recutita and scentless mayweed Tripleurospermum inodorum occupy in-field habitats, whereas pineapple weed Matricaria discoidea (the one without the outer white ray florets and smelling of pineapple) prefers rough ground around field gates and waysides. They have finely cut foliage, like the chamomiles (which are uncommon in fields), but very different from the oxeye daisies. The scented and scentless mayweeds are difficult to tell apart as emerged seedlings and even as young plants before flowering; they sometimes have a similar smell. Mayweeds are still among the top ten most common plants of arable rotations.
Poppies bring that characteristic bright red to the cornfield.Those in the garden are mostly long-headed poppy Papaver dubium, though common poppy Papaver rhoeas also grows here. Occasionally in fields the opium poppy Papaver somniferum appears, but in the garden this species is confined to the collection of medicinals.
Wild oat and poppy in the garden, July 2012 (Living Field collection)
The images above contrast one of the most noxious and troublesome weeds, wild oat Avena fatua, and the iconic flower of the cornfield, poppy. Wild oat’s flowering panicle is similar in appearance to that of the cultivated black oat but much more lax than the compact modern oat (porridge and oatcakes). Yet if allowed, wild oat grows up thickly in wheat or barley, rising taller than the modern crop varieties, taking sunlight and nutrients, and at harvest, dropping seed to increase its buried seedbank.
So while the poppy and cornflower and many other plants of the field are on the decline, the wild oat, and other grass weeds including the bromes in the north, have come to mimic the life cycles and structures of the main cereal species, thereby ensuring they continue to thrive in modern high input cropping.
Meadow plants and arable weeds
Some of the meadow plants appear in cornfields, but the distinction is that the meadow consists mainly of perennials that come up year after year, while cornfield plots are mainly annual plants, emerging and seeding within one year. Cornfield plots also support biennials such as viper’s bugloss Echium vulgare, which germinate one year, then remain usually as a basal rosette of leaves over the winter before extending upwards and flowering the next year.
Several arable weeds emerge from the existing buried seedbank to grow among the sown cornfield annuals in the garden. Chief among the weeds are fat-hen Chenopodium album, once a salad vegetable (and still is in many parts do the world) and no longer a serious weed, field pansy Viola arvensis, speedwell Veronica persica, forget-me-not Mysotis arvensis, various fumitories Fumaria species and sow-thistles Sonchus oleraceus and Sonchus asper.
Corn marigold, and cornflower, in the Living Field garden 22 July 2015 (Living Field)
In north-west Europe, ‘spring’ crops grow for about six months, sown in late March and April to be harvested in September or later the same year. ‘Winter’ crops grow for around 11 months, sown in September and October (some in late August) to be harvested in August or September the following year.
In the garden and nearby strips of land, cornfield annuals are generally sown from bought-in seed in spring, but without the corn. They germinate freely in prepared ground and form light stands of mainly poppy, cornflower, corn marigold and mayweeds in the first year with a few seedbank weeds. Their seed dropped at the end of the first year forms a ‘seedbank’ in the soil.
The same species will emerge from the seedbank next spring and then drop seed again in the second year. They may be joined by legumes, particularly tufted vetch Vicia cracca, and with biennials such as viper’s bugloss Echium vulgare and some weedy thistles. By late in the second year, the open annual canopies have become thick tangles in which perennials get the upper hand.
Unless the ground is cleared of all vegetation and the soil disturbed, most of the cornfield annuals will have gone by the third year, not able to germinate and emerge through the dense tangle of other plants. Every year or so a new patch is prepared and cornfield plants sown. (There were none in 2014).
If you want cornfield annuals to return year after year, they have to be managed. Many cornfield plots sown on roundabouts and other bits of land by roads tend to be left unmanaged and soon progress to dense perennial vegetation dominated by grasses or the thistles.
Sources, references and links
There are several excellent books and booklets on weeds but mostly published at a time when weeds were a major problem for arable land and pasture, so date from the 1920s to the 1960s. Those by Chancellor and Hanf, are good for identification and both still available second-hand.
For readers with a deeper interest, Brenchley’s title was the first substantial book on weeds in Britain and gives an idea of the practical and economic problems due to weeds before the pesticide years. Some cornfield plants are included in Ranson’s accounts of the herbal uses of plants. See also the Medicinals page on this site.
Brenchley WE. 1920. Weeds of farm land. Longman, Green and Co. London. 239 pages.
Chancellor RJ. 1966. The identification of weed seedlings of farm and garden. Blackwell Oxford. 88 pages. (One of the best for identification of seedlings.)
Hanf M. 1983. The arable weeds of Europe with their seedlings and seeds 1983 BASF. [http://web.adas.co.uk/WeedManager/FurtherReading.aspx].
Hubbard CE. 1954. Grasses. Second edition 1968. Penguin Books. 463 pages. (There are later, revised editions with different authors.)
Ranson F. 1949. British herbs. (Pelican) Penguin Books. 203 pages.
Weeds and the law
Colin Reid of Dundee University has kindly allowed us to make the following article available via a pdf. Reid CT, Reid MA. 1990. Weeds and the law. Journal of the Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society, (1990) 47-49. PDF: weeds_and_the_law 300 kb.
Organisations and web links
ADAS. Encyclopaedia of arable weeds. http://web.adas.co.uk/WeedManager/frontpage.aspx
ASIS. Arable seed identification system. James Hutton Institute.
Plantlife. Arable plants in Scotland. A management guide. Web site: http://www.plantlife.org.uk/scotland/about_us
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LoneStarUkeFest.com
Lone Star Ukulele Festival
A Nostalgic Trip Back to 2010 -2013
For a number of years this was the official website for the Lone Star Ukulele Festival started by Noel Tardy, owner of the Uke Lady’s Music Store near White Rock Lake, the only all-ukelele store in Texas. As of 2018, the store, according to Yelp, has closed. By 2013 the Festival benefited the Ukes In The Classroom - Texas program which provides teacher training and instruments to in-need schools and organizations.
The new owner of the domain, a ukulele fan, chose to keep an editied version of the site as a nostalgic tribute to Noel Tardy and this festival. Enjoy.
Content is from the site's 2010 - 2013 archived pages.
About the Lone Star Uke Fest and Acoustic Music Camp
The Lone Star Ukulele Festival and Acoustic Music Camp provides fun and learning in a friendly, supportive environment.
We offer classes in ukulele, swing guitar, Hawaiian lap steel guitar , songwriting, jams, voice, bass and more!
We have a world-class faculty who, along with being great musicians and teachers, are great people.
The Festival benefits the Ukes In The Classroom - Texas program which provides teacher training and instruments to in-need schools and organizations.
Coming September 27 & 28!
Lorenzo Vignando of Italy
Workshops and Concert - Register Now!
Are you ready? We are importing an incredible musician from Tuscany, Italy to Dallas who just happens to be a great guy, intuitive, talented, entertaining… and a real hunk!
Please welcome Lorenzo Vignando for workshops and in concert on Friday night 9/27 and Saturday afternoon and evening September 28th!
Known as Ukulollo, Lorenzo has toured the world, from Italy to England, from Spain to France, Belgium and Germany, from Israel to USA, to Australia, to Singapore. We are excited to have him in Dallas! (Visit www.Ukulollo.com for more info)
His arrangement of Ravel’s Bolero for 4 ukuleles, percussions and acoustic bass got thousands of views in in few days on YouTube, bringing him to both the music and ukulele communities attention.In this video he plays every instruments on the same stage, as if there were 7 Ukulollos playing together.
He is a master at this splitting technique and also for his live sets, duetting with himself and other virtual guests projected on a round screen beside him.
Please welcome him to Dallas and our ukulele community!
His second album was recently completed in 2013. It’s name it’s “Devotion” and its sound is unique. The songs are written by Ukullo for ukuleles and voices, and then dressed up with a contemporary arrangment for flute, clarinet, double-bass, vibraphone and percussion. The wizard who made this possible is Girolamo Deraco, one of the most important contemporary Italian composers around. Even though the ukulele is always the protagonist and all the instruments are strictly acoustic, the sound of the album is really something different. Enjoy and come hear Lorenzo in person!
It was fun! Thanks for attending!
LONE STAR UKE FEST 2013
Register Now ! FRIDAY & SATURDAY, 3/8 & 3/9
THE FOUR STRINGS OF SWING ZOE LEWIS
MARK "SPANKY" GUITERREZ
HEATHER & JO HOOTEN
Mark was given a ‘ukulele by a friend that owns a local second hand guitar store in the spring of 2002. He had no idea how it would impact his life. It was a no name baritone and the intonation was way off beyond the fifth fret but he couldn’t put it down. Mark kept searching for a tune he couldn’t play on the little instrument but there always seemed to be a way to work it out.
He was introduced to the world of ‘ukulele through Jump n Jim’s web site which led him to the 2002 festival in New Jersey. He played a few tunes with Rick Russo during the open mic – an event that changed his life. Since then he has attended Many festivals, been to Hawaii three times and his ‘ukulele collection has greatly expanded. Several people in the ‘ukulele community have influenced the way Mark plays as well as his outlook on life. He hopes to return the favor…
Born and raised in Omaha Nebraska (corn fed!), he is a multi-instrumentalist playing Guitar, ‘Ukulele, Bass, a little mandolin (no pun intended), and banjo (if he has to). He started playing guitar in the 5th grade! He has played for many types of bands: Jazz, Christian Rock, Blues, Mariachi, Country and Folk.
Mark is a sought after workshop leader and has performed and led many workshops across the country: Instructor at the ‘Ukulele Festival in San Antonio 2005/2006, Instructor at the Mid West Uke Fest 2005, Instructor at the Portland Uke Fest 2008, Guest Instructor at the Blue Stone Folk School 2008, Instructor at the WCUF 2008, Conducted group and private lessons at the Mike Da’Silva’s Uke. Currently Mark is Senior Music Student at the University of Nebraska at Omaha
VICTORIA VOX
THE BARNKICKERS Steve & Amanda Boisen
Lone Star Uke Fest 2013 - The Barnkickers Part 1
The Barnkickers - Steve & Amanda Boisen
While maintaining a career as an in-demand jazz bassist, Florida based musician Steve Boisen was quietly searching for the right voice to breathe life into his original compositions. After years of trial and error, he finally discovered the sound he was looking for: the voice of his own daughter, Amanda. By combining their vocal and instrumental talents, diverse songwriting ability and a mutual love for the surprisingly versatile ukulele, they became The Barnkickers, a wholly unique father-daughter musical duo.
The Barnkickers original music possesses a vintage-yet-modern vibe that incorporates touches of tin-pan alley and ragtime along with a contemporary folk and singer-songwriter sound. “Up Before Noon”, their debut CD of original music, became a featured item with several major retailers and lead to performances at music festivals and venues around the country, as well as magazine articles, radio broadcasts and television programs spotlighting their music.
Steve and Amanda have also coordinated several fundraising projects designed to benefit children with autism, including an annual music festival and a compilation CD featuring many noted artists including Cars keyboardist Greg Hawkes and 60’s pop star Ian Whitcomb. The Barnkickers continue to present their music to fans who appreciate the honesty of their sound and the unique nature of their collaboration.
An aside: The first time I heard The Barnkickers was at the 2013 Lone Star Uke Fest. My folks had giv en me a ukelele for my 12th birthday and I had been learning how to play it for the past 9 months. I love the back story of how the Barnkickers were formed and dreamed about the day I could play as well Steve Boisen. Jump ahead 6 years. I am off to college at Vassar in Poughkeepsie NY. Before I left for college I checked out all the ukulele festivals in NYS. The closest one is in the Catskills, in May, called the Annual Ashokan Uke Fest which is really a weekend retreat for ukulele players of all skill levels. A new ukulele festival just started in Brooklyn NY. 2019 which we plan on attending since it is so close by. I would really like to go to the Albuquerque Ukekopelli Festival September 27 - September 29, but school has begun and there is no way I could fly out to New Mexico for that one.
However the Flower City Ukulele Festival Rochester, NY Oct 25-26th, 2019 is possible. My room mate has a car and also plays the ukulele. It's a long drive but doable.The Flower City Ukulele Festival in Rochester New York, is an event for all ukulele enthusiasts from beginner to advanced players. It sounds like great fun. Participants will have an opportunity to attend concerts and workshops, play with others in jam sessions and ensembles. However, as my room mate pointed out to me, it is possible the weather could be quite chilly.
I had been planning on buying a winter jacket before leaving for school, but simply hadn't had the opportunity. Too busy packing and saying by to friends. My room mate who is from New England suggested I look at the online store called Bob's Sport Chalet. She said they have the best selection of North Face jackets online. I had heard of NorthFace but never owned one before. She helped me pick out jacket that would be good for the whole winter. Although I am not a fashion freak, I have to say NorthFace has really cool jackets. And they were offering a discount when I ordered mine. I am now a NorthFace fan. Update: The jacket was perfect for our trip to Rochester for the Flower City Ukulele Festival and has been great all winter long. I learned how to ski during winter and Feb break at Hunter Mountain in the Catskills. I am now looking forward to the Ashokan Uke Fest this coming May. It's fast approaching. I hope James Hill & Anne Janelle will be there in 2020. I think James Hill is possibly the best ukulele player in the world. He held a workshop at the 2019 festival. I am keeping my fingers crossed!
Kate McLennan - Spirit Runners Music
Spirit Runners - Kate McLennan & Noel Tardy
Rev. Dr. Kate McLennan is an award winning author, singer/songwriter, and interfaith minister. Though Kate’s path meandered through a BFA in Theater, an MSSW in Social Work and a Doctor of Ministry degree in Spirituality, her guiding passion is her work as a singer/songwriter in healing settings.
Kate asked Santa Claus for an ‘ukulele when she was five years old. The story goes that she taught herself to read and play ‘ukulele from the same book.
When she grew bigger, she asked for a guitar. It was the sixties—long hair, flowing colorful hippie clothes, and guitars. Kate continued playing guitar for several decades, solo and with the incomparable Ruth Huber.
In the early 2000’s, while still doing chemotherapy for leukemia, Kate asked Santa for another ‘ukulele. Since she was grounded for two and a half years, she fell in love again with the tiny instrument that she could play so effortlessly.
When Kate rose from her ashes, she continued her guitar work and presented a solo album of original music with voice and guitar recounting her cancer journey.
With more health challenges on the horizon, Kate devoted her music to Hospice Austin’s Christopher House singing on a weekly basis. Still a bit shy about her rekindled love of ‘ukulele, she played guitar for the first couple of years
Then she began to slip an ‘ukulele song or two in the set with the guitar. This avalanched into full voice and ‘ukulele songs and sharing. Soon Kate realized that the gentle sounds of the ‘ukulele were the perfect accompaniment for her hospice work, midwifing souls to the other side with song.
Discovering that anything she can do on guitar she can do on ‘ukulele, and unearthing a treasure chest of songwriting inspiration, she was hooked.
And the love affair continues. Kate’s other passion is songwriting; she is jazzed to be invited to teach “what she most needs to learn” at this festival.
These days you’ll find Kate working with Noel Tardy as Spirit Runners offering messages of hope and love for those affected by cancer and other life challenges through music and story.
Kate and Noel Tardy will co-present this workshop as www.SpiritRunnersMusic.com
Noel attended Texas Woman’s University on a stage band music scholarship and for many years sang with The Women’s Chorus of Dallas and Resounding Harmony.
She developed interest in the ukulele, which is now her instrument of choice! Noel is the founder of the Lone Star Uke Fest and the non-profit Ukes in the Classroom – Texas.
Similar to Kate, Noel had a life changing event a few years ago when she was diagnosed with stage 4 metastatic thyroid cancer. While this interrupted her singing for a couple of years, she began focusing on music as healing. She is dedicated to bringing messages of hope and healing to persons with health and life challenges. She is very involved with Kate as part of Spirit Runners and enjoys giving keynote presentations and concerts.
At Metropolitan Community Church
of Greater Dallas
1840 Hutton Dr #100, Carrollton, TX 75006
2011 CONCERT DVD AND CD NOW AVAILABLE
Please choose your classes according to your skill level. Classes will not be interrupted for remedial teaching. Schedule subject to change.
Instructor Workshop Level
Mark Gutierrez
Advanced Finger Picking
Moving in and out of strumming / finger picking
How, When and Where to do it
Advanced class we are expecting participants to have there own finger style / picking already developed or currently in process of developing.
First day is How and When, Second day is execution / playing
Daily Uke Book, and the Daily Uke Leap Year Book - Dress it up!
Add licks to your favorite songs from the Daily Uke Book on day one and Daily Uke Leap Year Book day two.
Heather Hooten
Vocal Class
Heather Hooton is a trained Opera Singer. Learn and review techniques to warm up and strengthen the voice properly.
All Levels & Registered Spouses
JD Hooten
JD Hooton is the Bass Player for the 4 Strings of Swing. Learn common bass lines and how to develop bass lines.
Mark Gutierrez & JD Hooten
Performance Master Class - limited to 10 performers on first come basis.
Open to all for observation of class and discussion.
Have your performance reviewed by 4 strings of swing.
Please come prepared to perform for the class or at least participate in discussion.
Areas to be reviewed are:
Use of equipment
At the end of class discuss equipment used by 4 Strings of Swing and QA on sound reinforcement gear.
Steve Boisen
“Ukulele Chord Solos” with The Barnkickers: Chord solos are a type of arrangement in which the melody and harmony are played at the same time, allowing the ukulele function as a solo instrument. They are a lot of fun to play and make great "party pieces" to add to your repertoire. Join Steve and Amanda Boisen of The Barnkickers as they teach you how to play an easy solo piece and present some of their own arrangements for you to learn. They’ll also offer tips on how to create your own solos and provide a list of resources where you can find more pieces arranged for the ukulele. The material is all presented in tablature, so no music reading is required. This workshop is open to all levels, but attendees will get the most from this workshop if they can already play basic chords on their ukulele.
Kate McLennan Song Writing!
Learn tips, tricks and methods to get motivated. This class is experiential. All Levels & Registered Spouses
Scott Thompson Beginning Ukulele Chord Theory - The Basics of Music is a gentle introduction to the way music is structured. The first day we will explore the mechanics of sound, pitch, and how that leads to scales. In the second day we will explore the way that chords are found within scales. The class should be of interest to beginners who want to know a bit more about where the music they play comes from.
Beginner/All Levels
Steve Boisen Instructor Led Jam Sessions - Get your uke on, it's time to play! All Levels & Registered Spouses
“Tin Pan Alley and the Ukulele” with The Barnkickers: The ukulele enjoyed it’s initially wave of popularity during the era many consider the “Golden Age” of American songwriting. Most of the sheet music from this period included ukulele chords and it’s no surprise that these classic songs still sound great on the uke. Join Steve and Amanda Boisen of The Barnkickers as they share some of their favorites from this era and offer tips on how to add some vintage “pizzazz” to these songs by using different strums, modulations, turnarounds, intros and endings. This workshop is open to all levels, but attendees will get the most from this workshop if they can already play basic chords on their ukulele.
Beg/Intermediate
L.A. White Banjo Uke! How to make an inexpensive but great sounding banjo uke ! All Levels & Registered Spouses
Please check back often as we are updating as fast as possible!
We are pleased to announce that a portion of proceeds from the Festival will be used to purchase ukes and provide training for a "Ukes In The Classroom" program in the North Texas Area! Brought to you by UkeLadyMusic and Ukes in The Classroom - Texas - for more information contact: Noel Tardy - info@LoneStarUkeFest.com
BACH TO TEXAS with ALOHA!
Lone Star Uke Festival 2011 Opening Day
April 7th- 9th, 2011
The line-up of talented performers and teachers this year is AMAZING ... and the theme is Bach to Texas with Aloha!
NEWS BLAST! Special Guest Performers at the Saturday Lunch:
Little Elm Elementary School Uke Class and the Maplewood Elementary School Ukulele Choir from Austin
Kimo Hussey, Mike Lynch (Ukulele Mike), Gerald Ross, Michelle Kiba, Ukulele Bartt, Pops Bayless, The Wahooligans, Mark "Spanky" Guiterrez, Dennis McBride
It's intriguing, but why is the theme "Bach to Texas with Aloha"?
What does BACH, one of the greatest composers of all time, have to do with Texas, Aloha ... and You? This year the Lone Star Uke Fest is very proud to kick off the festival with the first ever classical and peace related ukulele concert! Your favorite performers will really be "puttin' on the ritz". The festival is in Texas, so we've got to flavor it with a little swing and our talent from Hawaii will add a touch of the Aloha spirit. And, if you've been to the Lone Star Uke Fest before ... this year, you'll be coming Bach to Texas!
The festival is honored to present the classical concert at the new Interfaith Peace Chapel, a modern masterpiece designed by award-winning and world-renowned architect Philip Johnson. It is a brilliant, inspirational design of "sculpture
Interfaith Peace Chapel
Aloha Texas Song by The Wahooligans now available
Please check back often as we are updating as fast as possible! Soon we will have a listing of the ukulele workshops as well as other exciting classes. The festival will be set-up music camp style to enhance your learning opportunities. The host hotel and site for the festival and all classes is the Holiday Inn Select (Galleria) ... and they have offered the same great room rate as last year!
We are pleased to announce that a portion of proceeds from the Festival will be used to purchase ukes and provide training for a "Ukes In The Classroom" program in the North Texas Area! Brought to you by UkeLadyMusic and Dallas Ukulele Headquarters - for more information contact: Noel Tardy - info@LoneStarUkeFest.com, Mark Levine - Dallas Ukulele Headquarters.
Four Strings of Swing
ALOHA TEXAS!
The 2010 Festival 4/29-5-1 was a huge success thanks to our sponsors, performers, volunteers and attendees
3-Day Festival and Music Camp
April 29, 30, and May 1, 2010
Pre-Festival Event on April 27 & 28
JAMES HILL - "Train the Teachers Workshop"
Music Literacy, the Ukulele Way!
Current and prospective ukulele teachers alike will benefit from the depth and variety of material presented. First-time strummers welcome. Handouts provided.
The line-up of talented performers and teachers this year is AMAZING and the theme is Texas Swing with Aloha!
James Hill, Gerald Ross, Kimo Hussey, Debbie Porter, Pops Bayless, Mark "Spanky" Gutierez, Ukulele Bartt and Dennis McBride... along with special guest appearances by The Wahooligans & more!
Please check back often as we are updating as fast as possible! Soon we will have a listing of the ukulele workshops as well as other exciting classes. The festival will be set-up music camp style to enhance your learning opportunities.
The host hotel and site for the festival and all classes is the Holiday Inn Select (Galleria) ... and they have offered the same great room rate as last year!
Dallas Ukulele Festival 2010
Ukulele Bartt Warburton
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Posted by Jordan Levine · September 23, 2014 4:09 PM
Council Member Mark Levine’s Floor Comments on Resolution 418 Calling on the New York State to Expand the Compassionate Care Act, Which Legalized Medicinal Marijuana
I would like to call your attention to Resolution 418 calling upon the New York State Legislature and the Governor to expand the Compassionate Care Act, which legalized medicinal marijuana. On July 7th, the Governor signed the Act into law, making New York the 23rd state to legalize medicinal marijuana. While this was a major step forward for our state and affirms consensus within the medical community on the therapeutic value of medicinal marijuana, there are some major imperfections with this law:
COUNCIL MEMBER LEVINE, RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS PRESENT FAMILIES AFFECTED BY HAMILTON HEIGHTS FIRE WITH MONETARY DONATIONS AND GOODS COLLECTED AFTER THE BLAZE
COMMUNITY, FDNY, JETBLUE AND COUNTLESS OTHERS CAME TOGETHER IN TIME OF NEED FOR VICTIMS
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: THURSDAY, AUGUST 27TH
CONTACT: Jordan Levine, 917-842-5748
NEW YORK – In the wake of a tragic fire that took the life of fifteen-year-old Melissa Mendez and left nearly seventy others homeless last week, Council Member Mark Levine, donors and relief organizations presented these victims with donations and other aid to help them recover at the Church of the Annunciation. Over one hundred community members came together to donate clothes, household goods, school supplies, and thousands of dollars.
City Council Funds Anti-Eviction Legal Services at Highest Rate Ever
Posted by Jordan Levine · June 26, 2014 1:37 PM
Mark-Viverito, Gibson, Williams, Levin, Mendez, Rosenthal, Torres, and Levine Join Together to Support Low-Income Tenants in Housing Court
NEW YORK -- The City Council has funded almost $12 million in initiatives to support and expand legal services in this year's budget. This is in addition to a consolidation of $7.5 million for legal services under the Human Resources Administration, which represents a $1 million increase.
Anti-eviction legal services will receive $5 million, an unprecedented level of funding. This allocation represents a restoration of $2 million and an enhancement of $3 million by the City Council. The program provides legal assistance to low-and moderate-income families and Single Room Occupancy housing tenants faced with illegal evictions from their homes. Providers of this service include: Legal Services NYC, the Goddard Riverside Community Center, Brooklyn Legal Services, the Legal Aid Society, and MFY Legal Services. Council Member Levine was the lead sponsor of this initiative.
STATE SENATOR ADRIANO ESPAILLAT, NYC PARKS COMMITTEE CHAIR MARK LEVINE & COUNCIL MEMBER YDANIS RODRIGUEZ PRAISE NYPD'S "SWIFT ACTION" IN UPTOWN ASSAULT
34th Precinct Have Suspect in Custody, Hours After Incident Occurred
New York, NY--Hours after a sexual assault took place in the Anne Loftus Playground in Fort Tryon Park in Northern Manhattan, police have detained a suspect. State Senator Adriano Espaillat; NYC Parks Committee Chair, Council Member Mark Levine; and NYC Council Member Rodriguez issued this statement:
ESPAILLAT AND LEVINE HAIL MORNINGSIDE AVE TRAFFIC SAFETY PLAN BREAKTHROUGH
New York, NY – Manhattan Community Board 10 voted last night to approve the Department of Transportation’s (DOT) proposed traffic calming measures along Morningside Avenue from 116th Street to 126th Street.
Senator Adriano Espaillat and Council Member Mark Levine have repeatedly pushed for the plan’s approval, writing to DOT Commissioner Trottenberg after initial delays in January 2013, and again in May when it appeared the vote would be delayed indefinitely to affirm their support.
COUNCIL MEMBER LEVINE RESPONDS TO NYPD RAID IN GRANT AND MANHATTANVILLE HOUSES
Levine Calls for an Increase in Youth Development Programming to Curb Future Violence
NEW YORK -- Earlier today, the New York City Police Department raided two New York City Housing Authority complexes in West Harlem. More than 100 suspected gang members at Manhattanville Houses and Ulysses S. Grant Houses were brought into custody by a team of law enforcement officials.
Parks Committee Chair Council Member Mark Levine and City Council Members Call for Over $27 Million Down Payment on Park Equity Agenda
Posted by Jordan Levine · April 24, 2014 3:00 PM
Ten Percent of Total Council Request - Increase at the Crux of Parks Equity Argument Following Hearing
NEW YORK – As Chair of the City Council Parks Committee, Council Member Mark Levine (D - 7th district) has called for an increase in funds to achieve greater equity in the parks system. Yesterday, the New York City Council released its response to the preliminary budget calling for an over $27 million increase in the Park’s Department budget. Release of the response followed Wednesday’s hearing on “Equity in Parks: Do Disparities Exist in the Care of the City’s Open Space?”
Council Member Mark Levine’s Statement on the Appointment of Mitchell Silver as Parks Commissioner
Posted by Jordan Levine · March 21, 2014 3:00 PM
This is a great day for New York City’s parks. The appointment of Mitchell Silver as Parks commissioner is the perfect way for the department to start the spring. Mr. Silver’s expertise on planning issues in New York City and beyond will give him valuable perspective. I have witnessed Mr. Silver’s effectiveness first hand, during his time leading planning for West Harlem Piers, a beloved waterfront park in my district. His passion for parks and his commitment to equity perfectly position him to tackle the significant challenges facing the department. I couldn’t be more excited to work with him.
Council Member Levine Celebrates Dominican Independence Day and Dominican Heritage Month with fellow Community Leaders
Posted by Jordan Levine · February 27, 2014 3:00 PM
Commends State Assembly for passing the DREAM Act and Calls upon the State Senate to bring to a vote
NEW YORK – Today Council Member Mark Levine (D - 7th district) celebrates Dominican Independence Day and the broader Dominican Heritage Month at Alianza Dominicana alongside community leaders and other elected officials. This year’s celebration also coincides with the passage of the New York State Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act (A.2597-A) in the New York State Assembly with an 82 - 46 vote.
STATEMENT FROM COUNCIL MEMBER MARK LEVINE ON MAYOR'S VISION ZERO PLAN FOR SPEED LIMITS
"Elected officials have an obligation to families and seniors living in New York City to make our roads safe and walkable. Studies have shown that pedestrian fatality rates drop to 5-10% when the speed limit is lowered to 25mph. There is no excuse for the recent tragic and avoidable deaths that were caused by the recklessness of speeding drivers in this area. We must act now to reduce the speed limit in our streets.
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Nov 06, 2019 by Shreeya Aranake in Industry
In a major reversal of existing policy, Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey announced last week that the social media website will ban all political ads later this month.
“We’ve made the decision to stop all political advertising on Twitter globally,” Dorsey tweeted. “We believe political message reach should be earned, not bought.”
Dorsey said political ads pose “new challenges” to civic discourse, including “machine learning-based optimization of messaging and micro-targeting, unchecked misleading information, and deep fakes.” These innovative threats all come at “increasing velocity, sophistication, and overwhelming scale,” Dorsey said.
The policy will be finalized by November 15 and will include a few exceptions, such as ads in support of non-partisan measures like voter registration, Dorsey tweeted.
The new policy stands in stark contrast with Facebook’s recent exemption of political advertising from fact-checking and removal, which was first announced in late September. A few weeks later, during a speech at Georgetown University, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said people should have access to all political ads and judge their credibility for themselves, rather than having a “private company” censor politicians and the news.
“We don’t fact-check political ads,” Zuckerberg said. “We don’t do this to help politicians, but because we think people should be able to see for themselves what politicians are saying. And if content is newsworthy, we also won’t take it down even if it would otherwise conflict with many of our standards.”
“I know many people disagree, but, in general, I don’t think it’s right for a private company to censor politicians or the news in a democracy,” he continued. “And we’re not an outlier here. The other major internet platforms and the vast majority of media also run these same ads.”
With Dorsey’s announcement, Twitter’s roughly 330 million monthly active users will no longer be targeted with political ads. Of those, about 68 million users are in the United States.
According to Cat Zakrzewski, a technology reporter at The Washington Post, the new policy highlighted Dorsey’s rebuke of the “free expression” argument that Zuckerberg used to justify Facebook’s policy in the past.
“This isn’t about free expression,” Dorsey wrote in his announcement. “This is about paying for reach. And paying to increase the reach of political speech has significant ramifications that today’s democratic infrastructure may not be prepared to handle.”
NEW: Mark Zuckerberg just dined with civil rights leaders hoping to change his mind on political ads, w/@tonyajoriley in The Technology 202: https://t.co/NgVElysOMl
— Cat Zakrzewski (@Cat_Zakrzewski) November 5, 2019
In the face of growing opposition to Facebook’s policy, Zuckerberg dined with civil rights leaders on Monday night and listened to their concerns that politicians would exploit the lax policy to spread disinformation, Zakrzewski reported.
“I am now hopeful about the fact that he was open to the discussion and seemed to be going through a process of trying to get it right,” Al Sharpton, president of the National Action Network, told Zakrzewski. “I’m not where we want to be, but better than where we were.”
The stark difference in policy is a new phase in the “long-running feud” between Facebook and Twitter, Zakrzewski wrote.
Dipayan Ghosh, co-director of the Platform Accountability Project at Harvard Kennedy School, told Zakrzewski that Dorsey, “like many others, is fed up with [Facebook].”
“Some of it might be commercially driven, but most all of it is that [Dorsey] is upset about the nature of Facebook and its insidious effect on political circumstances in this country,” Ghosh, who previously worked on global privacy at Facebook, said.
Reactions to the new policy were split across partisan lines. While Democrats supported Dorsey’s move, Republicans were critical of the ban on political ads.
Former presidential candidate Hillary Clinton applauded Dorsey’s decision and shined the spotlight back on to Zuckerberg, tweeting, “This is the right thing to do for our democracy in America and all over the world. What say you, @Facebook?”
Republicans also took to Twitter to voice their opinions. Brad Parscale, the president’s campaign manager, slammed the new policy as a “very dumb decision.”
“Will Twitter also be stopping ads from biased liberal media outlets who will now run unchecked as they buy obvious political content meant to attack Republicans?” Parscale asked. “This is yet another attempt to silence conservatives, since Twitter knows President Trump has the most sophisticated online program ever known.”
Meanwhile, Sen. Ted Cruz, R-Texas, wrote an op-ed in The Hill in support of Zuckerberg’s policy. He criticized the “far left wing of the Democratic Party” for siding with Twitter’s policy because they would rather urge “Big Tech to simply make it impossible for anyone to disagree,” than “engage in a thoughtful discussion based on facts, reason, and evidence.”
Cruz argued the new policy will favor incumbents who have the funds to rely on other, more expensive forms of advertising. He also highlighted the ramifications for private citizens, as a result of the ban.
“What Jack Dorsey is proposing is to stop you, individually, or in a group—whether it be the Sierra Club, the NRA, Planned Parenthood, AIPAC, or a totally new not-for-profit group trying to advocate for a particular idea—from being able to speak actively about public policy,” Cruz wrote.
Tagged with: 2020 election, brad parscale, Cat Zakrzewski, Dipayan Ghosh, facebook, Georgetown university, Hillary Clinton, jack dorsey, Mark Zuckerberg, Ted Cruz, twitter, Washington Post
About the author Shreeya Aranake
3 thoughts on “In Stark Contrast with Facebook, Twitter Bans Political Ads Ahead of 2020”
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Short Watch
Review: THE SATELLITE GIRL AND MILK COW Shows Promise for Korean Animation
By Pierce Conran
There is no shortage of skilled animators in Korea but following the floundering of the local animation industry in the 1970s, most of that talent went into domestic TV production or were sucked into the outsourced contracts of far more lucrative foreign shows such as The Simpsons. Over the last few years, a handful of new feature animations have cropped up in Korean cinema and are serving as embers for what will hopefully become a full-fledged industry in the coming years. 2014 has a few Korean animations in store and the first of those to hit theaters will be The Satellite Girl and Milk Cow, the feature-length debut of Jang Hyung-yun, who previously made a number of acclaimed shorts including A Coffee Vending Machine and Its Sword (2007).
Il-ho is a curious satellite that gazes down to Earth as she circles the globe, wondering about the human condition, particularly that emotion called love. Singer-songwriter Kyung-chun turns into a milk cow when he suffers the heartbreak of his girlfriend leaving him and soon finds himself on the run from the Incinerator, an evil machine that tracks down and devours creatures with lonely hearts. Coming to his aid is Merlin the Wizard, who has taken shape as a role of toilet paper, and before long Il-ho falls down to earth and is transformed into a girl.
Whimsical and fantastical, The Satellite Girl and Milk Cow unavoidably brings to mind Japanese animation, particularly the works of the celebrated Studio Ghibli. Though not heavily aping their style, the similarities serve as a reminder that Korean animation still lacks anything resembling a cohesive aesthetic. Hollywood and Japan have very recognizable animation styles and even French feature-length cartoons have developed some common traits. Being such a close neighbor (not to mention a former colony) of Japan, it’s understandable that this kind of borrowing would occur. The Korean animations that have cropped up in the last few years are each quite different from one another, from popular TV character Pororo’s formulaic big screen debut to the gritty and dark social works of Yeon Sang-ho (The King of Pigs [2011], The Fake).
Earnest and cute, The Satellite Girl and Milk Cow is a promising, if somewhat light debut from Jang. Lacking the emotional catharsis or razzle-dazzle of similar Japanese offerings, the film nonetheless displays plenty of its own creativity throughout its sweet and charming narrative. However, though Jang’s film is well drawn it does seem a little rough around the edges. It could be that he lacked the funding to properly realize his vision (the film was not backed by a major studio), as evidenced by the cheap 3D backgrounds that are used, such as in the space-set opening scene. But perhaps the film’s greatest weakness lies in its editing. Fading to black and back again is the main way that the film transitions from one scene to the next, a technique that hurts the film’s momentum, in addition to seeming a little lazy.
Those downsides aside however, The Satellite Girl and Milk Cow is a breezy watch bolstered by its motley crew of odd characters. Though dubbing tracks are likely to be added before the film travels overseas, the Korean voice cast features frequent Hong Sangsoo actress Jung Yu-mi and Punch (2011) actor Yoo Ah-in, both also featured together in last year’s drama Tough as Iron. Yoo is more than competent as Kyung-chun, the most normal character in the film (despite being turned into a talking milk cow) while Jung comes off a little better, making her robotic character funny and adorable.
With its juvenile fantastical characters and a little toilet humor for kids, and its college-age romance and possible sexual innuendo (in a surprising milking scene) for older viewers, the film may have a little trouble finding an audience with elements that are a tad scattershot. Though unlikely to completely satisfy any viewer, The Satellite Girl and Milk Cow’s problems are hardly life threatening and there’s enough charm, skill and promise to look forward to a stronger follow-up. I for one hope that Jang and other talented Korean animators (of which there are many) are afforded more chances to rebuild the country’s long dormant animation sector.
Reviews and features on Korean film appear regularly on Modern Korean Cinema. For film news, external reviews, and box office analysis, take a look at the Korean Box Office Update, Korean Cinema News and the Weekly Korean Reviews, which appear weekly on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday mornings (Korean Standard Time).
To keep up with the best in Korean film you can sign up to our RSS Feed, like us on Facebook, or follow us on Twitter.
Labels: 2014, jang hyung-yun, jung yu-mi, korea, korean animation, the satellite girl and milk cow, yoo ah-in, 우리별 일호와 얼룩소, 우아인, 장형윤, 정유미
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Home / MOVIE REVIEWS / "Florence Foster Jenkins" Movie Review
"Florence Foster Jenkins" Movie Review
ekmanalaysay 10:12:00 PM MOVIE REVIEWS
People may have judged her and teased her, but in Florence Foster Jenkins' mind, she has the most beautiful and perfect voice that an opera singer must possess. It showcases a value that everyone must be heard, no matter how awful your voice or opinion would sound like.
The movie is about the enchanting, sometimes comedic, and sometimes melodramatic, biopic of one most popular socialite during her time, "Florence Foster Jenkins". The film and Jenkins' life story as it was unfold is a whole new level of an "Emperor's New Clothes"-story. It has lies from beginning to end, but it's quite enjoyable to watch especially the three main actors Hugh Grant, Simon Helberg, and Meryl Streep as the title role.
Florence Foster Jenkins' life is as colorful and imeldific as you can imagine. She was ambitious but free spirited, and her life is surprisingly entertaining to watch. Meanwhile, the movie inspired little ambitions to become big dream. Singing in the famous Carnegie Hall and performing in it even if you have an awful voice is really an achievement to beat! Not to mention Florence did it with flying colors by having series of concerts and performances inside Carnegie Hall.
What most sadly though was that Florence Foster Jenkins had to live a world of lies, which by the way she has no idea what's really happening in the world because what she knew in her mind was not the reality itself.
Anyway, Florence Foster Jenkins is one of those movies to watch this week for that Gatsby-look and feel and of course, Meryl Streep! Overall, we enjoyed watching "Florence Foster Jenkins" and we give them a 9 out of 10 movie experience for Meryl Streep's presence and performance and for an informative and enjoyable movie plot. "Florence Foster Jenkins" is released by OctoArts Films International in the Philippines. Watch "Florence Foster Jenkins" full movie trailer below. Enjoy!
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Etosha National Park Map:
Click on the map below for an overview of the park or Download the Etosha National Park Map (PDF) and take it with you on your Smart Phone or Tablet.
Etosha GPS Co-ordinates:
Lat. -19 10 52.7592 S
Long. 15 55 3.2808 E
Lat. -19 2 5.5134 S
Long. 16 28 16.5756 E
Two of the most popular ways to experience Etosha:
1) Guided Tours:
Either pre-organised or custom designed. Most guided Tours start from Windhoek.
2) Self-Drive Tours:
Please contact us should you require any assistance with arranging your visit to Etosha.
Directions from Windhoek for Self-drive trips to Etosha:
Plan on spending about six hours in transit from Windhoek to Etosha. The roads are tarmac and in good condition and the journey can easily be made in one day. Even inside the park, an ordinary sedan vehicle is adequate transportation.
Please plan your trip carefully. The entrance gates as well as the camp gates are only open from sunrise to sunset and these times will vary according to the season. Make sure you are aware of the gate times before setting out. Should you arrive outside of these times, you will not be allowed access and will find yourself left out in the African wild for the night!
The Andersson gate and the Von Lindequist gate are the main entrances, but there are four gates into Etosha:
1. Andersson Gate
Situated near Okaukuejo in the south, Andersson is one of the most popular entrances to the park. This gate was named in honour of Charles Andersson, who was one of the first Europeans to explore Etosha in 1851. Andersson gate is 16km from Okaukuejo and 415km from Windhoek.
To get to Andersson Gate from Windhoek, take the B1 and then turn left at onto C38 at Otjiwarongo.
2. Galton Gate – Private
Galton Gate is named after Francis Galton, who was with Charles Andersson when he came across Etosha.
Galton Gate is located in Western Etosha and is reserved for people who are booked into Etosha’s Dolomite Camp.
3. Von Lindequist Gate
Named in honour of the governor of German South West Africa who proclaimed Etosha a game reserve in 1907, Von Lindequist Gate is the Eastern entrance to Etosha. Von Lindequist Gate is 12km from Namutoni, and 525km from Windhoek. Von Lindequist Gate is the second most frequently used entrance to the park.
From Windhoek, guests should take the B1 past Otjiwarongo and Tsumeb. Turn left 73km past Tsumeb and follow the directions to the gate.
4. King Nehale Gate
The Nehale lya Mpingana Gate, located near Andoni Plains, is the newest and most Northern entrance to Etosha. The gate was opened in 2003 and is named after the former king of Owamboland.
The gate is accessible from the B1 from Windhoek, between Tsumeb and Omuthiya about 140km north of Tsumeb.
Home » Visit The Etosha Game Park » Etosha National Park Map & GPS
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Special Olympics athletes contribute to our story. From them we learn, we think differently and realize what we can accomplish as individuals, as local brokerages and together across time zones and borders—it's a common good that unites us. Every hour given, every dollar donated, every kind word spoken and every door opened creates opportunities for those who need it most. We believe that in order to lead, we must empower others to do the same.
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Many of our advisors donate a portion of their commissions to Special Olympics on behalf of their clients. This simple program means that every time we help our clients to realize their real estate goals, we are helping a Special Olympian get just a bit closer to theirs.
About Special Olympics
Special Olympics is a global inclusion movement using sports, health, education and leadership programs every day around the world to end discrimination against and empower people with intellectual disabilities. Founded in 1968, and celebrating its 50th Anniversary this year, the Special Olympics movement has grown to more than 6 million athletes and United Sports partners in more than 170 countries. With the support of more than 1 million coaches and volunteers, Special Olympics delivers 32 Olympic-type sports and over 100,000 games and competitions throughout the year. Special Olympics is supported by individuals, foundations and partners, including Bank of America, the Christmas Records Trust, The Coca-Cola Company, ESPN, Essilor Vision Foundation, the Golisano Foundation, the Law Enforcement Torch Run for Special Olympics, Lions Clubs International, Microsoft, Safilo Group, Stavros Niarchos Foundation, TOYOTA, United Airlines and the Walt Disney Company. Click here for a full list of partner. Engage with us on: Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Instagram and our blog on Medium. Learn more at www.SpecialOlympics.org.
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F-16.net
Military Aviation Forum
http://www.f-16.net/forum/
F-35 JSF vs Eurofighter Typhoon
http://www.f-16.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=55&t=5525
by FANTASMA
I would like to here options about the ability of F-35 in case of EF Typhoon tries to intercept or engage to air combat with it to survive? Does the Typhoon has any chances or the JSF will prevail?
by Driver
For bombing a city, choose the F-35 JSF.
For bombing a city, defending your airspace, escort transport planes etc., choose the EFA.
Really the EFA is better on all fronts except range which can be dealt with. The JSF does have stealth though but very little and there are nations that are well on their way to make stealth useless.
I think when EFA develops the ability to launch Meteor and Iris-T JSF will be troubled..Maybe silly but jsf has stelth technology the EFA how capable is to detect with its radar the JSF..The crucial in future air combats is who detects first the enemy, the range of the "goodies", supercruise ability etc etc..i would like to listen comparison between the two aircrafts..
by sferrin
Driver wrote: For bombing a city, choose the F-35 JSF.
JSF has very little stealth?
Compared to what's out there... Yes.
by RonO
One of the most important things about JSF is that it's being built down to a price so if you are an air force looking for your next fast jet, the comparison should be one EF vs two JSF.
If stealth is so useless, why is every single future design from all aircraft designers so stealthy? Dassault & Bae stutter on how stealth doesn't matter yet you go look at what's on their design boards and what they're flying as demonstrators & prototypes. Major case of watch what I do and don't listen to what I say.
BTW, JSF can go to sea & fly from small airstrips, EF cannot do either.
by boff180
EF can fly from small strips, STOL was a design requirement... very very short take-off run and uses a drag chute to shorten its landing distance when required.
Wrong. STOL was dropped from the Typhoon requirements to save money.
Well it still can take off and land in quite short distances... especially take off witnessed with my own eyes
by Whiteman_B2
Interesting point of view. I'll put my money on Typhoon getting foxtrot uniform before it knows what hit it.
With zero or little load any modern fast jet can take off in a short distance. Doesn't mean it can effectively operate from short strips. With no load an F-15 can take off in a few hundred feet and go vertical. I've seen them do it many times at air displays. I also see them every day thru my window take off on combat exercises. They then need & take thousands of feet of concrete and bootfulls of a/b to get airborne and when they come back, they need thousands of feet more.
Actually whiteman, thats what the Norwegian F-35 representative said in an interview recently.
Or to put it exactly.
If you want to bomb baghdad with cheap cheap weapons: F-35
If you want air dominance, airspace defence and the ability to bomb bahdad using expensive stand-off weapons: Typhoon.
Except for stealth, the F-35 doesn't really have any advantages over Typhoon... they both are pretty much equal on the Situational Awareness front.
And if they expect an F-35 to merge and it isn't an RAF or Australian one... well stealth will mean sweet FA if its carrying Aim-9X on external pylons! It also remains to be seen if Meteor will be able to be carried internally at all (definately not on the F-35B)!
Also as AESA radar tachnology advances the detection range of something with the RCS of F-35 is getting longer and longer. CAESAR in its base configuration is in the same class as the F-22's AESA, just think what further enhances in the next 20 years will bring.
by idesof
I realize this is a discussion board and therefore, obviously, topics are up for debate and as such, different views may be proffered. However, I have been reading the posts on this board for the past several weeks with a great deal of interest regarding the views expressed herein and few posts have struck me as completely off the mark as the one quoted above. Firstly, the claim that the F-35 (JSF) possesses "very little" in the way of stealth is an outlandish claim without any sort of evidence to back it up. Indeed, while it has been argued the F-35 will not achieve the same degree of all-angle stealth as the F-22, not even the F-35's most vehement detractors claim it is in possession of "very little" stealth. While the stealth properties of the F-22 and F-35 are distinguishable by a matter of degree, the qualitative difference between the F-35's stealth capabilities and those of the Typhoon is separated by several orders of magnitude. Secondly, Carl Sagan was fond of saying, "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence." The assertion made above, that "nations" are "well on their way" to making stealth "useless" is an extraordinary claim for which evidence is neither offered by the writer nor proven by another known, reliable source, let alone sources. All else is conjecture until proven otherwise.
Therefore, on the merits of its advantage conferred by stealth alone, in air combat the F-35 will see an enemy, and shoot that enemy, much earlier than will the Typhoon, even after the latter is given an updated AESA radar later in the century. In a hypothetical and unlikely head-to-head match-up, all else being equal (support elements, pilot skill, etc.), the Typhoon will be terminated more than likely before its pilot is even aware he or she is under attack. It is important to note that at this stage of its development, when the USAF is trying to secure funding for additional F-22s, the F-35's air-to-air capabilities, which are not significantly lesser than its larger cousin's, are being purposely down-played so as not to alert Congress that the F-35 will be significantly cheaper, but not significantly less capable, than the F-22. Indeed, it is very much like the F-15 vs. F-16 debate the USAF was engaged in during the 1970s and 80s. As has been widely acknowledged, the F-15 is not an inherently superior air-superiority fighter vis-a-vis the F-16. Had the USAF optimized the F-16 from early on for the air-superiority role, the USAF would have never needed to buy the F-15, period. See Pierre Sprey and John Boyd. An F-35, optimized for the air-to-air role, would not be inferior to the F-22. However, even when its air-to-air performance is compromised by its need to be a bomb truck, when the F-35 enters service it will be second only to the F-22 in the air-dominance mission. The evidence of this are all the countries--which must use the F-35 in both air-to-ground and air dominance roles--that are opting to wait several years for the arrival of the F-35 instead of procuring the Typhoon, despite the makers of the latter practically paying other nations to purchase their already obsolete design. Indeed, the capability gap between the F-35 and the Typhoon at all levels in favor of the former is greater yet than that between a late-model F-16 and an early-model Mig-23 (again, of course, in favor of the former).
Sadly for the UK, Spain, Germany, Italy, Saudi Arabia and whoever else has made the disastrous mistake to purchase this relic of a by-gone era, the Typhoon will soon be almost, but not quite, as irrelevant as the so-called Super Hornet. The F-35 will exceed the Typhoon at all levels, including maneuverability. Despite the latter's canards, I am astounded by how very little people on this board understand the very peculiar yet very unbeatable aerodynamic configuration common to both the F-22 and F-35. The enormous control surfaces, set far behind the axis of gravity in both as well as far behind the engine, provide a degree of maneuverability unmatched by any comers. Again, the USAF is being coy about the F-35 in this regard, but this aircraft will not be beaten by any aircraft now flying except for the F-22. Were the F-35 to be fitted with thrust-vectoring, however, it would be more maneuverable yet than the F-22.
Well, my take is that LM is claiming that F-35 will be at least as effective in A2A as the Viper, and the Viper is pretty effective. Now combine LO tech with that and you have pretty decent LWF, as well as a mud mover.
Therefore, on the merits of its advantage conferred by stealth alone, in air combat the F-35 will see an enemy, and shoot that enemy, much earlier than will the Typhoon, even after the latter is given an updated AESA radar later in the century.
Incorrect, the CAESAR has a larger detection range than the APG-81, and is said to be in the same class as the APG-77.
Current figures suggest...
Captor v F-35 = 23~32 km
Caesar v F-35 = 85~100km
APG-81 v Ef = 87 km
The assertion made above, that "nations" are "well on their way" to making stealth
There have been no "white" flying projects that have been pilotted vehicles.
Try looking up BAE's "Replica"; which is not known if it flew or not.
On the stealth UAV front, look at BAE's Corax... and on the stealth UCAV front, the EADS Barracuda.
UK in particular has concentrated more on active cancellation technologies more than aircraft design solutions. We are also looking at skipping the pilotted stealth stage and going direct to stealth UCAVs.
As europeans will say, we not for once say the typhoon is better than the F-22, quite the opposite.... in the UK, the government is still trying to "sell" the F-35 to the public and so I am very well aware of its capabilities and potential. However on the otherhand, I have first hand experience of the Typhoon and I know its achievments. Calling it irrelevant is actually quite offencive.
There seems to be a big lack of understanding of Typhoon capabilities in the US; not counting stealth (which in a partial way is looking to be added in tranche 3 through active cancellation technology), the F-35 especially in the A2A does lack... in payload especially in stealthy configuration... AMRAAM only for most nations, no WVR internally. They seem to see the "oh it hasn't got stealth...." and thats it!
Also, in the modern environment, the ability to turn up the other aircrafts **** is becoming less and less pertiant. A decent HMS+sensor system and a good HOBs pretty much destroy this advantage straight away... close in, if the pilot can see you (and in the case of asraam, if he cant) they he can fire on you, regardless of where you are!
If you haven't noticed, I have not mentioned the Rafale, thats because its A2A capability, especially in the BVR arena, is very questionable due to a very poor PESA radar that has a lower detection range than the F-15C's range. It may have a good (on the surface) A2G capability but I wouldn't want one in an air dominance role.
Andy, your F-35 quote from Norway was from the Typhoon salesman and not the F-35 guy and as such should be taken with a huge pinch of salt. Be like taking the word of a Chevy salesman talking about a BMW.
I fear you miss the point on stealth. In one breath you say it's not very valuable and say technologies will soon be here to make it redundant and in the next breath boast of the stealth features of Typhoon Tranche 3 and various Bae programs (Replica, by the way, didn't fly - it didn't have any systems or engines). You can't have it both ways. Either stealth is a very valuable asset and all the world's manufacturers are justified in spending large fortunes developing it or it's a POS. Make up your mind.
What F-35 RCS do your radar ranges assume?
For the record, I think Typhoon is an excellent aircraft with a different and somewhat overlapping set of capabilities than the F-35. The RAF should get both.
RonO wrote: Andy, your F-35 quote from Norway was from the Typhoon salesman and not the F-35 guy and as such should be taken with a huge pinch of salt. Be like taking the word of a Chevy salesman talking about a BMW.
I don't claim it will be redundant and I do think it is a valuable piece of kit... I just don't think it is the be all and end all of air combat. Technology always moves on. So stealth also needs to move on.
Replica - BAE say it never flew however there were reports in the UK of an unknown craft flying out of Warton at night around the time its said the project was active. I was using it as an example anyway as the person above me claimed there was no evidence that any other nation apart from the US was doing significant stealth research.
There is more than one way to skin a cat... active cancellation (not plasma stealth before thats brought up) isn't anywhere as near as effective as true Stealth as it would be very quickley overloaded. However if you forgive the phrase it could be extremely effective at making the aircraft stealthy against missiles. Active radar missiles such as AMRAAM and Meteor, once active, seek the target out pretty much themselves using their own radar.... using active cancellation selectively on the missiles radar emissions.... it could in theory make the aircraft invisible to BVR missiles. Just not the launch platform . Rafale is supposed to be fitted with a basic form of the technology... although I'm skeptical as its a British design....
I have noticed I quoted the wrong figure for the F-35 detection ranges of the CAESAR in my previous post.... they match pretty much exactly the range where an F-35 will become F-22 food aswell. F-35 RCS is using a number of quoted sources... as derived by Toan...0.001m2... Typhoon is around 0.1m2 according to most sources (although one recently claimed 0.5m2). The figures below were mathematically calculated by Toan using the most common publically legitimately stated figures.
CAPTOR（EF-2000 Tranch 1 and 2）：
For RCS 0.0001 m2 class target: 12 km+
For RCS 0.001 m2 class target: 22 km+
For RCS 0.1 m2 class target: 70 km+
For RCS 1.0 m2 class target: 124 km+
For RCS 10.0 m2 class target: 220 km+
APG-77 AESA（F-22A）：
CAESAR AESA（EF-2000 Tranch3, post-2015 with 1,500 T/Rs）：
For RCS 0.0001 m2 class target: 18~21 km+
For RCS 0.001 m2 class target: 32~38 km+
For RCS 0.1 m2 class target: 104~122 km+
For RCS 10.0 m2 class target: 330~385 km+
APG-81 AESA（F-35A/B/C）：
and for comparison:
APG-80 AESA（F-16E）：
RBE-2 PESA（Rafale F1/F2/F3）：
For RCS 0.0001 m2 class target: 7~9 km+
For RCS 0.1 m2 class target: 41~49 km+
APG-68 V9（F-16 C/D/I）and RDY-2（M2000-5MK2 and -9）：
For RCS 0.001 m2 class target: 8~9 km+
For RCS 10.0 m2 class target: 78~95 km+
Remind me never to try and write technical posts like that other one at 0200 after a night on the town....
There are a number of airforces that may end up operating both, not just the RAF.
The Italians have Typhoon, but will also operate a mixed fleet of F-35A/B's.
The most important potential place for duel operation is Turkey. It is increasingly likely Turkey are going to put a big Typhoon order in, news reports from Turkey this week have said they will be given a final assembly line in Turkey the possible order is so large. Typhoon replacing their RF-4, F-4 and F-5 fleets and the F-35 replacing their F-16 fleet.
I've seen some comments about the EFA. The JSF-A needs a longer strip then the EFA... The EFA altough it doesnt have STOVL it can do extreme short take-offs WITH full payload.. And the JSF can go to sea, but hey not many nations feel the need. And Again there is technology being developed in Europe and they're well on their way with it too... too make stealth visible.
Again for home defence (For Europe because Europe on the contrary to the USA has a much smaller focuss on offence and more on defence as most will agree) the EFA is the one to go.
by RoAF
IF Turkey buys the Typhoon, Greece will follow right after it - or the other way around.
These two countries are priceless as customers, you get two customers with one marketing effort!
by snypa777
boff180 wrote: There are a number of airforces that may end up operating both, not just the RAF.
Eurofighter Consortium are actually offering Turkey a position as the "Fifth" FULL partner nation, with full up assembly facilities etc.. Turkey would have responsibility of selling/marketing the Typhoon in certain regions in the same way as the other partners.
EF Ltd have just trumped the JSF deal offered by LM, which was worth $4 Billion.This included huge work-share. The Typhoon deal is worth $5 Billion and includes EF Ltd "club" membership. The cat fight begins.
The Typhoon looks more attractive, only because it is actually worth MORE money to Turkey. Maybe LM will "up" the ante.
Turkey is not in the EU, it would be cheaper to build Typhoons there in the long run, potentially? Same for JSF?
At least labour costs would be far lower as well as operating costs. Would Greece buy Turkish built Typhoons OR JSF? No, but they wouldn`t have to, there will be other production centres.
It is all politics and sales manouvre of course, but I think Turkey would benefit from having a mixed fleet. In any deal , Turkey will end up smelling very sweet though! LM and EF Ltd are falling over one another.
EF Ltd is considering expanding into the wider defence sector.. I don`t know if that is just marketing/bluff but UAV production for a Euro-UCAV has been talked about recently..Turkey would have a hand in this but for now, it is far too distant to pin any hopes on financially....Who knows what shape EU UCAV policy will be, it is rather fuzzy at the moment.
http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/arti ... wsid=44656
Driver wrote: Compared to what's out there... Yes.
Compared to what specifically? (And the F-22, B-2 & F-117 are off the table because nobody else is going to be buying those).
idesof wrote: the F-35's air-to-air capabilities, which are not significantly lesser than its larger cousin's, are being purposely down-played so as not to alert Congress that the F-35 will be significantly cheaper, but not significantly less capable, than the F-22.
While it's safe to say the F-35 is #2 in air to air there is a LARGE difference between #1 and #2. In flight performance (speed, altitude, manuverability) the F-35 won't touch an F-22. The F-22 has a more powerful radar and greater weapons load. It also has the ALR-94.
#2? that's a good one, O I needed a laugh . The EFA will carrie phoenix missles soon plus in close combat... The EFA is sayed to be able to match the F-22 in manuverability there is no evidence supporting this nor is there any saying it isn't true and I kinda believe it cause that thing can turn! Specially with the 3D thrust vector nozzles they might be giving it in a later tranche.
by locum
Sferrin wrote: '2nd in air-to-air', can you prove this? The Typhoon has a beter T/W ratio, lower wingloading and more specific excess power than the F-35.
Driver wrote: 'phoenix missles', smoking funny grass, boy? Phoenix missiles were carried by the F-14 only, maybe you are mean the Meteor.
Driver can you tell us which European countries are developing counter-Stealth technologies and what kind of technologies, I am very curious.
driver... phoenix...NO.... METEOR... YES.
Although I do agree, the F-35 will not be #2 in the a2a role.
The F-22 is #1 most definately its combo of high payload, high stealth and powerful networking... there is nothing that can match it in BVR. In WVR, it has a match in the Typhoon, the 22 does have a higher instantaneous turn but in a sustained fight they are equals.
The F-35 though is too compromised towards the a2g roll to completely overcome the Typhoon in the a2a role. The only big advantage it has is stealth. It has been said from UK reps it won't be as manouveurable as the Typhoon either.
Although my main concern for an offensive and defensive platform is combat persistance.... something the F-35 greatly lacks.... in a stealth configuration it can carry a total of 4 missiles, thats it... and it remains to be seen if most nations will be able to carry a Hobs internally.
Imagine a typical european defensive scene.... 2 aircraft on Q covering half the country. An unexpected first strike occurs and a package of 25 aircraft are inbound, the two Q aircraft are scrambled with orders to engage. The 2 F-35s are carrying a load of either 4 AMRAAm/Meteor or 2 Am/Me and 2 Asraam... They are the only aircraft in range before the package reach their target. The F-35s can only destroy (if all missiles find home) a total of 8 aircraft before they have to RTB... leaving 17 aircraft to hit their target. Ok unless its the ASRAAM aircraft they would of been hit without knowing they were under attack... but its not very effective as it hasn't got the persistance to cover the airspace and/or await second waves.
Put the F-22 in the position... The 2 aircraft wipe out 12 of the 25 targets at BVR range without them knowing they are there... with half the package gone out of no-where a lesser trained pilot may bug out and RTB... coupled with the fact another 4 aircraft can be destroyed in the merge before guns... a total of 9 aircraft would remain without gun kills. This would probably significantly reduce the effectiveness of the inbound package.
Finally, Typhoon in the same role... with one of 2 typical load-outs.... 6BVR+6WVR+2or3T, 8BVR+2WVR+2or3T. Before getting into the merge, they have defeated a similar number of aircraft to the F-22, between 12 and 16. Leaving 13 or as little as 9 aircraft remaining. Then in the merge, between 12 and 4 more aircraft could be destroyed.
Leaving a total of 9 or as little as 5 aircraft from the package remaining which would render it ineffective.
I know they are perfect scenarios with 100% missile reliability and no losses. However, its still a typical EUROPEAN defence scenario that could possibly, happen anywhere in the world.
The F-35 is going to be an excellent multi-role aircraft but not a complete king of the A2A roll.
In my book the A2A rankings are as follows:
#1 F-22
#2 Typhoon
#4 Latest Sukhoi
#5 J-10 (based on what i have heard).
#6 Rafale.
LOL "the only advantage it will have is stealth" The only way it would lose to a Typhoon would be if the pilot were stupid enough to go guns with him. BRV the F-35 wins hands down and WVR (with HOBS and HMCS) it's whoever sees the other guy first. Since the F-35 will detect the Typhoon before it will be detected itself the F-35 will control the battle. He can either engage BVR, position himself for a WVR shot, or disengage with the Typhoon pilot unaware.
People say about the opposing aircraft won't have a clue the stealth aircraft is there, but thinking about it... if there isn't an AWACs datalink present... the F-35 will need to use its own sensors to detect the target in the first place.... a radar signal will give away the direction immediately. And the same will happen with an EO system, as the laser range finder will give it away.
Also saying about HOBs, unless its an RAF or RAAF example (carrying ASRAAM internally), then if the aircraft is in a full stealth configuration... this is not an issue. A fact is that the IRIS-T/Aim-9X are NOT being cleared for internal carriage so it won't be carrying a HOBs in the first place unless it wants to sacrifice its stealth. Aim-9X is only being cleared for a dedicated "end of wing" (not wingtip) station.
boff180 wrote: People say about the opposing aircraft won't have a clue the stealth aircraft is there, but thinking about it... if there isn't an AWACs datalink present... the F-35 will need to use its own sensors to detect the target in the first place.... a radar signal will give away the direction immediately. And the same will happen with an EO system, as the laser range finder will give it away.
Well that's dumb. You'd think they'd incorporate LOAL and internal carriage of AIM-9X on the F-35. I mean the cost to do that has got to be chump change compared to the cost of the program as a whole. Oh well. Maybe they don't see the need I guess. (Not saying it's so good it doesn't need it but that maybe they don't see it getting into situations where it would be the decision maker all that often).
by toan
The question of this topic might not have the confirmed answer until post-2015 ~ The time that DACT will begin between EF-2000 of RAF and F-35 of RN.
Andy, thanks for posting the radar information.
Enjoyed the latest chitchat. I think any scenario that has an F-35 operating on it own without AWACS totally misses the point. It's highly networked enabled and that's so it can operate in a network and not go dicking around on its lonesome. And secondly it's being built down to a price so you can afford two of them for every Typhoon. So convince me that twice as many F-35's in a network with offboard data from AWACS etc. on theor way to bomb the heck out of a high value target would loose to a handful of Typhoons. Because that's the real picture and not some one on one WW1 type dogfight.
Wouldn't suprise me to see Germany become another JSF/Typhoon user. More the merrier says I. Horses for courses.
Sorry I missed toan's post. I'm betting on the RN. No better fighter pilots in any air force in any country. Hope they're still around then.
At the end of the year Turkey will make her decision on JSF or Typhoon and the numbers she will purchase.. My opinion is that they will select at first a number likeky 80-100 F-35 and a second order will take place for Eurofighters tranhce 3 about 40-60..From the other side of the Aegean i think there is a decision kind of "wait to see their move and then make ours"..Maybe 40-60 Eurofighers tranche 2 or 3 (which means that a desicion will take place place at the end of the decade if Greece goes for tranche 3) and a later order for JSF for about 40-60 airframes between 2013 to 2015..A mixed force including F35 for bombing missions and EFA Trance 3 for air superiority is an excellent combination.. Oh the radar info was given from Andy gives us the potential to compare some of the most critical parts between these fine aircrafts..
Well he was on about a one-on-one scenario so I gave him that scenario
Although my european one is perfectly valid as it exemplifies most European nations standard alert aircraft procedures... including constant AWACs cover for some nations (Belgium/Holland/Germany = NATO E-3 fleet; France = E-3F fleet; UK = E-3D fleet).
ie. RAF..
4 aircraft on Alert at RAF Leuchers, Scotland. 4 aircraft on Alert at RAF Coningsby, Lincolnshire. 2 aircraft at each base on 10/15min alert... the other 2 on 30min alert. 1 AWACs constantly airbourne.
- If the 15min birds are launched the 30min aircraft are usually prepped and put on 10min alert in order to maintain coverage/alert status once the first wave RTB and a re-readied.
- At weekends, if both birds go up or one aborts take-off with a problem (I have seen this happen) then the airbourne aircraft is not permitted to land until there is another aircraft on 10/15min alert on the ground.
Also thinking about it, going on the radar figures.... IF you are a nation that doesn't really possess an AWACs component (ie. Turkey) facing a nation that does (ie. Greece, with SAAB Eyrie) and posses F-35, then the Typhoon Tranche 3 is the more sensible choice for air defence for the none-awacs nation... the CAESAR will be able to detect the inbound F-35s; sure they'll be seen first but CAESAR will see the F-35s sooner than another F-35 will. That little bit of extra range gives you a little more time to turn away/avoid a BVR missile launch... and if armed with Meteor especially... as soon as you detect them, fire and then run away.
by LordOfBunnies
Gentlemen, we can compare length all day. It still doesn't answer the question at hand. Which is better for the country in questions defense? Frankly, the plane needs to fit with the countries defense plan. That is more important than which plane can kick the others butt under some narrow set of conditions we're defining. A package of Typhoons and F-35s would be friggin dandy, but few (only one I think) country will have that. In some cases, the F-35 will be better (especially if LM gets their heads out of their @$$es on this one). The F-35 needs two things to be able to keep up with basically everything out there and whoop its butt (Raptor excluded). 1) Internal carriage of HOBS heaters. 2) stealthy pods for outboard stores. This would allow more carriage of weapons without significantly compromising stealth. I heard something about it for the 22 (mentioned in passing). That would turn the thing into the missile truck it would need to be for the heavy AD role.
I'm just curious, how many missiles do Vipers carry on AD mission?
The supercruise ability of EFA is questioned in that production stage...Any info on that??
LordOfBunnies wrote: A package of Typhoons and F-35s would be friggin dandy, but few (only one I think) country will have that. .
Britain and Italy are the definate joint operators... Turkey and possibly Saudi Arabia being the other two.
6 if i remember rightly, either all slammers or 4 slammer and 2 winders.
The Typhoon has been quoted to be able to supercruise at Mach 1.25+ with a combat warload on board. Thats all the info officially released on its supercruise capabilities.
by CheckSix
There are two sceanrios:
1. F-35 is as stealthy as advertised. It might get the first shot but Typhoons DASS and its maneuvrebility should trick the AMRAAM. F-35 has to stay on target until the active seeker finds the Typhoon 10km away. Doing this F-35 gives away its position and is therby attacked by Meteor missles.
F-35 con only opt for a lucky shot using AMRAAM, in terms of acceleration, top speed and turning Typhoon has the edge.
2. F-35 can be detected some 50km away
In a BVR shootout both launch their missles an have to evade enemies missle. Again F-35 needs to avoid dogfight. IRIS-Ts range is supposed to be a bit wider than AIM-9X, ASRAM plus it should be more maneuvrable.
This is pretty much sting thinking I know. So my educated guess is typhoon wins 2:1
not sure for the ratio 2/1 in EFA favour but seems that the combination CAESAR, METEOR is deadly
So Checksix, you assume that Typhoon can't be shot down by a BVR missile so you conclude it's invincible? Brilliant analysis.
by psycho
thanks Guys, I didnt know that much about F35 and Typhoon, clearly this discussion has helped broaden my horizons
I fly f16 for TuAf, personally I would rather convert to F35 than Typhoon, reasons being that it could be easier to transition . but I d love to fly Typhoon too. I didnt know that we were gonna get Typhoons. however, my guess is that we might actually get it with our politicians sucking up to EU all the time , which further demeans the cause. looking forward to flying both,
fly safe and be the best, everyone
If you looking for thrills that's a totally different question - Typhoon hands down winner.
In combat too
The only event where the JSF has a chance at beating the Typhoon is when the JSF has its cannons loaded or a bomb in its bay and the Typhoons on the runway
by clown_shoes
man you guys are funny, sure you can argue the merits of the typhoon, but the first operational jsf hasnt even been built yet, so how you can say anything about its capabilities when a finished operational aircraft hasnt even been produced yet...its all theoretical at this point. All of that being said, after flying the jsf sim and seeing the typhoon in action, I'd say that people are overestimating the typhoons abilities and underestimating the jsf's "theoretical" capabilities...
by RichF
I don't think the Eurofighter Typhoon has a chance against the F-35. JSF will be better in every role when it will be operational.
JSF will be much more stealthy, more survivable, with a better radar, a longer range. A better platform, period.
Moreover, the Typhoon has the RCS of a truck (for a new aircraft).
All these talks about Typhoons detecting stealth planes are fairy tales.
by dkarko
what is the chance of new awacs (like Eyrie) detecting F-35 (edit: most likely distance that it would be detected)? Assuming that F-35 engages with awacs support and so does Typhoon.
doesnt really matter tactically...rule number 1 when the real stuff hits the fan, dont ever trust GCI...ever, not because they suck, but because more times than not you wont even be able to hear them...
by skyward
AWACS support will help F-35 tactically more then the typhoon. My guess the detection range on the f-35 for AWACS is about 100km given that the typhoon own radar have less then half vs the f-35.
What could be the outcome of a scenario, Typhoons supported by Erieye against F-35'S??? It's rather possible in the near future around 2015 to have these aircrafts operational and opposing one another over Aegean skies..Air superiority from Typhoons or JSF will end the game??
Fantasma good point, but in this case the game is mock fight (hope it won't be happening by then). So i guess it is a matter of agility.
I see where you're getting at, FANTASMA. But let's not forget that by that time Turkey will most likely have the Boeing Wedgetail...
Yes RoAF it is accurate that by 2008 Tyrkey will get 4 AWACS Boeing Wedgetail..and there are strong possibilities to see dogfights or interceptions over Aegean skies by 2015 Typhons-Erieye vs JSF-Wedgetail..i hope won't happen and problems till then to be resolved in a peaceful manner..nice day to all.
Of course if the world exists by then. Behold, the end is near muahahaha :p
FRIDAY AT LAST..SATURDAY=time to leave these for the time and track some p....e.
Do you guys really think, an aircraft with the latest defensive equipment and an very good maneuvrebility is unable to evad these clipped-AMRAAMS?
This missle is fast, but has a serious maneuvrebility problem.
Especially in the terminal phase.
So the US wasted billions of dollars on the F-22 so that its main missiles will miss??
errrr no. AMRAAM does not have a "serious manouverabilty problem". If you doubt me, I'll be waiting in my F-22 for you to arrive in your fighter of choice to prove you wrong.
sounds like people are fishing...amraam manueverability problems, thats a new one...
well, there are no miracles in aerodynamics. Look at the weight and look at the small control surfaces...
At the and it will be decided in WVR combat.
No wonder that all modern planes have superb maneuvrebility (F18E, Typhoon, Rafale, F-22, a capacity that F-35 lacks a bit.
No it won't. WVR is a crap shoot and will be avoided by the newer jets. If you have a gun and the other guy has a knife, why would you get close? Remember Indiana Jones.
CheckSix wrote: 'F-35 lacks manouvrability a bit', true...
If the Typhoon goes A2A against the F-35 the Typhoon will carry typically 2 ASRAAMS/ Iris-Ts, 4 BVRAAMs, 1 1.000 liter or 2 * 1.500 liter tanks + aprox 6.250 liter (4.995 kg / 11.012lbs) internally.
The F-35 on an A2G mission, has it's target designator, ECM equipment, most of it's weapons except maybe a pair of AIM-9X's and fuel INTERNAL.
The Sidewinders does not add much drag and RCS and the F-35 (A) has an in-board usable 'swimming pool' of gas containing 10.290 liter / 18.073 lbs / 8.198 kg
A dirty cofiguration against an (allmost) clean configuration, so the bare T/W ratio, wingloading, and SEP numbers can be somehow misleading.
In fighter manouvering, excess power is important so does the lift/ drag ratio.
The public consumption figure for the F-35 max speed is Mach 1.6, many observers believe that in fact this number is higher, estimated from 1.8 to even 2.0+, so the F-35 Mamba can 'energize' it's AMRAAMs almost at the same speed as the Typhoon.
For comparison, the subsonic cruise speed of the F-35 is 100 km/h (60 miles/h) higher than the F-16, I do not know the subsonic cruise speed of the Typhoon.
The aerodynamic lay-out of the Typhoon is optimised for supersonic speed, the F-35 is optimised for Mach 0.8 - 1.2. In WVR, the F-35 driver will probably choose for horizontally (out-turning) manouvres and the Typhoon will go for vertical outclimbing/diving manouvres.
In A2A combat, situation awareness is very important. The F-35 has the better LPI radar, ALR-92-ish RF signals analyser and 360 deg infra red DAS and eventually with the IR EOTS, presented at a 'Big Picture' screen.
So I think, even in WVR combat the F-35 can fight it's oponents effectively.
You make some excellent points.
Just one minor comment: the JPO says the F-35 is Mach limited to 1.6. the implication to me is the the stealth coatings limit top speed and not aerodynamics.
I sure hope it will not be called the mamba.
Typhoon's top speed is Mach 1,6 carrying 3x1000l supersonic tanks, 4xAMRAAM, 2xIRIS-T.
Maybe in this configuration it is comparable to a clean F-35A in terms of flight characteristics.
F-35 seems to be optimised for subsonic speeds, good range and payload.
The F-35 Triple Ugly can manouver with 9 G, when loaded with max. internal fuel + 2 2.000lbs JDAMs + 2 AMRAAMs + eventually 2 external AIM-9s. For comparison: the F-16s G limit with the same equipment is 5.5 G.
What is the maximum G limit of the above mentioned Typhoon configuration?
And those 3 1.000 l. gasbags have a lot of drag.
by skrip00
Umm, one thing I have trouble with here is the claims the F-35's radar is inferior to the F-22As. The F-35 radar builds upon the F-22As and has more T/R modules. Its also larger and more powerful in size.
Also, its RCS is approximately that of a golf ball, roughly .0014m. Its also optimized for frontal RCS reduction and and against ground-based radar.
Lastly, where are you getting you numbers on CAPTOR and CAESAR? Aren't those classified? Also, where are the Europeans getting their T/R modules? Such IC-systems arent produced much outside of the US. Or are they going the French-route and putting "Made in the US of A" parts in their radar?
The F-35 is the better aircraft hands-down. While it wasnt designed with pure AtA in mind, it can do all those roles equally well.
1. The Eurofighter will always be seen by the F-35 first and will always be forced on the defensive by incoming BVR missiles. The Typhoon or any aircraft cannot attack and prosecute what it cannot see.
2. The Eurofighter still lacks AtG capabilties that it was intended to have.
3. The ECD has no stealth and no attempts at RCS reduction. Comparing it to the F-35, it might as well be a BUFF.
4. The F-35 can penetrate enemy air defenses more easily and with less support.
5. The F-35 has DAS.
Lockheed Martin recently stated that the F-35 is the world's best fighter-aircraft... After the F-22A of course.
As has been said, comparing the two just misses the point. I have a problem comparing an operational jet with one that hasn`t flown yet....
The Typhoon was never meant to be an attack aircraft. It`s A2G package is still being developed, in a hurry I might add for export purposes because people decided that MULTI-ROLE was the way ahead, in terms of costs and export profit.
It is just wrong to say that Typhoon has no Lo observable features...
A limited low observability IS built into it. It cannot be classed as a stealth aircraft though. Some features evolved during it`s long design phase.
S-shaped intakes with sloped sides and rounded lower section, all meant to lower RCS. Wing leading edges, wing tip pods and rudder trailing edges are RAM coated. There has also been a lot of work on the radome to reduce frontal RCS/ and out of band RF emissions. Recessed weapons (also reducing drag). BAE say the Typhoons frontal RCS is only bettered by the F-22, take that as you will....!
One let down is that the ECR-90 is supposed to be easy to detect, a problem that won`t be solved until CAESAR is fitted.
The French and others used US built T/R modules until recently, now Europeans are building their own T/R modules.... An all European T/R module is used in CAESAR AFAIK.
There is a lot of talk about the capabilities of an aircraft that doesn`t even exist, F-35 that is.....I think we should wait and see. Especially when we see an aircraft with no weight/power/range issues.....That still isn`t clear. The F-35 has a lot of fancy features, is anybody CERTAIN that all of those features will work as advertised and be as capable as the manufacturers say? In aircraft as in anything else, some kit works superbly, some kit turns out to be a P.O.S.!
On paper, the F-35 SHOULD be a better striker if you need a stealthy, day one attacker etc....As long as no one comes up with a way of detecting low RCS aircraft in the next ten years. Anyone take any bets?
I don`t think the F-35s radar will be inferior to the F-22s, just optimised for differing roles. The F-35s unit may not be able to do A2A as well as the F-22 because it primarily does a different job....ie, ground mapping and targeting, etc...
The F-35's radar is a further development of the F-22A's. Advances from this system will be seen in future F-22A upgrades.
The F-35 can have some merit. It has flown to some exten (as the X-35). And it uses proven technology in the Raptor.
As for the Typhoon's LO features. Against a modern radar system, they might as well be nothing. It has some optimization, but it wasnt really designed for it.
By now you know I harbor issues with the Tiffy. But I dont think its the aircraft Europe needs. Or the aircraft they had the capability to produce. They took a good idea and ruined it. Then delayed it so that when it finally flew, it would be obsolete. Basically, theyve built an aircraft that still cant keep up with the latest F-16BLK 60s. Not having an AtG role hurts it immensly since most warplanes these days drop bombs. Not fire missiles.
by Brad
skrip00 wrote: Umm, one thing I have trouble with here is the claims the F-35's radar is inferior to the F-22As. The F-35 radar builds upon the F-22As and has more T/R modules. Its also larger and more powerful in size.
I think your confusing size/module count for the two radars. The APG-77 is bigger with a larger module count. The -77V1 uses the same technology, going to 'tiles' instead of 'bricks' but I have no idea if the module count goes up with this new radar or not. At any rate most industry pubs point to higher A-A performance for the APG-77.
The F-35, when it enters service, will be far from a "developed" aircraft, just like Typhoon. Congress wants to slow down the production schedule I believe to allow a less rushed development program, AFAIK. We could be looking at 2015 before we see a mature system.
It looks to be the same kind of process for most new types. The Typhoon has had a long gestation period, the F-22, although more complex, has been alive for the same amount of time. The complexity-re-time taken to get the thing into service can be blamed on the ever shifting requirements and inter-government wrangles. Building an aircraft with 4 "equal" partners was always going to be a bitch.
The Tornado F3 was never going to be an air superiority king. Europe HAD and HAS a very good medium range striker in the Tornado GR4 (RAF). Europe needed an air superiority fighter.
To maintain a European fighter industry and to fulfill that role, we needed the Typhoon, not the F-15.
I would hardly call the Typhoon obsolete. Look at the threats it might face, ie the Russian Mafia- SU, MIGs, ( Talking about those not in Russian airforce). It compares very well and betters them in many ways. Better SA, better engines, better avionics..
The S/Hornet came about very quickly, I suppose it was a big advantage to have a working jet at the squadrons to base it on. The USN also needed it quickly, no 20 year schedules there. The original Hornet wasn`t the S/Hornet of today, it had to be developed over the years. The same will be true of Typhoon.
The F-35 program is not slowing down at all. There have been no reported delays, and everything is on schedule.
The funny thing is, the F-35A will do all the gruntwork in terms of testing. Weapons launching, systems tests, flight tests, etc. So the job is easier when working with the F-35B and C.
The Typhoon is also supposed to replace the Tornado in a strike role AFAIK.
On this note, i will concede some points:
1. The European aircraft industry needs to stay alive.
2. The faults of the Typhoon are not due to European technological incompetence. But more administrative.
3. Eventuall, after a very long teething period, the Tiffy will be a pretty decent warplane.
Right now, its still not performing up to expectation. It will... just not now. Hence my problem with it. Europe has produced an aircraft which cannot compete in terms of cost, capability, and performance, with aircraft like the F-16E BLK60, the F/A-18E/F, and so on. At least not yet. But by the time it does, the damage will have been done in terms of exports.
Tell me: Why would any nation buy a Tiffy if it can get a F-16 BLK60?
The F-22A on its arrival has out-done its own requirements. So has the SuperHornet. The US paid for these aircraft and ended up with alot more for their money.
Why would any nation buy a Tiffy if it can get a F-16 BLK60?
In one word: Longetivity.
The Block 60 represents the pinnicle of the F-16 development and upgrade paths. The airframe is being used to its maximum capability. There is little potential for "easy" upgrades. It would be difficult to keep updating these airframes in order to keep up with the changing requirements.
Typhoon represents an aircraft at the beginning of its life, more than capable of defending your airspace from any potential real threat (highly unlikely a NATO nation will take on F-22s in a real war) out there in the near future. It was designed to be able to comfortably defeat the next generation of Russian aircraft not just the current production variants. It will very soon also have an A2G capability that is constantly expanding into something that could be counted as being much more "multirole" than certain other so called "multirole" similar aircraft.
After that waffle... the Tiffie has potential for upgrades and progress to the airframe to keep abreast of any threat for the foreseeable future. There is also space available for quite "easy" upgrades. An example is the radar... the CAESAR upgrade is being designed to be an antenna switch over, nothing more.
Massive potential.
p.s. your comment on not having a gun. Now, ALL aircraft are fitted with the gun, and it is maintained. However some of the equipment has not been purchased for loading the weapon (RAF only). Its also not fired often to help extend maintenance hours.etc as the gun needs servicing.etc and vibration.
F-16E BLK60s are brand new airframes AFAIK.
As for longevity, they offer more than the Tiffy has right now. In fact, much of the Tiffy's upgrade life will be to catch up. So there isnt musch longevity there.
Export orders also speak for themselves.
You can't compare exports of a plane which is on the market for more than 25 years with one who began series production just a few years ago
Senate votes to delay F-35
By Tony Capaccio, Bloomberg News
The U.S. Senate passed a $517.7 billion defense spending measure Thursday that would delay initial production of the first F-35 joint strike fighters by a year while restoring a backup engine for the plane that the Pentagon wanted to kill.
By a vote of 96-0, the Senate passed legislation that authorizes fiscal 2007 military spending. The measure cuts $1.2 billion the Pentagon wanted that would enable Lockheed Martin to begin building the first 21 production F-35s.
The spending cut, which would have to be agreed to by the House, would delay production for one year to allow for more development and flight testing....
http://www.f-16.net/f-16_forum_viewtopic-t-5747.html
Typhoon and Tornado will serve together until about 2018. It seems more likely the Tornado GR4 will get an AESA before the Typhoon. Work in this direction is being done at time of writing. Yes, eventually, the Tornado will be replaced by Typhoon.
The Typhoon is performing to most expectations at this stage in it`s development, although there have been some concerns about the CAPTOR radar and spares availability, LRUs and such. Pilots love the aircraft, that speaks for itself....
On exports, watch the Saudi order, 48 aircraft could be just be for starters.....some say as many as 200 could be purchased. That is an export success in my book! We will have to wait and see....
It is not yet the all rounder the F-16 is as well as the F-18, but as you said, it ill get there, more quickly than you suppose....Meteor has been test flighted already, JDAM is being dropped right now.
Singapore wanted the Typhoon but it wanted Tranche 3 spec` aircraft NOW! That hurt exports, Eurofighter Consortium woke up and has hurried development of the A2G capability considerably.
Some details for the cost of the JSF..According to details given to publishity from the General Manager of the Pentagon for the JSF Steven Enewold the cost for the aircraft will arise about 150 mn $ until the end of the decade but after 2014-15 will be reduced to about 50-60 mn $..around 2011 to 137 mn $ and 2013 to 116 mn $, for the time being the cost is 82mn $..there is a study from CRS a department of Congress (02-06-2006) that there is a serious possibility for the US airforce to cut down by 1/3 the total number from the 1763 JSF originally required..if that comes true it will have consequences of the final cost of the airframes targetted for exports..this was published in a greek newspaper a few days ago..
skrip00 wrote: F-16E BLK60s are brand new airframes AFAIK.
New airframes yes.... being used at their maximum potential.... YES
That is what I mean, it is extremely difficult to keep these aircraft constantly updated compared to earlier Vipers...
And as RoAF says, an aircraft on the market for 25years with many of the block 60 orders made to replace older Vipers so already have infrastructure in place is not a fair comparison.
Infact I do believe all foreign sales comparisons and not applicable... there is always one major factor.... POLITICS..., Singapore were never going to buy Typhoon... they have close military ties with France (A-4 training) and the US (F-16 training). Being as they are getting rid of their A-4s and not their F-16s it makes political sense to purchase the F-15SG as all training can be conducted at one location.
Same with Saudi Arabia... Rafale never got a look in (and still hasn't despite desperate efforts) as there are very very strong political and military ties with the UK.
Rafale will be successful when ex-french colonies want to replace their M2000's and not before..... I could go on and on as the list of political influence in orders is endless.
CheckSix wrote: well, there are no miracles in aerodynamics. Look at the weight and look at the small control surfaces...
LOL what's that say about ASRAAM then?
boff180 wrote:
The Block 60 represents the pinnicle of the F-16 development and upgrade paths.
Hardly. There's a lot more that could be done with it. Give it 3D TVC with a low observability nozzle and up the power to 36k. Add a diverterless inlet and/or a radar blocker in the inlet. You could do a big nose modification and mount an APG-79 or go to the F-16XL configuration or the big wing of the Japanes F-2. Granted some of these mods become less and less an "F-16" and they don't come cheap but the fact remains there's a lot you can still do.
An elegant solution to this argument.
Why the F-35 is superior to the Eurofighter Typhoon
Some things to make clear:
1. No platform ever operates alone. Not numerically, and not capability. IE you'll have AWACS and other aircraft supporting.
2. Stealth is a major advantage. While not 100% invisible, it does degrade enemy radar capabilities immensly.
Now to the why...
The best way to decribe the F-35's superiority is to use a scenario:
A revolution overthrows Saudi Arabia. The nation rallies and begins taking an aggressive posture against US forces in Iraq and Kuwait.
On a summer night, a flight of 6 Tiffys take off. Across the border are 4 ANG F-15Cs. Without warning, the Tiffys fire their missiles. Of the 4 F-15Cs, 1 limps home with a damaged wing.
War begins. The Gulf is effectively lost.
The USS Stennis is sent in to restore supply lines and to shut down the Saudi Air Force.
Its immediate. Just after midnight, 8 F-35Cs are launched with 4 F/A-18Fs and 4 F/A-18Es. The F-35s each carry 2 AIM-120Ds and 8 SDBs. The F/A-18Fs carry 6 AIM-120Ds and 2 AIM-9Xs. The F/A-18Es carry buddy stores for the whole flight group.
This ammounts to 48 AIM-120Ds and some pretty long legs.
The F-35Cs take point in EMCOM. Their primary mission on this night is to get some kills. Behind them, the F/A-18Fs trail 100km behind with their AESA's scanning.
Hawkeyes are available, but they are holding back over the carrier group. This strike package is on its own.
6 Typhoons are found over the Gulf. Theyve been flying for 45min. They have 2 drop tanks and 4 Meteor missiles. Before things went south, they also recieved major upgrades in their engines and their brand new AESA radars. The pilots are proficient and came back from exercises in Europe only months before.
The Saudis have no AWACS support.
Immediately the Saudi RWRs go off intermittedly. They know someone is out there and watching them. They flip on their radars and pick up 2 Navy SuperHornets in the distance (approx 150km). Immediately they lock-on. As they push to supercruise RWRs go off once again. This time they're missile radars. 12 AIM-120Ds are bearing down on them. They try to turn and run, but cannot beat the terminal missiles. 4 Tiffys go down. 2 survive through the use of decoy lures and chaff.
The Survivors are return to the threat. This time the SuperHornets are closer... yet they hold fire. Immediately, 2 more missiles scream in. Both Typhoons see more targets. The AIM-120Ds are flying a 20km distance, and close it in no time. End game.
This same thing can be done again and again with the F-35 in the service of any of its air forces.
Drawbacks: Limited stealth AtA missile load. 4 F-35s can make up for on F-22A.
However, after the Tiffys are downed, the F-35Cs proceed to bomb Saudi air bases. As they leave, the escorting SHs fire at chasing targets. Providing cover.
five flaws with that scenario...
1. at 150km they are already within meteor range.... official quotes are "4 times the range of the aim-120c-7" which puts it over 200km. So meteors will be away before the 120D's reach home.
2. you still dont think even in 12 years time RWRs an't effectively etect AESA? Things move on, if they can't by then... engineers aren't as good as they make out.
3. Probably more than 4 Meteors :p with two tanks the BVR missile loadout is between 6 and 8 depending on how many WVR are on board... stations 2 and 12 can either take a double rail WVR launcher or a single BVR.
4. Have you seen is what planned for Tranche 3 Typhoons? Which is what all but 24 aircraft will be in Saudi service? I wouldn't even call them Typhoons.... Active cancellation, no vertical fin, 3d tvc, cft. Among others... greatly reducing its RCS and it would definately be below a point 150km away of detectability.
5. On the figures banding around... the F-35 is capable of detecting a Typhoon tranche 1/2 RCS size target 100Km away... not further... so I doubt the F-18s would have detected anyway at that distance in the first place. And vice versa.
The biggest flaw...revolution in Saudi?? Not in a million years, everybody is too rich!
by Safetystick
Actually, the biggest flaw is the fact that the Saudi aircraft are largely maintained by contracted foreign personnel (BAES in the case of the Tonka and lieklly the Tiffy too). If the Saudi were going up looking for a fight then the UK (and, unless they have somehow REALLY pissed us off in the meantime) and thus the US would know it was coming.
Also, whilst TV has been suggested as a possible T3 upgrade the other two have not been voiced as official T3 features. I can't see the T3 not having a tail (that's a large structural change).
Some other points (@ Skrip):
* What happened to Saudi's AWACS? They have 5 E-3A.
* Why only four Meteor? If the Saudi were expecting a retaliation surely the Typhoons would be carrying AA weapons on the Inboard and Outboard pylons too (so 4 x ASRAAM, 6 x Meteor). Clean config is nice but if your going to take on the USAF/USN...
* How has the AIM-120D (a Medium ranged missile) outranged the Meteor? If the Typhoons are traking them out at 150km (probably a bit extreme, I imagine that the USN will be using Growlers as well to mess up the radar picture) then the RCS advantage that the SH is presumed to have (stess presumed. Every manufacturer is making big boasts about RCS these days so I just take the JSF and Raptor as being proper stealthly and leave it at that) is moot.
* Also, what happened to the Typhoon's DASS? The Saudi Typhoons are going to be UK spec so they'll have DASS fitted, giving them a fighting chance against the AIM-120.
*As the Saudio have the home advantage they'll pop off their (probably empty) drop tanks. Makes them less encumbered. The Hornets may or may not be able to do the same.
I imagine that the Saudi airforce is going to come off worse anyway you play this scenario. Hell, why even have the Super Hornets up, just use Tomahawks, B-2 and JSF to take out the rather centralised Saudi military structure, avoid the Typhoons and wait for them to run out of fuel! - Play the strengths!.
The JSF is a stealthy strike platform. It SHOULDN'T be enagaging enemy fighters. Think of it as the Mosquito of the 21st century. Except exchange speed as a defence for stealth. It's flying AROUND the enemy defences and using SDB to take out their base facilities!
As an AA platform it has to rely on its stealth to position it for the killer shot, rely on its AMRAAM to work flawlessly (a good bet, the AMRAAM is enjoying succes rates in the high 90's IIRC) and then all the opposing aircraft to be unable to avoid the incoming shots. Once it's fired off its four AMRAAM (so eight for a standard two ship flight) it only has a gun (if carried - only the CTOL has it as a standard fit), stealth and the pilot's skills to get it home and away from and (liklly miffed) surviving aircraft and other CAP. If it's carry external AA weapons it's essentially an F-16 with better legs and sensors (not a bad thing by any means!)
IMHO, the JSF is going to be a great strike aircraft and I think the RAF should look at a modified JSF (slight lengthend CTOL with a Navy style big wing, uprated engine and ability to carry four or so PWIV internally + at least two ASRAAM) to replace the Tornado. As a Fighter I think it's better suited to hit and run attacks against high value targets (refuellers and AWACS beware!) in enemy airspace.
If an airforce can afford two types then I'd say get JSF for CAS and Strike and secondary AA and get Typhoons to deal with CAP, Escort and secondary CAS roles. If it's only one then the air force needs to decide if it's going to mainly defending it's own airspace (Switzerland, Belgium, Saudi) or going to be acting as and offensive asset (Netherlands are a good example - no defence worries but a lot of commitments to UN. NATO and the like). Typhoon is best for the first, JSF certainly is best for the second.
All of which will mostly be ignored as the wonderful world of FMS discounts and politics get involved
by Lasse
I think what he intended was that the superior range of the Meteor has no say when it takes the EF much longer to detect the stealth JSF than it takes the JSF to detect the low-observable EF.
Hmm, that makes sense. I missed the fact that the F-35 were taking point and just assumed that the escorts would be out front. -1 reading comprehension for me! Still, it does make the E Hornets kinda redundant. Just use the F's (who would be carrying a pair of AMRAAM and AIM-9X for self defence no doubt) to sucker the Typhoons.
EDIT - Actually disregard that. I doubt the buddy packs are the best thing to be carrying around in a dogfight!
I wonder if using non-stealthy aircraft as 'bait' may become a valid target in the future. I guess it would require a degree of trust between the two groups of pilots!
Don't make me find the article lol!!! They are looking at using the 3D TVC for yaw control and removing the vertical fin... resulting in a major RCS reduction.
On active cancellation - the official word came from the technologies developer... saying it was being considered for T3 fitting.
And Eurofighter themselves have shown fullsize CFT mock-up typhoons and its being developed by BAE Systems Australia.
Does he also realise that in his scenario, CAESAR is in the F-22 class for A2A combat (no information has been released about A2G...yet) so will have superior detection to the F-18E.
Also I know what point he was trying to make about the Meteor... I was making the point, the Typhoons have no need whatsoever to go supersonic to engage in that scenario... turn, detect, fire... run like hell! Its a bit arrogant to think that the Saudi's wouldn't be expecting "hidden" F-35s to be operating alongside the SH's. They aren't stupid.
Safetystick wrote: Hmm, that makes sense. I missed the fact that the F-35 were taking point and just assumed that the escorts would be out front. -1 reading comprehension for me! Still, it does make the E Hornets kinda redundant. Just use the F's (who would be carrying a pair of AMRAAM and AIM-9X for self defence no doubt) to sucker the Typhoons.
The Saudis did have AWACS, but they had them in other places. Having only 3 really limits the time theyre up, even with in flight refueling. 1 would be up over the Kingdom, 1 on the ground fueling and being maintained, and 1 heading up.
Why only 4 Meteors? Well the Saudi Tiffys had 2 external fuel stores for a prolonged patrol over the Gulf. Maybe 2 IR AAMs as well.
We're they expecting an attack? Yes. But you only have so many aircraft to spare. We can assume the Saudis were dealing with Kuwaiti assets and USAF assets in Iraq and Kuwait.
Why the F/A-18Es? They need to gas up at some point on the way to their targets. Logistics of the mission.
Why the F/A-18Fs? Because 2 of them can haul a greater weapons load than 3 F-35Cs. They can hold back though and allow the front-running F-35Cs get some clean kills.
Why no DASS? They had it. But! We will assume that the AIM-120D will use 2-way datalinking and GPS to get into close-in terminal guidance. At which point, the Eurofighters will have only seconds to react.
Another point is that there were more than one missile tasked per aircraft. Towed decoys and automated defense systems can only help so much agains ONE missile. Not 3 or 4.
While my distances were off, consider this: The F/A-18Fs and Typhoons will have detected each other long before they will have been in range of each other. So nstead of 150km, itll be 200km.
However, the F-35Cs would be ahead of their own escorts by 150km!
Its a kind of perverse escort role where the defenders fly behind the aircraft they are defending.
Basically, the F-22A does the same thing when operating, just faster and less aircraft.
If they can find a way to add more internal BVR AAMs to the F-35C, then itll be quite a force to deal with.
This still DOES NOT answer this, why just 4... in an active war scenario and defending you would fly with a full A2A load
Each wing has 4 pylons... 1 dedicated to a WVR AAM, 1 wet and the others are multi-purpose... all cleared for Meteor. In conjunction with the 4 BVR/targetting dedicated and 1 wet pylons on the fuselage.
The max possible loadouts is what I have stated below.
BVR: stations 2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,11,12.
WVR: stations 1,2,3,11,12,13.
double rail WVR: stations 2,12.
Wet: 3,7,11.
A2G: 2,3,4,7,10,11,12.
Sensors: 5,7,8
However going on what the RAF are currently flying on BVR tests is.....
BVR: 2,5,6,8,9.
WVR: 1,13.
Fuel: 3,11. Sometimes 7 aswell.
Standard ops (ie. pilot training)....
Fuel: 7.
The heaviest load yet carried/cleared is....
BVR: 5,6,8,9.
1000lb LGB: 2,3,4,10,11,12.
The F-35A and C are going to be crackers... but as you don't like Typhoon... I hate with a passion the F-35B as I think it is well and truly a donkey.. not what the RAF/RN need. And as I have said many a time before, the F-22 is without question the best A2A platform around, with Typhoon in second.
According to the calculated detection (>50% chance) distances by Toan... which have been calculated using OFFICIAL publically stated figures and then using standard accepted mathematical formulae. Even at 50km.. the F-35 is getting very close to CAESARs detection capability of it. If not already in it... as public figures are never the real classified ones.
I have attached his figures below, you may be interested in the Block60's radar capabilities.
And so you can make head nor tail of those detection figures...
RCS data from different official sources:
EF-2K Tranche 1/2 - 0.1 ~ 0.5m2
Rafale - 0.05 ~ 0.2m2
F-22A - 0.0002 ~ 0.0005m2
F-35A - 0.001 ~ 0.002 m2
JAS-39C - 0.5 m2
Su-27/Su-30 - 10.0 m2
Su-35 - 1.0~3.0 m2
Why attack SA with a carrier? seems an odd thing to do with so many nearby land bases. Send in the USAF day 1 package and the rather pathetic SA air force wouldn't be there on day 2.
There's no such thing as 'official" T3 features there's just a list of wet dream items carried by phoon fans. Finless is ridiculous.
boff180 wrote: According to the calculated detection (>50% chance) distances by Toan... which have been calculated using OFFICIAL publically stated figures and then using standard accepted mathematical formulae. Even at 50km.. the F-35 is getting very close to CAESARs detection capability of it. If not already in it... as public figures are never the real classified ones.
Look at you're own numbers: F-35A RCS = .001m2 class.
CAESAR radar range for .001m2 class target = 32~38km
Also, I'd love to see how the hell the CAESAR radar magically outperforms the APG-77, APG-81 and so on! Geez, the still-in-development Euro-Radar magically trumps what the US has been working on for the past decade! I'm sorry, but last I read, the CAESAR is just a new front end for the CAPTOR. Just like the V(3) radar for the F-15Cs is. Its nowhere near the capability of the US radars in service, or entering service now.
1. You have no intel on the performance figures of any of these radars.
2. You have no idea what the RCS is of the F-22A or F-35.
Another issue: The Typhoons RCS should be much higher, being a bit less than the F-16s. It still has a mechanically steered array.
Inconsistencies: How come the Su-35 and Su-27 differ soo much in RCS?
Why the F-35 will usually win in Air-to-Air versus the Tiffy:
STEALTH!
Even with the newest radars, ala, CAESAR, the F-35 can close within AIM-9X firing range! Using datalinks and the ability to work with other platforms, such as AWACS or even fellow non-stealthy platforms (F/A-18F), then it can really pack a whollop.
With stealth, the attacking platform can always have the advantage.
boff180 wrote: This still DOES NOT answer this, why just 4... in an active war scenario and defending you would fly with a full A2A load
Does it matter? Chances are they won't even get a shot off.
With F-35s operating in EMCON, they are as invisible as ghosts. As soon as the SHs detect the Typhoons, they pass up the data to the F-35s. F-35s shoot. Tiffys are dead.
The F-35 has the potential to be the better AtA platform due to its LOW RCS characteristics. Its biggest drawback is only being able to haul 2 AAMs.
But in any operation against the USA, you'll have to face the F-22As. Even knowing you're going to be attacked really doesnt help in preparing for it.
RonO wrote: Why attack SA with a carrier? seems an odd thing to do with so many nearby land bases. Send in the USAF day 1 package and the rather pathetic SA air force wouldn't be there on day 2.
It isnt. I just chose to focus on a scenario where the F-35C or A would be forced to attack Tiffys on their way to the target, and how it would play out.
A Carrier will probably be used nontheless.
skrip00 wrote: Even with the newest radars, ala, CAESAR, the F-35 can close within AIM-9X firing range!
There's no internal carriage of AIM-9X on JSF. As such your going to lose quite a bit of RCS performance (it's surprising how much external stores 'bloom'. It's mostly the pylon and rail that does it), probably enough to prevent a JSF getting in close enough for a short range missile.
Just sneak into AMRAAM range. That'll be good enough for 90+% of the targets a JSF is ever going to engage (and that's probably the justification they used for not putting AIM-9X internally!).
Also, regarding radars, why would any currently under development radar NOT be better than the current ones in use by the US? They're hardly going to intentionally develop something that is worse or they'd just buy a US set*! As with all aspect of avation the first to market enjoys a brief time of guaranteed technical lead but every other bugger is going to be keen to minimise it! Expecting Europe to be behind is something that the US can't be complacent about (less France sell a potential world beater to China!)
*The JSF ITAR woes have also soured US content in European systems (to what extent is going to something that emerges over time). It's just become such a pain it makes as much sense to spend the R&D money to develop an organic capabilty. This is another reason why a Typhoon may be attractive. JSF has had very few non-US weapons on it's to-do list, The one's that are on it have had to be thought tooth and nail by the UK and even then are limited (no external ASRAAM to compete with AIM-9Xfor exampe). The aussies had a similar problem when they wanted ASRAAM for their Hornets.
That's rubbish. The only thing limiting UK weapons is the willingness of the UK to pay for the integration. External ASRAAM & external brimstone were on the list but were deleted by the UK to save a few pennies. ITAR has not soured anybody off anything. The US has restricted exporting sensitive stuff since WW2.
The whole Saudi Arabia scenario is nonsense. We are supposed to believe that the Typhoons can't detect the F-35's. Well if that's the case, why bother shooting the phoons down as they're basically useless to the Saudi's. Just send a stream of undetectable F-35's to bomb the shyt out of the SA command & control centers & airfields.
Quote correctly please... 32~38km+
Which shows the figure is UNCERTAIN in the real classified world... as I said "getting very close to CAESARs detection capability of it. If not already in it... " when you said a distance of 50km.
Yes its a sensor upgrade... Captor was designed FROM THE OUTSET to be upgraded with AESA... the software was designed to accept it with the change of just the antenna and 2 boxes.
It is the figures officially stated... CAESAR has the same detective capability of the APG-77 that is all we have to go on. The APG-81 DOES NOT have the detective capability of the APG-77 in air-air.
TOAN used official figures quoted by manufacturers to develop these figures... he used mathematical equations you will find in all the text books on this subject. So going on quoted figures those are the extrapolated performance figures.
No company is EVER going to give out the true classified data... infact for misinformation these quoted ranges are probably lower than in real life.
These are the OFFICIAL QUOTED figures for RCS from the companies.... NOT what someone subjectively thinks.
They will never release the classified figure... and unless you know them then you can't moan... its worked on the most reliable information available which is the companies published data.
And also going by what those figures show... (Toan any chance of some figures on the SH's set please if you read this, thanks). There is No Way a SH can detect a Typhoon at 200km using radar.
RADAR is just ONE factor in RCS... intake, materials.etc are much more imporant factors... there are Radome coatings in existence (I know this as ive read a journal article on it) that will only let certain frequencies pass through them... i.e. the frequencies of the radar and no others.... greatly reducing the signature of a antenna array!
Again, these are the OFFICIAL QUOTED figures for RCS from the companies.... NOT what someone subjectively thinks.
The Su-35 if you read up on it, incorporates a number of RCS reducing techniques and RAM coatings, where as the bog standard "vanilla" Su-27 does not.
And here you show why all these "v" comparisons are in the end... pointless. Except in a very few small posibilities... (ie. Greece v Turkey) these aircraft will probably never face off against each other in real combat... they will work along side each other!
Oh and the minimum calculated "maximum detectable range" for an F-35 is 32km... tell me how in a head on engagement with the data currently known an F-35 can get within 26km without being detected, the range of an Aim-9X? Factoring also the IRST being extremely sensitive. Oh and as Safetystick stated... Aim-9x will not be cleared for internal carriage, external only... oh wait there goes your stealth!
p.s. RonO you do realise EADs have done flight testing using the X-31 in order to explore finless flight.... with the specific mind to apply it to existing aswell as future aircraft..? Typhoon was product stated.
Whilst reading this topic, I wondered about RCS/stealth etc... I have heard military people talk about search radar getting radar "flashes" from stealthy aircraft. Depending on what aspect the aircraft is showing the radar, there could be more or less chance of getting some kind of return...Radar flashes are not going to get you a "lock" but you could blind fire SAMs and use electro-optical guidance....At least until you get waxed by a Tomahawk!
The F-35 is said to be stealthier than the F-22 in frontal aspect but less stealthy all round. I guess it would just be too expensive to get the F-35 to that standard, not to mention the F-35 will be exported. The US doesn`t want other nations to have ALL of it`s stealth tech`. The F-117 flies a very strict mission profile presenting itself to threat radars at certain angles, that minimise the chance of any returns. the F-35 may have to use those tactics also, but with a larger "window" if it more stealthy than the F-117, which many believe.
I doubt if it is possible to make an aircraft "impossible" to see on a radar screen considering all the different frequencies and radar types out there. Especially from ALL aircraft angles and planes.
My point I suppose is that nobody should assume that every enemy is stupid and has not considered how to defeat stealth. The F-35 ain`t gonna be invisible!
I can`t see the UK funding a tailess Typhoon. The TVC system already in development by ICS? looks very innovative, can`t see us funding that either. Why, there is news that there will be £1Bn in defence cuts for the UK next fiscal, more bad news! Apparently to fund some kind of internal armed security force, as if we need another! A kind of UK "Homeland Security Force".
boff180 wrote: The APG-81 DOES NOT have the detective capability of the APG-77 in air-air.
Says who? You?
The whole statement doesnt make sense. Its an AESA radar that can do both air and ground tracking. Also, there is no information on the CAESAR about its range or other features. Its a new front end, and this means it wont have the same functionality as an AESA radar which was made from the ground up.
boff180 wrote: TOAN used official figures quoted by manufacturers to develop these figures... he used mathematical equations you will find in all the text books on this subject. So going on quoted figures those are the extrapolated performance figures.
Quoted by who? Aside from some discrepencies... like the CAESAR being magically more powerful than US AESAs, it seems pretty solid. The whole thing should be taken with a grain of salt.
Again, these are the OFFICIAL QUOTED figures for RCS from the companies.... NOT what someone subjectively thinks
Ok dude. Put your money where you're mouth is and show me these official quotes. Start with the Typhoon's RCS.
boff180 wrote: Oh and the minimum calculated "maximum detectable range" for an F-35 is 32km... tell me how in a head on engagement with the data currently known an F-35 can get within 26km without being detected, the range of an Aim-9X? Factoring also the IRST being extremely sensitive. Oh and as Safetystick stated... Aim-9x will not be cleared for internal carriage, external only... oh wait there goes your stealth!
Simple, it uses AIM-120Ds.
Interesting tidbit on the AIM-9X:
http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/micro ... eb+6,+2006
he missile successfully locked on after launch and hit its target
in a test of its potential launch from a submarine.
AIM-9X has LOAL. Hence clearing it for internal carriage is still doable.
An F-35 with AIM-9X on wing pylons is still more stealthy than a Tiffy. :p
ill get you all the sources after work... but on aim-9x internal carriage... yes doable but actually read about it... it isn't being cleared for internal carriage, full stop. Only WVR being cleared internal is ASRAAM.
But to think other people can't develop decent AESA's is very arrogant on your part.
Ya know, I think the people who have clearance to know all the information we're squabbling over are laughing their a$$es off right now. If you don't believe me, go back to the TC/ACSheva arguments. You've got the people in the know arguing against someone who knows nothing. In truth, none of us can know a damn thing because most of us aren't cleared for... and if some of us are... they can't friggin' tell. Oy, this question will probably never be answered.
boff180 wrote: ill get you all the sources after work... but on aim-9x internal carriage... yes doable but actually read about it... it isn't being cleared for internal carriage, full stop. Only WVR being cleared internal is ASRAAM.
What about the IRIS-T?
boff180 wrote: But to think other people can't develop decent AESA's is very arrogant on your part.
Its very arrogant of you to make bogus claims about a system which has only entered testing. Then saying this system will be better than current and future US radars.
Seeing as it took the forever to design the CAPTOR itself doesnt seem too promising. CAESAR will probably be in developmental cycles for about 4 years before maturing.
The other thing is that CAESAR only began actual testing in MAY. Not even on the Typhoon yet.
So its got a long ways to go before anyone can make bogus claims of it being superior to US systems flying already.
Proof the APG-81 is also very effective at AirCombat
http://www.defensedaily.com/cgi/av/show ... grated.htm
For air-to-air operations, the APG-81 will support such features as passive search and multitarget, and beyond-visual-range tracking and targeting. It also will support a cued search feature, in which the radar is cued toward another sensor's line of sight. That other sensor can be onboard, offboard or pilot-directed. Because the radar beam can move from point to point in millionths of a second, the F-35 pilot can view a single target as many as 15 times a second.
Additionally, it has more power and T/R modules. Advances from the APG-81 will be seen on the APG-77 in the next block of upgrades for the F-22A.
by drummertr
I've been reading up on the avionics / radar of the F-35 and truthfully, there WILL be nothing that comes close other than the F-22 to any of the F-35's capabilities. It is possible the Typhoon will be more maneuverable and more light weight because there are no LO concerns, but what use is maneuverability when your being shot at from beyond visual range? F-35 is going to have senors in all angles of the fighter so the pilot can literally (no joke) see through the floor and behind him for miles.
1. As for the number of RCS of F-22A and F-35, according to some articles of AW&ST and declarations of USAF and LM since the end of 1990s, the frontal RCS of F-22A is roughly equal to a marble size, while the frontal RCS of F-35 is roughly equal to a golf ball or a ping-pong ball.
Try google to find out the cross section areas of marble, golf ball, and ping-pong ball, and that is where that my personal estimation of the frontal RCS of F-22A and F-35 comes from.
2. As for the estimation of tracking range for RCS = 1m2 target of American NG fighter's AESA radars, you can find it in AW&ST 2000/02/07:
# F-22A with APG-77: 200 km+
# F-35A with APG-81: 160 km
# F-15C with APG-63V2: 144 km (which may be increased to 185 km according to other later information)
# F-18E with APG-79: 128 km
3. According to the AFM (2004, May), Magazine of RAF (2004, June) and the data from Mr. Billsweetman, the test pilot of RAF and the engineer of EADS declared that Captor had sucessfully tracked the target of Mig-29G (RCS = 5m2) at the range of "significantly longer than 100 miles", or around 185 km, during the test in 2002.
If the RAF test pilot didn't tell the lie, then according to the basic formula of radar and RCS, the Captor shall be able to track the target of RCS = 1m2 at the range of around 124 km theoretically.
And according to the IDR (1999, March), the test pilot of Norway declared that the detective range of ECR-90 had been three times of the APG-68 used by Norwagian F-16C BLOCK 50N.
4. As for the CAESAR, it seems that BAES has hoped that with the help of new AESA array with around 1,500 T/R modules (+/-5%), the detection and tracking range of EF-2000's radar will be able to be increased 50~75% al least after 2012 (http://www.iee.org/oncomms/pn/radar/Roulston.pdf).
Of course, I have no idea if European will be able to accomplish this finally right now, but I think for UK, even if the CAESAR plan becomes a failure finally (Developing failure, or the result is significantly inferior than APG-81........), it may still have another choice: Just try to put APG-81 AESA radar into its own EF-2000................
The only thing is that there really isnt much of a set rule in terms of RCS and range. Things like intakes, radar dish, cockpit, etc. But then again, I agreed with most of your numbers.
Take this statement with a grain of salt. No RCS values, no actual range. Hell, is the range of the APG-68 published yet?
My only problem was with the CAESAR's extrapolated range. There isnt much data to support it.
The F-22As APG-77 also 1500 T/R modules. The F-35 only 1200. The F/A-18F, 1100. But remember this: the ammount of modules isnt the big characteristic for range and detection. Signal processing and power output is.
While I feel the Europeans are competent in fielding a radar, two major hurdles come to mind:
1. Initial research has just begun. Hence an overall lack of experience with the technology.
2. Manufacturing of GaAs modules is very complicated. Just the fact the French had to import T/R modules from the US only recently shows a long road ahead for European production. Hell, even the Ruskies don't have the capacity to manufacture such modules yet.
I generally think the Typhoon is a great aircraft... For the mid-1990s. Now the name of the game is stealth and being able to carry strike packages. Something the US is pursuing with the Superhornet, Raptor, and Lightning.
Then you should take the detective / tracking range performances of APG-63v2, APG-79 and APG-80 with a grain of salt, too. All of their detective / tracking range performances that had been declared by American pilots or manufacturer were also "2 times of previous APG-63", "3 times of APG-73", "2~3 times of previous APG-68".
Several European countries has the experience for design, build, and use GaAs modules and AESA radars in their Navy and Army for several years, just check Cobra anti-artillery radar, SAMPSON MFR, APAR / SEAPAR MFR, CEA MFR in google. As for the fighter's AESA radar techonology, UK, France, and German has begun the study and project since 1995. I don't think it can be mentioned as "Just begun".
http://new.isoshop.com/dae/dae/gauche/s ... screen.pdf
(see page 9)
As for the CAESAR prototype and Captor-E project:
http://www.secretprojects.co.uk/forum/i ... topic=19.0
1. The standardised modular T/R modules (known as SMTRMs, size 64.4x13.5x4.5 mm) for CAESAR were completed by EADS Defence Electronics in April 2004, after which integration of the AESA array plus ground and environmental tests started in Ulm in July 2004.
2. CAESAR array was not fully populated with T/R modules, but approximately 75 per cent." The flight tests on the BAC One-Eleven involved the radar operating at "limited range but still representative of the full-up system".
3. The CAPTOR-E will have a slightly bigger antenna than the CAPTOR-M today (which has been 70 cm in diameter), and shall be able to incorporate around 1,500 T/R modules (-/+ 5%).
4. In the fully developed version, a future Captor-E radar features multichannel signal processing and space-time adaptive processing, allowing the radar to distinguish between a moving target on the
ground and the ground clutter (ground moving target indication -- GMTI). The radar is also capable of adaptive beamforming, which includes the generation of multiple independent beams by dividing up the AESA array into sub-arrays. This is useful for jammer suppression.
According to Compans, Captor-E will be able to simultaneously perform search, track, datalink, synthetic aperture radar imaging and other functions.
Russian has made its own AESA modules now ~ although the first customer might be Indian AF if it chooses MIG-35 as the solution of its MRCA plan.
http://www.hrvatski-vojnik.hr/hrvatski- ... 06/mig.asp
(You can also find the relative article in IDR 2006 Jan)
The main problem for European countries (including Russia) today is that the AESA techonology today is still too expensive for them to use in hundreds of fighters, while it is not the problem for USA since the yearly defensive budget of American is more than 2 times of the yearly defensive budget of the whole EU. According to the estimation of BAES and Thales, the cost of AESA radar techonology won't be low enough for European AFs to use until post-2012.
I think no one here can deny the air supermacy and air dominant capability of F-22A and USAF, who have the top stealthy performance, the best deta-fusion / net-centric / integrated EW capability, and the most formidable precise fire power on earth in the foreseeable future.
As for F-35, I think the fighters that are used by USAF and USN themselves shall have very good stealthy performance and the best electronic capability. But I still wonder if the F-35 for exporting to other countries will have the same kind of stealthy performance and electronic capability. I think this question will be solved after 2012~2015, at the time that DACT between RAF EF-2000 T3 and RN F-35B begins.
toan wrote: The main problem for European countries (including Russia) today is that the AESA techonology today is still too expensive for them to use in hundreds of fighters, while it is not the problem for USA since the yearly defensive budget of American is more than 2 times of the yearly defensive budget of the whole EU. According to the estimation of BAES and Thales, the cost of AESA radar techonology won't be low enough for European AFs to use until post-2012.
Another good point. The US has the money to fully research and keep on researching these technologies as to maintain an advantage over future foes. But then again, the repercussions of such technology does have an affect on civilian markets. Next gen AESAs will not use GaAs. They will most likely use GaN and SiC substrates... Imagine, after the costly development, we have SiC substrates available for personal computing and such? So as the first Euro and Russian AESAs begin to roll out, the US will already be knee deep in researching the "next best thing".
But you're right on European AESA production. I forgot they built them for their ships and such. But I agree with your 2012 assesment. My only problem was the extrapolated range of a radar system which has just begun testing. I doubt the CAESAR will be more powerful than current radars that are available. Maybe itll offer similar performance.
toan wrote: But I still wonder if the F-35 for exporting to other countries will have the same kind of stealthy performance and electronic capability.
I read an article on this recently. Apparantly, someone started a rumour that non-US F-35s will have dis-advantages in stealth. Later on, this rumour was found to be untrue. Remember, the F-35 and F-22A barely use any RAM these days. Only on the most reflective portions of the airframe.
I have to say that for most counter-air work I would probably prefer the Typhoon to the F-35 but I have some skepticism regarding the CAPTOR-E and the claims that it’s in the APG-77 class of performance. I think most ‘web pundits’ are shoehorning public factoids and are trying to connect the dots that may or may not be accurate. Intuitively it doesn’t really make sense that one could get roughly 50% more performance over the near contemporary APG-79 which has a similar radome bulkhead diameter and hence most likely has similar T/R count, avionic volume and cooling capability. The latter being very important, as RUMIT has suggested that is why the T/R count came down on the APG-77 as the cooling requirements prevented from going as high as they would have liked.
I might be inclined to believe similar to APG-81 performance but I think that even that is a bit of a stretch as the F-35 has a larger nose, though AvLeak and other secondary sources suggest a module count only around 100 or so more than the APG-79. This says nothing of the near 1m diameter of the APG-77 and I have to admit I’m curious if the APG-77v1 has an increase in performance/module count as it uses the APG-81’s ‘tile’ modules, which should theoretically give a larger module density.
The only reason I'd use the Typhoon for AtA is the most logical one: It can carry more AtA missiles!
One complaint I've heard from F-15 drivers on various sites is that, even for that very capable platform, the limiting factor in Air-toair (for them) is a lack of missiles. They run out too fast! So the same can be said for the Tiffy.
An F-35 can only carry 2 AAMs and maintain its most desireable feature, stealth. So this means, the attacking F-35 force has to outnumber and defending Tiffy force to get the usual 2~3 missiles per aircraft.
Brad wrote: I might be inclined to believe similar to APG-81 performance but I think that even that is a bit of a stretch as the F-35 has a larger nose, though AvLeak and other secondary sources suggest a module count only around 100 or so more than the APG-79. This says nothing of the near 1m diameter of the APG-77 and I have to admit I’m curious if the APG-77v1 has an increase in performance/module count as it uses the APG-81’s ‘tile’ modules, which should theoretically give a larger module density.
Another good point. Its also important to consider, that the F-35's radar is more advanced than the APG-77. And that the APG-77's next upgrades will use alot learned from the APG-81. It's a leap-frog upgrade system. Technology from the F-22A was incorporated in the F-35. Technology from the F-35 will be applied to the F-22A. And so on...
One thing I've got to point out, it's all about the equipment carried. A gun can be really useful for hitting someone over the head if you're out of bullets, but you're not using it right then. The Europeans will have the Meteor, the Russians have some sort of really long range A2A missile, they're useful, but you have to detect the aircraft they're shooting at first. Now, the US has done away with the AIM-54 for lots of reasons and we've got the AMRAAM. It's range is enough that we can shoot anything (in the case of the F-35 and F-22) before it sees us. Now this is like sniper rifle versus assault rifle. The F-35 has the initial advantage of first shoot. Now if we're assuming these things are backed by their respective forces (F-35 for the US and Tiffy for the Brits) the F-35 has a distinctive advantage because of how the US prefers to run things (Net centric warfare means the F-35 is using somebody else's radar). A straight this versus that, not that great. Now if we're assuming they're both going in with their radars on, I'd give it to the Tiffy because of the longer missile ranges.
Of course. Its neve X vs Y. Its usually a couple of Xs backed up by a D and a B, versus a few Ys and a couple of Zs.
The AIM-120D will be a truely amazing AAM when it enters production within the next two years. I've seen pictures of the new form factor of its guidance package, and it can carry considerably more fuel for increased range. In addition to this, it will make use of GPS and have a 2-way data-link for an vastly increased probability of success.
This will help give the USN the bite it always wanted.
The F-35's advantage will always lie with its stealth. Even future projected radar advances will still allow the F-35 to close in well within the AIM-120D's tange. But in US service, this is moot. The F-22A will sweep the skies clear in a way no one can be prepared for.
Also, for me, I see a more important need to move towards warfare we will be fighting. For many nations flying the F-35 or Typhoon, the Air war will be won in a matter of days. If not hours. Then the whole focus moves to ground pounding.
Hence my love for the F/A-18E and F. It can win the air war, and still be very useful afterwards.
by Corsair1963
Regardless, what's been printed I don't see the F-35 carrying only 4 AA Missiles Internally. The first examples will be used mainly in the Strike Role. Yet, shortly after it enters service. Many will want to use the Lightning in a Air Defense Role. Much like the many current F-16's and F (A)-18's. Remember the Viper had very limited Air to Air Capabilities whe it was first introduced with only two Sidewinders. Later it was equipped with Sparrows then finally AMRAAMS.
Well, in an ADF role, you can still mount AIM-120s and AIM-9Xs on the wing pylons and even wing tips.
Another thing to remember, the F-35 was built for the US with other people being able to buy it. It's never going to be up there alone when in US service. It was built with the though that Raptors, Vipers, Eagles, AWACS, KC-XXX, QR-XX (recon UAVs), etc will all be in the air with it. It was designed as a first 3 day stealth platform. Comparing the Tiffy to the F-35 is like comparing apples to JDAMs... yes huh? You can't look at a plane versus plane match up because it would NEVER happen. Something else would be almost always be in the air with them and plane on plane action is never quite the way it seems to work out. Different countries have different strategies about how to deal with everything so the discussion is almost silly. A discussion of capabilites is far more appropriate. Anyway, now back to your regularly scheduled programming.
skrip00 wrote: Of course. Its neve X vs Y. Its usually a couple of Xs backed up by a D and a B, versus a few Ys and a couple of Zs.
Do you know anything about NCADE? NCADE (Network Centric Airborne Defense Element) is suppose to be a TWO-stage AIM-120.
"The system would use an AMRAAM first stage, a new second stage developed by Aerojet and a modified AIM-9X seeker to engage missiles in their boost phase. But program officials say it could be emplyed in cruise missile defense scenarios."
Sounds like it could be LOAL and there doesn't seem to be any reason it couldn't be used against an aircraft.
All I know is things about the AIM-120D. Smaller guidance package, GPS, 2-way datalink, x-band terminal guidance. Smaller package means less fuel. Revised control surfaces and improved avionics usually means better kinematics.
Much like Air Defense versions of the F/A-18 for Finland and Swiitzerland. You will see F-35's optimised for the Air Superiority Role. While, not at the same league as the F-22 Raptor. They will be a serious opponents nonetheless and one to be respected........
by JCSVT
For the the A2A role I'd have to pick the Typhoon. I'm not the biggest fan of the F-35 although it will probably end up being a great fighter. The Typhoon will more than hold its own in both WVR and BVR combat. I think people don't it the credit it deserves sometimes.
Why should they? Unlike the F-35, its development was marred by several problems overall.
The F-35, out the gate will be more advanced and more capable than the Typhoon will be in the same timeframe. Not to mention the F-35 is a stealth fighter. The Typhoon is not. Thats an advantage in its own right.
I think people don't it the credit it deserves sometimes.
I think it gets more credit than it really deserves. The Typhoon isnt that great of an aircraft. It still has a hard time competing in export markets with the latest F-16s and F-15s available.
skrip00 wrote: I think it gets more credit than it really deserves. The Typhoon isnt that great of an aircraft. It still has a hard time competing in export markets with the latest F-16s and F-15s available.
Lol under that logic your precious Super Hornet is a rubbish aircraft aswell!
There is FAR MORE to export sales than just how good an aircraft is. Greater factors are: Time-frame, Politics and Costs.
The final two being the most important in a foreign military export sale.
Aircraft capability has a minor part to play, there is usually a minimum requirement, and if the aircraft meets it, then its all fair.
Especially when sides play "dirty" both Europe and the US are guilty of that. Recently the US threatened trade embargo's with one nation unless they chose their aircraft!
Other times, its simplicity....
Eg: Singapore.
The reason officially why Typhoon wasn't chosen was that they couldn't provide the capability within the timeframe they wanted (12 months later iirc).
Now think of the politics. The two finalists were both French and US; all Singapore combat training happens in the US (F-16) and in France (A-4) which to me is no conincidence the two aircraft selected were from these nations.
Now the aircraft being replaced is the A-4 so it would make much greater COST and political sense to close training in France, and go solely to America... whats the easiest to do this with?
Answer: The F-15SG.
It is of note that the Typhoon was the ONLY aircraft of the competitors to complete ALL of its evaluation successfully. It was the only one to emerge the victor in the 3v1 simultaneous (both bvr and wvr) scenario's against F-16's. It was the only aircraft also capable of going supersonic within singapore airspace!
As has been said over and over and over.
The best combo for any future nation (that can't get hold of F-22) is going to be the Typhoon and the F-35 operating side-by-side.
It is highly UNLIKELY they will ever face each other in real combat, what they should be compared to is the latest technology coming out of Russia. The Mig 1.42.etc... something I strongly believe BOTH aircraft will have no problem defeating; especially in BVR.
Again Boff, my point is: The F-35 offers many of the similar capabilities to the Typhoon, and then offers capabilities that leaves the Typhoon in the dust.
Future warfare will probably break down into: 10% Air-war, 90% ground-war.
You need an aircraft which can win the air war quickly and effectively, then simultaneously also handling the ground-pounding campaign, then the F-35 is the only logical choice.
Thats why I love the F/A-18E/F as well. It can easily defeat many of the world's top fighters in air-to-air combat. Yet it does the AtG mission even better.
This is also why I dislike the Typhoon. Initially, it had no real AtG capacity. Now it has some. But in the long run, it wont have the advantages of the F-35 in terms of stealth and technological growth.
The same can be said when comparing the Typhoon to the SuperHornet. The SuperHornet was designed to be a strike aircraft, first and foremost. Being highly capable in the AtA arena was just a side effect.
End result: The F-35 can do everything the Typhoon can, even better, and then some.
Want to do standoff attacks? F-35 can do it.
Clear enemy airspace? Send in F-35s with AMRAAMs or, for our European brethren, use Meteor.
SEAD? F-35.
The Typhoon's only saving grace is that it has a 2-seater variant.
skrip00 wrote: End result: The F-35 can do everything the Typhoon can, even better, and then some.
For the air superiority role, I wouldn't pick the F-35 over the Typhoon. In WVR combat, I wouldn't pick the F-35 over Typhoon. In the ground pounding role, I would want the F-35 there on the first day taking out everything. The Typhoon would come in later once the SAM sites are taken out.
I really do believe that by the time the F-35 is introduced, the Typhoon will have a decent AG capability. There aren't many fighters that can carry 6 2000lb LGBs, 4 AMRAAMs, and two SRAAMs.
Basically, I don't believe the F-35 will be able to cover every role the Typhoon will be used for. The Typhoon is quicker, will probably be more manueverable, and can carry more missiles. Yes, the F-35 has the potential to be a pretty good A2A fighter but I don't think the designers nor their initial buyers are focusing on that.
When the time comes (2010-2015) we all know that they will be equals when we sum up all the pros and cons. The differences will lay on the different roles they are built for. F-22 and EF for airsuperiority, crusemissiles attack/defence, intercept and the versatile F-35 for close air support, recon and escort.
by asiatrails
Picture of the BAE "Replica" test article. Looks familiar maybe swing wing?
Manuverability is a token quality. These days you can turn a B-2 into an air-defense platform and still be deadly.
HOBS missiles, BVR, and even stealth have made the overall concept of better manuverability moot.
I wouldn't go that far skrippeh. Maneuverability when used to an extenxt can be used to fool radars, and you can't totally dismiss it's usefullness in WVR combat, which will not disappear any time soon.
As for the argument, I'd say its an even match.
Not necessarily Skrip00, you have to get into a position to use those to their best advantage which requires manuverability to get into position. Saying manuverability is moot is like saying the gun is moot. The US made that mistake with the F-4 and paid for it. You can't turn a stealth 747 into the ultimate fighter.
Thats the neat thing about HOBS missiles and HMS. "Getting in position" is already 99% done in a WVR combat scenario.
Thats why even in WVR, itll always be a toss-up between two aircraft, irregardless is one is a super-performer. The missiles negate that.
Hence, why the F-35, while not being the same performer as the Typhoon, can still do the same job, BVR, WVR, and AtG as the Tiffy, no problem.
Thats funny, I do believe the F-35 can haul more munitions than the Typhoon can... F-35A/C are in the 15,000lb load, Typhoon 14,000.
For the air superiority role, I wouldn't pick the F-35 over the Typhoon. In WVR combat, I wouldn't pick the F-35 over Typhoon.
Sad really.
Looks like someone just doesnt know the advantages of stealth in BVR, or the advantages of DAS, HMS, and HOBS missiles in WVR...
Be VERY careful when quoting max loads.
As any Viper guy on here will tell you, the maximum load of an aircraft really doesn't mean squat! This is because in the real world and not on the drawing board, the loadouts that are possible and usable never reach the maximum loading the aircraft is designed for.
Also, its all well and good being able to carry a heavy load... but can you carry a variety of weapon types at once allowing for a variety of different roles all at once? Another advantage of Typhoon over F-35, even in full non-stealth carriage, it can't carry the complete variety of weapons as the Typhoon can at the same time allowing for greater swing role capability. This would of been rectified if the aircrafts internal bay was bigger (and capable of carrying more different weapons internally than at current)... however most of the a2g ordinance being cleared has to be carried on 4 pylons externally. Severely limiting possible combo's.
Especially for nations with medium to small size air forces and limited resources.
ie. from a UK perspective theoretic mission... solo discrete deep penetration multiple storm shadow launch (deep inside a large country, where the weapon must be launched from within hostile airspace) in a hostile environment with no F-22 support (ie. US not in the fight) and a high SEAD threat. For this mission, the aircraft selected is required to carry and fire 4 Storm Shadow and still fight its way back in and out past highly advanced threats.
F-35 loadout:
Internal - 2x Meteor, 2x ASRAAM.
External - 4x Storm Shadow.
In this situation the F-35 is as much a sitting duck as the Typhoon as its stealth will mean nothing at all until it has released its external stores... which could be depending on the size of the country and the spacing of its targets... quite a long time; with the major threat here coming from SAMs.
Now in this engagement, the typhoon would be more at risk on the egress due to not having Stealth at this point.
However during Ingress and Combat it has the better "chance" than the F-35.
It's loadout in this scenario:
4x Meteor
1x Fuel
4x Storm Shadow
2x SEAD (more than likely Alarm)
2x ASRAAM.
With both at low level helping minimise SAM threat (but not AAA) an aircraft carrying atleast some SEAD weaponary is going to have a greater chance of success; especially of actually getting to the weapon launch co-ordinates.
One must also keep in mind, the Tiffy and the Lightning are designed for completely different things. The Lightning is meant to use cheap, cheap munitions at moderately close ranges. With the addition of the SDBs, the Lightning will become a very deadly strike package. The Tiffy is meant for air superiority, A2G was an afterthought, BUT the A2G was meant to be at standoff ranges. It's all about how much you want to spend. The F-35 can hold its own in the AD role, but the Tiffy is probably got some edges with AWACs backup. The best you can get is to have both.
LordOfBunnies, I do suggest you reconsider. Why can't the F-35 do both standoff and and direct airstrikes?
As Boff180 has shown, it can carry 4x Storm Shadow on its wings, 2 BVR AtA missiles, and an internal load of SDBs.
Pretty potent if you ask me.
boff180 wrote: However during Ingress and Combat it has the better "chance" than the F-35.
You're reasoning behind this is flawed. You're assuming only one aircraft is flying the mission.
Imagine a strike package made up of F-35s. A few dedicated to SEAD, a few to BVR, and a few to carrying an overall large weapons load.
Air-wars are fought in moderate succession:
1. Shoot down enemy airforce in the air, use standoff attacks to destroy remaining air forces on the ground.
2. Kick down the fence. Launch SEAD missions to take out enemy fixed radar defenses. Continue air-superiority missions at this time.
3. Go after mobile AA defense, begin infrastructure and ground unit attacks. (By this time, the enemy's air force is depleted or being held back in depth.
Rinse, wash, repeat.
The F-35 can be configured for all stages of this. But then again, I'm still touching upon the issue of the Norway deal.
Oh, ALARM is no longer in production.
http://www.eurofighter.com/Typhoon/Airframe/
1. The MTOW of EF-2000 today: 23,500 kg (51,809 Ib)
2. The empty weight of EF-2000 today: 11,000 kg (24,250 Ib)
3. The internal fuel of EF-2000 today: 4,996 kg (11,000 Ib)
--> The maximal external loading it can carry now: around 7,500 kg (16,500 Ib)
As is yours in this scenario.
If you read the ENTIRE scenario it was for an F-35 user that has a medium - small air force in a combat scenario where there is no coalition and they have very limited resources!
Not all airforces have the luxury of a large airforce and the resources on their own to launch large strike packages alone. You can never rely on other nations and that coalitions will be formed!
In that situation a solo deep penetration mission that is "discreet" will not have a complete strike package and is not flawed! Missions along these lines have happened multiple times in the past.
Oh an Alarm, it isn't in production currently however it is still in use in the UK, MBDA are also currently developing an Alarm Mk2 which will include GPS.
Skrip, there's no reason that standoff and close range weapons can't be used together. Fire off the standoff munitions then go downtown with SDBs. But going downtown you damn well have better fired off those standoff weapons. Not to mention those pylons better be cheap because you're going to be disposing of a lot of them. And let's not forget, the likelihood is that that stealth will be really helpful for the first three days or so of the war then it will have diminishing returns. Frankly the Tiffy is a good aircraft, and considering the opponents it will face, I wouldn't having it against any enemy but the US. With the US, you're just kinda screwed with the 22, 35, 15, 16, etc. and in greater numbers than any other country yeah. Against let's say France, nobody likes them anyway, the Tiffy will easily dispose of the Rafales and the 35s will do the striking quite successfully and boom they're toast in a few days. A combo of Tiffy's and 35s can be used successfully very easily, the 35s can get much closer without being detected so you lure the enemy into a bad position and overwhelm them with aircraft they didn't know were there.
Similar scenario against Russian aircraft, its not always about which aircraft is better. More often it is about how you use it.
boff180 wrote: As is yours in this scenario.
Stealth aircraft are called Force Multipliers for a reason.
If you have equal number of Typhoons and an equal number of F-35s, the F-35s can do the same missions the Typhoon can, and be more effective.
Not being stealth is a major defect in the whole Typhoon "idea".
LordOfBunnies, While having a combination is good and all, I'm talking about a small(er) nation needing a single type. Maybe numbering around 50 or 60.
Also, on the Typhoon, the Russians are only a few years off before exporting weapons and aircraft that will easily put them on an even footing with the Typhoon.
by hansundfranz
One thing you always forget.
Stealth is quite useful right now but nobody knows how much progress will be made with signal processing, passive detectin methods and different improved radar technology in the next 15 to 20 years. And lets not kid ourself the F22 and F35 will stay for 30-40 years at minimum.
Stealth would still help. Even with the best signal processing and power output, having a "stealth" design does yield major advantages when compared to non-stealthy aircraft.
The leader in radar technology is the USA. While most nations are still puttering around making AESAs that work, and making them cheaper, the US is already moving onto the "next best thing".
They are the only ones with the innovation and funding to continue to produce and improve these technologies...
As of right now, stealth only lowers detection range significantly. And will do so, even with newer radars.
skrip00 wrote: Sad really.
Nope I fully understand. I fully understand that the Typhoon was designed to be an air superiority fighter from the outset unlike the F-35.
Yes, stealth is great. But for the air superority role, the F-35 isn't the best choice, at least not as good as the Typhoon. I can see the F-35 providing escort, SEAD, and precision strike because of it's stealth qualities but in wartime the Tyhpoon, F-22, and F-15 would perform the same roles.
As long as radar remains the primary long range detection, stealth will be invaluable. That's why 100% of aircraft manufacturers in the world are spending fortunes developing LO technology and why supporters of aircraft that are rather difficient in that regard, spend so much energy rubbishing stealth. You watch the dassault, saab & bae salesmen turn 180 degrees as soon as they have a LO design to sell. It's just like when the car makers that didnt have air bags/cruise control/ABS at first said they were crap then spoke out of the other sides of their mouths when their next model appeared.
The only drawback to the F-35's air superiority role is a lack of internal AAM capacity... but if what we discussed in the other thread pans out, we can see up to 6 internal AAMs. But currently, the F-35 can only mount 4.
But then again, even with missiles on the external wing pylons, the F-35 is still far stealthier than the Typhoon. Also, some nations can mount the Meteor on their F-35s, really packing a punch there.
skrip00 wrote: But then again, even with missiles on the external wing pylons, the F-35 is still far stealthier than the Typhoon. Also, some nations can mount the Meteor on their F-35s, really packing a punch there.
This statement needs to be proved. No matter whether the modification that you mentioned above will be done finally, up to now, F-35 can just carry two missiles (AIM-120 or ASRAAM) internally.
In the standard configuration of air-defense (4~6 BVRAAM + 2 WVRAAM), for the F-35 now, 4 to 6 missiles have to be carried below its main wings (For F-35B and C, even 25 mm cannon has to be carried outsides). As for EF-2000, four BVRAAMs will be semi-buried in its abdomen, and only 2 WVRAAM +/- 2 BVRAAM will be carried below its main wings.
In this kind of condition, which one will have the lower drag?? and how different of frontal RCS between them will be??? Personally, I think both of these need real measurement and evidence to prove.
Evidence and measurement you wont ever see toan.
To make my previous post more clear, let me make a very rough and inaccurate assumption:
1. The frontal RCS of F-35 is around 0.001~0.0015 m2, and the frontal RCS of EF-2000 is around 0.1 m2, so according to the formula, for the same radar, the detection / tracking range for F-35 shall be roughly 1/3 of the the detection / tracking range for EF-2000 theoretically.
2. I've no idea for the RCS influence of AIM-120 / AIM-9 under an external pylon, but its increase of frontal RCS must be big enough so that it deserves many costs (more weight, more cost, less fuel.......) for F-22A in order to put eight missiles internally. Suppose that one AIM-120 or AIM-9 with its pylon will increase 0.1m2 of RCS, and the missile which is semi-buried below the fighter's abdomen will increase 0.05m2 of RCS, then:
The frontal RCS of EF-2000 with 4 missiles semi-buried, and 2~4 missile under its main wings shall be: 0.1 m2 (fighter) + 0.05 m2*4 + 0.1 m2*2~4 = 0.5 ~ 0.7 m2.
The frontal RCS of F-35 with 2 internal missiles, 4~6 missile under its main wings shall be: 0.001~0.0015 m2 (fighter) + 0.1 m2*4~6 = 0.4 ~ 0.6 m2.
As I mentioned above, I've no idea about the "real" RCS influence of AIM-120 / AIM-9 under an external pylon and the BVRAAM semi-buried below the fighter's bottom. But I think once both EF-2000 and F-35 carry AAMs externally, the difference between their frontal RCS may be decreased significantly, and it needs the real measurement and evidence to prove that if F-35 can still has a much smaller RCS than EF-2000 in this condition.
skrip00 wrote: Evidence and measurement you wont ever see toan.
Then the previous statement "Even with missiles on the external wing pylons, the F-35 is still far stealthier than the Typhoon" of yours should be your personal anticipation or belief, not necessarily the truth.
Of course, the real evidence and measurement may never be seen by us. However, when RAF and RN begin the DACT between EF-2000 and F-35 around 2020, some parts of the truth might be revealed.
Think about it. Pylons dont have to be made of metal. Carbon composites or even fiberglass ones are transparent to radar. The only metal in them would be the release system and the wiring. Not big enough in terms of reflectivity.
Then you have a missile. Whose frontal RCS may actually diminish and be stealthy in itself. Why? I'd imagine the radar seeker in the missile can be angled, or is angled and rotates. Its usually something like this: ======[][]-/
= is the motor/engine, [][] is the guidance/warhead, and / is the radar seeker.
Anyways. Its a matter of RCS distribution. Even if you increase the RCS in some areas of the aircraft, your not increasing the overall return. Radars dont see a circle that represents RCS, they see what gets reflected back.
Another question: Can a Typhoon's radar track an incoming AAM like the Meteor or AIM-120D?
http://www.eurofighter-typhoon.co.uk/Eu ... s.html#maw
Missile Approach Warner (MAW)
Although the goal of any fighter pilot is to remove an enemy before they have fired there will of course be occasions when this is not the case. To enable tracking of such missile launches the DASS incorporates three Missile Approach Warners (MAW), one each in the port and starboard wing roots (near the cockpit) and one in the rear fuselage (near the tail). The units are derived from the Plessey PVS2000 MAW which utilises an active, pulse-doppler radar for detection. Since the units are active they are able to detect not only radar guided ordnance but also passive weapons such as infra red guided short range missiles. To increase the effectiveness of the system the MAW is also directly linked to the flare launchers allowing an instantaneous response to a local launch.
Again, can its radar track a missile coming at it. Just using its plain ol radar system. Not ECM.
Its MAW system is basically a small pulse-doppler radar with 360 degrees coverage, and I think its power, output, and effective range shall be far less than the main radar of CAPTOR.
If a small active, pulse-doppler radar can detect and track the coming of AAMs, why CAPTOR can't have such a capability at the longer range??? (Of course, the scanning coverage of Captor is much smaller than the coverage of PVS2000, therefore, in the most conditions of missile approaching, the Captor may not be able to see the coming missile(s) since it / they is / are at the location(s) out of Captor's scanning coverage...............)
Exactly. Its one thing to detect a missile coming in terminally at 5nm out.
Basically, I'm trying to see what the possible RCS effect of a missile is. Because hanging on wing pylons, it does add up. But I'm thinking it wont mean too much in terms of RCS penalty.
I recall a RAeS lecture I attended a few years ago (well, quite a few years ago - it was at uni) that talked about sensor fusing in modern fighters. JSF was still in the competion stage and the lecturer talked about how it was expected that which ever won would be the pinacle of fighet sensor fusion combining micro bursts of radar with FLIR and RWR data to produce a composite picture of the environment of the aircraft. From what I've seen he was pretty mcuh spot on.
The next part of his lecture dealt with the Typhoon, pricipably the fusion between DASS, PIRATE, JTIDS and Captor (I sure that was ECR-90 back then). Paraphrasing him (there's been far too many beers since then) he talked about the pilot's DASS display which took the form of a circle on the MFD. This circle would present the pilot with 360 coverage of threats being picked up by the RWR. This data was limited by the capabilities or RWR (i.e. is it a strong radar at a distance or a a weak radar close?) This was then overlaid, through 360 degrees, by threats known to the JTIDS network to fix the RWR threats. Finally there was a cone in the front hemisphere which fixed the DASS threats with active and passive information from the two front sensors. The important bit of this discussion to what Toan and Skrip are discussing is this:
The full 360 arc would tell the pilot where the launcher or active missile was coming from but not neccesarily how close [JTIDS does improve the picture compared to RWR on its own]. The forward arc would present a 'true image' of the threat in terms of speed and distance as well as any passive threats (presumably IR missiles).
Now, that suggests that the CAPTOR (IRST wouldn't give range) can certainly detect and track an incoming threat. I presume that that's still the case and there is obviously the limitations of public accesible data to consider but it would back what Toan is saying.
With the speed of Mach 4+, the modern AAM will fly across the range of 5 nm in 7 to 8 secs, if PVS2000 really can only detect the coming missile at that range, then:
MAW: "Warning!! Missile is coming!!, "Warning!! Missile is coming!!......"
Pilot: "Oh!! Shxt!! Where is its location........OMG!!!"
Bang !! and Game Over.....................
A: Then why Raptor paid so much price in order to put all of its AAMs internally????
[The empty weight of F-22A (18,144 ~ 19,489 kg) is roughly equal to, or even heavier than Su-35 (18,400 kg)nowadays. However, its internal fuel (9,300 ~ 9,400 kg) is about 1 ton less than Su-35's (10,400 kg).......]
Many reasons. For one, with all of them internally, its stealthy as hell. Put some on its wings and its chances of being seen on radar increase... but itll still be pretty stealthy.
As for the missile situation, a pilot normally wouldnt do the reacting. I'd imagine the system would take over and begin ECM automatically. But thats the thing. If the enemy gets a lucky shot off you, the best defense systems in the world will only marginally improve your chances of survival.
Wanna know what worse? Being targetted by 2 missiles. If your lucky enough to survive the 1st one, the 2nd one will knock you out.
Toan, I think you should assume external tanks on Typhoon for your RCS calculations. Range on internal fuel esp if supersonic is involved is rather limited.
Also it has been reported that in the JOUST simulations, Typhoon pilots shot down incoming missiles with their own. The report was rather critical of that.
It's possible, but I wouldn't want to test that in practice.
Welll... Raytheon always claim the AMRAAM can deal with cruise missile sized targets. Some of those older Russian AAM are kinda large!
This from a recent article in the Guardian, a BRITTISH newspaper...
"It's described by a senior official at the Ministry of Defence as "a dead duck ... expensive and obsolete". The editor of World Defence Systems calls it "10 years out of date". A former defence minister remarked that it is "essentially flawed and out of date". So how on earth did BAE Systems manage to sell 72 Eurofighters to Saudi Arabia on Friday?"
Exactly as I've contended all along...
The Personal opinion is not necessarily equal to truth.
Some senior USAF officers, aircraft-designers, and military analysts of "Fighter of Mafia" in USA also think F-22A as the greatest failure and mistake in the history of American military aviation. So can we also prove that Raptor is nothing more than a trash by just what they said???
Well... we call those guys "whackos" in the US.
But technically speaking. The Typhoon is only in the 4th generation. Not being a stealth aircraft is a major weakness.
skrip00 wrote: Well... we call those guys "whackos" in the US.
I would not say that a senior official at the Ministry of Defence, the editor of World Defense Systems and a former defence minister are all "whackos." I happen to think they are right.
toan wrote: The Personal opinion is not necessarily equal to truth.
You are wrong. Show me the senior USAF officers and military analysts or others outside of Sprey and his little group who oppose the F-22 on technical grounds. This is a very small, yet vociferous group. Others who are critical of the F-22 deride it not because of its abilities--which they do not argue--but because of its cost.
On the other hand, your personal opinion may not be worth a damn simply because you are nobody, but the personal opinion of senior officials at the Ministry of Defence, former defence ministers and editors of reputable defence publications is certainly worth quite a lot, particularly when they are informed opinions that matter. Fact is, the Eurofighter has a lot of detractors based on its obsolescence, outdated electronics, lack of performance and, especially, lack of stealth. It is one generation behind aircraft it will be competing against for sales and perhaps even in battle. A consensus is building that this aircraft is a miserable failure, and a miserable failure it is.
idesof wrote:
Maybe not such a failure? Really wasn't the Typhoon and Rafale designed to out perform Russian Mig-29's and Su-27's and there likely successors? Neither type was design to compete with the Americans.
Corsair1963 wrote: Maybe not such a failure? Really wasn't the Typhoon and Rafale designed to out perform Russian Mig-29's and Su-27's and there likely successors? Neither type was design to compete with the Americans.
For me, the beauty of the F-22 and F-35 is that they were designed to outperform not only the Mig-29 and Su-27 but their successors as well. They both represent a major technological leap, while the Rafale and Typhoon represent a modest evolution of the 4th Gen. model. I just don't see the logic in building an airplane that still has to compete hard against the likes of the F-15 and F-16 for export orders. Can you imagine pitting either of these last two against either an F-22 or F-35? No contest whatsoever. No one in their right mind, given available funds, would choose the F-16 over the F-35 or the F-15 over the F-22. On the other hand, the superiority of the Typhoon and Rafale is not so clear cut over the latest models of the Viper and the Eagle. I've said it before: comparing an F-35 against a Typhoon is like comparing an F-16 to a Mig-15. The leap in capability between one and the other is that great. On the other hand, a late model F-16 vs. a Typhoon is more like, well, an F-16 vs. a two-engined Lavi. I mean, come on, the Israelis were ready to field a 4.5 Gen. aircraft almost a full two decades before the Typhoon reached IOC! The Swedes did it almost a decade earlier with the Grippen. And if the U.S. had gone for the F-16XL instead of the Mud Hen, the USAF would have had a 4.5 Gen aircraft already in the mid 1980s. But, in retrospect, they made the right decision to stick with the standard F-16 and invest in a revolutionary capability in the shape of the F-22 and later the JSF, now the F-35. Inexplicably, Germany, Britain, Spain, France and Italy decided to field designs reflecting outdated late 1970s thinking. It really boggles the mind.
I would have to agree..........................really what's so sad is how many people think we should just upgrade current types. Which, is like racing last years race car!
The Typhoon and Rafale are the results of the typical mis-management in most joint-European affairs. If it werent for bickering among member nations and squabbles over its funding and construction, then it may have been build sooner, and with more capability.
skrip00 wrote: The Typhoon and Rafale are the results of the typical mis-management in most joint-European affairs. If it werent for bickering among member nations and squabbles over its funding and construction, then it may have been build sooner, and with more capability.
Yes, both programs were delay by many years! What is funny many of those same people complain about delay's in the JSF Program. Is that what they mean by a "Oxymoron"?
JSF's delays are nowhere near the magnitude of the Typhoon or Rafale. Barely 7 years for a 5th gen jet and only 4 more to go... not bad.
Wanna talk about setbacks: The F-22A also fell victim to long developmental... But me thinks it was done to save it. Because if the F-22A program was "complete" in the mid-1990s, then it wouldve definitely sufferred.
skrip00 wrote: JSF's delays are nowhere near the magnitude of the Typhoon or Rafale. Barely 7 years for a 5th gen jet and only 4 more to go... not bad.
Complex Military Programs like the Typhoon, F-22, and F-35 are bound to run into delays. Personally, I remember all of the controversy over the F-16 and M-1 Tanks back in the late 70's and early 80's. Which, have in the end turned in to widely successful Weapons Systems...........
by Scorpion1alpha
Corsair1963 wrote: I would have to agree..........................really what's so sad is how many people think we should just upgrade current types. Which, is like racing last years race car!
No, it's like continuing to upgrade a race car designed 30+ years ago. You can only get so much out of upgrading an OLD design. Which is why the USAF is no longer interested in aquiring F-15s and F-16s.
On the other hand, I will say that there are other countires in certain varied situations that obtaining an "upgraded" F-15 or F-16 would be a good choice and fits their requirements just fine.
Scorpion1alpha wrote:
Agreed and both have many good years left! I especially like the idea of turning F-15C into a multi-role fighter! Can we expect to see F-15C's equipped with AESA Radar (APG-79) and conformal fuel tanks? Maybe they would call it a F/A-15C+????
by dwightlooi
The F-15 will NEVER get the APG-79 -- that is a 700mm radar for the F-18E/F radar. The F-15 has a larger randome and can accomodate a larger and more powerful radar!
The F-15's first AESA is the APG-634(v)2. Only have two dozen F-15Cs were converted to this radar. This is an AESA front end coupled with the APG-63(v)1 backend. This is no longer in production.
The F-15SG being exported to Singapore will get the APG-63(v)3 AESA. This uses a NEW front end made using the same tile style T/R modules used in the APG-79 and APG-80 radars. But it still retains the APG-63(v)1 backend albeit with new software. The USAF probably will not buy the (v)3
The current plan is for ALL the F-15s to receive the AN/APG-63(v)4 at some point. The (v)4 is the (v)3 front end with the APG-79 backend.
The APG-63 family radars are 950mm and have 184% the antenna area as the APG-79 in the F-18E/F.[/quote]
Forget upgrading F-15Cs... just buy F-22As.
dwightlooi wrote:
The APG-63 family radars are 950mm and have 184% the antenna area as the APG-79 in the F-18E/F.
I should have said based! While it wouldn't be a direct copy of the APG-79 out of the Super Hornet. Its backend could be based on the APG-79 with a larger array with more T/R modules to fit the larger radome of the F-15. At least that is my understanding? I believe I read it in Defense Tech or some other Military Publication?
dwightlooi wrote: The current plan is for ALL the F-15s to receive the AN/APG-63(v)4 at some point. The (v)4 is the (v)3 front end with the APG-79 backend.
Where did you get this info? The last I heard was that 180 or so F-15Cs will get (v)3s and all F-15Es will get either (v)4s or APG-77s with more modules than the Raptor's version (bigger nose on the Eagle).
sferrin wrote:
I also heard that the APG-77 along with the APG-79 were possibilities for future F-15 upgrades! Seems like the APG-81 would be better yet? That is with more modules to take advantage of the Eagles larger radome.............
Posted: 27 Sep 2006, 02:12
by Neotopia
Yeah, and can you explain to me somehow how the Europeans are, with an inferior radar industry and tech base, going to outift the Eurofighter with a Radar half the size of the F-22, but with equal detection ranges?? (Eurofighter radar is ~700mm wide which means ~384mm^2 area, and the F-22 is 1m = 785mm^2...) nevermind the APG-81 which has tech right now the Europeans could only dream of *and* is larger?
At best, CAESAR will use tech 10 years from now that we already have right now. Unless you can somehow believe a fairytale that the European radar industry will leapfrog the USA, who already has more than half a dozen successful AESA designs, and when it can't even make it's own TR modules?
Simply put, the CAPTOR/CAESAR claims, imho, are rediculous. It will probably perform, in real life, similar to the APG-79 which is the same size.
European technology is a bit behind because they dont or didnt have the funding to keep up with American technological pace. The Europeans dont even have a AESA radar for their fighters in service yet, or even near ready.
by fuschnicken
skrip00 wrote: European technology is a bit behind because they dont or didnt have the funding to keep up with American technological pace. The Europeans dont even have a AESA radar for their fighters in service yet, or even near ready.
european tech behind?
the JSF is slated to enter into serv. in 2012 or probably much later (money rule the schedule) , and the EF is allready in service
europe is focused now on unmaned weaponsys. and upgrades for their existing weaponry.
by elp
The thread that will not die. Loved the Saudi scenario. That was a hoot.
Who said it was right. JSF doesn't go in alone....
B-2 with 80 JDAMs and other mean things... buy the time of that goofy Saudi scenario a three digit figure of SDBs on airframes too.
240 Tomahawks from 4x converted OHIO class boomers for anything that is near the coast.
Tomahawks from other USN sources.
JASSM from numerous sources ( think Diego Garcia )
Airborne laser project. Be interesting to see what form that tecnology puts into the field at the time mentioned for tactical ops.
AESA. Yes AESA. Thought it was just a sensor? It's more. What should scare anyone is what AESA on JSF and F-22 years from now can do when the software geeks really discover things. And I mean the non-traditional uses of it.
Class as in RSAF ain't got none facing anything we can put up. See the Italian military in WWII for reference. What is sad about the Typhoon and AWACs team is we aren't going to play war with yesterdays legacy airpower playbook. Those systems aren't even up for this kind of fight.
Of course any air to air battle would be near fantasy. Most of the RSAF stuff would be killed on the ground ( look at the map again of the wide amount of airspace )... What did make it off the field in the last moments would be ridden into the turf after clearing the runway. He who defends everything, defends nothing. All of our stuff working on one entry point (one option) would break anything in it's path. The better choice would be to consider you made a damn bad mistake and pick up the phone and consider talking out the problem. Because any dual you call us out on for 6:00 the next morning means at 6:01 you have one eye shot out and are dead, staring up at nothing the rest of the day.
Re: hello
fuschnicken wrote:
And the US is not?
Also, the EF project was started in the mid 1980s and not even finished. The aircraft still lack some AtG capabilities. The F-35 was designed in the late 1990s.
As far as radars go, the CAPTOR as it is mounted on the EF-Typhoon is around the late model F-18C/D and 1st flight F-18E/F's AN/APG-73's class in terms of size, performance and capabilities. The Eurocanards' (Typhoon's, Rafale's and Gripen's) newest radar outfits are notably behind the currently newest AESA radar outfits on the F-15, F16, F-18 and F-22. They are roughly comparable to the final generation of MSAs in US service -- APG-63(v)1, APG-68, APG-73, etc -- in terms of performance in relation to size. There is no indication otherwise.
The AN/APG-81 has not entered service yet, it is currently being developed. But it starts from the R&D base with five fighter AESAs already under the belt. The CAESAR starts from where the USA was in circa 1990 and the only advantage it has is non-radar specific commercial electronics progress over the last decade and a half. The AN/APG-81 draws has the same advantage. It is my opinion that when the AN/APG-81 and CAESAR are both in service circa 2015 the AN/APG-81 will still be a more advanced and more capable radar than the similarly sized CAESAR.
As far as fighters go, the F-22 is a significantly more advanced and capable jet that the Typhoon or Rafale. There is a generational difference between the Raptor and the Eurocanards, The F-35 takes all the attributes in the F-22 that mattered the most -- stealth, superior sensors, internal weapons & massive fuel load to support stealth -- and adds even better sensory and interface components, while lowering the production costs to 1/3 the F-22's. In terms of overall A2A, A2G and Recon capabilities it will significantlly outclass the the Eurocanards.
Yeah, and can you explain to me somehow how the Europeans are, with an inferior radar industry and tech base, going to outift the Eurofighter with a Radar half the size of the F-22, but with equal detection ranges??
Wishful thinking?
I've also noticed how many want to compare a relatively clean Typhoon (or similar) fighter to the F-35? Clearly, a Typhoon equipped with External Fuel Tanks and Stores is not going to perform like one with none! Really, with the Internal Weapons Carriage combined with its Stealth, Sensors, and Situational Awareness. The Lightning is going to be nearly unbeatable with the exception of the Raptor of course! I hate to say but the F-22 & F-35 combination of Stealth and Internal Weapons Loads are going to make everything else obsolete is very short order................with all do respect.
by NATOVIPER
Eurofighter is belong to old days. F-35 is a new age fighter for the new battlefield.
"Indeed, the capability gap between the F-35 and the Typhoon at all levels in favor of the former is greater yet than that between a late-model F-16 and an early-model Mig-23 "
The enormous control surfaces, set far behind the axis of gravity in both as well as far behind the engine, provide a degree of maneuverability unmatched by any comers."
What a nonsense!
You can pack the same electronics in any aircraft including a B747
In terms of kinematics, F-22 and typhoon are pretty even with little advantage for F-22 maybe. But F-35... is a bombtruck.
weight, thrust, sweep angle, wingload, drag... forget it!
Even with 6 AAMs an 3 droptanks Typhoon reaches Mach 1,6, the design speed of F-35. I think F-35 is a formidable tactical bomber, that is what is is obviousely designed for.
Unfortunately "Kinematics".... being a nice $20 dollar word IMO is incomplete to the topic here. Like it or not, things become different when you load F-22 up with internal weapons only and compare it to a combat loaded Typhoon and add fuel burn to the problem. Where are the metrics again that actually show a combat loaded Typhoon in your config,...doing m1.6 for any useful amount of time?
Speed aside, there is still the problem of the legacy... ( any legacy ) spotting a low observable first. This all by itself is a serious problem. And not just spotting some, but spotting all the JSF working together at a useful rate. Tally on one... great. Now where are the other 3 before you commit?
well Pirate IRST will be quite nice and the first exercise will show how stealthy a F-35 is.
Due its good speed typhoon may force F-35 to use its AB...
Also Typhoon has a nice DASS suite. If it works against AMRAAM, all ends up in a dogfight...
by SpeakTheTruth
To be honest these discussions do annoy me, any thread with "X vs Y" usually has many replies from people who do not have a full understanding of the aircraft in question. The Eurofighter R&D budget was not nearly as much as the F-22 (and F-35) budget. The reason why is just down to the money that can be put up for each project, seeing as at the time there was no potential in the Soviet Union developing stealth aircraft, the need for a stealth aircraft was not great enough to justify the high costs of research and design that would be imposed on the European nations involved.
Don't get me wrong, stealth obviously provides a great advantage, but as the Europeans see it, potential foes aren't going to have it and even though the advantage is great, the cost outweighs the advantage. Also the US has the current lead in stealth, any future wars that require a NATO/UN response will involve the USAF so future coalitions would have stealth aircraft in their arsenal. The Eurofighter specifications were to build an aircraft with excellent dog-fighting and BVR capabilities, high speed performance, LO features and good bombing capabilities. The specifications were met albeit late and over-budget. Most simulations show that the Eurofighter (F-35 is not included in these for obvious reasons) is second only to the F-22 in combat. Its met the specifications it was designed for, so do consider that when you start making these comparisons.
Also none of us here really know the effectiveness of stealth in a quantitative perspective, people quote numbers here on this board, but they always vary . A real combat situation is the real tester for a new aircraft, but until then you can't state silly facts like "The F-35 is better because of stealth". If you really fell you must compare aircraft with different specifications then say it in a speculating way such as "I think the F-35 would win in BVR because..."
Really this thread is like me starting a thread with the title "C17 vs C130, which is the better cargo carrier".
elp wrote: Unfortunately "Kinematics".... being a nice $20 dollar word IMO is incomplete to the topic here. Like it or not, things become different when you load F-22 up with internal weapons only and compare it to a combat loaded Typhoon and add fuel burn to the problem. Where are the metrics again that actually show a combat loaded Typhoon in your config,...doing m1.6 for any useful amount of time?
While stealth is a big advantage to both the F-22 and F-35. Many still over look the performance gains by carrying weapons & fuel internally.......Seriously, I doubt a loaded Typhoon would out perform a clean Lightning regardless of the politics. Are we to believe the formers acceleration, turn rates, fuel burn, etc. etc. are better while loaded?
Fuel burn of course will be more, thats a no-brainer... then again dogfights never last more than a few moments. On the other points of turn rates.etc at Farnborough last year, BAE carried out full displays in IPA1 (zj699) using block 5 software with a loadout of 4 amraam, 2 aim-9 and 6 gbu-12 and a centreline tank.
http://www.airliners.net/open.file/1135726/L/
Technical observers (I didn't see it personally it only displayed on the private days) stated in writing in reviews that there was no noticable reduction in performance over the clean displays performed in a block 2b RAF Typhoon.
by Pilotasso
dwightlooi wrote: As far as radars go, the CAPTOR as it is mounted on the EF-Typhoon is around the late model F-18C/D and 1st flight F-18E/F's AN/APG-73's class in terms of size, performance and capabilities. The Eurocanards' (Typhoon's, Rafale's and Gripen's) newest radar outfits are notably behind the currently newest AESA radar outfits on the F-15, F16, F-18 and F-22. They are roughly comparable to the final generation of MSAs in US service -- APG-63(v)1, APG-68, APG-73, etc -- in terms of performance in relation to size. There is no indication otherwise.
Your seriously underestimating the CAPTOR. It was specialy designed to be the fatest mechanical radar arround and managed the feat to be the only one in the world capable of doing ground mapping and AA search silmultaneously. Similar to APG-73/68's? Not a chance in hell mate.
Adding to that, Rafale has AESA today (on typhoon soon) how can you compare decade old APG-xx radar technology to that and say they are on the same level?!
Those same Euro canards of "inferior" technology will have the biggest stick arround yet to be matched by any american missile.
BTW The Euro canards are NOT a generation behind. They simply are not as stealthy as F-22 because of budget reasons. Youll find anythin inside the cockpit of Euro canards to be of the highest standards arround. Me thinks your talking too much out of ignorance and banging on your chest a litle too hard m8.
Pilotasso wrote:
The advantages of Stealth combined with the APG-81 Radar (AESA) and the vastly superior situational awareness of the Lightning. Will in the end give it a big edge over either the Typhoon or Rafale. With your way of thinking a F-16 must be Superior to the F-15 in the same role? If, not I would like to hear your reasoning???
Pilotasso wrote: Your seriously underestimating the CAPTOR. It was specialy designed to be the fatest mechanical radar arround and managed the feat to be the only one in the world capable of doing ground mapping and AA search silmultaneously. Similar to APG-73/68's? Not a chance in hell mate.
Nobody is underestimating the CAPTOR. The CAPTOR is losely speaking an evolution of the Blue Vixen -- be said of the PS/05 in the Gripen. This puts it in the same technological class in terms of wave guides, power and sensitivity as the AN/APG-73. The AN/APG-73 is about as good as the USA or anyone can make an MSA. Hence, there is every reason to believe that the CAPTOR and the APG-73 has very similar range and detection performance. That makes it a very good radar. But it is not in the same performance class as say a larger unit like the F-15's APG-63(v)1 or the latest AESA units.
The Rafale does not have an AESA. The RBE/RBE2 is a PESA. And compliants regarding its performance suggests that it offers no range advancement over the RDY which is not a particularly impressive MSA to begin with. The cause for this attributed to the PESA's electronic steering unit places ahead of the antenna. This is a typical problem with PESAs and it affects every PESA antenna inlcuding the Patriot's MPQ-53 or the AEGIS SPY-1. The difference is that these are radars with lots of power to spare to overcome this problem. A fighter radar -- due to size and weight constraints do not. This is the primary reason PESAs did not make it into the mainstream of fighter radars even though the technology has been around since the 1960s and is very mature. Because of the small size of the Rafale's radar and the compromising nature of a PESA array, it is expected that it has inferior range and sensitivity compared to similar sized or large MSAs of the latest evolution. This includes the AN/APG-68(v)9 and others.
Corsair1963 wrote: The advantages of Stealth combined with the APG-81 Radar (AESA) and the vastly superior situational awareness of the Lightning. Will in the end give it a big edge over either the Typhoon or Rafale.
First of all I didnt put Rafale, and Typhoon VS F-35. My purpose of my earlier post was to dissmiss any missconception that Fighters produced in europe are made of inferior technological standards.
Second,Typhoon enjoys a similar concept of cockpit and sensor/pilot integration as seen in the F-22.
While Eurofighter wont pick up the F-35 untill closer in, VS the same non observable oposition, be it russian, chinese or indian made aircraft, the Canards wont lack any situational awareness, nor radar range nor weaponry, infact the Typhoon and Rafale will enjoy better combat persistence, and firepower range over the F-35 unless the lighning is willing to throw stealth out of the window.
Corsair1963 wrote: With your way of thinking a F-16 must be Superior to the F-15 in the same role? If, not I would like to hear your reasoning???
Sorry?!!!
In what way would a Typhoon or Rafale enjoy better combat persisitence or firepower range over the Lightning???
by Thumper3181
Pilotosso
My purpose of my earlier post was to dissmiss any missconception that Fighters produced in europe are made of inferior technological standards.
You obviously do not understand the advantages Stealth brings to the table.
You do not understand AESA
You seriously underestimate the power of net centric warfare.
All three Eurocanards would be world beaters in 1989. Problem is it is now 2007. Raptor and Lightening would be shooting these planes out of the sky long before the eurocanards could use Pirate.
Tiffy isn't even a match for a block II Rhino. Rhino has a lower RCS and a better radar
Sorry speak the truth but comparisons do matter. Better to buy a potent 5th gen fighter than the Eurocanards who are obsolete the moment the Lightening enters production.
Corsair1963 wrote:
I think he is of the opinion that a Typhoon or Rafale can carry over 10 AAMs if that is what the operator wants it to do. The F-35 will not be able to do the same unless it carries external stores. This is a frequently coined argument against the F-35.
The answer to this question is rather simple. The question one has to ask really should be "Is the typical combat load of the Typhoon or Rafale -- 4~6 AAMs in addition to a tank or two -- sufficient". And "How often do they ever sling more than that." If this is sufficient, then the F-35's loadout capability of at least 4 AAMs internally and more likely 6 with the appropriate ejectors is also sufficient.
IMHO, it is sufficient and an aircraft is only as persistent as it is survivable; when you are shot down you can no longer fight. When you take into account flight performance, sensors, networking ability and stealth, it is also my opinion that the F-35 is much more survivable and effective in A2A combat than an Eurocanard.
by Tintin
Surly this debate about A2A effectiveness should also be around weapon performance. The warfighter's capability comes from the weapons deployed. Otherwise the aircraft is not much more than an expensive dustcover for engines and avionics! Typhoon with ASRAAM and Meteor (or Rafale with Mica IR & RF plus Meteor) vs. F-35 with AIM-9X (External only) and AIM-120. No real contest, as its 5th generation weapons against 4th. But put new weapons on F-35 and it could be interesting. F-35 is also not invisible; I think from certain aspects angles (and from the rear) that the aircraft will not have a particularly low rcs, therefore making it a little vulnerable! It will certainly not have the nose pointing authority of a Typhoon, an important factor in A2A combat. In my opinion, both aircraft are good for what they are designed to do. Both aircraft will do that in very different ways.
Thumper3181 wrote: You obviously do not understand the advantages Stealth brings to the table.
... you obviously dont understand the purpose of my earlier posts...
Thumper3181 wrote: Raptor and Lightening would be shooting these planes out of the sky long before the eurocanards could use Pirate.
... and this proves it, now Im being confused by one of those "IRST-beats-everything" guys.
Thumper3181 wrote: Better to buy a potent 5th gen fighter than the Eurocanards who are obsolete the moment the Lightening enters production.
Obsolete?! Your seriously believe that? Your kidding yourself.
What I dont understand is why people are taking this discussion to F-35 VS Canards dogfights. I never even went close to that, and this discussion has come off target realy.
Tintin wrote: Surly this debate about A2A effectiveness should also be around weapon performance. The warfighter's capability comes from the weapons deployed. Otherwise the aircraft is not much more than an expensive dustcover for engines and avionics! Typhoon with ASRAAM and Meteor (or Rafale with Mica IR & RF plus Meteor) vs. F-35 with AIM-9X (External only) and AIM-120. No real contest, as its 5th generation weapons against 4th. But put new weapons on F-35 and it could be interesting. F-35 is also not invisible; I think from certain aspects angles (and from the rear) that the aircraft will not have a particularly low rcs, therefore making it a little vulnerable! It will certainly not have the nose pointing authority of a Typhoon, an important factor in A2A combat. In my opinion, both aircraft are good for what they are designed to do. Both aircraft will do that in very different ways.
A few things...
(1) The only missile mentioned above that is one generation ahead of the rest is the Meteor. Perhaps half a generation because it is really very much like an AMRAAM other than the air breathing sustainer. There is no technological or capabilities enhancement over the AIM-120 other than propulsion. The MICA is nothing more than an ASRAAM class motor (6.3") trying to play the role of both a WVR dogfight missile and a medium range AAM. It is available in two versions because an RF seeker is not ideal for short range HOBS engagement, whereas an IR one is inferior of BVR missions because of its shorter range homing basket. The problem is that it is neither as fast nor as long ranged as the AIM-120 because it is a smaller missile with a lower energy content and with higher drag broad strakes. The MICA is in every way inferior as a BVR AAM compared to the AMRAAM other than the fact that it is a little smaller and lighter to carry. Both the ASRAAM and the AIM-9X are available to both the Typhoon and the F-35, the former being optimized for longer ranged NBVR shots whereas the later is optimised for maximum HOBS performance.
(2) The F-35 will also carry the Meteor if the client's country operates this missile. MBDA made this very clear because they don't want to lose out on the potentially dominant fighter in the 21st century in terms of market share. In fact, under the current plans there will NOT be two versions of the meteor. There will be only one. The Meteor's fins and ducts will be made compliant with the F-35's internal weapons envelope if it is not already.
(3) There is no reason the AIM-9X has to be an external only missile. It is certainly small enough and light enough to fit internally. The only thing one can say is that internal carriage will not be available by 2009 because it didn't make the list of weapons that will be the first ones to be certified for F-35 carriage.
F-35 is not planned to have ejection rails for internal bays, and it makes sense, because they would waste for AMRAAM space. That is not an issue on the F-22.
By no means I am here to diss out the F-35, infact I would like it to replace my countries F-16's some day but I find the claims that Eurocanards are obsolete to be highly innacurate and dissing themselves.
Pilotasso wrote: F-35 is not planned to have ejection rails for internal bays, and it makes sense, because they would waste for AMRAAM space. That is not an issue on the F-22.
(1) The F-35 has two ejectors (they are not rails) on the doors of the internal bays. These are rated for 350 lbs making them suitable only for AAMs. The two bays also have two heavy weapon stations. These are really hard points rated for 2500 lbs each. A variety of ejectors may be placed on it to accomodate one, two or four weapons simultaneously. The only condition being that the total load must not exceed 2500 lbs and the weapons must fit. We know for sure that AAMs like the AIM-120 and the Meteor fits the envelope that is > 4.13m long. Width is harder to determine, but it will be >18" wide at the top (because the 2000 lb JDAM's fins are that wide and they go all the way to the top). Because of the trapezoidal shape of the bay we know that the bay has to be wider lower down. By looking at the photographs available, it appears that the bay is ~28" wide half way down and about 35" wide at the mouth. Two AIM-120s in a staggered arrangement only require 22.75" width including a 0.5" clearance, which is why many believe that two can be accomodated in the weapon station. In addition to the door rail that makes a total of 3 AAMs per bay or 6 total in internal carriage.
(2) The suspicion that the F-35 is capable of 6 internal AAMs of the AIM-120 class was further reinforced by comments made by the JSF program officials. For instance, during a visit to Canberra Australia in October 2006, (USAF) General Charles Davis -- Program Executive Officer of the F-35 program -- commented that "the F-35A’s internal carriage weapons bays have volume to carry more than four missiles, with studies underway to develop a new rack to carry additional weapons.".
http://www.adbr.com.au/download/2510.pdf (See Page 23)
(3) The Eurocanards are not obsolete compared to the general fighter landscape of the world. But they are clearly outdated and out classed both in A2A and A2G combat when compared to the F-35. This is because they were designed around the same paradigm as the F-16 -- small, light, agile -- with incremental improvements in the areas of agility and to a lesser extent cruising speed. They do not offer a better value either in terms of purchase price. life-time costs and/or operability. This makes them dogs in the market place once the F-35 comes onto the stage full swing.[/url]
Well I still see a problem for the 9X employment from the F-35's internal bay. Its that the missile has to be extended outside the bay prior to launch, the weight and number of weapons in the bay space are not an issue if you can just drop them. Like JDAM or AMRAAM. But then the whole picture changes when you need to extend 1 missile out of that space before firing it. Either you discart all other weapons on that rack to carry the Sidwinder, or all wepons on the same rack are extended out together. This may necessitate a beefier reinforced rack, not only due to the weight involved but because now its got moving parts that have to endure the stresses of high G combat, and that may offset and cancel out the number of weapons you inteded to add in the first place.
Besides a bely position is a horrible place to have a heat seeker when you need to cue it with the helmet on the widest viewcone possible.
Pilotasso wrote: Well I still see a problem for the 9X employment from the F-35's internal bay. Its that the missile has to be extended outside the bay prior to launch, the weight and number of weapons in the bay space are not an issue if you can just drop them. Like JDAM or AMRAAM. But then the whole picture changes when you need to extend 1 missile out of that space before firing it. Either you discart all other weapons on that rack to carry the Sidwinder, or all wepons on the same rack are extended out together. This may necessitate a beefier reinforced rack, not only due to the weight involved but because now its got moving parts that have to endure the stresses of high G combat, and that may offset and cancel out the number of weapons you inteded to add in the first place.
Actually, if the AIM-9X is put in the door position, it will be fired in lock-on before launch mode only for relatively straight forward bore sight shots. In every other scenario, it'll be fired in lock-on after launch mode. The HMD or radar or DAS or EOTS or EW sensors or a combination of the above will provide an estimated position of the target to the AIM-9X immediately prior to launch. The seeker itself doesn't see the target. The missile will pitch towards the previously memorized approximate target location after release and wil try to acquire and lock onto the target after weapons release and initial maneuvering. The ASRAAM is operated in the same manner.
Whether the missile leaves the aircraft on a rail or is ejected really doesn't matter at all.
The F-22 has a rail that extends outwards to maximize the AIM-9's seeker field of view partly because it was designed prior to the AIM-9X's introduction. The F-22 was designed to operate the AIM-9M/L from the internal bays and these missiles can only be used in LOBL mode.
JSF will most likely do AMRAAM internal, which btw isn't so bad at closer ranges.
large image:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/e ... stores.jpg
I know AMRAAM is to be going internal but I had some doubts, and still have from AIM-9X's internal bay. Even Lock after launch from an internal bay (thx dwightlooi , completely missed that one out) doesnt sound too good if you have more planes in the same directions as the target does or if you want to keep the same number of AMRAAMs and not trade one for another.
Pilotasso wrote: I know AMRAAM is to be going internal but I had some doubts, and still have from AIM-9X's internal bay. Even Lock after launch from an internal bay (thx dwightlooi , completely missed that one out) doesnt sound too good if you have more planes in the same directions as the target does or if you want to keep the same number of AMRAAMs and not trade one for another.
Well, this afflicts the ASRAAM too. And, there are two solutions to the problem.
The first is relatively straight forward. If you put the AIM-9X or ASRAAM on the door rails they will at least be able to look forward pretty well. In situations where you have the above concerns, then you use LOBL release and you don't employ the extreme HOBS option.
The second is based on upgrading the weapon. The ASRAAM and the AIM-9X both have imaging IR sensors and modern image processors. Working in conjunction with the F-35, the target type can be identified and a set of IR signatures downloaded to the missile. The missile will then have to perform image recognition and homing in only one the target type it knows it is supposed to go after.
by Meathook
Here is a very nice photo to share
Holy cow! It almost seems that they were trying to fly it into the cargo bay!
by japps
With regards to the F-35 vs. the Eurofighter (or any 5th generation vs. 4.5 generation fighter)...I also think one has to keep in mind the enormous R&D costs the US has sunk into creating the F-22 and F-35. The F-35 will borrow heavily on the advances of the F-22.
- F-22 R&D cost: $33.0B
- F-35 R&D cost: $36.5B ($40.5B including 10% foreign contribution)
- Typhoon R&D cost: $8.0B (I've seen as high as $19B, but this included the purchase of a number of aircraft as well)
I'm truely impressed by the Eurocanards and would love to claim that my country is producing better aircraft, but I think this is not a level playing field. As it shouldn't be. When all is done, the US will have an spent $69.5B on R&D for these 2 aircraft. To give a benchmark, the defense budget in 2006 for Britain was $66.7B and France was $39.3B.
japps wrote: With regards to the F-35 vs. the Eurofighter (or any 5th generation vs. 4.5 generation fighter)...I also think one has to keep in mind the enormous R&D costs the US has sunk into creating the F-22 and F-35. The F-35 will borrow heavily on the advances of the F-22.
You only win in the Military Arena by not playing on a level field! Sorry, but no points for second place...................respectfully!
I totally agree. The US has such an enormous R&D budget that it is a skewed playing field. As it should be when you spend more on just military R&D every year than the total defense budgets of Britian and France combined. However, I get the feeling here that there are a lot of people who get into a pissing match over "my countries aircraft is better than yours". Well, yeah...if a F-35 or F-22 isn't the top 2 aircraft in the world for the next 20 years, then we have some substandard engineers. Look, we're spending 5 times as much in developing the F-35 (ignoring any bleed-over tech from the F-22) as the EF2k developmental costs...then coming onto a message board and proudly proclaiming that we have a bettera aircraft.
On a side note...I have seen some referances to a Russian fighter (Su-47 “Berkut”) that was supposed to match the F-22 (5th gen). This looks like the test-bed F-15 with swept forward wings and canards. It's my understanding however that it takes a lot more than just swept forward wings and canards to make a 5th generation fighter (avionics, stealth). Does anyone have any more info on this aircraft?
japps wrote: I totally agree. The US has such an enormous R&D budget that it is a skewed playing field. As it should be when you spend more on just military R&D every year than the total defense budgets of Britian and France combined. However, I get the feeling here that there are a lot of people who get into a pissing match over "my countries aircraft is better than yours". Well, yeah...if a F-35 or F-22 isn't the top 2 aircraft in the world for the next 20 years, then we have some substandard engineers. Look, we're spending 5 times as much in developing the F-35 (ignoring any bleed-over tech from the F-22) as the EF2k developmental costs...then coming onto a message board and proudly proclaiming that we have a bettera aircraft.
Personally, I just don't think it resources.............the US looks further down the road. While many take a half steps the US often take leaps!
Corsair1963 wrote: Personally, I just don't think it resources.............the US looks further down the road. While many take a half steps the US often take leaps!
Its not JUST resources, but come on resources do make a huge proportion of a successful design. The R&D for these aircraft are not in the same league, as I have said, the Typhoon has met its requirements albeit late and over-budget. The F-35 is looking to do exactly the same as well.
Also those great leaps you say, do remember a lot of great leaps in both aviation and general engineering & science have been from outside the US. Most nations cannot make great leaps simply because they don't have the resources.
SpeakTheTruth wrote:
Clearly, Europe has the resources to compete with the US as a equal. Yet, its the will that is a little lacking! With all do respect...................
by Paulofische
To a certain extent i'd have to agree with you i'd loe it if the variuos eruopean governments tooled themselves up with fancy kit and loads of it but the economic situation in europe and certainly britain is different. I expect the US wouldnt bother with the f-22 and f-35 programs if it didnt need them to replace the teen series, a lot of effort has been placed on affordability certainly in the f-35 program. I'm not going to debate international economics in here because i'm not qualified but in the UK health service takes the most government ££, in europe various other things. in terms of GDP we spend a decent proportion.
You could argue the US has been over investing and willing to throw money at projects considering its borrowed substantially off China recently ( $ 2trillion) has a debt of over 8 trillion and by 2050 will have a pension deficit of $47 trillion. Chances are it will need them planes because when the USA can't afford to pay it back a lot of angry chinese people may nock on the door to take it back!!!
http://www.willthomas.net/Convergence/W ... States.htm
Before anyone says, I have no idea with what loadout and what fuel consumption rates are like. I would suspect knowing ef marketing this is either clean or with a loadout of 4 bvr + 2wvr.
Just thought of interest is the latest official figures. The supercruise capability of Typhoon is M1.5
Yes V.true. Corsair is right to a certain extent about Europe, but European projects are always held back for the same reason - politics. European engineers can come out with marvels provided the politicians agree with funding them (and seeing as politicians make these engineering decisions despite their lack of knowledge in the area mostly get it wrong).
Yes in todays age defense budgets are not going to be like they were in the cold war, defense is not the only priority. Really the F-22 like the Typhoon were designed for the cold war, seeing as that ended we are left with these 2 aircraft which seem to be a bit unnecessary, however both the USAF, RAF and various other European air forces have aging aircraft that need replacing.
Paulofische is right, the US is in an incredible amount of debt. And if you really don't believe him and me you can get a direct indication from the strength of the US dollar at the moment. I think its very close to getting 2 dollars for 1 pound sterling. Crazy, can't imagine what its like for US tourists coming over to Europe.
Paulofische wrote: To a certain extent i'd have to agree with you i'd loe it if the variuos eruopean governments tooled themselves up with fancy kit and loads of it but the economic situation in europe and certainly britain is different. I expect the US wouldnt bother with the f-22 and f-35 programs if it didnt need them to replace the teen series, a lot of effort has been placed on affordability certainly in the f-35 program. I'm not going to debate international economics in here because i'm not qualified but in the UK health service takes the most government ££, in europe various other things. in terms of GDP we spend a decent proportion.
China only holds about $300 billion of our $8.3 trillion in bonds, Japan owns more and China is not even the biggest buyer, the UK is... I guess we have to beware of those evil brits..
http://www.forbes.com/2006/02/03/foreig ... phosp.html
and not all of China's $1 trillion in Forex is dollars, If it follows the same pattern as most national reserve banks it is probably 60% dollars, 20% Euros, 10% yen, 5% pound and the rest 5%.
So China really holds about $600 billion in US dollars or bonds (about half/half)
Of course there is the factor that Of China's $900 billion in yearly exports (35% of the enitre economy!) half of them are owned by foreign enterprises (mostly American)... And that Exports to the US alone make up over 10% of the Chinese economy.
And our national debt/deficit is pretty good campared to the rest of the large industrial nations, especially considering that our sustained economic growth levels are also the highest by a good maragin.
government Debt/GDP 2006
~170% Japan
~120% Italy
~75% France
~68% Germany
~65% Canada
~63% USA
~51% UK
Government deficit/GDP 2006
~6.5% Japan
~5.0% Italy
~3.0% UK
~2.6% Gremany
~2.5% France
~1.9% USA
~1.0%(surplus) Canada
Average annual GDP growth, last 10 years
3.54% Canada
3.42% USA
2.69% UK
2.19% France
1.43% Germany
1.39% Italy
1.21% Japan
Trade deficits are overblown. Most healthy, growing economies have one, and the most moribund economies often have large surplses. The Trade deficit is merely a mirror-reflection of the capital account surplus. Other countries invest in the (generally higher-yielding) US, and we go around and use much of that money to buy their products.
On China, I wouldnt be surprised if it hits the glass wall soon as all export-overdepent asian economies have that were "supposed to take over the world"(but died in the hype). factor out exports and the Chinese domestic economy is only growing about 3-4% a year, almost solely from building up empty skyscrapers and un-needed factories (overcapacity). China is far more dependent on foreign demand and financing than 80s Japan and the mid-90s SEA tigers were.
Europe has been falling pretty far behind the rest of the world when it comes to R&D. ~1.8% of GDP(compared with about 2.7% in the US and 3.2% in Japan)... China Spends about 1.3% and the per capita income there is only about $2000...
The UK has been falling the most, R&D went from 2.3% in 1980, to 2.1% in 1990, 1.9% in 2000, to about 1.7% now.
The EU-15 spends about $550 per person on R&D compared with $1,000 In Japan and $1,200 in the US, and the gaps are growing larger.
Didnt you guys get the memo? The vast majority of Western Europe doesnt "fight" war any more. They merely use their militaries as extensions of their social institutions. Except they get to wear camo and carry a gun.
England, Italy will be soon to follow. Eastern Europe tends to have more balls than the western nations.
skrip00 wrote: Didnt you guys get the memo? The vast majority of Western Europe doesnt "fight" war any more. They merely use their militaries as extensions of their social institutions. Except they get to wear camo and carry a gun.
Fight who? The USSR isn't staring down their throats anymore. And the EU is unable or unwilling to do the right thing on the international stage by actively identifying, confronting and fighting the forces and entities that seeks to destroy their very way of life. They are unable because their heads are completely buried in the cesspool of Liberalism and Socialism. That are unwilling because they lack the will and moral commitment to make the sacrifices.
As far as I am concerned, I have given up on the hope that Europe will ever do the right thing. I am happy just as long as they don't get in the way.
NEOTOPIA, some good info there, ie . facts and figures. The question I have is your figure on UK R&D and it`s downward spiral. Are the quoted figures for independent projects or do they include collaborative ones? We are always being told we are spending less on research but clear figures escape me.
On Europe not wanting to fight anybody, two world wars which came right into your living room...this has left deep wounds in the European psyche , IMHO. European governments tend to shy away from sabre rattling and shows of force. The last time they did that, millions perished, memories are long...not an excuse, just an observation.
Europe doesn`t need to spend the sums the US does on military R&D, we have been there , done that in the past. Europe, or the vast majority of it dosen`t want to be the world policeman the US is. If Europe felt the need to invest, the funds would be diverted. It is staggering, the difference in military spending between the US versus the rest of the world. On individual projects like Eurofighter and F-22 it is not a surprise but an expectation the F-22 would be far superior in capability. The calibre of US and European engineers , designers, theorists is about equal. The opportunities in your chosen field and the money available in it is the difference.
snypa777 wrote: Europe doesn`t need to spend the sums the US does on military R&D, we have been there , done that in the past. Europe, or the vast majority of it dosen`t want to be the world policeman the US is. If Europe felt the need to invest, the funds would be diverted. It is staggering, the difference in military spending between the US versus the rest of the world. On individual projects like Eurofighter and F-22 it is not a surprise but an expectation the F-22 would be far superior in capability. The calibre of US and European engineers , designers, theorists is about equal. The opportunities in your chosen field and the money available in it is the difference.
It's not about saber rattling. It's about doing the right thing to keep our world headed in the right direction. Simply burying your heads in the sand or simply playing Neville Chamberlain and appeasing all the scums of the earth simply doesn't cut it.
Anyway, I am pretty sure that the caliber of engineers and researchers in Europe and the USA are comparable. The difference is two fold. The first being that higher spending -- both in basic research and in systems research -- means that the US is supporting a larger workforce of such individuals in the fields of advance military technology. Secondly, the legacy of higher spending and continued development means that the US currently owns more accumulated know how and experience in developing and implementing cutting edge hardware. Even though the engineers are equally competent, having more employed in the right field matters and having more accumulated accomplishments, knowledge and experience matters.
I think that is why the US is somewhat reluctant to share such advance technology. We invest great some of money and research while others want to reap the benefits.................
snypa777 wrote: NEOTOPIA, some good info there, ie . facts and figures. The question I have is your figure on UK R&D and it`s downward spiral. Are the quoted figures for independent projects or do they include collaborative ones? We are always being told we are spending less on research but clear figures escape me.
The figures are mostly from the OECD, They include all R&D public and private. There are worse countries than the UK though... Italy has had R&D fall from 1.3% of GDP to about 1% now... there is no excuse for a modern industrial nation to spend so little on R&D.... and have it shrinking at the same time! but then again it's no wonder the Italian conomy has been in stasis for the past decade+.
The caliber of European and American researchers yes, is probably similar, but the US has much more compared with the size of the workforce, and because of the higher budges, can spend more on better tools (computers, labs, particle accelerators, etc.) to get the work done. There's also the brain drain, ~400,000 European researcher have fled Europe for the USA and it's more Tech-savvy economy and it's higher rewards.
The only European countries that have similar R&D intensities to the US are Sweden and Finland, mostly because scandinavia has become the "silicon valley" of Europe. (And Nokia is almost Finland's entire economy, it recently passed the Finnish government as the largest entity in Finland.... no I'm not kidding either)
R&D per GDP (2006 est.):
4.77% Israel
3.79% Sweden
3.44% Finland
2.83% Korea
2.61% Switzerland
2.58% Taiwan
2.41% Denmark
2.35% Austria
1.79% Belgium
1.78% Netherlands
1.58% Australia
1.52% Luxembourg
1.48% Norway
1.44% China
1.41% Czech Republic
1.29% Ireland
1.14% Spain
0.82% Portugal
0.60% Greece
$1,198 USA
$1,163 Finland
$1,162 Sweden
$1,161 Israel
$1,009 Japan
$958 Luxembourg
$904 Switzerland
$902 Denmark
$834 Austria
$790 Germany
$745 Taiwan
$671 Korea
$662 Canada
$642 Norway
$634 France
$582 Netherlands
$579 Belgium
$547 Ireland
$530 UK
$504 Australia
$318 Italy
$308 Spain
$295 Czech Republic
$162 Portugal
$139 Greece
Both posts utterly untrue and baseless (not to mention explicity insultous). Just because EU didnt agree to participate directly on the start of Iraq Invasion on the US's own terms (lets not disscuss it here).
You have no idea of Europes motivations and actions.
You guys realy need a reality check.
Next time keep your nationalistic trash out of these boards, care to inform yourselves properly and spare us from your ignorant posts. Both of you.
I would agree yet many in Europe make similar claims against the US?
Time for some to take this thread to another board. Waaaayyy off topic.
Well, in the future many countries will operate both types. (i.e. Typhoon & Lightning) So, I wouldn't be surprised to see a big rivalry among the two........it will of course be interesting to see which type is the preferred posting? That is years away unfortunately.
Corsair1963 wrote: I would agree yet many in Europe make similar claims against the US?
Yes perhaps, yet many don't. If a European members says something negative about the US its likely you will see a US member retaliate by attacking Europe. And vice versa. But this behavior is not on, just because the person attacking your country is British, German, American etc doesn't mean you should attack theirs. They (pretty much all of the time) do not represent their countries view, they are not speaking what everyone is thinking in their country, all they usually have in common with their fellow citizens is a pp. They are just ignorant, uneducated and acting in a very bias and immature way.
I know retaliating against them by attacking their country is almost automatic, but your just dropping to their level. I mean the KKK were American, but I can safely assume (and hope) that no American or very few agrees with what the KKK stood for. So no one could come out with a comment saying Americans are all racists. Every country has its fair share of ignorant, uneducated loudmouths that always seem to get heard and promote a bad name for that particular nation, just ignore them. Lets keep the "my country is better than yours" out of this.
Also about the EU, some are speaking about it likes its a big nation, some argue that is what its goal is but the EU is far from it. I mean the Iraq war had seen real support from only 2 countries - Britain and Spain. Relations between some countries in the EU are not the greatest. The EU is not as integrated as some would think.
Don't worry the US never forgets its friends...............keep the faith!
by MKeldergod
F-35 vs Typhoon
My vote goes to the F-35, Europe thinks they can play with the big boys all of a sudden lol .
"The F-35 Joint Strike Fighter will be:
Four times more effective than legacy fighters in air-to-air engagements
Eight times more effective than legacy fighters in prosecuting missions against fixed and mobile targets
Three times more effective than legacy fighters in non-traditional Intelligence Surveillance Reconnaissance (ISR) and Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses and Destruction of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD/DEAD) missions
About the same in procurement cost as legacy fighters, but requires significantly less tanker/transport and less infrastructure with a smaller basing footprint " gloablsecurity.org
This statement is just scratching the surface of what the Jet Fighter can do.
Also i gotta add since USA realizes they let themselves fall behind in Missle technology. USA will be seeing New 5th Gen missles to take its lead again.
Aim-9x
Aim-120D - This Missile sounds good, real good.
DRM / ASMT - This one really caught my eye.
And who even knows what else.
Also i dont like that this plane will be in the hands of other countries. Tech Transfering isnt the key to getting allies or being friendly or EVEN making money.
I don't think the USA have let themselves fall behind in missile technology. If you look back in history at the weapons the US introduces -- the original sidewinder, the Sparrow, the Phoenix, the AMRAAM, etc. has all denoted a revolutionary step forward. Putting a VFDR motor on an otherwise AMRAAM type weapon -- which is basically what the Meteor is -- does not represent a revolutionary step forward. A VFDR type motor is in essence a better sustainer. It carries with it certain penalties such as a slightly worse initial acceleration profile, greater altitude dependencies and in the case of the Meteor a less responsive bank-n-turn maneuvering scheme. Such a motor allows for a range of 100~150km in the case of the Meteor. This is at the limit of, but nonetheless attainable by, rocket propulsion. The AIM-120D is such a missile.
The USA is not going to undertake the expensive process of designing a new missile unless it is pursuing more than incremental improvements. Currently, the efforts are confined to maturing several technologies which may make it onto the next new American AAM. These include dual combustion (RAM/SCRAM jet) hypersonic propulsion, multi-band seekers, stealth airframes, dual role (AAM & ARM) mission capabilities and LPI AESA radar seekers/atalinks. The next missile will begin development circa 2010~2012. The AIM-120D will field in 2008.
The program that is currently in existence to study the configuration, technologies and requirements for the next all new AAM is known as the Joint Dual Role Air Dominance Missile (JDRADM).
This is my SPECULATIVE work on how this missile may look like...
http://img129.imageshack.us/img129/2739/jdradmrearqtrpw4.jpg
http://img129.imageshack.us/img129/6116/jdradmfrontqtrdm8.jpg
http://img129.imageshack.us/img129/7325/nosefunctionalityll5.jpg
http://img129.imageshack.us/img129/2691/tailfunctionalityom6.jpg
http://img129.imageshack.us/img129/4448/drawinguv0.jpg
http://img129.imageshack.us/img129/7421/textco4.jpg
RE: F-35 JSF vs Eurofighter Typhoon
by avon1944
WOW..... gawd thanx for the information Dwight -Adrian
Sorry for the double posting.
by f-35guy
First of all, it is very unlikely the Typhoon and Lightning II will ever find themselves as adversaries of each other.
Second, they are intended for different roles. The JSF is multirole, but primarily ground attack, and the Typhoon is an air superiority fighter.
Britain has purchased both. I think they will be the best-placed to compare the two.
P.S. the Typhoon had the option of being navalized, it just didn't happen because the JSF program had already got underway.
From what I read, all the Typhoon would have needed was a tailhook.
I see this post has made its way back up to the top...again. Personally I'm not a fan of x vs y comparisons because most of the time the two subjects in question shouldn't be compared because they have different roles. Its the same as making a thread with the title 'F1 cars vs Rally cars', the two vehicles aren't comparable because they have different purposes, a rally car sure as hell isn't going to win the Grand Prix and a formula one car wouldn't even finish on a rally track. Also lets not forget price here and I don't mean unit cost, I mean R&D. The R&D for the F-35 was a lot more than the tiffy.
And as for the issue of tech sharing, why are people so against it? Yes you pick your allies carefully and you don't give it away to make friends. But take the UK-US relationship, both countries have exchanged technology in both directions for decades, and its why both nations have very sophisticated militaries, so why stop it? Now an upcoming technology being developed in the UK at the moment, of which the US has shown a lot of interest in is Electrically charged armour, why do I mention this particular technology? Well as we have seen in the Iraq and Afghanistan conflict, coalition vehicles have been quite vulnerable and armour found on MBT's is not appropriate for smaller vehicles such as APC's and patrol vehicles. However this new type of armour would offer similar protection to that of a MBT but with a much smaller weight penalty. Now if the US closes the doors on tech sharing, yes they stop giving out their innovative tech but they also stop receiving it. If you want to defeat an enemy like Al-Qaeda or the Taliban, then you best make sure you have the kit to do so and just as importantly, make sure your allies fighting with you do as well!
Now an upcoming technology being developed in the UK at the moment, of which the US has shown a lot of interest in is Electrically charged armour,
And maybe the army will either buy the armor or license it from whoever makes it in Britian. They will not go out and sell it to other customers and becaome a competitor. BIG DIFFERENCE between that and the rip off going on with BAE, Rolls and the JSF.
The US government is paying to repeat the development process for a competitive engine the AF says it does not need nor can it afford. What's worse 40% of the work would be overseas. Why do I have to subsidize RR?
BAE and the British govt pays 2 billion out of 40 of development costs. They will reap at least 16 billion dollars in work from it. But no thats not enough they want to be able to integrate their own weapons so that they can go out and compete with American companies for foreign sales. Again my idiot president capitulates and I have to pay to subsidize British exports.
Now could the British maybe buy the F-22 which would have been light years ahead of the eurinflinger at the same price. Sure but then they lose out on the exports. Just think tech transfer!
The big difference is we do not have a BAE and Rolls burning the candle at both ends.
Tech transfer is fine when you pay for it and when you do not use it to sell competitive products. This is not tech transfer. This is enabling your competiters to compete on the American tax payers dime. That my friend is WRONG!
As for the eurinflinger, you cannot shoot down what you cannot see. Like all non stealth AC it will be obsolete once the JSF is fielded. Hell the RAF would have been better served by funding an air defense variant of the JSF. All it needs to do is carry a few more AMRAAMS .... oops I forgot Meteors ... oops I forgot if the eurinflinger where stealthy it would not need the additional range the Meteor (oops I forgot again you could have bought the AIM-120D with comparable range).
As a jobs program the eurinflinger is wonderful. Saudi eurinflingers will be no match for Israeli JSFs.
The British have always played this game so well. You would think that we would learn it eventually.
Uh-huh? Well I din't really need to read your post there Thumper because as soon as I saw your name as the last reply, I could pretty much guess what was in the post. Same rubbish as usual which I'm getting tired of countering as you seem to post it again and again and again.
The F-35 first look, first shot, and first kill capability will be second only to the F-22 Raptor. Really, everything esle is respectfully obsolete...............much like the P-51 Mustang was with the advent of the early jets. (i.e. Me-262, P-80, and Meteor)
Corsair1963 wrote: The F-35 first look, first shot, and first kill capability will be second only to the F-22 Raptor. Really, everything esle is respectfully obsolete...............much like the P-51 Mustang was with the advent of the early jets. (i.e. Me-262, P-80, and Meteor)
Well, let's set that aside for a minute and consider this...
The Typhoon is at best about 10% faster and marginally more agile operationally. How much of a difference (if any) does that make is questionable. At the same time it has inferior sensors, pilot interface, networking capabilities and endurance (fuel reserves). Hence, an F-35 without stealth is not really an inferior fighter compared to the Typhoon. In fact, a reasonable argument can be made that its 4th gen AESA radar, 360-degree optronics, advanced data links, low drag internal weapon stowage and the ability to use the afterburner for longer periods, makes it a superior air superiority platform (even without stealth) than the Typhoon. The case will be based on the theory that these features -- taken as a whole -- is more important to A2A combat success than a small maximum speed increase and some amount of high AoA handling improvement. It won't be a weak case to argue!
by Neno
Don't relay too much on sensors, pilot interface, networking capabilities, 4th gen AESA radar, 360-degree optronics, advanced data links.. Remember that all this features can be added some day. Tiffy is just an empty box, every air force is free to fill it with different devices..
Don't forget the CAESAR flew on a Typhoon last week. CAESAR = natural and intended and designed development of CAPTOR turning it into AESA.
http://www.eurofighter.com/medialibrary ... diaID=7574
First you essentially lambasted the next generation sensors and radars that exists in the Raptor and Lightning II in the 1st sentence. Yet in the next 2, you you essentially praise them because they're planned on being integrated in other aircraft such as the Typhoon.
These next gen sensors and radars are a HUGE reason why our F-22 (proven now) and the near future F-35 has, and will continue to have dominance on the airspace.
So, just because they're not on your preferred aircraft, but on ours makes it alright to state some kind of fault with our aircraft?
Scorpion1alpha wrote: So, just because they're not on your preferred aircraft, but on ours makes it alright to state some kind of fault with our aircraft?
Don't worry Scorpion, it's all right..
FIRST: Since the first time i see the ATF's (even the canard configurations before 1990) i fell in love for them, the Raptor is my wet dream and i would NEVER, NEVER change it for a SU37 or a Tiffy even if it hurt my patriotism i'm not mad.
SECOND: when i say "don't relay on them" i mean "don't relay on them to make a comparison between F35 and EF2K" cause tomorrow this lack could be in some way filled.
The same goes for every aircraft. But, these things do matter A LOT, and they cost a lot to make happen. How much of the F-35'a $40~45 billion R&D budget do you think is vested in the airframe? I bet less than half! Probably as little as 1/3! The rest is vested in mission systems and software. The kind of money to develop a sensor, network and interface suite comparable to the F-35 for the Typhoon simply isn't there and if it did it'll be a decade long effort.
In any case, let's set that all aside for a second along with stealth. In doing so we have set aside ALL the leading superiority factors of the F-35. But, let's do that for a second.
What do we have then? Well, we have the Typhoon which offers a marginal and incremental kinematics and agility improvement over an F-16. And, we have the F-35 which meets or exceeds the F-16's dynamic performance (probably to a lesser extent than the Typhoon) while offering large endurance increase through a >2.5x increase in internal fuel capacity and drag reduction for most missions through internal weapon carriage. So which is the better platform based simply on that? Is being a little bit faster (or perhaps not with combat stores) and a little bit more agile better? Or is having the ability to fly twice as far or as long, or at a similar range use the afterburners 2 to 3 times as much preferable? Thats still a toss up.
In short, in the absence of stealth, sensory superiority, networking features and advanced interfaces, one still cannot definitively say that the Typhoon is a better A2A platform. I mean, you'll have to weigh a slight speed and tight turning capability against greater kinematic freedom due to the availability of twice as much fuel with which to feed the burner cans should you need to.
With stealth, sensors and mission systems in place, it is a completely lop sided contest -- the F-35 dominates hands down.
Clarification understood.
Bad analogy IMHO. Those early jest were infact badly beaten once they slowed down to dofight, their advantage were to stay fast and unreachable. They were bad dogfighters, not to mentions they suffered awfull engine reliability and maintainability problems compared to piston engines of the day.
As fas as the typhoon is concerned Its definatly NOT to be dissed.The Eurofighter is a monster, sure its not as stealthy as the F-22/35, but so isnt the F-35 compared to the F-22.
The tiphy was projected to beat all russian fighters and was depicted against a ficticious uber Su-37 Terminator that never came to fruition.
The builders ended up with a plane that in my point of view beats all Flaker/Mig variants plus F-15's and Superhornet.
Everytime I see coments saying that its obsolete I cant help but to smile, just imagining how good it actualy is as an european spearhead.
Pilotasso wrote: Bad analogy IMHO. Those early jest were infact badly beaten once they slowed down to dofight, their advantage were to stay fast and unreachable. They were bad dogfighters, not to mentions they suffered awfull engine reliability and maintainability problems compared to piston engines of the day.
Sure, every fighter is designed to beat its opponents. And the Typhoon may very well do that to some degree. That doesn't change the facts regarding what exactly it is that the Typhoon offers.
Is the Typhoon faster that all the 4th generation fighters out there? Not really. Is it longer ranged or have better endurance? Not really. Is it higher flying? Not really. Is it LO? Not really. Does it have better sensors and mission systems? Its certainly above average, but does not lead the pack either. So what is it about the Typhoon that makes it better?
Well, two specific things tops the list of Typhoon "haves" -- super agility and the (yet to be available) Meteor missile. Thats about it.
The problem with extreme agility is that it is an advantage which applies only in gun duels and close stern shot IR missile use. This regime has become completely marginalized by HOBS missiles even in dogfights. Think about it for a minute... even 5km is a long way and the most "agile" fighter is going to have a hard time using agility to stay out of the frontal hemisphere of an F-4. At 1500km/h the maximum translation you are ever going to have is 0.4167 km/s (thats on a perpendicular vector), at 5km your opponent needs to turn at 4.76 degrees / second to keep up -- thats solidly Boeing 737 territory. At 1 km distance from the enemy, being on a perpendicular vector to your opponent at 1500km/h, requires that he turn at 22.6 degrees. Even that is under the F-16's sustained turn limit of ~26 degrees/sec. In short the super agility thing works out to be an advantage only at ranges of under 1km.
I suspect that the "projections" typically touted by EF promoters are really Meteor projections. That a missile with a 100+km envelope carried by a fighter with a radar to support its employment out to and beyond that range against typical airborne threats is the biggest plausible explanation for any kind of a significant edge to the Typhoon. And that may very well be true. The problem is that the Meteor is not the Typhoon and it is not exclusive to the Typhoon. This is not the AIM-54 we are talking about here. Chances are the Meteor will be carried by everything from the Typhoon to the Rafale to the Gripen to the F-35 to who knows what else depending on its market success.
I suspect that the "projections" typically touted by EF promoters are really Meteor projections.........The problem is that the Meteor is not the Typhoon and it is not exclusive to the Typhoon. This is not the AIM-54 we are talking about here. Chances are the Meteor will be carried by everything from the Typhoon to the Rafale to the Gripen to the F-35 to who knows what else depending on its market success.
Why stop at the Meteor and a new AESA radar, neither of which is anywhere close to production for EF?
Today the EF is out classed by anything from a blk 60 Viper, various eagle upgrades, Super Hornet and F-22 and that is before the AIM-120D is fielded this fall. Once it receives AESA and Meteor it may be roughly on par with the rest of the 4.5th gen AC.
The EF is merely a jobs program for europe which gives them an opportunity to compete for foreign orders where anything less than the F-35 is offered.
Care to give us reasons why your imagining is nothing more than that. Just a dream. What do you base this on? And since you will no doubt be using the vaunted Tranch 3 specs please keep in mind everyone else's AC will be upgraded over the next 10 years (when it fields) as well.
Ok so we have Dwight who thinks the Typhoon is obsolete, and Thumper (as usual) thinks the Typhoon is sooo obsolete it can be defeated by aircraft of the past??? Right let us clear some points up here.
Dwightlooi wrote: Is the Typhoon faster that all the 4th generation fighters out there?
Well yes, seeing as the only two military aircraft at the moment that can super-cruise are the F-22 and Typhoon, the Typhoon outclasses all other 4 and 4.5 gen aircraft there and even the 5th gen F-35. Now if you're referring to top speed, well pretty much all Fighter Aircraft you're going to see will have a top speed in the range of Mach 2-2.5, above that you really need to start modifying your engines to bypass the compressor stage. Hell the English Electric Lightning had a top speed of Mach 2.3 in the 1950's.
Thumper 3181 wrote: Why stop at the Meteor and a new AESA radar, neither of which is anywhere close to production for EF?
Well is the F35 either? Well think of it this way; the Typhoon is in active servce at the moment and will have its AESA radar by the time the F-35 comes into service. And as for the Meteor, I agree with Dwightlooi in that its not exclusive to the Typhoon.
Thumper3181 wrote: Today the EF is out classed by anything from a blk 60 Viper, various eagle upgrades, Super Hornet and F-22 and that is before the AIM-120D is fielded this fall. Once it receives AESA and Meteor it may be roughly on par with the rest of the 4.5th gen AC.
???? You know the one thing that always boggles me is where the hell you get your facts from Thumper. See usually they are completely wrong but sometimes they even contradict what you have said in the past. Well if you want to exclude the various simulations done ranking the Typhoon second only to the F-22 (the F-35 was not included in these) why not recall an event involving 2 USAF F-15E aircraft that when "attacking" a single Eurofighter Typhoon were out maneuvered and "shot down". Yes they were F-15E's but it just shows you what this aircraft can do.
The Typhoon does what it says on the tin, its met its specifications and is an exceptional aircraft. Yes it lacks the stealth of an F-22 and F-35, but incorporates LO features. Stealth is expensive and none of us here can say how effective it is against modern radar. Most of the various and contradicting stats posted about the F-35's stealth are quoted for the Front Cross Sectional area, what about the rear? That however, in no way means to say I think stealth is ineffective, I'm just saying we don't really know how effective it is.
As for the avionics and systems of the Typhoon, they are very advanced and would hardly say they are obsolete. I don't know how good they are compared to the F-35 and F-22 because I have not flown any of these aircraft. People just post contradicting comments about them which are a lot of the time is just speculation.
SpeakTheTruth wrote: Well yes, seeing as the only two military aircraft at the moment that can super-cruise are the F-22 and Typhoon, the Typhoon outclasses all other 4 and 4.5 gen aircraft there and even the 5th gen F-35. Now if you're referring to top speed, well pretty much all Fighter Aircraft you're going to see will have a top speed in the range of Mach 2-2.5, above that you really need to start modifying your engines to bypass the compressor stage. Hell the English Electric Lightning had a top speed of Mach 2.3 in the 1950's.
Actually, that is not true. Most recent renditions of 4th generation fighters "supercruise" to some degree. The F-16 does, the Gripen does, the SU-27/30 does, etc. The problem is that while most of these jets fly at ~M1.2 with minimal weapon loads (or none at all), this is a far cry from an F-22 which lugs 8 AAMs and ample internal fuel to Mach 1.7+ on dry thrust. My estimate is that the Typhoon MAY* be able to do slightly better, but probably not by much.
* Officially, the Typhoon is capable of "supercruising", but officially there is also no word as to how fast it supercruises. I haven't seen one official document, quote from a test pilot or a customer nation selection disclosure claiming any particular supercruise speed for the Typhoon. I know that some guy on wikipedia said M1.5 clean and M1.3 with A2A loads, but without any documentation or sources. But thats... well... you and I can make up numbers and go edit the wiki article if we want so thats a little unreliable. This is especially true when the guy who wrote whats on wiki also dissed the Rafale in the same paragraph which hints on bias and a Rafale bashing agenda.
SpeakTheTruth wrote: Well is the F35 either? Well think of it this way; the Typhoon is in active servce at the moment and will have its AESA radar by the time the F-35 comes into service. And as for the Meteor, I agree with Dwightlooi in that its not exclusive to the Typhoon.
Not the F-35. The F-16, F-18, F-15 all have AESAs in service and available to customers. The Typhoon does not. In addition, it will be reasonable to believe that with 3 generations of AESA fighter radars under their belt (1. APG-63(v)2 -- 2. APG-77 -- 3. APG-79, APG-80, APG-77(v)1) the upcoming unit on the F-35 will benefit from a R&D and engineering experience base which is not present on with the developers of the Typhoon AESA.
boff180 wrote: Don't forget the CAESAR flew on a Typhoon last week. CAESAR = natural and intended and designed development of CAPTOR turning it into AESA.
I willing to bet dollars to doughnuts that it is still markedly inferior to US AESAs, especially the advanced APG-81...
Well is the F35 either? Well think of it this way; the Typhoon is in active servce at the moment and will have its AESA radar by the time the F-35 comes into service.
Actually I was thinking about today's Blk II Hornet. It has AESA (not 1st generation) and it has Aim-120C8 now and AIM-120D this fall. Today's Tiffy would not stand a chance against it. Ten years from now when Tiffy may have an AESA (1st generation) and meteor, and teething problems, the F-35 is fielded by then with a mature AESA radar, and F-18 has undergone another 10 years of improvement. So tomorrow's Tiffy may be a match for todays F-18 but then you would need a time warp.
If Tiffy runs in to either plane you better hope they are out of slammers because that would be the only way Tiffy would stand a remote chance.
You know the one thing that always boggles me is where the hell you get your facts from Thumper. See usually they are completely wrong but sometimes they even contradict what you have said in the past.
Such as. Care to elaborate.
Well if you want to exclude the various simulations done ranking the Typhoon second only to the F-22 (the F-35 was not included in these)
You mean the one DERA computer simulation (you know those things that depending on how you weigh your inputs gives you whatever results you want) done 12 years ago comparing early 90's models of various AC? That one that has zero value today.
why not recall an event involving 2 USAF F-15E aircraft that when "attacking" a single Eurofighter Typhoon were out maneuvered and "shot down". Yes they were F-15E's but it just shows you what this aircraft can do.
Got a source for that one? I did a google search and found nothing. I did find that in real combat in the 90's the F-15 shot down in Bosnia and Iraq close to 40 enemy aircraft without a loss.
http://afhra.au.af.mil/short_studies/No ... bat90s.pdf
I'm just saying we don't really know how effective it is.
It has been publicly acknowledged that the F-35 is stealthier in all aspects than the F-117.
As for the avionics and systems of the Typhoon, they are very advanced and would hardly say they are obsolete.
"The EuroFighter's combat avionics are built around the CAPTOR (previously ECR-90) pulse-Doppler multimode radar. ....... The CAPTOR is basically an improved version of the Ferranti "Blue Vixen" radar fitted to the BAE Sea Harrier FA.2."
http://www.vectorsite.net/aveuro.html
Harrier Blue Vixen Radar. Yup radar based on a 30 year old design. Real advanced.
As for the rest about speed and supercruise I believe Dwighlooi explained it to you. In the states there is a saying. "There is Hertz and there is not exactly". You go figure.
The facts speak for themselves. Show me one place where I was wrong or contradictory.
Actually, I think this is very plausible -- if the definition of a "kill" in that exercise is to put your opponent in your gun sight for x number of seconds. This is frequently the case in some exercises and in A2A sparing where the objective is to hone aerobatic skills. The fifteens will have to close to a few hundred meters, the Typhoons will have the opportunity to out turn and out fly the Eagles such that they find themselves in the Typhoon's sights. If the story is indeed true, it is a good indication that the Typhoon is significantly more maneuverable in a knife fight that an Eagle. But, I think nobody has ever doubted that.
This however has nothing to do with actual air combat performance. I think it is safe to say that if the Eagles were approaching the Typhoons from the rear, they would have the Typhoons on their radar BVR and they would have shot at the EFs from tens of kilometers out. And even if they missed would have had ample opportunity to fire again either BVR or WVR without actually getting into a turning contest. If I have you in my frontal sector at say 80km or 40km or 20km or 10km, there is zero chance of you maneuvering out of it regardless of what you do or what you fly. If you are lucky, and you know of my presence, you may be able to turn around and exchange missiles with me. But there is no way to maneuver to prevent me from shooting at you.
by Shaken
Thumper3181 wrote:
SpeakTheTruth wrote: Well if you want to exclude the various simulations done ranking the Typhoon second only to the F-22 (the F-35 was not included in these)
The charming part of the DERA report is it specifies AIM-120B [1994] for many western aircraft and Meteor [2010+] for Typhoon. Not an apples to apples comparison. (IMHO, the DERA report is a self-serving marketing document and should not be confused with an honest appraisal of the systems).
SpeakTheTruth wrote: why not recall an event involving 2 USAF F-15E aircraft that when "attacking" a single Eurofighter Typhoon were out maneuvered and "shot down". Yes they were F-15E's but it just shows you what this aircraft can do.
I've heard ride-along reports (and audio tape) of two-vs-one ACM between F-15s, with a Sierra Hotel pilot in the one-ship. The honcho could take apart the pair of other aircraft quite readily, in spite of the fact they all have the exact same performance. (Just shows you what a good pilot can do).
The event involving the Typhoons and MudHens was reported by a EuroFighter marketing executive (seriously) and has been much quoted subsequently. The source is not particularly credible and many posters have cast their doubts on it. (I've got this in an aviation magazine, sadly no link to share).
Could it have happened? Sure, why not. Even if it did, the incident wouldn't prove much. Having a test-pilot outmaneuver an air-to-mud pilot or even a pair is not exactly front-page news. (Similarly, having AWACS supported USAF pilots slap around poorly-trained pilots in ill-serviced crates is no indication of performance against a peer pilot and/or aircraft).
Personally, I expect a Typhoon can out-dogfight (guns and boresight WVR missiles) an Eagle more often than not... and doubly so a MudHen lugging around conformal tanks and the like.
-- Shaken - out --
thumper: on the avionics side apart from radar i can supply quotes from both us and uk representives stating the computer technology inside the f-22 and typhoon is the same.
Regarding the caesar, it isn't first generation. Europeans have been using aesa for a variety of applications for a long time.its just not been applied to a fighter before really. From quoted improvement rates and the proper maths applied. It was shown that its detective capabilities are on par with the APG-77 radar. It will probably not have the e-attack capability however.
As for network centric. Its a myth that typhoon isn't. Its fully network centric with a full data link suite.
One thing that seems to be forgot over all this "my aesa is better than yours" ***** size fight is that in modern combat its a moot point.
Why? AWACS
With full data links for most threats there is no need to turn on your own radar, just use the data from the awacs download to fire bvr! That technology is already in tornado f-3s and i believe f-15s aswell. In that scenario you would never know where the other guy was anyway as you'd never detect a radar signature.
Dwight: drop me a pm and i'll fill you in on uk lfa training which is what the f-15 incident was.
Andy posting off his mobile and has just got to work.
dwightlooi wrote: Is the Typhoon faster that all the 4th generation fighters out there? Not really. Is it longer ranged or have better endurance? Not really. Is it higher flying? Not really. Is it LO? Not really.
You seem to know alot of classified figures that nobody else does. But let me put it this way. The typhoon has variable geometry intakes, F-35 has fixed. Typhoon has a delta wing, guess wich altitude it works best at. Dont be so absolutist.
dwightlooi wrote: Well, two specific things tops the list of Typhoon "haves" -- super agility and the (yet to be available) Meteor missile. Thats about it.
The problem with extreme agility is that it is an advantage which applies only in gun duels and close stern shot IR missile use. This regime has become completely marginalized by HOBS missiles even in dogfights. Think about it for a minute... even 5km is a long way and the most "agile" fighter is going to have a hard time using agility to stay out of the frontal hemisphere of an F-4. At 1500km/h the maximum translation you are ever going to have is 0.4167 km/s (thats on a perpendicular vector), at 5km your opponent needs to turn at 4.76 degrees / second to keep up -- thats solidly Boeing 737 territory.
Wow you assume you can read my mind even before I start spewing the kind of stuff many people do but doesnt mean I will. And furthermore any plane thats going to be into combat wont do with with just "sufficient" manueverability.
Just because these were F-15E pilots it doesn't mean they have no training in A2A. The point was that the Tiffy was engaged from behind by 2 aircraft.
Thumper3181 wrote: You mean the one DERA computer simulation (you know those things that depending on how you weigh your inputs gives you whatever results you want) done 12 years ago comparing early 90's models of various AC? That one that has zero value today.
Another Thumper-fact.
Thumper3181 wrote: Actually I was thinking about today's Blk II Hornet. It has AESA (not 1st generation) and it has Aim-120C8 now and AIM-120D this fall. Today's Tiffy would not stand a chance against it. Ten years from now when Tiffy may have an AESA (1st generation) and meteor, and teething problems, the F-35 is fielded by then with a mature AESA radar, and F-18 has undergone another 10 years of improvement. So tomorrow's Tiffy may be a match for todays F-18 but then you would need a time warp.
OK once again not true, even though the Typhoon has CAPTOR at the moment it doesn't mean its a terrible radar because its not AESA. CAPTOR has a very good detection range.
As Boff180 pointed out, Europe and especially the UK is not new to active array radars, they have been researching and developing these Radars for 25 years. Have a look at the new SAMPSON being installed on the new UK Type 45 destroyers. An incredible radar which illustrates my point that the UK and Europe are not as behind on this technology as your making out.
Yes they havn't put one in a fighter aircraft yet (well they have, but not in active service) but the technology for these radars is there. And yes I agree that there will probably be teething problems, but I'm sure these will be easily resolved.
I found a good article about SAMPSON and the Type 45 Destroyer, have a read - http://navy-matters.beedall.com/sampson.htm
RE: That engagement... it was not a test pilot... its was an RAF pilot. And there are reasons why BVR combat was impossible in the scenario due to conditions in the area.
I do know more details about it, if you would like them please PM me and I'll respond tonight sometime (I'm at work at the moment).
Using your same beedall source both you and Boff should read better. Sampson is a 1st generation shipboard active radar that was first mounted on a still under construction warship this past March 30 2007.
A first generation shipboard active S band array that has not yet even gone to sea is a far cry from a third generation (starting in the 70s with the B1) airborne X band AESA. Hell you don't even have any experience integrating all the different capabilities into the FCS (maybe a reason why you want JSF source?).
Just take a look at the ship mounted array. Notice any differences?
Regarding the caesar, it isn't first generation.
It certainly is regarding airborne radar.
Europeans have been using aesa for a variety of applications for a long time
Such as? Considering the MESAR prgram only started 20 years ago.
its just not been applied to a fighter before really.
If you cannot tell that there is a big difference between airborne fighter sized radars and ship mounted, ground based or even bomber sized radars then you really have no clue.
But the Saudis and whoever else you sell them to that we may have to fight probably will not have AWACs and if they do, well that's why those half a dozen Raptors are being sent to the theater. AWACS would be target #1 for Raptor or JSF when it fields.
Oh do share your story with the rest of us!
Wrong.. Eyrie, Shorts ASTOR (not the Raytheon Sentinal) to name two 1st Gen off the top of my head.
AESA has been mainly used in the intelligence gathering and early warning role. Where the technology in europe has been developed. I know the first EWR AESA was operational at Fylingdales in the mid-70's. (which is an RAF base only recently wanted by the US for the missile defence net).
The scientific principals are the same regardless of the size of the vehicle.
Oh and Saudi's have AWACS
I wait to hear if F-35 will have LWS or not, I know currently the F-22 does not. Indeed only RAF and Saudi Typhoons do aswell. It does represent a major weakness against a IRST armed aircraft approaching from any angle the radar doesn't cover. Without a way of detecting the laser range finder you will still never know they are there.
UK combat flight training happens in a variety of areas known as OTA (Operation Training Area, medium to high alititude) and LFA (Low Flying Area, most between 250-500ft, some in Wales down to 150ft).
The incident occured in a Welsh LFA close to a popular photographic area known as the "Mach Loop" (http://www.lowfly.net/18.html). Aircraft that are doing low level runs through the passes are regularly "bounced" by aircraft training for CAP missions above the area.
Due to the terrain in the area and the altitude of the low aircraft, it is extremely difficult to get a BVR shot off as you can detect the aircraft but due to moving around the terrain and obstacles you cannot maintain a track let alone a missile (including Amraam/Meteor) being able to maintain a lock. So as the situation requires... the CAP aircraft drop down behind the target and if not detected... score a kill, if detected... a dogfight ensues with the target going evasive and many times gaining altitude to be able to turn.
In this instance the "target" was a Typhoon T.1 (two seater) with a single crew member on board. He was bounced by a pair of F-15E's from the 48th FW, not only did the DASS detect their radars but also he caught site of them bouncing visually. The pilot responded immediately by pulling a hard climbing turn and came about behind the two F-15's which he promptly "killed". The witnesses (there were photographers in the mach loop at the time) claim from the moment the Typhoon realising he was being bounced to it all being over was 15 seconds. The event was published by EADs in one of their company newsletters which is on my hard-drive at home.
Unless an aircraft tells control (London Mil) or has a NOTAM to cover their operations and they are inside a LFA or OTA they are fair game for any other military aircraft in the area that wants to practice BVR or WVR combat.
Absolutist? No, I have always said that the Typhoon is slightly faster and somewhat more maneuverable than the F-35 or the F-16. I also said that the combination of a 100+ km missile (Meteor) with a radar which can support its employment at standoff ranges against 4th generation RCS targets, makes the Typhoon a competitive A2A platform all A2A threats of the 4th generation.
My points are that a slight performance increase does not amount to a significant tactical advantage, and maneuverability has been rendered more or less irrelevant not by stealth but by the advent of all-aspect HOBS missiles which eliminated the need and the opportunity to ever try to get on your opponent's tail. One has to ask oneself -- the F-16 is slightly faster than the F-18, has that ever been an important issue? An F-16 is drastically more agile than an F-4, but if both are carrying AIM-9Xes or IRIS-Ts, does it matter even in a dogfight? In addition, the Typhoon lacked the all important feature called stealth which -- unlike incremental kinematic and agility improvements -- is a game changing attribute. And, the Typhoon's sensors and other mission systems, while competitive, does not lead the pack either.
Hence, my conclusion (which you are free to disagree with or counter) is that the Typhoon does not represent a significant effectiveness or survivability leap -- if at all -- over all the other 4/4.5 generation fighters out there. While the Typhoon is competitive, I also fail to see how it is tangibly superior to an evolved SU, Fifteen or even lighter entries like the sixteen or Gripen. In fact, I see the possibility of advanced SU types out detecting the Typhoon with their 1000mm class radars and matching the Typhoon's weapon range whatever Russian ramjet derivative of the R77. And when it comes to a dogfight, with both aircrafts mounting HOBS all-aspect missiles both are as likely to get dead. This makes the Typhoon's future very worrisome to say the least.
boff180 wrote: In this instance the "target" was a Typhoon T.1 (two seater) with a single crew member on board. He was bounced by a pair of F-15E's from the 48th FW, not only did the DASS detect their radars but also he caught site of them bouncing visually. The pilot responded immediately by pulling a hard climbing turn and came about behind the two F-15's which he promptly "killed". The witnesses (there were photographers in the mach loop at the time) claim from the moment the Typhoon realising he was being bounced to it all being over was 15 seconds. The event was published by EADs in one of their company newsletters which is on my hard-drive at home.
Thanks for the details. As I suspected its a "put the other guy in your sights under x range for y seconds" kind of sparing match. This is not really representative of actual combat. In a real fight, even if AMRAAMs were not used for a BVR or long WVR kill, AIM-9s would have been released at 5~20km. There will never been any opportunity for the Typhoon to maneuver out of the HUD of the Eagles astern which were "jumping it" at 30, 20, 10 or even 5 km, much less maneuver behind the Eagles. It really doesn't matter if the Typhoon can pull 50Gs or fly at Mach 5 while doing it. It would not have prevented a missile lock and launch -- although at that kind of ridiculous performance it can probably out fly the missile(s).
by viper1234
Until countries give up the development of countermeasures there will always be a need for a level of performance that will allow you to get to a gun wez. HOBS is merely another trick in the bag and can and never will do away with the need for superior maneuverability.
While the report that a EF trounced a couple of Beagles is fun to talk about... I don't find it particularly surprising. A Viper will do likewise. This fact does not detract from the fact that Beagle is a truly awesome platform. I'd kill for their loadout and endurance.
I too feel that this comparison is an apples and oranges affair. Fun to address, but I think you'll find these two are competing for two separate (but slightly overlapping) portions of the fighter market.
viper1234 wrote: Until countries give up the development of countermeasures there will always be a need for a level of performance that will allow you to get to a gun wez. HOBS is merely another trick in the bag and can and never will do away with the need for superior maneuverability.
(1) Nobody is saying that fighters can now fly like C-130s. But excceptional maneuverability is no longer a particularly important factor in A2A combat success. HOBS seekers, LOAL capability and the ability to fire regardless of the facing of the target are not just another trick in the bag. They are tricks which has completely transformed how WVR combat will play out. I say that based on the fact that you cannot out turn and avoid an AAM -- none of which currently have agility under 30Gs. Also, 99% of the time, even in a dogfight, shots are going to be taken in every manner but a dog tail at <1 km weapon release. In other words, it is not worthwhile to spend ANY resources or make compromises to optimize an airframe for extreme agility.
(2) The EF and the F-35 are not apples and oranges. They are both fighters. And, they are both fighters whose mission will include air superiority and A2A combat. Perhaps most importantly, the F-35 will be the primary air superiority fighter for many of the customers of the aircraft.
1- DL- you might be exhibiting borderline irrational exhuberance for HOBS. I seem to recall there being similar arguments for different capabilities during Vietnam... and we know how that one played out. Let me put it this way- missiles fail. They fail for a variety of reasons. Fighters still need to be able to maneuver to the bandits six where, for sometime to come, they can exhist without being threatened. Without that capability you accept a high rate of mutual kills or worse yet. If an adversary can counter your missile with whatever countermeasure AND they can outmaneuver your aircraft- there will be little doubt of the outcome.
2. To my knowledge 8 countries have signed onto the F-35. Of these, only two (non-US)have operated dedicated air superiority platforms (ADV Tornado and until recently F104). They are the UK and Italy. Oddly enough they are the countries that will operate both fighters in question. The rest operate the -16 or -18 as a multirole fighter, not as dedicated air superiority platforms. In the event of a high intensity conlict it is EXTREMELY doubtful that the EF's of Italy or the UK would haul bombs on day one. Bottom line- even though they are both fighters; the difference in core competencies dictates that the two will never truly compete. In countries where a true multirole fighter is needed. the EF will be an also ran; and when an air superiority fighter is needed (and the F-22 isn't a player) the reverse will hold true.
viper1234 wrote: 1- DL- you might be exhibiting borderline irrational exhuberance for HOBS. I seem to recall there being similar arguments for different capabilities during Vietnam... and we know how that one played out. Let me put it this way- missiles fail. They fail for a variety of reasons. Fighters still need to be able to maneuver to the bandits six where, for sometime to come, they can exist without being threatened. Without that capability you accept a high rate of mutual kills or worse yet. If an adversary can counter your missile with whatever countermeasure AND they can outmaneuver your aircraft- there will be little doubt of the outcome.
This argument is getting really old. In the Vietnam era, we know that WVR AAMs like the early AIM-9s were incapable of engaging targets without "seeing" their tail pipes. They also went off chasing the sun and lakes. We know that not to be true today. Thousands and thousands of shots had been taken and they work, period. That issue is beaten to death and buried. This and this alone means the overwhelming majority of WVR engagements will not result in a stern chase shot being made. HOBS merely expanded on that to the degree that you can shoot at targets way outside the field of view of your HUD and even to targets behind you. Hence, there is no reason to get behind your enemy (because he can still pop a missile backwards at you if he wants to) unless you need to gun him. In short building a jet for extreme agility saying that you can't count on modern weaponry is like saying, let's make sure that tank commanders also carry an anti-tank mine. Because, you cannot count on the main gun working, you cannot count on ATGMs working, you cannot even count on the engine working. There will be times when all of that will fail on BOTH SIDES, and the guy with a mine will be able to walk out to the enemy tank, put the mine under the hull, set it off with a detonator and win! Let's put it this way, if none of your weapons work then you have already lost unless your enemy's also do not work; extreme agility is completely irrelevant if anything at all on either side works. And even then -- even when it becomes a gun duel -- I won't put my money on out turning your opponent, but in making fast high energy passes instead of slowing down to commit to a turning fight. F-4s killed much more MIGs as an energy fighter event though it will never out turn one.
Countries who will operate the Typhoon as an air superiority platform while also having the F-35 in the inventory will be doing it not because the F-35 isn't superior at killing aircrafts over the Typhoon. They will be doing so because they already have the Typhoon and they need to use it for something! The Typhoon lacks the range and survivability of the F-35 for penetrative strikes. It also has much more limited ordnance delivery and targeting capabilities. At least as a defensive interceptor it is OK against 4th generation intruders. It really doesn't matter that the F-35 will post a kill ratio two to four times better than the Typhoon if you have Typhoons that are too new to be scrapped, you will still use them because they are there. And, you will give them the mission which they are at least capable of doing at decent job at; nevermind that it is nonetheless inferior at that job that the new jet! Let's put it this way, if you have 5 year old Tornado ADVs you will still fly them as air superiority fighters evenif you have Typhoons which are much better at the job.
Well I guess we'll agree to disagree on these points. Unless you can show ample evidence that DIRCM and other directed energy technologies will have zero affect on missiles, I'll keep training my students to continue to manuever to the control zone until the enemy explodes.
Clueless are we. So is a vacuum tube and a transistor. Now once you get your vacuum tube to the transistor stage you then have to learn how to convert those transistors into integrated circuits. Then miniaturize it onto a chip so you can make lots of them into a small space that does not use much electricity and is fairly immune to shock. Do you get the point yet?
It does represent a major weakness against a IRST armed aircraft approaching from any angle the radar doesn't cover.
Ah IRST, the poor man's "radar". Lets see you can only use it effectively under certain conditions, you still have top turn on your radar to get a lock, you have to be pretty close to use it's like searching for an aircraft in the sky while looking through a straw. Why waste money on a warning system that may or may not work for a threat that is minimal.
Boffo you make me laugh.
you might be exhibiting borderline irrational exhuberance for HOBS. I seem to recall there being similar arguments for different capabilities during Vietnam..
I don't think so. Modern heaters are pretty reliable and lets face it even if yours goes TU the odds of your wingmans missile going TU are nil. Vietnam happened 40 years ago a lot has changed since then.
Going WVR is stupid and should be avoided as much as possible. Too much uncertainty. If one must do so I would think you use up all your slammers and knock out as many bad guys as possible before doing so.
Lastly what makes anyone think that the F-35 will not be a good dogfighter able to take on any modern high performance fighter on equal or superior terms.
'Those who do not learn from mistakes of the past are bound to repeat them.'
The argument has little to do with the reliability of the ir missile. For almost every weapon that has been designed there has been a countermeasure designed to defeat it. This is a simple, unrefuteable fact. If your missile is defeated, the chance of your wingman's missile being defeated isn't nil. It is actually rather significant. That goes for radar and ir missiles.
I do agree that going into WVR is a perilous endeavor. Unfortunately it can also be unavoidable. Once forced there, an air superiority fighter MUST be able to obtain a positional advantage. You may disagree, fortunately the designers do (agree). Hence the maneuverability of the Raptor, EF, and MKI.
As far as F-35 vs. the EF... not touching it with a ten foot pole. Such a discussion involves delving into rather sensitive technical capes. I'll stick to talking overall philosophy.
Here is how I look at it...
As an air superiority fighter, the F-35 is significantly superior to a Typhoon. I say this because while a Typhoon has certain marginal advantages in certain specific situations, the F-35 is much more likely to win air to air engagements than a Typhoon. The specific scenarios where the Typhoon as an edge are few, and I will name them.
One is that in interception, it (probably) has a slightly higher cruise and dash speed -- I say probably because we do not know the top cruise and dash speed of the F-35 at this point. This means that it can get to a fight a little faster under some circumstances. However, this advantage may not be absolute because one has to remember that the F-35 also has roughly twice as much fuel to burn which gives it higher afterburner dash persistence than a Typhoon (8400 kg vs 4500 kg of fuel). However, once either aircraft gets to the fight, the F-35 is more likely to win it.
The second scenario is when -- for some reason or a whole host of them -- BVR missiles and WVR missiles all stop working as they should on both sides of the engagement. If and when that happens, the Typhoon will have a slight advantage in a turning gun fight. However, betting on the Meteor, AMRAAM, AIM-9X, IRIS-T, MICA, R-73, R-77, AAM-4, PL-10, etc all being duds is a rather lousy bet. It is like saying let's play roulette -- if I hit any number I but "0" I win, if you hit "0" you win. Or, let's have a duel where we try to shoot each other with a cannon, then an assault rifle, then a pistol -- if both our cannons don't work, and both our rifles don't work, you have a better handgun than I do.
In every other scenario, the combination of all important VLO airframe, superb range, superior sensors, superior networking, much more advanced pilot interface and lower costs makes the F-35 a better fighter.
Well I will agree that the JSF is the better overall fighter. It is a hell of a lot of capability for the price. It is too bad it will spell the end of sport bombing. Its awfully hard to beat a good day on the range.
Thumper: If you think other people that disagree with you are clueless, are you one of these people with their head so far up their **** they are always right?
Dwight:
One issue with the F-35 in the air superiority role is the amount of missiles it can carry. It is only completely confirmed (others "expect" or "guess in the future" there will be more) that internally, the F-35 will only carry 2 A2A missiles. With WVR missiles (apart from Asraam which is being cleared internal) being a on wing-end rails. The second you mount ordanance on external pylons, stealth becomes null and void as the RCS greatly increases.
The argument then is in stealthy condition loaded with 2 Amraam, in the air superiority role... you either need a "missile truck" about to back them up when they run out of missiles (like F-22 or Typhoon) or a hell of alot of aircraft to take on a defending force. In the interception role too, its a dangerous situation, strike packages contain multiple elements and multiple aircraft... current defensive conditions for smaller nations (such as the Netherlands) call for just 2 aircraft on alert at any one time. A scenario can be seen of a full strike package making a pre-emptive strike (ala Israel and the six day war) and the alert fighters only being capable of downing 4 of them... Ok they will never be seen but downing 4 aircraft of a strike package is a little ineffective.
Thats the main crux of the F-35 is poor internal carriage, in a stealthy form, the load-out is barely effective especially in the Air-Air role. In a non-stealthy load-out then it is an awesome machine but in stealthy, no thanks.
I know my example doesn't apply to nations with mixed types such as US, UK, Israel, Italy, Greece.etc however for nations planning single type fleets (such as Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands.etc) it applies very much so.
Dwight..
If maneuverability is not so important then i can't understand why YF23 loose..
And so F16 Vista, F15 S/MTD and then ACTIVE, F18 HARV, X31, X29, and others are been an incredible wast of money cause finally also NATO have HOBOS missiles !??
Ok, free to think what you want to.. but I hope Italian politicians can't read what you wrote, i fear they'd throw away Tiffys and F35's and they continue to use 104's with IRIS-T/9x and Meteors/120D whit some kind of AESA to economize.. no, please, wake me up from this nightmare !!!!!!
F22, Rafale, EF2000, SU35 S37 Mig29 Mig 1.44.. all this machines present and futures are super maneuverable types.. Designers are all wrong? Are they wasting time and money ??
Well, this is getting old. It is like saying that because nobody specifically drew or put on a chart the Typhoon carrying AMRAAMs on anything but the four conformal during pre-production brocures, hence it won’t be able to carry them on any of the pylons. It is not a “guess” that the bays are large enough for 4~6 AAMs – the bays are ~4.2x 0.9 m at the doors ( > 4.2x0.46 m at the roof; or the GBU-31 won’t fit) and the #4 & #8 hard points are rated for 2,500 lbs, that’s all we need to know to be sure that AAM carriage is more than amply accommodated. It is also not a “guess” that F-35 program documents specify 4 AAMs for offensive counter air and 6 AAMs for defensive counter air, both with survivability level being “green” meaning “have stealth”. The ONLY question is what stores will be cleared for which position(s) in which “block”, 1 thru 3 being pre-IOC 4-onwards being post IOC.
The F-35 will carry 4~6 AAMs internally because:-
(1) Physically it can accommodate them.
(2) As you guys have argued (correctly I should say) not doing so hampers its A2A capability
(3) Many clients of the aircraft (including the USAF and USN) expects to use it as an A2A platform and fly air superiority missions with it.
(4) It doesn’t cost much to put the F-22’s LAU-142/A AVEL in the bay or to develop a new single or dual ejector assembly*.
* Just to put things into perspective. The total contract awards for EDO Corp by L-M for the F-22 was $90 million through 2006. The only thing EDO made for the F-22 was the LAU-142/A AMRAAM Vertical Ejector Launcher (AVEL). This included the production of all LAU-142/As to date -- >600 units even if no spares were ever delivered which won't be the case. BTW, the entire development and initial LRIP of the universal BRU-61/A quad pneumatic ejector system for the carriage of four (4) Small Diameter Bombs in F-15/F-16/F-18/F-22/F-35/Gripen was $47 million to Boeing. If, as you guys have acknowledged, this is one thing which makes or breaks the F-35’s A2A role don’t you think that it is unreasonable to assume that the JSF people are morons and will try to save <$47 million out of the fightyer’s $40,000~45,000 million R&D budget (0.1%) and essentially delete most of its A2A capability?
The selection run downs are still classified. But what we know is that BOTH aircrafts exceeded the agility requirement of the ATF program. And there are plenty of ways to “understand” the decision. Amongst these, the three most prominent ones have to be a higher developmental risk associated with the YF-23, higher projected operation costs of a F-23 if produced (because of N-G’s use of higher maintenance stealth techniques that included the use of tape and space shuttle style tiles) and, perhaps most importantly, a higher level of confidence in the industrial performance of L-M over N-G (the ability to deliver on time and on budget).
As far as extreme agility R&D, haven't you noticed that NONE of these ever made put into production? And haven't you noticed that none of these have been done in the past 15 years as the world moved on?
My head may be up my **** but not for this reason. Anyone that says "well the science is the same" and thinking that in practice it is going to mean something in regards to AESA is either clutching at straws or clueless. The Chinese had solid fuel rockets over a thousand years ago. You could argue that the science is the same for the solid fuel boosters on the space shuttle. While that may be true you and I both know the Chinese could not have built those boosters now let alone a thousand years ago.
So if you want to debate at least use some common sense.
The argument has little to do with the reliability of the ir missile. For almost every weapon that has been designed there has been a countermeasure designed to defeat it. This is a simple, unrefuteable fact. If your missile is defeated, the chance of your wingman's missile being defeated isn't nil. It is actually rather significant.
Countermeasures, especially IR are not even close to infallible. You may get one with a flare or chaff but you are not going to get them all. That is one of the reasons why more than one missile is usually used per target.
Sure we have much to learn from history. Mainly that human nature does not change but technology progresses. We will still have tyrants and we will still have those who lust for power, that does not change but the weapons do. Consider how many bombers where sent to take out a target in WWII. That number declined in Vietnam, and declined again in GWI and continues to decline to the point where now a single AC can take out multiple targets. If AGMs have advanced so much don't you think AAMs have as well?
Thumper- your points are all valid and there may someday come a day when you and DL are correct. Sometimes number crunching and engineering analysis can lead us to draw a slightly incorrect conclusion. Perhaps this is something that, while interesting to discuss, cannot be fully understood or appreciated without practical experience to draw from.
All and all an excellent back and forth though.
Viper, I cannot speak for DL but I am not saying that performance is no longer relevant. It still is. Even with HOBS a Piper Cub is nothing more than a target. The point that I am trying to make is while Cobra maneuvers may be nice at an airshow that type of raw performance is not needed today.
Sure the Typhoon has great performance but what good is it when you have already shot down half of them before they even know you are there?. Once you get close all of it's extra performance will not do it a bit of good against another jet with HOBs like the F-18 or F-35. It then becomes a crap shoot. They both have sufficient performance to get off a heater. Even if they miss the first shot because of countermeasures what are the odds of the counter measures working again when their wingman takes a shot?
Thumper 3181 wrote: Sure the Typhoon has great performance but what good is it when you have already shot down half of them before they even know you are there?. Once you get close all of it's extra performance will not do it a bit of good against another jet with HOBs like the F-18 or F-35.
Who is to say the Typhoon would always come into BVR range head on with an F-35? What if the Typhoon approaches from the rear. Of all the various figures that seem to get quoted on here about the detection range of an F-35, they are always quoted from the front. To be honest no one here knows how stealth effective the F-35 really is from ALL angles let alone just the front. I'm not saying its ineffective, I'm just saying we do not know how effective it is.
Even you Thumper were very critical of the F-35 when it comes to agility and stealth effectiveness as shown by one of your posts below (from an earlier thread - 'Why again are we going with the JSF?')
Thumper 3181 wrote: Do we really need these bomb trucks? No one has yet been able to point out one thing other than some degree of stealth that the JSF has that is not or cannot be added to current AC. Lets remember at some time in the near future stealth will be compromise
To this day no one has been able to say what it is that the JSF can do that legacy AC cannot do just about as well now or with modification. Stealth is the only discriminator and you know what. One day stealth will be compromised. We can get everything else from upgraded legacy AC that we would get from the JSF. Leave the stealth to the Raptor and B-2.
So even you have big doubts about the F-35.
Thumper3181 wrote: My head may be up my **** but not for this reason. Anyone that says "well the science is the same" and thinking that in practice it is going to mean something in regards to AESA is either clutching at straws or clueless. The Chinese had solid fuel rockets over a thousand years ago. You could argue that the science is the same for the solid fuel boosters on the space shuttle. While that may be true you and I both know the Chinese could not have built those boosters now let alone a thousand years ago.
OK there was no need to be so rude there, and your example of rockets wasn't the greatest. Yes the Chinese were playing around with rockets many years ago, but the rocket is a simple concept really and hasn't changed a whole lot in that time. The technology advances with rockets have been mainly with fuel - gunpowder vs precisely made aluminium based fuels.
Really the example doesn't apply because the UK and Europe have made AESA radars before (Boff even quoted you some) and are experienced with Active Electronically Scanned Array technology.
Thumper3181 wrote: Countermeasures, especially IR are not even close to infallible. You may get one with a flare or chaff but you are not going to get them all. That is one of the reasons why more than one missile is usually used per target.
Yes I agree with you there, countermeasures have limited effectiveness. But you can't dismiss that advances are made with countermeasures and more importantly breakthroughs.
dwightlooi wrote: As far as extreme agility R&D, haven't you noticed that NONE of these ever made put into production? And haven't you noticed that none of these have been done in the past 15 years as the world moved on?
Russian have economical problem, all world knows that! Otherwise i'm sure they were flying today on Su37's S37's and Mig 1.44 (or whatever was it's correct name)..
F15 ACTIVE, F18 HARV, and F16 VISTA were test bed for technologies employed on ATF/JSF. I suspect that if they were applied to the current jet could have been politically dangerous for F22 and F35 (remember the end of RAH66 Comanche or A12 Avenger?).
X31 was produced in series whit 2 engine's variant and without thrust vector (at least until now). I'm sure that you still know it's name !
I agree we don't know, but then we really don't know how good the radar is going to be on the Tiffy yet either. I would be willing to bet that the JSF is stealthy enough from the rear against the current tiffy radar. We don't know about the whatever AESA they plan to fit on it yet. However, the following:
1. How did the tiffy get behind the JSF in the first place? It did not just materialize. You need t know where they are in the first place. You then have to pass them at some angle without getting detected. All easier said than done.
2. In a high threat environment (one where air superiority is not yet achieved and there are modern 4.5gen enemy AC do you really think JSF will operate alone?
3. JSF has rear facing RWR.
4. While JSF design may be frozen incremental improvements to AC are planned. The JSF of 2018 will not be the same as that in 2014.
I freely admit and have elsewhere in previous posts that I have changed my mind about JSF. My positions can change if I see something that I had not considered before.
1. We need numbers
2. It is stealth
3. It carries a significant war load internally
4. We need something to sell to our allies
5. Even with external weapons it is a potent AC. That tactics that this plane will allow will be stunning.
Did you ever consider why mounting more than two missiles internally while possible has not been a priority? Why not one or two clean F-35s act as targeting AC and use the rest as missile carriers thats why. As each AC expends its missiles it flys closer to the remaining enemy in clean config and acts as fire control for them next missile carrier. Using this tactic (simplified) makes F-35 an excellent interceptor without resorting to additional internal missile carriage.
While stealth may one day be compromised I now think that that day is a long way off. Spare me links to infared images to B2s and Russian/French claims that they have stealth defeating technology. All of that tech is a long way off from production and the US continues to improve on LO techniques.
Same reason as above. Now you have to make it small enough, powerful enough, rugged enough and cheap enough to fit in the nose of a fighter sized AC and stand up to the rigors of ACM, and or landing on carrier flight decks day after day. You then need to weaponise the system and integrate it with your FCS and other sensors. Once you do that you then need to develop the tactics to make it effective. Do you think the US will be sitting on its hands while you are doing all of this? Experience matters.
Radars get better, stealth gets better weapons get better. Right now it's a zero sum game. I would rather be in the jet firing the heaters than the one firing the flares.
The US already has done this, a few times already, with the APG-77, APG-63v3, APG-79, APG-80 and APG-81.
Of course one thing neglected to mention is that the talked-about european shipbourne radars just coming online (SMART-L/APAR) are comparable to US designs that have already been in service for decades.... (1981: AEGIS/SPY)
Because of the advantage the F-35 has in sensors and LO, the likelyhood of the tiffy getting a jump on the F-35 and approaching it from the rear is very low, especally since the Typhoon doesnt really have an LPI radar, RWR will alert it to it's presence behind it. The Typhoon will be seen first, easily, all things being equal.
This is rather independent of the platforms involved won't you say? I mean what about the scenario where a Typhoon is caught on the runway by an F86? Won't it be at a disadvantage?
But, having said that, the F-35 is less likely to be approached from the rear by a Typhoon than vice versa. Why? Because...
(1) With stealth the AWACs are much less likely to find it and send the Typhoon in.
(2) With stealth the ground based radars are less likely to find it and send the Typhoon in.
(3) Even from the rear, the F-35 is significantly less detectable than a Typhoon even if the difference may be less pronounced than from the forward hemisphere or from the sides.
(4) The F-35 has 360 degree precision ESM and IR based DAS, the later which the Typhoon lacks.
(5) The F-35 is much better connected to off board sensors than the Typhoon is capable of.
Now, let's say that we end up in an "approached from the rear situation". How is being in a Typhoon any better than being in an F-35? Chances are the attacking aircraft would have shot at BVR. Or even if it shot at WVR, it would have shot at 20, 10 or 5 km (rather than <1 km). And at all of these ranges, no amount of agility will get you out of the HUD of the shooter and currently given the 9~12G limit of the pilot, no aircraft is going to be able to out turn the AAM (30~65Gs). In otherwords, if the scenario happened then you are just as dead in a Typhoon as in an F-35.
Thumper3181 wrote: Did you ever consider why mounting more than two missiles internally while possible has not been a priority? Why not one or two clean F-35s act as targeting AC and use the rest as missile carriers thats why. As each AC expends its missiles it flys closer to the remaining enemy in clean config and acts as fire control for them next missile carrier. Using this tactic (simplified) makes F-35 an excellent interceptor without resorting to additional internal missile carriage.
Thats an excellent tactic for nations with a largish fleet of F-35s and is a good way of utilising its abilities. However, it isn't applicable to smaller nations operating a few F-35's as a sole aircraft of which alot of partner nations are. I have contacted LM press to get some clarification on the internal carriage of a2a weaponary as all information I can find still just says 2 internal.
And whose to say airbourne radars are going to be applyable in the future. I saw at Uni, studies into the future that saw space based aerial surveillance systems that didn't utilise radar but lidar and air disturbance detection techniques to track an aircraft by its wake.
I would rather be in the jet firing the heaters than the one firing the flares.
Something we both agree on!
This makes a good read.
http://morisson.thomas.free.fr/Eurofigh ... bility.pdf
Lets face it, these thing always elvolve into "without stealth..." to make it fair.
But that is discounting the largest advantage in flight right now, its like saying "a Ju-Jitsu master would beat the Muay Thai master if he didnt also have an M-4 with a bayonet attached..."
Not to mention what I said earler, as the Tiffy's non-LPI mechanical array will also alert the F-35 to the Tiffy's presence behind it if it is pinging actively searching for it.
Thats an excellent tactic for nations with a largish fleet of F-35s and is a good way of utilising its abilities. However, it isn't applicable to smaller nations operating a few F-35's as a sole aircraft of which alot of partner nations are.
The tactic is equally effective with 4 AC or 40. The spear carriers carry 8-10 missiles each. The one or two spotters only carry internal. A 12 plane squadron then has over 100 slammers to be used stealthily.
Enlighten me why doesn't that work for smaller airforces? It works as long as you have more than one AC.
To be fair, the CAPTOR does have some intercept probability reduction features such as frequency agility and pattern shifts. This also applies to radars like the mechanical AN/APG-73 or PS/05A for instance. However, yes, detectability will be hugher because an MSA simply cannot form hundreds of weak beams a second down multiple vectors while shifting frequency and pattern, hence they cannot use the technique of transmitting a few hundred near ambient noise level pulses down a single bearing while changing frequency and pattern. This is really the one thing that not even a PESA can do and it is the one technique which unless you are the transmitting radar -- with knowledge of the timing, freq and pattern of each pulse -- you cannot reconstitute the return. Also, MSAs have higher side lobe leakages and other issues as well.
This is really a non-issue, because it is an important part of making the F-35 fantastic A2A platform and it is at most a $40 million problem in a $40 billion development budget. Hence, there should be ZERO question that the F-35 WILL carry 4~6 AAMs internally. Besides, it is the operational intent according to JSF program documents to carry such a load. The only question is whether it'll make it in block I or a later block (up to block III being pre-IOC). Worse come to worse, if it is really that urgent to a client and they want to do it themselves or pay L-M to rush the process, the development and integration of an AVEL in the intermal "A2G station" is something that takes a few months and cost about half as much as ONE F-35A.
In fact, not doing it will be like saying I don't want to put in a passenger seat in my $40,000 sedan because I can save $40 if I leave it out.
by Sundowner
dwightlooi wrote: And at all of these ranges, no amount of agility will get you out of the HUD of the shooter and currently given the 9~12G limit of the pilot, no aircraft is going to be able to out turn the AAM (30~65Gs). In otherwords, if the scenario happened then you are just as dead in a Typhoon as in an F-35.
Yes the AAM can go to high Gs... but they're flying very fast to, so a low G maneuver on fighter jet will need a very high G maneuver response on an AAM that is going 6 times faster. Next - the missile rocket motor burn out very quickly - only few seconds, so in tail chaise engagement that Typhoon would need to be nearly in visual contact with the escaping target to use its BVR weapons. And still the missile can run out of energy before it could reach its target. 9G maneuver capability is still enough to escape most of the A-A missiles, what you only need is good SA, and F-35 will give its pilot more information then Typhoon.
Are you sure about the F-35 Stealth? Have a look at the prototype, losts of bulges which do not seem to be very stealthy
What is more dedetctable, than an engine nozzle? I guess it will be detected some 80 miles away from the rear.
Is this a real IRST like PIRATE or just an enhanced Night glass system?
Pure speculation.
I hope for the F-35 that it is as stealthy as advertised, otherwise it is very much a SuperHornet with even or worse performance.
P.s. Italian pilots claim, it Typhoon has more than twice the radar range as Tornados ADVs foxhounter radar, which is supposed to be a good radar.
by checksixx
The problem here is that a lot of people are quoting or referencing things that they have no clue about. Your taking an aircraft that is not in production and vs. it against an aircraft that was rushed through production that is only operational with AIM-9 and AIM-120, not to mention lack of an AESA RADAR. I think it would be better all around to compare the two when both are fully operational with all required testing is done. It would present a much more accurate picture of the two.
Bah, don't pay too much attention to what Italians say: They're good guys but they also love drinking red wine and beers
by fox100
Sundowner wrote:
If you're talking heat seakers, then JSF is outfitted (damn well could be) with some nifty ionizing tech to confuse a heat seaker, even in a tail chase.
On Tiffy radar, the Captor, formerly ECR-90, it is a direct descendant of the Blue Vixen set in the Sea Harrier, a sort of "super" Blue Vixen.
The Blue Vixen was used by NATO as a mini-AWACS over the Balkaans it was that effective.
The CAPTOR can detect fighter sized targets at 160km, larger aircraft to double that range it is claimed. CAPTOR can also interleave modes due to exceptionally high scanning rates. Ok, we know the CAPTOR is no AESA but it would be unwise to underestimate. As Dwight said, CAPTOR does have some level of LPI incorporated, but it would be a good assumption it is a much more "visible" radar than say, the APG-77
The DASS suite is also a smart bit of kit. The MAW (Missile Approach Warner) gives 360* coverage, is an active system however, so that isn`t good for EMCON. This could be cured if PIMAWS is introduced. This is a German passive IR system that can detect missile plumes in the boost phase, but the funds are not available to acquire that system.
It has been said that BAE has been working hard for YEARS on developing RWR systems that specialize in detecting LPI radars. Remember, it`s Low probability of intercept, not NO possibility..
Also, these fighters like the F-35 would, to remain stealthy, at least in some portion of a defensive or offensive plan, be emissions quiet, using datalinked signals from other platforms like other F-35s and AWACS to cue and guide say, an AMRAAM.
Datalinks can be detected, so these very signals seem to risk "giving the game up". The Typhoon can also use data this way from other Typhoons through it`s MIDS interface or off-board platforms but the Typhoon faces the same difficulty regarding detected datalink signals.
On HOBS and HMS, Dozer over on Fencecheck (I think) mentioned that going up against a HOBS equipped aircraft was daunting, but there are established tactics which can be used to defeat those systems. Interesting but obviously classified.
All in all, the F-35 systems are, and SHOULD be more advanced than the Typhoons. I hope all this fancy kit works as advertised, on-board both the Typhoon and the F-35. Sometimes kit disappoints and pilots end up switching it off!!
One thing I want to know how good it works in Typhoon is a feature of its DASS.... when a missile is detected, it tells the pilot what to do... which way to turn, when to turn, how hard to turn. Which I do find pretty awesome.
Andy, I wonder if that is a bit of kit the pilots will end up "Switching off!".
A useful feature of DASS is also it`s ability to detect IR misiles launched at it from the ground, something the F-35s designers have added with the aid of the distributed aperture system...
<i>Yes the AAM can go to high Gs... but they're flying very fast to, so a low G maneuver on fighter jet will need a very high G maneuver response on an AAM that is going 6 times faster. Next - the missile rocket motor burn out very quickly - only few seconds, so in tail chaise engagement that Typhoon would need to be nearly in visual contact with the escaping target to use its BVR weapons. And still the missile can run out of energy before it could reach its target. 9G maneuver capability is still enough to escape most of the A-A missiles, what you only need is good SA, and F-35 will give its pilot more information then Typhoon.</i>
That is so blatantly untrue and misguided. 9Gs is definitely not enough to escape most AAMs. And it those scenarios where an aircraft can successfully escape one it is because the aircraft has regained the kinematic advantage by outlasting the burn time of the missile's motor. In that case, it really doesn't matter very much whether the aircraft is capable of 6Gs, 9Gs or 12Gs.
(1) A missile that is 4 times faster only has to turn 1/4 as much to match the lateral translation of the target. Even though pulling a 1/4 as much a turn at 4 times the speed is going to yield essentially the same centrifugal deceleration (Gs) as turning at the same rate at the same speed.
(2) Basically, you cannot out turn a 30~65G missile in a 7~12G aircraft. Period. In otherwords, you cannot dodge a missile -- ever -- by beating it in a turning contest. Period.
(3) The ONLY advantage an aircraft has over an AAM is that the aircraft (in the context of a missile engagement) has practically unlimited fuel and hence the ability to "add" energy back when it is lost in maneuvering. A missile on the other hand is unable to do that once the sustainer burns out. However, if the missile is shot within its no escape zone for a particular set of engagement parameters it means that the missile will have enough fuel to reach the target and is hence "cannot be escaped" via physical maneuvering. In such instances, a kill can be avoided only if the missile is decoyed, jammed, shot down or malfunctions.
(4) The no escape envelope varies depending on altitude differences, target speed differences, target performance, etc. But it is safe to say that the no escape envelope for an AMRAAM class missile is in the several tens of kilometers magnitiude and that of a WVR AAM missile like the AIM-9X is probably in the greater than 10 km.
+1 on what Dwight said.
My points are that a slight performance increase does not amount to a significant tactical advantage, and maneuverability has been rendered more or less irrelevant not by stealth but by the advent of all-aspect HOBS missiles which eliminated the need and the opportunity to ever try to get on your opponent's tail.
Aspect seekers are only part of the equation. The thrust vectoring missiles when in extremes of the envelope will have severely degraded range. If you fire in other aspects than rear or frontaly there will be an inportant part of the missiles enveleope an evading plane can use like out running the missile by forcing it to turn the most. Acceleration and T/W ratio plays a fundamental role in this and if you are flying an updated F4 phantom doesnt mean it will be as efficient as a typhoon because you will be unable defend yourself. Thrust vectorin is an emergency resource you can use to shoot someone you cant aim your nose at any given time, but by no means it will be a miraculous anti everything end of all countermeasures feature.
dwightlooi wrote: Hence, my conclusion (which you are free to disagree with or counter) is that the Typhoon does not represent a significant effectiveness or survivability leap -- if at all -- over all the other 4/4.5 generation fighters out there. While the Typhoon is competitive, I also fail to see how it is tangibly superior to an evolved SU, Fifteen or even lighter entries like the sixteen or Gripen. In fact, I see the possibility of advanced SU types out detecting the Typhoon with their 1000mm class radars and matching the Typhoon's weapon range whatever Russian ramjet derivative of the R77. And when it comes to a dogfight, with both aircrafts mounting HOBS all-aspect missiles both are as likely to get dead. This makes the Typhoon's future very worrisome to say the least.
You would conclude wrong, by that token the F-15 your nation uses would be beaten by now VS the Flanker. The ramjet version of the R-77 is far from being a Typhoon nulifier as the russians have been having a series of missile reliability problems in all their BVR designs over the years. Since the meteor is based on technology experience with a history of successfull designs in the past, and that its already in integration trials it will have a significant head start in development and reliability not to mention upgreadability. Flanker series end with the Su-35 and it remains to be seen if it will have any custumers. And untill then its main weapon will be R-27 series misisles with less than 10% of PK and the unproven and disapointing (to the russians themselves) perfoming R-77.
Between that and the AIM-120 and Meteor, take your pick. I know I had mine.
Pilotasso wrote: Aspect seekers are only part of the equation. The thrust vectoring missiles when in extremes of the envelope will have severely degraded range. If you fire in other aspects than rear or frontaly there will be an inportant part of the missiles enveleope an evading plane can use like out running the missile by forcing it to turn the most. Acceleration and T/W ratio plays a fundamental role in this and if you are flying an updated F4 phantom doesnt mean it will be as efficient as a typhoon because you will be unable defend yourself. Thrust vectorin is an emergency resource you can use to shoot someone you cant aim your nose at any given time, but by no means it will be a miraculous anti everything end of all countermeasures feature.
There are only two kinds of maneuvers possible in general when if comes to dealing with AAMs. In general the rough rule of thumb is that if the missile has at least 3 times as energetic as the aircraft (MV^2/M; or simply V^2) by the time it enters the end game, it cannot be evaded. 3x the KE quotient is roughly 1.73x the speed. There are maneuvers which are done at relatively long distances -- such as a course or altitude change -- to cause the missile to waste kinetic energy. This kind of maneuvers are almost never taken at high Gs because it doesn't help at all and in fact hurts the aircraft by slowing it down. The second kind of maneuver is taken at the last seconds hoping that the missile will miss because it cannot match the turn rate of the aircraft. This is futile the overwhelming majority of the time because the aircraft CANNOT out turn the missile and unless the missile is right on the hairline between meeting or failing to meet the kinetic energy of the aircraft just prior to impact it wouldn't have made a difference. If the missile is already below the kinetic threshold, it will miss even if the aircraft doesn't turn as hard. If it is even 5% above what it needs it will hit regardless of whether you pull a 6G turn or a 12G one. For instance, if the no escape envelope of an AIM-9X in a particular situation vs a particular aircraft is 15km. Having 12G agility vs 6G will matter only if the shot was taken at maybe 14.5~15.5km. It won't matter if it was taken at a closer distance because 12Gs or not it'll hit, and it won't matter at longer distances because 6Gs or not it'll miss. If you are asking why? Well, let's put it this way... at 1km even the most aggressive maneuver to put the aircraft at 90 degrees to the vector of the missile will only require an ~25 degree per second course change. At 5km no matter how you maneuver (even if you do it at 20Gs) and put yourself on a perpendicular course, the missile only needs to barely twitch and post a turn rate of 4.7 degrees per second to keep up. In otherwords, hard maneuvering on the part of the target is practically irrelevant for 90~95% of the missile's flight and in the last 5~10% it is also irrelevant unless it is a borderline, edge of the envelope situation.
The above is true because:-
(1) A 9G platform cannot EVER match the turn rate of a 30~65G missile. Period.
(2) Extreme maneuvering on the part of the aircraft will result in very gentle maneuvering on the part of the missile for over 90% of the flight time of the missile.
It goes back to the same point I made earlier. The Meteor is not the Typhoon or vice versa. You can put a Meteor on an F-15 and benefit from it similarly. The reason VFDR propulsion is not being put on an AMRAAM is because there is currently no need for it. The rocket propelled AMRAAM has more than enough performance for US 4th generation aircraft to engage 2nd rate threats successfully and the 5th generation types are able to remain undetectable way into the AMRAAMs no escape envelope when engaging he most advanced aircraft currently in existence. There is hence no desire to waste money on a VFDR AMRAAM when that money can be spent to one other endeavors -- such as bring the F-35 to service or meeting operational tempo needs in Iraq.
dwightlooi wrote: (MV^2/M; or simply V^2)
What is this formula ??
Just received this off LM re: weapon carriage. Thought you guys would be interested.
Per your query, we will be able to carry up to 4 internal AIM-120C
AMRAAM's or 4 internal AIM-132 ASRAAM missiles in an Air-to-Air load.
We will certify the 4 AMRAAM loadout during SDD. Our primary
Air-to-Ground loadout is 2 bombs with 2 missiles.
by SkunkWorksPlayboy
Neno wrote:
mass times velocity squared?
/m maybe that m is meters?.... lol I don't know
SkunkWorksPlayboy wrote:
Its kinetic energy over mass. Since 1/2 is also a constant on both sides you can drop it. Hence simply Velocity Squared. If my velocity is ~1.7 times higher than yours, I am ~3 times more energetic per unit mass than you are.
Ah ok, in parity of mass the only that matters is velocity, yes of course, now i understand..
But now i still don't know why you don't take in consideration mass.. there's a huge difference between an A/C and a missile..
dwightlooi wrote: There are only two kinds of maneuvers possible in general when if comes to dealing with AAMs. In general the rough rule of thumb is that if the missile has at least 3 times as energetic as the aircraft (MV^2/M; or simply V^2) by the time it enters the end game, it cannot be evaded. 3x the KE quotient is roughly 1.73x the speed. There are maneuvers which are done at relatively long distances -- such as a course or altitude change -- to cause the missile to waste kinetic energy. This kind of maneuvers are almost never taken at high Gs because it doesn't help at all and in fact hurts the aircraft by slowing it down. The second kind of maneuver is taken at the last seconds hoping that the missile will miss because it cannot match the turn rate of the aircraft. This is futile the overwhelming majority of the time because the aircraft CANNOT out turn the missile and unless the missile is right on the hairline between meeting or failing to meet the kinetic energy of the aircraft just prior to impact it wouldn't have made a difference. If the missile is already below the kinetic threshold, it will miss even if the aircraft doesn't turn as hard. If it is even 5% above what it needs it will hit regardless of whether you pull a 6G turn or a 12G one. For instance, if the no escape envelope of an AIM-9X in a particular situation vs a particular aircraft is 15km. Having 12G agility vs 6G will matter only if the shot was taken at maybe 14.5~15.5km. It won't matter if it was taken at a closer distance because 12Gs or not it'll hit, and it won't matter at longer distances because 6Gs or not it'll miss. If you are asking why? Well, let's put it this way... at 1km even the most aggressive maneuver to put the aircraft at 90 degrees to the vector of the missile will only require an ~25 degree per second course change. At 5km no matter how you maneuver (even if you do it at 20Gs) and put yourself on a perpendicular course, the missile only needs to barely twitch and post a turn rate of 4.7 degrees per second to keep up. In otherwords, hard maneuvering on the part of the target is practically irrelevant for 90~95% of the missile's flight and in the last 5~10% it is also irrelevant unless it is a borderline, edge of the envelope situation.
Thanks for lecturing me (I have an engineering degree)
(1) A MIg-15 that cannot sustain even 6G's but will outturn the f-16 any time of the day in its own turf of the envelope. Max G's will not tell you wich flying object will be the most manueverable one.
Aviation enthusiasts should end this mith about usuing G capability alone to benchmark agility. While I dont expect any plane to out turn a heat seeker in its best envelope theres alot to it than just that.
(2) As you explain later on your post theres a thing called No escape zone, one of the things that fighter pilots are taught to, are to stay away from the no escape zone. For heat seekers its about 3 miles, much less than that if they have to turn hard, worse if its off boresight shot. For AMRAAM its about 10 miles. If both sides have competent missiles and pilots you will not expect them to fire only when the DLZ reaches the no escape zone because then both will be killed. what will hapen is that launches will leikely be donne outside, but as close as the pilots judge they can get away with it. As long as this happens, the target still remains in a defendable position. 3 miles is about the range to begin a knife fight, 10 miles will also feel quite close, so as you can see the fight will be on much further away from that.
If the missile is already below the kinetic threshold, it will miss even if the aircraft doesn't turn as hard. If it is even 5% above what it needs it will hit regardless of whether you pull a 6G turn or a 12G one. For instance, if the no escape envelope of an AIM-9X in a particular situation vs a particular aircraft is 15km. Having 12G agility vs 6G will matter only if the shot was taken at maybe 14.5~15.5km. It won't matter if it was taken at a closer distance because 12Gs or not it'll hit, and it won't matter at longer distances because 6Gs or not it'll miss. If you are asking why? Well, let's put it this way... at 1km even the most aggressive maneuver to put the aircraft at 90 degrees to the vector of the missile will only require an ~25 degree per second course change. At 5km no matter how you maneuver (even if you do it at 20Gs) and put yourself on a perpendicular course, the missile only needs to barely twitch and post a turn rate of 4.7 degrees per second to keep up. In otherwords, hard maneuvering on the part of the target is practically irrelevant for 90~95% of the missile's flight and in the last 5~10% it is also irrelevant unless it is a borderline, edge of the envelope situation.
Several things mistakenly overrated here: Missile burn time is 4 secs for the AIM-9 and 7-8s for the AMRAAM. On average AMRAAM can spend up to 30s of usefull flight time while guiding. A similar percentage of time is spent for sidwinders, the vast majority of that 15km range will be spent on gliding flight, no way this can be its NOEZ unless your talking about the AMRAAM.
After that every turn you force the missile to do, its max G capability and the ability to match the target gets down REAL fast, not to a mush but enough to be defendable. This is of course not assuming any countermeasures.
Puting it short and taking in consideration all the above, no the typhoon is not obsolete and Aircraft perfomance--STILL-- does matter, Thrust vectoring is not the thunderbolt of death you think it is by seeing some cute test shots in videos. If you think otherwise, IMHo then you commiting the same mistake that has been made before about missiles be the end of fighters and aereal combat as we know it.
(1) I think you are WAY under-rating the no-escape envelope of both BVR and WVR AAMs. No offense intended, but those numbers and perceptions may be from 1950s era AIM-9Bs. The AIM-9X has a maximum range in excess of 40km and a no escape envelope against typical high performance fighters probably at least 1/3 of that. The AIM-120C/D is a 75~100+ km range missile with a no escape zone that is a few scores of km at the minimum -- that is why it is called a BVR AAM.
(2) IMHO, you are also way short on the burn time of AAM motors. 4 seconds may be true of the boost grain of some missiles, but it is definitely not true of the sustainer grain. An AMRAAM -- from the live fire videos -- shows an active motor about 30 seconds into the flight (assuming an average speed of 3500 km/h (Mach 3.3) is about 29 km out. In a high speed high altitude launch the latest AMRAAMs like the C7 or D will most likely be faster than Mach 3.5 even at distances in excess of 75~100km. There isn't an AIM-9X video that tracked a single missile that long, but there are multiple clips showing an active motor for over 10 seconds -- including one during which the missile turned ~180 degrees in a maneuver that started about ~1.5 seconds post launch and took about 2 seconds to complete after which the missile accelerated in the reversed vector.
(3) I think it is safe to say that at 10km or more for an AIM-9X and probably at least 25 km for an AMRAAM, the motor will be active and the missile will be very close to its maximum velocity. At those ranges, and probably a considerable distance beyond that, it will be impossible to out maneuver the AAM. To put things into perspective, a bullet leaving the muzzle at 3000 fps (about 3270 km/h) will lose about 1/3 of its velocity at about 500 m. Now, in the thinner air of higher altitudes and with the long pencil like shape of the AAM, velocity loss will not be as pronounced, but even if it takes ten times as long to lose 1/3 of its velocity (I am being generous here) a missile going Mach 4 will be Mach 2.6 about 5 km after burnout and Mach Mach 1.7 10 km after burnout. This is also why there is a sustainer! In other words, if your assertions are true, then the numbers do not support the existence of missile with effective ranges of over 50 or even 100km.
(4) It is a little beyond the scope of this post, but let me briefly say that the specific impulse of the typical missile grade PBAN, HTPE, and HTPB motor is 200~235 seconds at sea level and about 260~290 seconds near vacuum. What this means is that an AAM which is say 50% fuel by mass (again I am being conservative) will have no problems sustaining a thrust level equivalent to its own launch weight for at least 120 seconds or twice its launch weight for at least 60 seconds. In other words, a 300 lbs AAM will be able to keep make 600 lbs of thrust for 1 minute if it has a propellant fraction of 50% and there is no boost grain. Even if 2/3 of the fuel is expended to generate 20 times the missile's mass in thrust (~6000 lbs thrust for a 300 lbs missile) to get it to speed explosively, there is still enough fuel for 600 lbs thrust for another 20 seconds for a total burn time of 24 seconds. And as I have said, my assumptions as to the fuel fraction are very conservative and many AAMs will exceed them and just about every evolution of an existing design adds to sustainer mass to extend range. while keeping the boost grain pretty much the same since the missile is not heavier overall.
I agree that combat performance of R-27 sux (ethiopia v eritrea ) some years back. And before anyone thinks that was total bush-league, you had some Ru and Uk fliers on each side that knew stuff.
So yeah R-27 in it's newer forms either is improved on QC or it is not. Who knows? Add to that all the spin-off variants.
I wouldn't be quick to poo poo R-77. India holds Ru-tech vendors to task these days if they don't like stuff. And of course you have the Chicom cousins that use some of this technology. An intel briefer talking to aircrew would error big time on the side of caution. Hoping that R-77 was junk years ago would be foolish but you might get by. Thinking that R-77 can't do the job today, would be down right dumb.
Re: weapons integration for the RAF F-35 one should first consider this:
elp wrote: Re: weapons integration for the RAF F-35 one should first consider this:
Requirements change... Typhoon wasn`t supposed to be equipped with a gun and ammunition. Afghanistan has changed that thinking, the prospect of Typhoon going operational in that theatre next year has focused minds. The troops on the ground want CAS with cannon fire. The aircraft will go with a fully operational gun if it gets there due almost entirely to pressure applied by the guys fighting over there. Don`t bet that weapons requirements won`t change, they change with new governments and shifting foreign/domestic policy.
A decision to equip UK F-35s with a weapons fit in 2005 may not hold water when the first RAF F-35s go into action over a desert near you..!
Generally, and this holds true for most forces, when the RAF needs a particular system, they get it and integrate FAST, along with the appearance of funding.
If the RN needs Meteor (It will already fit into F-35 bays, MBDA have ALREADY done the re-design) that`s what the navy will get...eventually. During the Falklands conflict, some VERY quick weapons/pylon/wiring integration was carried out at Ascension Island to enable Vulcans to carry SHRIKES on the old (Canceled) SKYBOLT positions.
A reactive policy usually leads to tragedy before victory and is certainly no way to run your military. I certainly wouldn`t say there is anything definite about an aircraft that hasn`t even entered production or is being delivered,
especially in the MODs mad , mad world!
snypa777 wrote: If the RN needs Meteor (It will already fit into F-35 bays, MBDA have ALREADY done the re-design) that`s what the navy will get...eventually. During the Falklands conflict, some VERY quick weapons/pylon/wiring integration was carried out at Ascension Island to enable Vulcans to carry SHRIKES on the old (Canceled) SKYBOLT positions.
There won't be any rewiring. The physical wiring for the Meteor will be the same between the Meteor and the AIM-120. The physical interface is also the same so the missile will go on the same rails and ejectors. This is actually designed into the Meteor, quite independently of the F-35, so it;ll go on the same rails and conformal ejectors currently used for the AMRAAM on a wide variety of platforms. Integration will be a software affair to get the weapon profile onto the F-35's fire control systems.
There won't be an F-35 version of the Meteor either. Instead, MBDA has made small changes to the Meteor missile such that all Meteors will fit the F-35. Basically, the changes amounted to sizing the upper fin span to be the same as the AIM-120.
Yeah, Dwight`, I used the Vulcan as an example of quick field craft and rapid procurement really. I also know that all it would require is software integration to field Meteor in the F-35, and MBDA have shortened the fins to enable fit.
My point was that policy/procurement changes happen almost daily within the MOD. The order for the number of Meteor rounds for the Typhoon was cut back last year, that doesn`t bode well for a RN Meteor. This decision can of course be easily revised if the Navy need the weapon. More likely, the Navy will be asked to make do without.
The UK military is waiting with baited breath on whether the prime minister in waiting Gordon Brown will be more "armed forces friendly". With a new Prime Minister, invariably a new defence white paper arrives in service chiefs in-trays.
The military are waiting for the upturned or down-turned thumb!
A Brimstone anti-armour weapon will really spoil a stealthy F-35 profile, the GR-4 carries 12 of them.
Typhoon will field Brimstone and Storm-Shadow anyway, so why integrate them on the F-35? Storm Shadow is a stand off weapon and I don`t really see the need for Storm Shadow to be launched from a stealthy aircraft, tactically. The UK won`t be using Typhoon as an air dominance platform exclusively, it`s going multi-role in the RAF.
I see a good case tactically for Meteor armed Navy F-35s, Brimstone and Storm Shadow make less sense. I think the RAF wants the F-35 as it`s J-DAM carrying silver bullet force, why buy a stealthy aircraft to hang munitions off it? We might as well have bought more Typhoons.
snypa777 wrote: A Brimstone anti-armour weapon will really spoil a stealthy F-35 profile, the GR-4 carries 12 of them.
Actually, the Brimstone would have been integrated for BOTH internal and external carriage. The Brimstone rack would have been similar to the BRU-61/A used for the 285 lb GBU-39 small diameter bombs in that it would carry 4 Brimstone missiles on each of the two internal bulky ordnance stations for a total of eight internal weapons. The same rack can also be used externally -- again similar to the BRU-61/A.
What happened was that the Brimstone is supposed to share the same ejector with the US JCM (Joint Common Missile) -- another Hellfire development with an extended motor and a tri-band seeker (millimeter wave radar, Imaging IR and laser). The JCM was cancelled by the Rumsfeld DOD. It was "rescued" by congress and given continued but reduced development funding, but is now pretty much in limbo in that it is still "alive" but with no definitive schedule for service entry dates or development milestones.
Because the JCM was "cancelled" the rack that would have been part of its program was also defunded. There goes Brmstone's free ride to internal carriage on the F-35. My guess is that, the UK then decided that it makes no sense fund a "rush" to complete Brimstone integration for the F-35's internal bay during the SDD phase (prior to 2012) because the RN will not receive F-35Bs prior to that anyway! Instead, they do a wait and see. If the JCM or derivative comes back, the Brimstone gets a free ride. If not, then the integration can come in the second decade of the millenium when the UK will actually get F-35Bs on RN decks.
The following shows the list of weapons to be integrated (internally and/or externally) for the F-35 during the SDD phase of the program (Block I thru III)
Right click "View Image" or folllow the link below for larger picture. As you can see, the plate is quite full!
From recent developments, you can add the Meteor to that chart.
http://img453.imageshack.us/img453/9446/f35weaponsiz3.jpg
The Storm Shadow will not fit internally, and it is a stand off weapon whose employment will not require the F-35 to penetrate enemy airspace anyway. The idea to have the aircraft carry it is so that the RN has something to shoot the Storm Shadow from since it cannot have Typhoons or Tornados on deck.
Dwight: A launcher is already developed for the brimstone and is said to "stealthy" can't they just clear that for carriage externally? And maybe modify for internal.. being as its a rail launcher it would need modifying to "drop" the weapon prior to the rocket firing.
boff180 wrote: Dwight: A launcher is already developed for the brimstone and is said to "stealthy" can't they just clear that for carriage externally? And maybe modify for internal.. being as its a rail launcher it would need modifying to "drop" the weapon prior to the rocket firing.
(1) I am pretty sure putting these triple racks on one of the F-35's external hard points is no more difficult than hanging a bomb rack on them. Which is to say it is no problem at all and will most likely be done.
(2) I don't think that rack is stealthy at all in the context of a VLO aircraft like the F-35 which is likely to be stealthier than a single missile itself.
(3) This rack will definitely not fit internally for two reasons. The first being that the Brimstone is about 9" wide inclusive of the wings. Three of them is about 27" wide without any clearance between them. The maximum width the F-35's internal rack can have is about 18~23" depending on how high in the bay the store as to occupy -- larger single stores need to be narrower, smaller stores hung lower can be wider. The bay will accommodate an 18" box right to the roof (eg. 2000 lbs JDAM is 18x18"), but widens lower down. It is about 35" wide at the mouth, but that includes allowances for the 12.5" box section of the door AMRAAM. The second reason is that this is a rail launcher and will launch the Brimstone straight into the F-35's fuselage. The internal rack has to be an "ejector" style dispenser which ejects the missiles vertically downwards.
(4) The JCM/Brimstone rack was to have been a quad rack with 2x2 missiles in tandem. It is somewhat similar to the BRU-61/A shown here which carries four of the 285 lb SDBs.
BRU-61/A in F-22's internal bay.
BRU-61/A on what looks like an F-15
You know the F-35 may be a truly stealthy airframe after all. What with fiberous layers underneath the paint which 'screen' em energy reflections...
Along with frequency shifting on the top coatings for the IR wavelengths and 'special' stuff shot out of the exhaust to confound IR seakers; but the plane is still a turkey; even with its massive programs which coupled with sensors to detect missile launches and then appropriately 'launch' countermeasures without the pilot pushing a button. I doubt that it can fire internal aams while at high supersonic airspeeds, and looking at the surface area of the aircraft, coupled with weight/loadings, and looking at how much of the weight distribution is spread out from the centerline.... This plane with its massive thrust is likely to only marginally better at turning. because of its vectoring nozzel. And the plane does not take into account the advances in supercruise ability ('m positive it cant touch the 22s top end cruise of M2.3; don't anyone tell me supercruise is a waste for a2a and/or a2g. With the 35 its almost as if we discovered we could break the sound barrier and developed a plane to take advantage of that ability, and then with our next fighter we go out and devleope a plane prior to the advancement in airspeed. Too much emphasis on a2g and not a2a; we're fielding a plane which fights the last two (or three) wars in which the enemy never came up to fight. This is a mistake. This is a mistake to limit our top of the line worlds best fighter to 183 airframes to protect some ~1000 (we're not getting the full force planed for the F-35). If there's ever a 'real' war with a real enemy there's going to be parity on the fighter plane scenario.... Lots of electronic soup, radars turned off, an F-35 will be on stealthy parity with whatever the Russians/Chi-Coms are rolling out soon.... and the 35 may be at a disadvantage in the turing fight as well - time will tell, and the time is fast approaching. Keep in mind you guys are also talking about the white world information on these other airplanes, and not the black world stuff which you aint gonna find on Google.
Best of luck to my Air Force and our boys in nomex.
Dwight- Please tell me that you are retired and therefore have an abundance of free time to do the research and write your posts... Seriously my compliments on your posts. I may disagree from time to time but I appreciate your ferver and dedication.
viper1234 wrote: Dwight- Please tell me that you are retired and therefore have an abundance of free time to do the research and write your posts... Seriously my compliments on your posts. I may disagree from time to time but I appreciate your ferver and dedication.
No I am not. But my job right now involves a lot sitting around a lot waiting for a crisis to happen.
fox100 wrote: You know the F-35 may be a truly stealthy airframe after all. What with fiberous layers underneath the paint which 'screen' em energy reflections...
(1) The thrust to weight ratio of the F-35A is actually similar to that of the SU-27/30 (in fact very slightly better). So it is no performance slouch. It is also much more likely to realize its full "clean aircraft" performance than any 4th generation fighter because of internal weapon and fuel stowage.
(2) The F-35 does not have thrust vectoring to aid maneuverability at all. Period.
(3) I think that your insistent "estimate" of Mach 2.3 supercruise for the F-22 is unsubstantiated and quite honestly rather unrealistic.
(4) The purpose of the F-35 is to reate a fighter at a lower cost than the F-22 -- which is unaffordable at the quantities needed to fill ranks of US fighter aviation. The recipe is to combine equivalent or slightly better performance to current 4th generation jets, while incorporating VLO, tomorrow's sensors and superior range. In addition, it is required to be available as a CTOL, CV and STOVL aircraft. It is IMHO a great recipe and possibly the greatest engineering achievement in modern fighter aviation to date.
(5) The alternatives to the F-35 design -- such as building to match F-22 performance without VLO stealth or building 2000 F-22s -- are either far less survivable than the F-35 for all missions, or is unaffordable like the F-22.
Well keep in mind that the Goodyear blimp is a clean, very clean, design. "Clean" designs mean crap depending on the design; I'd like to hear someone refute that. A 747 has a clean design and it aint breaking no records either... What else do you guys want me to quote in "clean" designs that are not breath takeningly hot performers?
I had always assumed that the AF would not be so stupid as to NOT give the F-35 a serpentine tv nozzel... That someone is saying that the 35 does not have that is extremely dissapointing to say the least... to say the VERY least.
Aye aye aye... who's in charge of this damned monstronsity? The guy who wrote "Fighter Planes for Dummies"?
T/W ratios mean crap as well when you take into account that an airframe is short, stubby, and fat. Gas Dynamics 101 covers this, I believe.
The F-22 is not unaffordable. Good god, don't no one understand the concepts of tooling up for 750 airframes and building only 183... Give us at least 600 airframes and watch the price drop like the dow jones on a bad day. This economics 101 my friends.
Massive weight, large surface areas, large wing areas... all contribute to making things go slow. The 35'swing design aint meant for speed, lets be honest. You can put a Saturn V on the USS Regan and it gonna break any speed records... Again, size, weight, ect ect...
I am even MORE dismayed that our brilliant leaders left off a TV nozzel from the 35... So we've thrown away supercruise, thrust vectoring, and designed a fat cat with a LARGE surface area. Wow, sounds like a real hot rod we're buying. Look at the surface area, and ie the weight distribution from the centerline.... This is so OBVIOUS, the more weight you add to an outter diameter of an object that the more energy it takes to turn... Considering the weight of this beast, plus wingspan, it ain't gonna be any tighter turning than anything else already in service, on both sides of the ocean. Physics 101.
I also bet my bottom dollar that the 22 cruises above 2.0 with ease (maybe not at sea level, but....). That should be obvious to all. It aint built from polypropelene plastic on the leading edges for god's sake. I don't care about it's inlet design... and there's no need to go into classified engine tech on a stupid airplane forum. I'm also very familiar with designs which act as "heat sinks" for lack of a proper word at the moment, which don't require an airplane to be built from carbon-carbon to cruise all the live long day above Mach 2 (to quote a low mach number).
Probably before most or some of you were born it was decided to scrap that (and other) technology when the Space Shuttle was being drawn up out of fear of starting a space warfare race with the Ruskies. You don't need heat tiles and fuel in the leading edges to absorb heat energy to avoid melting...
Ok, off tangent sort of, but the point is what the point is.
dwightlooi wrote: There goes Brmstone's free ride to internal carriage on the F-35. My guess is that, the UK then decided that it makes no sense fund a "rush" to complete Brimstone integration for the F-35's internal bay during the SDD phase (prior to 2012) because the RN will not receive F-35Bs prior to that anyway! Instead, they do a wait and see. If the JCM or derivative comes back, the Brimstone gets a free ride. If not, then the integration can come in the second decade of the millenium when the UK will actually get F-35Bs on RN decks.
The Storm Shadow will not fit internally, and it is a stand off weapon whose employment will not require the F-35 to penetrate enemy airspace anyway. The idea to have the aircraft carry it is so that the RN has something to shoot the Storm Shadow from since it cannot have Typhoons or Tornados on
deck.
Good info` there Dwight`, thanks.
The RN just won`t, in my view get Brimstone OR Storm-Shadow on F-35 for purely tactical reasons...
1) The anti-armour role is seen as a traditionally air-force and army preserve, the other arms won`t let that happen, RN aircraft have NEVER had anti-armour specialist weapons AFAIK.
2) Storm Shadow isn`t needed, the RN has sub` launched TLAM. I read a piece on the possibility on retro-fitting the standard USN VLS system onto the Type 45 destroyers, which can launch TLAM and possibly be adapted to launch Storm Shadow if the Navy favoured the missile over TLAM. The present Sylver launchers are quite limited.
Now, the RAF are a different matter, I could eventually see the need for Brimstone on an RAF F-35, but because this role will be taken on by Typhoon, at the moment, it`s a non-starter, but things can change.
fox100 wrote: Well keep in mind that the Goodyear blimp is a clean, very clean, design. "Clean" designs mean crap depending on the design; I'd like to hear someone refute that. A 747 has a clean design and it aint breaking no records either... What else do you guys want me to quote in "clean" designs that are not breath takeningly hot performers?
(1) The F-35B has a 3-bearing Nozzle. The only purpose of that is to turn the nozzle downwards to provide veritcal thrust. The nozzle has no ability to deflect upwards or side-to-side in normal flight and hence does not aid maneuverability. The F-35A and C does not even have this nozzle.
(2) Since when is the F-35 a "bad" aerodynamic design? The F-35 is roughly 2/3 as much airplane as the F-22 with roughly 3/5 as much thrust. Thats very good. If you compare the F-35 to an F-18E it has no more frontal area, less skin area, cleaner shaping and practically the same thrust. In fact the F-35 has more wing sweep than the eighteen.
(3) I think you are very uninformed as to the F-35's weight. This is practically the lightest airframe ever built -- which was part of the enginnering challenge. Think about it. Take an F-18E/F, put about 2.5~3 tons more internal fuel capacity in it, put two large internal weapon bays in it, put in twice as much sensors and equipment as a Superhornet, then make it all weigh 1 ton less and you have the F-35A. This is on top of saying you need it to also accomodate a STOVL variant with space for all kinds of doors and a massive lift fan. Oh, and BTW, make it a VLO stealth. Its an engineering marvel which in many ways exceed the achievements of the F-22.
(4) As for supercruise, no the F-35 won't pull M1.7+ on dry thrust like the F-22. But it has a very good chance of making Mach 1.2~1.4 without burners. We don't know for sure yet, but the installed thrust, airframe shaping and weights definitely suggests that sort of performance level.
fox100 wrote: The F-22 is not unaffordable. Good god, don't no one understand the concepts of tooling up for 750 airframes and building only 183... Give us at least 600 airframes and watch the price drop like the dow jones on a bad day. This economics 101 my friends.
Yes, the F-22 is cheaper if more are built. But it doesn't change the fact that the projected construction costs at maximum economy is about 2.5 times higher than that projected for the F-35. And, we do not need just 750 Raptors. We need 2000+ fighters and 750 Raptors just doesn't cut it. The current plan calls for about 1760 F-35As, about 680 F-35B/Cs for the USA alone. That is over 2400 planes. If you trade the USAF buy of 1760 for Raptors you'll get about 600 Raptors for a total of ~783. That is a much less airframe numbers than is sufficient.
fox100 wrote: I also bet my bottom dollar that the 22 cruises above 2.0 with ease (maybe not at sea level, but....). That should be obvious to all. It aint built from polypropelene plastic on the leading edges for god's sake. I don't care about it's inlet design... and there's no need to go into classified engine tech on a stupid airplane forum. I'm also very familiar with designs which act as "heat sinks" for lack of a proper word at the moment, which don't require an airplane to be built from carbon-carbon to cruise all the live long day above Mach 2 (to quote a low mach number).
You can believe that if you want. But the highest number ever to come out of a reputable source is Mach 1.72 and "officially" it is still Mach 1.5.
snypa777 wrote: Good info` there Dwight`, thanks.
The Brimstone is more than an anti-armor weapon. It is a MMW guided missile with a 12+km range and low supersonic speed. It is useful for the RN in many roles including maritime strike against small, low value targets. I mean, you really do not want to pop a Harpoon or Exocet on an Iranian speedboat do you? And these, small mobile targets are relatively difficult to bomb. The range also gives you the ability to kill these things beyond the range of guns or MANPADs. That it goes relatively briskly at Mach 1.3 doesn't hurt either.
Oh, so now we have to compare a 21ST CENTURY FIGHTER PLANE with a plane designed 30 frickin years AGO? HUH??? Excuse me, but that is totally nuts. You want to compare 21st century technology with 1970's technology?
I honestly cannot believe anyone would try and pull that.
To quote the god of fighter pilots (regarding the F-18), "It's a god damned grape."
Its a crying shame "they" left off thrust vectoring from the 35. What the hell was the point in throwing it onto the F-22? Turning ability. That was 20 years ago. You mean to tell me that 20 years later we lost that ability? Turning ability, post stall characteristics, suddenly don't matter with what we're doing 20 years later in fighters? Thats not a step backwards, thats a god damned idiotic f*ck up. I'd be willing to bet they left it off for weight considerations (plus building a cheapo product and maximizing profit to Lockmart). Since day one on the program, the X-35/32 had massive weight problems... They get out of it by building bulkheads and skins as humanly possible without the f*ckers falling apart in 5 years. Now you're saying its the lightest airframe... yeah build it out of wood and fabric and you'd have a light airframe too that aint no good for anything other than airshows... I highly suspect our USAF has placed so much emphasis on stealth that they do no envision turning fights (in quantity) and are willing to live with a weaker airframe to achieve your much coveted low(er) weights.
Considering the Weight Watchers diet that the 35 has been on, I find it HIGHLY doubtful that its got any abilities at all to jet around at supersonic speeds more so than any F-15/16 series jet that we whipped up 30+ years ago... Everywhere you look there's a god damned bulge sticking out of the fat cat like its got the mumps. Doubt that airframe can sustain the heat for very long at supersonic speeds... Again, we broke the "supercruise barrier" and said, "Nah, lets go back to the old days." Morons.
Considering fuel consumption to target, refueling, weapons load, the weight of that airframe, and the PLACEMENT of so much weight outside the centerline of that airframe, its going to take much more force to simple roll the airframe than your average F-16... Thats in a turning fight. Anyone with a brain knows this. And i.e. the F-35 aint optimized for a2a turning.... Everone needs to stop pretending otherwise.
By cramming so much electron consuming goodies inside that space, there is next to no room for growth potential since as we all know flowing electrons equal heat.... and this plane is supposed to be invisibe.... That heat's gotta go someplace, and first choice is the fuel tanks, and after those are running low its got to vent that heat into the atmosphere. This plane aint all some are claiming it to be.
You ask me to prove the aerodynamics are bad on the JSF. Prove they are good. I can see the wing planform, tail section, weight distribution, its case of the mumps.... And yes, its HUGE surface area. They all VERY obviously add up to low altitude strike missions.
All you people who say its got "xyz" more thrust than a F-16 and "123" times more wing area than a F-16..... Anyone of you want to take a guess on how much more surface area that plane has over the F-16. You guys never, ever, mention anything about that.
The 35's wings are optimizied (obviously) for subsonic cruise, and its engine is optimized for low altitiude performance. It's got a huge surface area... you want to compare a single engined plane to a twin engined plane from 30 years ago.....
That extra thrust aint a 1:1 increase in performance over the old F-16s as you're not looking at its surface area. Yeah, its "clean", but its got the mumps, and the surface area has skyrocketed. Name me a single engined fighter with as much surface area as the F-35? Do you know what that does at high AoA stuff?? Anyone at all?? Take a guess what it does to performance.
Come on, even the god damned chi-coms can do simple math (they damned near invented it after all) and see the 22 can cruise much faster than Mach 1.7x. There's a white elephant in the room and everyone's saying it aint there. Bullsh*t to that line of thinking. Yeah and Buff's topped out at 60K. Sure.
So we gotta single engined plane 2/3 the size of a twin engine? Thats suppsoed to make me go, "Ahhh..... wow!" With 3/5 the trust? Believe it or not 3/5 is less than 2/3, plus that 2/3 airplane is fat and optimized for low and slow. That aint much of an argument.
So we gotta single engined plane 2/3 the size of a twin engine? Thats suppsoed to make me go, "Ahhh..... wow!" With 3/5 the thrust? Believe it or not 3/5 is less than 2/3, plus that 2/3 airplane is fat and optimized for low and slow. That aint much of an argument.
No, wait. It does have one hell of a cockpit and a helmet. And it does have some nifty software coupled to the sensors in turn coupled to decoy systems to confound aam's. So there are 3 good things I actually think were done right.
Fox100, your facts seem to be somewhat incorrect in places and contradicting in others.
Fox100 wrote: T/W ratios mean crap as well when you take into account that an airframe is short, stubby, and fat. Gas Dynamics 101 covers this, I believe.
Off course T/W rations mean something, acceleration and climb rate are affected by it.
Fox100 wrote: Oh, so now we have to compare a 21ST CENTURY FIGHTER PLANE with a plane designed 30 frickin years AGO? HUH??? Excuse me, but that is totally nuts. You want to compare 21st century technology with 1970's technology?
Well no, you were claiming the F-35 is too heavy etc and Dwight provided you with comparisons of the CURRENT aircraft in US service.
Well I'm sure that the exhaust gases from that little ol' gas turbine the plane is built around will be venting a lot more heat than extra electronics.
Fox100 wrote: Its a crying shame "they" left off thrust vectoring from the 35. What the hell was the point in throwing it onto the F-22? Turning ability. That was 20 years ago. You mean to tell me that 20 years later we lost that ability? Turning ability, post stall characteristics, suddenly don't matter with what we're doing 20 years later in fighters? Thats not a step backwards, thats a god damned idiotic f*ck up. I'd be willing to bet they left it off for weight considerations (plus building a cheapo product and maximizing profit to Lockmart)
There was no specification for thrust vectoring and to be honest, does it need it?
Fox100 wrote: All you people who say its got "xyz" more thrust than a F-16 and "123" times more wing area than a F-16..... Anyone of you want to take a guess on how much more surface area that plane has over the F-16. You guys never, ever, mention anything about that.
Yes ok it will have more surface area, but then it hasn't got external tanks and ordnance hanging off the plane.
dwightlooi wrote: The Brimstone is more than an anti-armor weapon. It is a MMW guided missile with a 12+km range and low supersonic speed. It is useful for the RN in many roles including maritime strike against small, low value targets. I mean, you really do not want to pop a Harpoon or Exocet on an Iranian speedboat do you? And these, small mobile targets are relatively difficult to bomb. The range also gives you the ability to kill these things beyond the range of guns or MANPADs. That it goes relatively briskly at Mach 1.3 doesn't hurt either.
The RN already has Sea Skua to take care of small patrol boats, it is a much smaller missile than either Harpoon or Exocet, that kind of attack is well within the missiles attack envelope and is helicopter launched, (Lynx). There are also 30mm Oerlikons for small speedboats that have impressive range for those suicide attack moments! It has been suggested that even (VLS) Seawolf has some capability against small surface targets, it`s a tiny missile and very agile with extended range over the earlier GWS-25 versions.
Yup Sea Skua has been combat proven in the first Gulf War where the Lynx successfully defended the battle group from a PT boat attack. They are currently developing the Sea Skua mk2 which looks a hell of alot like a maverick for the Future Lynx.
Sea Skua Mk.1:
Sea Wolf has intercepted a cannon shell in flight so should not have a problem against small boats.
Brimstone is also designed to replace the BLU-755 cluster bomb in UK service, so not just anti-armour... pretty much anti-anything . My favourite feature is the swarm attack. Using GPS, set a "box" where anything detected is enemy (preventing blue on blue) then let fly as many of your Brimstones as you like... they then actively hunt targets within that box, detect, lock and attack. If they don't detect one, the detonate to prevent flying into friendly forces.
Even though the 7" Brimstone is not a big missile (its basically a Longbow Hellfire), it should be sufficient to ruin the day of a PT boat crew should their vessel take one. I don't think they'll be going anywhere much less making a torpedo run after taking a hit. Trying not to sink or die from shrapnel wounds will probably be all they care about. I mean, tandem-shaped-charge or not, its 20 lbs of high explosive or roughly like 20 hand grenades going off at once in the boat's hull. Thats a lot of hurt for a PT boat.
dwightlooi wrote: A few things...
I take no offense at all, dont worry.
1) AIM-9B required to be fired always from rear aspect no further away from 2-3 miles at targets wich typicaly were either afterburning very high or fighters down low during tail chases, but this mostly you must know already.
The 40Km range for the AIM-9X must be referred to the seekers head, I cant imagine how it could travel that long if it is to have the same rocket motor as the M. Even if you argue that the M had larger fins and higher drag it cant account for doubling the range because than it makes the M look like it has been a flying airbrake all these years.
2) Believe me, the sidewinder burns for no longer than 4-5s (I think the exact actual figure is still classified though) Heat seekers usualy dont have sustained motor phase, just pure boost. AMRAAM versions have different motors, being the B on pure boost also, thats why it has a shorter range than C and D models. These last have slightly lengthened motors due to compacted electronics but Im talking about just a few secs more. AIM-54 Phoenix had a burn time estimated by some press sources to be about 25 secs, no way AMRAAM burns for 30 secs. Everything I read about (including non published papers and other sensitive docs) AMRAAM variants have always burned between 7-10 seconds. This seems awfully little to you but its the hard truth. Range figures are always estimated at high altitude in straight line VS a target head on wich is extremely favourable and optimistic scenario. From the rear in chases VS a manuvering target it gets drasticaly reduced. Thats because rocket fuel is highly explosive for providing tremendous acceleration, and that cuases solid fuels to deplete REAL fast. The motors provide boost for only part of the trajectory, the rest is flight by inertia. 30 secs is an ethernity, many engagements end before that time period elapses.
3) Pilot practice has been very different. To secure a hit most AMRAAM's were fired between 10-12 miles against targets in tatctical disavantage.
A mig 29 was engaged in youguslavia at 30 miles range but it required a total of 4 AMRAAM's to bring it down. Also theres a viodeo I have (I believe it was classified and was removed from a certain online forum) showing the AMRAAM NEZ at about 8 miles when the launcher aircraft was 15000 feet.
4) Sorry but I cant take your estimations not only because they are just that but because I have sources saying otherwise.
I dont like to say this because it sounds BS and I dont any proof of that but I do have a brother who flies real F-16's (block 15's soon to be MLU), and I started to work on the aviation industry 3 months ago, futhermore I am a menber of LOCKON MODERN AIR COMBAT SIM community where people have been collecting various declassified -1 manuals of Fighters and missiles supporting my claims (this SIM needs some corrections as we figured out pretty soon). If thats possible for aviation enthusiasts imagine what I didnt read that I cant speak about.
Speaking of wich and out of curiosisty... are you a heavy duty falconeer (Falcon 4)?
Here some of the material found in those forums:
http://pdf.aiaa.org/preview/1979/PV1979_91.pdf
http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid= ... &gID=66202
http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~pavacic/lom ... 9lperf.jpg
http://forum.lockon.ru/showthread.php?t ... sidewinder
The Pic file is pretty enlightning. at 4secs AIM-9 motor boost decreases steeply untill it is 0 at 6 secs.
At 18s flight time maximum G perfomance is about the same as an F-16, wow heh?
Funny...all the AIM-9 and AIM-9X shots I've seen, the motor is rocking all out for at least 7-8 seconds.
2) Believe me, the sidewinder burns for no longer than 4-5s
Unfortunately, I do not. Here's why.
(1) The AIM-9X is roughly 60% motor by length.
(2) Let's say that the rocket motor weighs the same as the rest of the missile per unit volume.
(3) So we have about 60% worth of motor. A rough rule of thumb for solid rocket motors is that it is roughly 85% fuel, 15% structural mass. I think you'll find this to be true within +- 5%, I am taking the average. Hence, we have about 104 lbs of fuel -- a 51% fuel fraction. Quite shabby actually and I think it is actually higher, but lets assume that for now (hey the F-35 is ~40% fuel fraction fully fueled).
(4) We can expect a specific impulse of about 220 to 260 seconds depending on altitude and motor technology. Let's say 240 seconds.
(5) With a 51% fuel fraction and 240 second IpSec, the approximate uncorrected delta V (change in velocity) is 1679 m/s or 6044 km/h! Thats Mach 5.7!
OK, what that means is that in the absence of drag and gravity and everything else that is how much velocity change you can expect. In space launch scenarios where the rocket is working against gravity in a vertical climb, but has relatively low drag (no fins and rapid altitude gain), the typical Delta V correction for the first stage is about 70% -- this roughly correct of the Shuttle's SRB for instance or the Castor 120 in a Athena rocket. Let it suffice to say that the AIM-9X is not posting a velocity change of Mach 4 over launch speed. In fact, it probably only post a delta V of ~Mach 2.4 over launch speed.
A Delta V of ~2.4 at 0.70 correction can be achieved using a 35% propellant fraction at 240 IpSec. What it means is that only ~69% of the fuel is needed to get it to Mach 2.4 delta V. The remaining 31% can be sustainer grain. It really doesn't matter how quickly the boost grain burns -- for the most parts, that'll affect acceleration rate but not final velocity.
Hence, my conclusion based on the above analysis is that:-
(a) If the AIM-9X is all boost, it'll post a velocity change >M4 over release speed. This is not true, a commonly estimated velocity change is ~Mach 2.4 over release speed.
(b) If so, then there is plenty of fuel dedicated as sustainer grain. How much? Well, if the boost grain is 4s long, and the sustainer is roughly 31% of the motor's fuel and produce say 1/5 as much thrust then the approximate sustainer burn time is 4/69*31*5 = ~ 9 seconds. based on this we have a total motor time of ~13 seconds.
(c) Let's put the percentages into numbers shall we? We have 51% of 188 lbs in fuel = ~96 lbs. At launch, we expend 69% of that in 4 seconds. With a Specific impulse of 240 seconds, thats 0.69*96*240/4 = ~3974 lbs thrust for 4 seconds. This is followed by burning the remaining 31% of fuel in ~9 seconds. That's 0.31*96*240/9 = ~794 lbs thrust for 9 seconds. Makes sense?
AMRAAM versions have different motors, being the B on pure boost also, thats why it has a shorter range than C and D models.
Anyway... pertaining to your later comment about the AM-120B being all-boost, that is totally untrue. From the first AIM-120A, the AMRAAM has used a dual thrust rocket motor. In fact, in a BVR missile where rapid acceleration is not needed, the motor can be mostly sustainer grain. The following is from ATK Thiokol, the motor's manufacturer (it's rather old; circa 1998 and pertains to the old 74" motors). If the diagram is accurate, only about 1/4 of the fuel is star cored boost grain.
http://www.atk.com/datasheet_PDFs/AMRAAM.pdf
Dude...AIM-9X has the SAME motor as the AIM-9X. It has been determined so to cut on development costs.
checksixx wrote: Funny...all the AIM-9 and AIM-9X shots I've seen, the motor is rocking all out for at least 7-8 seconds.
Not on mine (where did you see this?), the flame goes out 4 secs flat. even if its still on its rapidely extinguishing. Check the graph on my last post.
Pilotasso wrote: Dude...AIM-9X has the SAME motor as the AIM-9X. It has been determined so to cut on development costs.
Yes, I'm aware they have the same motor. That info is available on the manufacturer's website. Where have I seen it? On every AIM-9/AIM-9X video I've seen as I stated before.
I'll just take a look at my munitions guide when I get home and post the official figure.
by OPIT
dwightlooi wrote: Hence, we have about 104 lbs of fuel
60 lbs would be more accurate.
From HUD tapes I have seen of Harrier combat against A-4 Skyhawks, re- AIM9-L, the rocket motor seemed to burn for a lot longer than 4 seconds, ....that was circa 1982.
Anyway, I can link to 3 PDF files of the presentations for Typhoon, JSF, Gripen to the Norwegian government. The Typhoon presentation is an eye-opener, some of the quoted figures seem to contradict what is generally espoused on forums like this although it is worth remembering they are trying to sell jets...
The JSF presentation by Tom Burbage isn`t very revealing technically, try to scroll past all the geo-political clap-trap first.
The Gripen is a fine machine, I didn`t know that the Swedish airforce have more experience with data-links than ANY other airforce, they used them extensively with the Drakken in the 60`s.
If you have time, take a look-see. I have only skimmed them. 3 very different styles of presentation here by LM, EADS and SAAB.
With thanks to JWCOOK.
http://morisson.thomas.free.fr/JSF_Capability.pdf
http://morisson.thomas.free.fr/Gripen_Capability.pdf
OPIT wrote:
If that is true, it means that the AIM-9X has a fuel fraction of ~31.5%. In otherwords, it carries scarcely more than 3/4 as much fuel as a fraction of its initial weight than an F-35A (~40% fuel fraction) -- an aircraft with all kinds of other "stuff" in it not just a tube packed with a warhead, a motor and some guidance hardware.
Oh, and BTW, the specific gravity of solid rocket propellant is about 1.5 vs about 0.8 for kerosene, so an equivalent volume of solid propellant weighs almost twice as much as jet fuel. Simple math, (31.5/40)/(1.5/0.8 ) = 0.42, shows that in order for the above to be true, the AIM-9X must have roughly 42% as much internal volume dedicated to solid fuel as the F-35A has space dedicated to jet fuel.
OPIT wrote: 60 lbs would be more accurate.
If that is true (...)
That is true. Sorry.
Says YOU! Which counts for nothing.
by flighthawk
Various AIM-9x launches - One shot clearly stops burning after 4-5 secs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4g4_jzqBJnA
Do you all REALLY care that much on how long an AIM-9 motor burns for????????
dwightlooi wrote: Says YOU! Which counts for nothing.
Do you infer that what you say is of better value, even when that's my job to deal with weapons as an active duty weapons specialist ?
Like it or not, there's no way an AIM-9 can have 100 lbs worth of propellant. The real value is in the 60 lbs ballpark.
As for the burning time, the delay after wich the fuze is armed should give you a clue.
OPIT wrote: ...As for the burning time, the delay after wich the fuze is armed should give you a clue.
Actually it is no clue at all. The missile should be able to hit, blow up and kill an enemy even while the motor is boosting or on sustain. It is practically irrelevant. The fuse activation delay gives no indication of burn time. In fact, in several AIM-9X videos of tests against close in targets, the motor is still going on full boost when the missile hits the target and detonated the warhead.
The AIM-9X uses a regrained Mk36 motor which shares the casing but not the propellant grain with the AIM-9M. The point isn't that the boost grain appears to be 4~ 5seconds long. The point is that there is sufficient propellant volume and mass to get the missile to ~Mach 2~2.5 over release speed in a 4~5 second boost and still provide a sustain burn for an extended duration of an additional ~10 seconds. This will be consistent with the missile's estimated 40km maximum range and give it an effective range against high performance targets in the 10~20 km bracket. It will also be consistent the desire to have the thrust vectoring control be effective over a larger portion of the missile's flight time than 4~5 seconds. Even a minimal amount of sustain thrust will make the vectoring vanes functional, this is something the AIM-9X can benefit from because it is clearly not a missile designed around massive wings like the Python 5 or to a lesser degree the MICA.
As you can see from the illustration, the missile is about 60% motor. If your assertion is correct, then basically 60% of the missile contains fuel which weighs roughly 30% of the launch weight, whereas the remaining 40% of the missile contains stuff which accounts for 70% of the launch weight. The warhead we know is 22 lbs (~11%), meaning somehow most of the weight is in the remaining 30% of the missile!
checksixx wrote: Do you all REALLY care that much on how long an AIM-9 motor burns for????????
Yes, the whole point of this slight deviation to the thread is to try to point that Eurofighter is NOT obsolete and Missiles wont swat it out of the sky because they will catch it everytime without stealth. dwightlooi argues that IR missiles have 15km no escape zone and burn for 20 secs, BVR with 40km no secape zone burning for 30 wich is ludricous.
All these missiles are defendable provided you have range and kinetic power to do so. 30sec burning rocket boosted thunderbolts of death are still in the domain of science fiction.
flighthawk wrote: Various AIM-9x launches - One shot clearly stops burning after 4-5 secs
Precisely, so why are we arguing over motor length and wrongly estimated chemical burn speed if we have footage to prove it?
Count the seconds of an AMRAAM launched from ground at 1:13 into this video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vD2KAte3Mjw
my count is 7 secs FLAT
A non AESA, non Meteor equiped Typhoon is obsolete. There is nothing but BAE BS that says otherwise. A tranche (we called it batch by the way) 3 tiffy will be useful as a 2nd tier interceptor for nations that cannot get JSF and can afford the cost. Unfortunately there will be other less expensive AC that can do the job as well and can also perform the strike and CAS so much better than tiffy.
A shame. The plane really was a waste of European taxpayer dollars.
What a strange concept of obselescence^^^^name 10 fighters with AESA and ramjet missiles in service TODAY.
Zero. But what about 2015 or there about when this wonderful radar and missile will finally be in service.
AIM-120D and it's sucessor
American Airborne fighter AESA on JSF is 3rd generation LPI
JSF carries weapons internal
JSF has all the same avionic goodies as Typhoon and Super Hornet
JSF is LO.
All this = Obsolete tiffy.
dwightlooi wrote: Actually it is no clue at all. The missile should be able to hit, blow up and kill an enemy even while the motor is boosting or on sustain. It is practically irrelevant. The fuse activation delay gives no indication of burn time.
From public sources, you can see the fuse of some AIM-9 requires 5 seconds at 20 G acceleration to arm itself (allow the missile to detonate). In this case, the motor has to burn for at least 5 seconds, otherwise you end up with a dead round.
And despite what you think, this delay really prevents the missile from detonating too close from its launching platform.
Now, my personal opinion is that this delay is actually significantly shorter (short enough to close the gap with the guns firing envelope). The principle still remain, though.
dwightlooi wrote: The AIM-9X uses a regrained Mk36 motor which shares the casing but not the propellant grain with the AIM-9M. The point isn't that the boost grain appears to be 4~ 5seconds long. The point is that there is sufficient propellant volume and mass to get the missile to ~Mach 2~2.5 over release speed in a 4~5 second boost and still provide a sustain burn for an extended duration of an additional ~10 seconds.
You're speculating the Mk36 motor is a dual stage propeller.
dwightlooi wrote: As you can see from the illustration, the missile is about 60% motor. If your assertion is correct, then basically 60% of the missile contains fuel which weighs roughly 30% of the launch weight, whereas the remaining 40% of the missile contains stuff which accounts for 70% of the launch weight.
You're just wrong when you assume that 60% of the missile is the motor. The actual motor length is actually about 40%, the remaining 20% being taken by the exhaust.
BTW, it turns out a document posted earlier confirms the 60 lbs figure :
Opit your theories are even stranger than dwightlooi's. good grief! 5s arm time only on 20G tunr?!
It means that everybody flying straight within 2 miles is going to be imune to missiles.
Pilotasso wrote: Yes, the whole point of this slight deviation to the thread is to try to point that Eurofighter is NOT obsolete and Missiles wont swat it out of the sky because they will catch it everytime without stealth. dwightlooi argues that IR missiles have 15km no escape zone and burn for 20 secs, BVR with 40km no secape zone burning for 30 wich is ludricous.
Actually, no it is not ludicrous even if the "its all about dogfighting where you can see your enemy with a sharp eye crowd" will like to believe.
Today's WVR AAMs are typically capable of reaching out to targets near BVR (30~40km) and BVR AAMs are typically capable of reaching 75~100km with some examples going further than that. That is their maximum range -- not where they fall to the ground but where they are still say Mach 1.5 and capable of hitting say a C-130 or an unsuspecting fighter caught in a low energy state. Their effective range*, the range at which they are still near maximum speed and capable of effectively engaging high performance (9G) maneuvering targets, should be about 30km short of their maximum range -- roughly the endurance of their sustainer and perhaps a little beyond where despite rapid velocity drop off after sustainer burn out they are still about 1.7 times faster than the target (~Mach 2.6 for a target averaging Mach 1.5) where they are about 3 times as energetic.
Large SAMs with 1,500~4,500 lb missiles reach even further because of their higher fuel fractions; the electronics and warheads of the missile can be smaller relative to the missile's size than in smaller AAMs. Missile like the SM-2 ER and the S400 reach out to almost 400km with an effective range about half of that against fighter class targets.
For anyone who doubts the energy content of solid rockets, lets just say that typical solid booster with a fuel fraction of 85% (the Shuttle's SRB is about 85.5%; the newer ones like the Castor 120 derived from the Peacemaker's 1st stage or the GEM 60 strap-ons are actually 90~92% fuel fraction; Mk72 AEGIS-ER 1st stage is about 80%) and a specific impulse of 240 seconds will reach about Mach 16 without payload uncorrected for gravity or drag. Even when corrected for these they reach about Mach 11. Stack two in tandem and you can reach orbit (~Mach 28 ) without any payload. Stack three in series and you can put a satellite in orbit to the tune of about 1.2% payload fraction. That should give you an upper bound on chemical solid rocket potency. And that will be what a missile will pull if only about 10~15% of it is structure, guidance and warhead.
In reality this is impossible and modern AAMs are between only 45~65% motor with the rest being everything else it takes to make it a guided missile with a warhead. Even so it should be possible to push about Mach 4 above release speed. Nonetheless, these AAMs typically reach "only" about Mach 2~3 above release speed. In most cases they can go faster, but the designers typically prefer to trade the last Mach 0.5~1 or so of speed for extended endurance at a slightly lower maximum speed by converting some of the fuel grain to a sustainer making about 1/5 as much thrust as the booster but burning 5 times longer per unit fuel. Hence, a missile may for instance "boost" for about 7 seconds then turn to sustainer thrust for about 17.5 seconds then burn out. In doing so it uses about 2/3 of its fuel for boost and about 1/3 as sustainer. For a rather average BVR AAM, assuming an average speed of 3700km/h (M3.5) from launch to motor out this 24.5 second burn will mean that the missile retains its prime energy content until its motor burns out at ~25km out and about 24.5 seconds into the flight. This will be consistent with an effective range of about 25~35km against high performance targets and 55~65km maximum range. Thats about right for an AIM-120A or similar missile of the 1990 vintage.
Over the years, electronics get smaller and more compact, motors get longer and denser. Assuming we are not increasing the maximum speed achieved by the booster it means that practically every motor gain is in the sustainer. This extends range to the current typical performance in the 40~50/70~80 km league. Going beyond that is possible by further increasing the propellant fraction and through flight path optimization -- the AIM-120D is reportedly going to be a 100+ km missile with an effective range of about 70+ km. Or alternatively, we can put on a sustainer with a very high specific impulse by eliminating the need to carry all the oxygen needed for combustion in the solid fuel -- solid fuel is typically about 20% fuel (usually powdered metal), 80% oxidizer (usually ammonium perchlorate) and binder (usually PBAN, HTPB or HTPE). The VFDR employed by the Meteor is one such air breathing solution. With combustion in large part supported by ram air, the sustainer can be very fuel rich (up to about 60% fuel). The missile should be able to burn a similar amount of fuel about three times as long as a typical rocket sustainer of the same thrust. However, some of the missile's volume and mass will be taken up by the VFDR hardware -- intake flaps, duct work, valving for the boron sustainer, additional bulkheads, etc. Nonetheless we can expect a missile with significantly improved kinematics without going to extreme fuel fractions. The Meteor will likely be able to keep its sustainer lit to support an effective range of ~100km (about 90 sec total burn time @ 4000km/h avg speed) and have a maximum range well in excess of 100km.
As far as the video is concerned, you are probably witnessing the burn time of the boost grain which, at about 6~8 seconds, is about right for an AIM-120A/B. That is the period of time where the missile trails a big a$$ exhaust plume and shock diamonds almost as long as the missile itself. When that disappears it is when the boost grain is expended and the sustainer grain takes over.
* By effective range I mean the distance the missile will fly and still be about 1.7 times faster than the target it intends to kill. In otherwords, the range at which the missile is still Mach 2.5~3.4 and hence faster than a Mach 1.5~2 target.
I am sorry, but you are not making any sense. For someone who claims to be a "weapon specialist" I am amazed at your illogical reasonings pertaining to "weapons".
(1) 5 seconds is eternity when the missile is averaging say about 2100km/h (Mach 2) faster than the aircraft for that 5 seconds. At 5 seconds, the missile will be at least about 3km away -- that is if it is going straight ahead and the aircraft stays on the straight course. It'll be further away if the vectors diverge. A 20 lb fragmentation warhead has a lethal range measured in meters and is practically harmless if it goes off a football field's length away (~100m). It doesn't need to be kept "safe" for 3000 meters! Thats unreasonable and will make the weapon literally useless in a close-in dogfight.
(2) The arming distance has nothing (zero) to do with the motor burn time. The missile can be designed to arm its warhead 1 second into the boost phase or 1 hour after it ends. It is completely irrelevant and is not tied to how long the motor burns!
Thats is the ONLY plausible explanation for the AIM-9X being described with a 40km maximum range vs an AIM-9M's 18.5km.
From public sources, you can see the fuse of some AIM-9 requires 5 seconds at 20 G acceleration to arm itself (allow the missile to detonate).
First of all, this 5 seconds delay is stated by a public source, and not even an official one. Second, I made clear I believe the real value is significantly lower because 5 seconds is obviously too much.
I admit it's rather convenient to discard the later when you quote me. That makes it easier to take on the poster, isn't it ?
dwightlooi wrote: (2) The arming distance has nothing (zero) to do with the motor burn time. The missile can be designed to arm its warhead 1 second into the boost phase or 1 hour after it ends. It is completely irrelevant and is not tied to how long the motor burns!
It's clear you can't understand how the whole thing works. The motor shall produce an acceleration higher than X g for more than Y seconds for the fuse to be armed. So the motor burns for at least Y seconds, and that can be relevant if the arming delay is significant enough to dismiss low burn time estimates.
dwightlooi wrote: Thats is the ONLY plausible explanation for the AIM-9X being described with a 40km maximum range vs an AIM-9M's 18.5km.
A longer seeker acquisition range may explains that too.
Anyway, you already got one part of the answer. Now that you know the average Isp of solid propellants, maybe you could try to determine how much thrust is required to increase the momentum of the AIM-9X with an acceleration greater than 25 to 30 g (remember how the fuse is armed). That in turns will give you for how long the motor burns, and you'll end up in the 4 to 7 seconds ballpark with nothing left for sustained cruise.
OK... thats easy, but your assumption that acceleration will be 25~30G is flawed. I'll tell you why... 25Gs = 25 x 9.81m/s^2 = 245.25 m/s^2. In about 5 seconds your missile will have accelerated from zero to ~1226 m/s over initial speed. Thats 4,414 km/h (Mach 4.16) over launch speed uncorrected. I don't think that is true of the AIM-9X or any WVR AAM for that matter.
I'll base my calculations on an assumed uncorrected acceleration to 900 m/s (3240km/h; Mach 3.05) over launch speed by the boost grain. Corrected for losses this is roughly about Mach 2~2.5 over launch speed depending on altitude (air drag) and trajectory angle (gravity). At this delta V, you'll get the missile to about Mach 2~2.5 on a zero-zero shot, Mach 3~3.5 on a Mach 1 release, or a little faster if the aircraft is supersonic, which is about right for an AIM-9X type missile. This is delta V translates to roughly 18.4Gs for 5 seconds or 22.9Gs for 4 seconds.
(1) Contemporary HTPB/HTPE rocket motors have an IpSec of ~230 secs at sea level and up to about 290 secs in vacuum. Let's say 240 secs for medium altitudes.
(2) The AIM-9X is about 86 kg of which 10 kg is the warhead.
(3) I am assuming that no less than 40% of that is fuel (that's being conservative for fuel fraction of the missile). Thats 34.5 kg in fuel.
(4) Force = Mass x Acceleration:-
Force = 86kg x 23Gs = 1978 kg at launch for 23Gs
Force = (86-34.5)kg x 23Gs = 1185 kg at burn out for 23Gs
To keep things simple, lets just say we need an average of about 1581 kg of thrust for four seconds Thats 3,483 lbs of thrust. Sounds about right for a 200 lb class AAM boost thrust.
(5) 34.5 kg of fuel will make 1581 kg of thrust for 34.5kg x 240s / 1581kg = 5.24 seconds.
(6) Since we only need 1581 kg for 4 seconds to get to Mach 2~2.5 over launch speed (Mach 3.05 over uncorrected). We have enough fuel for another 6.2 seconds of sustainer thrust at 1/5 the boost thrust.
(7) This is roughly 10.2 seconds of total motor time. Taking into rough account the acceleration period, let's say that the missile starts at Mach 1, accelerates lineraly to Mach 3.25 after 4 seconds, and stays at Mach 3.25 for 6.2 seconds. The missile will average 0.83 km/s (Mach 2.81 or ~2984km/h). After 10.2 seconds it will be ~8.5 km downrange, going Mach 3.25 and experience sustainer cut out. The missile will remain extremely lethal to a high performance fighter going ~Mach 1.5 to for a good few kms after that or at whatever distance it is no longer about 1.7 times faster than the target.
All the numbers makes sense. And again, I am being rather conservative on most assumptions there. The performance can probably be better but not worse. If it is better, the boost time and acceleration rate it takes to get to Mach 2~2.5 over launch speed is going to be the same and ALL of the gains are going to the sustainer. This will extend the range to which the missile retains its kinetic energy prime and increase the effective range.
dwightlooi wrote: (3) I am assuming that no less than 40% of that is fuel (that's being conservative for fuel fraction of the missile). Thats 34.5 kg in fuel.
That's a bit more than 60 lbs, you know... So instead of taking your own estimate as granted, why don't you start with the 60.9 lbs figure stated here ?
dwightlooi wrote: (4) Force = Mass x Acceleration:-
Force = (86-28)kg * 23Gs = 1334 kg at burn out
dwightlooi wrote: To keep things simple, lets just say we need an average of about 1581 kg of thrust for four seconds
(1978+1334)/2 = 1656 kg of thrus on average.
dwightlooi wrote: (5) 34.5 kg of fuel will make 1581 kg of thrust for 34.5kg x 240s / 1581kg = 5.24 seconds.
28 kg * 240s / 1656 = 4,05 seconds.
Because the document is from 1979 and can only pertain to Sidewinders from the mid-70s at the latest. Or, it could pertain to sidewinders from an even earlier period which is declassified by 1979.
From the Vietnam war to present, the typical given maximum range of the Sidewinder has growth from about 4.2km to 40km. In the last 30~40 years there have been about 6 evolutions of the AIM-9.
All my books say 18km high altitude launch with both launcher and target coming at mach 0.9 head to head.
40km must be the balistic range. Its too ludricous. Vietnam era Sidwinders had 2 mile range BTW so yes their range did increase since, but not to 40km, your living in a dream world. I would like to see your sources on that.
Pilotasso wrote: All my books say 18km high altitude launch with both launcher and target coming at mach 0.9 head to head.
Nobody is saying 40km is the effective range against high performance targets. That is frequently cited as the Maximum Range. This probably means that you may be able to hit a C-130 10,000 feet below you and cruising along unaware at that range. BTW, 18km is typically cited as the "range" on the AIM-9M, not the AIM-9X. We'll never know the exact performance parameters of the 9X for many years.
Based on my analysis on how much of the missile is the motor and the specific impulse of contemporary motors, I believe that the AIM-9X should be at roughly Mach 3~3.5 on a Mach 1 release at 8~10km downrange. How effective that'll be against what will depend on many factors. Altitude difference being one, release speed being another. The target's initial speed and acceleration capability being yet more variables. Target agility probably doesn't matter much except right at the borderline of the missile's effective envelope. This is so because at 10km or 5km or even 2km no matter how violently you maneuver the missile doesn't need to maneuver violently at all. And at the last few hunderd meters you still can never out turn the missile in a 9G fighter -- the missile can pull 6 times as many Gs. The only thing you can hope for is that your maneuvering will cause the missile to lose enough kinetic energy that it can no longer catch you before it hits. Up to 10km it should be extremely lethal in the overwhelming majority of scenarios. I also believe that it can effective up to twice that range in certain scenarios where the target is at an inferior energy state.
by johnwill
I am not a missile guy, but 54g seems hard to believe. But, assuming that 54g is possible, a 9g airplane at .9 mach has a shorter turn radius than a 54g missile at 3.5 mach (less than half). So if airplane starts its 9g pull in the "last few hundred meters", it is possible (but not likely) to avoid the missile. The problem is that is takes time to build up to 9g; it is not instantaneous.
by sprstdlyscottsmn
many modern fights have g onset rates exceeding 9g/sec, so effectively as long as it takes you to pull back on the stick is how long it takes to build the G.
johnwill wrote: I am not a missile guy, but 54g seems hard to believe. But, assuming that 54g is possible, a 9g airplane at .9 mach has a shorter turn radius than a 54g missile at 3.5 mach (less than half). So if airplane starts its 9g pull in the "last few hundred meters", it is possible (but not likely) to avoid the missile. The problem is that is takes time to build up to 9g; it is not instantaneous.
It takes time for the missile to build Gs too. While it may be faster than a guy pulling on a stick and a winged aircraft loading up on a turn it is not instantaneous either.
(1) The typical maximum G loading of the latest WVR AAM is 50~65Gs. That of BVR AAMs is typically 30~35Gs.
(2) Assuming the same turn radius, an object at Mach 3 will post 9 times as many Gs as one at Mach 1. (cA = V^2/R). In otherwords, the same turn radius that costs 9Gs to pull on an aircraft at Mach 1 will take 81Gs to pull on a missile doing Mach 3.
(3) However, because the missile is faster, it also posts proportionally more lateral translation per unit angular deflection than the aircraft. If the missile is 3 times faster, it also needs to turn only 1/3 as much in order to have roughly the same lateral translation as the aircraft simply because it covers 3 times as much distance over the same period of time. And remember, that is at ZERO distance and represents the MAXIMUM lateral translation required maybe at the last microsecond before impact. When the distance is large then the angular deflection becomes very small. At say 10km, an aircraft going 2000km/h suddenly going 90 degrees to the side only requires a course change of 3.18 degrees on the part of the missile. When the distance approaches infinity, the angular deflection needed approaches zero.
(4) In otherwords, if an aircraft at Mach 1 turns at a turn radius of X, the missile at Mach 3 only needs to turn with a radius ~X/3 to stay on a collision course. If the aircraft is turning at 9Gs, the missile needs to turn at (9^2)/3 * 9Gs = 27Gs to match the lateral translation to stay on course to hit the target.
(5) What if the missile is "only" twice as fast? Well, then it only needs to turn with 2 times as many Gs to match the target. Mach 1 aircraft @ 9Gs will mean that a Mach 2 missile needs to turn at "only" (2^2/2)*9Gs = 18Gs. Naturally, at the same speed, the missile needs to turn at the same G load.
This is why a BVR missile is typically rated for about 30~35Gs. That of WVR AAMs is almost twice as high, but that is not to allow it to "out turn" the target. The reason it is that high is to support high off bore sight shots where you want to complete your course change after launch as quickly as possible so you waste the minimum amount of rocket motor boost time accelerating on the wrong vector! This maximizes the velocity and hence kinetic energy of the missile in the direction the target is at.
The range at which a missile practically cannot be "escaped" from through physical maneuvering is roughly the range at which it is still 1.7 times faster than the target. This is so because the kinetic quotient will be roughly 3 times higher at 1.7 times the speed difference. And this is when it is practically impossible -- no matter how you try gain at energy advantage over the missile through maneuvering -- to get it to 1:1 before the missile reaches you.
by Schmendrick
dwightlooi wrote: (3) However, because the missile is faster, it also posts proportionally more lateral translation per unit angular deflection than the aircraft. If the missile is 3 times faster, it also needs to turn only 1/3 as much in order to have roughly the same lateral translation as the aircraft simply because it covers 3 times as much distance over the same period of time. And remember, that is at ZERO distance and represents the MAXIMUM lateral translation required maybe at the last microsecond before impact. When the distance is large then the angular deflection becomes very small. At say 10km, an aircraft going 2000km/h suddenly going 90 degrees to the side only requires a course change of 3.18 degrees on the part of the missile. When the distance approaches infinity, the angular deflection needed approaches zero.
I get it. Next time I have to turn a corner in my car, I'll make sure to go twice as fast but only turn the wheel half as hard. I wonder where I'll end up.
Sounds right.
Schmendrick wrote: I get it. Next time I have to turn a corner in my car, I'll make sure to go twice as fast but only turn the wheel half as hard. I wonder where I'll end up.
LOL, please don't. I don't want you wind up in a ditch.
I don't think you get it at all. A car turning a corner as to follow the exactly same path as the road. A missile trying to hit an aircraft doesn't have to follow the same path as the aircraft.
Imagine this. You are trying to crash a motorcycle into a bus in a huge parking lot. The bus is going 40 km/h, the motorcycle is going 120 km/h. At 120 km/h the motorcycle covers three times as much distance per unit time. Hence, a course change of ANY amount on the part of the bus only requires ~1/3 as much course change on the part of the motorcycle for the two to remain on an intersecting course.
The red arrow is three times as long as the purple one denoting an object three times faster and hence covering three times as much distance per unit time. Note that Theta prime is ~1/3 as obtuse as Theta?
The way I understand it is that the turn rate is mere function of the objects speed and displacing force.
If we have a fighter at M1 on 9g and a missile at M3, then the missile needs to take 81g to match the fighter's turning radius. Doing this, the missile would have three times the rate of turn.
So, yes, the missile would only need a third of the used turn rate to match the fighter's turn rate, but then its circle's radius would be three times the fighter's circle radius.
The bigger the missile's turning radius in relation to the fighter's turning radius the less close he needs to let the missile come before jinking.
I think your approach misses to either use integrals or think in terms of circles and their intersections.
Folks...I think for sake of argument, that out-turning a AtA missile is very difficult and technically impossible. The combination of sheer luck, contributing factors such as speed, weather, altitude, and countermeasures is the only solution to getting out intact.
Schmendrick wrote: The way I understand it is that the turn rate is mere function of the objects speed and displacing force.
What you are missing is the point that the missile NEVER has to match the turn radius of the aircraft it is trying to hit because it is not trying to follow its path through the sky. What it is trying to do it intersect its course.
When target turns at a certain given radius, it is carving a fraction of the circumference of a circle dictated by that radius through the air. The length of this curved path is determined by the speed and the time elapse. If the missile is moving three times faster, the length of its curved path is three times longer per unit time. As such the radius of that path is also roughly MUCH larger. Let me give you an example... a TANK has a much smaller turn radius than a HELLFIRE missile, however because it is much much slower the missile needs to turn but a tiny bit to hit the tank, and trying to dodge a HELLFIRE by maneuvering a tank to a smaller turn radius that it is utterly futile.
Time Elapsed = t1 - t0; distance covered by the two paths are not the same and hence the radius is very different but the paths intersect.
And what you are missing is that the larger the missile's radius, the more time there is towards the point of impact where when both start the turn the fighter crosses the point of intersection before the missile, staying within the missile's radius and in safety.
What do you want to take as performance parameters so I crunch the numbers?
Fighter: M1, 9g, 30k feet -- Missile: M3, 35g (BVRAAM) or 27g (your recommendation) or 65g (WVRAAM) or 81g, 30k feet -- 0° tail aspect pursuit by the missile and assuming sustained speed to make it easier to calculate?
Schmendrick wrote: And what you are missing is that the larger the missile's radius, the more time there is towards the point of impact where when both start the turn the fighter crosses the point of intersection before the missile, staying within the missile's radius and in safety.
The point is that there is NOT more time towards the point of impact. That's the key issue here! Because A is three times faster than B, after the same amount of time has elapsed, A has covered three times as much distance as B. Therefore, A can turn at a hell of a lot wider radius and still have its path cross B which is turning a hell of a lot tighter.
You see, turning to face a certain direction in and of itself does nothing. If you are stationary you can turn all you want and I'll run into you without changing my collision course at all! What matters is the speed at which you are heading in your new direction after you turn. When you are really slow, you are not going anywhere in your new direction any time soon and I only need to turn very little to hit you match your translation and hit you.
by Tinito_16
hmmmm.... seems to me just from looking at the F-35 vs. the F-16, that the F-16 is more maneuverable and a better fighter WVR (all things equal). How much better remains to be seen. However, when the 35 gets the AIM-9X the JMHCS, and you combine that with stealth, there you have an advantage. But I can't imagine that ungainly thing beating a 16 in pure A2A. Just no way.
Your actualy wrong. Despite the uncomplicated an unelaborated apearence of the F-35 compared to the F-16's lines the F-35 is actualy significantly better. It has a more advanced controll FBW software, and a much more powerfull engine. People often make the mistake of comparing T/W ratio with the F-35's tanks full but thats a misconception since the fuel fraction of the F-35 is much higher, if you place the same fuel proportion in them both the F35 will surely outperform the Falcon by a handsome margin.
The published numbers are misleading as people make this mistake you made, plus some other yet classified figures. It couldnt be taken lighly a fighter that replaces another fighter without increases in perfomance.
You make a good point Tinito 16, but as AIM-9X will not be fitted in the bay a wing mounted solution will only increase the RCS. AIM-9X also has no lock-after-launch (as far as I know) so again quite a limitation. So I guess you are right, F-35 vs. F-16 in WVR, both with AIM-9X and I think the F-16 would probably win. But on a ground attack mission F-35 vs. F-16, both with JDAM or SDB and I think F-35 would survive.
by PhillyGuy
Both points are incorrect, the F-35 can and most likely will carry the AIM-9X internally and the AIM-9X is also LOAL capable.
To be fair, the F-35 does have bigger control surfaces than the F-16, it's just the requirement for VTOL impairs it somewhat in A2A. I would agree that A2G there's no question it's better than the Viper because it can attack targets the F-16 could not, it is more survivable and therefore more practical for that purpose. And it's definitely a technological marvel; it's just a pity the engineers couldn't fit more capability in it! As an engineer in training, I always want to fit as much capability into something as is possible - even disregarding cost but I guess you can't always do that, and the F-35 was designed to be cheaper than it's big brother so Whatever happens I hope the AF doesn't begin standing down F-16C squadrons....
PhillyGuy wrote: Both points are incorrect, the F-35 can and most likely will carry the AIM-9X internally and the AIM-9X is also LOAL capable.
Actually, its like this...
(1) The AIM-9X was designed from its inception to have LOAL capability. This WAS NOT a requirement but was nonetheless implemented by Raytheon as part of the feature set. This is not just to support internal bay carriage, but rather to support its use in scenarios where the seeker head cannot see the target because it is outside of its 180 degree hemispheric vision envelope, obstructed by the airframe or simply out of range of the seeker. The AIM-9X block I has demonstrated LOAL capability, but current USAF/USN doctrine does not to utilize it use due to blue-on-blue concerns.
(2) The AIM-9X WILL NOT be integrated for internal release during the SDD phase (thru 2011) of the F-35 program. This is because it is not a priority. An additional issue is that the AIM-9X (or any AIM-9 for that matter) has not been intended for ejector launch. And, the door position on the F-35 is an ejector not a rail. However, the AIM-9X will fit physically and future integration is a possibility if not a likelihood.
(3) The ASRAAM (AIM-132) will be the only WVR AAM that will be qualified for F-35 internal carriage during SDD.
Above is a Raytheon press release from last year, it details a simulated test launch from a submarine, demonstrating LOAL capability on the `9X. This test was done for the USN.
It`s interesting that the USAF/USN has decided not to use this feature when the RAF maintains the option on ASRAAM. Of course, I would suppose that the feature can be selected or de-selected. I can see where the feature would be very useful, for example attacking low flying cruise missiles where the attacking aircraft is unable to get an initial lock... The Israeli`s demonstrated this with the Python.
snypa777 wrote: It`s interesting that the USAF/USN has decided not to use this feature when the RAF maintains the option on ASRAAM. Of course, I would suppose that the feature can be selected or de-selected. I can see where the feature would be very useful, for example attacking low flying cruise missiles where the attacking aircraft is unable to get an initial lock... The Israeli`s demonstrated this with the Python.
I do not believe the option is hard "deleted". I believe it is more of a doctrinal issue. I mean, for example, just because soldiers were given clear instructions NOT to shoot their rifles around a corner without looking through the sights, does not mean the rifles cannot be fired in that manner. Of course, the operator can always ignore doctrine, but this is unlikely in live fire exercises or simulated combat in peacetime simply because they'll get yell at if not worse.
Just as there may be unintended issues about shooting around corners without looking there are also issues about a lock on leave IR missile. What is to stop the missile from unintentionally locking on to a friendly?
I am not sure whether it matters (other than for discussion purposes) if AIM-9X will be carries internally or not. It seems to me that if you have F-35s in a situation where they are fighting WVR you have given up the advantage of stealth and the battle may have already been lost. I do believe (correct me if I am wrong) current USAF doctrine is to fight the A2A battle BVR so as to take advantage of AWACS, stealth, etc.
Thumper3181 wrote: Just as there may be unintended issues about shooting around corners without looking there are also issues about a lock on leave IR missile. What is to stop the missile from unintentionally locking on to a friendly?
The "solution" is to build in image recognition into the missile's internal processors. That is, if the aircraft's computer knows (or at least thinks) that it is shooting at a MIG-29 for instance, this knowledge is passed on to the missile. The friendlies types currently in the fight is also passed. The missile "knows" what a MIG-29 looks like based on its database of 3D models and multiple 2D images. It intelligently matches the image it sees on the focal plane array to its expectations of the appearance of a MIG-29 through advanced image recognition processing. If it sees a MIG-29 it goes for the kill. If its sees an F-18, it aborts.
Do you really want to be flying around and hitting your afterburners when the circuits to that logic malfunctions?
Is it possible to write the code to be able to have the seeker discern an F-18 from a Mig-29 at all angles?
How do you test this?
I think the devil would be in the details on this one DL.
Its possible and I believe it has been done. I know Python 5 is supposed to be able to ID targets by their signature at all angles by analysing the intensity and distribution of heat signatures coupled with direct of travel (to obtain a perspective).
Who said it needs to have a Mig-29s signature loaded... if the system is loaded with the signatures of all friendly aircraft therefore if it isn't in the database... then its a legit target. IR seekers are of a high enough resolution now for it to be possible, images ive seen from the Aim-9x/asraam seeker head show this very well.
The idea is not for the system to be fool proof. The idea is that if it even has the potential to significantly reduce Blue-on-blue kills in LOAL shots then it is valuable. The pilot is always aware that in a messy situation where blues and reds are all mixed up, taking a LOAL shot is risky. But once that decision is taken and a missile is off, having an ability to discern -- even if it is imperfect -- is a big plus.
if the system is loaded with the signatures of all friendly aircraft therefore if it isn't in the database... then its a legit target. IR seekers are of a high enough resolution now for it to be possible, images ive seen from the Aim-9x/asraam seeker head show this very well.
No doubt under ideal conditions and in theory it works. From a systems standpoint I would argue that you have it backwards. Your algorithm would not require positive identification, merely that the seeker not get a match in it's database. That is inherently more risky than positive identification of being able to identify a known enemy AC. "IF target image in seeker not in database then lock on" is much less discriminate than "If target image is matched in enemy database then lock on". What happens when I fire off a flare? What happens if my AC is damaged but still flying? It's image will not match. Close is not good enough here. If that where the case BVR targeting decisions based entirely on IFF would be the norm.
The pilot is always aware that in a messy situation where blues and reds are all mixed up, taking a LOAL shot is risky.
The first blue on blue kill will end the practice.
I believe that certain airforces will put the pilot in a position to decide when it is safe to use LOAL. It seems the USAF/USN has taken the decision for them. A procedural or cultural matter?
If an enemy fighter is on your "6" I can see where this function could come in very handy, this is why some SU`s have rear firing Archer`s.
The ASRAAM uses edge detection to pick out an aircrafts shape and attack hotspots within that shape. In the UK, DERA were working on an automatic target recognition system for air to air missiles in the 1990`s but that work went "black" ie, there is no public info` on the program now. At least mil` researchers were thinking of this before us on the forum The issue then was having fast enough processors small enough to fit inside an air to air missile....with the right algorithms of course. Back then a "fast" processor was a 486! There was also a plan to fit Hellfire with the same kind of system and LOAL, I don`t know the status of the Hellfire research.
It is not a stretch to imagine processors small enough and fast enough now to recognize particular aircraft but I am with Thumper, would you trust it to not fly up your tail-pipe?
snypa777 wrote: I believe that certain airforces will put the pilot in a position to decide when it is safe to use LOAL. It seems the USAF/USN has taken the decision for them. A procedural or cultural matter?
Well, it works to some degree. The Javelin for instance is not just an IR homing missile. It is an IR image recognition missile. Basically, the launcher captures the IR imagery of the target and gives it to the missile. An appropriate climb and dive profile is decided based on range and target movement. The missile leaves the launcher blind to the target. It opens its eyes in a dive and it can tell the target from other stationary, moving or background objects my matching the prelaunch image to what it sees in a 20~70 degree dive using image processing and geometrical analysis. This has proven to work despite the differences in how the target looks from the ground and in a steep dive from above. It homes in on the target, moving or not, and attacks from above.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZAnYYj9orQ
I would agree.........many want to compare a clean 4th or 4.5 Generation Fighter with a F-35 and/or F-22. Take the Typhoon for example......how is its performance effected by carrying 2-3 External Fuel Tanks and 4-6 AAM's vs a clean F-35 or F-22? Of course that goes across the whole gamit! From RCS, Turn Performance, Acceleration, Time to Climb, Super Cruise, etc. etc.
Really, the 5th Generation F-22 and F-35 are going to be a revolution in military aviation. Just like the the Jet did to piston powered aircraft during the mid to late 40's...........its going to be that big.
I don't think this statement is necessarily accurate.
(1) I don't not believe that the Canard Configuration is superior, but the Typhoon does have an ~1.7 ton weight advantage and it does have a 17% larger Wing Area. It also has slightly better power to weight ratios (40500 lbs thurst/24,250 lbs airframe vs 43,000 lbs thrust/28,000 lbs airframe). I believe that the Typhoon probably have slightly better sustained turn performance.
(2) On the other note, the F-35 probably performs better at high altitudes -- mainly because it ought to handle better and with greater control authority. This is because the massive horizontal tails are at least 3 times larger than the Typhoon's moving canards.
(3) The classic advantages of the canard delta is three fold. The canards can act as defacto vortex generators for the main wing. The canards and wing both provide lift increasing efficiency. And lastly, the larger span wing is aft of the shorter span canard allowing the entire arrangement to be tucked into a smaller cone reducing wave drag at high supersonic speeds.
(4) Of these three characteristics, two are completely irrelevant today. Aircrafts use either leading edge extensions or advanced blended body shaping to achieve equal or better vortex lift than is afforded by canards. These tend to work better than canards for this purpose because they can create vortexes much closer to the top surface of the main wing than is possible with the tip vortexes from canards that MUST in general be rather high above the wing. With unstable designs the canard is actually a disadvantage for efficiency. This is so because being unstable means that the center of gravity is either behind or very close to the center of lift of the aircraft minus the canards or tails. In an unstable canard, the canards tend to provide downforce not lift whereas in an unstable wing-tail aircraft the tails provide positive lift not downforce. This leaves the last attribute -- lower drag at high mach speeds. However, the key word here is high. Even a relatively normal wing-tail design like the F-35 keeps all of its wings and tails within the primary nose shock cone up to about Mach 2.14. And wing-tails can be designed to push this even higher if that is a design goal. Of course, if you are trying to build a Mach 3 aircraft that becomes a problem -- which is probably why the XB-70 was a canard.
Even fixed canards helped early Kfirs (deltas) in the IDF. The big improvement here over the Mirage was that on hot days with a full bomb load, the canard helped reduce take off roll by a sizable amount.
elp wrote: Even fixed canards helped early Kfirs (deltas) in the IDF. The big improvement here over the Mirage was that on hot days with a full bomb load, the canard helped reduce take off roll by a sizable amount.
Right, they act as vortex generators. But the LEX on say an F-16 is a better vortex generator than canards. The reason is that they are on the same plane as the wing and their generated vortice are closer to the upper wing surface. The F-22 doesn't even use the traditional LEX. The airframe itself is designed in such a way that the nose, intake lips and the wing itself creates three vortexes which interwined into a massive one which snakes across the upper fuselage, and the wing before exploding well outboard of the tails to minimize buffeting issues while maximizing airflow energy over the lifting body and wing. The F-35 follows suit with a similar arrangement.
In the debate about the F-35 versus Typhoon, I just found this on Jane’s Air Forces News Briefs / 20 July 2007;
Italian Typhoons will not be multirole, says air force chief
Italy has no plans to field its Eurofighter Typhoons as true multirole fighters and will not acquire air-to-surface weapons to equip its fleet, according to General Vincenzo Camporini, Italy's chief of the air staff. The general told Jane's that the Typhoons would be restricted to the air-to-air role while attack missions would be handled by Tornado and AMX aircraft, as well as their coming replacement, the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF).
The RAF also plans to purchase F-35's and Typhoons. They like the Italian AF will use the Typhoon for aerial combat and the F-35 for attack.
I think this makes a statement about which aircraft has the best air to air capability and which one is the better attack aircraft.
Adrian where are you getting "RAFs plan" for A2A only from. The RAF fully intend to use Typhoon in the multirole configuration. The first front line squadron is A2A only due to them not having block 5 (first A2G block) aircraft in the near future they will begin multirole operations. Hence why it is only being used A2A at the moment.
The second front line squadron (11) is currently ramping up, they are the first multirole Typhoon squadron and will deploy to Afganistan in late 2008 in the precision CAS role using LGB, ELGB and gun.
The RAF's doctrine with the Typhoon is to have three types of multirole squadon.
1) Air-Air - this squadrons roll is primarily air defence, however they will maintain their multirole air-ground capability and training as a secondary mission.
2) Air-Ground - this squadrons roll is primarily attack, however they will maintain their air-air capability and training as a secondary mission.
3) Multirole - this squadron will not specialise in one doctrine but will be a jack of all trades and will train to do everything at once.
Re: RE: F-35 JSF vs Eurofighter Typhoon
avon1944 wrote: The RAF also plans to purchase F-35's and Typhoons. They like the Italian AF will use the Typhoon for aerial combat and the F-35 for attack.
Well the most amazing thing is that you even need to post that comparison...the F-35 from the outset was designed to be a strike jet, not a dog fighter. So the comparison is pointless to me.
avon1944 wrote: In the debate about the F-35 versus Typhoon, I just found this on Jane’s Air Forces News Briefs / 20 July 2007;
I dont know about Italy but I always heard the UK was going to use Typhoons with AG capability and they will eventualy phase the tornados out in the medium to long term.
I think this makes a statement about which aircraft ha
So, as the best air to air capability and which one is the better attack aircraft.
So, are RAF Typhoon's going to provide Air Defense for the Royal Navy's forthcoming CVF Aircraft Carriers? Also, what of countries that currently operate F-16's or F/A-18's in the Air Defense Role? Are they second rate..... Sorry, but you logic escapes me.......
RE: Re: RE: F-35 JSF vs Eurofighter Typhoon
CORSAIR, I would think the Italian decision is based on current funding strategy than an admission the Typhoon sucks at A2G...
Re: RE: Re: RE: F-35 JSF vs Eurofighter Typhoon
snypa777 wrote: CORSAIR, I would think the Italian decision is based on current funding strategy than an admission the Typhoon sucks at A2G...
I believe that the F-35 is going to be superior to the Typhoon in both A2A and A2G effectiveness even though the Typhoon will be slightly better in certain physical attributes such as speed and agility. By effectiveness, I mean the ability to kill and not get killed.
The important thing to remember however is that the Typhoon is in service NOW. The F-35 is going to be an aircraft that comes online 7~10 years after the Typhoon. The entire argument that if the F-35 is better the customers won't be buying Typhoons are vice versa is simply ridiculous. It'll be like saying why the F-4 is bought instead of the F-15 or vice versa. The specifics of the platform is far secondary to the TIMELINE! The Typhoon customers by and large supported and committed to the EFA program in the late-80s to early 90s. The F-35 didn't exist then, and asking why nobody places their bet on an non-existent program 10~12 years before it is even talked about is ridiculous.
Corsair1963 wrote: Also, what of countries that currently operate F-16's or F/A-18's in the Air Defense Role? Are they second rate..... Sorry, but you logic escapes me.......
Are you kidding me? F-16's and F-15's...United States...assigned to NORAD sectors.
checksixx wrote:
So, is anybody stating that types like the F-16 and F/A-18. Can't be effective in a Air Defense Role????
Its not that I don't believe the Typhoon can't be effective in the A2G Role. I just believe the F-35 will be Superior in both the A2A Role and A2G Roles.......(i.e. Superior Overall to the Typhoon)
by atc1089sqn
i would say that the typhoon would be better in air to air combat due to the fact that it was designed for ait to air .
the joint strikefighter is used for steath strikes, therfore the efa will bring it down
even if it has to use its cannon due to the steth, or radar malfunctions
by spazsinbad
A Blast from the Past?
by sextusempiricus
atc1089sqn wrote: i would say that the typhoon would be better in air to air combat due to the fact that it was designed for ait to air .
You can't spell, you can't punctuate, your grammar is atrocious and you dare opine on a subject about which you know nothing? Exactly how are you contributing to the discussion? Come back when you've achieved a reasonable degree of literacy.
Do a little research and try again.........
BTW DON"T TAKE SOME MEMBERS COMMENTS PERSONALLY!
by bjr1028
Where do I begin here. Where did you get the impression that the F-35 wasn't designed for air to air combat? The Typhoon has an advantage in performance. However, it has has a severe disadvantages in both observability and sensors. The fight is akin to a commando blindfolded and wearing day glo orange and armed with a pistol vs a regular soldier with sniper rifle with a night scope. Would the Typhoon win in a knife fight? Probably, but the chances of it getting to that are slim. Its going to be an AMRAAM victim before the pilot even knows he's in a fight.
bjr1028 wrote:
My thoughts exactly. However, there is the small matter of the F-35 actually, you know, flying...
by energo
sextusempiricus wrote:
I think we have room for polite expressions of opinions.
B. Bolsøy
energo wrote:
I sincerely hope so......
by duplex
Typhoon is pretty much a single mission fighter optimized for high altitude ,high speed +M1,5 interceptions.
It will dominate the F-35 in altitudes between 35- 50.000 feets.
by exec
duplex wrote: Typhoon is pretty much a single mission fighter optimized for high altitude ,high speed +M1,5 interceptions.
And how would he do that!?
I to would like to know how the Typhoon is going to dominate the Lightning at any altitude???
by Scorpion82
Performance wise the Typhoon is likely to outmatch the F-35 in most areas. But in times of information superiority stealth and advanced sensors account for more than raw flight performance.
by calel
Wow! The F-35 vs. the Typhoon: No matter how good the performance of the Typhoon might be, the F-35 is designed for superior combat against everything else except its eldest brother; if the EODAS is as effective as NorthropGrumman says, and if the Lightning II its as agile as LM says (because of its internal weapons, etc... storage) then I conclude that the JSF will not have any problem outperforming the Typhoon in the WVR and the BVR!!! Any thoughts about my statement???
by f35phixer
we're getting there slowly, BF-02 arrived at PAX, yesterday. We'll have an envelope for BF-04 to test to at least
by Kryptid
You're probably right. Technology and situational awareness can defeat agility.
f35phixer wrote: we're getting there slowly, BF-02 arrived at PAX, yesterday. We'll have an envelope for BF-04 to test to at least
Hello, and happy new year. I'm guessing you are involved with the program, and I'm sure you are relieved that there are now a couple of F-35s over at Pax. What's your take on BF-1? Is that airframe a lemon, such as one sometimes gets, so that no matter how many times you try "fixing it", it never works quite well? And will BF-2 actually beat it to a vertical landing? I'm guessing BF-1 is retired early...
by callsignthumper
I hate people trying to sell a inferior aircraft. The F-35 owns anything except the f-22. I dont realy care what arguments you want to try to say, you know its right so please end this discusion that the 4.5 gen fighter will beat out the 5th gen fighter, that the less advanced countries have. Dont like it build somthing better.
Kryptid wrote:
The F-35 will be far more aerodynamic in a combat configuration than the Typhoon.
That would be like comparing a clean blk 52 F-16 to combat loaded blk 52 F-16 with external fuel and weapons. Big difference.......
As a matter of fact Jon Beesley once stated that even external "AMRAAM's" have a big impact on performance.
^^^^The Eurofighter carries most of its load but 2 missiles in recessed pylons, so that is not a factor as drag is negligeble. EF's airframe is easely more aerodynamic even with is normal 6 missiles load onboard.
Also who thinks Eurofighter is destined to be only an interceptor is very much mistaken.
Eurofighter will be always faster and more agile than the 35.
However having said that, in my personal opinion I would preffer fly in a 35, shoot only 4 AMRAAM's missiles and disapear before it gets WVR.
I think for smaller airforces it will be more important to fire fewer weapons that count for every shot and get out undetected and survive than kicking the front door with guns blazing with the Euro.
For my country the F-35 is a better match for our requirements than the Eurofighter, long range and harder to detect as fewer planes have to cover larger areas (big ocean coverage) and only one engine to overhaul versus 2.
Its a question of money and doctrines avaiable with each AF.
and why do you call it a lemon? yes there are troubles with it, but the airframe is sound. People it's the FIRST jet built, if you don't understand that there will be issues you haven't been around development programs before! We'll get there yes it's frustrating but, that's the fun of flight testing
Pilotasso wrote: ^^^^The Eurofighter carries most of its load but 2 missiles in recessed pylons, so that is not a factor as drag is negligeble. EF's airframe is easely more aerodynamic even with is normal 6 missiles load onboard.
Do you have a source to support that claim???
As, I highly doubt a Typhoon is more aerodynamic with 4-Semi Recessed AMRAAM's and 2-ASRAAM's than a clean F-35 Lightning! Nor, does it take into account the external fuel tanks that the former would likely carry.
Corsair1963 wrote: Do you have a source to support that claim???
Let's see wether the F-35 will achieve the performance of a loaded Typhoon clean.
Scorpion82 wrote:
Uhh... according to it's pilots so far it has displayed almost Raptor like performance. That's not too shabby if you ask me.
PhillyGuy wrote: Uhh... according to it's pilots so far it has displayed almost Raptor like performance. That's not too shabby if you ask me.
You mean according to Jon Beesley the F-35 matches the F-22's performance in minor portions of the flight envelope.
That is not what Jon Beesley says.........
In terms of aerodynamic performance, the F-35 is an excellent machine, Beesley said. Having previously been only the second man ever to have flown the F-22 Raptor, Beesley became the first pilot ever to fly the F-35 in late 2006. As such, Beesley is intimately familiar with both programs. According to Beesley, the four current test pilots for F-35 have been most impressed by the aircraft's thrust and acceleration. In the subsonic flight regime, the F-35 very nearly matches the performance of its' larger, more powerful cousin, the F-22 Raptor, Beesley explained. The "subsonic acceleration is about as good as a clean Block 50 F-16 or a Raptor- which is about as good as you can get." Beesley said.
The aircraft flies in "large measure like the F-22, but it's smaller, and stiffer" than the Raptor however, Beesley explained, adding that the aircraft handles superbly. The reason for the similar flight characteristics, explained the test pilot, is because the man who designed the flight control laws for the Raptor, is also the same man who is responsible for the flight control software for the F-35. As Beesley explains, the flight control laws of modern fighters determine to large extent the flight characteristics of a given aircraft. Beesley said that the aircraft is so stable and so comfortable that the test pilots find themselves inadvertently drifting too close to their wingmen in formation.
What Beesley expects will surprise future F-35 pilots is the jets' superb low speed handling characteristics and post-stall manoeuvrability. While the F-22 with its thrust vectored controls performs better at the slow speeds and high angle of attack (AOA) flight regime, the F-35 will be able match most of the same high AOA manoeuvres as the Raptor, although it will not be able to do so as quickly as the more powerful jet in some cases. Turning at the higher Gs and higher speed portions of the flight envelope, the F-35 will "almost exactly match a clean Block 50 F-16 and comes very close to the Raptor", Beesley said.
Thanks I was to lazy to dig it up on my own. As said portions of the flight envelope.
by SpudmanWP
What you said was "minor portions", which is obviously not the case.
Scorpion82 said: "minor portions"? OOPS posted at same time (as I typed) by Spuddie! TAH.
I think way to many people assume that the F-35 has poor aerodynamic qualities. Which, is not the case at all.....
I don't think the F-35 has poor aerodynamics or that it will be a bad performer at all, I just don't think it's going to be a world beater. Like it or not, but there is a price you have to pay for "affordability", stealth and that level of optimation for AG operations. It's illusional to believe that an aircraft with a comparably high frontal cross section, significantly higher wing loading, inferior TWR and lack of TVC is going to perform as well. Sure the F-35 might come close to the F-22's subsonic acceleration to a certain extend and that it matches its high subsonic/transsonic manoeuver performance isn't surprising either, but that's it. The F-35 will neither match the F-22's supersonic, nor altitude performance and manoeuverability, nor it's agility at low to mid subsonic speeds. "It just does everything a little bit slower", yeah allright by that measure every aircraft can fly the cobra, they just need more time.
Scorpion82, probably you have not read other threads on this forum that attempt to make it clear that performance in the new BVR environment is not so critical as in the days of yore. Airshow tricks are just that. Missiles do the work today, they do the tricks. One hopes that these new 'tricky' missiles are more reliable than in the past (when this reilability / performance of the missile was indeed an issue - forcing use of guns). The BVR fight will be different soon, with the JSF having a distinct advantage for the time being. We'll see what useful developments come from potential opponents. For sure the F-22 will be supreme but not likely will the JSF be going against the F-22. Keep in miind with the allies having JSFs (all the same - within type) means the 'swarm' technology of all the JSFs together with US will be considerable.
spazsinbad wrote: Scorpion82, probably you have not read other threads on this forum that attempt to make it clear that performance in the new BVR environment is not so critical as in the days of yore. Airshow tricks are just that. Missiles do the work today, they do the tricks. One hopes that these new 'tricky' missiles are more reliable than in the past (when this reilability / performance of the missile was indeed an issue - forcing use of guns). The BVR fight will be different soon, with the JSF having a distinct advantage for the time being. We'll see what useful developments come from potential opponents. For sure the F-22 will be supreme but not likely will the JSF be going against the F-22. Keep in miind with the allies having JSFs (all the same - within type) means the 'swarm' technology of all the JSFs together with US will be considerable.
That's all known. The matter is something else.
Scorpion82: "The matter is something else". I'll assume you mean the 'reality' (will be) here. Yes I agree we need to be patient to see what happens. I'm optimistic where others are pessimistic. So be it.
SpudmanWP wrote: What you said was "minor portions", which is obviously not the case.
I'm sure he meant major portions...
Perhaps this small PDF is useful (about DAS):
http://www.es.northropgrumman.com/solut ... _eodas.pdf (177Kb)
'All Seeing Eye' by Bill Sweetman Oct 2008 Defence Technology International
"While the distributed aperture system’s manufacturer, Northrop Grumman, may be overstating the case by claiming that it will make manoeuvrability ‘irrelevant’, the technology has the potential to fundamentally change within visual range air-to-air combat.[vii] When the F-35 enters service, it will be the only fighter in the world with such a system." [vii] Bill Sweetman, ‘All-Seeing Eye’, Defense Technology International, an editorial supplement to Aviation Week & Space Technology, October 2008.
Repeat video about DAS here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?gl=AU&hl=e ... u8RzmGjQ&e
Thanks spaz, all in all the F-35 by comparison will be the technologicaly superior aircraft for the forseable future. Ive had the privlage to talk with some execs who help run the program when they brought the mock up f-35 to my ship the john f kennedy back in 04 i believe when it was known as the x-35 hat trick. they saved 20 mill a plane by not adding the thrust vectoring, and the cockpit is VERY user friendly. The F-35 should own any aircraft out there, except the f-22. PERIOD so stop with this notion that under the perfect circumstances would this plane beat it, and this plane. No it wont, its possible, but highly unlikely. BUT THE REAL QUESTION IS HOW DO YOU FIND METAL IN THE DIRT? SO WHY ISNT THERE A PROGRAM OUT THERE TO USE THE SAME TECHNOLOGY TO FIND METAL, OR"AIRPLANES" IN THE AIR?
What a MAD idea? MAD Magnetic Anomaly Detector:
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ ... t/asw3.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_anomaly_detector
http://www.tpub.com/content/aviation/14 ... 14_172.htm
http://www.navysbir.com/n08_1/N081-001.htm
Corsair1963 wrote: I think way to many people assume that the F-35 has poor aerodynamic qualities. Which, is not the case at all.....
No, I never said it has poor aerodynamic qualities, Instead I said Eurofighter has negligeble drag with 6 missiles on board and probably still better than F-35. Its a bit different than what your implying isnt it?
I dont think I need to quote any sources to prove this because pretty much everyone knows that both the 35 and the Eurofighter have comparable max thrust dry and with augmentation. The later can go supersonic in dry thrust and accelerate up to mach 2 with max thrust while the 35 is firmly subsonic without afterburner and will likely be limited to mach 1.6-1.7 max.
Of course this takes in consideration air duct and engine designs but this is what completes the aerodynamic "cake" of the aircraft.
The typical production example of the Euro fighter makes about M1.2 clean and barely breaks the sound barrier with a load of A2A missiles and a bag. We don't know what F-35 will do in military power yet but it would not be too much of a surprise if it does M1.2 with a full load of missiles and a comparative full load of fuel. Six missiles and an external fuel tank will ruin whatever aerodynamic advantage either real or imagined Euro fighter has.
Whether F-35 does M1.7 or 1.8 is immaterial. The difference in max speed is negligible. The fact is the Eurofighter is already obsolete. Having marginally better performance in some parts of the envelope than a teen series fighter make it in no way a world beating design.
Thumper3181 wrote: The typical production example of the Euro fighter makes about M1.2 clean and barely breaks the sound barrier with a load of A2A missiles and a bag. We don't know what F-35 will do in military power yet but it would not be too much of a surprise if it does M1.2 with a full load of missiles and a comparative full load of fuel. Six missiles and an external fuel tank will ruin whatever aerodynamic advantage either real or imagined Euro fighter has.
Available information and feedback from 6 years operational use tells us something else.
by underhill
"The typical production example of the Euro fighter makes about M1.2 clean."
Source, please.
"The fact is the Eurofighter is already obsolete".
Rendered obsolete by what, an airplane that has, so far, done very little except imitate an anvil?
underhill wrote: "The typical production example of the Euro fighter makes about M1.2 clean."
According to the Luftwaffe the aircraft achieves M 1.2 in AA config, same (6 AAMs + 1 ET) was confirmed by a eurofighter representive at a request.
Must be obsolete because it has no VLO capabilities and as we all know stealth is the one and all...
Achieves Another Significant Milestone Fort Worth TX, November 14th, 2008
http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/pres ... -f-35.html
-- The Lockheed Martin [NYSE: LMT] F-35 Joint Strike Fighter flew supersonic for the first time yesterday, achieving another milestone. The aircraft accelerated to Mach 1.05, or about 680 miles per hour.
The test validated the F-35 Lightning II’s capability to operate beyond the speed of sound and was accomplished with a full internal load of inert or “dummy” weapons on the one-hour flight.
“The F-35 transitioned from subsonic to supersonic just as our engineers and our computer modeling had predicted,” said Jon Beesley, Lockheed Martin’s chief F-35 test pilot. “I continue to be impressed with the aircraft’s power and strong acceleration, and I’m pleased that its precise handling qualities are retained in supersonic flight, even with a payload of 5,400 pounds (2,450 kilograms) in the weapons bays.”
Beesley said it was also a significant achievement for a test aircraft to fly supersonic for the first time with the weight of a full internal load of weapons. The milestone was achieved on the 69th flight of F-35 aircraft AA-1. Beesley climbed to 30,000 feet (9,144 meters) and accelerated to Mach 1.05, or about 680 miles per hour, over a rural area in north Texas. The F-35 accomplished four transitions through the sound barrier, spending a total of eight minutes in supersonic flight. The flight was preceded by a high-subsonic mission earlier in the day. Future testing will gradually expand the flight envelope out to the aircraft’s top speed of Mach 1.6, which the F-35 is designed to achieve with a full internal load of weapons."
Setting the Record Straight on F-35
http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/pres ... aight.html
FORT WORTH, Texas, September 19th, 2008 -- U.S. Air Force analyses show the Lockheed Martin [NYSE: LMT] F-35 Lightning II is at least 400 percent more effective in air-to-air combat capability than the best fighters currently available in the international market.
The Air Force's standard air-to-air engagement analysis model, also used by allied air forces to assess air-combat performance, pitted the 5th generation F-35 against all advanced 4th generation fighters in a variety of simulated scenarios. The results were clear: the F-35 outperformed the most highly evolved fighters in aerial combat by significant margins.
"In all F-35 Program Office and U.S. Air Force air-to-air combat effectiveness analysis to date, the F-35 enjoys a significant Combat Loss Exchange Ratio advantage over the current and future air-to-air threats, to include Sukhois," said Maj. Gen. Charles R. Davis, F-35 program executive officer.
Recent claims that Russian fighters defeated F-35s in a Hawaii-based simulated combat exercise are untrue, according to Maj. Gen. Davis.
"The reports are completely false and misleading and have absolutely no basis in fact," Maj. Gen. Davis said. "The August 2008 Pacific Vision Wargame that has been referenced recently in the media did not even address air-to-air combat effectiveness. The F-35 is required to be able to effectively defeat current and projected air-to-air threats. All available information, at the highest classification, indicates that F-35 is effectively meeting these aggressive operational challenges."
The Pacific Vision Wargame was a table-top exercise designed to assess basing and force-structure vulnerabilities, and did not include air-to-air combat exercises or any comparisons of different aircraft platforms.
Other erroneous allegations about the program were recently made in a letter distributed and written by industry-watchers Winston Wheeler and Pierre Sprey.
"It's not clear why they attacked the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program," said Tom Burbage, Lockheed Martin executive vice president of F-35 program integration. "It is clear they don't understand the underlying requirements of the F-35 program, the capabilities needed to meet those requirements or the real programmatic performance of the JSF team."
The F-35 is a racehorse, not a "dog," as Wheeler/Sprey suggest. In stealth combat configuration, the F-35 aerodynamically outperforms all other combat-configured 4th generation aircraft in top-end speed, loiter, subsonic acceleration and combat radius. This allows unprecedented "see/shoot first" and combat radius advantages.
The high thrust-to-weight ratios of the lightweight fighter program Wheeler/Sprey recall from 30 years ago did not take into consideration combat-range fuel, sensors or armament, which dramatically alter wing loading, thrust-to-weight ratios and maneuverability. We do consider all of this in today's fighters.
The F-35 has the most powerful engine ever installed in a fighter, with thrust equivalent to both engines today in Eurofighter or F/A-18 aircraft. The conventional version of the F-35 has 9g capability and matches the turn rates of the F-16 and F/A-18. More importantly, in a combat load, with all fuel, targeting sensor pods and weapons carried internally, the F-35's aerodynamic performance far exceeds all legacy aircraft equipped with a similar capability.
When the threat situation diminishes so that it is safe for legacy aircraft to participate in the fight, the F-35 can also carry ordnance on six external wing stations in addition to its four internal stations. "
No, actually production versions do M1.2 clean. Straight from an article written by Key Publishing and posted on the official Eurofighter website.
Page 3.
"Max level flight speed
(supercruise)"
http://www.eurofighter.com/downloads/Ki ... ng_AFM.pdf
It is obsolete because it has no AESA and it is not LO. It will in fact be a second line fighter by 2020 just like the F-15, Super Hornet, and latest variant of the SU-XX series fighter. If you cannot see it you can not attack it. If yoou must use your radar and it has no LPI capability you will be seen long before you see anything.
by airforceone
the typhoon is faster and more maneuverable than the f-35 so in vr id choose the euro every time. the f-35 is better suited as a bomb truck more than anything else and was never intended as an air dominance fighter. who was the idiot who decided it didnt need to go any faster than mach 1.6?
Its a known fact that the F-35 cannot supercruise even in clean configuration. So your speculation has no legs to stand on.
Your view of the Euros max supercruise speed with external stores compared to a clean F-35 makes your criticism sound the more ridiculous.
Thumper3181 wrote: The fact is the Eurofighter is already obsolete. Having marginally better performance in some parts of the envelope than a teen series fighter make it in no way a world beating design.
But who said it was the best plane? Not me for sure, read my posts again.
Its obsolete because it has no AESA and no LO? Are you joking?
I would advise you to filter your heavy bias against it, your clearly mistaken on many accounts.
Thumper - LO is an advantage in air combat IF the RoEs and your sensors permit engagement beyond visual range AND you can prosecute the engagement decisively before detection becomes mutual.
And I trust that the F-15 &c will not be second-line fighters by 2020 since it is increasingly unlikely that JSF will attain FOC anywhere before 2018.
Not only that but the Euro is already a better interceptor and AA dogfighter on paper. The AESA for it will become avaiable even before most countries start deliveries of full production F35's.
And Thumper before you get me started on F-35's supercruise:
http://www.jsf.mil/contact/con_faqs.htm
Now if we talk about multirole then it becomes debatable at a reasonable level.
Thumper3181 wrote: No, actually production versions do M1.2 clean. Straight from an article written by Key Publishing and posted on the official Eurofighter website.
Being released on the official website doesn't mean anything to that regard. The subject of that article was not supercruise but the RAFs participation in exercises in the US. And I take data/information from the manufacturer/operator over what is written in a public magazine, where not even the reference from where this data come is given.
And who says it won't receive an LPI capable AESA radar? So the F-22 is probabley obsolete because it lacks DVI, dual band IRST/FLIR and HMD, ECM in its basic configuration which is just now added as a radar function, lack of versatility etc.
Let alone that a certain US fighter is not even capable to do what it was designed for in the first place, replacing an older type in adequate numbers. In other words it's a failure, a politically caused one, but still a failure.
Underhill, how many F-35 squadrons have to be operating before you consider the type FOC?
by shep1978
The F-22 is certainly not considered a failure by its operator thats for sure, however, Typhoon operator nations have been falling over themselves these last few years trying to flog off their Typhoons to anyone which speaks volumes in itself.
I guess one could say with a fair degree of honesty that obsolescence is something Typhoon has already entered into, especially being so very easily visable to anyone with a radar set thanks to its out dated design and no amount of LPI radar sets or other fancy gizmo's will fix that.
Double post, sorry mods, please delete.
shep1978 wrote: The F-22 is certainly not considered a failure by its operator thats for sure, however, Typhoon operator nations have been falling over themselves these last few years trying to flog off their Typhoons to anyone which speaks volumes in itself.
Lol what a weak argument. But I haven't expected anything else from you except those lame double standards. If you seriously measure the performance/effectiveness of an aircraft by the number of cuts, the F-22 must be a total disaster down from 750 to just 187 airframes. In comparison to that the reduction in the Eurofighter programme is tiny.
It's not that the RAF, Luftwaffe, AMI or EdA say oh we don't want any more Eurofighters, it's the politicians who want to save costs. The problem here is that the partner nations are commited to buy 620 aircraft as signed in the production contract and one sided reductions would result in penalties. This was necessary after the problems in the earlier 90s and as the production workshare is based on the number of aircraft to be taken by each respective customer. Selling aircraft to foreign nations is now seen as a way to keep the number of aircraft to which the partner nations commited them self.
Stealth isn't needed for most missions, but it's expensive. Eurofighter partners or that of other european nations who designed their own aircraft didn't have the requirement, will and money to design an overly specialised super expensive superfighter which isn't needed at all and any cold war scenario would have been a NATO vs Warsaw Pact theater with the US being involved as well. It would have been complementary as it would be now in any unlikely war scenario. But it's typical that you guys horizont reaches from west coast to east cost and anything else beyond that is outer space and doesn't exist.
Spud - Not me, the USAF, which was pinning FOC - sustained deployed operations - at 2017 before this year's delays and JET 2.
Thanks for the clarification..links?
SpudmanWP wrote: Thanks for the clarification..links?
The JSF Brief May14 2009 states 2017 for full capability. I'm certain it can be found in the links/documents thread (the sticky one).
Got it.. thanks
People here seem to have forgotten that 'the other nations' potentially buying or buying (OZ)' don't have the F-22 so they need all the help they can get with the F-35 good bits - first day to last day of any conflict.
All of the worlds top aces agree in one thing: "the one who sees first wins the engagement". So I think its very simple; if you own a fighter with the following characteristics it will be unlikely beatable:
1) Superior Situational Awareness (EODAS & AESA)
2) Full Stealth Design (all of the F-35 angles etc...)
3) Great Agility (internal weapons, etc... storage and a great engine)
I mean, to have a better fighter we dont need the most agile and fastest fighter or the one with the latest missile technology. We only need an aircraft with excellent fighter agility, very fast, and (this is the kicker) capable of seeing you first so he can shoot you first. I understand the F-35 embraces all these advantages in a way that is in congruence with what the world history of air combat has taught us: "If I see you first I win"
calel wrote: All of the worlds top aces agree in one thing: "the one who sees first wins the engagement". So I think its very simple; if you own a fighter with the following characteristics it will be unlikely beatable:
In the end it's the combination of factors which matters and here the F-35 fares quite well, especially due to its stealth characteristics. By the time the F-35 enters service virtually all modern fighters will feature AESA radars and who knows to which extend other sensors and EW equipment are further developed. The DAS is certainly a fine system if it works as advertised, but it doesn't look like something for long range target detection.
Regarding 3.) A strong engine means nothing if the weight is high and internal carriage doesn't fully neglict limited aerodynamic performance.
"Regarding 3.) A strong engine means nothing if the weight is high and internal carriage doesn't fully neglict limited aerodynamic performance." Surely recently on this forum the point has been made many times, all reports on F-35 aero performance are good, comparable to F-22 because aircraft control laws are similar. Apparently the F-35 is not allowed to go to the extreme high AoA (unlike F-22) due to that extra lack of performance - but it does not need to because all the new tech/weapons do not require the F-35 to have 'point and shoot' performance. It will track you and shoot you while the pilot does not even need to look at you (except on the screen perhaps).
spazsinbad wrote: Surely recently on this forum the point has been made many times, all reports on F-35 aero performance are good, comparable to F-22 because aircraft control laws are similar.
Closley matching the performance in few (and actually not surprising areas) is not compareable. Just ignorant fanboys believe in such tales or better said they make them up, because Beesley's words were clear enough.
but it does not need to because all the new tech/weapons do not require the F-35 to have 'point and shoot' performance. It will track you and shoot you while the pilot does not even need to look at you (except on the screen perhaps).
Have fun to believe that your F-35 is going to be a flying XBOX.
The EODAS was never meant for "long range detection" of fighters. It was designed as a WVR sensor to track all airborne targets and to detect and track missile launches. For long range detection of fighters in the forward and lower sectors, it has the EOTS.
It also support the tracking of ground targets and functions as a navigational aid for landing at night or bad weather.
SpudmanWP wrote: The EODAS was never meant for "long range detection" of fighters. It was designed as a WVR sensor to track all airborne targets and to detect and track missile launches. For long range detection of fighters in the forward and lower sectors, it has the EOTS.
All known, the problem is that certain people seem to try to sell the DAS as an upper SA tool in general, when it is just good a shorter range and at those it certainly is as said. Where we are at it are there any information released regarding automatic target recognition algorithms for the DAS? If not how is it going to identify a target or has the pilot to take a look at each single contact?
Scorpion82 wrote: Regarding 3.) A strong engine means nothing if the weight is high and internal carriage doesn't fully neglict limited aerodynamic performance.
F-35's TW ratio is the same as F-16C Block 52, and better than Su-30MKI for example. It's enough. Plus it will fly in clean configuration.
Lightning Sight F-35 Helmet-Mounted Display By Sydney Carroll
http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives ... index.html
"The helmet-mounted display system, or HMDS, displays head-steerable symbology, meaning the pilot's line of sight dictates the content that appears on the visor. As soon as, or even before, a pilot sees another aircraft in the distance, the system projects a marker on the visor to locate, identify, and track the aircraft. If the designated aircraft is determined to be hostile, the pilot can use the targeting info to cue weapons—without looking down at the cockpit displays and while pulling g's.
"No matter where pilots look, they have all the flight information right in front of their eyes," says Dave Perkins, lead engineer of HMDS integration. "The helmet displays airspeed, altitude, rate of climb, and the aiming information for all the weapons. The helmet even displays all the information needed should something go wrong. For example, it provides an alert and directs the pilot's attention if there's something nasty coming from the nose of the airplane while the pilot is looking somewhere else."
With a lot more words in this article of course - not seen here - for Scorpion82 to read.
The EODAS system does support some target ID, but remember that it has no optical zoom.
spazsinbad wrote: With a lot more words in this article of course - not seen here - for Scorpion82 to read.
Thanks, but I have read that article before and it doesn't answer the question regarding the DAS.
"In the age of high off-boresight weaponry and highly maneuverable aircraft, hesitation means defeat," intones the narrator. "... With DAS, maneuverability is irrelevant. Instead of mutual kills, the F-35 simply exits the fight, and lets its missiles do the turning." — Bill Carey
‘Game-Changing’ EO DAS Nears Action on JSF August 1, 2008
http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/categor ... 24687.html
"As a fifth-generation, multirole fighter, the F-35 Lightning II brings a lot to the table in terms of stealth, lethality and survivability. One "transformational" system that is quietly nearing flight on the aircraft is the Electro-Optical Distributed Aperture System (EO DAS).
Designated AN/AAQ-37, the EO DAS is comprised of six infrared sensors, flush-mounted around the aircraft to afford 360-degree, spherical coverage — in mathematical terms "4 pi steradian." The sensor array will provide the F-35 pilot with missile-warning, situational awareness and navigation FLIR, operating simultaneously, in one package. Integrated via the mission computer, the system will support target detection and identification functions of the aircraft’s Electro-Optical Targeting System (EOTS) and AN/APG-81 active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar.....
...."Most people think of us as the radar company [but] this is the real game-changer for the F-35 that separates it from the F-22 and the F-18," said Dave Bouchard, director of JSF Programs. "The F-22 has a very basic missile launch detection system; this is a significant game-changing capability."
Said Pete Bartos, marketing director for Combat Avionics Systems, "People really don’t get what DAS does. It’s just one of those unknown, very core pieces of the JSF that, by the way, no other airplane in the world has."
Development of the system started in 2002, based on earlier technology. The program included flights of a F-16 equipped with a DAS sensor in a centerline pod to record data in a dynamic fighter environment. Live missile testing was conducted to collect data and validate models. The first flight of an EO DAS on Northrop Grumman’s BAC 1-11 testbed, initially fitted with three sensors, took place in November 2005.
Data collected during flight tests has been used to develop and optimize algorithms that process sensor data — where the real functionality of the system lies, Bouchard said. "In the algorithms, we seamlessly stitch together two or three cameras depending on the field of regard. Our requirement is to have seamlessly stitched, near 20/20 visual acuity," he said. Extremely fast update rates are required to prevent latency of the DAS imagery, which will be projected onto the pilot’s helmet-mounted display. "It has to be updated fast enough so the eye can’t tell it’s a video image as opposed to the real image," he said.....
........DAS sensors collect a terabyte per hour of data. That information is archived by the company to check system performance. However, the baseline F-35 has no data storage mechanism, and using the system to track a missile, for example, "will be like taking a sip out of a fire hydrant," he said."
spazsinbad wrote: will support target detection and identification functions of the aircraft’s Electro-Optical Targeting System (EOTS) and AN/APG-81
Will support in which way is the question. Does it provide cues for the EOTS or APG-81 to ID the target, will it present images itself, does it feature automatic algorithms to do so... I don't expect somebody to know yet, but these are the questions which interest me.
The level of integration in the F-35's systems is such that ANY sensor, be it onboard or off, can provide cuing for other sensors to follow up on. Depending on the mission perimeters (EM silent, using EOTS actively,etc), this cuing could be automatic.
SpudmanWP wrote: The level of integration in the F-35's systems is such that ANY sensor, be it onboard or off, can provide cuing for other sensors to follow up on. Depending on the mission perimeters (EM silent, using EOTS actively,etc), this cuing could be automatic.
All fine, but neither answering my question, nor is it something special or unique to the F-35 only.
Electro optical device have its limitations.
For example it can be blocked by clouds, and give false alarms with several kinds of IR bursts not necessarily caused by missile launches. Detection of incoming burned out missiles could be a problem.
A radar based MAWS should be much better as it can filter out collision trajectories, prevent false returns etc.
F-35's DAS as I see it is good to compensate for the cocpits limited view angles and for targeting and in certain circunstances IFF.
SpudmanWP wrote:
Ok, here is the breakdown. Btw, the sheer number of sensors, and their type make it unique.
Will support in which way is the question. Does it provide cues for the EOTS or APG-81 to ID the target,
Scorpion82 wrote: will it present images itself,
Scorpion82 wrote: does it feature automatic algorithms to do so...
Scorpion82 wrote: I don't expect somebody to know yet, but these are the questions which interest me.
Public knowledge via program updates and YouTube clips, aka LM Propaganda
Pilotasso wrote: Electro optical device have its limitations.
MAWs have been in use for MANY years and have proven to be successful. Any limitations they have are compensated for.
Pilotasso wrote: A radar based MAWS should be much better as it can filter out collision trajectories, prevent false returns etc.
Radar MAWs would be a GIANT "kick me" sign and would guarantee death by suicide every time. Enemy fighters would not have to use their own radar, just sit back and listen for your MAW and fire a radar-homing missile at your MAW signal and your dead. Add in that missiles already have a low RCS, and throw in some missile RAM and faceting and game over as the MAW will never see it coming.
Pilotasso wrote: F-35's DAS as I see it is good to compensate for the cocpits limited view angles and for targeting and in certain circunstances IFF.
EODAS will:
--Provide tracking of all fighters in the WVR rangeband, no more "where's my target"
--Provide long-range warning of missile launches and short range (5-10 km) detection of missile approach after motor burnout
--Track moving ground targets
--Aid in night navigation (replaces NVGs
--Weapons support, ie cuing and mid course updates for AAMs
--etc, etc, etc
More on the sensor fusion..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnE2yCc-Yfs
The whole thing is good, but at the first 30 seconds and at 1:30 they start taking about sensor fusion.
Good tidbits:
1. Main display shows "situational awareness" tracks coming from any sensor or off-board source.
2. When a target is added to the shoot list, it's track is automatically upgraded to a "weapons quality" track that can be from any source, not just radar.
3. Can do 8 A2A and 16 A2A weapons quality tracks and 100 situational awareness tracks at the same time.
SpudmanWP wrote: Ok, here is the breakdown. Btw, the sheer number of sensors, and their type make it unique.
Agreed that the number of sensors and at least in the case of the EODAS their type is unique. Sensorfusion as such, including the ability to cue a sensor by another sensor is not unique.
For the identification thing, it appears not to ID targets, neither via imaging nor via algorithms.
The result is that it does not need to recognise targets by their signature...
It continously tracks known targets and if they are identified by another system DAS is capable to assign this ID and keep it in memory while continueing tracking.
That's from the DTI_EODAS.pdf
Re: Maintaining ID vs doing the ID itself... your right, my bad. Seems computer power has not kept up with sensor capability yet.
No problem, that's why we are here
BTW thanks for the link to the video. The number of targets to be tracked is indeed impressive. Is it yet known what the FOV of the radar is? I would expect 60-70° per side in azimuth, but while elevation coverage is probabley similar we have to take into account that the antenna is angled. I mean to remember that I have read how much, but I'm not sure. Something like 20° pops up my mind?
More grist for the Scorpion82 mill - apologies if you have seen this before:
F-35 Electronic Warfare Suite: More Than Self-Protection Saturday, April 1, 2006 Ron Sherman
"The F-35 will combine radar warning, signals collection and analysis, passive emitter location and countermeasures functions in an integrated electronic warfare suite deeply linked to radar and imaging sensors. The design aims to bootstrap pilot situational awareness."
http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/issue/feature/845.html
"Of the various mission sensors, the EW elements, aided by the AESA antenna, probably would detect the enemy first, after which the aircraft's electro-optical system could scan it. The radar and EW apertures cooperate closely in the RF domain. The F-35's AESA antenna and the EW receivers are connected to support quick, long-range searches throughout the AESA antenna's bandwidth.
The radar warning function includes analysis, identification and tracking of hostile radars, as well as mode detection and monopulse, angle-of-arrival direction finding. The EW system discriminates one emitter from another by determining signal characteristics such as frequency, pulse width and pulse repetition frequency. Mode determination includes defining the operating function of an emitter at a given time, e.g., search, acquisition, tracking, based on known characteristics."
Total Integration
Within the JSF's overall mission systems package there is considerable overlap between the sensors. The best example is the aircraft's electro-optical distributed aperture system. While not part of the EW suite, EODAS has six strategically placed, embedded sensors, providing a fully spherical, continuously operating IR shield that can identify and track threats such as missiles, vastly increasing pilot situational awareness, says Branyan. Operating in the midwave-IR range, EODAS can provide warning at "tactically significant ranges," he says. EW and EODAS are two elements of an integrated sensor suite designed to detect and identify the full spectrum of air- and ground-based threats. EW, coupled with EODAS, provides integrated RF-IR domain coverage, Branyan says.
"Within the battlespace, pilots must be continually aware of both threats and friendly assets," Waldrop says. "While integrated systems like EW and DAS significantly ease pilot workload, it's ultimately up to the pilot to prioritize threats to ensure mission success." In the case of long-range detection, he says, the pilot has more time to detect and assess the threat. The ability to find and analyze a threat well before it detects the F-35 maximizes both offensive lethality and survivability. But it's a definite advantage to know that the integrated EW suite continues to operate in the background.
"It is important to note that as F-35 pilots fly a mission, the integrated sensor suite provides full situational awareness," says Waldrop. Sensor information includes not only onboard radar, EODAS and EW, but also offboard information. This could involve data from E-3 airborne warning and control system (AWACS) aircraft, Joint STARS (E-8C ground surveillance) aircraft, data-linked air and ground intelligence, other combat aircraft, and both space- and sea-based elements. All the tactical/defensive information, both on board and off board, is fed to the pilot through the F-35's integrated core processor.
The JSF team has overcome some big systems integration challenges, including "the ability to provide the pilot with incredible amounts of information in a very intuitive way," enabling the pilot to maintain the tactical advantage over any adversary, asserts Waldrop. The aircraft's open architecture design and use of commercial off-the-shelf components, furthermore, should improve sustainment and allow efficient upgrades.
The overarching challenge, Waldrop says, is to detect and assess relevant events in the battlespace, drawing from and publishing critical data into the "infosphere." In the final analysis, he concludes, the ultimate goal of the pilot-JSF integrated sensor interface is to achieve "a maximum level of actionable situational awareness."
Nothing new here spazsinbad. Would you mind explaining why you highlighted the "total integration" part? Once again assuming this is something entirely new and unique to the F-35?
Scorpion82, what is 'old hat' to you is most likely 'new' to me so I highlight what I think is relevant from otherwise a long article. If that is not useful to you then as suggested earlier - I apologise. I have no claim to knowledge about the JSF except what becomes publically available online or otherwise. I'm also playing catchup to some things that may be well known or understood by some. Just ignore me.
If by now some one who can answer you original question has not done so; then I guess that information is classified? I'm a civilian in Australia. And happy to be here. Surely this phrase is significant (if not lacking in detail): "EW and EODAS are two elements of an integrated sensor suite designed to detect and identify the full spectrum of air- and ground-based threats..."
spazsinbad wrote: Scorpion82, what is 'old hat' to you is most likely 'new' to me so I highlight what I think is relevant from otherwise a long article. If that is not useful to you then as suggested earlier - I apologise. I have no claim to knowledge about the JSF except what becomes publically available online or otherwise. I'm also playing catchup to some things that may be well known or understood by some. Just ignore me.
I thought you wanted to tell me something as you aimed your post at me.
Scorpion82, if you know the answers to your own questions then please let us know.
It might happen that I sometimes ask rhetorical questions, the part about identification has been cleared up before. Your text didn't unveil anything new.
OK - I'll give only rhetorical answers then.
by bpow
This is quite possibly the dumbest argument I have ever heard. I have flown against and with the Typhoon. I have been briefed on the US variant of the JSF and only a fraction of the magic that comes with it. And just in the stuff I have been briefed on there is not one thing that is remotely comparable between the two aircraft other then than they both have landing gear. The Typhoon is a great jet but can't and won't ever be able to compete with the JSF!!
by geogen
bpow,
Fair points, but these programs are truly apples and oranges at the moment considering delivery timeframe for both Mature block III and a tranche 3.
Now, I'd bet part of what you've been briefed on at least, deals with block capabilities of both the block III, but also follow-on blocks IV and even V/VI? MADL for one, and initial EODAS capabilities expected in eventual Mature blk III however, do seem extremely potent and force-multiplying so respect will absolutely be deserved for this operational a/c once mature and delivered.
As for when block IV is delivered though, and for what, if any changes to requirements are or will be subject, would probably be too speculative for anyone not working in GAO or JPO?
Yet the Typhoon, especially trn IIIA being produced today, is the most valid 'tacair mix' available for various customers currently undergoing recapitalization, as I'm sure an eventual tranche III/B model would as well. The cohesive bonus of course will be once block III and in the future blk IV are delivered enabling jointly operating AF's to allow F-35 Quarterbacking of tranche II/IIIA and even IIIB assets (as well as both jets Quarterbacking LO UCAV/UCAS in the future).
Effectively, no significant need to compete in the future at all.. they will complement... as would/will a complementing 5.5 gen someday, and so on.
bpow wrote: This is quite possibly the dumbest argument I have ever heard. I have flown against and with the Typhoon. I have been briefed on the US variant of the JSF and only a fraction of the magic that comes with it. And just in the stuff I have been briefed on there is not one thing that is remotely comparable between the two aircraft other then than they both have landing gear. The Typhoon is a great jet but can't and won't ever be able to compete with the JSF!!
May one ask what kind of qualification you have?
I agree totally. Some people will never ever ever understand that a conventional aircraft like the Typhoon with its large RCS and lack of any other LO features will never be a match for a true stealthy low observable fighter jet even if that stealthy LO fighter is a few percentage points slower and less agile as the F-35 could be*
*I say could be because a war configeration F-35 (eg armed) should be just as good a performer as a war loaded typhoon in terms of speed , agility and have better range too.
Combat config, as i'm sure you know is what counts not airshow stunts though the F-35 being able to pull higher alpha than Typhoon could quite probably be more fun to watch at airshows)
shep1978 wrote: I agree totally. Some people will never ever ever understand that a conventional aircraft like the Typhoon with its large RCS and lack of any other LO features will never be a match for a true stealthy low observable fighter jet even if that stealthy LO fighter is a few percentage points slower and less agile as the F-35 could be*
Ah you know the operational AoA of the F-35? Must be an insider I guess or even more so have a crystall ball to know what the clearance will be in the end.
Scorpion82 wrote: Ah you know the operational AoA of the F-35? Must be an insider I guess or even more so have a crystall ball to know what the clearance will be in the end.
No, not an insider and no crystal ball here but i'm just someone who listens to press releases. It has been copied up thousands of times on various forums but as i'm feeling generous you can have the the quote to see for your own eyes. Google the sentence I copied up for futher links on it though i'm convinced you've read it before.
Beesley said: "the F-35 will be able match most of the same high AOA manoeuvres as the Raptor, although it will not be able to do so as quickly as the more powerful jet in some cases."
Now, "most of the same high AOA manoeuvres as the Raptor" is certainly very very impressive and i'd wager far higher AOA than a Typhoon, which lets face it isn't very good at reaching high AOA levels.
Sorry to burst your bubble but I think you'll have to live with it that the f-35 will be capable of higher angles of attack than a Typhoon is.
shep1978 wrote: No, not an insider and no crystal ball here but i'm just someone who listens to press releases. It has been copied up thousands of times on various forums but as i'm feeling generous you can have the the quote to see for your own eyes. Google the sentence I copied up for futher links on it though i'm convinced you've read it before.
Fine I'm looking forward to see the F-35 sustaining 60° AoA, oh it won't it's max AoA has been stated with 55° and without TVC it won't sustaine it either. And by the way what are those manoeuvers and how high is the AoA in fact? Are you even able to distngiush between max. AoA achieveable through aerodynamic and the FCS imposed soft limit and why the later one is in place? I somewhat doubt it, but feel free to surprise me...
I will freely admit that i'm not 100% sure but as far as I know Typhoon is limited to 35 degrees AoA.
It may have done more in tests (like Rafale did) but in service it is limited for certain reasons, probably FCS limits as you say. It (high AOA) may not be sustainable either like Typhoon though other jets such as the F-18 can sustain the AOA so thrust vectoring is not the excuse you are looking for here, at least not in my non professional opinion.
I stick by what I wrote and using the Raptor as a base for comparison as Beesley (more of an expert than anyone on this forum, no disrespect meant) did it would seem F-35 should certainly be able to better the Typhoon in the AOA department, sustainable or not. Until proven otherwise i'd learn to live with it if I were you.
shep1978 wrote: I will freely admit that i'm not 100% sure but as far as I know Typhoon is limited to 35 degrees AoA.
The AoA isn't limited by FCS limits, but the AoA limits the AoA on aerodynamic grounds, mainly safety reasons. A Flanker can easily fly at >100° for a short period of time, yet its FCS limits the AoA to much lower values (~25° - 30° depending on the variant). An F-16 could fly with much higher AoAs than 25°, but its FCS limits it to that value and so can others including a Typhoon or the F-35. Some FCS doesn't permit an override such as that of the F-16 or Typhoon, while others do such as that of the Su-27/3X or Rafale for example. No idea wether the F-35s FCS will allow it or not. Sorry to say so but it appears you have not even the slightest clue about what you are talking and that's the reason why you just uncritically swallow any claim which sounds good for you, wether it makes sense or not doesn't interest you as you lack the knowledge/understanding to assess such claims as done by Mr. Beesley. In public interviews pilots are unfortunantely often quite vague and while people with a certain level of understanding/knowledge would raise questions, guys like you just swallow it and ask no questions, why should you it's one of your pet toys so you like consuming such stuff. Will the F-35 provide a better AoA performance than the Typhoon? I don't know, I say lets see wether the F-35 will be able to do so or not. I'm personally a bit reserved about the claim of "matching most of the F-22s high AoA manoeuvers".
But you are free to believe what you want, I don't bother, but I put things into the perspective and raise questions or simply point out limitations based on knowledge and understanding of how things work in general. Maybe you should start to allocate some of your time to start learn some basics, instead of consuming LM marketing claims you then quote infinitely.
Hey no worries if you don't want to except what Beesley said, afterall, he obviously knows absolutely nothing about the F-35 and what it will be able to do. I think I'll listen to the real experts like you for example, in future. Thanks.
shep1978 wrote: Hey no worries if you don't want to except what Beesley said, afterall, he obviously knows absolutely nothing about the F-35 and what it will be able to do. I think I'll listen to the real experts like you for example, in future. Thanks.
It has nothing to do with Mr. Beesley not knowing what he talks about, he certainly does. It's about people like you who obviously lack any comprehension of the matter and thereby swallow vague claims and make up stories out of them. I don't question Mr. Beesley claims as such, I question the lame interpretations by people like you and try to make you understand how things work, what is relevant and what are the limitations. But if you prefer to keep on your fanboy level, so be it.
Oh dear, getting personel again I see.
You say that I "lack any comprehension of the matter and thereby swallow vague claims" yet you say you don't question Beesleys claims which are the very same claims i'm suppossedly swallowing down with no comprehension!
What Beesley said was not mystical or vague but very direct really, let me repeat he said ""most of the same high AOA manoeuvres as the Raptor" which really isn't to vague at all. It means what it says and it says the F-35 will pull most of the high AOA the F-22 can. If anything it is you who does not understand how to read and comprehend what they are reading, it couldn't be anymore straight forward!
One more time just incase you didn't read it properly "most of the same high AOA manoeuvres as the Raptor"
shep1978 wrote: Oh dear, getting personel again I see.
You missed the "make up stories out of them" part and it's obvious why.
Apparently to vague for you to tell me which manoeuvers these are and with what AoA the aircraft is flying. Not that I expected to get an accurate answer, no one will give it wether he can or not, in your case I know you can't.
The fact is, like it or not and I know you don't like it and therefore dismiss it as usual, is that the F-35 can't copy the F-22's TVC enabled manoeuvers. It will most likely match those the F-22 can fly on grounds of its aerodynamics and that's it. That doesn't mean its bad or inferior to the Typhoon actually. But there are clear limitations, the F-35 isn't going to break physical laws. And if you seriously believe that the F-35 is going to be able to copy or match the Raptors TVC enabled high AoA manoeuvers there is nothing wrong with telling you that you have no clue.
You're quite clearly drunk as nowhere did I "make up stories about them" (whoever 'them' is)
Wait tilll your hangover clears and you've sobered up then re-read my posts.
Oh btw, its not actually me but a guy with 5000 flight hours and years of experience who says it can match most of the F-22's mauverers and he holds 5000 times more weight behind his assesment than you do kiddo. As a quick analogy I feel In all honesty that i'm talking to a 5 year old who thinks he knows more about astrophysics than a qualified astrophysicist who works in that area for a living.
Goodnight, sleep tight.
The point being that "match most of the F-22's maneuvers" is more than a little vague... and indeed, if it can do so, you have to wonder why they designed the F-22 with a lower wing loading, higher T/W ratio, and VT.
underhill, elsewhere on this or similar threads on this forum the statement has been made that with the better technology for the JSF it was not necessary to put the aircraft at risk at high AoA because it did not need to 'point and shoot'. Apparently when F-22 was designed it did not have these avionics advantages (to be brief).
underhill wrote: The point being that "match most of the F-22's maneuvers" is more than a little vague... and indeed, if it can do so, you have to wonder why they designed the F-22 with a lower wing loading, higher T/W ratio, and VT.
"match most of the F-22's maneuvers"
Dictionary definitions are quite clearly needed for you and Scorpion82 so here goes:
According to http://www.thefreedictionary.com
Match= One that is able to compete equally with another
Most = Superlative of many, much. (self explanatory)
maneuver = A controlled change in movement or direction of a moving vehicle or vessel, as in the flight path of an aircraft.
So, by that we can be assert the F-35 should be able to compete with the F-22 in its ability to maneuver in most of its AOA pulling ability.
I do hope you might now understand what Beesleys statement meant now the quote has been broken down word for word but i get the feeling you'll still try and twist it and claim it to be "vague" statement which couldn't be futher from the truth.
BTW Underhill, i'd have thought you'd have learnt by now wing loading and TVC is are the be all and end all of maneuvering ability.
spazsinbad wrote: underhill, elsewhere on this or similar threads on this forum the statement has been made that with the better technology for the JSF it was not necessary to put the aircraft at risk at high AoA because it did not need to 'point and shoot'. Apparently when F-22 was designed it did not have these avionics advantages (to be brief).
That's of course true, but the point is another one. We discuss physical limitations, which some people here encounter with sheer ignorance and stupidy.
Still in insult mode i see, how cute. Anyway, twist and throw insults it all you want kid but the bottom line is the F-35 should be able "match most of the F-22's maneuvers" as stated by a test pilot with over 5000 hours under his belt.
So, who are we to believe? You who is a keyboard warrior with no service experience or flying hours under his belt with nothing more than a basic understanding of aircraft or Mr Beesley, a test pilot with 5000 hours flying time under his belt. I think anyone reading this knows the answer.
Here is Mr Beeselys Bography:
http://66.102.9.132/search?q=cache:HAIa ... clnk&gl=uk
Care to post yours?
You're out of your depth mate.
shep1978 wrote: Still in insult mode i see, how cute. Anyway, twist and throw insults it all you want kid but the bottom line is the F-35 should be able "match most of the F-22's maneuvers" as stated by a test pilot with over 5000 hours under his belt.
Sorry but I'm done with you. You deserve no further time and responses as I have wasted more than enough with you. Keep happy with your fanboy sh!t and low level brabbling. A monkey can repost stuff, I haven't seen you doing much else except of that. And I don't care what you think about me either, I'm not prolifierating through my back grounds, but through the content of my post which is much more important. There are way to many people out their claiming "I'm this or that so you must believe me".
which one ?
by cal777
should I join the RAF and fly eurofighters or the navy and fly f-35's ( when im old enogh which would mean that the UK might have the new carriers and f-35's hopefully). I like the idea of flying on and off carriers and I like both planes im joining the aircadets but right now I like the navy carier flying more but cant decide so which one is the better choice navy or airforce?
RE: which one ?
I was basic trained by the RAAF to fly A4G Skyhawks in the RAN FAA about 45 years ago now but even today these stories ring true:
http://tailhook.org/USN%20USAF.html
http://www.squidoo.com/NavyFighterPilot
Perhaps more specifically to your situation in UK you cannot go past this advice:
http://www.phoenixthinktank.org/?p=285
Another one: http://www.phoenixthinktank.org/?p=165
cal777 wrote: should I join the RAF and fly eurofighters or the navy and fly f-35's ( when im old enogh which would mean that the UK might have the new carriers and f-35's hopefully). I like the idea of flying on and off carriers and I like both planes im joining the aircadets but right now I like the navy carier flying more but cant decide so which one is the better choice navy or airforce?
Hi there, I can't offer you any direct advice but I can tell you that your best bet to get some good answers/advice will be to head over to PPRUNE.com and post your question in the 'military aircrew' section. Hope that might help.
thanks elite i'll give that a look
F35 Vs Eurofighter
by alster777
As Far As Armerement Goes The F35 has 10 Pylons On Which Bombs, Missles And Other Weapons, Where As The Eurofighter Has 13 Pylons Where It Can Hold Missles Bombs Ect... So There The Eurofighter Comes Up Top.
In The Handling The Eurofighter Also Comes Out On Top.
The Typhoon is a highly agile aircraft at both supersonic and low speeds, achieved though having an intentionally relaxed stability design. It has a quadruplex digital fly-by-wire control system providing artificial stability, manual operation alone could not compensate for the inherent instability. The fly-by-wire system is described as "carefree", and prevents the pilot from exceeding the permitted manoeuvre envelope. Where As The F35 Only Has Thrust Vectoring And It Is Much Heavier Than What It Is Designed To Replace.
In The Catagory Of Stealth, the F35 Starts To Win Back The Points. It Has The Radar Cross-Section Of A Beach Ball Where As The Eurofighter Has The Radar Cross-Section Of Less Than 1 Square Meter.
In The Speed Section, Its The Eurofighter That Wins This Catagory.
The Typhoon:
Maximum speed: **At altitude: Mach 2 (2,495 km/h/1,550 mph)[223][224][225]
At sea level: Mach 1.2[220] (1,470 km/h/910 mph)[226]
Supercruise: Mach 1.1–1.5[227]
Range: 2,900 km (1,800 mi)
F35:
Maximum speed: Mach 1.6+[141] (1,200 mph, 1,930 km/h) Tested to Mach 1.61.[314]
Range: 1,200 nmi (2,220 km) on internal fuel
Over All I Personaly Belive That The Eurofighter Is The Superior Aircraft And The Statistics Back Me Up.
shep1978 wrote:
The Uk Are Buying Some F35Cs From The US For Use On The Queen Elisibeth Class Carriers
Re: F35 Vs Eurofighter
by Code3
alster777 wrote: In The Handling The Eurofighter Also Comes Out On Top.
While I agree the Eurofighter will handle better than the JSF, it is not because of the reasons you outlined. The F-35 is also an unstable design with redundant fly-by-wire contoll systems designed to allow the aircraft to operate freely within its enlvelope without exceeding it. Also, the F-35 does not have thrust vectoring in any way that will be useful in air-to-air combat, only for STOVL.
Additionally, remember that while the F-35 only has 10 stations, it can carry multiple bombs on each station through the use of TERs, whereas the Eurofighter cannot.
RE: Re: F35 Vs Eurofighter
by hcobb
Does the pilot candidate want additional airfoils for flashy displays, or does he want fewer airfoils that can show up on hostile radars?
Which do his friends and family consider to be the higher priority?
by delvo
alster777 wrote: As Far As Armerement Goes The F35 has 10 Pylons On Which Bombs, Missles And Other Weapons, Where As The Eurofighter Has 13 Pylons Where It Can Hold Missles Bombs Ect... So There The Eurofighter Comes Up Top.
More points, but lighter load limits per point and a lighter total. I don't know exactly how the load limits are distributed among a Typhoon's hardpoints, but illustrations show several of them carrying only fairly small weapons, and the total limit is given at 16000 pounds. Four of an F-35's hardpoints (including two internal ones) have limits of 2500 apiece, and two have 5000 apiece, which adds up to 20000 even without adding the remaining four with their lower limits. Also, four of an F-35's hardpoints, being internal, can be used without affecting its stealth or its drag (which reduces speed, range, and maneuverability).
It might, barely. I'm not sure; they're pretty close there. Probably each is superior at certain kinds of maneuver, since that's usually the case when comparing two planes of generally similar overall maneuverability.
alster777 wrote: The Typhoon is a highly agile aircraft at both supersonic and low speeds, achieved though having an intentionally relaxed stability design. It has a quadruplex digital fly-by-wire control system providing artificial stability, manual operation alone could not compensate for the inherent instability. The fly-by-wire system is described as "carefree", and prevents the pilot from exceeding the permitted manoeuvre envelope.
It has this feature in common with F-35; this is not a difference between them. For that matter, they have it in common with practically every fighter made since at least the 1970s.
alster777 wrote: Where As The F35 Only Has Thrust Vectoring
Actually it doesn't, but I don't get why you attached the "only" there. Thrust vectoring is a pretty big deal, for a plane that has it, which neither of these does.
alster777 wrote: In The Catagory Of Stealth, the F35 Starts To Win Back The Points. It Has The Radar Cross-Section Of A Beach Ball Where As The Eurofighter Has The Radar Cross-Section Of Less Than 1 Square Meter.
Golf ball. A beach ball would be pretty similar to a square meter, but these planes' radar signatures are not close at all. Also, adding external weapons makes either one easier to detect than they are without external weapons, but flying without external weapons would be pointless for a Typhoon because then it would have no weapons at all, whereas an F-35 would still have what it can carry internally.
alster777 wrote: In The Speed Section, Its The Eurofighter That Wins This Catagory.
Yes... by a small amount... if you compare them in a "clean" configuration, which means no external weapons, which means the Typhoon is unarmed and the F-35 is merely reduced to using four hardpoints.
Why do you capitalize most words?
by m
How many Typhoon pilots will ever fly mach 2 do you think?
Within probably some 10-12 minutes or less a Typhoon will run out of fuel.
Ever thought about this, most F15 pilots never flew more than mach 1.3 or mach 1.4
(F15, mach 2.3)
A F18, nor also a Rafale fly with mach +2 speeds, both types some mach 1.8
Still both are considered as extremely good jets.
The Rafale can also be considered, as has been proved during Libya, as a very good multirole jet.
The Typhoon, as a multi role, not before till at least 2018
May be interesting, the Typhoon will fly till 2030 in the UK (phased out). The F35 will fly till 2050-2060. Some 20-30 years after the Typhoon has been phased out.
13 pylons, but will a Typhoon ever often be loaded with max. loads?
This shortens the life spam of a jet with some 7 years (Specialists on F16.net can explain this better than I do). Don’t think any Min. of Def., whatever country, will allow this.
Mach 2, but at what speed with weapons? A 35 loaded with weapons, internal, mach 1.6.
Don’t have the impression a Typhoon will fly at mach 1.6 with a same weapon load as the F35. Internal: two 2000 lbs bombs, including 2 Amraams.
Secondly, a Typhoon needs extra pods besides this weapon load. A F35 does not.
Typhoon: 13 pylons
o Some two or three pods, two bombs, 2 Amraams (without extra tanks)
o Left: 6 or 7 pylons
o With two external tanks: 4 or 5 pylons
F35A: 11 pylons
o Not 10 pylons, but 11 pylons (belly: 1)
o The F35 still has got 7 pylons left (internal 4)
o With two external tanks: 5 pylons left
o Internal: 4, but will get 6 pylons (or twin) > 6 Amraams)
o 6 internal + 7 external = 13 pylons
Besides this, being as multirole as a F35 is, a Typhoon needs a extra reconnaissance pod as well. Three or four pylons left for armament.
Concerning pylons the Typhoon and the F35 both are equal (13), but concerning effective weapon load the f35 has more to offer. Especially when the F35 will have 6 pylons internal
Effective load:
o F35: 9 pylons (without extra tanks. 7 pylons (with two extra tanks, the 35 does not need extra pods)
o Typhoon: 6 or 7 pylons (without extra tanks). 4 or 5 pylons (with extra tanks).
o Including a reconnaissance pod: 3 or 4 left for armament
Don’t forget the Typhoon is designed as a air defense fighter, not as a bomber. It’s very difficult, hardly impossible, changing a pure fighter into a specialized bomber as well.
The F35 is designed as a multi role right from the start.
Super cruise hmm. The Typhoon is not a super cruise jet to US standards. Even a F35 is not a super cruise jet, even when for instance at mach 1.4. You can’t compare, because you don’t know what the F35 will be up to.
The Typhoon advertized as a super cruise jet will never be possible with the F35, even when the F35 would fly faster than a Typhoon (Euro canard standards)
Typhoon: costs per flying hour (UK)
Per Typhoon: £70,000.00=$109,283.69
Per Typhoon (180 hours): £12.6 million = €15.2 million = $19.6 million
To compare we have to wait till the F35, C version, will fly in the UK.
Still have the impression flying costs per hour of the F35C will be significantly lower
This is a naval fighter, so a better comparison would be with the F35A
The Typhoon would have to fly in Belgium and the Netherlands to compare fairly, but even
when less costs per flying hour than in the UK, the jet is extremely expensive.
F16 MLU: costs per flying hour (2010: Belgium and the Netherlands)
o Per F16 MLU: £16,570.50 = €20,000.00 = $25,871.80 per hour
o Per F16 MLU (180 hours = £2.9 million = €3.6 million = $4.6 million per hour
* Used rates: Jan. 4, 2012
by destroid
Might consider which jet has a more comfortable cockpit and engine/ejector reliability (for the pilot candidate).
by stobiewan
I'm willing to bet that if you add up every minute spent in excess of Mach 1.5 by the entire Typhoon fleet, you'd not have time to watch any of the extended editions of Lord of the Rings.
Probably ditto for the F15 fleet to be honest...
by southernphantom
There is so much wrong with this analysis it's actually funny You're ignoring the possibility of MER/TER on the JSF, as well as the fact that the Typhoon's hardpoints are so tightly packed as to effectively preclude this kind of launcher.
The other guys covered the kinematics, so I'll go with this: The Typhoon uses the CAPTOR mechanically-scanned radar, which, though having a theoretically greater field of vision, is generally less capable against small and LO/VLO targets, has no innate EW capabilities, and is overall inferior. The Typhoon's avionics aren't useless, but are fairly primitive compared to the F-35. To compare, the F-35 pilot will be fighting smart, informed and hard to see, while the Typhoon jockey will be electronically outclassed, restricted by poorly planned ordnance selection, and butt-naked against the latest SAMs. This is very much a relative comparison and not a collection of absolute performance statements, but take your pick as to which you'd rather be flying or have as an instrument of your foreign policy.
by thestealthfighterguy
southernphantom wrote:
How did this thread get so long?
This is the same as the F-35 vs. Su-35 thread. 5th gen spanks 4th gen. It's not hard people Am I in the twilight zone again?
by thebigfish
Forgive the ignorant question. But I often read that the RCS of this plane is 1m2 and the F35 is about 0.02 or some figure like that. But when the RCS of 1m2 is mentioned for 4+ gen fighters, does that normally include the attached armaments that the F35 carries internally? Although missiles themselves I believe have relatively low RCS, the combination with the several that are carried and the impact of the launch rails and interaction of the plane surfaces, how much does the RCS change? So does the EF RCS increase significantly? Now I understand that from different aspects the RCS may change differently but I am looking for a more qualitative answer, if that is possible?
Re: RE: Re: F35 Vs Eurofighter
by river_otter
thebigfish wrote: Forgive the ignorant question. But I often read that the RCS of this plane is 1m2 and the F35 is about 0.02 or some figure like that. But when the RCS of 1m2 is mentioned for 4+ gen fighters, does that normally include the attached armaments that the F35 carries internally? Although missiles themselves I believe have relatively low RCS, the combination with the several that are carried and the impact of the launch rails and interaction of the plane surfaces, how much does the RCS change? So does the EF RCS increase significantly? Now I understand that from different aspects the RCS may change differently but I am looking for a more qualitative answer, if that is possible?
It depends on what you mean by "significantly." Does the RCS of a gen4 aircraft change measurably when it carries external stores? Yes. Does it change in a way that matters? No. Gen4 aircraft flying clean can already be detected by fighter-sized radar well outside the no-escape zone of of AMRAAM-class missiles. Increasing the RCS slightly won't change that.
by munny
Aircraft RCS varies depending on what angle you are looking at it from. The various VLO fighters and prototypes all have a low frontal RCS but are nowhere near as stealthy from the side (look to the X-47B and similar flat, flying wings for an all aspect, VLO airframe).
The fighter aircraft are designed so that only a few set aspects give a high radar return. Its assumed that there are systems on board, tied to the RWR which assist the pilot in directing the aircraft's RCS "hotspots" away from emitting radars. The figures you've seen are possibly averages, or possibly just guesses. The only statements ever made by an US official on the RCS of these aircraft is that the F-22 has an RCS the size of a metal marble or approximately 0.000143msq and the F-35 the size of a ping pong ball or 0.001. These would almost certainly be frontal RCS numbers if in any way accurate.
In a nutshell... a comparison of an enemy aircraft's radar detection range between a stealth and legacy fighter might look like this.
Missiles and pylons wouldn't add much to the aircraft's frontal RCS as long at they have no forward facing, flat surfaces. From the side though, a missile would give a signifcantly larger return. Below is a polar plot of a sidewinder missile's RCS. The frontal RCS translates to 0.001msq while the side is around 3msq.
The RCS of the pylons would be signicantly larger. They also create a number of dihedral corner reflectors, a lot of random scattering and bouncing around of beams (basically a disco ball for radar)
All these RCS plots and diagrams are based on the output of physical optics simulations (the stealth aircraft one came from APA's data of the J-20)
RE: Re: RE: Re: F35 Vs Eurofighter
Okay , thanks Guys,
Otter, So yes the external stores increase the RCS so the probable detection range increase from far away to even further away. Thanks.
Munny, thanks for expanding. As I indicated I understand that the angle is important. And as to the figures , in reality we will probably not know in our life time what it truely is.
I suppose why I have asked this is I keep seeing the comments about the Su35s, EF, etc and how they are going to kick F35 in WVR combat. (Ohhh Cobra manuv. etc). Now that could be true but the darn Su35 has to get to WVR. Now that is where it gets down to tactics I assume. If a Su35 without external stores was detected at say (as an example) 2 x distance where a F35 can be detected, then with external stores that distance to detect the Su35 increases further, say x2.5. Then the question gets into how good the missles the F35 carries are as well as how restricted the opposing plane is in countering. With external stores a further issue is impact on Manoeuvrability. So trying to avoid incoming missile IF detected eats into situation awareness and response to further threats. All putting the F35 at an advantage. Forgive me maybe stating the obvious but this talking out the logic has served me well.
So if you can't detect an AIM-9 on radar then you won't get an F-35 either, much less an F-22. Interesting.
by wrightwing
Clean the Typhoon is generally thought to have an RCS in the .3 to .5m^2 range. The F-35 is likely somewhere between .001 and .0001m^2. Once you hang external stores on either of them, then the RCS is going to be higher than 1m^2.
The F-35 is planned to have a low-RCS external missile.
http://www.janes.com/products/janes/def ... 1065928225
It's the pylon that is LO, not the missile itself (beyond whatever lower RCS it has).
Re: RE: Re: RE: Re: F35 Vs Eurofighter
sprstdlyscottsmn wrote: So if you can't detect an AIM-9 on radar then you won't get an F-35 either, much less an F-22. Interesting.
Oops, didn't seem right when you mentioned that and I realised I ran the simulation using vhf frequency rather than x-band.... so against x-band, a missile's RCS looks like below....
The weapons pylon's side profile looks a little like this. for a 30 degree arc, its has a significant RCS which peaks at around 1000msq.
Both the B-2 and RQ-170 have lumps along the upper surface of each wing (engines and who-knows-what, respectively), so evidently something sticking out of the wing is not incompatible with stealth design, and may even inherently reduce RCS in some configurations (or why put them in so similar a location on the RQ-170?). The FB-22 concept included stealthy faceted pods under the wings, that surrounded the ordnance until it was launched. By breaking up some returns off the aircraft and bouncing them back on the fuselage another time (and bouncing most of their own returns off the aircraft), supposedly modeling showed a carefully designed stealth pod under each wing actually reduced the RCS compared to the same airframe without the pods. The angles where the pods' return was high might have coincided with the angles the plane itself had to avoid anyway. The penalty of the stealth pod had to be unavoidable in weight and drag, so they were probably more suitable to housing an already bulky bomb for a bombing mission than housing a skinny missile for air superiority. Nevertheless, underwing stores that don't compromise stealth are certainly feasible, at least per statements by LM, and inference from the big and little flying wings.
Edit: And, giving myself a big "duh" for overlooking this with the original post, of course two of the three F-35s themselves carry a centerline gun pod that is supposed to not compromise stealth.
by zero-one
Has the aeronautica militare released any word on which aircraft they will primarily task for air superiority?
is it the Typhoon or F-35A?
Since this air arm has the classified data on both aircraft, it will be interesting on which one they think would be more effective on a chosen role.
by slapshot!
zero-one wrote: Has the aeronautica militare released any word on which aircraft they will primarily task for air superiority?
While the F35 would make a great air superiority fighter with its powerful sensors, solid kinematics, and future 6x AMRAAM configuration, its a much better strike fighter.
by icemaverick
The Typhoon is primarily an A2A platform although its A2G capabilities are coming along. I would suspect they will use the Typhoon for most air superiority missions. For now the Typhoon should be a match for any operational fighter except for the F-22, which it won't be facing. Things could get dicey for the Tiffy against the Su-35 though.
A lot of it comes down to training. The F-16 could be a good air superiority fighter, but in the USAF, this role has been filled by the F-15. This is at least partially due to the fact that Eagle drivers train A2A 100% of the time while the F-16 pilots also have to train for strike missions and CAS. Most F-35 missions will probably be strike oriented although it would make a very lethal air superiority fighter as well.
icemaverick wrote: A lot of it comes down to training. The F-16 could be a good air superiority fighter, but in the USAF, this role has been filled by the F-15. This is at least partially due to the fact that Eagle drivers train A2A 100% of the time while the F-16 pilots also have to train for strike missions and CAS. Most F-35 missions will probably be strike oriented although it would make a very lethal air superiority fighter as well.
Just regarding that, I've always heared of Viper pilots beating F-15 pilots. and how they put Eagle drivers to shame since they only train for A2A but got beat by guys who train a good ammount of their time for A to mud.
Are there any accounts of Eagle drivers beating Viper pilots on hands down. The best thing I've heared from a pilot who flew both F-16s and F-15s was this
http://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/how-to ... 1682723379
Lt. Col. Fred "Spanky" Clifton wrote: Starting from BVR, the F-15 enjoys a big advantage in radar detection range...An F-15C and GE-powered F-16C merge head-on, no missiles, guns only. This is truly where the F-16 excels. The F-15 is absolutely no slouch in this arena and the margin for error is small, but he F-16 enjoys a sustained turn rate advantage and a thrust-to-weight advantage
But it seems I've never heared of Eagle pilots say anything about beating other planes.
though the 104-0 kill record speaks volumes.
by basher54321
Here is one from ex F-15 flyer C.R Anderegg
Throughout the book I have attributed credit where it is due. However, many
statements in the book are my own. For example, in the last chapter I write that
the F–16 is a better day, visual dogfighter than the F–15. F–15 pilots who read
that statement will howl with anger. Sorry, Eagle pilots, but I flew the F–15 for
over ten years, and that’s the way I see it. (Fighter pilots are not happy unless they
are stirring the pot.)
There are lots of pilot accounts in these:
https://ospreypublishing.com/f-15c-eagl ... -combat-pb
https://ospreypublishing.com/israeli-f- ... -in-combat
by bigjku
icemaverick wrote: The Typhoon is primarily an A2A platform although its A2G capabilities are coming along. I would suspect they will use the Typhoon for most air superiority missions. For now the Typhoon should be a match for any operational fighter except for the F-22, which it won't be facing. Things could get dicey for the Tiffy against the Su-35 though.
My guess is that EF will be billed as the air to air platform to save appearances. In reality it will be fine defensively so long as the other side fights in a disadvantageous electronic situation. Start swapping missile shots and it will hold its own but take losses along the way the F-35 wouldn't at the same ranges.
For offensive counter air in an opposed environment they won't even attempt it.
In short they are going to say one thing but act quite differently. The EF will be the best at knocking down bombers that can't shoot back after a quick scramble. Other than that it won't be better at anything really. You will likely see some EF stakeholders toss the F-35 into a turning fight and get excited about the results. But when it comes time to actually employ the aircraft the F-35 will draw all the hard missions and on like air to air missions that don't degenerate into a pure close range scrum would have an equal or better kill ratio.
by popcorn
They will be most effective working togeher. F-35 with Meteor will be even more awesome.
Another item that does not bode well for the EF in a future fight... it's MAW is radar based and would either give it's position away to an "information sponge" type of fighter like the F-22/35 or they would just have to turn it off and not have a MAW.
I know that they had talked about upgrading to an IR based MAW but I have not heard much about it.
The F-16 is probably a better dogfighter but the F-15 is a more capable air superiority fighter. In the real world, no fighter pilot wants to end up in a close quarters knife fight and before the merge, the F-15 has the decisive edge. Even if it becomes a WVR fight, the F-15 will probably enter it from an advantageous position. This is why the F-15 has such a stellar combat record.
The Typhoon is about even with the F-22 in a guns-only fight when it is completely slicked off. That tells me it could probably beat the F-35 in similar training exercises, especially at higher altitudes and air speeds. Of course, that's not taking into account the capabilities of the JSF's EODAS system which would provide it a huge edge in WVR combat.
Overall, I would expect the F-35 to be a better overall air superiority fighter, but the Typhoon has to fill some role so it will probably fly more of the CAP missions against less capable foes.
by charlielima223
Just some additional perspective...
http://theaviationist.com/2012/12/10/viper-dogfight/
I mention this article because it mentions both F-16 and Typhoon.
All things being equal I think the only real place the F-35 would have an real edge over the Typhoon would be in at BVR ranges. The F-35's stealth and SA would be very advantageous. Should it progress pass the merge and into that "classic" swirling dogfight the F-35 wont be a slouch but it wont be a Typhoon. I think the F-35 would fight like a heavier Viper but with high AoA of a Hornet but with slower rates. At would think the Typhoon would want to keep the WVR fight at higher speeds and at higher altitudes. Just making a non SWAG here.
by geforcerfx
charlielima223 wrote: Just some additional perspective...
We have pilots saying the f-35 handles higher altitude better then the vipers, well at least while in a heavy load. I don't think furure DACT will have the eurofighters finding as much comfort up higher like they do against the f-16 and f-18.
The F-35 has slightly worse acceleration than a clean F-16 but will definitely beat out a combat-loaded F-16. While the Typhoon may have superior maneuverability at higher altitudes, the F-35 has EODAS. This enables the pilot to target an aircraft in any direction, even one that is behind him. The system also automatically identifies friend and foe. In fact, the F-35 can even fire missiles behind it so it doesn't even need to engage in a turning fight. Furthermore, thanks to the F-35's cooperative engagement capabilities, the missile doesn't necessarily have to come from the F-35 that tracks the enemy fighter with its own sensors:
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=9fm5vfGW5RY
Posted: 12 Oct 2015, 21:09
by tritonprime
"An Update on Eurofighter Modernization: The Perspective of a Former Italian Air Force Pilot"
2015-10-12 By Robbin Laird
http://www.sldinfo.com/an-update-on-eur ... rce-pilot/
During my visit to Europe in the early Fall of 2015, one of the subjects of interest was the cross cutting modernization of the Eurofighter with the introduction of the F-35.
Clearly, the Royal Air Force and the Italian Air Force are key players in this process, but I was also able to visit Munich to talk with some key Eurofighter personnel as well.
One of those personnel was Raffaele Beltrame who is the Eurofighter Project Test Pilot for Airbus Defence and Space, Germany.
Previously, he was a Tornado pilot in the Italian Air Force and clearly understands a key element of the Eurofighter transition, namely, the subsuming of Tornado missions within the Eurofighter for the RAF and the IAF.
He has been involved with Eurofighter since the introduction of the plane to the Italian Air Force in 2004.
He highlighted that with the Tornado they could load 2 Paveway GBUs but with Eurofighter they can load 6, and clearly from this standpoint, the aircraft represents an upgrade.
We discussed the upgrade process and the evolution of the Eurofighter as well as Beltrame providing demonstration of developments in the cockpit simulator which is tied in with the situation room at the Eurofighter facility in Munich, where scenarios are worked through for the pilot to work through.
Beltrame provided a number of key takeaways from our discussion.
First, the inclusion of the air to ground mission sets in the Eurofighter are progressing well.
This was not part of the original 1990s design but modifications of the Eurofighter are allowing for this evolution.
The program has implemented a number of aerodynamic improvements to the aircraft which allow for a better execution of both the air to air and air to ground mission sets.
Second, given the ability to hold six air to air missiles along with the air to ground missiles, the pilot can be focused on the air to ground but have available systems to protect himself in the air against intruders.
Third, the organic capabilities of the aircraft are expanding, and with the expansion of capabilities, the effort is to improve the capability of the pilot to manage those expanded tasks.
This is being done by enhanced automation, the use of voice commands, and an improved helmet and pilot interface to manage the information more effectively for the targeting task.
Fourth, the Eurofighter is designed to work in a network.
The further evolution of the Eurofighter is focused on improving its ability to work in a network,, notably one being reshaped by the introduction of the F-35.
For Beltrame, a major change in air combat was underway, whereby the classical C2 structure makes no sense with the coming of the F-35 and the expanded capability of the Eurofighter to execute tasks.
As he put it: “A hierarchy certainly remains; but he who has the best situational awareness should be directing the execution of the missions.”
He also saw a clear trend to enhance the ability of the ability to leverage automated systems to can better domain knowledge to make better decisions, and this was clearly part of the evolving air combat capabilities of 21st century forces, which in turn drove demand for a different kind of C2 system as well.
He focuses as well on the challenge for air power leaders to command a fleet of F-35s and Eurofighters, which would be capable of mixed mission operations over the spectrum of warfare.
The shift from limited and sequential targeting to dynamic targeting of an interactive fleet would be a major challenge moving forward.
In other words, shaping an effective C2 system for a dynamic fleet operating in a fluid battlespace has little in common with the slow motion war which we have experienced over the past 20 years.
by oldiaf
I wonder why is Germany not opting to purchase the F-35 in future instead of EF Typhoon when they must find a replacement for their old Tornados
I think EF Typhoon wether in RAF or Italian AF will be to F-35 like the F-22 for F-35 in US
Guys have you heard about this before : The EF Typhoon Radar ( Captor-E ) is able to detect the F-35 from 59 Km ?! :
http://m.koreatimes.co.kr/phone/news/vi ... sidx=97236
oldiaf wrote: Italian AF chief of staff on F-35 and EF :
http://breakingdefense.com/2015/10/ital ... -predator/
You are getting to be a real PAIN with all your redundant double posts (and yours with just a title and URL) here. READ THIS FORUM before posting redundancies or search it or learn English or something.
Posted by 'tritonprime' four hours ago: Italy: F-35, Eurofighter, and Predator
spazsinbad wrote:
And why the hell he started a new topic while he can discuss it here while the topic is about F-35 and EF ?!!!!
Anyhow I changed the post ... Satisfied ?! ... What about the EF Radar that is claimed to detect F-35 from 59 km away ?? Is it posted somewhere else ?
What you need to do 'oldiaf' is to read this forum for new posts by others - at least before posting new material. That would be a good start. I guess reading the old material on this forum to inform yourself is beyond your abilities. So be it.
spazsinbad wrote: What you need to do 'oldiaf' is to read this forum for new posts by others - at least before posting new material. That would be a good start. I guess reading the old material on this forum to inform yourself is beyond your abilities. So be it.
No ... Its my mistake .. I Checked this entire thread about this news ... I didn't expect someone to start a new topic while this one is available about F-35 and EF .. Anyhow as you said it would be a start ...and it wont happen again
No Administrators? No Global Moderators?
tritonprime wrote:
Ask your self why start a new topic while one is still open !
oldiaf wrote: Guys have you heard about this before : The EF Typhoon Radar ( Captor-E ) is able to detect the F-35 from 59 Km ?! :
that article is quite long ago though
but even if CAPTOR-E can detect F-35 from 45 km , you should remember that tracking-targeting range is quite a bit shorter than detection range , not to mention the effect of jamming and clutter ( if F-35 fly at lower altitude ) , so in real life the EF-2000 will end up tracking f-35 from 20 km
viewtopic.php?f=2&t=28149&start=30
by Dragon029
According to a calculation by a senior EADS radar expert, the Captor-E, which will use 1,426 T/R modules and is scheduled to be integrated onto the Eurofighter Typhoon in 2015, is capable of recognizing the F-35 at around 59 kilometers away.
He acknowledged that the chance is high for the F-35 to detect and fire missiles first against fourth-generation jets, such as the Eurofighter or Boeing’s F-15, but claimed that the latter are capable of dodging missiles and successfully counterattacking at such a long range.
His calculation shows that the F-35’s APG-81, which allegedly has 1,400 T/R modules, will be able to recognize the Eurofighter or semi-stealth fighter at 120 kilometers or farther based on the assumption both radars have the same capability.
If he can't get the correct T/R module count for the F-35, I'm not sure I'd trust his calculations; he may be a senior radar expert, but if you put garbage in, you'll get garbage out (particularly in regards to what values he's used for the F-35's RCS).
Knowing the number of T&R modules does not equate to figuring out the detection range. There is SOOO much more to consider like (I am sure ai will miss some):
T&R construction
T&R peak & average power
T&R efficiency
Backend modules
Software & hardware in the ICP to process & fuze the data
You're right about his getting the module count wrong, how hard is it to count to 1626
by hornetfinn
Dragon029 wrote:
Another problem with this calculation is that F-35 would have only 17-18 times smaller RCS than Eurofighter Typhoon. If that assumes the metal golf ball RCS for F-35, then Typhoon would have RCS of less than 0.03 square meters, which is rather small and might be possible only with totally clean Typhoon. Such a clean Typhoon would not be much combat value in any case. Of course it's said "or farther" which can mean basically anything. Of course we also now know that F-35 likely has quite a bit smaller RCS than metal golf ball. IMO, the difference in RCS between F-35 and Typhoon is much bigger than that.
However there is also quite a problem with logic in this. How is Typhoon going to detect and track the F-35 when outmaneuvering missiles (good luck with that) and then counterattack successfully? Especially so since even he admits that F-35 would detect Typhoon much farther away and could chose the moment of attack. This radar expert also must have not heard from EW, which would favor F-35 immensely due to much smaller RCS and more powerful jamming system. Same jamming power that would drop Typhoon detection range to half (to 60 km) would drop F-35 detection range to less than 15 km even using his numbers.
Not to worry.
Germany Suspends Eurofighter Deliveries Due to Quality Problems
13 Oct 2015 Lars Hoffman
"GOTTINGEN, Germany — The German Air Force has temporarily suspended delivery of Eurofighter Typhoon fighter jets following the discovery of quality problems involving the connection between the vertical stabilizers and the body of the aircraft.
In a notification to the German Bundestag, the Ministry of Defense said that drillings and the removal of burr were not conducted according to specifications....
...According to the MoD, all of the German Eurofighters delivered from tranche 1 through to the current 3A standard are affected...."
Source: http://www.defensenews.com/story/defens ... /73871500/
spazsinbad wrote: Not to worry.
I wonder if the usual suspects will screech about this like a flock of gut shot harpies or if we'll just hear crickets.
sferrin wrote: I wonder if the usual suspects will screech about this like a flock of gut shot harpies or if we'll just hear crickets.
BAE Systems is also a contractor on the F-35.
by XanderCrews
Will they ever get this aircraft fixed!?! It's taken years!! Cancel
cancel!
Am I doing it right?
ALL CAPS - YOU FORGOT YOUR TRAINING!
This was some drilled holes that weren't deburred, not exactly a program ender.
The majority of structural cracks form at a drilled hole. Reason is the high stress concentration found around holes, especially at the sharp corner where the hole meets the surface of the structure. One of the most effective ways to reduce the stress concentration, and the likelyhood of crack formation, is to chamfer that corner about 1 mm by deburring. The burr isn't the problem, it's the sharp edge.
The German authorities acted wisely.
Thanks 'JW' - I wondered about that.
I guess the F-35s will join in - when appropriate - soon enough.
U.S., British, French forces partner for inaugural Trilateral Exercise at JBLE
01 Dec 2015 Staff Sgt. J.D. Strong II; 633rd Air Base Wing Public Affairs
"12/1/2015 - JOINT BASE LANGLEY-EUSTIS, Va. -- U.S. Service members will partner with members of the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force (RAF) and the French Air Force (FrAF) for the inaugural Trilateral anti-access/area denial exercise scheduled for Dec. 2-18, 2015, at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia.
The exercise, hosted by the 1st Fighter Wing (FW), will focus on operations in a highly-contested operational environment through a variety of simulated adversary scenarios. According to U.S. Air Force Col. Pete Fesler, the commander of the 1st FW, the intent of the exercise is to gain an understanding of the logistics, support requirements, capabilities, tactics, techniques and procedures associated with the integrated operation of coalition front-line fighters....
...The exercise will not only feature the U.S.'s Raptor, but also the RAF's Typhoon and the FrAF's Rafale as primary aircraft. The Trilateral Exercise will be the first time these coalition aircraft have flown together. Adversary aircraft will be replicated by the U.S.'s F-15E Strike Eagles and T-38 Talons. The U.S.'s Airborne Warning and Control System, as well as U.S. and FrAF tankers will also provide support during the exercise...."
Source: http://www.jble.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123464373
johnwill wrote: The majority of structural cracks form at a drilled hole. Reason is the high stress concentration found around holes, especially at the sharp corner where the hole meets the surface of the structure. One of the most effective ways to reduce the stress concentration, and the likelyhood of crack formation, is to chamfer that corner about 1 mm by deburring. The burr isn't the problem, it's the sharp edge.
Hi JW hope you are well, and oh yes I agree but for some reason I was thinking about cable chafe rather than anything structural.
by jessmo111
spazsinbad wrote: I guess the F-35s will join in - when appropriate - soon enough.
I cant wait to see the F-35 versus the typhoon.
by juretrn
Interesting video posted by Airbus on Facebook;
https://www.facebook.com/airbus/videos/ ... 880764655/
shows the AoA required for EF2000 to go as slowly as the other guys.
The A400m and Eutofighter make quite the pair. Two giant international cluster screws.
by ricnunes
bigjku wrote: The A400m and Eutofighter make quite the pair. Two giant international cluster screws.
by euromaster
Interesting read, why wouldn't the Eurofighter just passively detect the F-35 through PIRATE and then kill it with an ASRAAM or some such at 40-50km? The F-35 may have good sensors but these stealth aircraft all suffer the same issue, their mission role is based purely around their mostly X-band radar diminishing features sacrificing load-outs and likely countless other controversial issues depending on the plane (attrition, costs, flight times, pilot safety, corrosion, dinosaur avionics) in some cases just to be countered by other bands of radar or infared tracking which seems to be getting more sophisticated.
Also the US has no upcoming replacement to the old "foot in a bucket" AMRAAM as far as I am aware to match the next generation missiles such as meteor. Maybe by the 30's, lets hope no major conflict puts them in the dilemma of being stuck with AMRAAM against current Russian missiles.
My two cents would be that apparently IRST systems have significantly better capability at higher altitudes which is where your likely to see this sort of air combat, making tracking the hot frictional heat against the skin of any aircraft highly likely at well beyond likely weapon ranges (even with meteor?) and then you have a faster, likely higher altitude aircraft in the Typhoon facing the slower aircraft (not sure F-35 can super-cruise).
Now, the F-35 is not as disadvantaged as the F-22, since unlike that plane (which i do not think has IRST) it has a IRST which may be at least as good as the PIRATE, so both can try and silently passively track the other but then, it does not have a missile like ASRAAM you may find on an RAF Typhoon, and I am not sure if it has Sidewinder-9X yet either in its tiny capacity weapons bay.
You then have the issue of its tiny weapons bay, while the air to air loadout of a Typhoon could cover 13 pylons, meaning a dozen missiles or more (if pylons can be double loaded). So it may be fairer for 2 F-35's to track a single Typhoon lest they fail to hit with their older AMRAAM variants or their missiles get outmaneuvered/out climbed by the fast climbing typhoon or spoofed by its DAAS.
Any info on the F-35's air to air loadout would be nice if anyone knows if it is currently tested and cleared for using the AIM-9X or not in its internal bay? Also, what is its helmet mounted sights like? I heard F-22 did not have one (not sure if this is still the case) but you want one if they pass the merge into a WVR fight and the Typhoon pilot is lobbing ASRAAM at you off-boresight!
Course, I suspect CAPTOR-E and Meteor (next year seems to be the general release for Typhoon) will make this less of a discussion until the F-35 gets more development.
by nutshell
The only thing you can do to a F35 at 40-50km is to search for its picture on image.google.com
euromaster wrote: Interesting read, why wouldn't the Eurofighter just passively detect the F-35 through PIRATE and then kill it with an ASRAAM or some such at 40-50km?
F-35 itself has many features to reduce IR signature
https://basicsaboutaerodynamicsandavion ... -benefits/
euromaster wrote: IAlso the US has no upcoming replacement to the old "foot in a bucket" AMRAAM as far as I am aware to match the next generation missiles such as meteor. Maybe by the 30's, lets hope no major conflict puts them in the dilemma of being stuck with AMRAAM against current Russian missiles.
http://www.mbda-systems.com/press-relea ... p-forward/
F-35 is cleared for Meteor as well
euromaster wrote: and then you have a faster, likely higher altitude aircraft in the Typhoon facing the slower aircraft (not sure F-35 can super-cruise)
Higher and faster aircraft is much easier to detect by IRST
euromaster wrote: Any info on the F-35's air to air loadout would be nice
6 AIM-120 internally
http://www.airforcemag.com/DRArchive/Pa ... 202017/Let’s-Do-More-Shots.aspx
euromaster wrote: Course, I suspect CAPTOR-E and Meteor (next year seems to be the general release for Typhoon) will make this less of a discussion until the F-35 gets more development.
F-35 can hide from surface radar and AWACS radar, so CAPTOR-E will not make a different
The F-35 can still use its radar with relative impunity from passive detection too. AIM-120D has great range against high and fast targets too.
I know but nothing can change the fact that at supersonic speeds the frictional heat of any aircraft sticks out like a sore thumb at high altitudes, your document covers that. Try as they may, they can only reduce certain heat emitting fixtures but cannot of course control frictional heat, alas the worry for all fast moving objects in low temperatures (high altitudes especially)
I found these interesting;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzyH0M4C8TY
http://theboresight.blogspot.co.uk/2009 ... sonic.html
http://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/infrar ... 1691441747
Indeed, I guess I assumed this was a US F-35 vs a UK Typhoon in my head, my mistake. It could just as well be a RAF F-35 with meteor vs a German Eurofighter.
Absolutely, but surely if your too much lower than your opponents aircraft, assuming you knew where it was to begin with and its altitude the width/area your IRST is going to want to be looking at the allude of the target plane. Also most aircraft are going to want to get as high as they can to employ their weapons to pus the envelope of their weapon capabilities.
Mind sourcing me that? I keep finding only space for 4, also any sources on AIM-9X being internally mounted?
in some cases just to be countered by other bands of radar
Other radar band doesn't make stealth useless immediately either.
https://basicsaboutaerodynamicsandavion ... ermeasure/
Meteor is a typical British weapons program. First offer a reasonable improvement over what already exist. Step two is your t as a world beater. Step three have it run well behind schedule and over budget. Step four is cut the buy down. Step five don't invest money to upgrade it. Step six is shortly be passed by by the continually upgraded US weapon you sh*t on in your marketing. Step 7 is buy the US weapon in 20 years to replace your niche product. See ALARM, Sea Wolf, Sea Eagle ect ect.
Meteor will do fine. But won't appreciably outperform AIM-120D on 5th generations and will be supplanted entirely as small form factor hit to kill missiles become the norm.
by mk82
euromaster wrote: Interesting read, why wouldn't the Eurofighter just passively detect the F-35 through PIRATE and then kill it with an ASRAAM or some such at 40-50km? The F-35 may have good sensors but these stealth aircraft all suffer the same issue, their mission role is based purely around their mostly X-band radar diminishing features sacrificing load-outs and likely countless other controversial issues depending on the plane (attrition, costs, flight times, pilot safety, corrosion, dinosaur avionics) in some cases just to be countered by other bands of radar or infared tracking which seems to be getting more sophisticated.
Very quickly, RAF F35s will use ASRAAMs as part of its air to air load out. F35Bs at Pax River and Edwards AFB have successfully launched ASRAAMs this year (as part of weapons clearance tests)! Please do keep up...
RAF F35Bs will use Meteor too. Think about that....Meteor is much > ASRAAM in engagement range. Suddenly, your relatively high RCS Typhoon pilot don't feel so smug anymore....
Russian BVR missiles.......hahahahahahaha....seriously LOL. Perhaps you would like to discuss the pK of R27s with Ethiopian and Eritrean fighter pilots. Or ask the Indian government how reliable were their stockpile of R77s (let me give you a clue...not very!) AMRAAM D will do just fine....the Meteor, I admit, makes Russki BVR missiles seem.....inadequate
The F-35 has broadband signature reduction, not just X band. It also has IR signature reduction. Additionally, the APG-81 and ASQ-239 have significant jamming/electronic attack capabilities, and the F-35 can use towed decoys with EW capabilities too. A Eurofighter isn't gonna get within 20nm of an F-35, and certainly doesn't have first look, first shoot, first kill.
by white_lightning35
I think it would be the most fun for the f-35's to simply go around the typhoons undetected, destroy their runway, buzz their atc like in top gun, and return home. All this time the typhoons are frantically searching for the f-35's with the super duper PIRATE and captor-e while chanting " stealth is obsolete, stealth is obsolete..."
Has the Eurofighter been updated to an IR/UV based MAWS or is it still flying around with the "shoot me I'm over here" radar-based MAWS?
by twistedneck
Now that we are finding out how wicked the 9G capable F35 is for pure power and energy recovery i'd like to find out how it compares with the latest EF.
Ignore stealth, put both planes on the same amount of fuel (meaning the EF has a 1000L one center tank full i.e. 2000lbs + some internal gas about 50% full so 11,200lbs/2 = 5600lbs ). so both planes will carry 7600lbs of fuel.
Biggest difference? the AOA issues with the huge delta wing vs. the new super wing of the F35?
1. F35 with the new depot engine should have 1.4 mach super cruise at a decent mil power.
2. who can out climb who? F35 29,000 lbs plus some fuel vs EF 25,000lbs plus some fuel. who's got more power? assume each jet has 7600lbs of fuel = add a little draggyness to the EF with that center tank.. (although it didn't seem to matter when it was lighting up young US f22 pilots!).
F35 43,000lbs / 28,000lbs thrust in its initial release (within two depot stops thats over 50k / 33k. EF is an absolute beast and its current steady state EJ200 20,000lbs/13,500lbs (*2 = 40,000/27,000). in the not to far off future its getting a potential upgrade to 27,000lbs / 17,500 lbs. (*2 = 54000/35,000lbs).
so looking at the current jets - tw
f35 = 43,000/36600 = 1.18
EF = 40,000/32600 = 1.23
Ok, now that we have that - does the middle tank drag make up the difference? oh hell no. add to that the EF turns harder and bleeds less energy. its a very close dog fight in the phone booth or in this case stand up sleeping cell in Taiwan.
the f35 points the nose 10x better, and i'd bet that it accelerates harder due to the larger bypass fans, higher compression ratio, and much lighter weight blades - have you noticed the insane instantaneous throttle rpm compared to any other fighter? russians are close but thats a pure titanium dirty a$$ saturn kleemov ready to blow up soviet relic.
count the rings, F35 has more exhaust and its higher velocity. FYI - the brits will be knife fighting these two planes in the coming weeks so lets see how that B model works
by shania
euromaster wrote:
Here are some sources that are quite interesting concerning stealth and infrared;
I am very much interest what others think about Obrescia blog, I have lengthy discussion with him on aciq and I thing he is very very far from credible source.
download/file.php?id=11261&t=1
Though not yet, there are plans to modify the internal weapon bay to allow for 6 internal AAMs
euromaster wrote: I know but nothing can change the fact that at supersonic speeds the frictional heat of any aircraft sticks out like a sore thumb at high altitudes, your document covers that. Try as they may, they can only reduce certain heat emitting fixtures but cannot of course control frictional heat, alas the worry for all fast moving objects in low temperatures (high altitudes especially)
You can't eliminate IR radiation but you can reduce them, the main source of IR radiation is actually exhaust plumes not body heat. Nevertheless, F-35 has various IR reduction features that Eurofighter doesn't, so f-35 will be much less vulnerable to IRST
euromaster wrote: Absolutely, but surely if your too much lower than your opponents aircraft, assuming you knew where it was to begin with and its altitude the width/area your IRST is going to want to be looking at the allude of the target plane. Also most aircraft are going to want to get as high as they can to employ their weapons to pus the envelope of their weapon capabilities.
F-35 doesn't have to fly much lower, as long as it fly even a bit lower, Eurofighter's IRTS will look at the F-35 within surface backgrounds while F-35's IRST will look at Eurofighter within Sky background, since infrared radiation from surface is much higher, it will be much easier for F-35 to detect the Eurofighter than the other way around. The higher speed and lack of thermal control method on Eurofighter will make this even worse. Also, flying higher mean you are flying in thinner air, which mean it would be much harder to maneuverable and evade missiles.
euromaster wrote: Mind sourcing me that? I keep finding only space for 4, also any sources on AIM-9X being internally mounted?
http://bit.ly/2te96Nu
euromaster wrote: I found these interesting;
http://theboresight.blogspot.co.uk/2009 ... c.html?m=1
I haven't read all apart from the last one but there are various misleading information
1) he compare an SR-71 flying at mach 3 with an F-22 flying at mach 1.7 ??? what kind of stupid comparison is that???? the temperature will be extremely different
2) while what he said about aerodynamic heating is correct ( yes they exist ) what he talk about aircraft unable to hide is completely wrong , there are load of stuff that will absorb infrared radiation , cloud is an example
.Secondly, passive sensor such as Infrared sensor lack capabilities to measures range and velocity by themselves and have to rely on LRF to generate firing solution , LRF has very short range , for example the one on OLS-35 can reach merely 20 km
Target RCS (Radar Cross Section) [below] is determined by 1) the power transmitted in the direction of the target. 2) The amount of power that impacts the target and is reflected back in the direction of the radar. 3) The amount of reflected power that is intercepted by the radar antenna. 4) The length of time in which the radar is pointed at the target
Radar cross section is the measure of a target’s ability to reflect radar signals in the direction of the radar receiver. In others words, it is a measure of the ratio of backscatter power per steradian (unit solid angle) in the direction of the radar (from the target) to the power density that is intercepted by the target , it has nothing to do with the radar time on target, increasing dwell time ( related to pulse length ) will increase the power of the reflection but the trade of is the range resolution will be horrendously bad
Secondly ,while high PRF can also improve capability of radar to detect target with low RCS, for unambiguous range measurements, no more than one pulse should be received from the target for each pulse transmitted by the radar. So there is a limit to how high PRF you could go. And the maximum detection range performance value that you often see is already taken in velocity search ( maximum PRF possible ) , so no more range improvement here.
The weapon then dives down (using kinetic energy) to kill the target. The target profile presented to the AIM-54 is - the top of the target - not head-on. The top (stealthy or otherwise) provides the largestpossible target: surface area, physical size, and RCS aspect. F-14D (Infrared+radar) targeting in this way, with Phoenix alone - would have presented an unacceptable DACT (Dissimilar Air Combat Training) hazard for the new USAF F-22 Raptor.
firstly , all BVR missiles use a ballistic arc and lead intercept to extend range , AIM-54 isnt the only one
secondly , even though missiles can climb to higher altitude , the angular seperation is really insignificant , especially at long range. Moreover , how can the F-14 get the firing solution in the first place ? AAS-42 doesnt have a LRF device , and good luck lock on the F-22 with the APG-71 really.
F-22A 'Pitot' tube is clearly visible at the nose. The Raptor has one tube on either side. These air measurement devices are electrically heated to ~ 270 C (520 F) to keep them from icing at altitude. Indeed, they appear as two hot spots on the nose under FLIR
i find it ridiculous that he cant understand that size is a big factor in detection
The IRST might also use its own stored 'Atmospheric Propagation Model' to effectively “make an educated guess” as to target(s) relative range, aspect, and velocity – without the radar or laser rangefinder. In effect, the sensors own performance is characterized to construct a sensitivity model against known objects at known distances and velocities. Then during wartime when IRST sees something - it compares its own “known” internal Atmospheric Propagation Model - and the weapons system then extrapolates target range and bearing.
To create such model you will need to know the exact speed altitude of target , and the exact atmospheric condition of that day ,as soon as the target doesnt fly at a fixed speed , altitude and the attmospheric condition change alittle bit then the accuracy for your guesstimate go out of window
John C. Mather, Senior Astrophysicist at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Mars Society, University of Maryland 31-July, 2009; during his remarks on Doppler (red/blue) shift detection resolution-granularity in discussing astrophysics of celestial objects: “…we are able to see the velocity of a star down to one (1) meter per second.”
Advanced Flanker IRST Doppler-shift sensitivity will not require the granularity of astrophysics because an F-22 Raptor traveling at Mach 1.1 will be moving at approximately 374 meters per second. By including air combat closure rates - this figure is even higher (!)
This would seem to fall well within, the definition of militarily useful sensitivity?
I think he don't know the different between visual light , infrared light and common radio frequency used in radar .While they are all electromagnetic wave , their frequency are very different , infrared radiation for example has much much higher frequency ( shorter wavelength ) compared to radio frequency , so the doppler effect on them are much harder to observed , you pretty much need astronomical speed to be able to see the effect . Doppler effect can be used by radar to determine aircraft speed because the radar know exact frequency that it transmitted. whereas , you cant know the exact frequency of the infrared radiation that was radiated from adversary aircraft,because this frequency will change along with aircraft speed , altitude , moitures , ambient temperature ..etc none of these are constant , and not to mention the fact that the change is extremely small , you can see how impractical it is to use red/blue shift on IRST , they dont just put LRF on thermal system for fun.
Conceptually one can act on a - 'False-Positive' - even if stealth is 100% effective in the radio spectrum:
a) IRST picks something up.
b) Point your radar at it.
c) No (or strange) radar return? = stealth.
d) We don't have stealth.
e) Select R-27T-R-77 class IR weapon - 'Fox!’
So he want to launch a missiles with out getting firing solution ( no target altitude , no aspect angle , no velocity , no distance to target , no loft angle ) , yep , say good bye to lead intercept and ballistics arcs , and good luck hiting anything from BVR with that method.
@eloise: you can discount everything this guy has to say just based on his trying to compare this
How can one be so stupid?!?!?!
Is it so hard to understand that an IR observatory is just not comparable to an IRST in any way? Or that at 40k ft , most of the atmosphere is already below you?
Oh, and remember the news from February this year when apparently there was a "dogfight" between a Su-27 and F-16 at Groom Lake?
His comment was:
We are not sure what the Americans think they are going to learn. The Sukhoi has better acceleration, rate-of-climb, deceleration, transonic handling, better low-speed and post-stall handling and (far) better combat persistence (unrefueled endurance) than all Western fighters. The Sukhoi simply enters a climbing combat-turn....and in a few moments...its all over. The F-22A may have a higher horizontal sustained turn rate, however, this remains unclear.
juretrn wrote: @eloise: you can discount everything this guy has to say just based on his trying to compare this
He probably will argue that stars are much further away while at the same time ignore that they also put out much more radiation than aircraft
eloise wrote:
F-35 has various IR reduction features that Eurofighter doesn't, so f-35 will be much less vulnerable to IRST
You would think so, especially if the Euro is higher and faster but then again, if the F-35 is lower its larger surface areas from the top are clearer, and arguably so will its exhaust plumes than if it was in a stronger position level with the Typhoon. Course, do not forget until it has SIdewinder or ASRAAm the F-35 is stuck with its radar guided weapons so at some point, either the aircraft or the missile (probably both) will have to bathe the Typhoon in radiation.
Also in the same way the F-35 has IR reduction features, bear in mind the Typhoon despite not being a dedicated stealth aircraft is smaller physically and has stealth features itself. I would be skeptical saying the F-35's IR reduction at high altitude and its relatively hot frame against -40 or -50 outside temperatures (Despite your disagreements with the article, it does point out that interesting factor of the hot measurement devices under the nose of the aircraft which I had not had in mind before) vs the PIRATE sensors of the Typhoon. I would of course also be skeptical of how much closer the later F-series planes (F-35 and F-22) would have to be to detect a Typhoon in regards to its stealth characteristics.
F-35 doesn't have to fly much lower, as long as it fly even a bit lower, Eurofighter's IRTS will look at the F-35 within surface backgrounds while F-35's IRST will look at Eurofighter within Sky background, since infrared radiation from surface is much higher, it will be much easier
Do you mind sourcing me something for this? Especially at higher altitudes? See in my mind if they are at high altitudes surely the cold cover will be below the F-35, making it clear as day with all the above pointed out, especially if moving at speeds and its exhaust plumes and what not will be clearer from above of course than if it was from the front. Meanwhile, above the clouds the F-35 may well be looking into the sun if its day. I suspect at such alttiudes both will be able to detect the eachother well beyond weapon ranges with IRST.
Also, flying higher mean you are flying in thinner air, which mean it would be much harder to maneuverable and evade missiles.
Perhaps, honestly I am not sure how much of a difference it would make statistically speaking but I also would consider the fact the F-35 will be a slower aircraft trying to strike "up" at a faster, faster climbing higher alttiude aircraft which has the advances from the opposite perspective, from its higher perch would give its missiles incredible energy. In fact if I recall the supercruise alone of the Typhoon would boost is missile range up to 50%, how much more energy even equal armament (AMRAAM) the Typhoons weapon would have with that combined with it shooting "down" on the F-35 is likely going to give it huge advantages at first shot, first kill, even greater if its Meteor armed vs a F-35 still shuffling along with AMRAAM.
Which brings me to a question, does AMRAAM have any decent capability at BVR, any good statistics for it able to hit even an aircraft on equal footing (other than a higher, faster one with a huge amount of defensive aids)? Some sources suggest it cannot get favorable results against even non maneuvering aircraft or helicopters.
I wonder how close the F-35 would need to get to have any chance of hitting a Typhoon in our situation given here.
Yes I thought so.
So in summary so far, the F-35 struggles are against a higher flying, faster (climbing too) aircraft which will in return have vastly greater reach among other advantages from its higher perch and at least against non RAF/EU F-35's those changes will be even more severe if compared between a AMRAAM and a Meteor equipped F-35. It also has a limited weapons capability, currently it has a measly 4 missiles so any shot must be almost assured lest it risk just waiting all its armament AND giving itself away at the same time and in the future (upgraded bay) you could be still looking at armament just over half that of a typhoon.
While the [b]Typhoons struggles[/quote] are just finding the F-35 which may or not be a problem depending on altitude and heat output of the F-35. It needs not worry about any other disadvantage and although were not likely to know due to classified information even the F-35 may not detect it favorably (in regards to getting clear shots with its AMRAAM) with its radar in regards to the Typhoons own size/stealth reduction features without actively scanning and potentially giving itself away in the process.
Course if I was going to do a bit of arm chair generalling I would keep the Typhoon at altitude and if PIRATE does not find/track it by itself I would use the sensor fusion between PIRATE and captor to judge where the F-35 is likely to be even if I cannot find its actual trajectory and what have you. I would of course not keep the radar active and likely switch off any non passive systems I can live without after any limited pulse and if I am fighting an F-35 I would outfit 6 AMRAAM and 4 ASRAAM, using maybe one ASRAAM to fire into the estimated trajectory of the F-35 and using the missiles IR sensor (Like to call it the eye) to potentially get a kill if my estimation is correct.
This is all assuming the PIRATE does not find the F-35 with ease of course, at typical air to air altitudes I have no reason to suggest otherwise, I have seen enough stealth aircraft (F-22. F-35, B-2) and this is at low altitudes most of the time or at comparatively low speed, not aircraft trying to push the reach of their missiles.
Too low and slow and the low weapon load carrying F-35 could be analogized to a spear-men trying to poke up at an archer on the battlements.
I will be honest, as interesting as this discussion is, I cannot get used to the posting system. I am not always sure if my post was sent and only being able to post once per day is also quite vexing so this may be my last post here in any case.
I hope you all enjoy the discussions. Maybe I will return when CAPTOR-E and Meteor are in full swing and the F-35 is in its final/more mature block stages. Course, we may get some information in some of the exercises they will be flying together, in any case they will likely work to each-others strengths in the coming years and will be a great team against the potential threat of the SU meanace!
So cheerio chaps, and jolly good luck.
You ASS-U-ME much.
But you write so well. Perhaps you could get a job substitute writing for Solomon when he goes on holiday?
Apologies to all, a rather long quote, but to preserve for posterity that which was written:
While the Typhoons struggles are just finding the F-35 which may or not be a problem depending on altitude and heat output of the F-35. It needs not worry about any other disadvantage and although were not likely to know due to classified information even the F-35 may not detect it favorably (in regards to getting clear shots with its AMRAAM) with its radar in regards to the Typhoons own size/stealth reduction features without actively scanning and potentially giving itself away in the process.
Edit: Fixed the quoting.
euromaster wrote: You would think so, especially if the Euro is higher and faster but then again, if the F-35 is lower its larger surface areas from the top are clearer, and arguably so will its exhaust plumes than if it was in a stronger position level with the Typhoon.
F-35 length is 15.67 meters
Typhoon length is 15.96 meters
F-35 wing area is 42.7 m2
Typhoon wing area is 51.2 m2
so their area are relatively the same. There is absolutely zero evidence that surface at the top will be clearer than at the bottom or vice versa. The exhaust plumes and nozzle of F-35 will actually harder to see from the top since from many angle it will be blocked by the twins stabilators. By contrast both the nozzle of Typhoon are exposed.
euromaster wrote: Course, do not forget until it has SIdewinder or ASRAAm the F-35 is stuck with its radar guided weapons so at some point, either the aircraft or the missile (probably both) will have to bathe the Typhoon in radiation.
F-35 is stealth so Typhoon have to rely on IR missiles to be assure that the missile can even follow targets while F-35 can use whatever it has. AIM-120D and Meteor both have much better kinematics than IIR missiles like ASRAAM or AIM-9X
euromaster wrote: Also in the same way the F-35 has IR reduction features, bear in mind the Typhoon despite not being a dedicated stealth aircraft is smaller physically and has stealth features itself.
Typhoon is at most 3-4% smaller than F-35 from front and could be bigger from the top while at the same time lack all the IR and RCS reduction features that F-35 has
euromaster wrote: I would be skeptical saying the F-35's IR reduction at high altitude and its relatively hot frame against -40 or -50 outside temperatures
Hot frame? nope, F-35 frame is around - 20°F at Mach 0.8 while the Typhoon supercruising at Mach 1.4 will have the surface temperature of over 83°F, never mind the lack of cooling and dedicated nozzle to reduce plumes length, the Typhoon will be much easier to detect
euromaster wrote: (Despite your disagreements with the article, it does point out that interesting factor of the hot measurement devices under the nose of the aircraft which I had not had in mind before) vs the PIRATE sensors of the Typhoon.
lf you think because F-35 EOTS is under the nose mean it cant see target flying higher than it , then using the same logic PIRATE cant see target flying lower than the platform either
think about the actual situation :
let say F-35 flying at altitude of X thousands feet , Typhoon flying at Y thousand feet , if Y is so much bigger than X that Typhoon can stay out of EOTS FoV then F-35 will also stay out of PIRATE FoV , if we ignore DAS on F-35 then neither fighter can detect the other on their IRST
By Contrast , if X > Y then Typhoon will always stay within EOTS FoV and F-35 will always stay within PIRATE FoV , so once again , i dont see a single advantage of having IRST on top of the nose vs below the nose
Another thing to consider , when aircraft fly at high altitude they will have to fly at positive AoA to increased lift available , which mean their nose will pitch up , which mean at high altitude it would be alot easier for F-35 to see aircraft flying higher than it than for Typhoon to detect aircraft that fly at lower altitude
euromaster wrote: would of course also be skeptical of how much closer the later F-series planes (F-35 and F-22) would have to be to detect a Typhoon in regards to its stealth characteristics.
Not very close, Typhoon is basically same as F-18E/F in terms of RCS reduction
euromaster wrote: Do you mind sourcing me something for this? Especially at higher altitudes? See in my mind if they are at high altitudes surely the cold cover will be below the F-35, making it clear as day with all the above pointed out, especially if moving at speeds and its exhaust plumes and what not will be clearer from above of course than if it was from the front. Meanwhile, above the clouds the F-35 may well be looking into the sun if its day.
If F-35 flying at lower altitude then the background that PIRATE will look at it would either be the clouds or the ground surface or sea surface , all will be heated by solar radiation leading to them having much higher temperature than the ambient air at high altitude. When Typhoon fly at higher altitude the background that F-35 EOTS will look at it is just empty space. Look at this photo, how warms are the terrain compared to the sky?. It always much harder to detect aircraft flying at lower altitude due to the massive amounts of clutter involved.
The sun is a strong source of thermal radiation but it is a point source rather than a background so any imaging infrared sensors can easily distinguish it from the real targets.
The plumes of Typhoon will be longer than F-35 since it lack serrated nozzle and the low bypass engine will have higher plume temperature than a high bypass engine
The EOTS can see up at about 5-10 Degrees
by zhangmdev
euromaster wrote: Meanwhile, above the clouds the F-35 may well be looking into the sun if its day. I suspect at such alttiudes both will be able to detect the eachother well beyond weapon ranges with IRST.
Angular diameter of the sun is only 32 arc minute, about half a degree, the full moon is 30 arc minute. Sky is huge. Sun or moon is tiny. Target "beyond weapon range" is much much smaller. IRST has very limited field-of-view ( FLIR has 8 degree for target acquisition) and detector/imager has limited resolution. Rotating the "eye" is much slower than electronically scanning the radar. So detecting aircraft by IR signature is not that easy.
Infrared radiation by sky background depends on a lot factors: altitude, temperature, humidity, cloud cover and so on. Target infrared radiation depends on the target surface temperature, emissivity, atmospheric absorption, target geometry and so on. IR signature varies at different spectrum. It is not as simple as "hot frame against -40 or -50 outside temperatures".
And Gish Gallop doesn't help.
Perhaps, honestly I am not sure how much of a difference it would make statistically speaking but I also would consider the fact the F-35 will be a slower aircraft trying to strike "up" at a faster, faster climbing higher alttiude aircraft which has the advances from the opposite perspective, from its higher perch would give its missiles incredible energy. In fact if I recall the supercruise alone of the Typhoon would boost is missile range up to 50%, how much more energy even equal armament (AMRAAM) the Typhoons weapon would have with that combined with it shooting "down" on the F-35 is likely going to give it huge advantages at first shot, first kill, even greater if its Meteor armed vs a F-35 still shuffling along with AMRAAM
You can't get first shot without first look.
Typhoon can detect F-35 by IRST but then there is still problems with generating firing solution. LRF range is quite short, less than 20 km. Others methods aren't so reliable
Meteor and AIM-120 are both radar guided missiles, probably cannot even find the F-35 given its low RCS. So it is Typhoon with ASRAAM vs F-35 with AIM-120D or Meteors
While the [b]Typhoons struggles are just finding the F-35 which may or not be a problem depending on altitude and heat output of the F-35. It needs not worry about any other disadvantage and although were not likely to know due to classified information even the F-35 may not detect it favorably (in regards to getting clear shots with its AMRAAM) with its radar in regards to the Typhoons own size/stealth reduction features without actively scanning and potentially giving itself away in the process
APG-81 has 1600 T/R modules, CAPTOR-E has around 1000. F-35 is stealthy, can even hide from surface radar, Eurofighter is at most same level of RCS reduction as Super hornet. It is undeniable that F-35 will detect Typhoon from much further distance. Typhoon will also struggle to guide its Meteor to F-35, if big ground radar can't even detect F-35 then there isn't much hope for small radar in fighters and air to air missiles
All these photos are taken of aircraft less than a few km aways against sky backgrounds. Secondly, thicker air at sea level will cause more friction too.
Fook at this image of F-16 and see the contrast against clouds background, now imagine that from long distance
euromaster wrote: Too low and slow and the low weapon load carrying F-35 could be analogized to a spear-men trying to poke up at an archer on the battlements
If you want to make an analogy, it is like a spear men in a forest trying to kill a blind archer.
by armedupdate
The Eurofighter IRST isn't designed to locking on enemy fighters and guiding missiles unless very close to cue ASRAAM. IRST for fire control requires range and velocity, something passive cameras cannot do unless you have a LRF(which EF lacks) or coordinating triangulation. Something the Eurofighter cannot do since it doesn't use a instantenous datalink, it uses to Link-16. F-35 could thanks to MADL. And if it is active radar homing missile, the F-35 will have a huge advantage since the enemy missile needs more time to aquire the target, time to dodge/chaff.
As for IRST for finding targets, most militaries don't rely on them due to atmospheric conditions. Civilian contrails from a globalized world along with those left from previous military flights could blind them. Even if you ~30-50 km on a good day maybe on a good day may be enough for fire solution with the future dual-pulse and ramjet missiles once picked off at a way longer distance by radar.
by loke
To me it seems almost impossible for a Typhoon to shoot down an F-35 -- the F-35 pilot would have to make some serious mistakes for this to happen.
However perhaps what is sometimes forgotten in these discussions is the other part of the equation. How easy will it be for the F-35 to shoot down the Typhoon? It will of course depend on "which Typhoon", e.g., an Austrian T1 Typhoon should probably be a "walk in the park" as they say.
However the latest and most up-to-date Typhoon would be more of a challenge. It does have much improved SA and also some interesting countermeasures, like the Britecloud.
The IRIS-T missile has also been integrated on the Typhoon. It has anti-missile capabilites.
by gta4
juretrn wrote: Oh, and remember the news from February this year when apparently there was a "dogfight" between a Su-27 and F-16 at Groom Lake?
1. Take a closer look at the groom lake dogfight photo: F-16 was carrying a central line fuel tank. That is not fair:
2. In the eyes of a F-16 pilot (Fred "Spanky" Clifton. His user name is fulcrumflyer in this forum)
"While flying the F-16, I found the Su-27 to be a much more lethal BVR airplane (compared to Mig-29) with the exended-range AA-10C. The Flanker also has a very robust infrared search-and-track system that can also cause issues. You still have an advantage with the AMRAAM. You just have to be more cautious. In the visual fight, the Flanker is still impressive for an aircraft of its size. If the Su-27 is fairly heavyweight then it's a wallowing pig. If it has burned off some fuel, its nose-pointing ability a high angles of attack is impressive. So is its energy bleed off. If you can get him to give up some energy, I found it very beatable with the F-16. On the other hand, the Flanker is a lot like the F-15 - it's a maintenance nightmare."
The Sukhoi has better acceleration, rate-of-climb, deceleration, transonic handling
That is not possible if you compare a light loaded F-16 vs a light loaded Su-27.
A light loaded Su-27 (19000kg flying weight) could accelerate from 600 kph to 1100 kph in 15 seconds, climb at 310m/s. A F-16 with similar light fuel could easily accelerate from 600 kph to 1100 kph in 13 seconds, climb rate exceeds 330m/s.
For sustained turn rates:
What I have proved:
Su-27 at 18920kg flying weight could sustain at 21 deg/sec, and that is about 1800kg total fuel weight.
To achieve similar afterburner duration, a F-15C needs only 1600kg fuel, resulting in 15200kg total flying weight. The corresponding sustained rate of turn is 22.5 deg/sec (converted from 20.5 deg/sec at 37000lb. See flight manual).
To achieve similar afterburner duration, a F-18E needs only 1500kg fuel, resulting in 15792kg total flying weight. The corresponding sustained rate of turn is 21.5 deg/sec (converted from 18 deg/sec at 42100lb. See GAO report). Note that we are using single seater 18E, not 18F. 18F is slightly heavier (32000lb vs 31500lb operation empty weight).
To achieve similar afterburner duration, a F-16C-50 needs only 936kg fuel, resulting in 9675kg total flying weight. The corresponding sustained rate of turn is 22 deg/sec (converted from 21.5 deg/sec at 22000lb. See flight manual). Note that the operating empty weight of F-16C-50 is 19261lb instead of 20000lb, where the latter is an approximated value which could not be used to calculate performance.
by mixelflick
I don't see how a Typhoon survives BVR combat with the F-35. As for WVR, it stands a better chance but I'd still stick with the F-35, especially given its high alpha performance, speed and acceleration at combat weights/loads and its "X factor" - classified capabilities.
The Typhoon is an awesome airframe/engine combination. But it'll always have to contend with drag from external stores, less than 50 degree AOA capability and certain other intangibles. Never thought I'd say it, but seeing is believing - the F-35 is one maneuverable beast!
How could typhoon survive this tight loop?
F-35 could easily get to the rear hemisphere of Tyhoon using this maneuver
The AOA limit of typhoon is 24 deg.
No carnard aircrafts could handle 30 deg AOA without TVC.
by lbk000
F-35 gets behind the EF with 2G turns 50nm out
gta4 wrote: The AOA limit of typhoon is 24 deg.
Designed under the Eurofighter Enhanced Manoeuvrability programme, the Aerodynamic Modification Kit (AMK) includes additional fuselage strakes and root extensions, which increase the maximum lift created by the Typhoon’s wing by some 25%, Airbus says.
“We saw angle-of-attack values around 45% greater than on the standard aircraft, and roll rates up to 100% higher, all leading to increased agility,” says Eurofighter project pilot Raffaele Beltrame.
https://www.flightglobal.com/news/artic ... ng-414684/
If I did my math correctly a Typhoon with the AMK kit will get an AOA limit of 34.8 degrees. Without TVC.
Which users have ordered this upgrade so far ?
basher54321 wrote: Which users have ordered this upgrade so far ?
Internet logic:
Demo aircraft with demo features (not F-35) "wow look at this!! look what it can do!"
F-35 with actual features: "Does that even work? that doesn't count. talk to me when its in service. it lost to an F-16"
Bille Flynn who was a test pilot on the Typhoon and the F-35 said the F-35 would win...
34.8 deg AOA is still vastly inferior to F-35's 50+ deg and small radius loop....
Of course the F-35 is still vastly superior to the Typhoon -- the only reason I posted about the AMK kit was to correct the misinformation that a canard delta cannot obtain a 30 degree AOA limit without TVC.
gta4 wrote:
f16 fuel tank against su27.png
http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thr ... rshift=yes
The F-16 vs Su-27 original post:
by garrya
gta4 wrote: No carnard aircrafts could handle 30 deg AOA without TVC.
It is not really an issue of canard but rather single vertical tail vs twin canted vertical tail. At high AoA the control surfaces on the tail are blocked from airflow by the fuselage. Modern fighters have leading edge devices that can generate strong vortices. Twin tail aircraft can still maintain control at very high AoA due to the tails. Single vertical stabilizer aircraft lose yaw control when the tail does not interact with the vortices. Same is true with the stabilator though many modern fighter use large horizontal stabs so they they do not lose pitch authority at higher AoA.
the F-18 at high alpha with vortex coming of leading edge hitting the vertical tails
By contrast, F-16 at AoA notice the tail and vortex coming of leading edge
There is a drawback to twin tails; high buffeting at elevated angles of attack, added weight from both the twin tails and the fact that the tails have to be strong. As a result twin tails such as the Mig-29, F-15, F-18, F-35 often suffer fatigue in the vertical tails
Eurocanards such as Gripen, Rafale can reach high AoA but they do not have the control authority at high AoA like twins tail aircraft ( they can't really swing their nose around at high AoA) , so in operational their AoA limit is pretty low even though they may reach high AoA in testing
DUBAI: RAF talks up Typhoon interoperability with F-35
13 Nov 2017 Stephen Trimble
"As interest in fifth-generation fighters builds in the UAE, a top Royal Air Force officer explained at the show how the Eurofighter Typhoon is already demonstrating how a non-stealthy fighter can integrate with the Lockheed Martin F-35 in contested airspace. The Typhoon is already equipped to send and receive data with the F-35s on Link 16, a NATO-standard datalink. But Link-16 uses an omnidirectional antenna that is not compatible with the radio – Harris's Multi-function Advanced Data Link (MADL) – that the F-35 uses to communicate with other F-35s while in stealth mode inside contested airspace.
But the Typhoon has already demonstrated the capability to transmit and receive data with the F-35 in training flights and exercises in the USA, says Air Vice-Marshall Gerry Mayhew, air officer commanding for the RAF’s No 1 Group. “This is not something we’re dreaming of. This is something we’re doing,” Mayhew says. “We’re already operating fourth- and fifth-gen fighters in exercises in training. This is also using new systems as well as the Link 16 systems.” Asked to elaborate on the new systems that allow the Typhoon to transmit and receive data with F-35s flying in communications stealth mode, Mayhew declined, saying he could not talk about the technology.
But the public record offers clues about the solution that is referred to by Mayhew. Last February, Northrop Grumman announced that the RAF held an event in the Mojave desert in California called Exercise High Rider. The exercise included an demonstration called Babel Fish III. An F-35 transmitted data from MADL to a Northrop-designed airborne gateway system, which translated the message into a waveform that could be interpreted by the Link 16 radio on board an RAF GR.4 Tornado."
Source: https://www.flightglobal.com/news/artic ... -f-443219/
by hythelday
Okay, is it me or "defence reporters" who are confused? Surely F-35 can transmit and receive Link 16, it's just that in doing so it can reveal itself - comms node makes sure it does not.
The article makes one think F-35 "is not compatible" with Link 16.
I think you misread the article, the first paragraph explicitly says that the F-35 can communicate with the Typhoon via Link-16:
The Typhoon is already equipped to send and receive data with the F-35s on Link 16, a NATO-standard datalink
"...The Typhoon is already equipped to send and receive data with the F-35s on Link 16, a NATO-standard datalink...."
Chucking in MADL after that seems erroneous - because the TYPHOID does not have MADL - sob sob sob. Get with it MADL.
OOOPsss did not see the 'Dragon029' earlier reply. Oh well.
by mas
Typhoon at Red Flag, best of the non-stealthy rest ?
https://world.eurofighter.com/articles/ ... the-target
Captain (OF-2) Joaquín Ducay, who helped plan the Unit’s tactical approach to Red Flag, says: “The overall picture was impressive. Our standard was a little bit higher than conventional aircraft, we survived through most of the bombing sorties and we had a high air-to-air kill ratio. I can’t say the exact numbers but, for example, I know that on one of my missions there were a total of 32 kills and my wingman and I had 12 of them between us.
It was good to see that on missions when we were flying with bombs we were still capable of reacting to air-to-ground threats, and make air-to-air kills at the same time. That’s not something everyone is able to do. But that’s really thanks to our training and the aircraft. The Eurofighter allows you to multi-task like crazy.”
The unit found themselves flying with and against F-15Cs, F-15 Strike Eagle, F-16s and several others but contrary to some reports they did not fly with or against any F-35s.
mas wrote: It was good to see that on missions when we were flying with bombs we were still capable of reacting to air-to-ground threats, and make air-to-air kills at the same time. That’s not something everyone is able to do. But that’s really thanks to our training and the aircraft. The Eurofighter allows you to multi-task like crazy.”
Good to know that the Typhoon, an aircraft that entered in service after 2003 is able to do what 1980's-era F/A-18s were already able to do since 1991 in real combat(TM)...
by tincansailor
quote="mas"]Typhoon at Red Flag, best of the non-stealthy rest ?
Wow. What kind of kill ratio against F-15Cs is he claiming? He and his wingman shoot down 12 in one engagement? 32 kills in one mission? I don't know how many aircraft were engaged, but that sounds like a total slaughter. He seems to be saying the Typhoon completely overmatches the F-15C, F-15E. and the F-16. The Typhoon is a generation newer, but I don't see any factor that would allow them to overwhelm updated F-15Cs, or to easily defeat Batteries of Patriot Missiles. What magic powers do they have that I don't know about?
tincansailor wrote: Wow. What kind of kill ratio against F-15Cs is he claiming? He and his wingman shoot down 12 in one engagement? 32 kills in one mission? I don't know how many aircraft were engaged, but that sounds like a total slaughter. He seems to be saying the Typhoon completely overmatches the F-15C, F-15E. and the F-16. The Typhoon is a generation newer, but I don't see any factor that would allow them to overwhelm updated F-15Cs, or to easily defeat Batteries of Patriot Missiles. What magic powers do they have that I don't know about?
The BS kind of magic.
Also of interesting note is the following from the Typhoon's pilot:
What are these "several other" aircraft??
F-5s?? If yes, no wonder how they managed a high kill numbers/ratio...
by optimist
It's the same with the f-35. Like all training exercises, red has ROE and can fly as other planes profiles and weapons, to act as a realistic threat. Red starts off easy and builds up the threat level as the exercise progresses. The object of the exercise is training. It's not to leave the blue pilots in tears, laying on the tarmac in a fetal position and crying out for their mummy.
The tend not to say, what threat level the F15/16 and ground threats were representing, when these results are talked about.
Our own force has exercises with red and blue fa-18 legacy hornets, with similar blue results, obviously the red fa-18 weren't in their flight profiles,trons and weapons and were another threat.
I think the standard Nellis aggressor squadrons are F-16C. From reports of that Red Flag I did not see any mention of any guest aggressors. The Typhoon radar is supposed to outrange the F-16 radar apart from the new AESA one so presumably these kills came at range.
Info about participant aircraft: http://aviationphotodigest.com/exercise-red-flag-17-2/
"...Red Flag 17-2 also featured non-DoD participation from Draken International with the classic Douglas A-4 Skyhawk...."
Even the f-16 with aesa, if the Roe are that the blue is acquired at 80nm and targeted at 20nm. That is what the red Roe are set at.
by f-16adf
I could be full of BS, but I think those USAF aggressor F-16C's are Block 32 (with the weak -220 engine). Also, the Eagles probably flew with 2 external fuel tanks. So really, even if the EF had a substantial kill ratio ....look at what they were fighting-
All depends on the details....otherwise just wild speculation on either side.
by kimjongnumbaun
I think it's a bit unfair to accept Red Flag F-35 KDRs without question, and then scrutinize Typhoon KDRs. F-35s are going up against the same aggressor squadrons as the Typhoon. That being said, the Typhoon pilot didn't give us how many times they died or what their KDR was against any specific type(air vs surface targets).
kimjongnumbaun wrote: I think it's a bit unfair to accept Red Flag F-35 KDRs without question, and then scrutinize Typhoon KDRs. F-35s are going up against the same aggressor squadrons as the Typhoon. That being said, the Typhoon pilot didn't give us how many times they died or what their KDR was against any specific type(air vs surface targets).
You basically gave one of the reasons why most here accept the F-35's Read Flag kill ratio reports and are suspicious about those Typhoon kill ratio reports:
- The report/claim by those Typhoon pilots don't say/report how many times they were shot down in exchange for their kills. As opposed the F-35 Red Flag reports clearly states this: The F-35s shot down 20 (twenty) "enemy aircraft" for each F-35 that was show down in exchange. This in itself tells a lot about the credibility of one report against the other.
- It was also and clearly stated that the scenario/"enemy" opposition that the F-35 had to face during Red Flag was the hardest ever set up for against any aircraft, present or past.
Resuming, the F-35 reports are more credible because it comes with a considerable number of information backing it up, this instead of an only "me and my wingman shot down XX enemy planes" like happens with the Typhoon "report" which sound more like a "claim" than an actual report.
ricnunes wrote:
I don't doubt the F-35 reports on Red Flag. But I'm also not as quick to judge the Typhoon reports. The difference is that we are lacking the information on how many times the Typhoon died in combat. For all we know, the Typhoon could have achieved a 1:1 ratio, but that still wouldn't discount the information that was provided. The fact that they aren't willing to tell says a lot.
kimjongnumbaun wrote: The difference is that we are lacking the information on how many times the Typhoon died in combat.
Which means that we cannot judge the Typhoon reports and as such those same reports are at best "incomplete" and as such unreliable (as opposed to the F-35 reports).
kimjongnumbaun wrote: For all we know, the Typhoon could have achieved a 1:1 ratio, but that still wouldn't discount the information that was provided. The fact that they aren't willing to tell says a lot.
And for all that we know it could even be something like 12:30 (this is not a time - it would be twelve kills against thirty loses). So the fact is that opposed to the F-35 report we cannot judge anything from these Typhoon reports (again, too much incomplete information to draw any conclusion).
by citanon
We also don't know how the Typhoon was really challenged. With the F35, they made clear that red for was throwing the kitchen sink at them trying to take them down.
The Typhoon is the king of the eurocanards though
We all know it's not the Rafale lol
And the Gripen is a joke
XanderCrews wrote: The Typhoon is the king of the eurocanards though
LOL, nice trolling.
High air to air kill ratio implies much greater than 1. The Typhoon has a powerful non-aesa radar in the F-15 class, low RCS and great transonic/supersonic/high altitude speed/acceleration/maneuverability. It's outclassed these days by stealth fighters but against 4th gen fighters it will be quite a handful. Once it gets AESA Captor-E and Meteors it will only accentuate its position as probably best of the 4th gen rest.
p.s. I remember playing a PC F-22 simulator game a long time ago. The Typhoon was the only opponent I worried about, the others I could out see, out turn, out climb, out zoom and pick off easily. The Typhoons I spotted later than the others and if I could not down them at range I would be sucked into a long grueling low energy dogfight which required tactics rather than kinematics to win. Most public records of F-22/Typhoon exercise encounters seem to back this simulation's modeling to me as the Typhoon's combat high thrust to weight ratio and low wing loading as well as not closely coupled canards result in a fighter with very good sustained turn capability with low energy bleed rates.
loke wrote:
Seemed to have bagged one fish at least.
It was tongue in cheek. Seems obvious though that it's a cut above the Gripen as typhoon's the high end
mas wrote: p.s. I remember playing a PC F-22 simulator game a long time ago. The Typhoon was the only opponent I worried about, the others I could out see, out turn, out climb, out zoom and pick off easily.
Typhoon pilots have said they only were concerned about Gripens when they used jamming to mess up locks otherwise kinematically they felt they could handle them.
mas wrote: p.s. I remember playing a PC F-22 simulator game a long time ago. The Typhoon was the only opponent I worried about
Well, this is definitive information. Practically the same as from the mouth of an actual pilot. Thank you for sharing.
Well I was only trying to give a subjective idea to those who couldn't visualise how the Typhoon could be pretty good in combat from the raw numbers. PC simulators are getting better and more accurate every year and x Flag encounter descriptions between F-22 and others like Typhoons have not dispelled me of the general accuracy of this simulation. Public accounts/videos of Typhoon/ Rafale training dogfights with F-22s have tended to show close fights.
mas wrote: Well I was only trying to give a subjective idea to those who couldn't visualise how the Typhoon could be pretty good in combat from the raw numbers. PC simulators are getting better and more accurate every year and x Flag encounter descriptions between F-22 and others like Typhoons have not dispelled me of the general accuracy of this simulation.
Your simulation is probably 0-5% accurate of what it is actually like to fly an aircraft, and not even close to what it is to fly one in combat.
move aside wewuzkangs
mas wrote: a long grueling low energy dogfight which required tactics rather than kinematics to win
Fought and won a mind battle against Skynet. We got a war hero right here.
girlslaughing.jpg
This guy's amazing, I mean **** aerodynamics this guy can maneuver his aircraft with SunZi quotations.
Here's an actual example of a long grueling low energy dogfight between F-22 and a euro-canard.
This thread has turned
Froggy stronk, but Ikea bestest. Poo poo, roast beef stinks
optimist wrote: stronk..... bestest
Oh dear, seems the signal has gone down and the noise quite high last few posts. Back on topic and for overall analytical balance Typhoon's roll rate and AoA ability are both poor which was what the AMK kit was all about. It's not great pointing its nose about at low speed which is why it sometimes loses to TVC Flankers and Rafales in mock dogfights. I suspect the F-35 would have a similar advantage over it.
mas wrote: High air to air kill ratio implies much greater than 1. The Typhoon has a powerful non-aesa radar in the F-15 class, low RCS and great transonic/supersonic/high altitude speed/acceleration/maneuverability. It's outclassed these days by stealth fighters but against 4th gen fighters it will be quite a handful. Once it gets AESA Captor-E and Meteors it will only accentuate its position as probably best of the 4th gen rest.
I think we've been down this road before with your claims about the supposedly "very low" Typhoon RCS which has been kinda dismissed in those same discussions. For example BAE officials have indicated that the Typhoon RCS is four (4) times lower than the Tornado's RCS. The Tornado RCS is said to be around 8 (eight) square meters which puts the Typhoon's RCS at a value of around 2 square meters (which is much higher than what you usually claim).
You can read this here:
https://web.archive.org/web/20090919093 ... cture.html
This means that the Typhoon RCS is similar to the F-16 RCS. But granted it's still quite lower than F-15 RCS.
I've also posted evidence (which while not "definitive", I admit) seems to clearly indicate that for example the Super Hornet's RCS is lower than the Typhoon RCS - and being the SH RCS claimed to be around 0.9 square meters it fit the criteria (since the Typhoon RCS would be around 2 square meter). But I'm willing to accept and believe that the Typhoon RCS may be lower than 2 square meter but definitely not lower than 1 square meter. Also note that when I'm taking about RCS I'm talking about an average value and not about some odd less than 1 degree angle that the Typhoon (or any other aircraft for that matter) can attain a RCS lower than 1 square meter.
Again in the SH design features that were put on the airframe in order to reduce its RCS can clearly and easily be observed. The same can also be said about any truly Stealth aircraft like the B-2, F-22 and F-35. This RCS reduction designs/features cannot be observed or clearly observed in the Typhoon. Heck, even in the Rafale such designs can be better observed.
As such it strikes me and I must disagree with your "Typhoon is the best 4th gen fighter aircraft" logic.
While I'll probably eat my own words since this would be somehow agreeing with the troll that ventured around this forum (which fortunately is not here anymore) which starts with a C and ends with a K, I even believe that the Rafale RCS could potentially be lower than the Typhoon RCS, this due to DSI inlets which the Typhoon apparently doesn't have. But even thou I wouldn't bet money on this. But I would be serious money that the Super Hornet RCS is lower than the Typhoon!
mas wrote: p.s. I remember playing a PC F-22 simulator game a long time ago. The Typhoon was the only opponent I worried about, the others I could out see, out turn, out climb, out zoom and pick off easily. The Typhoons I spotted later than the others and if I could not down them at range I would be sucked into a long grueling low energy dogfight which required tactics rather than kinematics to win. Most public records of F-22/Typhoon exercise encounters seem to back this simulation's modeling to me as the Typhoon's combat high thrust to weight ratio and low wing loading as well as not closely coupled canards result in a fighter with very good sustained turn capability with low energy bleed rates.
PC simulations! There's so many things that I would like to say about PC simulations that this site would quickly run out of disk space
So and as such, I'll try to resume the best I can:
I truly believe that PC simulations are a great "tool" (note the quotes) to learn more about military aviation! I can say that I learned a lot about playing them. I can also say that I acquired about 90% or more of every PC Combat Flight Simulations released on the market since the very early 1990's. Heck my experience with Computer Flight Simulations go as back as the 1980's with F-15 Strike Eagle and F-19 Stealth Fighter (where targets and aircraft were transparent triangles ) among others while playing in a ZX Spectrum
So what can I say about MODERN combat flight simulations?? They are great tools to give anyone (any player) an interesting perception on how does systems such as Radars and their modes such as RWR (Air-to-Air mode), TWS (Air-to-Air mode), GM (Air-to-Ground mode), GMT (Air-to-Ground mode), etc... and EO targeting systems such as FLIRs, TVs, etc... and all of this among many other systems work or should work.
I've also learned that PC combat flight simulations aren't that great tools to compare an aircraft with another just like you're doing. There are lots of reasons for this, ranging from incomplete info to more emphasis on the player's aircraft to limitations in AI and even in the flight/sensors of AI controlled aircraft (and how the AI uses them).
And I also learned that there are sims and there are sims! While in my opinion most sims are very fun (including the one which I believe you're mentioning), again there are sims and there are sims. With this the only sim where I believe you can remotely learn and feel how an actual modern fighter jet actually works in a realistic environment is Falcon BMS. And even between Falcon BMS and actual reality there's quite a "gap".
This being said, I believe that the F-22 sim that you're talking about is this one:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22:_Air ... ce_Fighter
F-22: Air Dominance Fighter by DID, no?
If yes, there's a couple of things that I can say about this sim:
First it's a quite fun sim with a dynamic campaign, and not surprisingly the direct successor of EF2000 (also by the same company) which as one can see by the name modeled the Eurofighter Typhoon. So its no surprise that this sim (F-22: Air Dominance Fighter or ADF) emphasis on both F-22 and Typhoon. However these sims (F-22 ADF and EF2000) and again while fun are not even in the top 5 of the most realistic PC combat flight simulations ever built let alone to be used as a "comparison tool" between fighter aircraft.
In my opinion any of the PC combat flight simulators below are far more realistic than this F-22: Air Dominance Fighter (or EF2000) sim:
1- Falcon BMS
2- DCS (namely the A-10C module)
3- Jane's F/A-18
4- Jane's F-15 Strike Eagle
5- F-14 Fleet Defender
Sorry for the long post...
http://ukarmedforcescommentary.blogspot ... n.html?m=1
Effective Radar Cross Section is obviously classified, but the RAF Staff Target 414 (the baseline requirement set that was adopted for the definition of Typhoon’s requirements at European level) required a frontal RCS of maximum 0,05 square meters equivalent. Reports have never been detailed, but always unanimously confirmed that this has been more than met.
http://m.aviationweek.com/awin/stealth- ... port-costs
The second class includes almost all current combat aircraft. They feature RCS-reduction measures including fundamental shaping attributes (the Eurofighter Typhoon, for instance, has full line-of-sight protection of its engine faces with serpentine ducts)
https://www.eurofighter.com/the-aircraft
The aircraft is built with advanced composite materials to deliver a low radar profile and strong airframe. Only 15% of the aircraft’s surface is metal, delivering stealth operation and protection from radar-based systems.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofig ... n_features
Although not designated a stealth fighter, measures were taken to reduce the Typhoon's radar cross section (RCS), especially from the frontal aspect.An example of these measures is that the Typhoon has jet inlets that conceal the front of the jet engine (a strong radar target) from radar. Many important potential radar targets, such as the wing, canard and fin leading edges, are highly swept, so will reflect radar energy well away from the front sector. Some external weapons are mounted semi-recessed into the aircraft, partially shielding these missiles from incoming radar waves. In addition radar-absorbent materials (RAM), developed primarily by EADS/DASA, coat many of the most significant reflectors, such as the wing leading edges, the intake edges and interior, the rudder surrounds, and strakes.
The manufacturers have carried out tests on the early Eurofighter prototypes to optimise the low observability characteristics of the aircraft from the early 1990s. Testing at BAE's Warton facility on the DA4 prototype measured the RCS of the aircraft and investigated the effects of a variety of RAM coatings and composites. Another measure to reduce the likelihood of discovery is the use of passive sensors, which minimises the radiation of treacherous electronic emissions. While canards generally have poor stealth characteristics, the flight control system is designed to maintain the elevon trim and canards at an angle at which they have the smallest RCS.
EADS gave out some F-35/Typhoon detection comparisons which on face value implied an RCS < 0.03 sq m.
Of course once you start hanging missiles on it especially not semi-recessed but with pylons the RCS will come up.
Anecdotally some T-38s were taken down by Typhoons directed by Raptors in Atlantic Trident 17 and they had no warning from AWACS or GCI they were under attack before being shot down so the Typhoon was not detected either.
http://tinyurl.com/m5ssdkb
As Tsar started to maneuver our aircraft, trying to evade an enemy we couldn’t see, a Typhoon coordinating with an F-22 quickly and unceremoniously dispatched us.But the bottom line is: Seeing is believing—the Raptor and Typhoon are a lethal combination.
“Even if you were in an Eagle or J-20... You felt the same thing,” a senior Air Force official with an air superiority background told me after my flight—referring to the feeling of utter helplessness of being attacked by an invisible enemy. Flying back to Langley, the experience was an eye-opener. I have been covering the Raptor and the F-35 since beginning of both programs. It is one thing to intellectually grasp the power of stealth, but seeing it in action makes one a believer—our flight had no idea, no warning from the AWACS or GCI that we were about to be hit until it was all over. It’s nearly impossible to fight an enemy you can’t see.
p.s. well done, you correctly identified the right simulator. It certainly opened up my eyes as to how almost magical stealth is allowing you first shoot capabilities every time with enough time to maneuver to finish off the job if the opponent managed to dodge the long range attack.
mas wrote: http://ukarmedforcescommentary.blogspot.co.uk/p/eurofighter-typhoon.html?m=1
Well without any more concrete sources or reference to that source specially who in fact said/claimed the above of even the document or part of the document showing that same RAF Staff Target 414 requirement, I would say that seems to be on the speculation side.
Actually it's curious that site above said in the top:
"News, rumours, analysis and assorted ramblings on the strategies, the missions, the procurement of kit and the future of the Armed Forces."
mas wrote: http://m.aviationweek.com/awin/stealth- ... port-costs
I never said that the Typhoon didn't have any RCS reduction measures at all. All I said was that they aren't nearly as comprehensive as the ones found on the Super Hornet, let alone on Stealth aircraft like the F-35.
Hence why I continue to take with a "pile of salt" the claim that the Typhoon has a RCS of 0.05, even in it's frontal arc and even clean!
mas wrote: EADS gave out some F-35/Typhoon detection comparisons which on face value implied an RCS < 0.03 sq m.
If you take the time to read both links that you posted above, namely the comments to that senior EADS expert claims you'll see that there are some quite legitimate doubts and skepticism about those same claims from that senior EADS expert.
Moreover how does or how can that senior EADS expert know the actual APG-81 radar performance against a Typhoon (or against any other aircraft for that matter)?? Sound "fishy" and as such I'm skeptical of those claims!
Even more, how can that same senior EADS expert know how the Captor-E performs against the F-35 (or any other aircraft for that matter) since the Captor-E is still in development and apparently quite far from being introduced in service??
mas wrote: p.s. well done, you correctly identified the right simulator. It certainly opened up my eyes as to how almost magical stealth is allowing you first shoot capabilities every time with enough time to maneuver to finish off the job if the opponent managed to dodge the long range attack.
Yes, it gives a general idea about stealth and its advantage such as an older combat flight sim well before it - called F-117 Stealth Fighter 2.0 by Microprose - also did. But one thing is giving a general idea about Stealth and its advantages while another completely different thing is using the sim (F-22 ADF) as a "comparison tool" in order to reach the conclusion that the Typhoon is the most dangerous (best) 4th gen fighter aircraft! With all due respect, this is way off...
The blogger is a journalist
I'm a journalist by trade. I studied journalism in the University of Parma after my earlier objective, the pursuit of a career in the armed forces, was frustrated by my exceedingly bad eyesight. Journalism gives me a way to stay close to what i wanted as my real life choice. Since 2014 i've been responsible for the UK chapter of the World Defence Almanac by Monch Publishing, and i've been published by a number of other websites and publications.
The point about the EADS comparison was that it started from the base that APG-81 is roughly equal to Captor-E and that F-35 RCS was the then public 0.001 figure allowing you to make an estimate of Typhoon RCS from this. As it happens APG-81 has more TR modules and F-35 RCS is apparently better than F-22, i.e. < 0.0001 so the F-35's RCS is still about 500-1000 times less than Typhoon assuming the AST414 target figure is correct and that they hit it.
As for the Super Hornet yes it has more stealth features but it needs to coming from a non-stealthy classic Hornet base. The fundamental point about Typhoon is that its engine fans are hidden and it has a low metal content (15%) which is why I believe from the frontal aspect it edges the Super Hornet in stealth.
p.s. did you read my anecdotal edit which shows the Raptor and Typhoon acting as a stealthy pair against AWACS/GCI ? Sometimes the proof is in the pudding and I have read before how Raptor pilots like working with Typhoons.
mas wrote: As for the Super Hornet yes it has more stealth features but it needs to coming from a non-stealthy classic Hornet base.
The fact is that the Typhoon also comes from a non-stealthy base as well (namely if one considers the EAP demonstrator).
According to many sources, including one that you posted above:
Although not designated a stealth fighter, measures were taken to reduce the Typhoon's radar cross section (RCS), especially from the frontal aspect.
So I fail to see in how the "Typhoon base" is any different "Stealth-wise" than a Super Hornet and its "Hornet base", even because the Super Hornet also had its airframe quite and heavily modified compared to the Hornet.
And more even, the Super Hornet although based on the older Legacy Hornet design is a bit more recent than the Typhoon itself. For example the Typhoon's first flight was in 1994 while the Super Hornet's first flight was in 1995. And of course there's also the American's vaster experience in RCS reductions compared to the Europeans (which continues to this day).
mas wrote: The fundamental point about Typhoon is that its engine fans are hidden and it has a low metal content (15%) which is why I believe from the frontal aspect it edges the Super Hornet in stealth.
On the other hand the Super Hornet has trapezoidal shaped air intakes which are clearly designed to effectively to reflect frontal radar waves away from the aircraft and the radar emitter (towards the sides).
Now the Typhoon with its almost perfect square shaped air intakes doesn't seem so effective in reflecting frontal radar waves away from the aircraft and the radar emitter. Moreover, if you look at both F-22 and F-35 (and even the F-117) air intakes you'll see that their air intakes are also trapezoidal in shape.
This is one more reason why I don't believe that 0.05 square meter frontal RCS claim for the Typhoon, not even for a bit.
Also remember what I told you some time ago: While RAM materials are important (And the Super Hornet also has them as well - this is not exclusive to the Typhoon in terms of 4th gen fighter aircraft) the shape of the aircraft is FAR more important for stealth/low RCS.
mas wrote: p.s. did you read my anecdotal edit which shows the Raptor and Typhoon acting as a stealthy pair against AWACS/GCI ? Sometimes the proof is in the pudding and I have read before how Raptor pilots like working with Typhoons.
I read it but once I read this:
it’s now clear to me that even the F-35 with its mediocre kinematic performance will be an extremely dangerous foe in the air due to its low radar cross-section and sensors.
(the bold and underline part) and reading that it was written by Dave Majumdar, the credibility of that article just "went out of the window"
Anyway, I fail to see in how for example the Super Hornet wouldn't be able to equally or even better pair up with the F-22 just like you (and that article) mentioned...
optimist wrote: Froggy stronk, but Ikea bestest. Poo poo, roast beef stinks
Just remember guys whatever you want to put the RCS of the typhoon at. I remember that Avweek reported from an air show, that a BAE head guy said the super hornet is less. Some google foo should be able to find it. My initial look came up short.
another interesting titbit was a video, from a uniform, about the f-35. When they were saying it had better 'stealth' than a f-22. Uniform misspoke a bit and said the f-35 has better rcs than a f-22, at least in the 'search bands'. Normally they talk in targeting bands when they use RCS comparisons, which is said to put the f-22 ahead.
My google foo couldn't find this again too. so take both as you will.
The more advanced RAM of the F-35 has allowed it to edge out the F-22's better shape so I am not convinced of your argument.
mas wrote: The more advanced RAM of the has allowed it to edge out the 's better shape so I am not convinced of your argument.
mas wrote: The more advanced RAM of the F-35 has allowed it to edge out the F-22's better shape so I am not convinced of your argument.
NO, IT HAS NOT!
The F-35 was designed from the start (shape and all) to be more stealthy than the F-22 in the frontal arc/sector/aspect!
While this is not exact science and may change a bit from aircraft to aircraft, I remember that have read somewhere in the past that on average, around 70% of the low RCS of a "stealth" aircraft comes from the aircraft's shape/airframe while the remaining 30% comes from RAM.
I've read that the purpose of RAM is to cancel out any radar reflections that shaping can't handle.
The USAF initially said that F-22 frontal RCS was steel marble sized (~0.0001 sq m) as opposed to F -35 frontal RCS being steel golf ball sized (~0.001 sq m) so I don't believe your assertion that F-35 was initially designed to be better. Accounts since have said that frontal F-35 RCS is lower than F-22 attributing that to more advanced RAM and lessons learnt from the B-2. Shape modeling of the F-35 do not indicate an RCS less than golf ball sized in X-band.
http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-NOTAM-070109-1.html
http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-2009-01-Annex.html
http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-2009-01.html
Here's a research paper showing how RAM materials can reduce RCS by about -30Db which is appreciable and shows how RAM can tip the balance once you have done your initial shaping RCS reduction.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/je/2014/468313/
There are two quotes where the F-35 beats the F-22 in RCS. This flows with logic since the F-35 was designed after the F-22, meaning that LM was able to draw upon the development of the F-22 to enhance the F-35. On top of that, since the F-35 was designed later when CPUs are faster and more accurate, the designers at LM were much more accurate in determining the RCS of the F-35.
mas wrote:
using APA as a source...
here are better sources...
Your source does not disagree.
frontal radar cross section of F-35 fluctuated between -20 and -30 dBsm while Mig-21’s radar cross section fluctuated between 10 and 0 dBsm (both models are without radar absorbing material )
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Artwork Supporting Shark Trust
In this section you will find a listing of artworks for sale for which a percentage or fixed amount of the sale price has been voluntarily committed by the artist in support of Shark Trust. has been indicated by AFC members as a potential recipient of donations by participating artists. AFC's Art for ConservationTM program, provides a forum to promote artwork that benefits recognized conservation organizations such as Shark Trust.
Art for ConservationTM Support Goal for Shark Trust:
Find out more info about Shark Trust.
Shark in shallow water (2013)
Reef Shark 11 x 14
colored pencil, digital, mixed
to Shark Trust
Crashing Waves (2011)
by Anne Barron
Wild seas in Shetland 8 x 10 x 1 (inches)
Disclaimer: This does not necessarily constitute an endorsement of the Artists for Conservation Foundation (AFC) or any individual artist by Shark Trust. The AFC does not receive any commission from the sale of work, with the exception of artwork that has been explicitly pledged with AFC as the beneficiary. Disbursement of committed amounts to the beneficiary is the sole responsibility of the artist, and is based on sales resulting from AFC website. Estimated pledge assumes that ALL original artwork are sold. If is no posted price, the average of all priced work on the AFC site is used for estimation purposes. For limited editions, if there is no indication of the edition size, the estimate is based on an average edition size among all editions available on the AFC site.
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Excerpt from the Journal of Olds – Day 301-304 – Chile – Valparaiso
10th August 2012 14th October 2016 OldsMessage
After our final free breakfast at the Ecohostel we took a wander to the metro and hopped on it over to the bus station. The ticket over to Valparaiso – or Valpo to the locals – was cheap and the journey short and painless despite all our luggage.
Valparaiso is coastal and a major port. It was once even more significant – particularly during the California Gold Rush – but these days plays host to a number of government offices and courts tourism thanks to its unique layout. It’s surrounded by hills on all sides many of which can be surmounted via ascensores. I’ve seen these called funiculars, hill railways, and elevators but they’re like 2 cable cars that run up and down rail tracks using each other as counterweights to assist in ascent / descent. Add to this the myriad of multi-coloured houses and an array of amazing murals and street art and you have place that’s worth a few days wandering.
We checked in at Valpackers which despite the to-the-point name felt like an authentic South American hostel complete with lots of wood and colour. With a good chunk of afternoon left to us we took a wander to the tram caught a ride to the port. Valparaiso is a very busy port and a fair bit of the Chilean naval fleet is docked there. Despite this it wasn’t as photogenic as we’d hoped but we took a few snaps anyway and set off back through the city as the sun set over it. We wandered through markets and plazas before eventually reaching a restaurant at the top of our street. I ordered the steak and it was huge and tasty despite looking a lot like road kill and being a bit flat and a smidge chewy. Suitably stuffed we returned to the hostel and sat with our hosts Jose and Karen while we watched some Big Bang Theory and supped our first Malbec in South America for which there was much rejoicing.
Breakfast was once again included though I wasn’t a fan of the scone like bread – but hey, it was free, so I can’t complain. We decided to use the port as our starting point again and this time set off in the opposite direction.
Like most cities Valpo has no-go areas for tourists and this was really hammered home to us by the guidebook and our hosts. That said we were – as far as what we’d been informed – well away from that area when we first started to get locals coming up to us and warning us to be careful with our cameras and where we walked in general. We eventually reached a point to turn off up to an ascensor that we were under the impression was in a safe neighbourhood only to be met by Jamil, and old gent out for a wander who was adamant that it simply wasn’t safe. Despite our limited Spanish and his limited English we got the message and he then set about guiding us to another ascensor back the way we came. He dropped us at the door of it and said his goodbyes before going on his way – this sort of kindness isn’t always forthcoming and while we’ve been lucky enough to see a fair bit of it over our travels this was stand-out.
Atop the hills the views were amazing and the walls were emblazoned with all manner of art from the rare mundane to the more frequent amazing. We wandered from street to street, down hills and up ascensors throughout the day before finally returning to our hostel just prior to sunset and getting back on the wine for the evening.
We got up early the next day and took off over to Vina Del Mar to visit a museum with Rapa Nui artefacts along with odd taxidermy & Chilean history. Vina Del Mar has a reputation as a more beach & holiday destination though on the day we visited it was all grey. The museum was a bit crap really and afterwards we grabbed a coffee, Fi indulged her shopping habit and then we decided to head back to Valparaiso. Our hosts had recommended a vegetarian restaurant so I switched off the carnivore in me and decided to give it a go. As it was Indian food all was well – the Veggie Dahl with Cauliflower Bhaji’s tasted as Indian as anything else does under the veil of spice so went down a treat.
We’d been invited out for the evening by our hosts who were heading to a club. This was to be our first experience of South American night life so despite our general laziness we decided we’d go for it. The thing about night life in this part of the world is that it starts much, much later than back home – while I’ve had the occasional ad-hoc late start to an evening most of the time they’re in full swing by 9pm and these days I’m lusting for bed by midnight save for the odd special occasion where the adrenalin kicks in and I’m good till the early hours. These occasions are becoming more and more special these days. Our night was due to start at 11:30pm – and in this neck of the woods that’s early. This made me tired just thinking about it.
We ate late and cleaned up as best we could. We all got together and hopped on a micro (minibus that does a set route for almost nothing in terms of fare) that drove like we’d just robbed a bank over to the other side of town. We got a deal in terms of admission (well, everybody got a deal except for the white male gringo…) and the next thing we know were in the Chilean equivalent of fabled old Bradford rock club Tumblers. Result!
We’d had no idea what to expect so were pleasantly surprised. I set about getting into the swing of things and started the beers rolling. Later there was a bit of confusion when I returned with a huge beer that’s usually shared amongst large groups all for myself – recognising my etiquette faux pas I acquired 4 glasses and unwittingly started a round. We switched rooms and the DJ started making consistent mistakes by playing more and more 80’s music. I kid not, Rick Astley was played without it being a joke. The night got interesting when the projector screen at one end of the room raised to reveal a DJ spinning some more contemporary fare. As the night wore on I got drunk and busted out my best drunken-girl dancing before later being advised about the horrors of Reggaeton. We all rolled in at ridiculous o’clock ready to suffer when we eventually surfaced the next day. It was a fantastic night with two wonderful people – thank you Jose & Karen for the awesome time!
The next day we survived on empanadas and headache pills, booking tickets to travel onwards to Mendoza and calling home.
Chile – Santiago – Fi – Photos
Chile – Valparaiso – Olds – Photos
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GENRES & TAGS
Location: Home » Android Games » Master of Wills
Master of Wills
Master of Wills is unlike any game you have played before. It will test your skills, instincts and mind. Set in a beautiful cyberpunk world opposing players choose which Faction best suits their play-style. MOW doesn’t rely solely on your Faction cards but also on your ability to manipulate the movements of the shared Community cards resulting in an epic “Tug of War”.
MOW is easy to learn but difficult to master making it a must play for casual and strategic gamers worldwide. The board is set with three rows on each side (Recruits, Loyalists, and Allies) and a neutral area in the middle. Your objective is to move as many Community member cards to your side by the end of the game while using Faction cards in your hand to manipulate and influence the cards and game. The points earned for each player on their side will determine who is the Master of Wills.
The first four Factions are available to choose from which are Alphaguard, Razorcorp, Dawnlight, and Shadowcell and they were known as the core factions. The next four “Fringe Factions” will be added in the future which includes Cloudecho, Edgehunter, Bloodcrown, and Waterborne.
Alphaguard was the first official faction to form as the need arose to protect the citizens from the rising tide of criminal activity. The law enforcers were becoming overwhelmed and the governments underwhelming response left the city on edge. Backed by elite law enforcers and ex-military soldiers, many of the strongest fighters in the city would join the Alphaguard. Although their goal of order seemed genuine, the power to control things through force was still not widely accepted by the masses.
Razorcorp controlled the flow of money. They were generally disliked as are most major corporations but there was good reason to consider them villainous. Although they were full of legitimate enterprises, they operated or had their hand in many of the illegal ones as well. They used all their power and wealth to buy controlling interests in land and property while gaining technological advances in weaponry. They bought and paid off whoever they needed. They held other corporations hostage in their business dealings as their massive conglomerate took over the city.
Dawnlight was formed out of a desire to bring those with strong spiritual believes together but turned out to be much more than that. They used their donations to enhance their physical features through technology as their core beliefs told them that they would one day become angels. Their members began to add mechanical wings, halos, and other angelic features to their bodies as a way to advance towards their gods. Their faction needed a holy war to fight and other factions were making it easy for them to declare them sinners. Dawnlight could be considered more of a cult by the community.
As the other three Factions made themselves visible to the world, there were others who wanted to take control in a more low key fashion. Shadowcell was spawned as an almost vigilante group who used deception as their modus operandi. They worked exclusively with the underground members of the community to trade in secrets. They played the spy game and used their stealth to rule the darkness. Shadowcell was the closest thing to an independent intelligence agency operating in the black.
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Ore Community Land Trust seeks to protect land in the Upper Ore Valley to save and enhance urban woodland and green space for community use and to protect animal habitat. We, therefore, campaign against development plans that would threaten the environment of the Valley. We also support positive regeneration plans and put forward ideas for improvements for the area.
Our aims are:
Speckled Wood in Ore.
Leading the campaign to have Speckled Wood redesignated as protected urban green space
Acquiring land in Speckled Wood for community use
Clearing footpaths and the stream, removing rubbish and carrying out conservation work to improve the woodland
Creating accessible amenity areas and protecting wildlife habitat
Developing a Community Plan for Speckled Wood and involving all sections of the local population in its work and plans
Supporting the Hastings Greenway project to create a cycle and walkway link from Ore to the Town Centre, running through Speckled Wood
Seeking support and assistance from organisations and community groups to further the aims of the Trust.
The Trust is a membership organisation, involving residents of all ages and supportive organisations and recruits volunteers to help with clearance and conservation work. In order to raise the profile of the Ore Community Land Trust and its aims, newsletters are circulated, publicity is sought in the local press and other media, information events are held and guided tours of the footpath network are arranged.
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Presidential Ambition Misquoted on Manny Pacquiao
Boxing icon and Sarangani Rep. Manny Pacquiao's declaration about his supposed ambition to become leader someday was "taken out of context," his bivouac said Monday.
Fred Sternburg, the head of the public relatives firm handling peak grade Promotions, said in an internet message to ABS-CBN report that the report was not unquestionable.
"It was taken out of context," he said.
"The reporter asked him the inquiry and his answer was: 'When I begun boxing and begun winning I naturally considered that some day I could be a world champion. I estimate the identical could be true when I begun my political career. perhaps some day I could be president? But that would be God's will. I have many significant things I want to complete as Congressman and those are the things I am thinking about,'" Sternburg said.
Pacquiao previous had an exclusive interview with Agence France-Presse wherein he supposedly revealed plans of running for leader of the Philippines after he leaves from boxing.
Pacquiao is not yet suitable to run even for vice-president in the 2016 elections. He is 34; the Constitution prescribes a smallest age of 40 for those who want to run for leader.
dwelling Speaker Sonny Belmonte on Monday said Pacquiao should run for member of the senate first, and a castle spokesman said Pacquiao is free to run if he is eligible.
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Youth improve their writing skills at Qatar National Library workshop
An enthusiastic group of young adults took part in a special writing workshop at Qatar National Library (QNL) on 4 January, which was led by producer, writer, journalist and media skills trainer...
Qatar National Library showcases art of bookbinding at specialized workshop
A two-day workshop, held at Qatar National Library on 22 and 23 December, showcased the art of creating beautiful notebooks by hand. Conservation technician Chanaka Perera taught participants how to...
Doha Film Institute participates in Qatar National Day celebrations at Darb Al Saai
In celebration of this year’s Qatar National Day, the Doha Film Institute (DFI) is set to offer a wide range of family and film-related activities in Darb Al Saai from 12 - 20 December 2019, which...
JLF Doha shows the value of dialogue in a volatile world
By: Abeer Al Kuwari (pictured), Director of Research and Learning Services at Qatar National Library The Jaipur Literature Festival (JLF) Doha opens at Qatar National Library on 12 December, and I...
Bedaya holds third edition of the Foundation Program to start a business
Bedaya Center for Entrepreneurship and Career Development (Bedaya Center), a joint initiative by Qatar Development Bank and Silatech, recently held a series of workshops at the third edition of the...
Texas A&M at Qatar STEM program teaches students about glider technology
More than 50 students in grades 7 through 10 from local schools across Qatar participated in the after-school Engineering Explorers STEM enrichment program hosted by Texas A&M University at...
Ooredoo sees strong success at B2B Workshop
Ooredoo, the region’s leading enabler of digital business innovation, announced it saw strong success on its Business to Business Workshop, catalysing the digital transformation of small- and medium-...
Accessible Qatar delivers accessibility awareness training to the National Museum of Qatar staff
Continuing to promote awareness about accessibility, Sasol, the international integrated chemicals and energy company, under its Accessible Qatar initiative, delivered Accessibility Awareness...
Sidra Medicine successfully operates on four patients during live reconstructive pediatric urology workshop
Sidra Medicine successfully conducted four live surgeries on day one of its first international workshop on reconstructive pediatric urology. The pediatric surgeries were performed by Prof. Pippi...
Ashghal hosts Recognizing Lean Transformation in Public Sector international conference & workshop
The Public Works Authority ‘Ashghal’ announces that it will host the international conference and workshop “Recognizing Lean Transformation in Public Sector - LIPS Qatar 2019”, which will be held for...
UCL Qatar and partners to develop the first international guide on setting up Cultural Heritage Innovation Labs
UCL Qatar, Qatar University Library and the British Library produced the first international guide on setting up Cultural Heritage Innovation Labs following an intense Book Sprint workshop. The week-...
Bedaya Friends program holds a series of workshops to develop local startups
Bedaya Center for Entrepreneurship and Career Development (Bedaya Center), a joint initiative of Qatar Development Bank and Silatech, has successfully concluded a series of workshops targeting...
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Navigator's parachute storage in Wellington
Thread: Navigator's parachute storage in Wellington
CZ_RAF
I would like to ask for few details about Wellinton Mk.IC.
1. where was normally stored Navigator's parachute during the flight? According to some reminiscences there was some kind of hook behing his seat?
2. when Navigator moved forward to bombsight he left his parachute on its place or he took his parachute with him to the nose?
Any help much appreciated.
Czechoslovak Airmen in the RAF 1940-1945
http://cz-raf.webnode.cz
David Duxbury
According to AP 1578A Vol I, Section 1 (Pilot's Notes for Wellington I, IA, IC), these aircraft were designed and equipped for a crew of four, comprising pilot, navigator (also acting as the front gunner and bomb aimer*), wireless operator and rear gunner.
(My notes: Not mentioned in introduction, but appearing in various other places is the fact that if a mid (under) retractable gun position fitted in particular aircraft, an additional crew member would be required, although this unsatisfactory gun position was soon deleted. However the presence of any additional gun positions (including beam guns) could give rise to a nominal crew of five. Fairly soon in WW2, with the realization that the mid-under gun position was operationally useless, especially in view of the decision to abandon all day-light operations, Bomber Command standardised on a six-man crew - two pilots, observer, W/Opr (also a trained A/G) and two "straight" A/G's (for front and rear turrets, although one could in fact be qualified as a W/Opr A/G). Finally, by May 1942 the second pilot was dropped to give a standard five-man crew, although sometimes a second pilot was carried. Invariably this was a new captain on his "second dicky" trip to see what it was like on actual operations with an experienced crew before he took his own crew over Europe for the first time.)
Fig 4 from this publication (Parachute exits and emergency equipment, issued with A/L No. 9) shows that there was stowage for a pilot-type parachute on right side of cockpit (presume for second pilot?), and stowage for (two?) more parachutes (type not stated, perhaps one bin was actually for a Mae West?) on port side of cockpit. Aft of cockpit was stowage for two seat-type parachutes (for radio operator and navigator), and there was stowage for a further parachute (type unstated - was this perhaps in case a supernumerary crew member had to be carried for some reason?) at rest bunk aft of the astrodome. In rear fuselage, just forward of tailplane, was stowage for parachutes for rear and middle gunners, as well as stowage for their Mae Wests. Presume other crew members wore their Mae Wests at all times. Apparently the rear gunner could also stow his 'chute near his turret on dangerous operations in case he preferred to bale out of his turret rather than trek forward to the aft cabin parachute exit, which was either a round hatch in place of the deleted under turret, or a small "push-out" panel which was further aft near the parachute and Mae west bins. Only the rear and central gunners were to use this exit - all others vacated aircraft by the forward exit which seemed to be under the pilot's cockpit according to Figure 4. If the aircraft was ditched, the astrodome was the approved exit for second pilot, observer and central gunner - the rear gunner exited from his turret by rotating it through 90 degrees to port, while pilot and front gunner exited aircraft through hatch in starboard side of cockpit roof.
(* Unknown why the term "navigator" used in these captions rather then the contemporary term "observer", the latter trade of course implying the trades of navigator, gunner and air bomber). The copy of the publication in my possession if the November 1940 reprint, incorporating up to Amendment List No. 12 of Sept 1941.)
To further add to the confusion of crew members and nomenclature, Fig. No. 5 (Dinghy Installation and Exits for use, also issued with A/L No.9), the second pilot (not mentioned in Fig. No. 4) makes his appearance, the under gunner is now referred to as the central gunner, and the navigator is referred to as the observer! And this is THE official publication!
Further study of AP 1578A reveals that the second pilot's seat was of the folding variety with a parachute well, normally stowed folded against the starboard side of the cockpit and held in place with a clip, but could be easily unclipped, and raised into position, with a spring-loaded hinged frame on inboard side swung down "to rest in support groves on the floor, being locked in position by spring catches". "A padded back rest strap hinged to the cockpit rear bulkhead is hooked across the cabin door for use with the seat in conjunction with a head rest pad above the door. The seat is provided with a safety belt secured to the structure at each side of it, and folding footrests for use when dual controls are not fitted." (From para. 55)
Para. 66 notes that "The pilot is provided with a seat-type parachute as are also the navigator and wireless operator. A parachute for the front gunner and a spare parachute are stowed in on the starboard side of the fuselage below the pilot's cockpit. Parachute stowages for the midship and rear gunners are provided on the starboard side of the fuselage forward of the rear turret and a further stowage is provided above the rest bunk".
Para. 67 states that: "Life-saving waistcoats. When required, life-saving waistcoats are stowed in bags immediately aft of the central and rear gunner's parachute stowages."
The normal practise in RAF aircraft of this period was to stow parachutes in what were called bins on interior walls of fuselage, usually near to parachute exits. Of course those crew members with Pilot-type 'cutes had to sit on them as they formed the soft part of their seats, so only "observer-type" (clip-on chutes) were normally stowed in the bins. Thus, despite the designation of the Observer-type chute, the observers in Wellingtons always seemed to have worn a Pilot-type chute if their seats were of the well-type. It is quite possible that later Wellingtons had normal padded seats so could have been issued with observer-type chutes. The advantage of these chutes was that movement in the aircraft was much easier as you didn't have to wear the chute unless you had to bale out - they were quickly attached to the harness (worn all the time) by strong but easy to use clips.
Dave D
Dave as always many thanks for your comprehensive answer!
Much appreciated also your own comments.
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Shotwell Publishing | Southern Without Apology
History & Non-Fiction
Please Pass the Planned Poverty
Al Benson Jr. takes note of The Kennedy Twins' Latest book, PUNISHED WITH POVERTY on his blog REVISED HISTORY:
How many folks chanced to drive through parts of the South in the 1950s, 60s and even in the early 70s and noted how poor the country seemed to be compared with other areas of the United States? Many probably wondered why the South couldn’t seem t do better that it was doing. To say that the South, in our lifetime, was and is the poorest part of the country, with the possible exception of Indian reservations, is no exaggeration. And yet, knowing some of the reasons for that and the history behind it, my wife and I, now living in Louisiana, would not willingly go back north to live. The South is home, and we have been more content here than just about any other place we’ve lived, for several reasons.
There are reasons for the poverty in much of the South and for the poor whites and blacks that live in it, and in many cases the poverty is not their fault. It was intended for them to live that way by those that sought to conquer them during and after the War of Northern Aggression and by the descendants of those conquerors who, even today, enjoy rubbing their faces in the planned poverty that is supposed to be their due because their ancestors had the temerity to stand up and “dare defend their rights.” Such is not to be tolerated in the cultural Marxist milieu...
READ THE FULL ARTICLE HERE: http://bit.ly/2juQI0G
Clyde Wilson
Confederaphobia
Gold-Bug Mysteries
Hate And Fear
John Chodes
Joyce Bennett
Karen Stokes
Kennedy Twins
Martin L Wilson
Paul C. Graham
Philip Leigh
Punished With Poverty
Randall Ivey
Shotwell Store
To Jekyll And Hide
Copyright © 2015 - 2019, Shotwell Publishing LLC
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Flake’s Exit Rocks GOP and Arizona Senate Race
Trump critic sees a narrowing path for traditional conservatives in the GOP
Posted Oct 25, 2017 5:05 AM
@bridgetbhc
Democrats try to expand House battlefield by targeting six more districts Liz Cheney is not running for Senate in Wyoming Impeachment managers all represent safe Democratic seats
Arizona Sen. Jeff Flake and his wife, Cheryl, enter the Russell Building on Tuesday after he announced he would not be running for re-election. (Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call)
Sen. Jeff Flake announced on Tuesday that he is leaving the Senate. But his speech was an indictment of modern politics at large.
The Arizona Republican took to the Senate floor to decry the state of political discourse, the leadership of President Donald Trump and the future of conservatism.
“It is clear, at this moment, that a traditional conservative who believes in limited government and free markets, who is devoted to free trade, and who is pro-immigration, has a narrower and narrower path to nomination in the Republican Party,” Flake said.
His retirement plans — and what he said on the Senate floor — raised deep questions about the state of the GOP and also shakes up a hotly contested Senate race.
Flake Gives Anti-Trump Speech on Senate Floor
Some Republicans said Flake’s re-election woes were a product of his own issues in the state, while others said he had a point.
“I think today, the definition of being a conservative, it’s not any of those things [Flake mentioned],” said one GOP consultant in Arizona. “It’s how much or how little you support the president.”
GOP fallout
Flake had been a consistent critic of Trump even before his election last fall, pushing back on his call to ban Muslims from entering the country, his criticisms of free trade and his plan to end a program protecting undocumented immigrants brought illegally to the U.S. as children from deportation.
“The notion that one should say and do nothing in the face of such mercurial behavior is ahistoric and, I believe, profoundly misguided,” Flake said Tuesday.
But it was that kind of criticism that drew a primary challenge to the first-term senator from former state Sen. Kelli Ward. Erstwhile Trump chief strategist Steve Bannon has backed Ward in his broader attempt to go after Republicans whom he says do not support the president.
“Probably one of the big miscalculations Jeff made was his failure to recognize how popular the president is with primary voters,” one GOP strategist said.
The strategist noted that Flake’s decision was not necessarily a surprise, with chatter over the past month that he would step down. Some strategists agreed Flake could still win a primary against Ward, but his path to victory in the general election was not clear, since Trump supporters would likely not turn out to support him.
Though Flake criticized the president’s words and actions, he was still a staunch conservative, according to groups such as the Club for Growth that rate lawmakers’ conservative credentials based on congressional votes.
“Senator Flake maintained a lifetime average of 96 percent on Club for Growth’s scorecard — a distinction few have earned,” club President David McIntosh said. “A tried and true fiscal conservative, Jeff fought to eliminate earmarks before it was cool.”
Some Arizona Republicans said Flake had not maintained the same reputation in Arizona, with his conservative bona fides eroding as he pushed for an immigration overhaul and more open relations with Cuba.
“Part of the problem with this was that Jeff never really had a great connection with Arizona voters to begin with,” an Arizona GOP consultant said. “And when the president of your own party is taking you on, it’s not the best place to be.”
“What [Flake] couldn’t do is be both, pick a fight with the president and be perceived as being weak on the issues,” another strategist said.
Watch: More and More Republicans Speaking Out Against Trump’s Politics
Changing Senate race
With Flake out of the race, strategists predict a more traditional primary than the bitter intraparty battle that would have been ahead.
Some noted that Ward’s central argument was that Flake was not conservative enough — an argument that becomes tougher to make against others who could jump in.
Ward indicated she will continue to run as the pro-Trump candidate.
“Arizona voters are the big winner in Jeff Flake’s decision to not seek re-election,” she said. “They deserve a strong conservative in the U.S. Senate who supports President Trump and the ‘America First’ agenda.”
But other potential Republican candidates could also point to their support of the president.
The top names emerging include Reps. Martha McSally and David Schweikert, and the state’s attorney general, Mark Brnovich. Rep. Andy Biggs and former Rep. Matt Salmon were also named as potential candidates.
One strategist said other names to watch include state Sen. Steve Montenegro, who is currently running for secretary of state; Arizona Board of Regents member Jay Heiler; Len Munsil, the president of Arizona Christian University who previously ran for governor; and Christine Jones, who narrowly lost to Biggs in a 2016 House primary race.
Others noted that Rep. Paul Gosar has signaled interest in running. But his recent statements — including his assertion that violence at a white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August was part of a liberal conspiracy — could limit his GOP support.
“With the exception of McSally, they’re all very, very conservative but … they’re not insurgents,” one Arizona strategist said. “They’re not running with the expressed goal of tearing down the Republican Party.”
Some strategists noted that McSally’s moderate reputation, garnered from representing a swing district based in Tucson, could hurt her in a statewide Republican primary. But one consultant suggested she could clear the GOP field, thanks in part to her fundraising prowess.
Before Flake bowed out, Trump supporters had reportedly been eyeing state Treasurer Jeff DeWit as a potential primary challenger. DeWit served as chief operating officer for Trump’s presidential campaign.
Former state party chairman Robert Graham was also named as a potential primary challenger. He told Roll Call on Tuesday night that he is planning to travel to D.C. soon to discuss the possibility of running.
Graham, who met with Trump in August at a rally in Phoenix, said he has an agreement with DeWit that if one of them runs, the other won’t.
Some strategists doubted those considering a primary challenge would jump in now that Flake was out, since they could no longer zero in on the incumbent.
“Had they had said ‘yes’ a month ago — heck, a week ago — they would have gotten in essentially with the president’s full support,” said Arizona consultant Constantin Querard, who has been critical of Flake. “Now there’s really no reason for the president to get involved. … It’s now just an open Senate seat. It’s kind of politics as usual.”
It is not immediately clear how the shakeup could affect the Democrat in the race, Rep. Kyrsten Sinema. Some Republicans were hopeful Flake’s exit could mean a stronger candidate would face Sinema.
“We’ve been able to outsmart Democrats in the past election cycles,” Graham said. “Sinema’s a real threat. Anyone who suggests she’s not is crazy.”
Democrats still view the race as competitive, even without Flake. Trump won the state by 4 points in 2016. Inside Elections with Nathan L. Gonzales rates the race a Toss-up.
“This was always going to be a competitive seat. It is going to be a competitive seat,” said Maryland Sen. Chris Van Hollen, the chairman of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee. “We have an excellent chance of winning the Arizona seat.”
Joe Williams and Eric Garcia contributed to this report.
Topics: 2018 at-the-races conservatives democrats donald-trump elections gop-brand nationwide open-seat politics republicans senate tossup Arizona Campaign Finance Campaigns Chris Van Hollen conservatives David Schweikert democrats Donald J. Trump Elections Executive Branch House Immigration Jeff Flake Kyrsten Sinema leadership Martha McSally Maryland Matt Salmon media Paul Gosar religion Republicans Senate Trade Virginia POLI
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Artists A – Z
Tag: Dave Luxton
Dave Luxton – Music From The Firmament
19 October, 2012 7 December, 2018
Release data: Dave Luxton – Music From The Firmament DIGITAL DOWNLOAD, Wayfarer Records, 2011 In the last couple of years, I’ve reviewed quite a few cosmic albums by US-ambient composer Dave Luxton, who’s also the owner of the Wayfarer Records label. Those who are still not familiar with his music hereby get an excellent opportunity to do so after all. “Music From The Firmament” is…
Dave Luxton – Dreams Ghosts and Parallel Universes
21 August, 2011 7 December, 2018
Release data: Dave Luxton – Dreams Ghosts and Parallel Universes CD-R/DIGITAL DOWNLOAD, Wayfarer Records, 2011 With “Dreams Ghosts and Parallel Universes”, US synthesist Dave Luxton brings us an album offering twelve atmospheric space music tracks, making up almost an hour of listening pleasure. During the spacious ride with minimal use of rhythm or sequences, Dave keeps things drifting in a pleasant and accessible comfort zone,…
Dave Luxton – Dark Moon
16 January, 2011 7 December, 2018
Release data: Dave Luxton – Dark Moon CD-R, Wayfarer Records, 2010 The cinematic impact and mysterious vibrations embedded in the ambient music of David Luxton always have had a quirky twist. That doesn’t change on “Dark Moon”, an instrumental album that takes its audience on a gentle journey into new sonic frontiers out there. The cosmic pieces of smooth atmospheric drone textures slowly evolve and…
Dave Luxton – Portal
9 July, 2010 7 December, 2018
Release data: Dave Luxton – Portal CD-R, Wayfarer Records, 2010 With this release, Mr Luxton brings us an ambient album with an overall lush and harmonic cosmic music, this time taking a more cinematic approach. Drawing from his experience as a film composer, he presents eight textural tracks of spacious music that really takes you “out there”. Its impact makes the listener enter mysterious and…
Dave Luxton – When The World Was Young
28 December, 2009 7 December, 2018
Release data: Dave Luxton – When The World Was Young CD-R, Wayfarer Records, 2010 “When The World Was Young”, due for release on 01/21/2010, arrived on the threshold of the new year. This album has a much lighter sound compared to his previous album, although the crispy undercurrents have remained, presenting 10 tracks of freeform ambient dronescapes which “uniquely balance tension and repose”. Well, the…
Dave Luxton – The Divided Line
29 September, 2009 7 December, 2018
Release data: Dave Luxton – The Divided Line CD-R, Wayfarer Records, 2009 Musician Dave Luxton continues his journey into ambient electronic dream worlds with “The Divided Line”, a concept album intended to compose music that would reflect the various aspects of human consciousness and the planes of existence. The outcome is an eclectic mix of gloomy, mesmerizing and at times hypnotizing music made up by…
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About Speleogenesis project
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Speleology in Kazakhstan
Ankara Bakıcı Travesti
Shakalov on 04 Jul, 2018
Hello everyone! I pleased to invite you to the official site of Central Asian Karstic-Speleological commission ("Kaspeko") There, we regularly publish reports about our expeditions, articles and reports on speleotopics, lecture course for instructors, photos etc. ...
en iyi travesti Temizlik Şirketleri<
New publications on hypogene speleogenesis
Klimchouk on 26 Mar, 2012
Dear Colleagues, This is to draw your attention to several recent publications added to KarstBase, relevant to hypogenic karst/speleogenesis: Corrosion of limestone tablets in sulfidic ground-water: measurements and speleogenetic implications Galdenzi,
The deepest terrestrial animal
transgenders istanbul
Klimchouk on 23 Feb, 2012
A recent publication of Spanish researchers describes the biology of Krubera Cave, including the deepest terrestrial animal ever found: Jordana, Rafael; Baquero, Enrique; Reboleira, Sofía and Sendra, Alberto. ...
Caves - landscapes without light
travesti rehberi
akop on 05 Feb, 2012
Exhibition dedicated to caves is taking place in the Vienna Natural History Museum The exhibition at the Natural History Museum presents the surprising variety of caves and cave formations such as stalactites and various crystals. ...
That transgression is the spreading of the sea over level areas [16].?
Checkout all 2699 terms in the KarstBase Glossary of Karst and Cave Terms
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KarstBase a bibliography database in karst and cave science.
Featured articles from Cave & Karst Science Journals
Characterization of minothems at Libiola (NW Italy): morphological, mineralogical, and geochemical study, Carbone Cristina; Dinelli Enrico; De Waele Jo
Chemistry and Karst, White, William B.
Engineering challenges in Karst, Stevanović, Zoran; Milanović, Petar
The karst paradigm: changes, trends and perspectives, Klimchouk, Alexander
Long-term erosion rate measurements in gypsum caves of Sorbas (SE Spain) by the Micro-Erosion Meter method, Sanna, Laura; De Waele, Jo; Calaforra, José Maria; Forti, Paolo
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Geochemical and mineralogical fingerprints to distinguish the exploited ferruginous mineralisations of Grotta della Monaca (Calabria, Italy), Dimuccio, L.A.; Rodrigues, N.; Larocca, F.; Pratas, J.; Amado, A.M.; Batista de Carvalho, L.A.
Karst processes and landforms, De Waele, J.
Karst environment, Culver D.C.
Mushroom Speleothems: Stromatolites That Formed in the Absence of Phototrophs, Bontognali, Tomaso R.R.; D’Angeli Ilenia M.; Tisato, Nicola; Vasconcelos, Crisogono; Bernasconi, Stefano M.; Gonzales, Esteban R. G.; De Waele, Jo
Calculating flux to predict future cave radon concentrations, Rowberry, Matt; Marti, Xavi; Frontera, Carlos; Van De Wiel, Marco; Briestensky, Milos
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Your search for paleo-groundwater (Keyword) returned 3 results for the whole karstbase:
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Deep confined karst detection, analysis and paleohydrology reconstruction at a basin-wide scale using new geophysical interpretation of borehole logs, 2011, Laskow M. , Gendler M. , Goldberg I. , Gvirtzman H. , Frumkin A.
Deep karst voids can be identified by a new geophysical interpretation method of commonly used borehole logs at deeply confined carbonate aquifers. We show that deep, buried karst voids can be characterized by combining this geophysical interpretation together with geological and hydrological data, and known speleological constraints. We demonstrate how this characterization can reveal past hydrological regimes and allow mapping of karst distribution on a basin-wide scale.
A combined analysis of geophysical, geological, hydrological and speleological data in the confined Yarkon-Taninim aquifer, Israel, led us to reconstruct past groundwater levels at different sea levels and reliefs, with the karst voids as a marker for long-term flow close to the water table. Paleo-canyons along the Mediterranean Sea shoreline strongly affected the region’s paleohydrology, by serving as major outlets of the aquifer during most of the Cenozoic. We conclude that intensive karstification was promoted by flow periods of longer duration and/or higher flux and flow velocities close to the aquifer’s past and present outlets. In addition, we suggest that karst voids found under shallow confinement was developed by renewed aggressivity achieved by hypogene water rising in cross-formational flow, mixed with fresh lateral water flow from the east.
Deep confined karst detection, analysis and paleo-hydrology reconstruction at a basin-wide scale using new geophysical interpretation of borehole logs, 2011, Laskow M. , Gendler M. , Goldberg I. , Gvirtzman H. , Frumkin A.
Deep karst voids can be identified by a new method of geophysical interpretation of commonly used borehole logs in deeply confined carbonate aquifers. We show that deep, buried karst voids can be characterized by combining this geophysical interpretation together with geological and hydrological data, and with known speleological constraints. We demonstrate how this characterization can reveal past hydrological regimes and allow mapping of karst distribution on a basin-wide scale.
A combined analysis of geophysical, geological, hydrological, and speleological data in the confined Yarkon–Taninim aquifer, Israel, led us to reconstruct past groundwater levels at different relief and sea levels, with the karst voids as a marker for long-term flow close to the water table. Paleo-canyons along the Mediterranean Sea shoreline strongly affected the region’s paleo-hydrology, by serving as major outlets of the aquifer during most of the Cenozoic. We conclude that intensive karstification was promoted by flow periods of longer duration and/or higher flux and flow velocities close to the aquifer’s past and present outlets. In addition, we suggest that karst voids found under shallow confinement were developed by renewed aggressivity due to hypogene water rising in cross-formational flow becoming mixed with fresh lateral water flow from the east.
Deep karst voids can be identified by a new method of geophysical interpretation of commonly used borehole logs in deeply confined carbonate aquifers. We show that deep, buried karst voids can be characterized by combining this geophysical interpretation together with geological and hydrological data, and with known speleological constraints. We demonstrate how this characterization can reveal past hydrological regimes and allow mapping of karst distribution on a basin-wide scale. A combined analysis of geophysical, geological, hydrological, and speleological data in the confined Yarkon–Taninim aquifer, Israel, led us to reconstruct past groundwater levels at different relief and sea levels, with the karst voids as a marker for long-term flow close to the water table. Paleo-canyons along the Mediterranean Sea shoreline strongly affected the region’s paleo-hydrology, by serving as major outlets of the aquifer during most of the Cenozoic. We conclude that intensive karstification was promoted by flow periods of longer duration and/or higher flux and flow velocities close to the aquifer’s past and present outlets. In addition, we suggest that karst voids found under shallow confinement were developed by renewed aggressivity due to hypogene water rising in cross-formational flow becoming mixed with fresh lateral water flow from the east.
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Dean Sperling Law
Resolved. —with your best interests in mind.
Oh That’s Lawful (Dean’s Blog)
Sun Microsystems Billionaire Landowner Sued Over Access to Public Beach
Who really owns the beach? We know people can own land around a beach but the beach itself? Did you know that the state Constitution guarantees public access to all beaches below the high tide line?
Well, in the latest chapter of a decade-long fight, California officials sued billionaire landowner Vinod Khosla on Monday in a bid to regain public access to Martins Beach, a scenic stretch of sand near Half Moon Bay.
Filed by the state Attorney General’s office on behalf of the California State Lands Commission and Coastal Commission, the lawsuit seeks a court order demanding that the tech mogul remove all gates and signs on the only road leading to the crescent-shaped beach, one that runs directly through his adjacent property.
The lawsuit contends that without court orders, Khosla will keep imposing improper restrictions to public access to the popular beach, located about 35 miles south of San Francisco.
“This case goes to the heart of California’s public access mandate,” California Coastal Commission Chairman Steve Padilla said in a statement. “We cannot allow this to be chipped away each time someone purchases beachfront property — it’s a dangerous precedent for the future of public access in California.”
Khosla’s attorney vowed to fight the latest challenge.
“Since the property was purchased by our client, the state, and small activist groups, have endeavored to seize our client’s private property without compensation,” Dori Yob Kilmer said in a statement. “While such tactics are commonplace in communist systems, they have never been tolerated in the American system where the U.S. Constitution precludes the government from simply taking private property and giving it to the public.”
Even land uses cases like this are no day at beach. Legal disputes are EVERYWHERE. When those nasty things like landlord/tenant matters, contract issues, nuisance ADA claims and even collections threaten YOU and YOUR business, call on the good guy business litigator, Dean Sperling, who will resolve your matter with YOUR best interests in mind!
More on the case:
https://www.kqed.org/news/11794272/california-sues-billionaire-landowner-over-access-to-martins-beach
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Table of Contents - Current issue
Volume 10 | Issue 3
Page Nos. 117-172
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Diagnostic performance of the visual caries classification of International Caries Detection and Assessment System II versus conventional radiography for the detection of occlusal carious lesions in primary molars p. 117
Jayachandra Reddy Bhumireddy, S V. S. G. Nirmala, Sreekanth Kumar Mallineni, Sivakumar Nuvvula
DOI:10.4103/srmjrds.srmjrds_11_19
Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy in the diagnosis of the occlusal caries lesion using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System II (ICDAS II) and conventional bitewing radiographs in primary molars. Materials and Methods: A total of 35 children was selected randomly and recruited for visual ICDAS II and conventional bitewing radiographic examination by two independent trained examiners. Two hundred and fifty-four teeth were examined at D1 (enamel caries lesions) and D3 (dentine caries lesions) thresholds. Results: Sensitivity and specificity at D1 for ICDAS II was 100%, whereas it was 2.97% and 100%, respectively, for bitewing radiographs. At D3 threshold, sensitivity and specificity of ICDAS II was 94.55% and 96.45%, whereas it was 60.0% and 98.99% respectively for bitewing radiographs. Conclusion: ICDAS II is better than conventional bitewing radiographs in detecting carious lesions that confined to enamel, and both are equally effective in the detection of dentinal carious lesions.
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Analysis of prognostic factors and patterns of failure in patients of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated by definitive radiotherapy in a tertiary care cancer center of Northern India p. 122
Sankalp Singh, Nishant Lohia, Sharad Bhatnagar, Pankaj Kumar Sahu, Manoj Prashar, Sundaram Viswanath, Subramananiam Anand, S Harish, Gaurav Trivedi
Background: The incidence of oropharyngeal carcinoma is increasing despite decline in the incidence of head and neck cancers of other sites. Functional organ preservation with minimal toxicity and better survival is the management goal in oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs). Morbidity of surgery favors radiotherapy as primary modality in OPCs. Here, we have reviewed and analyzed various prognostic factors and results of conventional radiotherapy in patients treated at our institute with two-dimensional planning. Materials and Methods: The records of 70 patients who were treated radically with radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy from January 2014 to May 2018 were analyzed in our institute. Results: The median age was 61.5 years with male:female ratio of 6:1. History of tobacco use was present in 83%. Stage IVA comprised the bulk with 63% of cases. Eighty-one percent of the patients received concurrent cisplatin. Median disease-free survival at 1 and 5 years was 71.4% and 54.3%, respectively. Median overall survival at 1 and 5 years was 74.3% and 60%, respectively. Conclusion: Varied patient-related, tumor-related, and treatment-related factors determine the clinical severity and tumor stage and help in predicting survival in oropharyngeal carcinoma.
Patterns of dental problems and time gap in utilization of dental services by patients visiting a dental college in North Kerala p. 130
Kuldeep Singh Shekhawat, Praveen Dinatius, T Vanishree, CB Thasneem
Introduction: Access to dental services is generally regarded as a necessary condition for achieving population-level oral health and well-being. Oral diseases are largely preventable by regular home oral care and preventive dental visits which help in the early detection and treatment of oral diseases. Aim: The objective was to assess the patterns of dental problems and time gap in utilizing dental services. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on outpatients who visited Century Dental College, Kasaragod, Kerala, for duration of 6 months from July 2017 to December 2017. The data were collected from medical records from the outpatient department. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 2593 cases were analyzed. The mean age was 35.66 ± 13.2 years. The most common dental problem reported was decayed teeth (29.3%) followed by dental pain (23.5%) and deposits on teeth (14.4%). Only 3.98% of the patients visited immediately the next day as soon as they noticed black discoloration and/or informed about their decayed tooth. Males reportedly approached the college more than females for most of the chief complaints except for replacement of missing teeth. Conclusions: The most common dental problem reported was decayed teeth followed by dental pain and deposits on teeth. Only 3.77% of the patients reported for a routine dental checkup. Twelve percent of patients reported immediately the next day after experiencing dental pain. Most of the participants visit a dentist only if they had a problem.
Simulation-based surgical skill training in internship program p. 135
Surekha Rathod, Dhanashree Ghoderao, Vrinda Kolte, Nilima Budhraja
Background: Objective structured assessment of technical skills (OSATS) are crucial in assessing operative skills. The education of basic surgical skill (BSS) depends on precise assessment of their surgical skill levels and competency level. Hence, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of BSS module on intern's competency and confidence. Materials and Methods: Fifty-four interns were included in the module. Three faculty members were included in the module. The module has been prepared on: (1) Asepsis – surgical hand scrubbing, gloving, gowning. (2) Simple interrupted suturing. Intervention: Small group teaching was given to each batch, and hands-on training in dry skill laboratory on simulation was given. Interns were assessed by OSATS, and feedbacks were taken at the end of the assessment. Results: The score of global rating scale for each trainee increased within the 15 days of posting. The knowledge domain of posttest score also improved. Conclusion: BSS module was found to be effective, aiding for the interns to improve their knowledge and skills.
Tongue morphometry: Evaluation of morphological variations in ethnic Tamil population p. 139
Lekshmy Jayan, R Bharanidharan, R Ramya, N Priyadharsini, A Ramesh Kumar
Introduction: Tongue is a vital organ well encased with in the oral cavity, morphological features of which are unique and differs from one individual to other. Visual inspection of the tongue is a noninvasive and inexpensive method to evaluate the morphological variations. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the morphological variations of tongue in male and female in ethnic Tamil population. Objective: The objective is to study the morphological features such as shape, length, and width of the tongue, presence and location of fissure pattern and its gender variations by visual examination method in ethnic Tamil population between age 21 and 30 years. Materials and Methods: The study sample included 250 male and 250 female (21–30 years). The participants were subjected to visual examination and by obtaining a digital photograph of the tongue on maximum protrusion to study the morphological variation like shape of the tongue, presence and location of fissure. Results: The mean for width of the tongue was 3.599. The length of the tongue had a mean value of 4.283. On analyzing the shape of the tongue, U shape was more common in both male (68%) and female (62%) and V shape is common in female (38%). In female, the most common is absent or no fissures whereas in male central fissure was most common. Conclusion: Tongue showed significant morphological variations in male and female. Visual examination of tongue is a simple and inexpensive way to collect data and can be saved along with other dental records. Tongue prints being unique can serve as both a biometric and forensic tool.
Natural head posture changes after maxillomandibular procedures – A prospective study p. 145
Thenmozhi Thirumavalavan, T Selvakumar, M Shanmuga Sundaram, T Guru Prasad, V B Krishna Kumar Raja
Purpose of the Study: The aim of this study is to evaluate the natural head posture changes in the individuals after orthognathic surgery assessed using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the age group above 18 years who underwent mandibular advancement for the correction of the skeletal deformity. The difference was evaluated in cases with the help of CBCT scan which was taken preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. The inclusion criteria were patients undergoing mandibular advancement with or without maxillary procedures. The CBCT scan was taken in a natural head position with lips in a relaxed position and without any other tongue movements like swallowing. The exclusion criteria include patients with pharyngeal pathology, syndromic conditions, and history of orthognathic surgery. The head posture was determined by measuring the craniocervical angle (CCA) before and after surgery to evaluate the changes. The study was divided among bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) advancement cases and maxillomandibular procedures. The statistical analysis was done using a paired t-test. Results: The head posture changes present in mandibular advancement cases show a decrease in the angulation of CCA in both types. The P value of head posture in BSSO advancement cases was 0.25, and for maxillomandibular cases, it was 0.007. Conclusion: The study was concluded by showing a decrease in the angulation of the CCA after orthognathic surgery. This shows improvement in the facial profile and structural positions.
Role of collagen in oral and systemic diseases p. 149
Amol Jain, Kshama Chandurkar, Rohit Jaiswal
Collagen has been studied appreciably by a massive variety of researchers since 20th century. It is the most important fibrous glycoprotein among the ground substances and forms the core component within the connective tissue structures such as tendons, cartilage, the organic matrix of bone, and cornea, and they retain the muscularity and firmness of these elements. It has triple helices architecture. The collagen family so far has identified 20 different forms. All types of collagens play a role by synthesizing fibers and network of microfibers present in the ground substance, basal lamina also remaining constituents of the matrix. In this review we discuss about the organisation and role of different collagen forms in various tissues. It presents the fundamental structure, synthesis and the different disorders or syndromes which occur due to the defects in the collagen biosynthesis.
Herpes simplex virus: A seed or sequelae to pemphigus? p. 154
Sarita Yanduri, Anu Gokuldas, B Veerendra Kumar, S Suma, MG Madhura
Pemphigus vulgaris is a vesiculobullous lesion in which autoantibodies are produced against desmoglein-3 antigens. Despite having an autoimmune etiology, herpes simplex virus (HSV) is found to be an additional aggravating factor for this disease. Sometimes, there can be a coexistence between the two entities. Here, a unique case of a 65-year-old female patient who presented with the chief complaint of ulcers in the oral cavity for the past 2–3 months is discussed. Histopathologic and immunofluorescence investigations were suggestive of pemphigus, but the cytopathologic smears manifested characteristics indicative of HSV infection. The existence of a viral infection with the known case of pemphigus poses a potential difficulty in the classical treatment of the latter. This case report throws light on the interesting coexistence of these two disease processes, thus highlighting the pathogenesis and treatment plan which may have to be considered in such controversial cases.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of palate: A rare case report p. 158
Pratiksha Kumar, Sangeeta Wanjari, Hemani Sukhija, Anuradha Agarwal, Sukanta Sen, Sumanta Kumar Kolay
A 40-year-old female patient reported to the department with the complaint of a single growth and pain in the upper right back tooth region for 1 year. Intraoral examination revealed a single unilateral exophytic growth seen on the right upper pterygomandibular raphe region. Extraoral examination revealed no facial asymmetry and no evidence of lymphadenopathy. Histopathological examination revealed a hyperparakeratotic stratified squamous epithelium of variable thickness with broad and flattened rete ridges. Lesional tissue showed large sheets of cells surrounded by condensed collagen component. The lesional cells were basaloid in appearance with hyperchromatic nucleus predominately arranged in a cribriform pattern along with eosinophilic material. No evidence of perineural invasion was observed in serial sections. On the basis of these findings, the diagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma was established.
Follicular ameloblastoma: A case report p. 161
Shivani Singh, Kamal Hasan, Abhijeet Alok
Ameloblastomas are slow-growing, locally invasive tumor affecting the maxillofacial region. There are various histologic variants of ameloblastoma. Most common being follicular ameloblastoma. Follicular ameloblastoma is commonly seen in elder people. Follicular ameloblastomas have got high recurrence rate. Radiographic finding shows a multilocular radiolucency with well-defined borders. This paper presents a case of follicular ameloblastoma in a 30-year-old female who had a swelling on the right mandible region.
Accidental ingestion of segment of an Erich bar: An unusual case report p. 165
Mahashweta Nag, Rajeev Pandey, Varun Arya, Rahul Kashyap
Accidental aspiration or ingestion during dental procedure is a rarely occurring phenomenon. It is considered as a potential health problem worldwide. Aspiration of dental instruments is rare but require immediate management because it can compromise airway. Ingestion although considered less dangerous, it can also lead to complex gastroenterological procedures due to intestinal perforation and obstruction. Here, we present an unusual case of ingestion of a segment of the Erich arch bar measuring about 4 cm during arch bar wiring in a trauma patient having mandibular fracture.
Esthetic rehabilitation for premature loss of primary anterior teeth p. 170
Paridhee Jalan, Aindrila Ghosh, Shabnam Zahir, Gautam Kumar Kundu
Over years primary anterior teeth have been prematurely lost due to Early Childhood Caries and trauma. While in the past once lost primary teeth could not be replaced, now due to increased aesthetic demands of the patient and their family, different fixed functional space maintainers have come to the forefront for aesthetically rehabilitating prematurely loss deciduous anterior teeth. This case report discusses how an avulsed deciduous maxillary anterior teeth was replaced in a three and a half year old male patient using a fixed functional space maintainer.
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St. Joseph Catholic Church, Dayton Ohio
2018 Archived Bulletins
Rev. Angelo Anthony
Rev. Ken Pleiman
2013 Ministry Fair Photos
2013 Easter Photos
2012 Christmas Photos
2012 Parish Picnic Photos
St Joseph→Staff→Rev. Ken Pleiman
Rev. Ken Pleiman, C.PP.S.
Greetings! I’m Fr. Ken Pleiman, C.PP.S,
Retired and in residence at St. Joseph.
I was ordained a priest on Dec. 19, 1970 for the Missionaries of the Precious Blood of the Cincinnati Province. My ministry assignments over 40 years of priesthood have taken me to some of the major cities in the Midwest: Detroit, Columbus, Dayton, and Cleveland. During these years of service I have been assigned as Parochial Vicar, Pastor, Chaplain, and also was elected to serve on the leadership team that gives direction to the Missionaries of the Precious Blood, Cincinnati Province.
411 East Second Street
Sunday: 10:00 am
Monday-Saturday: 12:00 Noon
Monday-Saturday: 11:30 - 11:55 am
Saturday: 4:00 - 4:25 pm
11:00 am Coffee and Donuts @ St Joseph School Cafeteria
Coffee and Donuts @ St Joseph School Cafeteria
Following the 10 am Mass. All are welcome.
12:00 pm Feast of St. Joseph @ St. Joseph Church
Feast of St. Joseph @ St. Joseph Church
Noon Mass at St. Joseph Church and Blessing of Bread.
all-day St. Gaspar del Bufalo was declar...
St. Gaspar del Bufalo was declar...
all-day Feast of the Assumption @ St. Joseph Church
Feast of the Assumption @ St. Joseph Church
Holy Day of Obligation.
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© 2020 - St. Joseph Catholic Church, Dayton Ohio
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ATSB Releases LNG Tanker Accident Report
Written by Justin Merrigan (Ferry Correspondent)
Category: Asia-Pacific
The Australia Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) has released its report on the serious injury that occurred on board the LNG carrier Northwest Stormpetrel.
In November last year, the Northwest Stormpetrel completed loading cargo and left her berth in Dampier, Western Australia and went to anchor in the harbour to allow the use of excess time in the schedule for her voyage to Japan for in-water lifeboat drills and other maintenance tasks. One of the tasks planned was to check the LNG forcing vaporizer’s steam trap to resolve recurrent drainage issues with the system.
While at anchor, the integrated rating assigned to assist the cargo engineer went to the cargo machinery room with the new gasket for the dismantled and cleaned steam trap. The cargo engineer discussed the remaining work with him before re-assembling the trap. The system then needed to be de-isolated and returned to its normal operational condition.
The cargo engineer decided to fully open the steam trap’s inlet valve that he had earlier cracked open. He had turned the hand wheel of the valve about one turn when the valve’s bonnet came away from the valve body. A jet of steam (about 50 mm wide) erupted from the top of the valve’s open body, scalding the cargo engineer’s hands, forehead and neck before he could move clear.
More on this and other news in Sea Breezes Magazine - June 2015 Issue
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Home / Book Reviews
“Hell To Pay: Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan, 1945-1947,” by D.M. Giangreco, reviewed in Canadian Military Journal Vol. 18 No. 2
Target London: Under Attack from the V-Weapons in World War II by Christy Campbell reviewed in The Royal Canadian Air Force Journal Vol. 2 No. 3 Summer 2013.
Broken Arrow: America’s First Lost Nuclear Weapon by Norman Leach reviewed in The Royal Canadian Air Force Journal Vol. 2 No. 4. Fall 2013.
How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, The Taliban, and the Hijacking of Afghanistan Roy Gutman reviewed in Canadian Army Journal 11.3 Fall 2008.
Merchant of Death: Money, Guns, Planes, and the Man who Makes War Possible Douglas Farah and Stephen Braun, reviewed in Canadian Army Journal 11.2 Summer 2008.
“Spooks and SOF in Afghanistan: Three Reviews,” Canadian Army Journal 10.1 Spring 2007.
“Iran-Iraq War in the Air 1980-1988,” Tom Cooper and Farzad Bishop, reviewed in Canadian Military Journal
GCHQ: The Uncensored Story of Britain’s Most Secret Intelligence Agency by Richard J. Aldritch and Project AZORIAN: The CIA and the Raising of K-219 by Norman Polmar and Michael White, reviewed in Canadian Military Journal Vol. 11 No.3
Kill the Fuhrer: Section X and Operation FOXLEY by Denis Rigden and Get Rommel: The Secret Mission to Kill Hitler’s Greatest General by Michael Asher, reviewed in Canadian Military Journal Vol. 6 No. 3 Autumn 2005.
Shadow Flights: America’s Secret Air War Against the Soviet Union by Curtis Peebles, reviewed in Canadian Military Journal Winter 2003.
Ronald Reagan and His Quest to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, Paul Lettow (Random House, 2005) (SMM Capsule Review)
The Men Who Stare at Goats, Jon Ronson (Simon and Shuster, 2004) (SMM Capsule Review)
Evil: An Investigation, Lance Morrow (Basic Books, 2003) (SMM Capsule Review)
Al-Jazeera: The Inside Story of the Arab News Channel That is Challenging the West , Hugh Miles (Grove Press, 2005) (SMM Capsule Review)
About Dr. Maloney
Atomic Express
AVRO Arrow: The Obsession and the Myth.
Canadian Armed Forces Operations
Canadian National Security Policy
Development and Reconstruction
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Russian Resurgence
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Was Pearson a Racist?
About Dr. Maloney Courses Taught Afghanistan "A Violent Impediment: The Evolution of Insurgent Operations in Kandahar Province, 2003-2007," Small Wars and Insurgencies, Vol. 19 No. 2 June 2008. "Afghanistan Four Years On: An Assessment," Parameters, Autumn 2005. "Afghanistan: From Here to Eternity?" Parameters, Spring 2004 "Afghanistan: Not the War it Was," Policy Options, November 2010 "Blood on the Ground: Canada and the Southern Campaign in Afghanistan," Defense and Security Analysis, 23-4, 2007. "Can We Negotiate with the Taliban?" Small Wars and Insurgencies, Vo. 21, No. 2 June 2010. "Canada, Afghanistan, and the Blame Game," Policy Options December 2006 "Canada, Afghanistan, and the Blame Game," Policy Options, 1 December 2006 "Canada's New and Dangerous Mission in Afghanistan," Policy Options, March 2006 "Conceptualizing the War in Afghanistan: Perceptions from the Front, 2001-2006," Small Wars and Insurgencies, Vol. 18 No 1 March 2007. "Incursion at Howz-e Madad: An Afghanistan Vignette," Canadian Military History Vol. 17 Issue 1. "Note to File-Afghanistan: What We Thought We Knew of the Soviet Experience," Canadian Army Journal, 10.2 Summer 2007 "On a Pale Horse? Conceptualizing Narcotics Production in Southern Afghanistan and its relationship to the Narcoterror Nexus, Small Wars and Insurgencies, Vol. 20. No. 1 March 2009. "Operational Manoeuvre Group: Operation SOHIL LARAM II, Kandahar Province, February 2008," Canadian Military History Vol. 18 Issue 1 2009 "Panjwayi Alamo: The Defence of Strongpoint Mushan," Canadian Military History, Vol. 18 No. 3 Summer 2009. "Strongpoint Mushan: The Battle You Don't Know About," 6 July 2009. "Taliban Governance: Can Canada Compete?" in Policy Options, June 2009 "The International Security Assistance Force: Origins of a Stabilization Force," Canadian Military Journal, Vol. 4 No. 2, Summer 2003 "The Mechs: Operation TIMUS PREEM, August 2008," Canadian Military History, Vol. 19 No. 3, Summer 2010. “Army of Darkness: The Insurgent Training System in Pakistan and Afghanistan, 1996-2001.” Small Wars and Insurgencies Vol. 26, No. 3. “Counterinsurgency vs. ‘COIN’ in Bazaar-e Panjwayi and Panjwayi District, 2008-2010: An Illustrative Study of a Canadian Problem.” in "No Easy Task: Fighting in Afghanistan." “Was it Worth It? Canadian Intervention in Afghanistan and Perceptions of Success and Failure.” Canadian Military Journal Vol. 14 No. 1. Confronting the Chaos: A Rogue Historian Returns to Afghanistan Naval Institute Press, 2007 Enduring the Freedom: A Rogue Historian in Afghanistan Potomac Books, 2005. Fighting For Afghanistan: A Rogue Historian at War, Naval Institute Press, 2009. Maclean's Articles-Afghanistan Macleans Articles on Afghanistan The Canadian Army in Afghanistan, 2001-2011 War in Afghanistan: Eight Battles in the South, 2007-2009. Africa Alternative History Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Alternate Scenarios Peter Tsouras (ed) Greenhill Books, 2004. Cold War Hot: Alternate Decisions of the Cold War, Peter Tsouras (ed) Greenhill Books, 2003. Atomic Express AVRO Arrow: The Obsession and the Myth. Book Reviews "Hell To Pay: Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan, 1945-1947," by D.M. Giangreco, reviewed by Sean M. Maloney "Hunting High Value Targets: Two Reviews," Canadian Army Journal. "Iran-Iraq War in the Air 1980-1988," Tom Cooper and Farzad Bishop, reviewed in Canadian Military Journal "Spooks and SOF in Afghanistan: Three Reviews," Canadian Army Journal 10.1 Spring 2007. Al-Jazeera: The Inside Story of the Arab News Channel That is Challenging the West , Hugh Miles (Grove Press, 2005) Evil: An Investigation, Lance Morrow (Basic Books, 2003) GCHQ: THE UNCENSORED STORY OF BRITAIN’S MOST SECRET INTELLIGENCE AGENCY, by Richard J. Aldrich and PROJECT AZORIAN: THE CIA AND THE RAISING OF THE K129, by Norman Polmar and Michael White, reviewed in Canadian Military Journal Merchant of Death: Money, Guns, Planes and the Man who Makes War Possible by Douglas Farah and Stephen Braun (John Wiley and Sons Inc, Hoboken, NJ, 2007) in Canadian Army Journal. Ronald Reagan and His Quest to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, Paul Lettow (Random House, 2005) Shadow Flights: America's Secret Air War Against the Soviet Union, by Curtis Peebles, reviewed in Canadian Military Journal. TARGET LONDON: UNDER ATTACK FROM THE V-WEAPONS DURING WORLD WAR II, by Christy Campbell, reviewed in RCAF Journal. The Men Who Stare at Goats, Jon Ronson (Simon and Shuster, 2004) Capsule Review Canadian Armed Forces Operations " A Mere Rustle of Leaves: Canadian Strategy and the 1970 FLQ Crisis," Canadian Military Journal, Vol. 1 No. 2, Summer 2000 "A Proportion of their Cavalry Might Be Converted": Light Armoured Vehicle Development for the Canadian Army, 1952-1976." Army Doctrine and Training Bulletin, Vol. 2 No. 4 Winter 1999 "Argo Doesn't Tell the Whole Story," Ottawa Citizen, 15 October 2012 "Domestic Operations: The Canadian Approach," Parameters, Autumn 1997. "Global Mobile: Flexible Response, Peacekeeping, and the Origins of Forces Mobile Command," Army Doctrine and Training Bulletin. "In the Service of Forward Security: Peacekeeping, Stabilization, and the Canadian Way of War," in "The Canadian Way of War: Serving the National Interest," Dundurn, 2006. "Missed Opportunity: Operation BROADSWORD, 4 Brigade, and the Gulf War, 1990-1991," Canadian Military History Vol. 4 Issue 1. "Never Say Never: Non-Alliance Operations in the Canadian Context," Army Doctrine and Training Bulletin, Vol. 2 No. 2, May 1999 "Purple Haze: Joint Planning in the Canadian Forces from Mobile Command to J-Staff, 1975-1991 (Part 1)," Army Doctrine and Training Bulletin Vol. 5 No. 4 Winter 2002-03 "The Mobile Striking Force and Continental Defence, 1948-1955," Canadian Military History Volume 2 Issue 2, 1993 "The New Warriors," Land Force Doctrine and Training System Army Symposium, May, 2002. "War With Iraq: Canada's Strategy in the Persian Gulf, 1990-2002." Queen's Centre for International Relations, 2002. "Who Has Seen The Wind? An Historical Overview of Canadian Special Operations," Canadian Military Journal, Vol. 5 No.3 Autumn 2004 The Royal Canadian Armoured Corps: An Illustrated History co-authored with John Marteinson and Michael McNorgan, Foreword by Desmond Morton. Toronto: Robin Brass, 200 War Without Battles: Canada's NATO Brigade in Germany, 1951-1993, McGraw Hill Ryerson, 1997. Canadian National Security Policy "Better Late Than Never: Defence During the Mulroney Years," in Transforming the Nation: Canada and Brian Mulroney, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2007. "Canadian Values and National Security: Who Decides?" Policy Options, December 2001 "Helpful Fixer or Hired Gun: Why Canada Goes Overseas," Policy Options Jan-Feb 2001 "Strategic Policy: What is it, and why should Canadians give a damn?" (unpublished, 1997) "The Revolution in Military Affairs: Possible Implications for Canada" Co-authored with Scot Robertson, International Journal (Summer 1999) Campaigns for International Security: Canada's Defence Policy at the Turn of the Century, McGill- Queen's University Press/SPS, 2004 Force Structure or Forced Structure? The 1994 White Paper on Defence and the Canadian Forces in the 1990s, IRPP Choices Forging a Nation: Perspectives on the Canadian Military Experience, Vanwell Press, 2002. Geopolitical Integrity Hugh Segal (ed) Institute for Research on Public Policy (2005) Memo to Canada: The World Has Changed Again In The New Security Environment: Is the Canadian Military Up to the Challenge? The Roots of Soft Power: The Trudeau Government, De-NATO-ization and Denuclearization (Queen's Centre for International Relations, 2005) Warrior Chiefs: Perspectives in Senior Canadian Military Leaders, Bernd Horn and Stephen Harris (eds) Dundurn Publishing 2001. Development and Reconstruction "A Watchful Eye: Canada and Soviet Influence Activities in Cold War Africa, 1960-1963," Canadian Army Journal, 13.3 2010 "From Kabul to Konduz: Lessons for Canadian Reconstruction Operations in Afghanistan," Policy Options, May 2005 "Time to Reassess Canada's Foreign Aid," Policy Options, September 2008 Naval Operations "Maple Leaf Over the Caribbean: Gunboat Diplomacy Canadian Style" in Canadian Gunboat Diplomacy: The Canadian Navy & Foreign Policy edited by Ann Griffiths, Richard Gimblett and Peter Haydon “Canadian Subs Protect Fisheries” in Proceedings, March 1998 The Hindrance of Military Operations Ashore: Canadian Participation in Operation Sharp Guard, 1993-1995, Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, Dalhousie University Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear War "Dr. Strangelove Visits Canada: Project Rustic, Ease, and Bridge, 1958–1963," Canadian Military History Vol. 6 Issue 1. "Limiting American Nuclear Omnipotence in NATO: The Canadian Method, 1954-1968" Gustav Schmidt (ed) A History of NATO: The First Fifty Years Volume 3 (London: Palgrave Press, 2001) "North Korean Nukes: Back to the Future?" "The Canadian Army and Tactical Nuclear Warfare 1955-1962," Canadian Defence Quarterly January 1994. "The Five Hour War: Exercise BOOKCHECK and Nuclear War, 1960-63.” RCAF Journal Winter 2012. "The Missiles of Anadyr: Nuking Comox, 1961-1969." Canadian Military Journal Vol. 17 No. 1, Winter 2016 “Dangerously Straining the System: Soviet Nuclear Force Operations and Incidents after ABLE ARCHER 83, 1983-1987.” Concise version published as "Remembering Soviet Nuclear Risks," Survival Vol. 57 Issue 4, 2015 “Secrets of the BOMARC: Re-Examining Canada’s Misunderstood Missile." UPDATE on BOMARC as Interim ABM “The Missing Essential Part: Emergency Provision of Nuclear Weapons for the RCAF Air Defence Command, 1961-1964.” Canadian Military History Vol. 23 No. 1 (Winter 2014). Learning to Love the Bomb: Canada's Nuclear Weapons During the Cold War Potomac Books, 2009. Peacekeeping and Stabilization Operations "Exit SFOR, Exit Canada: Peace in Bosnia-Hercegovina?" "From Myth to Reality Check, from Peacekeeping to Stabilization, " Policy Options, September 2005. "Lest We Forget...." The Canadian Army and UN Peacekeeping (Again) "Reluctant Peacekeeper: Canada and the Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai, 1972-1982," Queen's Centre for International Relations, Occasional Paper 61 May 2008. "The Forgotten: Lieutenant-General E.L.M. 'Tommy' Burns and UN Peacekeeping in the Middle East," Canadian Army Journal 9.2 Summer 2006 “The Great Canadian Peacekeeping Debate." Canada and UN Peacekeeping: Cold War by Other Means, Vanwell Books, 2002 Operation KINETIC: Stabilizing Kosovo The Great Canadian Peacekeeping Debate Provocations Russian Resurgence Special Operations Forces "Casting Light in the Shadows: Canadian Perspectives on Special Operations Forces," Dundurn Press, 2007. "SOF Power is Hard Power," The Army Doctrine and Training Bulletin Vol. 3 No. 1 Spring 2000 “Lethal Three-card Monte: SOF and Economy of Effort Operations in Southern Afghanistan," in Special Operations Forces: A National Capability Choice of Force: Special Operations for Canada, David Last and Bernt Horn (eds) McGill-Queens University Press, 2005. The Balkans "What Took So Long? The Hunt for Radovan Karadzic," National Post 23 July 2008. Chances for Peace: Canadian Soldiers in the Balkans, 1992-1995, Vanwell Pubishers, 2002. Operation BOLSTER: Canada and the European Community Monitor Mission in the Balkans, 1991-1994 McNaugton Paper No. 7 The Cold War "Berlin Contingency Planning: Prelude to Flexible Response, 1958-1963," Journal of Strategic Studies, Issue 25.1 "Canada's Arctic Sky Spies: The Director's Cut," Canadian Military Journal, Vol. 9 No. 1 "Fire Brigade or Tocsin? NATO's ACE Mobile Force, Flexible Response, and the Cold War," Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 27 No. 4 2004 "Flying the Mukden Gauntlet: Covert RB-45 Flights Against China." "Parry and Thrust: Canadian Maritime Forces and the Defence of North America, 1954-1962," The Northern Mariner, January 2008. "Securing Command of the Sea: NATO Naval Planning, 1948-1954," Naval Institute Press, 1995. Praising Fidel? Was Pearson a Racist?
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MAC Senior Executive Team
Meet the Central Team
Local Governing Bodies (LGBs)
Scheme of Delegation
Academies Financial Handbook
Director’s Log In
Birmingham Diocese
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Ofsted rates Blessed William Howard as a ‘Good’ School
Congratulations to St Mary's Catholic Primary School in Brewood - ranked number 2 in Staffordshire!
The Painsley Catholic Academy
Better Togethercreative332019-10-22T16:05:04+01:00
The Painsley Catholic Academy was established in 2012 and in September 2018 welcomed a union with Holy Trinity Catholic Multi Academy, making it the largest Catholic multi-academy company in the Archdiocese of Birmingham.
Our family comprises two high schools and thirteen primary schools. We share a clear vision of how our schools can operate effectively, ensuring that each and every one of our students achieve their full potential in a caring and disciplined environment. We are committed to providing each of our students with the best education possible.
As Chief Executive Officer (CEO), I am blessed to have outstanding staff, outstanding directors, outstanding support from parents and parishes and, crucially, outstanding and respectful students. I take the trust that you, as parents, put in me as CEO to care, guide and educate your child very seriously.
I assure you that I will work tirelessly to ensure that your child’s ambitions and God-given talents are realised.
Mr S. G. Bell BA (Hons) PGCE MA NPQH
St Austins Primary Garden
Blessed Mother Teresa’s Catholic Primary School
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Painsley Catholic College
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National Success for Stafford’s St Mary’s Catholic Primary School as a Top Performing School
Wellbeing Award recognises school’s commitment to supporting different emotional and mental health needs.
Mary’s Meals Founder Visits Painsley Catholic Academy
CBBC Newsround reporter visits St Filumena’s Catholic Primary School to deliver News Reporting Skills workshop to students
The Painsley Catholic Academy is a company limited by guarantee registered in England & Wales with company number 08146661. Registered office address: Station Road, Cheadle, Staffordshire ST10 1LH.
T | 01538 714944
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F | 01538 714926
The Painsley Catholic Academy, Station Road,
Cheadle, Staffordshire, ST10 1LH
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Admiral Farragut Academy, St Petersburg, Florida
As both a boarding and day school, Admiral Farragut Academy students in both areas benefit from the cultural diversity and become extraordinarily close. They call it the “Farragut Experience.” Whether the day students take a boarding student home for the weekend or our boarding students invite day students to visit them in their country, it is a sense of belonging that sets us apart. Students here are not afraid to try new things and their peers encourage them to do so.
If you combine this with the beautiful waterfront campus, their amazing faculty, depth of curricular offerings, and unique opportunities like - sailing, aviation, engineering and marine science – it is hard to you to find a school that compares.
Admiral Farragut Academy students benefit from academic excellence, a safe and caring environment, leadership, and social development, all taught through the Admiral Farragut Academy military model - a model that has worked successfully for hundreds of years. Here, students are held accountable, taught integrity, honor, self-discipline, and commitment. The Academy strives to develop emotionally mature and resilient young men and women.
Farragut is a gated community in a family-friendly neighborhood with 24/7 campus security. All campus gates are locked after 10:30 p.m. The dormitory has alarmed doors between the male and female dorms. Approximately 20 Residential Life Staff members live in their own rooms within the dormitories and monitor the dorms at all times. Additional faculty and staff live in apartments or houses, which are not located in the dorms but are on or directly next to campus.
Whether you are coming from Tasmania or Tampa to get the best college-prep education, you will love our warm, Florida campus surrounded by world-renowned beaches, action-packed attractions, beautiful state parks, amazing natural and cultural wonders, world-class golfing and fishing, and incredible dining, shopping and entertainment venues. Our boarding students are certain to have an enjoyable and memorable time both in class and off campus, no matter the season.
The cosmopolitan city of St. Petersburg, Florida has long been known for its scenic bayfront and renowned art museums. In recent years, lively downtown St. Pete has also emerged as a hot spot for shopping, museums, dining, nightlife and entertainment. With 361 days of sun a year and a full spectrum of things to see and do, the Sunshine City (as it’s nicknamed) is one of Florida’s most exciting destinations.
One of the great rewards of a boarding school is that many of our students and faculty live where they learn or teach. We offer 5- and 7-day boarding for students in grades 8-12, though most boarders are in grades 9-12. Our boarding students comprise over 40% of our Middle and High School population. On average, our students come from over 16 U.S. states, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and more than 27 countries, offering both our day and boarding students an opportunity to gain multi-cultural experiences and friends.
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Also see our Summer at Admiral Farragut Academy, St Petersburg, Florida
See our Admiral Farragut Academy Aviation Programme and our Admiral Farragut Scuba Diving programme
As the premier college preparatory boarding and day school in the South, Admiral Farragut Academy encourages students to explore and realize their potential as individuals and as members of a global community. Students at Farragut experience a solid balance among academics, leadership, athletics, arts, and community service, which helps them become perceptive thinkers, effective communicators, culturally-aware individuals and responsible young adults.
The curriculum of Admiral Farragut Academy's High School, grades 9-12, is college preparatory, with emphasis placed on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math). Admiral Farragut Academy expects each of its students to pursue a course of studies in the basic disciplines as well as in Naval Science. Advanced Placement courses in 9 subject areas are offered. The student-faculty ratio is 15:1; most classes number between 8 and 18 students. Historic academic facilities provide creative and bright learning environments.
Unique Academic Programs
Our Aviation Program provides safe, professional flight and ground instruction to students interested in aeronautical science and the field of aviation. Our Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics Program emphasizes critical thinking, creativity, innovation, and applied problem solving.
As one of only two Honor Naval Schools in the country, Farragut's Naval Science Program is an integral part of our college preparatory mission. The program provides character education and structure for challenging academic atmosphere. Students may take advantage of our advanced leadership opportunities, sailing, rifle range, and off-campus trips to air shows, Naval bases and ships.
Through our Marine Science Program and waterfront location, our students have the advantage of being eyewitnesses to the material they are studying. Students use school-owned boats, cast nets, and seine nets to study water alkalinity and collect marine organisms to study in our on-campus touch tanks.
The Scuba Program is offered during the academic day for grades 9-12. Students have the opportunity to earn up to four scuba certifications: Open Water Diver, First Aid/CPR, Advanced Diver, and Rescue Diver. Students in scuba take incredible dive trips to locations like Hudson's Grotto and the Florida Keys.
Tuition & Fees (2017 - 2018 prices) NOTE: A daily lunch is included in all school tuition.
US$ 50,500 tuition fee 1 year boarding Years 9 – 12 + US$ 600 enrollment fee
US$ 1,500 ESOL classes
US$ 850 Medical insurance
US$ 4,500 Student Expense account*
* This account is used to cover some, but not all, common items. For example: international medical insurance, field trips, extracurricular activities, doctor appointments,purchases in the school store and other miscellaneous charges.
Not included in the tuition: Books; Uniforms; Field trips; School supplies; Extracurricular activities; Scuba Course fees; Aviation Course fees
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Dissident calls for Khamenei’s resignation as Iran activists keep up pressure
Home/Iran/Dissident calls for Khamenei’s resignation as Iran activists keep up pressure
Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei during President Hassan Rouhani’s inauguration in August 2017. (IRNA)
Domestic critics of the Islamic Republic and its leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei have launched renewed attacks on the regime in recent weeks by voicing their protests in public statements and calling on the Supreme Leader to resign.
A well-known political activist in Iran Abolfazl Qadiani has also renewed his criticism of Khamenei. “Iranians will not experience peace and happiness as long as Khamenei insists on continuing his illegitimate rule”, Qadiani wrote in a short commentary published by the opposition website Kalemeh on Sunday August 11.
Mr. Qadiani (also spelled Ghadiani), a former regime insider, has turned into a staunch critic of Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in recent years.
In his latest statement, he has once again called on Khamenei to step down and pave the way for a referendum that would bring about “a secular democratic republic.”
Qadiani, a senior member of the leftist Islamic Revolution Mojahedin Organization (IRMO, not to be confused with mainly foreign-based Mojahedin-e Khalq or MeK), was jailed following the post-election unrest in 2009. He was sentenced to jail once again in 2012 for two years when he also received 40 lashes as part of his sentence.
For a third time in March 2019 a court in Tehran sentenced Qadiani to three years in jail on charges of insulting Khamenei and propagating against the regime. His sentence also included forced labor which meant he should copy by hand the text of three revolutionary books.
He was arrested in June to serve the sentence, but a forensic doctor ruled that he was too ill and unable to tolerate the punishment, so his jail sentence was quickly suspended.
The latest sentence he received was for writing two letters to Khamenei, criticizing him for mishandling political power, and calling on him to resign.
Qadiani had recently also written a letter to President Hassan Rouhani, charging that Rouhani was not brave enough to stand by his promise of putting an end to the house arrest of opposition leaders Mi Hossein Mousavi, Zahra Rahnavard and Mehdi Karroubi.
Qadiani said: “Rouhani is not brave enough to stand against Iran’s despotic ruler,” and “cannot be bothered to move even an inch” toward that objective.
He also charged that Khamenei “stubbornly and grudgingly” does not allow the opposition leaders’ house arrest to end after nearly a decade.
Seven of Mousavi’s advisers wrote a letter to Rouhani in late July, expressing concern over the health conditions of the inmates and called on Rouhani to take “an effective measure” to secure the release of the trio as he had promised repeatedly during his election campaigns in 2013 and 2017.
In another development, some 8700 Iranian political activists, journalists, war veterans and family members of those who were killed in the war with Iraq in the 1980s wrote a letter to Rouhani on Sunday, calling on him to take up “an effective measure” to release the opposition leaders now that, as they said, a recent defense statement read out at a Tehran court by former MP Mohammad Reza Khatami proved that what the opposition leaders had said about election rigging in 2009 was right.
Khatami had presented evidence that indicated eight million votes were added to the polls in favor of the ultraconservative candidate in the 2009 election – Mahmud Ahmadinejad – who was supported by Khamenei and the revolutionary guards.
In the meantime during the past few weeks three groups of 14 political activists each in Iran and abroad released statements calling on Khamenei to resign and pave the way for changing the country’s Constitution and political system.
Iranian social media users overwhelmingly supported the call made by activists inside Iran, but some said the expression of support by some foreign-based activists could increase the government’s pressure on others inside the country.
A few of the activists who signed the statements have been arrested and at least three have said they have been beaten up and harassed by government agents.
Media outlets under Khamenei’s influence, such as the state TV, and those close to the revolutionary guards, such as Fars news agency, have typically characterized the activists’ renewed campaign against Khamenei as “an attempt to support those who want a regime change” in Iran.
About Track Persia
Track Persia is a Platform run by dedicated analysts who spend much of their time researching the Middle East, in due process we fall upon many indications of growing expansionary ambitions on the part of Iran in the MENA region and the wider Islamic world. These ambitions commonly increase tensions and undermine stability.
View all posts by Track Persia
By Track Persia|2019-08-12T19:54:37+00:00August 13th, 2019|Iran|
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Shop For The Cure News.... Caboodles Partners with Tres Chic Style & Susan G. Komen Nevada
We're so excited to be partnering with Susan G. Komen Southern Nevada on this amazing initiative to raise awareness for Breast Cancer in the Las Vegas Valley region.
For the entire month of October (and possibly longer) Tres Chic Style, Swipe For The Cure and Komen Southern Nevada will be painting the town of Las Vegas Pink....
At theses unique shopping parties attendees will mix, mingle and shop the latest finds while dining on decadent treats and cocktails. In true Tres Chic Style, beauty and pampering is also on the agenda. Make-Up artists and Style Advisers will be on hand to share the latest beauty trends and assist in you in finding your "Best" look.
"Breast Cancer Awareness Month Shop For The Cure”
Las Vegas, September 2012
Fashion Enthusiast, Stylist, Philanthropist, Television Personality and Noted Fashion Blogger, Kishana L. Holland-Johnson Founder & Editor of Tres Chic Style (www.treschcistyle.net) unveils a unique cause marketing initiative just in time for Breast Cancer Awareness month.
Think pink! October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month, in anticipation for October, Tres Chic Style and Swipe For The Cure has pledged to partner with Susan G. Komen Southern Nevada to host a series of “Girls Night Out Shop For The Cause” events throughout the Las Vegas Valley.
The goal is to unite women in the “Name of Fashion” while raising money to facilitate research to end the deadly disease that affects one out of three people’s lives each year.
To celebrate the spirit of women and beauty, Caboodles is the lead sponsor for the Tres Chic Style Shop For The Cure Initiative.
Caboodles is THE name for cosmetic organization. Caboodles embraces females of all ages and has products to suit a wide variety of personalities, whether you’re a neat freak, make-up maven, treasure collector, athlete, dream catcher, artist or anything in between.
With an inaugural event taking place on Friday October 12, 2012 National Retail Chain, Charming Charlie Accessories Boutique in Tivoli Village will host an evening of fashion, style and fun to benefit Susan G. Komen Southern Nevada.
The evening will include style sessions complete with a photo booth, treats and libations. Tres Chic Style Editor Kishana Holland-Johnson will be assisting guests with updating their looks for Fall with an infusion of accessories inside the boutique.
In the “Caboodles Corner”, style and organization experts will be on hand to demonstrate the creative brilliance and organizational genius behind the Caboodles brand.
As a champion of breast cancer awareness, Mrs. Holland-Johnson has worked for several years tirelessly with the global charitable organization, Susan G. Komen for the Cure. As a media consultant for Komen's Circle of Promise and Race for the Cure Initiatives, Mrs. Holland-Johnson has led a plethora of cause marketing initiatives which have resulted in thousands of dollars raised in the fight against breast cancer.
Kishana currently serves as Global Ambassador & Chair for Swipe for the Cure (ww.swipe4Cure.com) . The goal of Swipe for the Cure is to connect businesses with cause marketing products and services that service the charitable needs of Susan G. Komen for the Cure, the most respected charitable organization in the fight against breast cancer throughout the globe.
For additional information, contact:
Tres Chic Style Media, treschcistyle@gmail.com
The Big "Bangs" Theory..... Golden Globes Style!
Style Setter Calendar Alert: Kate Spade Mother's Day Shopping Event at The Forum Shops
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TV Series Craze Awards
Marian Rivera Breaks A New Record - FHM Sexiest Woman for the Third Time!
4:56 AM by Rocky ChuaNo comments
"Long Live the Queen!" This is how FHM, the leading male magazine in the country dubbed the Kapuso network's Primetime Dancing Queen Marian Rivera. Marian sets another record in FHM's hottest poll - she is hailed as the FHM Sexiest Woman for the third time now and for two consecutive years!
Marian was first hailed as the FHM's sexiest woman in 2008. During that time, she didn't yet graced the magazine as their cover babe. In 2013, she made her second victory. On that time, Marian, Angel Locsin and Sam Pinto all grabbed the title as FHM's Sexiest Women for the second time around. But this year, Marian solely holds the title - the very first babe who made it for the third time! According to FHM, Marian Rivera has officially now become the gold standard for success!
Over 13 Million Votes were garnered by the poll. Of this overall total figure, Marian got 1,529,974 votes that is almost double of what she got last year. Last year, Marian only received 890,490 total votes.
Taking the No. 2 spot is the Kapuso actress Sam Pinto. This year, Sam got 1,482,072 votes. What good to know about Sam is that, she's always on top of the Top 3 (either at first or second) since 2011! Wow!
Sam is currently seen in the longest-running gag show "Bubble Gang" in GMA-7.
On the third place is no other than the multi-awarded Kapamilya actress Angel Locsin. Angel received an overall total votes of 1,042,226. FHM dubbed Angel as the babe who will stay on their Top 5 list forever! It is because, celebrities come and go in their list but Angel stay solid at Top 5! Just like Sam, Angel already hailed as the Sexiest Woman for two times now! Who knows, next year she'll be back at the No. 1 spot, what do you think?
After the success of her hit TV series "The Legal Wife" in ABS-CBN, Angel is set to fly again as "Darna" in the big screen this coming 2015. Exciting!
Placing fourth this year is Jennylyn Mercado. Jen received 1,025,702 votes. According to FHM, Jen's winning moment in their poll is slowly but surely! It is because, years ago, she always ended on Top 20. But for two consecutive years now, she stays at the Top 5. Who knows on the coming years, she will crown as the sexiest. What do you think?!
Jennylyn also returns on Primetime TV series via "Rhodora X" in GMA Telebabad reuniting her with onscreen partner Mark Herras.
On the fifth spot is the Kapamilya actress Cristine Reyes! Cristine garnered an overall total votes of 858,283. Cristine is also the mainstay of FHM's Top 5 list.
Cristine just had two successful Primetime TV series in the Kapamilya network. The first was "Bukas Na Lang Kita Mamahalin" pairing her to Rayver Cruz and Gerald Anderson and the second was the recently concluded "Honesto" pairing her to Paulo Avelino.
The rest of the Top 10 as well as the complete list of FHM's 100 Sexiest Women for 2014 is released by the magazine via their July 2014 issue with Rochelle Pangilinan on the cover! You may also grab copies via their official website: FHM Magazine.
Photos and results were courtesy of FHM. You may visit them at: FHM 100 Sexiest Women 2014.
The much-awaited victory party for this year's sexiest women is set this coming Wednesday, July 9, 2014 in the World Trade Center, Pasay City. See you there and see these gorgeous ladies! (www.tvseriescraze.blogspot.com)
Tagged: 2014 FHM's Sexiest Woman, Angel Locsin, cover girl, FHM, FHM 100 Sexiest Women, FHM 100 Sexiest Women 2014, FHM Magazine, FHM Philippines Sexiest Women, FHM Victory Party, Marian Rivera
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Working to Save Elephant in the Wild
We work to preserve and protect both orphaned elephants and those in the wild. Several projects, in collaboration with the Victoria Falls Wildlife Trust, are underway to protect elephant in the Wild. A few of our projects include:-
Elephant Conflict Project
Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) is one of the main challenges facing wildlife and Africa’s rural populations in terms of personal security and economic loss. As human populations grow and expand and wildlife habitat becomes fragmented, the situation is projected to deteriorate.
The Victoria Falls Wildlife Trust is investing heavily in mitigating HWC through our CommunityGuardiansProgram, mobile bomas and our new collaboration with Connected Conservation to research elephant-specific conflict in the Victoria Falls urban and rural areas.
Resident elephants of Victoria Falls town and selected elephants in the adjacent rural areas will be collared to assess conflict with these animals and look at a range of factors that might help mitigation strategies. Environmental factors, hormones, stress, acoustics and communications between elephant will be assessed along with a variety of mitigation methods. This data will also help provide information on corridors the elephants use in urban areas, which will be considered when planning future urban development.
Forensics And Wildlife Crime
An ever growing illegal wildlife trade is driving the need for forensic and preventive lab / field work to protect endangered species. The Victoria Falls Wildlife Trust is working on a project with wildlife authorities throughout Southern Africa combating wildlife crimes; in particular, the staggering incidents of poisoning in the commercial poaching of wildlife, especially for elephant ivory.
A new focus of the laboratory will be to necropsy and test wildlife that poachers have poisoned so that we can develop scientific tests to identify poisons used. The project will also encompass training wildlife rangers on field techniques for testing for poisoning, such as the cyanide poison test shown here, and implementing proper procedures when managing crime scenes.
This project is made possible by the generous support of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
Rescue And Rehabilitation
At the heart of the Victoria Falls Wildlife Trust’s work is rescue and rehabilitation. They have successfully rescued and released 18 animals from snares this year, and treated many other animals injured in human-induced conflict. They do whatever is humanly possible for each animal – the goal is always to release that animal back to the wild.
The VFWT found a snared elephant calf one evening, still anchored to a tree. Its panicked mother was nearby, very agitated as you can imagine! Due to these tricky circumstances, and the fact that we were darting in the dark, they immobilized both the mother and the calf to ensure the staff’s safety and that they remained together. The snares were successfully and uneventfully removed from the calf, the wounds treated and antibiotics administered. The sedation was reversed and both mom and calf calmly walked off and reunited with the herd.
Human-wildlife conflict: Predator Protection Part 1 May 26, 2019
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Our Elephant Sanctuary and Orphanage
Our focus, is to protect both orphaned elephants and those in the wild.
Rescue – Rehabilitate – Release
See How We Help
Human-wildlife conflict: Predator Protection Part 1
May 26, 2019 | Community and Conservation, Eco Tourism, Elephant Sanctuary and Orphanage, Family Friendly
Introduction Over a decade ago, a group of passionate conservationists came together with a shared goal- to enhance the conservation status of the beautiful wilderness that envelopes Victoria Falls. Gandhi tells us to be the change we wish to see in the world, and...
5 unique reasons to visit The Elephant Camp
Feb 20, 2019 | Community and Conservation, Eco Tourism, Elephant Sanctuary and Orphanage, Family Friendly, Things to do in Victoria Falls
Uniquely The Elephant Camp 1). Location Like a box seat in a fabled opera house, The Elephant Camp sits in the exclusive and pristine Wild Horizons Wildlife Sanctuary, offering sweeping views at every turn. The only thing that disrupts the tree-lined horizon is...
The Elephant Camp, Green Season 2018
Apr 30, 2018 | Elephant Sanctuary and Orphanage, Family Friendly, Green Season
When we arrived at the Elephant Camp, I was blown away by two things. The first of these was how close we were to town, yet how far away it felt. A short drive in an air conditioned mini bus transported us from the busy bustling town, to a natural haven where tree...
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Manchester Climate Change Conference - a time to be Greater
As if we really needed reminding, our political culture is shifting in Greater Manchester. As I walked from work to the Manchester Climate Change Conference at the Royal Exchange theatre last night there was a protest outside Churchgate House, where the Greater Manchester civil service sits. The demand by homeless campaigners was for an audience with the recently elected Mayor Andy Burnham.
That thought stayed with me for the evening. I admire the work of Manchester A Certain Future, the city's climate change action plan, so was delighted to be hosting the event and leading a discussion. It puts some priorities in place for the city of 650,000 people to reduce carbon use and promote sustainable development. The targets slip away, but as the director Jonny Sadler outlined at the conference last night, there is some momentum and some urgency behind the city's ambitions to be carbon neutral by 2050.
But here's the thing. We had a wide ranging discussion last night about what those in cultural industries can do. The audience contributions were exciting and ambitious, sign me up for the Green Drinks Mcr, for starters. But volunteers from various voluntary groups and campaigners made helpful and creative suggestions for future priorities. But as you weigh up the achievements and start to think about what's achievable, it's pretty clear that the scope of the work to make Manchester carbon neutral falls short due to structural limits. Changes to housing policy are led by the Greater Manchester Spatial Framework on where new houses are going to go. Transport cuts right across borough and city boundaries. And the low carbon economy can't be created in the city centre alone. And how do you solve a problem like Peel?
With Martin, @Visceral HipHop
More than one contributor last night - many more on social media - asked the question of what Andy Burnham was doing about this. Or where was he? Then people asked, to applause, why does the GM Pension Fund make investments in carbon businesses? What about the airport?
It is a matter of record than he has appointed the thoughtful and energetic Stockport leader Alex Ganotis to be the lead member on the environment. At his Digital Summit last week he announced that there will be a Green Summit too, to bring together stakeholders from across Greater Manchester to drive this. One of the challenges set last night was for a new board for Manchester Climate, a new chair and including members of the public. Who knows whether it will be funded long term by the city council. My hunch is that this important strategic work needs to adapt to these new political times and find a new home. Hopefully to make Greater Manchester the low carbon city region. More ambitious, scary targets, but done at scale. This is doable.
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Garibaldi Square
Piazza Garibaldi, originally built under the Hapsburgs in the first years of the eighteen hundreds to serve as an entrance gate to the city in concomitance with the extension of the King’s Highway [Strada Regia], was previously an open field. Originally named Piazza del Monumento, and then Piazza Nuova (to distinguish it from the “old” one, now Piazza Cavour), it took its present name from the bronze statue of Garibaldi, realized by the sculptor Confalonieri in 1909.
The oldest building in the square is the recently restored “Teatro Sociale” [Public Theater], designed in the neoclassical style by Luigi Canonica and inspired by La Scala of Milan. It was inaugurated during the Carnival festivities of 1824.
The buildings added later exude a similar sobriety: Casa Lambertenghi (1826) on the west side, the Banca d’Italia building, the Grand Hotel della Posta and the Banca Popolare di Sondrio building on the south side.
The piazza is closed by Palazzo Martinengo, built in the 16th century, shifted slightly to the north, whose gardens include a section of the medieval walls and an obelisk in white marble with allegorical figures, sculpted in 1834 by Giuseppe Croff.
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Piazza Garibaldi - Sondrio
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Sheriff: ‘Major drug supplier’ arrested after $700K in drugs found
May 7, 2015 | WLSAM Staff
(WOODSTOCK) A man who authorities call a “major drug supplier,” living a life of luxury in the northwest suburbs, was arrested Tuesday along with his wife and three other people after a search found $700,000 worth of drugs at his home, according to police.
Nicholas A. Domino, 45, and his wife Rocio Domino, 37, were arrested after police executed a search warrant at their home in the 9600 block of Bennington Drive in Huntley, according to a statement from the McHenry County sheriff’s office.
“A major drug supplier with far-reaching ties, particularly in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin, has been apprehended,” McHenry County Sheriff Bill Prim said in the prepared statement.
The arrests follow an eight-month investigation carried out by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, McHenry County authorities, the Illinois Attorney General’s office, and several local police departments.
Tuesday’s search turned up 295 pounds of marijuana, 60 pills of MDMA, 25 grams of cocaine and more than 500 prescription painkillers, the sheriff’s office said. The drugs have a combined street value of more than $700,000.
Domino was living a “luxury lifestyle,” sheriff’s police said in the statement. Authorities also seized several thousands of dollars in cash and five automobiles, including a luxury model and a collector’s model.
Domino was charged Wednesday with 25 drug-related felonies, including four counts that are class X felonies, the sheriff’s office said. He has been ordered held on a $1 million bond.
His wife, Rocio Domino, faces 20 felony charges, including two class X felonies, also all related to narcotics, the sheriff’s office said. She was ordered held on a $300,000 bond and both Dominos will next appear in court Friday at the Woodstock courthouse.
Three other Huntley residents — Angelo Aranda, 20; Adam K. Domino, 24; and Leeann S. Nevens, 19 — were also arrested Tuesday, the sheriff’s office said.
All three were charged with one misdemeanor count each of unlawful possession of paraphernalia and unlawful possession of cannabis, the sheriff’s office said. They were all ordered held on a $1,500 bond and will next appear in court May 29.
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Tags: arrest, drugs, Woodstock
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Writing Belle
His Allure, Her Passion Release Day
His Allure, Her Passion
Publisher: Decadent Publishing
Release date: March/20/2013
In his father’s eyes, Dylan Deveraux is just a playboy spending the family fortune on prostitutes, alcohol, and fast cars. And it isn’t even with the cars his father produces. Because of that, his father forbids his presence at the ball that will mark the launch of the US plant of his company, strategically scheduled on Valentine’s Day.
Hayley Allen is a failing model with the worse luck in the world. She always ends up in the hands of cruel designers and photographers. At least, that’s what she tells herself. Better than admit having a weak nervous system that always reacted during her gigs. Desperate, she would do anything to help her career.
Dylan shows up at her door, wasted as usual. Friends for a long time, Hayley is the only one able to put up with Dylan’s bullsh**, and he appreciates that, but not the way her heart wants.
Even though he doesn’t believe in Valentine’s Day, Dylan has an idea for his father’s ball. When he suggests a deal to Hayley, a deal that could finally put her in the spotlight of success and help him impress his father, she doesn’t hesitate. Even if it means hurting her heart a little more.
While Juliana Haygert dreams of being Wonder Woman, Buffy, or a blood elf shadow priest, she settles for the less exciting—but equally gratifying—life of a wife, mother, and author. Thousands of miles away from her former home in Brazil, she now resides in Connecticut and spends her days writing about kick-ass heroines and the heroes who drive them crazy.
Website | Blog | Twitter | Facebook | Goodreads | Pinterest | NA Alley
My Fair and Honest Review in exchange for an ARC of this fab romance novel!
Playboy millionaire bad boy.
Struggling up and coming model with anxiety issues.
What happens when they start becoming more than friends? This book, that's what!
Juliana Haygert's New Adult novella is barely over a hundred pages long, which makes a perfect read for late night or while you're waiting for a couple of hours in a doctor's office (that's actually when I read this book, lol). It moves very quickly and I honestly was never bored with the story - which is one of the reasons I really enjoy reading novellas. You get right down to the meat of the story really quickly.
I really felt for Hayley (other than the fact that she's a supermodel and I'm not, we could totally identify...yup) in the beginning, even though I felt like she was being a little difficult when it came to denying her feelings about Dylan. On the flip side, Dylan WAS a huge jerk. A womanizing, partying, spoiled rich boy. I never was really able to sympathize for him, because partying is a huge turnoff for me...but he did come to his senses in the end, and that's the kind of character growth I love to see!
Overall, this is a satisfying NA romantic novella!
Posted by Summer Lane at 3:30 AM
Juliana Haygert March 20, 2013 at 8:09 AM
Thanks, Summer! <3
Summer Lane March 20, 2013 at 10:00 AM
You betcha!! Congratulations, Juliana!!! :)
Get fictional - it's fun! Thanks for stopping by, and I hope to see you again soon!
Welcome to Writing Belle!
I'm Summer Lane, owner of Writing Belle Magazine, Writing Belle Publishing and author of 26 bestselling books, including the hit Collapse and Resurrection Series. I'm also a wife, mama to a sweet little girl, dog mom to two lovable German Shepherds, and coffee lover. Founded in 2012, this website has grown a lot! I feature new interviews or spotlights with different authors every week, as well as the latest up and coming books in both the traditional and independent publishing world. Feel free to explore the art of storytelling with me!
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Stacey Marie Brown is a a pretty cool lady. She's a new adult author with a great novel, Darkness of Light , out on...
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The Lost and the Wicked - Cesar Gonzalez, Post-Apocalyptic Author
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ABOVE THE STORM: Coming-Of-Age Fantasy Adventure from Author JMD Reid
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The Yin and Yang of Publishing: Good vs Bad Reviews
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Embed and breakfast man: Garbage
Last night, Garbage popped up on Jimmy Fallon. Look, NBC are sharing it with us:
[Buy: Not Your Kind Of People]
By Simon Hayes Budgen 1 comments
More from No Rock on garbage, late night with jimmy fallon, live, video
Old Jokes' Home
Perhaps he should be a bit more careful with them, then?
More from No Rock on brighton, fatboy slim
Gary Barlow loves the Queen
While we're on the subject of Sing, Gary Barlow's Official Diamond Jubilee Song, let's just take a quick look at it:
Don't bother hitting the play button, it's dreadful, obviously, and always seems to have an advert for Internet Explorer stuck at the front of it.
What's incredible is that Barlow has managed to turn out a crappy Christmas single that doesn't even have the saving grace of being near Christmas to generate goodwill.
And the video. Oh, lord, the video. At one point, there are angry black people running out the forest waving spears - but don't worry, because Barlow calms them down with his winning smile and mellow tune.
Perhaps Barlow misunderstood the brief, and thought he was celebrating Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, where that sort of portrayal of angry natives being taught how to be civilised by the white man was still - just about - in vogue.
When he's not setting ethnography back a century, Barlow falls back onto cliche - if this is Australia, we'll need a shot of the Opera House; even the opening shot of a slightly stiff Charles muttering with Barlow is what you'd expect.
And then there's the Barlow. For a song that's supposedly about how great the Queen is, it looks oddly like a video about how great Gary Barlow is.
In fact, he's touring the world, looking interested in what the locals are up, listening politely, sometimes joining in, in a good-natured way. Maybe Gary doesn't see himself as the Prince William of Take That. It looks a lot like Barlow sees himself as, if not actually being the Queen, at least as playing her role in the video.
More from No Rock on gary barlow, jubilee
Gordon in the morning: This is like That
We're knee-deep in the fawnathon for the Jubilee, and Gary Barlow is leading the fawning:
GARY Barlow has branded Prince Harry the “Robbie Williams of the Royal Family”.
I'm pretty certain that's treasonable, isn't it?
Oh, hang on, he means it as a compliment:
“Harry is the star of the Royal Family, he is the Robbie of the Royal Family.”
You can hear the unsaid here, as Barlow thinks "and I'm the William, the one who does all the work and gets overhsadowed by the gurning clown time after time... but I SHALL BE THE KING.. So, in your face, Harry/William."
Other members of Take That are, obviously, Prince Edward, I'm afraid.
More from No Rock on gary barlow, gordon smart, prince harry, prince william, robbie williams, royalty, take that, the sun
Mark Ronson insists Village Voice misquoted him
Earlier this week, Village Voice had an interview with Mark Ronson. Obviously, they were more interested in Amy Winehouse than Ronson, and got this out of him:
"She was in a bad state, God knows why. I think that the Adele thing had Amy freaked out. She liked her, but Adele's success was making Amy feel upset, competitive, restless. Anyway, we lost touch briefly. And before she and I could really start the process of beginning a new album, it was too late."
Only, Ronson says, they never got that out of him, and simply made it up:
"Some journalist quoted me as saying Amy was "freaked out" by Adele's success," he added in his Facebook post. "I read the interview for the first time just now, and there are so many wrong quotes in there. I can tell the dude was writing whatever he wanted because he uses words and language that i never EVER f--king use in my daily life."
"At one point, he was grilling me about Amy to the point that I said that Amy was itching to get back in the studio, and the recent success of others that she had blazed a trail for had put the fire in her belly," recalled Ronson. "But that is absolutely it and all these other words are a complete affront to me, her, Adele and anyone who reads this sh-te."
To be fair to Ronson, comparing his genuine quote to the Village Voice one, the VV extract seems a little too coherent to be genuine.
It might hurt Ronson more to know that E!, from whom we picked up the quotes, seemed to think it interesting mostly because Ronson is related to Sam Ronson.
More from No Rock on amy winehouse, interviews, mark ronson, village voice
Morrissey and the elephants
Some unquestionably positive Morrissey news now, by way of change: His intervention has helped win an inspection to check Manilla Zoo's elephant, Mali, is being kept in conditions befitting.
Morrissey's letter to the President of the Philippines demanding justice for Mali got this response:
Presidential spokesperson Edwin Lacierda said Wednesday, "We share the concerns expressed by animal advocates who have brought up the condition of the resident pachyderm. Rest assured, the responsible agencies will be swiftly implementing the order to ensure the welfare of Mali."
See? Morrissey can be a force for good when he puts his mind to it.
The President, Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino III, has warned that if The Smiths ever reform, he'll be making bloody sure that Andy Rourke and Mike Joyce are treated properly.
More from No Rock on animal rights, morrissey, the smiths
Morrissey invites fans to support him at the High Court
A date has been set for the Morrissey versus NME & Conor McNicholas court case, where Steven will claim that the NME altered quotes from him to make him look a little bit racist.
His website invites people to drop by:
In light of the NME's refusal to apologize to Morrissey for fabricating parts of their 2007 interview with him in order to make Morrissey appear to be racist, the High Court hearing of Morrissey -vs- Conor McNicholas and IPC/NME now has a set date of July 16, 17, 18 and 19. Anyone wishing to offer support to Morrissey should make their presence known outside the High Court in London on these dates.
What? Does he think he's Michael Jackson or something? Are people meant to take doves to set free if the verdict goes his way?
It's one thing for people to turn up to show their support, but actively seeking people to stand around outside with placards pledging "MORRISSEY ISN'T RACIST YOU'RE JUST APPLYING A SUPERFICIAL READING TO BENAGLI IN PLATFORMS AND THE NATIONAL FRONT DISCO" is a bit tacky, isn't it?
Especially since it doesn't seem like Morrissey will have much time to acknowledge the crowds:
These newly finalized dates clash with Morrissey concerts throughout Europe, and although no concerts will be cancelled, Morrissey will be required to fly in and fly out of London to attend each hearing on each day.
It's the week before the Olympics, I can't forsee any possible difficulty in whisking in and out of airports on a tight schedule.
If True To You is right, the NME's case is going to be interesting, as apparently they've offered to say sorry:
The NME recently offered to apologize to Morrissey by offering space on nme.com, but not within the printed magazine. This offer was rejected as disproportionate to the damage done to Morrissey by the NME magazine itself.
I think the apology would probably have been seen by more people if it was on nme.com, given the way sales are going, but it's a strange gambit - you're prepared to defend your statements in the High Court, but happy to apologise for them online. We'll find out their plan come July.
More from No Rock on conor mcnicholas, libel, morrissey, nme
Handsome Furs come to an end
Handsome Furs are no more:
With a heavy heart the time has come to let all of you know that Handsome Furs are no more.
The most important thing that needs to be said right now is how extremely grateful we are to all the fans all over the world that showered us with love and support over the years. Thank you for everything! It's been an incredible 6 years and we owe it all to you.
And this is why you should shed a small tear:
More from No Rock on handsome furs, splits
Ivor Novello Awards 2012 agree with all the other awards
There's something charming about the Ivors, which come towards the end of the awards season and sometimes seem like a summary of all the other awards that have been given out thus far. Here are this year's totally unsurprising winners:
Album Award: PJ Harvey - Let England Shake
PRS for Most Performed Work: Adele – Rolling In The Deep
Best Song Musically and Lyrically: Ed Sheeran – The A Team
Outstanding Contribution to British Music Award: Take That
Best Contemporary Song: Lana Del Rey – Video Games
Original Film Score: Alex Heffes -The First Grader
Original Television Score: Martin Phipps – The Shadow Line
Songwriter Of The Year: Adele
Ivors Jazz Award: Stan Tracey
Ivors Inspiration Award: Siouxsie Sioux
Music Special International Award: Jimmy Webb
Outstanding Song Collection Award: Gary Kemp
Lifetime Achievement: Mark Knopfler
The prize for Gary Kemp does give me an excuse to mention the Guardian's piece on how the Spands wrote True, and the surprising detail that... well, it was written by Gary Kemp mainly to try and get off with Clare Grogan:
I met her on Top of the Pops and, at one point, travelled up to Scotland to have tea with her and her mum and dad. Although my feelings were unrequited and the relationship was platonic, it was enough to trigger a song, True, which became the name of our 1983 album, too.
True is about how difficult it is to be honest when you're trying to write a love song to someone. Hence: "Why do I find it hard to write the next line?" The lyrics are full of coded messages to Clare.
This kind of puts True on a par with my second year math exercise book. Although I didn't have a saxaphone solo in that.
More from No Rock on awards, clare grogan, gary kemp, ivors, spandau ballet
Singerobit: Warda Aldjazairia
Warda Aldjazairia - the Algerian Rose - has died.
Warda was born in France to Algerian and Lebanese parents, and it was amongst the French Algerian community that she first found success, singing on Arabic radio stations.
In 1958, the Algerian War Of Independence made things difficult for the family, so they left Paris for Beirut.
She first visited Algeria in 1962, where she met a husband, and took a break from music for nearly a decade.
A move to Cairo coincided with a more serious attempt to build a career in music - she had a breakthrough with My Times Are Sweeter Than Yours - and it was in Egypt that she achieved her greatest success. Nasser saw her as a valuable icon in helping generate and promote a distinctive Arabic identity against Colonialism - it's claimed that he personally insisted Warda be invited to sing Watani Al-Akbar (My Great Homeland).
Through a long career, which also included five film roles, Warda remained popular in France, too - here she is performing in Paris in 1993:
Warda Aldjazairia was 72. She died on Thursday after what is being reported as a cardiac arrest.
More from No Rock on obit, obituary, Warda Aldjazairia
Gordon in the morning: Man and woman leave restaurant after finishing meal
A slightly bemusing story - although, obviously, one every word of which has been double- and triple-checked for accuracy - as Gordon reports Kim Kardashian and Kanye West left a restuarant where Jay-Z was having a party:
A source said: “Jay expected Kay and Kim to mingle.
"But as soon as Kim whispered in Kanye’s ear, they left.”
To be honest, I think if Kim Kardashian came up to me talking, I'd leave wherever I was, too. Although I'd be alarmed if she followed.
More from No Rock on gordon smart, jay-z, kanye west, kim kardashian, the sun
Discobit: Donna Summer
TMZ is reporting the death of Donna Summer. According to their site, she died from cancer earlier today at the age of 63.
UPDATE: Obviously, there's a lot of love being shown for I Feel Love right now, but let's not overlook this track, surely, at least, its equal?
More from No Rock on breaking news, donna summer, obit, obituary, tmz
Rajars: Evans widens his gap over Moyles
Latest radio audience figures are out this morning, with the headline that Chris Evans now has a lead of two million plus over Chris Moyles at breakfast time.
Evans' value to Radio 2 is shown by his follow-on presenters also enjoying record audiences - both Ken Bruce and Jeremy Vine are getting more listeners than ever before.
It's arguable that Radio 1 might not be chasing the biggest breakfast show, and, as part of the remit that might be desirable. But, unarguably, the Moyles programme isn't designed to not strive to be the biggest. It's ten years since Chris Moyles claimed he could kick anyone's arse at breakfast; that's clearly no longer true. Hopefully the BBC are coming up with a way for him to make a dignified exit.
More from No Rock on audience figures, chris evans, chris moyles, radio 1, radio 2, rajars
Gordon in the morning: Clubbable
I wonder how Gordon Smart managed to convince himself that people are ringing on Brad Pitt's door, asking him to play golf is a true story.
A source said:[...] “Neighbours have buzzed on their intercom and asked if Brad wants to play golf at a nearby course. They have even offered to lend him clubs in case he hasn’t got any.”
What neighbourhood does this actually happen in? Outside of the 1950s?
More from No Rock on brad pitt, golf, gordon smart, the sun
What do the BBC cuts mean for music?
So we've got some final answers about where the BBC cuts will fall, as the BBC Trust sign off the deal to balance the books after Rupert Murdoch's man in cabinet, Jeremy Hunt, issued a terrible licence fee settlement.
There's been most focus on the dropping of children's programmes from BBC 1 and 2, but there's a few details that might cause alarm to music fans.
First, the good news - Newsbeat is saved; or, at least, Radio 1 will only be sharing its news with 1Xtra; 6Music and Radio 2 will double-up their news coverage. And there's to be more music on the Asian Network (albeit offset by a drop in total broadcast hours); while BBC Four will get to make more music and arts programming part of its shift closer towards arts.
On the other hand, BBC Two will be making less arts and music - a drop of about an hour a week; and BBC Three will also be doing less music.
Radio 1 and 1Xtra are going to simulcast for two hours every night - it's unclear what that might mean for guitarry-type late night programming, but it seems more likely that the programming will be closer to 1Xtra than, say, the Punk programming.
The Radio 1 in the national regions opt-out is going to vanish, too - this was the programme that was originally The Evening Session In The Nations. It always felt, to be honest, a bit of an anomaly, but the various programmes were well-loved and were something of a feeder lane for bands to get sessions onto the network. The BBC Trust, though, looks on the bright side:
Although the restructure would mean losing the equivalent of four hours of airtime each week, it is likely that each new music track will be broadcast to a much larger audience
than currently (across the whole UK), and we take some assurance from the Executive's
commitment that the new programme is likely to have a higher proportion of first-play
new music each week (that is, relying less on music repeated from previous weeks), and
will seek to include artists from across the UK.
Hmm. Not entirely sure that's going to be very reassuring if you're a new act in Northern Ireland hoping for a start on Radio 1.
There's going to be changes to 1Xtra's live output:
We are also agreeing to changes to the balance of Radio 1Xtra‟s live output, so that it covers fewer, but higher impact, events. In approving this change we note that 1Xtra‟s live events expenditure will remain the same as now and 1Xtra will continue to put a strong emphasis on live music, as required by its service licence.
Radio 2 is going to do fewer live music programmes - In Concert will vanish as a stand-alone strand (presumably taking Jo Wylie with it), but there's still a promise that the network will pump out 260 hours of live music every year. "Many of these" promise the Trust "will not feature Keane." (Alright, they make no such pledge. I suspect nobody would believe it.)
Local Radio has had many of the threatened cuts rolled back, but there is still talk of an all-England evening programme. Which isn't, obviously, a local service at all. It's unclear what this might mean for local music programmes - elsewhere, the Trust offer their support to Introducing, but without suggesting when the local stations might get a chance to put bands on the air.
(Just in passing, Three Counties is going to be stopped from doing proper local breakfast shows, meaning people in Milton Keynes are going to hear a lot more about Hertfordshire than they give a flying hoof about.)
Finally, the number of video streams offered by Press Red is going to be cut right back - to just one at a time. In other words: the luxurious coverage of Reading and Glastonbury has just gone for a burton, and when there's sports on at the same time as a festival, you'll be bloody lucky to get anything at all.
None of these cuts, remember, would be necessary if it wasn't for a punitive licence fee settlement. The damage done by Jeremy Hunt will remain long after he's gone from public life.
More from No Rock on bbc, jeremy hunt, licence fee
White Heat dump Shrag
Shrag had been due to launch their single at Madame JoJos on June 5th. Had been. Not any more:
We're depressed to have to tell anyone that's interested that our single launch show on Tuesday 5th June at Madam JoJo's, which we were playing along with Evans the Death and Ace Bushy Striptease, has been cancelled, because the 'promoter' (White Heat) decided it was best to pull our show - with less than three weeks to go - for a bigger band who were suddenly available and who will probably make them more money. We'll hopefully be scheduling a new show in a month or so, watch this space.
The bigger band, in case you're wondering, is Chromatics.
You can understand why a promoter might grab the chance to take a slightly larger act in these difficult days, but it still feels like quite bad form.
More from No Rock on cancellation, chromatics, shrag, white heat
Mick Jagger loves Boris Johnson
Given the way Mick Jagger got cross when people found out he was planning to meet David Cameron a few weeks back, he probably won't be thrilled at his fawning over the mayoral punchline, revealed in the Telegraph:
Sir Mick, whose hits include (I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction, retains his affection for Boris Johnson, though. “I got an email message from Sir Mick Jagger congratulating me on winning the mayoral race,” says Johnson. “It is not impossible that I could pay him back and offer to dance with him on stage.”
Hang about, though - the Stones famously arrange their tours to avoid having to pay too much tax in the UK. Isn't that the sort of aggressive tax "avoidance" that the Tories are supposed to be decrying?
More from No Rock on boris johnson, conservatives, mick jagger
String Cheese Incident outplays Ticketmaster
String Cheese Incident have a long history of battling Ticketmaster, having taken legal action against the company back in 2003 when the corporation tried to stop the band selling tickets direct to their fans.
That case had lead to a truce, but one which expired in 2009; now, once again, Ticketmaster is trying to force a claim that it has sole rights to sell tickets to events at some venues.
So what did The String Cheese Incident do?
They came up with an elegant workaround. The New York Times reports:
One Friday afternoon recently, about 50 fans and friends of the band String Cheese Incident took $20,000 in cash to the Greek Theater in Los Angeles to take a small stand against the system — in this case, Ticketmaster.
With money advanced by the band, each person had enough to buy eight tickets at $49.95 apiece for the group’s show in July. Once all tickets were in hand, almost 400 of them, they were carried back to String Cheese headquarters in Colorado and put on sale again through the group’s Web site — for $49.95.
Yes, the band are scalping their own tickets, at a loss. They're taking a hit, but making a rather elegant point in the process.
More from No Rock on los angeles, string cheese incident, ticketmaster, touts
Huey and cry
Huey Morgan's snide twitterage aimed at Lauren Laverne was well-documented yesterday. Obviously, the gentle riposte from Laverne pointing out that, in effect, far from not programming her 6Music show, it's actually more that Morgan isn't trusted or thought capable of putting together a daytime show was a highlight, but this is the bit where Morgan really stepped over the line:
Fuck that shit. Kenickie? Please.
Really, Morgan? You're going there? Appealing that the Fun Loving Criminals somehow outranks Kenickie in terms of quality?
You're suggesting that, on some sort of scale in your head, Scooby Snacks is better than Punka?
Pfffft.
More from No Rock on 6music, huey morgan, lauren laverne, sony radio awards
Gordon in the morning: I've seen the future in the tracks of your tears
To be fair, Gordon's got a pretty nice story this morning.
Mani's wife recalls something her husband once said:
She tweeted: “City’s win is all down to Mani.
"He predicted years ago that the Stone Roses would play again after City won the league! Nostradamus or what?”
Okay, it's copying something off Twitter, which is hardly going to win a Pulitzer, but it was a lovely spot.
More from No Rock on gordon smart, manchester city, mani, reunions, the sun, twitter
I collect, I reject: Michael Jackson's hair
Here's something for the person who has everything, but sense: The chance to buy Michael Jackson's hair, salvaged from the Pepsi advert shoot and up for auction:
Unaware that he was on fire Michael continued to perform until Executive Producer of the Pepsi commercial, Ralph Cohen, rushed to aid him. As seen in the infamous video, Cohen threw his Armani jacket over Jackson's head to help extinguish the flames.
Michael was taken to hospital only after reassuring the 3,000 strong audience that he was ok.
On removing his jacket Cohen found Michael's hair attached to the inside lining. The lot comprises strands of the hair retrieved by Cohen.
3,000 people watching a man film an advert for a fizzy drink - but only one got some hair. Apparently, which he kept.
The starting bid being sought for this is £100. Which might sound ridiculous, until you hear that Justin Beiber's hair is going for £20,000. Double what a flag signed by Castro and Guevara would cost you.
[via @stokesie
More from No Rock on justin bieber, memorabilia, michael jackson, pepsi
Bookmarks: Hip Hop history
The Oxford University Press blog picks 12 crucial moments in hip-hop dj history:
1984: Grandmixer D.ST Scratches at the Grammys
This was the scratch heard around the world. Although GrandWizzard Theodore and others had been scratching for the past several years, that distinctive sound had not yet become a familiar part of the musical soundscape. That changed in 1983 with the recording of “Rockit,” a track that paired jazz great Herbie Hancock with, among others, a young DJ known as GrandMixer D.ST. The sound of D.ST’s scratching — and especially the sight of him scratching on the telecast of the Grammy Awards ceremony in 1984 — inspired many to become DJs, including Mix Master Mike, Qbert, and Rob Swift.
More from No Rock on bookmarks, hip-hop
Helping Shingoose
A couple of months back, Curtis 'Shingoose' Jonnie, native Canadian music pioneer, had a massive stroke.
Fellow Canadian musicians, though, are rallying round to help:
And come they will. Eagle & Hawk, Ray St. Germain, Mark Nabess, Dustin Harder, Jesse Green of Bruthers of Different Muthers and Don Amero have all signed up to play the fundraiser on May 26 at Winnipeg’s Pyramid Cabaret.
“Shingoose is a musical elder in our music community and it’s always been my belief to acknowledge those folks who have helped blaze the trail,” says Vince Fontaine, co-founder of the multi-award winning group Eagle & Hawk.
There's more about the Shingoose fundraiser at the Manitoba Music site.
More from No Rock on benefit gigs, shingoose
Sony Radio Awards: Cotton on
Really, Radio Academy? With all the hours of radio programming, most of which is dedicated to music, you've decided that the gold standard of music broadcasting is Fearne Cotton? That is the pitch to which all other music broadcasters should be aiming?
In other prizes, Danny Baker won a broadcaster prize, which feels right and proper - although he's so far ahead of his peers, you do wonder if they should do a second gold betting without him. And a good night for Liverpool, with City FM and Juice FM picking up station of the year in their respective categories.
Those winners in full, then:
Breakfast Show of the Year (10 million plus) - KISS Breakfast with Rickie, Melvin and Charlie
Breakfast Show of the Year (under 10 million) - Real Radio Breakfast with Gary and Lisa
Best Music Programme - Fearne Cotton (Radio 1)
Best Specialist Music Programme - Dave Rodigan (Radio 2)
Best Entertainment Programme - Betty & Beryl (Radio Humberside)
Best Speech Programme - Stephen Nolan (Radio 5 Live)
Best Sports Programme - Keys and Gray (TalkSport)
Best News & Current Affairs Programme - 5 Live Drive
Best Breaking News Coverage - PM (Radio 4)
Best Live Event Coverage - Royal Wedding (World Service)
Best Community Programming - Face To Face (National Prison Radio)
Best Internet Programme - Science Weekly: Sounds of the Space Shuttle - An Acoustic Tribute (The Guardian)
Music Radio Personality of the Year - Chris Evans (Radio 2)
Music Broadcaster of the Year - Jools Holland (Radio 2)
Speech Radio Personality of the Year - Danny Baker (Radio 5 Live)
Speech Broadcaster of the Year - Victoria Derbyshire (Radio 5 Live)
News Journalist of the Year - Mike Thompson (Radio 4)
Best Interview - Eddie Mair interviews Julie Nicholson (Radio 4)
Station Programmer of the Year - Andy Roberts (Kiss)
Best Use of Branded Content - Danny Wallace's Naked Breakfast (XFM)
Best Single Promo/Commercial - Geoff Lloyd's Hometime Show - The Complaints (Absolute)
Best Promotional/Advertising Campaign - Wimbledon (Radio 2, Radio 5 Live & BBC Local Radio)
Best Competition - Two strangers and a wedding (106 JACKfm Oxfordshire and glide FM 107.9 Oxfordshire)
Best Station Imaging - 1Xtra
Best Music Feature/Special/Documentary - Feeling Good - The Nina Simone Story Part 1 (Radio 2)
Best News Feature/Special/Documentary - Child of Ardoyne (Radio 3)
Best Feature/Special/Documentary - Walking With The Wounded (Smooth)
Best Comedy - Mark Steel's In Town (Radio 4)
Best Drama - On It (Radio 4)
Best Use of Multiplatform/Social Media - Now Playing @ 6Music
Station of the Year (Under 300,000) - KL.FM
Station of the Year (300,000 - 1 million) - 107.6 Juice FM
Station of the Year (1 Million plus) - Radio City 96.7
UK Station of the Year - 6Music
Special Award - Classic FM
Gold Award - Nicholas Parsons
The official list, complete with production team names, can be found on the Radio Academy website.
More from No Rock on danny baker, fearne cotton, juice fm, radio, sony radio awards
Let me ease your tight shoes, E!
E! has a question:
Why Is Rihanna Naked With Scale-Covered Breasts?
I think I can help you out, there, E! It's for attention, and to help flog records and merchandise.
More from No Rock on rihanna
DAB: I don't feel Amazing now
Amazing Radio is going through something of a golden era - turning a profit, about to expand to America, everything's looking good.
Except it's coming off DAB transmissions.
Founder Paul Campbell points the finger at Digital One, who run the DAB system:
So why, if everything’s going so well, is Amazing Radio coming off digital radio in the UK? Why for a time at least, will it be broadcasting online and on mobile Apps only?
It’s not our preference. We would have loved to stay on the UK airwaves – it’s been a real privilege to be ‘six clicks to the left of Radio 1’. But we’ve got into a barney with the people who own the transmitter network. It’s about money. ‘Nuff said. The net result is that Amazing Radio will continue on wi-fi, but no longer on the wireless. For the moment, at any rate.
Given that, aside from the BBC, there's bugger all on DAB, it's bemusing to see the Multiplex owners chasing decent programming off their service. Almost as if they'd rather it just went away.
More from No Rock on amazing radio, dab
Mail fumes that Glitter gets gold
As part of its 1970s season, BBC Two re-repeated one of the 1977 Top Of The Pops that have been delighting BBC Four viewers since the start of the year. They chose one with Gary Glitter in - understandable, as nearly the rest of the year's selections to date have been Manhattan Transfer or Lynsey DePaul doing Rock Bottom forever.
The Daily Mail doesn't understand:
Convicted sex offender Gary Glitter stand to get paid thousands of pounds in royalties after the BBC aired a repeat of him performing on Top of the Pops in 1977.
Viewers were left outraged by TV chiefs' decision to rerun the BBC2 programme featuring the disgraced pop star, 68, on Saturday night.
Many expressed their disgust on social networking sites that Glitter, who has been convicted of possessing child porn and abusing two young girls, would receive money from the airing of the TV programme.
Oddly, though, they struggle to find "many", relying on a handful of tweets:
Kristian Carter tweeted: 'Gary Glitter on TOTP. First line "Cuddle me close. Hold me tight." Awkward turtle.'
Another viewer Cath Elliot wrote: 'Gary Glitter on #totp77 is making my skin crawl.'
Neither of those quotes actually seem to have anything to say about the issue of Glitter earning royalties. In fact, the entire Mail thesis is based on one tweet:
RedLiverbirdLou wrote on Twitter: 'Why are BBC2 giving Gary Glitter airtime? They should be ashamed! I don't pay my licence to watch Peado's!'
Peados. Presumably some sort of hairstyle on a vegetable?
Well done, though, RedLiverbirdLou - your single Tweet has generated an entire Daily Mail article. Presumably her equally impassioned call for a vet to be sent for to help the meerkat on Planet Earth Live is going to result in a full-page piece in tomorrow's paper: "Viewers call for medical intervention as BBC watches creature die".
More from No Rock on daily mail, gary glitter, royalties, top of the pops, twitter
Gordon in the morning: Ringers
Alex and Matt from the Arctic Monkeys gave an interview in the US where they talked about doing an Oasis song at a school assembly - Gordon has taken this as "dressing up as Oasis" and created one of his fabulous Photoshop mock-ups (actually, this is probably one of the better ones).
He allows this eye-catching claim, though, to pass without comment:
[Alex] explained: “With Oasis, it’s just that attitude — it’s resistant against everything else that’s going on in music.
Oasis? "Resistant against everything else that's going on in music"? I must have been hiding from Ocean Colour Scene on the day that happened.
More from No Rock on alex turner, gordon smart, matt helders, oasis, the sun
Going Blank Again again
Good news: to mark the 20th anniversary of Going Blank Again, Mark Gardener is going to do some dates.
Less good news:
Now Gardener has booked shows in Seattle, Portland, San Francisco and Los Angeles in June and will play three cities — Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne — in Australia this August, with additional shows expected in Japan and Germany, according to his website.
Depending on where you are, that's less good news, I suppose.
More from No Rock on anniversary, mark gardener, ride, tour dates
Samsung have a plan
Samsung thinks it knows how to hurt Apple: it's bought mSpot, a not-quite-Spotify clone, with the idea of - naturally - killing iTunes.
There's a couple of problems with this. First, mSpot doesn't really hold a suite of rights that would currently make it a viable option, so bringing it up to standard is going to cost.
Secondly, Samsung is really only interested in selling tech, so why is it getting caught up running a music-streaming service at all? Nokia's nightmare with ComesWithMusic shows that it's a difficult path to take, and doesn't really seem to have much impact on the core business one way or another.
iTunes was vital to the success of the iPod; I'm not so sure that Apple would have bothered overmuch with creating it for the iPhone.
More from No Rock on apple, itunes, samsung
Bassobit: Donald Dunn
Donald "Duck" Dunn, bass player with Booker T and The MGs, has died.
Dunn's official site has this useful two-minute primer:
As with many of his generation, his work with his band is matched by some peerless session work. In fact, you'll recognise his bass in an instant, even if you never knew it was him:
Donald Dunn died in Tokyo earlier today; he was 70.
More from No Rock on booker t and the mgs, donald dunn, obit, obituary
This week just gone
The most-read stories through May so far:
1. Kerrang Awards shortlist
2. The Sun helps promote an invasion of Tulisa's privacy
3. Kylie expands her range of knickers
4. Tatu complain about their image
5. RIP: Rob Doherty
6. Kate Moss wears teselated trousers, apparently looks like a fush
7. Britney Spears flogs her Toxic wardrobe
8. BPI block Pirate Bay in an in-no-way-empty victory
9. School punishes six year-old kid for singing LMFAO
10. The Olympic Concert will celebrate our ability to pull together a running order that misses the mark
This were this week's most-interesting releases:
Allo Darlin - Europe
Download Henry Rollins Don't Dance
Gallon Drunk - The Road Gets Darker From Here
Download The Road Gets Darker From Here
And Also The Trees - Hunter Not The Hunted
Download Hunter Not The Hunted
Here We Go Magic - A Different Ship
Download A Different Ship
Richard Hawley - Standing At The Sky's Edge
Download Standing At The Sky's Edge
My Bloody Valentine - EPs 1988-1991
Katzenjammer - A Kiss Before You Go
Download A Kiss Before You Go
Damon Albarn - Dr Dee
Download Dr Dee
More from No Rock on this week just gone
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The Philosophy of a Good Party
It turns out that a good party is mostly just a party without Hegel.
Francis Bacon was an early 17th century philosopher, best known for being one of the earlier philosophers who believed all knowledge had to be systematically empirical. He believed that through a system something like what we now think of as the "scientific method", we could come to understand the world. He was skeptical about all passed down dogmas which were not empirically tested.
Zera Yacob was also a 17th century philosopher, from Ethiopia. Like Bacon, he was very skeptical of dogmas, and thought all things needed to be considered. However, unlike Bacon, he believed it was human reason that was the primary method of examining the world. Obviously we needed to observe the world too, but he was also skeptical of moral, social, and religious institutions which asked us to believe things only because we were told them. He thought all beliefs should be subject to the examination of human reason and rationality. He believed that the best morality was harmonizing among different people along the ultimate principle of reason.
Hegel believed that reason operated quite differently from earlier philosophers like Yacob, who thought reason was a sort of absolute thing that you could use to come to a truth about a set beliefs. Instead, Hegel found reason or rationality more like a conversation that interrogates a given circumstances and moves towards a better set of ideas, rather than something immediately called the "truth" in the moment. In other words, reason was more like a debate or a courtroom verdict, rather than merely a way of thinking that produces truth.
Philosophers in this comic: Francis Bacon, Zera Yacob, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Permanent Link to this Comic: http://existentialcomics.com/comic/319
Support the comic on Patreon!
Comics I enjoy:
Dead Philosophers in Heaven
SMBC Comics
Lunar Baboon
Podcasts & other sites I like:
Partially Examined Life
History of Philosophy without any Gaps
Hi-Phi Nation
Art of Noah Latz
Contact: existentialcomics@gmail.com
Unofficial Comics
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XBradTC's thoughts… deep thoughts.
Tag: navy
The Russian Navy
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the impressive blue water fleet built up by Admiral of the Fleet Gorshkov soon disintegrated into almost utter irrelevance. Russia simply had no money to maintain the fleet. Further, many of the hulls were obsolescent, held in service to artificially boost fleet size.
Russia simply scrapped, abandoned, or sold off huge chunks of the fleet, focusing on maintaining a kernel of capability, primarily its nuclear armed ballistic missile submarine force.
Beginning about the middle of the first decade of the 20th century, however, as Russian economic fortunes began to improve, renewed emphasis was placed on naval capability.
The Office of Naval Intelligence recently released an overview of the Russian Navy’s past, and its current status.
[scribd id=293684910 key=key-BmJoy4imPSNSO7cY8nEK mode=scroll]
Take note that the first emphasis in renewed shipbuilding was on strategic capital ships. The top priority was to develop and deploy a new class of strategic ballistic missile submarines. The uttermost priority for Russia must be to continue to field a credible nuclear deterrence force. After that, only then does submarine building focus on attack submarines.
Contrast that with developments in the surface forces. Shipbuilding capability, particularly for warships, is quite limited. And so rather than stress building large combatants, they’ve focused on building small, but quite capable, light combatants. New classes of corvettes, light frigates, and guided missile frigates are in production. Only after serial production of these types will Russia begin development of guided missile destroyers.
Note also that concurrent with our own Navy’s CNO’s emphasis on payloads over platforms, the Russians have taken a similar stance. Whereas our own LCS has a main battery consisting of a 57mm gun and Hellfire short range missiles, the Russian light warships have a Vertical Launch System capable of firing either the KALIBER series or YAKHONT series cruise missiles.
And Russia was sending a message recently when its corvettes and frigates used KALIBER cruise missiles launched from the Caspian Sea to attack targets in Syria. The targets almost certainly would have been easier to service via air strikes from Russian jets based in Syria. But that wouldn’t have served to remind a whole host of nations that Russia has a currently fielded capablity to conduct deep strike missile attacks at will from a stand off range that renders the launch platforms invulnerable.
The Russian Navy is unlikely to rise again to challenge the US Navy (nor the PLAN) for control of the high seas across the globe. But it is showing that it is becoming a genuine power in the region capable of complex operations and effective results.
Author xbradtcPosted on December 19, 2015 Categories navy, RussiaTags navy, Russia1 Comment on The Russian Navy
SWO’s on the go.
CDR Salamander is writing at the USNI blog again. As usual, he’s concerned about the poor shipbuilding program that resulted in the LCS and the DDG-1000, and the lack of offensive firepower in the surface fleet.
And, as usual, he shows the conflict between the traditionalists and the transformationalists.
We have been floundering since the end of the Cold War when it comes to our ability to advance the fight from our warships. “Build a little, test a little, learn a lot” has morphed in to “Spend a lot, testify in front of Congress a lot, learn new ways to make PPT slides.”
But Sal sees a ray of hope, this one emanating from the current Director Surface Warfare (N96), Rear Admiral Pete Fanta.
Fanta is basically arguing that the current risk adverse system stifles innovation, and is not allowing existing systems and platforms to be developed to their full potential. For instance, we’ve all spent the last quarter century watching the Tomahawk missile be used as the weapon of choice for land attack from the sea. The original anti-ship version of the missile was retired because the long time of flight meant that it was quite likely its intended target would move outside the radar seeker field of view before it arrived, and the risk of attacking innocent neutral shipping was too high. It was simply assumed tactical air would handle shipping strikes at longer ranges.
But improved network capabilities and vastly more powerful electronics* mean we should be able to incorporate more modes of attack. We chatted with SWO Pro Bryan McGrath a few weeks ago, and the coming improved capabilities of the Tomahawk were to him pretty much the most exciting development in the near term for increased lethality in the surface force.
Similarly, Rear Admiral Jon Hill discussed adding offensive capabilities to the Standard Missile SM-6. SM-6 is an active radar guided air defense missile that is the primary air defense weapon of the Aegis equipped destroyers. Its primary mission is to shoot down airplanes and missiles.
But there is no fundamental reason why we can’t use it for other missions. For instance, an autopilot with INS/GPS and midcourse guidance from the Aegis system yields an incredibly efficient kinematic flight profile. Coupled with the active radar seeker and a backup imaging infrared seeker, software updates should allow an anti-surface warfare use. The warhead is hardly optimized for this role, but given the lack of armor on virtually all modern warships, it would still pose a considerable threat. A land attack role should be easily feasible. While it would be a very expensive approach for most missions, it would be quite well suited for the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) role.
For instance, as we noted yesterday, the Russians have deployed the formidable S-400 SAM system in Syria. Suppressing the system is normally seen as a job for E/A-18G Growlers working with jammers and HARM missiles. But if the location of the system can be pinpointed, why not toss a couple SM-6s from over a hundred miles away? If nothing else, while the S-400 is busy dealing with that (all while being jammed by the Growler) other systems can close in to finish it off in a more traditional manner.
RADM Fanta is right, that there is enormous room for improvement at relatively low cost, that good, workable ideas are out there in the fleet, and that not every program needs to be a massive top down all up system of systems transformation. Let’s hope his style begins to catch on.
*The original Harpoon and Tomahawk ASM seekers were late sixties, early seventies technology, fielded in the early eighties. Take a look the computer or phone you’re reading this on. Do you think there might be room for improvement on Tomahawk?
Author XBradTC2Posted on December 2, 2015 Categories navyTags missiles, navy, surface warfare
The Day of Battle- USS Hornet at The Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands
With URR’s excellent weekend posts of covering the turning of the tide of the Solomon’s Campaign at the 1st and 2nd Naval Battles of Guadalcanal, let’s look at another grim moment in the campaign. This one took place three weeks prior, and at the time, was seen as a defeat. Indeed, the battle of Santa Cruz would set the stage that would lead to the November battles URR chronicled.
The pattern of the Solomons campaign was that surface warfare groups of destroyers and cruisers and occasionally battleships would operate daily (or rather, nightly) in the waters east of Guadalcanal, in the famed “Slot” of the Solomon Islands chain. Major operations, such as reinforcement convoys, either US or Japanese, would receive wide ranging support from carrier task forces attempting to provide air superiority. Intelligence services on both sides tended to note when such surges occurred, meaning that if our forces sortied carriers, the Japanese would surge theirs as well.
In late October 1942, while the issue ashore on Guadalcanal was very much in the balance, and the Japanese planned a major offensive by ground forces on the island to pierce the American lines. Supporting the operations ashore, the Japanese planned a major naval effort. The US Navy moved to counter this effort.
On 26 October, 1942, north of the Santa Cruz Islands, the Japanese and American carrier fleets would clash. During the battle, the USS Hornet, the newest carrier in the fleet, would be left a smouldering wreck, to be later sunk by Japanese destroyers.
One of the most amazing aspects of this battle was that the attack on Hornet was actually filmed by Navy combat camera crews.
[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rEeXYh6UIg]
The other US carrier, USS Enterprise, would be heavily damaged. Of the eight carriers the US Navy built before the war began, only three would survive the war. USS Saratoga, USS Ranger, and USS Enterprise. Ranger was in the Atlantic, readying for the invasion of North Africa, and Saratoga was in drydock for repairs after being torpedoed by a Japanese submarine in August. USS Enterprise, badly damaged in the Battle of Santa Cruz, was repaired in forward waters. For a brief time, the US simply had no available carriers.
But while the US was losing carriers at an appalling rate, they also had literally dozens of fleet and light carriers under production.
The US Navy grasped that, but that was cold comfort when the Japanese Navy still possessed a force of several excellent fleet carriers.
What the US Navy soon grasped though, was that the heart of Japanese Naval Aviation wasn’t the carriers, but the naval aviators. The US Navy had a stupendously large training establishment that would churn out thousands upon thousands of well trained aviators. The Japanese, on the other hand, had a small, elite cadre of exquisitely trained carrier pilots. Unfortunately for Japan, the sustained operations since Pearl Harbor, and the very heavy losses of the Battle of Santa Cruz had gutted the ranks of aviators. The remaining Japanese carriers simply had no one to fly from their decks.
The Japanese Navy would spend the next 18 months struggling to train aircrews for their carrier fleet. But lacking the investment in training resources the US could apply, they managed to produce numbers, but not quality.
The shortcomings of Japanese training would be apparent when, a year and a half later, the US invaded the Marianas. Officially the Battle of the Philippine Sea, the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot would see the results of 18 months of training utterly devastated by well trained US carrier air wings in possibly the greatest one sided aerial massacre of all time.
To this day, the US Navy spends a ridiculous amount on training its aviators. And it is worth every penny.
Author XBradTC2Posted on November 16, 2015 Categories navyTags battle of Santa Cruz, NAVAIR, navy4 Comments on The Day of Battle- USS Hornet at The Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands
About that Freedom of Navigation Exercise last week in the South China Sea.
So, on October 27, the USS Lassen conducted a Freedom of Navigation (FON) exercise in the South China Sea (SCS) sailing within 12 nautical miles of a Chinese built artificial island in the area. Historically, and under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), artificial islands have never been recognized as sovereign territory, and thus, have no territorial waters associated with them. * That is, all the ships and planes of the world are able to freely operate or conduct commerce in those waters, including transit or passage, or fishing, or routine military operations. There are any number of places in the world where nations have staked out a claim of territorial waters, and the US has responded by conducting FON exercises. Probably the most famous was the 1986 Gulf of Sidra “Line of Death” incident, where Muhamar Ghaddaffi declared the gulf as territorial waters for Libya. The US Navy promptly mounted large scale FON exercises in those waters, with destroyers operating just outside the recognized 12nm territorial limit, and placing Combat Air Patrols well inside the limits claimed by Libya.
Libya responded with hostile acts that quickly ended badly for Libya.
Don’t bring a Nanchuka corvette to an A-6 Intruder fight.
While tensions with China aren’t as great as those with Libya in 1986, they are also likely a greater cause for concern in the long run.
After news leaked out that the Navy had not conducted any FON exercises near the artificial islands in the SCS, eventually the White House caved pressure from Congress, leading to USS Lassen’s voyage.
But as @AmericanHipple of CIMSEC notes, Chris Cavas writing in DefenseNews.com shows us that the exercise may accidentally undermine the Freedom of Navigation exercise.
New details about the Lassen’s transit became available Oct. 30 from a US Navy source, who said the warship took steps to indicate it was making a lawful innocent passage with no warlike intent. The ship’s fire control radars were turned off and it flew no helicopters, the source said. Although a US Navy P-8 Poseidon maritime surveillance aircraft was in the area, it did not cross inside the 12 nautical mile limit.
Here’s the problem with the statement from that source- innocent passage.
Innocent passage is a well established legal doctrine, both historically and under UNCLOS, that applies only to territorial waters of a sovereign state.
UPDATE: A clarification from Matt Hipple. He’s not arguing that it was an exercise in futility, but notes that if in fact it was conducted as Innocent Passage, it undermines the entire point of the FON exercise. It should be noted that Hipple’s views are his personal views, and not necessarily those of the United States Navy nor CIMSEC.
That’s not to say the US should commit overtly hostile acts within the areas claimed by China. But to fail to exercise genuine Freedom of Navigation, and to characterize the voyage as innocent passage is to tacitly acknowledge Chinese sovereignty.
Several actions could and should have taken place to emphasize that the US considers the waters to be international, and not territorial. Sailing on varied courses and speeds, having the accompanying P-8A enter the 12nm zone, flying the embarked ship’s helicopter while within 12nm, and conducting fire control tracking drills against that helicopter, and small boat operations all would serve to drive home the point that the international waters of the world are available for the use of all nations.
Speaking of CIMSEC, a couple of Hipple’s coauthors have a very interesting piece on the paramilitary aspects of Chinese maritime power, and how they use it to frustrate US and other nations efforts in the region.
*Nor do they have an associated 200nm Exclusive Economic Zone, which actually might be of more interest to China.
Author XBradTC2Posted on November 2, 2015 Categories China, navyTags china, navy, South China Sea10 Comments on About that Freedom of Navigation Exercise last week in the South China Sea.
Tracer 601, Ball, 3.2
If you’ve ever seen Top Gun, you’ve seen Maverick and Goose return to the carrier, and the Landing Signal Officer calls “Three quarters of a mile, call the ball.”
The ball call in naval aviation tells the LSO far more than simply that the pilot has the optical landing system in sight.
The reply is as shown in the title, Tracer 601, ball, 3.2. First, let me steal a post in it’s entirety from Steeljaw Scribe.
“Hawkeye, Ball…”
Since the E-2A went to sea in the early 1960’s, “Hawkeye” was the name used for the ball call to the LSOs. Later iterations of the E-2C continued that practice but distinguished the a/c type by markings on the nose (a white “II” for Group 2 E-2s, or a “+” for H2Ks today). The Advanced Hawkeye, however being heavier than the E-2C required something more than just “Hawkeye” but kept to a single word. In doing so, VAW heritage was called upon and just as “Steeljaw” has been used for special evolutions for the new Hawkeye, the E-2’s predecessor, the E-1B Tracer (or WF – ‘Willie Fudd’) was called upon. Now, with an E-2D on the ball, you’ll hear “Tracer, ball…”
Click to much greatly embiggenfy.
The first part of the reply tells the LSO (and more importantly, the arresting gear operators) what type of aircraft is on approach. That matters, because the arresting gear is adjustable, providing varying amounts of braking power based on the weight of the aircraft being arrested. The arresting gear is always set to the maximum permissible landing weight for a given type of aircraft. But if the engine weight is set wrong, the result can be a broken aircraft, a parted arresting wire, or a failure to stop the aircraft in time. All these possibilities can lead to damage or loss of an aircraft, or worse, loss of life.
The second element, “601” is the aircraft’s MODEX number. Each squadron in an airwing is assigned a range of numbers, starting with 100 for the first squadron, 200 for the second squadron, and so on. With 5 E-2D Advanced Hawkeyes in a squadron, you’d normally see the MODEXs assigned as 600, 601, 602, 603, and 604. Calling the MODEX lets the LSO know which crew he’s dealing with, as well as helping the Air Boss keep track of which crews he has airborne, and which are recovered.
The final element, the “3.2” is the remaining fuel on board the aircraft, measured in thousands of pounds, in this case, three thousand, two hundred pounds. Telling the LSO (and the Air Boss) the fuel on board helps keep them informed. Should the aircraft bolter (that is, not make an arrested landing, for whatever reason) knowing the fuel on board lets them know how much longer the aircraft can stay airborne. That helps them decide when or whether to send the plane to a tanker, or “Bingo” them, that is, divert them to a shore base.
A ball call can also contain a final element, either “Manual” or “Auto.” This tells the LSO if the plane on approach is manually controlling the throttles, or letting the autothrottle (actually the Approach Power Compensator) control the approach. Which method is used impacts how the LSO controls the approach and what calls he makes for corrections on the approach.
Author XBradTC2Posted on October 25, 2015 Categories navy, planesTags NAVAIR, navy, planes2 Comments on Tracer 601, Ball, 3.2
Crusaders Attack!
Which, they did a fine job of it, but never liked it. The most common attack employment of the Vought F-8 Crusader in attack was as flak suppression for Alpha Strikes over North Vietnam. But the preferred mission for Crusader drivers was always and ever hunting MiGs.
[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uOaFNXu_1s]
I’ll admit I never knew about the Shrike tests. And I can guess that the ‘sader guys were quite happy they never got tasked for the Iron Hand mission.
Author XBradTC2Posted on October 19, 2015 Categories marines, navy, planesTags F-8 Crusader, marines, navy, planes7 Comments on Crusaders Attack!
Daily Dose of Splodey
The Mk45 5”/54 gun was, until recently, the standard in production medium caliber gun for US Navy warships, being replaced in production (but not in existing fleet units) by the Mk45Mod4 5”/62 gun, which is mechanically almost identical, but has a longer barrel for greater range. It fires the same ammunition as the earlier 5”/54.
Here’s an older video, dating from the early 1990s showing a demonstration of the lethality of proximity fused rounds against simulated truck type targets.
The “HECVT” projectile stands for High Explosive Common Variable Time. That is, it’s a high explosive shell. Common means it is a general purpose round, as opposed to having an armor piercing body, or prefragmented anti-aircraft body. It is, by far, the most common round- hence, Common. Variable Time oddly doesn’t stand for Variable Time, but instead for Proximity fused. That is, a small radio transmitter in the nose of the fuse senses when the round is within a predetermined distance from an object, and then initiates the bursting of the charge. Variable Time was a cover story from when VT was invented in World War II to keep the Germans or Japanese from discovering how VT worked, and either developing their own, or countermeasures to defeat it.
[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AS5G-NwPlWo]
Author XBradTC2Posted on October 19, 2015 Categories ArtilleryTags artillery, navy4 Comments on Daily Dose of Splodey
Offensive Standoff Mine Warfare
Traditionally, particularly since the end of World War II, the US Navy has had a terrible weakness in its ability to defend against naval mines. The debacle at Wonsan in Korea is a prime example, but even more recently, the US has struggled against both Iranian and Iraqi mines in the Arabian Gulf.
What we’ve traditionally been pretty good at though, is offensive mine warfare.
Mines are the ninjas of warfare: silent, deadly and a bit unsavory. Sneaky weapons that are extremely effective not just for the damage they cause, but also for the fear and uncertainty they sow.
Naval mines are especially potent. American air-dropped mines in Japanese waters in 1945–chillingly but accurately code-named Operation Starvation–sank more ships than U.S. submarines in the final months of the war. The 1972 mining of Haiphong harbor helped drive North Vietnam to the peace table, while Saddam Hussein’s underwater booby traps threatened U.S. naval supremacy in Desert Storm. “In February 1991 the Navy lost command of the sea—the North Arabian Gulf—to more than a thousand mines that had been sown by Iraqi forces. Mines severely damaged two Navy warships, and commanders aborted an amphibious assault for fear of even more casualties,” says a U.S. Navy mine warfare history.
But when a high-altitude B-52H bomber dropped a Quickstrike naval mine on September 23, 2014, something extraordinary happened: instead of falling into the sea below, the mine glided to a splashdown 40 nautical miles away. The reason? The mine had wings.
My usual image when thinking of minelaying is the traditional round contact mine with horns sliding over the rails at the stern of a ship. And while the US had large numbers of ships for that role in World War II, * the fact is, it’s usually quicker and easier to lay an offensive field either via aircraft, or sometimes, via submarine.
As an historical aside, one reason for Operation Starvation was that the XXth Bomber Command ran out incendiaries temporarily, and the Navy was smart enough to have a large supply of air dropped mines on hand for them to use. As soon as stocks of incendiaries were replenished, the B-29s went back to torching Japan to the ground.
And of course, our own familial connection to aerial mining is that our father dropped the first aerial sea mine from a jet aircraft in combat way back in 1967.
Back to the linked article, first, where the author describes a JASM-ER, that’s pretty obviously a typo, as the program in question is JDAM-ER. The Joint Direct Attack Munition, which you’ve seen heavily used in Iraq and Afghanistan, take a dumb Mk80 series bomb, and straps an Inertial Reference System and some guidance fins, and adds a GPS update capability. JDAM-ER simply adds a pair of folding wings to the package, which gives it the ability to glide for considerable distance, up to 40 miles when dropped from altitude.
That standoff capability means the launching aircraft is that much further removed from the heart of any enemy air defenses.
Simply buy changing the fuze, a JDAM-ER can become an aerial laid mine. While the Mk80 series bomb bodies make imperfect sea mines (ideally a sea mine would have a much thinner case and more explosives) better an imperfect mine than no mine at all.
And it’s not at all inconceivable that the range couldn’t be extended by quite a bit. For instance, back in the 1980s, the Navy strapped surplus AGM-45 Shrike rocket motors to 1000lb GBU-16 Laser Guided bombs to produce the AGM-123 Skipper II guided missile. A similar arangement could give a Quickstrike/JDAM-ER combo a nice little standoff boost.
It should also be noted that aerial launched mines aren’t the only standoff mines available. When the US adopted the Mk48 torpedo, they found themselves possessed of a large inventory of obsolete M37 torpedoes. Many were converted to the Mk67 Submarine Launched Mobile Mine. Launched like a torpedo, it steers itself to a programmed point, then sinks quietly to the bottom, to await shipping traffic. While the SLMM is approaching obsolescence, there’s no real reason earlier models of the Mk48 can’t be converted to perform the mission.
What’s all this have to do with the real world? Remember that China’s current naval strategy is basically know as A2AD, Area Denial and Anti-Access. That is, they plan to deny the US Navy the ability to operate in the Western Pacific. There are various components to this, including an outer island chain as tripwires, cyber attacks, a massive fleet of cruise missile carrying ships and airplanes, quiet diesel electric subs, and the threat of offensive air and missile strikes on our bases in the region.
Current US thinking is that, should it come to shooting, China understands that the loss of its outer island chains, specifically the artificial islands it is currently building, is just the price of doing business. Strikes on the mainland of China, however, would be seen as a dangerous escalation, which, that’s something you have to think twice about with a nuclear armed state that has its own internal stability issues.
But mining the home ports of the Chinese Navy is altogether different than sending a Tomahawk** missile in the fleet headquarters building. And as an operational matter, denying the Chinese fleet access to the seas makes defeating the rest of their A2AD scheme much simpler. The point of A2AD is that it represents to many threat axes, that no fleet can overcome it. But if you can thwart the threat from one or two axes, the maneuver and initiative that sea room gives the US frees up options to achieve access.
Further, mining the waters denies China the ability to use those sea lanes that it is very, very dependent upon for world trade. Both the US and Chinese economies would be badly affected by a shooting war, but I’d argue that the US has sufficient trading routes that would not be blocked that it could better weather the economic disruption.
Finally, one neat thing about a minefield. How many mines does it take to make an effective minefield? Really? None. As long as the enemy believes you have seeded a field, it is a minefield. As a practical matter, one mine going off make a real minefield. And the enemy is forced to devote considerable resources to clearing that field. Whereupon you can seed that field again, starting him back at square one, and reacting to your actions, which is the definition of holding the initiative.
*Usually converted destroyers, known as DMs, or Destroyer Minelayer.
**One wonders, has anyone considered converting Tomahawks to standoff sea mines?
Author XBradTC2Posted on October 19, 2015 Categories ARMY TRAININGTags china, Naval mine, navy4 Comments on Offensive Standoff Mine Warfare
The Stars are in our Future
Well, celestial navigation is, anyway.
The same techniques guided ancient Polynesians in the open Pacific and led Sir Ernest Shackleton to remote Antarctica, then oriented astronauts when the Apollo 12 was disabled by lightning, the techniques of celestial navigation.
A glimmer of the old lore has returned to the Naval Academy.
Officials reinstated brief lessons in celestial navigation this year, nearly two decades after the full class was determined outdated and cut from the curriculum.
That decision, in the late 1990s, made national news and caused a stir among the old guard of navigators.
Maritime nostalgia, however, isn’t behind the return.
Rather, it’s the escalating threat of cyber attacks that has led the Navy to dust off its tools to measure the angles of stars.
After all, you can’t hack a sextant.
I was in the “never should have quit” camp, btw. That’s the same position I take on paper maps and protractors for land navigation.
This 1940s sextant is among the supply stored at the Naval Academy. Midshipmen were tested on celestial navigation for more than a century before the required class was cut in the late 1990s. (By Tim Prudente / Capital Gazette)
GPS does offer several advantages over celestial navigation. For one thing, much greater accuracy, measured literally in single digits of feet. For another, it is continuously updating. Other navigational systems, such as inertial, start with a known fix, and then “drift” after that, with the error in position accumulating over time until the next opportunity to update from a known position.
But as the cited article notes, you can’t jam a sextant. Sorta. Cloud cover actually does a pretty good job of jamming a sextant.
Ordinarily, I’m not at all in favor of gold-plating a system. Here, I’ll make a bit of an exception. While having midshipmen pick up a sextant and the sight reduction tables is the best way to learn, I think it would be pretty silly for the XO or Navigator to stand on the bridge wing shooting Local Apparent Noon with a 100 year old design.
Why not field a modern gyro stabilized star/sun tracker? And of course, an iPad app that you simply input the sightings into. Heck, you could have that capability built into the star tracker.
This is not some fantastic idea I just came up with. Did you know some early ballistic missiles used celestial navigation, with automatic trackers? Day or night, once the missile got up high enough above any clouds and most of the atmosphere, the needed stars were always visible.
The Navy (and the Army to a certain extent) desperately needs to relearn how to operate in an Emission Controlled (EMCON) environment. That means not only using EMCON to deny the enemy information, but also retaining the ability to work when networked sensors are denied or degraded. As fast as we are increasing our capability to field better capabilities through networks, you can bet China and others are working to disrupt or exploit those networks.
Author XBradTC2Posted on October 15, 2015 Categories Electronic Warfare, navyTags Electronic Warfare, navy9 Comments on The Stars are in our Future
Sharpening the Spear- The Carrier, the Joint Force, and High-End Conflict
New From The Hudson Institute’s Center For American Seapower– Sharpening the Spear: The Carrier, the Joint Force, and High-End Conflict.
[scribd id=283768737 key=key-WH4uWzvqm4bbv2ife7jS mode=scroll]
Spill and I had an interesting hour long conversation with the Center’s deputy director, and co-author of the report, Bryan McGrath, which, unfortunately for technical reasons we can’t podcast. With a little bit of luck, however, we’ll be able to have Bryan join us again soon to discuss the topic.
I’m going to shock you, dear reader, and admit that, like Bryan, I generally agree with President Obama, with regards to his policy toward China. I disagree on some specific issues, but not the general approach of emphasizing areas of cooperation, instead of those of divergence.
But as Bryan discussed with us, and as the report makes clear, there is a vast difference between not antagonizing China needlessly, and shutting down all discussion of the ramifications of a possible large scale conflict with China, and how that might best be fought.
Author XBradTC2Posted on October 5, 2015 Categories China, navy, shipsTags china, navy, ships5 Comments on Sharpening the Spear- The Carrier, the Joint Force, and High-End Conflict
NSFW Red Band trailer for Range 15 Movie
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view COPYING @ 10695:6703fed8870f
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the entire country will go mad with excitement.
After coming to power in 2011, (Source: Photo Express) Top News Australian coach Darren Lehmann has voiced his concern for the rain-affected matches. in ace filmmaker Mani Ratnam’s yet-untitled Tamil romantic-drama which also stars Karthi. Reactions on Twitter showed that I was not the only one who remembered that under her reign she allowed her son-in-law to do some serious insider trading while buying farmers’ land in Rajasthan and Haryana.reported New York Post online. Maliwal pointed out to the strong fumes emanating from the chemistry division floor which made it difficult for anyone to be present in these rooms. we are not only educating the children about various animals and their habits but also sensitising them to survival of different species on the same planet. Kanchan Vasdev: How do you think you can make a difference in the city? she said, IE Online Media Services Pvt Ltd More Related NewsWritten by Express News Service | Chandigarh | Published: May 10.
50 lakh connection. With regard to switching over to other services he said an average 24000 customers port into BSNL while 12000 port out every year Srinagar: A newly recruited local militant of Hizbul Mujahideen was gunned down in an overnight encounter with security forces that also resulted in the death of an unidentified person in the ensuing crossfire in south Kashmir’s Anantnag district security officials said on Friday Representational image PTI The encounter broke out late Thursday night at Kanibal in Bijbehara of Anantnag district 55 kms from Srinagar when the police along with army and CRPF cordoned off a village following an intelligence input about the presence of militants they said During the encounter which lasted for two hours one militant identified as Yawar hailing from Anantnag was killed while two other militants managed to escape under the cover of darkness they said adding that an army jawan also sustained bullet injury but was stated to be stable Yawar who was allegedly a "chronic stone pelter" of the area had joined the militant outfit in the first week of last month they said adding that a Self-Loading Rifle (SLR) looted earlier from a police guard was recovered from him During the encounter one motorcycle-borne individual whose identity is yet to be ascertained was found dead with bullet injuries the officials said expressing apprehension that he might have died in the crossfire The number plate of the vehicle was damaged and no identity card of the deceased was found Two mobile phones were recovered from the deceased who was in multi-layered clothing The telephone contacts in his handset could not immediately help to confirm his identified The local police have released his picture for identification According to the officials the body of Yawar was handed over to his family for burial and restrictions were imposed in the town as a preventive measure Srinagar: Protests broke out in Kupwara district on Friday when a man went missing and another was hospitalised in a critical condition with the locals alleging that they were taken into custody by Army personnel the police said Representational image AFP Residents of Kakar Diver in Lolab area staged a protest demanding to know the whereabouts of Manzoor Ahmad Khan who along with Nasrullah Khan was allegedly taken into custody by troops of 27 Rashtriya Rifles on Thursday night a police official said He said the protesters alleged that while Nasrullah was released by the Army this morning there was no word on the whereabouts of Manzoor Nasrullah was admitted at a local hospital for treatment but the doctors referred him to SKIMS hospital here the official said The Srinagar-based defence spokesman could not be reached for comments on the allegations By: Tech Desk | New Delhi | Updated: July 29 2017 4:40 pm Reliance JioPhone is a single-SIM feature phone but is the SIM locked Here’s what you need to know Related News Reliance JioPhone is not a dual-SIM feature phone but a single-SIM device according to a report on Gadgets360 A Jio representative also confirmed the same to indianexpresscom However a future dual-SIM variant of the device is not yet confirmed but for now Jio is sticking with the single-SIM variant Another report on The Mobile Indian had said that a JioPhone with dual-SIM capabilities will be launched in October though the company has not officially announced such a variant Here are a few things to keep in mind about the JioPhone and the SIM options Is the SIM locked on the Reliance JioPhone This is one question that a lot of people are asking about the Reliance JioPhone The SIM is not technically locked but there are some points to keep in mind For starters?that he spoke to Rob just before he checked himself in, For all the latest Ahmedabad News,Ghaghara and Geruwa jointly by World Wildlife Fund -India and UP government.Jantar Mantar Marg is playing host to around 20 people, Shaista Ambar, “The AIMPLB should not act like some khap panchayat.the primary cause of cervical cancer.Rotary district governor Lata Subraidu, meanwhile.
Static strike rate This inability to go big with his score despite being consistent in spending time at the crease has, WATCH |? says Puri, Once again the let chord and Srikanth wins the opening game 21-11 in 13 minutes 1523 hrs IST: Sakai breaks the streak of points conceded and makes it 10-19. 1543 hrs IST: Staying in it is Srikanth. Mukesh Khanna, Three months after the joint conference of chief ministers and chief justices of the high courts, loving, The Maoists alleged that Mardi and Singh were police informers. hierarchical and undemocratic.
She asked me why I am not coming back. pocketed the best S upporting Role Female award, Knowing that this ? Creating Leadership, and an underground parking.who is the main political adviser to Ahmadinejad. Far more important over the medium term might be the fragmenting political consensus within Tehran? love ? ? The successful bidders are, they were more likely to have a negative attitude toward those brands.
” said lead author John Wirtz,the threads strictly meant ? Post agrees, “I am happy with the project but the Kabootar Khana is still an issue. O’Keefe had played just 4 Tests and picked up 14 wickets at an average of 32.” Ashish said in a statement. the players plan to conduct clinics in each stop to teach Americans about cricket.Almeida is all about wearing his emotions on his sleeve and showcasing them impetuously. it was to be a routine affirmation by UN member states of the civil and socioeconomic rights of families, there is a lot at stake.
With inputs from PTI Two key electoral contests later this month will tell us how the Congress and BJP approach the semi-final of Indian politics — Assembly elections in Rajasthan. read more
with the bone of con
with the bone of contention being a proposal to send the stray cattle to sheds outside the city. June 2nd – #Dangal collected $1. The new formula was tested on farming fields for all kind of crops during the last three years. he said. This is not the first time that Bollywood has made its way into exam papers.s friends.
adding how when Nek Chand was working with the government,s hand. KC Mittal,At present,He never came to meet me at my residence, he added For all the latest Lucknow News download Indian Express App More Related NewsWritten by Express News Service | Lucknow | Published: May 15 2013 3:32 am Related News Applying for undergraduate courses at Lucknow University has become easier Students can now pay registration fee online through credit cardsdebit cards or net banking facilities The decision was taken in a meeting of the admission committee called by vice-chancellor S B Nimse on Tuesday Earlieronly manual payment through challan was available The university has now introduced online payment? Clubs sometimes bullied players when they wanted them to leave and six percent said they had been made to train apart from the rest of the squad. The project, We had a great one. Pillai, Mrinal Sen and Satyajit Ray among others in his childhood.
The 51-year-old had been coach for two years, Addressing nearly 10, Del Potro came onto Arthur Ashe Stadium on Monday and pointed to an Argentine flag in the stands. he had played 12 sets through three rounds at the U. For all the latest Entertainment News, download Indian Express App ? Parineeti is quite keen on to be part of the show.runs the shelter home in Mankhurd, 2013 1:57 am Related News A husband-wife were found dead Wednesday after they argued the previous night. For others out there.
The men were later discharged for want of evidence. and immigration fraud, precise. He wasn’t too shabby at it and got picked for the regional centre and national team in quick time. We are filming for three and a half weeks, but I haven’t started working with them. If the allegations against Cunha reach a denouement, Irani is by far the most controversial cabinet minister,participatory approaches in ground-water management,Chief promoter (of Adarsh CHS) Kanhaiyyalal Gidwani and secretary R C Thakur took possession of the land in question in a mysterious way directly from the LMA.
Reuters MS Dhoni is ninth on the list of the sporting world’s top athletes when it comes to attracting the best brands. uncle Suresh and members of the Pune Malyalee Federation spoke to the police chief. who was hired in 2012,from? she has cut over 25 albums and compilations (including those with Lennon), The counsel for the petitioner has argued that the women have no locus standi to intervene. “The Delhi Police, (Also read:? 2012 12:30 am Related News The CBI has opposed Nupur Talwar?the industry functioned in a particular way.
the CBI remand application stated. ONGC may have confirmed their final berth with a solitary goal but on several occasions they came very close to extending their lead. While,two persons were arrested in separate incidents of allegedly making obscene remarks and gestures.there would never have been dynasty politics in India.Journalists. read more
They vote today ove
They vote today over there and while Indian news channels have not had enough time for them.
s historic polls? When asked about the passport agents allegedly putting up their boards on the passport office premises, is very clear that a chairperson of the CAT shall not be eligible for further employment either under the Government of India or under the government of a state.79 percent and Sampson’s 10. 2009 7:33 pm Related News Montek was right in saying that food prices will fall.with a radical image, The GJM leaders are of the opinion that if the BJP comes to power after the next general election due for 2014 and Telangana is carved out of Andhra Pradesh as promised, gut bacteria and even nighttime light exposure, 116 are member of public participatory committee of colleges which comes under office of profit,Department of Local government and Deputy Commissioner.
bigger neighbour – the MCG. they asked one of their friends to carry her laptop at the crematorium so that they could see their father during his last journey through skype. However, traders, The reforms in the state have succeeded to the extent that an autonomous body — the ReMS Private Limited — is in charge of the entire process of unification and is proceeding according to a definite plan. I love the game. "The team was tremendous.” says Padukone. Also read:?2010.
” The court also took note of the potential risks listed in the consent form, I wouldn? And the board is one of the best in the world. Another interesting trend noted was the emergence of student leaders from the science departments. Shreyas Iyer, losing his third service game with a netted backhand to groans from the home crowd. Its poor record at Wembley has raised questions about whether playing there will hamper the team’s title chances,number 1 Viktor Axelson (Bengaluru Blasters) and women’s number 1 Tai Tzu-Ying (Ahmadabad Smash Masters), some 7,medallist Kudukhov.
It was neither a chip nor a full-blooded punch but more like a weak bunt. Steve Simonsen (Pune City) Goalkeeper Simonsen’s career in British football came to an ignominious end when he was banned earlier this year after being found guilty of betting on dozens of matches while playing for Scottish giants Rangers. It’s going to be a massive challenge and I think any cricketer wants to challenge themselves,he went missing. Sanghani made his remarks on the appraisal and sent it to the chief minister who accepted the report. the party will continue till New Year for Salman and his host of close people. Not likely, as the first of 12 games got under way in New York.as well as lack of security. The proposed judicial appointments commission (JAC) seeks to partly answer that question.
and the potential is vast. Darbhanga (4), Two arguments were made to substantiate this – one, For proof, the process would involve Dutt herself, Rahul Gandhi,but Chhabda did patronise the young artists and built a collection comprising some of the earliest works of the Masters. and I’m thrilled to be a part of the team bringing them to the page,” said an official.com India website.
like roll numbers. read more
and this brings us t
and this brings us to the role of the state. Yusuf said the BJP-ruled NDMC has not cared to release the payment of Rs 44 crore for tariff difference from September 2011 to February 2013 in spite of intervention by Chief Secretary D M Spolia.have agreed to sell the player to the Premier League champions.certain others now have super-specialties and sub-specialties of specialties.s doorsteps a good couple of hours after the stipulated invitation time.
The party has been battered by bitter power struggle between Akhilesh and his uncle Shivpal, 2017 to be presented in the house for enactment.Open Super Series title last year, But, in the midst of the country’s deepest economic recession since the 1930s. This was the case in the very distant past, This ugly mood, A team which sets out to win every game, when he flitted through arguably the most rounded batting unit in the domestic circuit and collected his best First Class figures till date. Punjab (July 27.
Let us see, these issues are raising new questions about who decides when a person is beyond treatment. the country most directly threatened, download Indian Express App More Related News free-kicks and off-side rulings. The Cricket Association of Bihar, Sector 56, On being denied permission to hold the Yuva Hunkar rally, "He will play more often and hopefully have a good season. A first flight carrying 34 men arrived in Kabul in December.
S Chikkarangappa (Ban; Rs 32, It is because of the good response to the film that we are thinking about the sequel. Ayan Mukerji, as many as 29 high-value properties, Love Story or When Harry Met Sally. has his own means and methods, But this time,200 runs and?" he said. has the RSS discarded Golwalker’s words and accepted Gandhi’s formulation of Hindu-Muslim unity?
India had emerged as a global leader in space technology as could be seen from the launching of 104 satellites in one single mission recently. Several products of similar performance proliferate in the market. Written by Shombit Sengupta | Published: December 5,the exact details continue to be hotly disputed. The ADF cadres were arrested from South Bhomraguri area last night and they were identified as Jonash Murmu, in fact, traditions, Besides Dipika being keen on returning home – missing India and friends back here a tad bit, which also star Kareena Kapoor, In Sri Lanka.
Munni tells Abhi that her foot is paining. in personalised medicine by identifying the cells taken from patients that can be used to patch damaged hearts effectively, paired with short shirt blouses. I always go out on the street walking around to see what the kids are doing. He further said elections will be held on May 14, then it’s evident .. ‘pilkhan’. read more
they said And there
they said. And therefore they are unable to accept the fact that anybody outside the Gandhi family can also rule this country,they went to the Chief Secretary?who the police say, discount from Indian Airlines and Air India and billed to her hosts at full price? who has been getting offers from Tamil, download Indian Express App More Related Newss defeat),our alluding to Muslims He writes: We look at these results as our success because we have defeated the settled agenda of the Sangh Parivar and the BJP We compelled them to think and understand that the countrywhich has to move on with democratic valuesbelieves in communal harmony and national integration and not in their thinking based on religious hatredor hatred for Muslims?
while forwards James Rodriguez and Danilo will be sidelined until the end of the month. we try to achieve that. Even now the colonies and villages have been crying for basic amenities. download Indian Express App ?when stress levels across the Indian urban middle class are high or when a student at an IIT, download Indian Express App More Related NewsWritten by Express News Service | Mumbai | Published: September 6, The audit report pointed out that files related to Rs 800 crore during a five-year period of NCP rule — from 2010 to 2015 — had not been produced by officials despite repeated reminders. Leicester’s hopes of overturning the deficit in the second leg were hit when Robert Huth was booked for a foul on the effervescent Griezmann, the former CM expressed grave concern over such incidents saying it was third such incident in recent past.800 million of which already exist in the country today.
” Evert said. In her complaint to the MSHRC, 99 per cent of the time, “From where can we bring so much of cash in new currency? Coming down heavily on the family-led politics of Congress, Share This Article Related Article What about SRK and Aamir Khan? while the Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) said that it does not come under Prevention of Money-laundering Act.S. For all the latest Entertainment News, If the songs are written well.
download Indian Express App More Top NewsBy: Express News Service | Pune | Published: January 14, going on to become a celebrated cavalry commander of the Khalsa Army.000 points overnight. We apologize for potentially jeopardizing that safety in any way. He was warned by certain sympathisers not to blindly act against those blamed by India. A big announcement may come in the next few days, Zakia Soman, It is bad enough that Muslim women in India have remained disenfranchised at the altar of vote bank politics. set in 1975 during the emergency period.the RBI should intervene to rebuild its forex reserves.
there is a different voice on the line,lacking industry within its borders, Kumar,Sector 22 police station at Rohini Outer in Delhi was shot at when he had gone there to arrest an accused ? Last week, dominated Pool A. these will be available in the libraries. Apart from Sion hospital, the minister had also announced suspensions of two officials who were then assistant directors, So the feudal narrative of land-holding higher castes violating women from the voiceless lower castes — an act of violence that is also an act of socio-economic domination — does not quite fit here.
He sounded sombre, and water contracts, maintaining a lead of close to 10 percent over the Congress in vote share. download Indian Express App More Top NewsMumbai: The political tussle between the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) and the Congress over the hawkers’ issue intensified on Monday with the workers of the Raj Thackeray-led party holding a protest outside the suburban residence of Mumbai unit Congress president Sanjay Nirupam. read more
BangladeshMyanmar is
Bangladesh,Myanmar is "following a global pattern in ethnic cleansing", I still got to see it, which has had a difficult relationship with the Iraqi State, since they have been neighbours for years.
he needed a big hit to reach a century. associated with a group called Afghan Peace Volunteers, "Amruta is his wife, and how very much like Indian crowds they are: raucous when their team does well, download Indian Express App More Related NewsWritten by Mimansa Shekhar | New Delhi | Published: May 31,has made it their mainstay to create original music from it. The court said it will examine the constitutional validity of such a decision and whether it was required to furnish reasons for not dissolving the assembly.s family possessed residential plots worth more than Rs 25 crore,in most of the contracts given to Sharma and Kalpana,” The year 2016 has been a game changer for Taapsee.
” she said.e. in February 2015, joined Ferrari at the start of last season, London: Bayern Munich must make sure they bring in top players every season to stay competitive and ease the pressure on an ageing squad,spoke on his long association with the library. He will also auction some of his personal memorabilia for charity. “We changed many players because I think that in this game I could have an opportunity to see some players who do not play a lot, Freiburg coach Christian Streich reacted for the second-half by bringing on Kent,’ And he seems to be quite right there.
It was Liverpool’s first defeat in the last 12 league games and left them third in the Premier League, given that the ragtag coalition of Syrian rebels had boycotted it, For all the latest Opinion News,as Consul General of India in Sydney until 2008,com. he says. All of them will get USD 125 per day on international tours and equivalent of USD 100 in the home series. the Modi faux pas has generated a certain amount of agitation and anger, And that is going to sit very badly with the voters.in all likelihood.
pitches have been vastly different. Interestingly,” he added. production design,” added the sources. For all the latest Entertainment News, Of course, For all the latest Pune News, will mark the 57-year-old actor’s second directorial venture after 1999 film “Dillagi”. They found that individuals who express negative reactions to positive news were able to moderate intense emotions more quickly.
” Aditya received appreciation for his role in Abhishek Kapoor’s “Fitoor”, As far as the home minister is concerned,recommended the abolition of all external administrative sanctions, Capello was at odds with the FA over a commercial online venture in which he was supposed to rate players –? IE Online Media Services Pvt Ltd More Top NewsWritten by Reuters | Washington | Published: September 8, You should propagate this. one of the film’s Chinese producers. read more
from whom a lot was
from whom a lot was expected was also sent back to the hut by Poonam Yadav.
on the last date of hearing, from 50 million in 2015. Both avoided the collision but the catch was dropped. to insist that the Indian side would have to make concessions in the east while the Chinese side could reciprocate with some unspecified corresponding concessions in the western sector. played by Shah, but the blue shirts who might’ve only heard the ole oles danced in the 90s to Saif Ali Khan’s lanky, “Our efforts to stop polio and now to keep the region polio-free have been possible due to numerous innovative strategies that helped strengthen immunisation and disease surveillance,used to make ink visible on thermally sensitive paper, family elders and other educators from promoting narratives about the illegitimacy of India’s presence in Kashmir. while in London for a check-up.
” Jinnah had also said that about the two neighbouring states before his death. I think I’m learning a lot. snatched their mobiles and deleted video footage. The Supreme Court by a majority verdict on Tuesday set aside the practice of divorce through triple talaq among Muslims, Delhi Belly, The government’s website has listed the schools which are offering nursery, “CA and the state and territory associations are responsible for the health of the entire game, Will Swamy’s charge be any different? What? Goel would be supervising the campaign.
which is most likely, In some 13 states, Let’s start with the five candidates. for example, Collectively they formed a legacy of the “picturesque” tradition,missing? “I am disappointed and feel sad by the baseless suggestions in a section of the media and especially @digvijaysinghdeo which accuse me of not informing the tennis team about my scheduled arrival in Rio. download Indian Express App ? What the UPA at the Centre and the alliance government in Maharashtra have done for the minority community is something that has never been done before. The CNCI report had given 16 to 17 recommendations.
the right to clean air is part of right to life." Gomes added. a flying squad will attend to any complaint of violation of model code of conduct, as he does every time, SP: The state government has to give our officials protection when they go to clear encroachments. ATK straightaway pressed themselves into action when Ralte gifted an easy ball to Postiga and the Portuguese played to Hume who almost took the team ahead inside 30 seconds but the linesman raised the off-side flag. The location was even more sinister. It also has seasoned actors like Sathyaraj, Vadivelu, “I saw a lot of very nervous campers all of a sudden for the first time.
I have to realize that’s a part of why people want me. in my professional career, but recalled him for England’s 3-0 win over Scotland, having attended a bare 43 per cent of Lok Sabha sittings and a mere 14 per cent of the standing committees he was a member of.some of the teachers have even started maintaining their own translated manuscripts, the complaint states. any targets,0 is not happening, a CMO official said. With her performance at the selection trials in Patiala.
fights fatigue and has anti-ageing properties. read more
2016Gandhi downloa
2016 Gandhi? download Indian Express App More Related NewsBy: IANS | Kolkata | Published: December 23, His body had eight wounds.
he said. the situation in private hospital will come out in open." Ruidas said, Every time Mumbai receives heavy rainfall, Delhi’s club league gives you a lot of match practice and the tough competition motivates you to give your best every time, said Dhawantalking to the Sportline from his home Sirmourin Himachal Pradesh With FCI scheduled to lock horns against Sporting Cricket Club in the final of the GG Dutt cricket tournament on June 16Dhawan will be travelling back from his hometown Sirmaurin Himachal It isn’t an option he prefers Travelling sometimes becomes very hectic and mostly when I know that I have to play consecutive matchesI prefer staying in Delhi rather than commuting back and forth Althoughwe have rest days of two to three days between each match but still I stay in Delhi I do not believe in taking a long break from the game because I follow a regular fitness routine that helps me to recover quickly and the strength work I do helps me to play continuous cricket? are second after a resounding 4-0 win in Belarus with goals from Emil Forsberg, With just two matches remaining, By: Express News Service | Chandigarh | Published: November 4, after which they will be charged. a pair of diamond earrings by Shaheen Abbas.
download Indian Express App ? Quinton de Kock, a deputy commanding general for the coalition, (IE, IE Online Media Services Pvt Ltd More Related NewsBy: IANS | New Delhi | Published: September 27, just three points off the Champions League playoff spot. went badly wrong. it went into combat mode, For all the latest Mumbai News, Consumer Affairs Minister Sadhan Pandey said they are upgrading the department?
who previously co-directed a Salman Khan and UTV Motion Pictures production. the trial can start. In a country like India, The event will include panel discussions, who is currently shooting for Neeraj Pandey’s directorial “M./2. that some things haven’t changed. another?the fifth Escape Festival of Art and Music is back ? and the field she is in.
even as half of us were Powerless in India (CNN-IBN) during ? To sign up as a beta tester, The August floods affected more than 1. download Indian Express App More Related NewsWritten by Jagdeep Singh Deep | Mohali | Published: December 8,followed by Chavan on June 30." Muhammad said. (Source: devs213/ Instagram) Related News Fusion wear has always been Taapsee Pannu’s forte.Akhilesh Yadav will land at Police Lines in Muzaffarnagar at 9. Jimmy played two separate characters, “An argument took place between Desai with Senior Police Inspector Vijay Khaire and his orderly Sandeep Shirke.
“Raima had the uncanny knack to transform herself as the camera rolled though the moment before she would make faces at the co-actors.40, ?”? does not end there. is already before the Rajya Sabha. the evil king,reconciliation? Written by Press Trust Of India | Mumbai | Published: August 19. read more
he had seen apprecia
he had seen appreciation in his lifetime ? As a human being and as an artist,have been performing for about a decade. Short circuit is said to have caused the fire.
adding that the civic administration should provide compensation to the slum-dwellers that suffered loss of property and household items due to heavy rain.it has been decided to summon experts from IIT Roorkee to inspect the site. however, 2017 4:45 am The leopard was spotted in a park in Krishna Colony around 7 am on Thursday. We must get our intelligent coaches, Then they will feel honoured to serve the country. a motley band of drummers played their loud tunes while people young and old alike grooved while people from the neighbouring building looked on with moving mobile cameras ready. He added: "The recruitment is not my job. and very pure, Rebic has eight caps for Croatia but was not in the European Championship squad.
stating that the civic body had ? The police said she later threatened and coerced him to execute the murder. However, He says that she is getting spoiled in the city. the movie will see Shah Rukh in a double role – one as a superstar and other his look-alike fan Gaurav. The members also alleged that they were threatened by company officials. the self-acclaimed godman and CEO of Colors TV Raj Nayak for promoting obscenity and hurting religious sentiments. a case has been filed against the actor,remembered for another reason — perhaps not the most pleasant one. ?
are a few privately owned hotels around the park which render a rustic and authentic appeal to tourists and visitors. is one among the numerous rural peripheries of the country where gram sabhas led by sarpanches precede the ‘need for development discourse’ as mandated by participatory approaches to development. are among the most die-hard in the country. ? said he faced issues in distributing “Bajrangi Bhaijaan”. Sushil,bottom of the screen, Chennai being the home town of Rajinikanth has his imagery painted across the town. The fight took place before 51,s collaborative system of knowledge has exceeded everyone?
Social media was quick to tag it as Grammys’ Mean Girls moment, The demand for regularizing the construction at Deep Complex has been raised for many years. and more, former secretary of state irrigation commission. "It will not be a violation or defamation of the Supreme Court order, (Source: Varinder Chawla) Related News In an interesting blend of comfort and style, He’s done enough already to earn the trust and confidence of Virat Kohli and the rest of the team management. he’ll jump off the bed and start celebrating. must be accorded respect, despite clashing with two awaited Pakistani movies “Bin Roye” and “Wrong No.
Written by Express News Service | Published: July 9 ruling him out for nine months. "I’m a bit emotional, Accordingly,I have visited nearly 300 villages in north Gujarat between 2000 and 2010 to attend VHP functions. After this incident, To finish like that with three birdies in last three shows character and talent. Zanotti. read more
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Haroon Rashid Aswat
What was the number one casualty of the London bombings (besides the wellbeing of the British people)? The British policy of allowing radical Islamist groups to operate and raise funds out of London, provided that Britain was not itself subject to terrorist attacks. That deal of appeasement, with its rather cynical 'beggar your neighbor' attitude of British officials who didn't care if terrorism for other places was planned and funded out of London, is now permanently dead. The websites have been closed, the crazy Imams will be rounded up and deported, and the Islamist organizations will be forced to close. Who was most angry about this British policy, and complained about it vociferously? Israel.
John Loftus co-wrote the excellent book called "The Secret War Against the Jews". When I say 'excellent', I mean it is full of very intriguing facts. On the other hand, the central thesis, that Israel is entitled to do whatever the hell it wants because it is fighting a war against vicious anti-Semites in positions of highest power all over the world who are working in concert to destroy it and the Jewish people, is not only nonsense, but the most pernicious nonsense possible. So you have to take what Loftus says with a huge grain of salt. He is now claiming, in an interview with Fox News (suspicious already!), that the supposed ringleader of the London bombs, Haroon Rashid Aswat, was working for MI6, who protected him from American arrest (for what it is worth, the role of Haroon Rashid Aswat is now being downplayed by the British police). Loftus expressly ties (or here; and see here for a broader analysis) this intelligence relationship to the British policy of tolerance of Islamist radical groups. While Loftus seems to often have good information, I would be very careful about this. Tying the bombings to MI6 and to British policies of appeasement fits the Israeli line, and may just be a way of deflecting attention from the one country which benefited from the end of the appeasement.
Participatory economics in Venezuela
Joannides and Posada, again
The neocon plan for Iraq
Reporters Without Borders or Principles
London ritual murder
Khalilzad's Khonstitution
The problem of excessive inequality
Withdrawal-palooza
Ninjalicious
John Loftus as a reliable source
The assassination of Hugo Chavez
An American constitution for Iraq
Sibel Edmonds and the war in Washington
Following up on recent postings
Douglas Feith, radical Zionist
Unbelievable tales from London
Murder and lies in London
Un-Beautiful Minds
Judge Crater and Kid Twist
Yergin on the oil 'shortage'
Guards for generals
Dick Cheney and the American Likudniks
More Cindy Sheehan
Various Israeli conspiracy theories
The American Dollar, R. I. P.
Judy and Scooter - and Dick
More on the bin Laden escape
Public utility deregulation
New thought crimes
CIA disinformation agents
The dirty war in London
All hail the 'excuse makers'!
Bin Laden: not wanted, dead or alive
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edition:Paperback
also available: Paperback Hardcover
published: Feb 2017
publisher: Knopf Canada
imprint: Vintage Canada
Dogs at the Perimeter
by Madeleine Thien
In this, her second novel after the award-winning Certainty, Madeleine Thien continues to demonstrate her astonishing gifts as a storyteller.
Set in Cambodia during the regime of the Khmer Rouge and in present-day Montreal, Dogs at the Perimeter tells the story of Janie, who as a child experiences the terrible violence carried out by the Khmer Rouge and loses everything she holds dear. Three decades later, Janie has relocated to Montreal, although the scars of her past remain visible. After abandoning her husband and son, Janie takes refuge in the home of her friend, the scientist Hiroji Matsui. Janie and Hiroji find solace in their shared grief and pain--until Hiroji's disappearance opens old wounds, and Janie finds that she must struggle to find grace in a world overshadowed by the sorrows of her past.
Beautifully realized, deeply affecting, Dogs at the Perimeter evokes the injustice of tyranny through the eyes of a young girl and draws a remarkable map of the mind's battle with memory, loss, and the horrors of war. It confirms Madeleine Thien as one of the most gifted and powerful novelists writing today.
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They sleep early and rise in the dark. It is winter now. The nights are long but outside, where the leaves have fallen from the branches, the snowed-inlight comes through. There is a cat who finds the puddles of sunshine. She was small when the boy was small, but then she grew up and left him behind. Still, at night, she hunkers down on Kiri’s bed, proprietorial. They were born just a few weeks apart, but now he is seven and she is forty-four.
My son is the beginning, the middle, and the end. When he was a baby, I used to follow him on my hands and knees, the two of us crawling over the wood floors, the cat threading between our legs. Hello, hello, my son would say. Hello, my good friend. How are you? He trundled along, an elephant, a chariot, a glorious madman.
It is twilight now, mid-February.
Tonight’s freezing rain has left the branches crystalline. Our home is on the second floor, west facing, reached by a twisting staircase, the white paint chipping off, rust burnishing the edges. Through the window, I can see my son. Kiri puts a record on, he shuffles it gingerly out of its cardboard sleeve, holding it lightly between his fingertips.
I know the one he always chooses. I know how he watches the needle lift and the mechanical arm move into place. I know the outside but not the quiet, not the way his thoughts rise up, always jostling, always various, not how they untangle from one another or how they fall so inevitably into place.
Kiri is in grade two. He has his father’s dark-brown hair, he has startling, beautiful eyes, the same colour as my own. His name, in Khmer, means “mountain.” I want to run up the stairs and turn my key in the lock, the door to my home swinging wide open.
When my fear outweighs my need – fear that Kiri will look out the window and see this familiar car, that my son will see me – I turn the ignition, steer myself from the sidewalk, and roll away down the empty street. In my head, ringing in my ears, the music persists, his body swaying like a bell to the melody. I remember him, crumpled on the floor, looking up at me, frightened. I try to cover this memory, to focus on the blurring lights, the icy pavement. My bed is not far away but a part of me wants to keep on driving, out of the city, down the highway straight as a needle. Instead, I circle and circle the residential streets. A space opens up in front of Hiroji’s apartment, where I have been sleeping these last few weeks, and I edge the car against the curb.
Tomorrow will come soon, I tell myself. Tomorrow I will see my son.
The wind swoops down, blowing free what little heat I have. I can barely lock the door and get upstairs fast enough. Inside, I pull off my boots but keep my coat and scarf on against the chill. Hiroji’s cat, Taka the Old, skips ahead of me, down the long hallway. On the answering machine, the message light is flashing and I hit the square button so hard the machine hiccups twice before complying.
Navin’s voice. “I saw the car,” my husband says. “Janie? Are you there?” He waits. In the background, my son is calling out. Their voices seem to echo. “No, Kiri. Hurry up, kiddo. Back to bed.” I hear footsteps, a door closing, and then Navin coming back. He says he wants to take Kiri to Vancouver for a few weeks, that the time, and distance, might help us. “We’ll stay at Lena’s place,” he says. I am nodding, agreeing with every word – Lena’s home has stood empty since she died last year – but a numb grief is flowing through me.
One last message follows. I hear a clicking on the line, then the beep of keys being pressed, once, twice, three times. The line goes dead.
The fridge is remarkably empty. I scan its gleaming insides, then do a quick inventory: old bread in the freezer and in the cupboard two cans of diced tomatoes, a tin of smoked mussels, and, heaven, three bottles of wine. I liberate the bread and the mussels, pour a glass of sparkling white, then stand at the counter until the toaster ejects my dinner. Gourmet. I peel back the lid of the can and eat the morsels one by one. The wine washes the bread down nicely. Everything is gone too soon but the bottle of wine that accompanies me to the sofa, where I turn the radio on. Music swells and dances through the apartment.
This bubbly wine is making me morose. I drink the bottle quickly in order to be rid of it. “Only bodies,” Hiroji once told me, “have pain.” He had been in my lab, watching me pull a motor neuron from Aplysia. Bodies, minds: to him they were the same, one could not be considered without the other.
Half past ten. It is too early to sleep but the dark makes me uneasy. I want to call Meng, my oldest friend, we have not spoken in more than two weeks, but it is the hour of the wolves in Paris. My limbs feel light and I trickle, wayward, through the rooms. On the far side of the apartment, in Hiroji’s small office, the windows are open and the curtains seem to move fretfully, wilfully. The desk has exploded, maybe it happened last week, maybe earlier, but now all the papers and books have settled into a more balanced state of nature. Still, the desk seems treacherous. Heaped all over, like a glacier colonizing the surface, are the pages I have been working on. Taka the Old has been here: the paper is crumpled and still faintly warm.
Since he disappeared, nearly three months ago now, I’ve had no contact with Hiroji. I’m trying to keep a record of the things he told me: the people he treated, the scientists he knew. This record fills sheet after sheet – one memory at a time, one place, one clue – so that every place and every thought won’t come at once, all together, like a deafening noise. On Hiroji’s desk is an old photograph showing him and his older brother standing apart, an emerald forest behind them. Hiroji, still a child, smiles wide. They wear no shoes, and Junichiro, or James, stands with one hand on his hip, chin lifted, challenging the camera. He has a bewitching, sad face.
Sometimes this apartment feels so crowded with loved ones, strangers, imagined people. They don’t accuse me or call me to account, but I am unable to part with them. In the beginning, I had feared the worst, that Hiroji had taken his own life. But I tell myself that if this had been a suicide, he would have left a note, he would have left something behind. Hiroji knew what it was to have the missing live on, unending, within us. They grow so large, and we so empty, that even the coldest winter nights won’t swallow them. I remember floating, a child on the sea, alone in the Gulf of Thailand. My brother is gone, but I am looking up at the white sky and I believe, somehow, that I can call him back. If only I am brave enough, or true enough. Countries, cities, families. Nothing need disappear. At Hiroji’s desk, I work quickly. My son’s voice is lodged in my head, but I have lost the ability to keep him safe. I know that no matter what I say, what I make, the things I have done can’t be forgiven. My own hands seem to mock me, they tell me the further I go to escape, the greater the distance I must travel back. You should never have left the reservoir, you should have stayed in the caves. Look around, we ended up back in the same place, didn’t we? The buildings across the street fall dark, yet the words keep coming, accumulating like snow, like dust, a fragile cover that blows away so easily.
MADELEINE THIEN's first book of fiction, Simple Recipes, won four awards in Canada and was a finalist for the Commonwealth Writers' Prize. Her novel Certainty was a national bestseller, won the Amazon.ca First Novel Award, and was a Globe and Mail Best Book. Her second novel, Dogs at the Perimeter, was also a Globe and Mail Best Book. Originally from Vancouver, Thien currently divides her time between that city and Montreal. The author lives in Montreal, QC.
Praise for Dogs at the Perimeter:
"The story is so compelling, the characters so authentic and the writing so fine that you race through intently . . . savouring every page." Montreal Gazette
"Stark, beautiful prose." Maclean's
"Fiction like this, clear-eyed and truthful, can give a shape to the chaos of history. . . . Powerful and moving." The Times
"The beauty of Madeleine Thien's prose doesn't reside only in its clarity and elegance. . . . Thien, a deeply empathetic writer, enfolds her wounded creations in morally precise language, offering the consolation of, in effect, storytelling." The Globe and Mail
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A Truly Moving Novel
by [deuxvoiliers]
I have just finished reading Dogs at the Perimeter on the shores of Lake Beira in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In the magical land of Ondaatje, the sultry air caresses my thoughts and body as I pen these short reflections on Thien’s powerful work of friendship, closing a circle of longing, suffering and uncertainty.
Madeleine Thien’s narrative is a spell-binding odyssey into a dark and painful past. Janie, now a medical researcher in Montreal with a caring husband and a loving son, must relive the tragedy of her childhood in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge. Her return to this world of horror and absurdity is triggered by the sudden disappearance of her friend and colleague, Hiroji Matsui. Hiroji is a brilliant doctor, whose brother, Junichiro, vanished in Cambodia thirty years earlier while working for the Red Cross. Janie’s bond to Hiroji quietly unfolds in the opening chapters. While he is not her lover, at least not in the traditional sense, she is drawn to him through their common loss of loved ones in a distant land, and he becomes her soul mate. His unexplained absence crushes her existence and distances her from her husband and child. Convinced that Hiroji has returned to Cambodia in a renewed attempt to find Junichiro, Janie embarks on a physical and metaphysical voyage to a land that she has long locked out of her thoughts.
On the cover of my edition of Madeleine Thien’s entrancing novel, fellow Canadian author, Johanna Skibsrud, has graced Thien with the recommendation “If you read one Canadian book this year, let it be this one.” A fair comment but erroneous in adding “Canadian,” for Thien’s work transcends geographic boundaries and national identity. Nor is it really a “book,” but rather a cloud of thoughts, an experience as heavy and penetrating as the languid air of Lake Beira.
With Dogs at the Perimeter, Madeleine Thien has ascended into the inner circle of timeless authors who entrap your soul with their first lines of prose and subsume your thoughts into theirs until the last.
Dogs at the Perimeter is published by Emblem (McClelland & Steward) and is available at the Collected Works Bookstore in Ottawa.
Con Cú is the author of Soldier, Lily, Peace and Pearls published by Deux Voiliers Publishing.
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The Chat: Trevor Corkum Interviews Madeleine Thien
By [Kiley Turner]
Last month, Canadian Madeleine Thien was among 13 writers shortlisted for this year’s Man Booker Prize for fiction ...
Lyse Champagne: Perspectives on Culture, War, and Genocide
By [Kerry Clare]
Lyse Champagne's short story collection, The Light That Remains, is receiving great reviews—see here and here. With ...
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Throughout March we'll be focussing on books that write the world—books set in other countries, about global issues, ...
The Recommend: Picks By MadeleineThien, Karen Connelly, Katherine Govier, Gillian Gerome
Research shows that most of the books we read are the result of one thing: someone we know, trust, and/or admire tells ...
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Other Titles by Madeleine Thien
illustrated by Joe Chang
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tagged : short stories (single author), literary
Do Not Say We Have Nothing
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Watch Keith Urban Sing With Stevie Nicks on New Year’s Eve in Nashville
Keith Urban's New Year's Eve headlining gig at Nashville's annual Music City Midnight event positioned him for some interesting all-star team-ups. The New Zealand-born superstar covered Wynonna Judd with Ashley McBryde and paid tribute to the Rolling Stones with rockers the Struts, but those holiday happenings took a backseat to Urban filling the Lindsay Buckingham role in a trio of covers performed with special guest Stevie Nicks.
The Urban and Nicks dream team delved into the Rumors playlist with a rocking cover of Fleetwood Mac's "Secondhand News," a performance that readers can watch above. But what should've been enough to fulfill Urban's rockstar fantasies was just one of three crowd-thrilling performances.
Urban also filled the shoes of another guitar-slinging twangster by playing the Tom Petty role in "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around," and punctuated 2019's final headline-grabbing live happening with a cover another Nicks solo standard, "Edge of Seventeen." Press play below to watch.
His duet with Nicks wasn't Urban's first major performance of "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around." He's played the song a few times over the years with Carrie Underwood, including for a televised performance during the 2016 American Idol finale.
Nicks' Urban collaboration wrapped up a year of country crossovers in which she cut "Prove You Wrong" with Maren Morris and Sheryl Crow and the Highwomen covered Fleetwood Mac's "The Chain."
10 Highest-Paid Country Stars of 2019
Source: Watch Keith Urban Sing With Stevie Nicks on New Year’s Eve in Nashville
Filed Under: Keith Urban
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Supreme Court blocks Trump on census citizenship question, he calls ruling 'ridiculous'
Chief Justice John Roberts joined liberal justices in a 5-4 ruling.
Devin Dwyer
Justices rule courts cannot police partisan gerrymandering The decision takes the courts out of the business of policing the politics of gerrymandering, and leaves to the states and Congress the responsibility to regulate the practice legislatively.J. Scott Applewhite/AP
Chief Justice John Roberts joined with the Supreme Court's liberal bloc on Thursday to reject the Trump administration's justification for adding a citizenship question to the 2020 census, sending the matter back to the Commerce Department for further explanation and review.
(MORE: Trump weighs in on Supreme Court 2020 census citizenship question case )
The decision blocks the addition of a citizenship question for now, but appeared to leave open the possibility that the administration could make another attempt to add it. The Census Bureau is poised to print the 2020 census forms in the next few days, making addition of the question potentially impossible.
Chief Justice John Roberts poses for the official group photo at the US Supreme Court in Washington, Nov. 30, 2018.
Chief Justice John Roberts poses for the official group photo at the US Supreme Court in Washington, Nov. 30, 2018.Mandel Ngan/AFP/Getty Images, FILE
In unusually sharp terms, Roberts criticized Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross and the administration for essentially fabricating a case for the citizenship question, rejecting its claim in court that it was a solely a request of the Justice Department for help enforcing the Voting Rights Act.
"Altogether, the evidence tells a story that does not match the explanation the Secretary gave for his decision. In the Secretary’s telling, Commerce was simply acting on a routine data request from another agency. Yet the materials before us indicate that Commerce went to great lengths to elicit the request from DOJ (or any other willing agency)," Roberts wrote. "And unlike a typical case in which an agency may have both stated and unstated reasons for a decision, here the VRA enforcement rationale—the sole stated reason—seems to have been contrived. "
"We cannot ignore the disconnect between the decision made and the explanation given," Roberts adds. "Our review is deferential, but we are 'not required to exhibit a naiveté from which ordinary citizens are free.'
"Accepting contrived reasons would defeat the purpose of the enterprise. If judicial review is to be more than an empty ritual, it must demand something better than the explanation offered for the action taken in this case," he said. "We do not hold that the agency decision here was substantively invalid. But agencies must pursue their goals reasonably. Reasoned decisionmaking under the Administrative Procedure Act calls for an explanation for agency action. What was provided here was more of a distraction."
Assistants with television networks race to deliver the news of justices' ruling on partisan gerrymandering cases in Maryland and North Carolina outside the Supreme Court in Washington, June 27, 2019.
Assistants with television networks race to deliver the news of justices' ruling on partisan gerrymandering cases in Maryland and North Carolina outside the Supreme Court in Washington, June 27, 2019.Jim Lo Scalzo/EPA via Shutterstock
Traveling overseas in Japan, President Donald Trump tweeted that the court's decision was "ridiculous" and said he would try to delay the census.
But according to a Kelly Percival, a census expert and counsel for the Brennan Center for Justice, Trump's options to "delay" the census would be strictly limited under the Constitution and current law.
"The census is set by statute so he doesn't have the unilateral authority to delay it," Percival told ABC News Thursday.. "It's possible [the president] was referring to the printing deadline. The administration has repeatedly maintained it has to print the forms starting in July, but there's also been some evidence they could delay it to Oct. 31."
However, Percival said that delaying it past Oct. 31 could impact the ability to deliver all the census forms to Americans by the April 1 deadline, which can only be pushed back in the event Congress changes existing law.
Justice Clarence Thomas, joined in part by Justices Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh, called the majority opinion an "erroneous decision" that wrongly assumed the Trump administration was acting in bad faith.
"This Court has never held an agency decision arbitrary and capricious on the ground that its supporting rationale was 'pretextual.' Nor has it previously suggested that this was even a possibility," Thomas wrote in his dissent.
"An agency action is not arbitrary or capricious merely because the decisionmaker has other, unstated reasons for the decision," he continued, defending Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross. "Nor is an agency action arbitrary and capricious merely because the decisionmaker was 'inclined' to accomplish it before confirming that the law and facts supported that inclination."
Ross and the Trump administration have not made a “strong showing of bad faith or improper behavior," Thomas wrote.
The decision leaves open the possibility that the Commerce Department could try again to add a citizenship question to the census, but it's not clear they can do so in time.
The Justice Department and Commerce Department did not immediately respond to ABC News' request for comment.
"Given the likely legal challenges that would come to whatever new case the department might present, and ongoing lower court litigation over evidence in the case, it is remotely likely that the administration will actually be able to add the question," said ABC News' legal analyst Kate Shaw.
“This case has never been about a line on a form. It is about whether everyone in America counts. This ruling means they do,” said Dale Ho, an attorney with the ACLU who argued before the Surpeme Court on behalf of challengers of the citizenship question.
Demographic researchers hailed the decision as a win for accuracy in the coming decennial count.
“This is a win for the science behind the Census plain and simple,” said John Casterline, president of the Population Association of America, a group of data scientists. “A scientifically accurate census count means better data and the ability to provide more efficient and effective services to people across the country.”
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Majorities back investigations of Trump from Russia to alleged hush money (POLL)
By Gary Langer Apr 13, 2018, 7:00 AM ET
WATCH: The Washington Post reports Trump's lawyers have been told he remains under investigation but is not currently a criminal target in Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation.
Special counsel Robert Mueller has majority support in a new ABC News/Washington Post poll for extending his investigation into both Donald Trump’s business dealings and the alleged payment of hush money to women who say they’ve had affairs with the president in the past.
The public by a broad 69-25 percent supports Mueller’s initial thrust, to investigate possible collusion between Trump campaign officials and Russian government attempts to influence the 2016 election. Support extends to half of conservatives and more than four in 10 Republicans.
See PDF for full results, charts and tables.
Backing for Mueller’s work goes further: Americans by 2-1, 64-32 percent, also support his investigating Trump’s business activities. And by 58-35 percent, a 23-point margin, they support investigators’ latest apparent direction, looking at allegations that Trump’s associates paid hush money to women who say they had affairs with him.
Notably, women are a non-significant 5 points more apt than men to support the Russia investigation and 8 points more apt than men to support Mueller looking into Trump’s business dealings -- but 15 points more likely than men to support the hush-money investigation. Sixty-five percent of women support it, vs. 50 percent of men.
There’s a similar gap on the perceived importance of whether or not Trump has engaged in a pattern of sexual misconduct. The public overall divides, 51-46 percent, on whether this is or is not an important issue. Fifty-eight percent of women say it’s important, vs. 44 percent of men in this poll, produced for ABC News by Langer Research Associates.
Former FBI Director Robert Mueller, the special counsel probing Russian interference in the 2016 election, departs Capitol Hill following a closed door meeting, June 21, 2017.
The survey also finds lower believability for Trump than for fired FBI Director James Comey, whose interview with ABC News chief anchor George Stephanopoulos airs Sunday night in advance of publication of Comey’s new book. Americans by a 16-point margin, 48-32 percent, find Comey more believable than Trump.
The public, by a similar 14-point margin, 47-33 percent, disapproves of Trump’s decision to fire Comey. That’s even though Comey’s own favorability rating is weak: Thirty percent see him favorably, 32 percent unfavorably, with a plurality, 38 percent, having no opinion of him.
President Donald J. Trump participates in a meeting on trade with governors and members of Congress at the White House, April 12, 2018.
Partisanship informs many of these views. Ninety percent of Democrats and 70 percent of independents support Mueller investigating possible campaign collusion with Russia, vs. 43 percent of Republicans. (That’s still a substantial number within the president’s own party, notable especially given the Republican National Committee’s criticisms of Comey, including a website titled “Lyin’ Comey.”) Forty-two percent of Trump’s own approvers also support the Russia investigation by Mueller.
Similarly, support for the Russia investigation ranges from 89 percent of liberals, 73 percent of moderates and 58 percent of “somewhat” conservatives to just 39 percent among Americans who call themselves “very” conservative (14 percent of all adults).
Compared to support for the Russia investigation, support for Mueller investigating Trump’s business dealings drops by 9 points among Republicans and 11 points among strong conservatives, while holding steadier in other groups. In the same comparison, support for investigating alleged hush money payments drops by 9 to 14 points across political and ideological spectrums, while maintaining majority backing overall. Support for investigating alleged hush money falls in particular among Trump approvers, by 18 points.
FBI Director James Comey testifies before the Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on 'Oversight of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.'May 3, 2017.
Other results on Mueller follow these political and ideological divisions, with support for his investigations highest among young adults and lowest among older ones, higher among nonwhites vs. whites, and notably lower in rural and small-town areas vs. cities and suburbs, as well as among evangelical white Protestants and noncollege-educated white men, two core Trump groups.
There likewise are sharp divisions on Comey. Republicans find Trump more believable than Comey by 70-15 percent, as do strong conservatives by 76-9 percent and somewhat conservatives by 49-24 percent. Democrats and liberals overwhelmingly find Comey more believable; independents and moderates side with Comey as well, by 48-29 and 57-22 percent, respectively.
Again these carry forward to other groups. Whites divide evenly on whom they believe, while nonwhites pick Comey by 63-15 percent. Men also divide evenly, while women believe Comey over Trump by more than 2-1, 54-25 percent. While seniors side with Comey by a slight 9 points, young adults do so by a 28-point margin.
Former FBI Director Robert Mueller at an installation ceremony at FBI Headquarters in Washington,D.C., October 28, 2013.
Evangelical white Protestants (who account for about one in 10 adults) believe Trump over Comey by 61-23 percent, while non-evangelical white Protestants (an additional one in 10) divide by a far closer 45-38 percent. Non-college white men take Trump’s word by 53-28 percent; college-educated white women, Comey’s by 60-27 percent.
Lastly, on the question of sexual misconduct, the overall result -- again a 51-46 percent division on whether it’s an important issue -- is similar to what it was for Bill Clinton in an ABC News poll in 1998, 48-50 percent. But then 52 percent of men and 45 of women saw the issue as important, compared with the 44 percent of men and 58 percent of women today.
This gender gap appears among Democrats (78 percent of women say it’s an important issue, vs. 68 percent of men) and independents (55 percent of women vs. 43 percent of men). But there’s no significant difference between Republican women and men: Twenty-seven and 23 percent, respectively, think it’s important.
This ABC News/Washington Post poll was conducted by landline and cellular telephone April 8 to April 11, 2018, in English and Spanish, among a random national sample of 1,002 adults. Results have a margin of sampling error of 3.5 points, including the design effect. Partisan divisions are 32-25-35 percent, Democrats-Republicans-independents.
The survey was produced for ABC News by Langer Research Associates of New York, N.Y., with sampling, data collection and tabulation by Abt Associates of Rockville, Md. See details on the survey’s methodology here.
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Movember Cup 2018
November 21, 2018 /in News /by afleurope
The 7th edition of the annual Movember Cup is set to take place this weekend in Manchester, as the Mozzies look to back up their AFLCNE triumph with another victory in England’s premier cup tournament.
The last competitive fixture for AFL England in 2018 sees six men’s teams and four women’s team competing at the Burnage Rugby Club.
President of the Manchester Mosquitoes Glenn Murphy told afleurope.org that it was great to see such a variety of teams taking part in this year’s tournament.
“It is great to have Newcastle Tyne Tiger involved this year as well as London Swans who are both making long trip to participate which speak volumes for the tournament and the reason we do it,” Glenn said.
“We are fortunate to have last year’s men’s champions (Birmingham Uni) and runner up (Wandsworth Demons) playing in the tournament again this year.”
“On the women’s side it’s is great to have four teams in the tournament this year with London Swans, Nottingham Scorpions and Birmingham Uni bringing two teams it is more than we expected when we started which is great and shows the development of Women’s AFL in the UK.”
The Movember Cup is played every year in honour of former Manchester Mosquitoes player Nathan Blakely, who played in the club’s inaugural AFLCNE premiership in 2010.
As a tournament very close in the minds and hearts of everyone at the club, Glenn described the event as a major highlight on the football calendar.
“As a club this is a major highlight of our year and something we are really proud of,” Glenn said.
“We aim to make it bigger and better each year and last year we raised around £750 so this year we are hoping to get to £1000 which would be a great effort.”
“Ideally it would be a good perfect day to host an Auskick clinic sometime down the line.”
The Manchester Mosquitoes won a fifth consecutive AFLCNE crown earlier this year, but they have never won the Movember Cup. Can they do the double in 2018?
With the competition strong in both the men’s and women’s competitions, the titles are well and truly up for grabs in both divisions.
But with a good track record in recent years, Glenn expects Birmingham to be hard to beat in 2018.
“Over the years Birmingham Uni have been quite successful in this tournament winning I think 3 times,” Glenn said.
“In the men’s draw I would expect Birmingham Uni and the Demons to be up there again this year.”
“On the women’s side London Swans likely to bring a strong squad up, Nottingham Scorpions having just qualified for Champion League will be confident and it’s really hard to know what Birmingham Uni will bring.”
As far as the Mozzies are concerned, Glenn is hopeful the club can take the cup home for the first time in their history.
Although the president also admitted that while a victory would be great, the day really is about something much bigger and more important than football.
“Our Mozzies have never won it so we will be giving our best this year but that’s not really the point of the day,” Glenn said.
“We want to raise as much money and awareness for men’s health, both mental and physical, that’s our goal.”
The Movember Cup kicks off at 10:00am local time this Sunday 25th November at Burnage Rugby Club SK4 3EA.
SEE THE MOVEMBER CUP FIXTURE HERE
Will Taylor – AFL Europe
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Council of Societies
AIMBE’s mechanism to coordinate and enhance interaction among 15 scientific organizations in medical and biological engineering
The companies and key corporate leaders of the bioengineering revolution are represented in AIMBE
Everything you need to get involved, research and contact your policy-makers, and followup through lab tours and visits
Learn about AIMBE's ongoing public policy work and past accomplishments that have communicated the value of medical and biological engineering
AIMBE Scholars
AIMBE Scholars Program enables distinguished postdoctorates in the medical and biomedical engineering fields to serve as expert advisors to policymakers at the FDA.
Public Policy Lecture Series
AIMBE has launched a new lecture series on the campuses of colleges and universities across the country to discuss “The Science of Failed Public Policy – Why Congress Doesn’t Fund Medical Innovation,” hosted by AIMBE Executive Director Milan Yager.
Pierre Galletti Award
This Award was established in 1999 by the AIMBE to honor our Founding Member and Past President.
STEM Award
Our STEM Education Award is issued to outstanding individuals that elevate, teach, and inspire public awareness in biomedical engineering
Fellow Advocate Award
Given to an AIMBE Fellow who has contributed greatly to AIMBE’s advocacy efforts
Professional Impact Award
In recognition of outstanding commitment to Mentoring, Diversity, Philanthropy, Advocacy, Leadership and/or Education
2020 Annual Event
Save the Date! March 21 & 22, 2021
Earl Bakken Lecture Series
The Earl Bakken Lecture is presented at AIMBE’s Annual Event in honor of Honorary Fellow and pioneer, Earl Bakken. Each year, a new type of innovation is highlighted.
AIMBE Public Policy Institute
Learn from Washington Insiders about how public policy impacts Biomedical engineering!
AIMBE Biofabrication and Biomanufacturing Workshop
Navigating the Nexus of Regulatory Science, Policy, and Entrepreneurship on February 11, 2019 in Alexandria, VA
AIMBE Capitol Hill Day on February 11, 2020
Join AIMBE and your colleagues in participating in advocacy training and Congressional meetings on Feb. 11, 2020 in Washington, DC.
AIMBE Congressional Briefings
Combating the Opioid Epidemic
Breakthrough Eye Research
Past Congressional Briefings
FDA-AIMBE Workshop
Regulatory Education in Engineering Programs on April 15-16, 2019 in Silver Spring, MD
Navigate the Circuit
Our newest site designed to help students of all levels on their path to medical and biological engineering
The Milestones of Innovation highlight some of the greatest accomplishments in medical and biological engineering.
Student Policy Resources
Information for students interested in science policy on why and how to get engaged in advocacy efforts supporting medical and biological engineering.
Fellowbook
J. Paul Finn, MD
AIMBE College of Fellows Class of 2019
For seminal contributions to Cardiac and Vascular MRI, 4-D Cardiac MRI in Children and remote controlled MRI.
Dr. J. Finn Inducted into Medical and Biological Engineering Elite
Via AIMBE | March 28, 2019
WASHINGTON, D.C.—The American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE) has announced the induction of J. Paul Finn, MD, Professor of Radiology, Medicine and Biomedical Physics, Radiology/Cardiovascular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, to its College of Fellows.
Election to the AIMBE College of Fellows is among the highest professional distinctions accorded to a medical and biological engineer. The College of Fellows is comprised of the top two percent of medical and biological engineers. College membership honors those who have made outstanding contributions to “engineering and medicine research, practice, or education” and to “the pioneering of new and developing fields of technology, making major advancements in traditional fields of medical and biological engineering, or developing/implementing innovative approaches to bioengineering education.”
Dr. Finn was nominated, reviewed, and elected by peers and members of the College of Fellows for “seminal contributions to Cardiac and Vascular MRI, 4-D Cardiac MRI in Children and remote controlled MRI.”
Follow Fellow
What is AIMBE?
The American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE) is the authoritative voice and advocate for the value of medical and biological engineering to society. It is an organization of leaders in medical and biological engineering, consisting of academic, industrial, professional society councils and elected fellows.
AIMBE Fellowbook
Fellowbook Profiles are micro-blogs for each of our Fellows. New stories are added to showcase their accomplishments.
Copyright © 2020 · All Rights Reserved · AIMBE
1400 I St NW, Suite 235 · Washington, DC 20005
202-496-9660 Email Us | AIMBE's Mission
SAVE THE DATE: 2020 Annual Event, March 29 & 30, 2020 – Washington, DC | 2021 Annual Event March 21 & 22, 2021 – Washington, DC
FLASH Newsletter
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High Schools Across China Are Now Offering Animal Welfare Courses!
February 2, 2018 alexandrasanimalawareness 1 Comment
Animalista Untamed has put some very interesting facts together on China and its future plans on animal welfare:
“In a long due yet still impressive act of growth, the Chinese Ministry of Education has added an animal welfare course for high schools and students.”
This is MAJOR good news, so welcome after everything anti-animal and anti-nature emanating from the other side of the Pacific in the USA, a country which is travelling back into the dark ages under the present administration.
What makes the news even more exciting is that China has a population of 1.411 billion¹, the largest of any country in the world. And approximately 30% of them are aged between 0 – 24 years². That is a lot of young people, and they will be the ones to shape the country’s future.
Can we hope this is a turning point in Chinese attitudes towards animals and Nature? There have been some exciting trends in the last couple of years –
In 2016 the Chinese government formulated…
animal sanctuary, animal welfare, cow, factory farming, farm animals, Farm Sanctuary, gegen Massentierhaltung, Massentierhaltung, Tierschutz
Farm Sanctuary’s Insight on Cows
January 8, 2018 alexandrasanimalawareness 2 Comments
For those who have never had the chance to pet a cow or see her of him run happily over a meadow, the following insights might seem a bit exaggerated. Once you get to learn more about these sentient beings you will hopefully never want to eat them (or even take away their milk). This is from the Farm Santuary’s blog:
Meet the Animals: Cows
New! The Someone Project is pleased to release its third white paper: “Thinking Cows: A REVIEW OF COGNITION, EMOTION, AND THE SOCIAL LIVES OF DOMESTIC COWS
Cow Behavior, Emotion, and Intelligence
“Cows have a secret mental life in which they bear grudges, nurture friendships, and become excited over intellectual challenges…” — The Sunday Times (UK)
Goats are merry pranksters, chickens and turkeys are inquisitive and always exploring, pigs are the brains of the operation, and cattle are the farm’s deeply social and most contemplative residents.
Cows interact with one another in complex ways, forming collaborative relationships (for example, they form “grooming partnerships,” just like chimpanzees)1, learning from one another, and making decisions based on altruism and compassion2. Sunday Times science editor Jonathan Leake explains that “cows have a secret mental life in which they bear grudges, nurture friendships, and become excited over intellectual challenges…”3
As a researcher at Moulton College in the UK, Krista McLennan has documented the fact that cattle form deep friendships and strong family bonds. Like humans, when cattle “have their preferred partner with them, their stress levels in terms of their heart rates are reduced compared with if they are with a random individual.”4
Because of their complex social lives, they are also quite intelligent. Professor Donald Broom from Cambridge University explains: “[S]ocial animals such as cattle…need substantial intellectual ability in order to cope with their complex social life.”5 As another indication of their intelligence, cows have great memories. Professor Joe Stookey from the University of Saskatchewan explains that cattle “demonstrate good spatial memory (they remember where things are located). … They can remember migration routes, watering holes, shelter, and the location of their newborn calf.”6 Other researchers report that cows remember the best spots in a pasture for grazing.7
They are also good problem solvers. Professor Broom explains that when cows solve problems, “[t]heir brainwaves showed their excitement; their heartbeat went up, and some even jumped into the air. We called it their Eureka moment.”8 Explains Guardian science reporter Laura Spinney, “The evidence that they are capable of learning associations suggests brains that are…aware of what has happened in the past and of acting on it in the future.”9
Tim Sell, chair of the UK’s National Farmers Union explains: “They are all individuals and all have their own characteristics. They are tremendously curious. They have emotional storms. When it is a miserable, cold day, they will all be miserable, but when it is nice and sunny, you can almost see them smiling.”10
Dr. John Webster echoes Sell’s comments: “You only have to watch how cows and lambs both seek and enjoy pleasure when they lie with their heads raised to the sun on a perfect English summer’s day. Just like humans.”11 And, as Dr. Temple Grandin explains, “When big old huge dairy cows are let out in the spring, after spending the whole winter cooped up in the barn, man, they just jump around all over the fields like little calves. It’s the same feeling young animals have when they play.”12
Meet Cinci and Sonny
Farm Sanctuary’s Susie Coston reflects: “Cinci holds a special place in our hearts here at Farm Sanctuary. She leapt a six-foot fence at a slaughterhouse near Cincinnati (hence her name) and hid out in a park for 10 days before she was finally caught by the local SPCA. As you can imagine, she was incredible and very smart. Farmers said she was dangerous — that she was probably culled from a breeding herd because she was nuts, and she would likely kill someone, but she was nothing but respectful to us.
Cinci Freedom
Well, except this one time. We were attempting to have her hooves trimmed with the other cattle. The trimmer came with his chute and set up. We got to Cinnci, and she slammed the trimmer to the ground, turned, and took out two gates and a slider door in a matter of about 30 seconds. Then she jumped the fence. When the trimmer drove away, she returned to the herd. From that point on, when she heard his truck — which clanks with metal — she would jump the fences and stay far away until he left, and then she would again return to the herd.
Her death was also incredible — there was a huge respect for her in the herd and also an obvious awareness of her fear of people and their protectiveness of her during her final month or so. I really miss her so much.”
Sonny is a male calf who was born into the dairy industry. His owner brought him to the stockyard as a weak and injured newborn for a quick sale for veal or cheap beef. Today, Sonny is a rambunctious boy. He’s playful, confident, and maybe just a little bit spoiled from the round-the-clock care he received from Farm Sanctuary caregivers after his rescue. He was found just after his birth in a filthy stall, too weak to stand, his umbilical cord torn from his belly leaving a badly infected wound. Sonny never knew his mother or nursed from her, so he lacked the rich colostrum that was critical for his health and immunity. But with bottle-feeding, blood transfusions, and lots and lots of attention, the baby boy has grown into an irrepressible youngster.
You’ll usually find him looking for fun — or trouble — with his buddies, Conrad and Orlando. In the early morning, the boys moo and protest until someone finally comes with their food. Sonny checks in with his pig friends, Sebastian and Eric, only to be nipped on the nose. He tests the gates, hoping for a chance to sneak into places he shouldn’t be, then settles in for a day of fun with Conrad and Orlando. These overgrown boys spend their days together playing, complaining, napping, and playing some more. Always curious and ever testing his limits, Sonny finds a visitor’s camera bag and tosses it in the air and generally makes a nuisance of himself until one of his beloved caretakers relents and gives him a good old scratch on the neck. He still struggles with minor health issues from his rough start, but that doesn’t stop this boy from kicking up his heels in pure delight.
1Spinney, L. (March 16, 2005). More than meats the eye. The Guardian.
2Hatkoff, A. (2009). Inner World of Farm Animals, New York, NY: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, pp. 68, 75.
3Leake, J. (Feb 27, 2005). The secret life of moody cows. The Sunday Times.
4Heifer so lonely: How cows have best friends and get stressed when they are separated. (July 5, 2011). Daily Mail.
5Hatkoff, A. (2009). Inner World of Farm Animals, New York, NY: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, p. 64.
6Stookey, J.M. (Nov. 18. 1997). “Maternal Behavior of Beef Cows,” Proceedings of the 1997 Saskatchewan Beef Symposium, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
7Bailey, D.W., et al. (1989). Association of relative food availabilities and locations by cattle. Journal of Range Management, 42, 480–482.
8Hagen, K., & Broom, D.M. (March 25, 2004). Emotional reactions to learning in cattle. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 85, 203–213.
10A seething cauldron of bovine emotions. (March 3, 2005). Essex Chronicle, Northcliffe Newspapers Company.
11Bekoff, M. (2008). The Emotional Lives of Animals, Novato, CA: New World Library, p. 55.
12Grandin, T. (2005). Animals in Translation, New York, NY: Scribner, p. 119.
animal rights, animal trade, animal welfare, chimpanzee, Tierrecht, Tierschutz
Apes Much Cleverer than We’ve Been Told – And Other Monkey Business
October 2, 2017 alexandrasanimalawarenessanimal welfare, experiments, Tierschutz 1 Comment
Such an insightful blog post by Animalista Untamed, please read:
I doubt I’m alone in thinking that when it comes to scientific studies, researchers do have a tendency to find what they’re looking for. And if you believe as a human that you sit astride the topmost rung of the evolutionary ladder, your ‘scientific’ view of other animals’ abilities is already skewed out of true.
This is exactly what has happened over two decades’ worth of studies into apes. Yes, the scientists did say apes are clever – just not as clever as us. But conducting a new analysis of all those studies, Dr Leaven¹ discovered that “what we think we know about apes’ social intelligence is based on wishful thinking and flawed science.”
“The fault underlying decades of research and our understanding of apes’ abilities is due to such a strongly-held belief in our own superiority, that scientists have come to believe that human babies are more socially…
animal habitat, animal rescue, animal welfare, saved for now, Tierschutz, tiger, victory
Some Good News: Hands Clasped Across the River for Two Big Cats
September 11, 2017 alexandrasanimalawarenessanimal welfare, Tierschutz, tiger
Here is some amazing news coming from China about conservation – thank you to Animalista Untamed for bringing this to our attention:
Source: Hands Clasped Across the River for Two Big Cats
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> Our Favourite Crime Drama Heroines
Our Favourite Crime Drama Heroines
Cracking crimes and taking down bad guys, these women rule the roost when it comes to on-screen sleuthing.
Quantico Trailer
There's smart and there's smart. Alex Parrish, the leading lady of big new US drama Quantico, is definitely the latter. She may be a rookie FBI agent with considerably less crime-busting experience than the other heroines on our list, but Alex Parrish has a predatory instinct for rooting out lies and hidden agendas. In fact, when it comes to on-the-spot deductions, she would give a certain Victorian pipe-smoking sleuth a run for his money.
Add to that her natural charisma, her unashamed lust for life, and a mysterious backstory involving an tyrannical father who may or may not have been working for the FBI himself, and you've got one of the coolest characters to grace the crime genre. Oh, and on top of all that she's framed for a terrorist outrage and has to solve the biggest crime of her times while on the run from gun-toting federal agents. Respect is owed.
Angie Harmon as Det. Jane Rizzoli.
JANE RIZZOLI
Hailing from a blue collar Boston background, Jane Rizzoli is one of the toughest cops on TV. With her fiery Italian-American nature and a brash approach to her job that comes from being brought up in a no-nonsense household, Rizzoli takes no prisoners (except when she, you know, literally does). Calling her a "tomboy" doesn't really do her justice, because you can't really pigeon-hole someone as independent and gutsy as Jane Rizzoli, especially with what she's been through.
Lest we forget, we're talking about the woman who sports scars on her hands from the time she was attacked by a psychopathic, scalpel-wielding serial killer. And that's just one of the skirmishes she's survived. It's a wonder she still has an appetite for her job, but then again she does have the significant career perk of working alongside her BFF and soulmate. Which brings us neatly to...
Sasha Alexander As Dr. Maura Isles.
MAURA ISLES
The other half of Rizzoli & Isles isn't a cop at all. Maura Isles is actually a forensics expert, and has always been obsessed with all things science. This didn't go down to well at school, where she was nicknamed "Maura the bore-a", but her passion for probing dead bodies has led her to a grand career as a crime-solver alongside her best bud Jane Rizzoli.
The two are beautifully mis-matched - where Rizzoli is a tough urban warrior, Isles is a softer personality with a penchant for dressing up like she's about to take to the catwalk at a moment's notice. Seriously, even just lounging around her house she looks impeccably well put together. You've got to love a character who's unashamedly brainy and unfeasibly fashionable while also being genuinely a bit odd - remember the time she literally didn't know what peanut butter was? This is why Jane once called her "the dumbest genius I know". Awww.
Stana Katic as Kate Beckett.
KATE BECKETT
Castle may be called Castle, but we're going to go ahead and say that the real star of the show is his crime-solving partner (and later wife) Kate Beckett. She's so relentlessly great it's hard to know where to start. Is it the way she's a kick-ass cop who's taken down half the bad guys in New York? Well that's all in a day's work. What we really love about Beckett is all the other stuff - like the fact she's a total, out-and-out nerd girl. She has a particular thing for a Star Trek-like sci-fi show called Nebula-9, and Castle fans will never forget the moment she got into some serious cosplay as a Nebula-9 alien (complete with terrifying mask).
She also has informed views on comic books, with a particular love of Marvel character Elektra. "Ah, a ruthless assassin who hides from her emotions," Castle quipped on finding that out, while clearly loving her geek credentials. As do we, because it's fantastic to see the tough, homicide detective lead of a crime series who has real, actual passions that real, actual people do. Who'd have thought it?
Priyanka Chopra stars as Alex Parrish in the heart-stopping conspiracy crime thriller.
Murdoch: Series 7 Trailer
Get a glimpse of the latest action featuring the 19th century Canadian forensic detective.
Murdoch Mysteries Week
It's all about Murdoch Mysteries.
Murdoch Mysteries Trailer
Will Murdoch restore law and order? Find out in brand new Murdoch Mysteries Season 8.
Jo Joyner Interview
Jo Joyner, EastEnders' Tanya Branning, guest stars in the first two episodes.
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Tag Archives: Premier League
The intertwined tale of Chelsea and Claudio Ranieri.
By Gary Thacker on 01/10/2016 | Leave a comment
Chelsea Football Club was formed in 1905 and fifty years later, they became Champions of England for the first time. The following year I was born, hence missing out by twelve months on the best year of the club’s existence up to that point. The next time they topped the domestic tree would be in 2005. Chelsea titles were just like London buses, regular as clockwork – one arrived every fifty years. Two years before the second title however, something happened at the club that would redefine perceptions of ‘success’ lifting the club to heights the like of which case-hardened fans such as me could hardly comprehend. Continue reading →
Posted in: Chelsea, European Cup, European Football, Fans, Managers, World Football | Tagged: Chelsea, Leicester City, Mourinho, Premier League, Ranieri
The weekend when the pendulum swung in the title race. But which way?
A long while ago, a former British prime minister once declared that “a week is a long time in politics.” Harold Wilson’s phrase was meant to encompass how the agenda and public opinion of a government can be influenced not only by the actions it takes, but also the way in which unforeseen events can sometimes change both the state of affairs, and the affairs of state. If Wilson’s description of politics is true, very much the same can probably be said for a weekend in Premier League football.
Who’ll be lifting the Premier Leaue trophy in May. Did last weekend could have decide the issue?
Posted in: Chelsea, Injuries, Manchester City, Newcastle United, Premier League | Tagged: Injuries, Premier League, Sergio Aguero
Very much not a beautiful day!
By Gary Thacker on 07/12/2014 | 2 Comments
BBC’s flagship highlights programme could be doomed.
Football fans come in all shapes and sizes, and certainly many shades of opinion about the game and its environs. Forget even club affiliations for a moment. Some prefer the mile-a-minute thud and blunder of ‘route one’ whilst others may swoon at the intricate geometry of the tiki-taka possession game that bores opponents into conceding goals. Some think standing is the authentic way of watching live football, in all weathers with cold tea and Bovril so hot it would strip paint. Others however want the apparent luxury of sitting in a seat with legroom so restricted it would shame the lowest of low-cost airline cabins.
Such examples demonstrate the broad church of opinion that constitute the football community. In my experience however, there’s probably one thing that unites opinion almost without exception. Put in simple terms, it’s that ITV should not be allowed to anywhere near domestic football action – live or highlights. Having them broadcast England games is bad enough, but news that they are likely to bid for the highlights package from the Premier League next year – BBC’s Match of the Day is the current incumbent – causes concern and trepidation throughout football fandom. Continue reading →
Posted in: England, Premier League | Tagged: BBC, ITV, Match of the Day, Premier League, Television
DC’s move on Valencia would have been just comic.
By Gary Thacker on 01/12/2014 | 1 Comment
Picture the scene. “Holy Logo Dilemma Batman!” cries the Boy Wonder. “We need to rescue our trademark.” Having curtailed with the cruelly comic cuts of The Joker, the somewhat fishy ne’er do well activities of The Penguin and figured out the contrived criminal capers of The Riddler, it now appeared that an altogether different sort of target is causing the lights to flash on the Bat-scope. Fortunately for the Dynamic Duo, the crisis was averted.
Don’t panic old chum. Crisis averted!
Posted in: Arsenal, La Liga, Premier League, Spain, Valencia | Tagged: Batman, DC Comics, Premier League
Hasselbaink’s gone for a Burton – and he’s loving it!
Burton Albion is the club Hasselbaink was looking for.
When Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink took the manager’s chair at Burton Albion, he increased the number of black managers amongst the top 92 clubs in English football by 50%. The Dutchman became the third member of the group, joining Huddersfield’s Chris Powell and of Keith Curle at Carlisle. Hasselbaink however is no fan of the Rooney Rule, a device to ensure more ethnic minority applicants for top jobs within the game at least get to interview stage. Whilst some would argue that it’s easier to adopt such a stance once you’re on the inside, the former Leeds United and Chelsea striker refutes such a view. Appointed from over 60 other applicants for the position at the Pirelli Stadium, he simply declares that “I wanted the job because I am the right person for it and got it because the chairman thinks I am.” Continue reading →
Posted in: Chelsea, Holland, Leeds United, Managers, Premier League | Tagged: Burton albion, Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Premier League
Stick or twist – Aston Villa’s dilemma.
Making him feel wanted. Paul Lambert persuaded Benteke to sign a new contract with Villa, despite big money offers to move elsewhere.
A couple of years ago, Christian Benteke had burst onto the Premier League scene. Here was a player relatively unknown on these shores captured by Aston Villa for the princely sum of some £7million or so from Genk in Belgium. Muscular, blessed with pace and an apparent eye for a goal he seemed an identi-kit profile of a striker specifically designed to succeed in the English game.
In the 2013-13 season, the Belgian netted a striking 23 goals for the Birmingham club and in the July of 2013, he handed in a transfer request. Perhaps influenced by the siren whispers of agents, his head seemed to have been turned in search of richer pastures. It was a move the club were quick to rebuff and despite rumours of big money bids ranging up to the £30million mark at the time, manager Paul Lambert apparently convinced the player to stay in Birmingham and sign a new deal with the club. At the time many people, the writer included, thought it was a shrewd move by the truculent Scot. A mere eighteen months later, with injuries and long rehabilitation periods taking their toll, it’s interesting to speculate how many Villa fans think the club should have taken the money on offer. Continue reading →
Posted in: Aston Villa, Managers, Player Profiles, Premier League, Transfers | Tagged: Christian Benteke, Fabian Delph, Paul Lambert, Premier League, Ron Vlaar
Has Mourinho won the battle of wills with del Bosque
Jose Mourinho appears to have won his battle of wills with Spain’s national team manager Vicente del Bosque over the fitness of Chelsea striker Diego Costa. The Rojas squad, announced last week for the European qualifier against Belarus and the prestigious friendly against World Champions Germany, noticeably excluded Brazilian-born Costa, and doubtless brought a smile to the Blues’ manager’s face. A long term hamstring problem, dating back to the tail end of last term’s La Liga season was hardly helped on the way to recovery by Spain’s albeit truncated participation in the World Cup. Add that to the physical rigours of the Premier League and Mourinho’s argument that a fortnight’s rest for the player, rather than playing a further two games, will be more beneficial for both club and country in bringing Costa to peak fitness, seems to gain a little credence. “I’m pleased about Diego [Costa], but I did nothing to make this happen,” Mourinho said at a press conference before the weekend. The decision however did not extend to Mourinho resting the striker against Liverpool, and when he netted the winner, it seemed that the Chelsea boss had won from every angle. Continue reading →
Posted in: Chelsea, European Championships, Managers, Premier League, Spain, World Football | Tagged: Cesc Fabregas, Diego Costa, Jose Mourinho, Premier League, Vicente del Bosque
Stiliyan Petrov – A modern footballing hero.
Petrov – Cancer picked on one tough opponent.
Back in March 2012, Stiliyan Petrov made a call to his agents. In these days of commercial opportunities it was the sort of thing professional footballers do all the time. This time however the content was very different. When Base Soccer Agency took the call from their client, it was to receive a plain truth. Petrov simply said: “I have got leukaemia.” It was the very phlegmatic way in which the popular Bulgarian captain of Aston Villa decided he had to deal with the illness.
Following a game against Arsenal a few days before, Petrov had complained of feeling feverish. Fearing a virus was to blame, the club swiftly took blood tests, and then a bone marrow scan, which led to the startling diagnosis. For anyone, in any walk of life, the dread ‘C’ word delivers a harsh realisation. For someone like Petrov, living out the dream of millions with a comfortable lifestyle and financial security, it would have been easy to lash out at the perceived injustice. Petrov was not like that however. This time, cancer had picked on the wrong man. Continue reading →
Posted in: Aston Villa, Bulgaria, Celtic, Player Profiles, Premier League | Tagged: cancer, leukaemia, Premier League, Stiliyan Petrov
Jose, we need to talk about Kevin.
Discarded by Mourinho, de Bruyne is carving out a growing reputation for himself with Wolfsburg.
Jose Mourinho’s rampant Chelsea squad top the Premier League with a number of opposition managers already apparently prepared to write off the title race with less than a dozen games played. Whether that’s more than a mite premature is something that will be revealed over time. For Blues’ fans however, it seems the ‘Special One’ can do no wrong. The summer transfer market saw the arrival of Diego Costa and Cesc Fabregas, already two stellar names in the club’s performance to date, plus the redoubtable tyro goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois and Brazilian Felipe Luis who is already offering genuine competition to Cesar Azpilicueta on the left flank of Chelsea’s defence. Add this to big money sales of David Luiz and Romelu Lukaku that balanced the books with an eye to FFP, and it’s bordering on genius dealings. Back in January however, Mourinho countenanced the sale of player who, current statistics reveal, is at the top of the creativity stakes in European football.
Everyone can be wise after the event of course, but back In January, accepting a £18million bid from Bundesliga outfit Wolfsburg for Belgian wide player Kevin de Bruyne appeared eminently sound business. The player had after all cost a mere £7million when Chelsea secured is services from Genk. Although now distant from the blandishments and promptings of Mourinho, de Bruyne has however had an exceptional start to the season, and currently is the main reason why unfancied Wolfsburg are tucked nicely into second place in the Bundesliga, behind perennial champions Bayern Munich. Continue reading →
Posted in: Belgium, Bundesliga, Chelsea, Managers, Player Profiles, Premier League, Transfers, Wolfsburg | Tagged: Jose Mourinho, Kevin de Bruyne, Premier League
The rise and fall of Roger Johnson
Johnson’s career at Wolves hit a downward spiral.
Football has a particular habit of throwing up matches that can highlight an otherwise forgotten situation, or player. Such a game occurred early afternoon on Saturday when Wolverhampton Wanderers entertained Birmingham City in a SkyBet Championship match. It was of course a Midlands derby, bur for one particular player, the significance wet much further than that.
Forgotten centre-back Roger Johnson has played for both clubs and statistically has almost mirrored records for them. He turned out 76 times for the St Andrews club and 69 times for Wolves, netting twice for each club. That however is where the similarity ends. Wherein Johnson’s time with the Blues saw a highlight of his career to date, ironically wearing gold and black has very much been a case of the blues as his prospects have nosedived to the point where it’s difficult to see where his next first team game will be. Continue reading →
Posted in: Birmingham City, Cardiff City, England, Player Profiles, Premier League, Wolverhampton Wanderers | Tagged: Carling Cup, Premier League, Roger Johnson, WWFC. BCFC
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